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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
809edf495a0fa5770d18d08ae7fa34c8f1f0b1e5	regnell was born in stockholm, sweden, but because	regnell was born in stockholm, sweden, but because of poor health, he suffered from a serious lung disease. he left sweden for brazil in 1840 and settled in caldas, in the province of minas gerais, where he spent the rest of his life. there regnell acquired considerable reputation as a practicing physician and conseque...	wikipedia
9b9ce29e534f1bb566ca388b38ac4d77c6f7439a	anders fredrik regnell (8 june 1807 – 12	anders fredrik regnell (8 june 1807 – 12 september 1884) was a swedish physician and botanist. he studied in uppsala and received his medical doctorate in 1837. as a student he served as assistant to anders retzius in stockholm. he served in various capacities at the serafimerlasarettet in stockholm, and participated a...	wikipedia
a4e40baba7e58619f5f081e604d5cc36df0617b0	augmented lagrangian methods are a certain class of	augmented lagrangian methods are a certain class of algorithms for solving constrained optimization problems. they have similarities to penalty methods in that they replace a constrained optimization problem by a series of unconstrained problems and add a penalty term to the objective, but the augmented lagrangian meth...	wikipedia
64804c73748f746ab1cbf89453b03397bd4d3dab	augmented lagrangian methods are a certain class of	parable" problems. the method is still useful for some problems. around 2007, there was a resurgence of augmented lagrangian methods in fields such as total variation denoising and compressed sensing. in particular, a variant of the standard augmented lagrangian method that uses partial updates known as the alternating...	wikipedia
91c0de41ad703321407331cc1907072a1f1807da	regularized optimization problems are especially relevant in the	regularized optimization problems are especially relevant in the high-dimensional regime as regularization is a natural mechanism to overcome ill-posedness and to encourage parsimony in the optimal solution (e.g., sparsity and low rank). admm's effectiveness for solving regularized problems may mean it could be useful ...	wikipedia
e5183f96016905087e696c933dadccdf7879e275	l ^ ρ, k = f 1 (x	l ^ ρ, k = f 1 (x k) + ⟨ ∇ f (x k, ζ k + 1), x ⟩ + g (y) − z t (a x + b y − c) + ρ 2 ‖ a x + b y − c ‖ 2 + ‖ x − x k ‖ 2 2 η k + 1, {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathcal {l}}}_{\rho,k}=f_{1}(x_{k})+\langle \nabla f(x_{k},\zeta _{k+1}),x\rangle +g(y)-z^{t}(ax+by-c)+{\frac {\rho }{2}}\vert ax+by-c\vert ^{2}+{\frac {\vert x-x_{k...	wikipedia
3f7e01ef7c13104ff504236fff3277c5685b9ef5	stochastic optimization considers the problem of minimizing a	stochastic optimization considers the problem of minimizing a loss function with access to noisy samples of the (gradient of the) function. the goal is to have an estimate of the optimal parameter (minimizer) per new sample. with some modifications, admm can be used for stochastic optimization. in a stochastic setting,...	wikipedia
a82ddc73c5f1dee96e2c05227a56fcb99b9e6f69	the admm can be viewed as an application	the admm can be viewed as an application of the douglas-rachford splitting algorithm, and the douglas-rachford algorithm is in turn an instance of the proximal point algorithm; details can be found in ref. there are several modern software packages, including yall1 (2009), sparsa (2009) and salsa (2009), which solve ba...	wikipedia
afbce87207ed575e3f729e8a0e592da0d41db0a8	though this change may seem trivial, the problem	though this change may seem trivial, the problem can now be attacked using methods of constrained optimization (in particular, the augmented lagrangian method), and the objective function is separable in x and y. the dual update requires solving a proximity function in x and y at the same time; the admm technique allow...	wikipedia
