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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
dd773e42326257f63581b716e07afb7092afe4d8	the 2023 – 24 premiership rugby cup is	the 2023 – 24 premiership rugby cup is the 51st season of england's national rugby union cup competition and the first under the new premiership rugby cup format including clubs from both the premiership and championship. exeter chiefs are the reigning champions.	wikipedia
d9da95b56ed3c4d345608eb304c0aeefd4b7c9b2	cristian esteban gamboa luna, commonly known as cristian	cristian esteban gamboa luna, commonly known as cristian gamboa, is a costa rican professional footballer who plays as a right-back for bundesliga club vfl bochum. gamboa is an international player for costa rica and played in the team at the 2014 fifa world cup that reached the quarter-finals.	wikipedia
4e4883b7d3424bb035a4b3102b66df747a7cfc16	he made his debut for the costa rica	he made his debut for the costa rica national football team in january 2010, in a friendly match against argentina. gamboa scored his first goal in a 7–0 home win against guyana in a 2014 world cup qualifier. he was selected for the costa rica national team against part at the 2014 fifa world cup, and played in all fiv...	wikipedia
6ae3bc7bf9d74afcf4c06ae1460d0c8b05275b41	gamboa continued to struggle to hold down a	gamboa continued to struggle to hold down a first team place in his second season in england, playing only two games early on in the season. he then went five months without a first team appearance, before making a return to the side in february 2016 in an fa cup fourth round replay tie against peterborough united.	wikipedia
addb431af11de1dd5ffd1ef63a8ad4f57061a78b	he made his debut on 26 august 2014,	he made his debut on 26 august 2014, coming on as a second-half substitute in a league cup tie against oxford united. he made his league debut a few days later against swansea city, after which further substitute appearances followed. gamboa finally made a starting appearance on 4 october in a 2–1 loss away at liverpoo...	wikipedia
f438b4f2522722bf1c0bbd3cae9eb1db8e254b1f	in late july 2014, english premier league club	in late july 2014, english premier league club west bromwich albion agreed to sign gamboa for a fee estimated in the media as around £2 million. because the player had insufficient recent international appearances for a work permit to be granted automatically, completion of the deal was dependent on a successful appeal...	wikipedia
5a67b3f8d77967ddeb06c9d6facb0fbeb88bc828	gamboa joined rosenborg on a three-month-loan deal in	gamboa joined rosenborg on a three-month-loan deal in august 2012 with the norwegian club having an option to buy. he made his debut on 3 september 2012 in a tippeligaen match away at stabæk, winning 2–0. by november he had impressed sufficiently in the ten games he played in for rosenborg for them to offer him a perma...	wikipedia
22de600997196c146c75ffcc43ab65710b030f53	gamboa was born in liberia, costa rica. at	gamboa was born in liberia, costa rica. at age 15, he was deemed not good enough to play for costa rican clubs saprissa and alajuelense. he played from the 2006–2007 season for hometown club municipal liberia. he then moved abroad and joined norwegian side fredrikstad in summer 2010 and played there for two half season...	wikipedia
37676448057d2475f5288a22fc5979cb353ea54d	cristian esteban gamboa luna (born 24 october 1989),	cristian esteban gamboa luna (born 24 october 1989), commonly known as cristian gamboa, is a costa rican professional footballer who plays as a right-back for bundesliga club vfl bochum.	wikipedia
1e5c5d1052c4d25dc30c0bfb1a3bfd9d499fdac6	in particle physics, the family symmetries or horizontal	in particle physics, the family symmetries or horizontal symmetries are various discrete, global, or local symmetries between quark-lepton families or generations. in contrast to the intrafamily or vertical symmetries which operate inside each family, these symmetries presumably underlie physics of the family flavors. ...	wikipedia
edd4c17b948d1e7bad870603c81d30a94737fa44	it is also worth pointing out some important	it is also worth pointing out some important aspect related to the family symmetries. as matter of fact, an existence of three identical quark-lepton families could mean that there might exist the truly elementary fermions, preons, being actual carriers of all the standard model fundamental quantum numbers involved and...	wikipedia