87dc67ebded6f1b4ab9464148a0eafeaefd72da3	the variable λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is an	the variable λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is an estimate of the lagrange multiplier, and the accuracy of this estimate improves at every step. the major advantage of the method is that unlike the penalty method, it is not necessary to take μ → ∞ {\displaystyle \mu \rightarrow \infty } in order to solve the original const...	wikipedia
de3d3c977d7e19c2b73fd9f8721ed2d053ee6513	where x k {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{k}} is	where x k {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{k}} is the solution to the unconstrained problem at the k th step (i.e. x k = argmin Φ k (x) {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{k}={\text{argmin}}\phi _{k}(\mathbf {x})}).	wikipedia
80475b5b81ad4d508f8cdb5b1acd19b6b61c8022	around 2007, there was a resurgence of augmented	around 2007, there was a resurgence of augmented lagrangian methods in fields such as total variation denoising and compressed sensing. in particular, a variant of the standard augmented lagrangian method that uses partial updates (similar to the gauss–seidel method for solving linear equations) known as the alternatin...	wikipedia
4b9f15c052b16fce57fb65383d2859cc1e4578d6	since the 1970s, sequential quadratic programming (sqp) and	since the 1970s, sequential quadratic programming (sqp) and interior point methods (ipm) have been given more attention, in part because they more easily use sparse matrix subroutines from numerical software libraries, and in part because ipms possess proven complexity results via the theory of self-concordant function...	wikipedia
eed488609a416f8187e5ef004c513c7701c02c76	the method was originally known as the method	the method was originally known as the method of multipliers and was studied in the 1970s and 1980s as a potential alternative to penalty methods. it was first discussed by magnus hestenes and then by michael powell in 1969. the method was studied by r. tyrrell rockafellar in relation to fenchel duality, particularly i...	wikipedia
38a78ef2db2d6592079bfa69494127f5c9be2108	augmented lagrangian methods are a certain class of	augmented lagrangian methods are a certain class of algorithms for solving constrained optimization problems. they have similarities to penalty methods in that they replace a constrained optimization problem by a series of unconstrained problems and add a penalty term to the objective, but the augmented lagrangian meth...	wikipedia
d3aae936c38d18d34e651f77bfdf8a7d5916fc61	anthony van corlaer is a fictional trumpeter of	anthony van corlaer is a fictional trumpeter of new amsterdam, appearing in washington irving's 1809 a history of new york, as well as derivative lore. the trumpeter is portrayed as a loyal follower to the real historical peter stuyvesant, with a contrasting boisterous temperament to the stern colonial governor. in a m...	wikipedia
8ec6c9ab6bf9a356da4c7cdd5a5e6a8e9a79f301	in 1893 howard pyle painted a picture of	in 1893 howard pyle painted a picture of anthony van corlaer to serve as the basis for a stained glass window commissioned by the colonial club of new york from tiffany glass and decorating company. the window was removed at some point and on march 30, 1984, was auctioned by christie's in new york and purchased by the ...	wikipedia
94a54a889f54ae6339c783d10660d69b1b9d0106	van corlaer's prior endeavors on behalf of stuyvesant	van corlaer's prior endeavors on behalf of stuyvesant are mentioned several times in washington irving 's book a history of new york. irving also wrote the most popular account of the trumpeter's last deed, including the witness statement (which he claims to disbelieve) of van corlaer being seized by "the duyvel, in th...	wikipedia
8de26bea997c34ccb5ed527afe1f6b811bfed574	van corlaer was famous for his enormous, shiny	van corlaer was famous for his enormous, shiny red nose. one story tells of a sturgeon killed by a ray of sunlight reflected off its surface. anthony's nose mountain along the hudson is said by irving to be named for this event.	wikipedia
c10678480384b3b6e8069e0ef0679aed8de4f992	in irving's story, peter stuyvesant, having learned of	in irving's story, peter stuyvesant, having learned of an english expedition on its way to seize the colony, ordered van corlaer to rouse the villages along the hudson river with a trumpet call to war. " it was a dark and stormy night " when van corlaer arrived at the upper end of the island, and as no ferryman was ava...	wikipedia
d528ac6c329392e3c59086d617882134de35e540	there was a "manuel trumpeter" in the colony	there was a "manuel trumpeter" in the colony about this time, who later owned property in the land of the blacks; any connection is unknown. the story may also have been inspired by the drowning of arent van corlaer. the character's first name was taken from anthony's nose mountain.	wikipedia
415a2368c9d60e6da0cd69ba35138a7f11935c3f	the factual basis of the character was an	the factual basis of the character was an account by david pietersz. de vries of an unnamed boisterous and pugilistic trumpeter who interrupted the banquet dinner celebrating his august 1636 departure from fort amsterdam, physically fighting with both andries hudde and jacobus van corlaer when they protested his playin...	wikipedia
bd6abbe0a9c566c5cc9b83da5317544eee44c765	the character and incident were sometimes later described	the character and incident were sometimes later described as fact or "legend", but washington seems to have only drawn from an account by david pietersz. de vries of an unnamed boisterous and pugilistic trumpeter in the colony.	wikipedia
126661bc614b208cd61df1d1f2fc832a263dce9b	the trumpeter is portrayed as a loyal follower	the trumpeter is portrayed as a loyal follower to the real historical peter stuyvesant, with a contrasting boisterous temperament to the stern colonial governor. in a mock-heroic concluding episode, the character curses (and so gives a name to) spuyten duyvil creek before diving in to cross it, then drowns while giving...	wikipedia
91028ce2c45a84525ab5bc6549257dea1e0d81da	babasakichō station (馬場崎町駅, babasakichō-eki) is a passenger railway	babasakichō station (馬場崎町駅, babasakichō-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of sakaiminato, tottori prefecture, japan. it is operated by the west japan railway company (jr west).	wikipedia
892b5f6ad4106abcbdd34f2b2464c3c667e99845	andrew james henderson is a palm-systematist and curator	andrew james henderson is a palm-systematist and curator of the institute of systematic botany at the new york botanical garden. he has authored taxonomic descriptions of 140 species, subspecies and varieties of plants, especially in the palm family	wikipedia
5657bbb97426375be9559eb92b53d799670ad583	henderson was educated in wycliffe college in gloucestershire	henderson was educated in wycliffe college in gloucestershire and birkbeck college, university of london. in 1986, he received 'the george h.m. lawrence memorial award', in the amount of $2,000, presented by the hunt institute for botanical documentation, carnegie mellon university and presented at the annual banquet o...	wikipedia
5d010afc8142144d3c55b275a817e6f2677e2ea9	andrew james henderson (born september 8, 1950) is	andrew james henderson (born september 8, 1950) is a palm - systematist and curator of the institute of systematic botany at the new york botanical garden. he has authored taxonomic descriptions of 140 species, subspecies and varieties of plants, especially in the palm family	wikipedia
876d484e1eb16ee0d2ba829642421f4b08ba2397	aoba-dori ichibancho station is served by the 13.9	aoba-dori ichibancho station is served by the 13.9 km (8.6 mi) sendai subway tōzai line between yagiyama zoological park and arai, and is located 5.7 km (3.5 mi) from the western terminus of the line at yagiyama zoological park station. the station is numbered "t06".	wikipedia
0a44548d4eb247c33e98ca45114be69ee362a767	aoba-dori ichibancho station (青葉通一番町駅, aoba-dōri ichibanchō-eki) is a	aoba-dori ichibancho station (青葉通一番町駅, aoba-dōri ichibanchō-eki) is a subway station on the sendai subway tōzai line in aoba-ku, sendai, japan, operated by the municipal subway operator sendai city transportation bureau.	wikipedia
c884ca1cd4df6ffbd80c331ffd99be85f0f1f1cf	after two seasons at naft, he signed a	after two seasons at naft, he signed a one-year contract with iranian league title holder, foolad at the deadline of the summer transfer window. he made his debut for foolad in the second fixture of the 2014–15 iran pro league against persepolis as a substitute for yousef vakia.	wikipedia
5d0e31b19cce8437e453472c2e2d6c4dd36bf591	the alveolar–arterial gradient, is a measure of the	the alveolar–arterial gradient, is a measure of the difference between the alveolar concentration (a) of oxygen and the arterial (a) concentration of oxygen. it is a useful parameter for narrowing the differential diagnosis of hypoxemia. the a–a gradient helps to assess the integrity of the alveolar capillary unit. for...	wikipedia
5628e542f2e7123c439c0bf3012b0889782c7959	if lack of oxygenation is proportional to low	if lack of oxygenation is proportional to low respiratory effort, then the a–a gradient is not increased; a healthy person who hypoventilates would have hypoxia, but a normal a–a gradient. at an extreme, high co levels from hypoventilation can mask an existing high a–a gradient. this mathematical artifact makes a–a gra...	wikipedia
32e8914d65bb87560aca1e31270eea387bcb9ff1	because a–a gradient is approximated as: (150 −	because a–a gradient is approximated as: (150 − 5/4(p co)) – pao at sea level and on room air (0.21x(760-47) = 149.7 mmhg for the alveolar oxygen partial pressure, after accounting for the water vapor), the direct mathematical cause of a large value is that the blood has a low pao, a low pa co, or both. co is very easi...	wikipedia
34be409288da8a21130510098697da4379dbcd07	applying this analogy to different causes of hypoxemia	applying this analogy to different causes of hypoxemia should help reason out whether to expect an elevated or normal a-a gradient. as a general rule of thumb, any pathology of the alveolar-capillary unit will result in a high a-a gradient. the table below has the different disease states that cause hypoxemia.	wikipedia
db2f723207c124aaf7adfaf1537c3755ecbe636a	now let us consider pneumonia. patients with pneumonia	now let us consider pneumonia. patients with pneumonia have a physical barrier within the alveoli, which limits the diffusion of oxygen into the capillaries. however, these patients can ventilate (unlike the patient with hypoventilation), which will result in a well-oxygenated respiratory tract (a) with poor diffusion ...	wikipedia
df1b0ff92259dfe9b9502be11ab1cade338b5a7b	for example, consider hypoventilation. patients can exhibit hypoventilation	for example, consider hypoventilation. patients can exhibit hypoventilation for a variety of reasons; some include cns depression, neuromuscular diseases such as myasthenia gravis, poor chest elasticity as seen in kyphoscoliosis or patients with vertebral fractures, and many others. patients with poor ventilation lack ...	wikipedia
0c2352d0c80982ce9de095c77dc237e8cbeb3307	the a-a gradient has clinical utility in patients	the a-a gradient has clinical utility in patients with hypoxemia of undetermined etiology. the a-a gradient can be broken down categorically as either elevated or normal. causes of hypoxemia will fall into either category. to better understand which etiologies of hypoxemia falls in either category, we can use a simple ...	wikipedia
afed69d760f9aab58dfde886891ea6cd8feaa601	a normal a–a gradient for a young adult	a normal a–a gradient for a young adult non-smoker breathing air, is between 5–10 mmhg. normally, the a–a gradient increases with age. for every decade a person has lived, their a–a gradient is expected to increase by 1 mmhg. a conservative estimate of normal a–a gradient is / 4. thus, a 40-year-old should have an a–a ...	wikipedia
c9ce60d1d6daa94c42c8d0fcf80875ef9850321d	on room air (f o = 0.21, or	on room air (f o = 0.21, or 21%), at sea level (p = 760 mmhg) assuming 100% humidity in the alveoli (p = 47 mmhg), a simplified version of the equation is:	wikipedia