0a86e68c383004a17c92fad957c32a29a67ab726	another way for these models to be distinguished	another way for these models to be distinguished might appear, if they were generically being included in some extended gut. in contrast to many others, such a possibility appears for the chiral s u (3) f {\displaystyle su(3)_{f}} family symmetry (considered in the previous section) which could be incorporated into the...	wikipedia
c696dfeee1286151509c44550e4144eefb3b4f2d	as matter of fact, one of the possible	as matter of fact, one of the possible ways for these models to have their own specific predictions might appear if nature would favor the local family symmetry case. this would then allow to completely exclude the global u (1) f {\displaystyle u(1)_{f}} family symmetry case and properly differentiate the non-abelian s...	wikipedia
94e41b7488bf02f3fdafd8a113e2239dfb433d0c	despite some progress in understanding the family flavor	despite some progress in understanding the family flavor mixing problem, one still has the uneasy feeling that, in many cases, the problem seems just to be transferred from one place to another. the peculiar quark-lepton mass hierarchy is replaced by a peculiar set of u (1) f {\displaystyle u(1)_{f}} flavor charges or ...	wikipedia
2412ae3d53a92045e5a614755074c5ce98b30eb7	the special sector of applications is related to	the special sector of applications is related to a new type of topological defects – flavored cosmic strings and monopoles – which can appear during the spontaneous violation of the s u (3) f {\displaystyle su(3)_{f}} which may be considered as possible candidates for the cold dark matter in the universe.	wikipedia
12d56955cad1d80b9ec1849bbe1f96e33053bf9a	among other applications of the s u (3)	among other applications of the s u (3) f {\displaystyle su(3)_{f}} symmetry, the most interesting ones are those related to its gauge sector. generally, the family scale m f {\displaystyle m_{f}} may be located in the range from 10 5 {\displaystyle 10^{5}} gev up to the grand unification scale m g u t {\displaystyle m...	wikipedia
8e801849af0cf55e0de30955510f6703e9df6f27	in the framework of supersymmetric theories, the family	in the framework of supersymmetric theories, the family s u (3) f {\displaystyle su(3)_{f}} symmetry hand in hand with hierarchical masses and mixings for quarks and leptons leads to an almost uniform mass spectrum for their superpartners with a high degree of flavor conservation. due to the special relations between t...	wikipedia
cc2c7fc9cbc27acf010c3658541ca22d919e2ffb	one comes the typical nearest-neighbor family mixing pattern	one comes the typical nearest-neighbor family mixing pattern in the mass matrices m i j (u) {\displaystyle m_{ij}^{(u)}} and m i j (d) {\displaystyle m_{ij}^{(d)}} that leads to the weak mixing angles being generally in approximate conformity with the corresponding cabibbo–kobayashi–maskawa matrices. in the same way, t...	wikipedia
b8131938a76f24d52fee0cb56e31f310ab5bbd8e	⟨ χ 33 ⟩ , η (1) ,	⟨ χ 33 ⟩ , η (1) , η (2) {\displaystyle \left\langle \chi _{33}\right\rangle \,\ \eta _{}^{(1)}\,\ \eta _{}^{(2)}}	wikipedia
efe0bd3b9f2d20e85d3b840234a974f694b73f44	in the minimal case with one s u	in the minimal case with one s u (3) f {\displaystyle su(3)_{f}} sextet χ i j {\displaystyle \chi _{ij}} and two triplets η (1, 2) {\displaystyle \eta _{}^{(1,2)}} developing the basic vev configuration	wikipedia
2b16272d8dc75fd41733e43f241177e09ecd94d7	y i j u (q ¯ l i	y i j u (q ¯ l i u r j) h + y i j d (q ¯ l i d r j) h ¯ {\displaystyle y_{ij}^{u}\left({\bar {q}}_{l}^{i}u_{r}^{j}\right)h\ +\ y_{ij}^{d}\left({\bar {q}}_{l}^{i}d_{r}^{j}\right){\bar {h}}}	wikipedia
c1c0fb4ae1fa89765e274b73c52e0b2f80a8a71c	where again the index f {\displaystyle f} stands	where again the index f {\displaystyle f} stands for the particular family of the up quarks (u = u, c, t {\displaystyle u=u,c,t}) and down quarks (d = d, s, b {\displaystyle d=d,s,b}), respectively (a f (a) {\displaystyle a_{f}^{(a)}} and b f (b) {\displaystyle b_{f}^{(b)}} are some dimensionless proportionality consta...	wikipedia
260c2f09895fbdcc4d1245a69417db636bacf743	y i j f = a f (a)	y i j f = a f (a) ⟨ χ i j (a) ⟩ m f + b f (b) ⟨ η i j (b) ⟩ m f f = (u, d) {\displaystyle y_{ij}^{f}=a_{f}^{(a)}{\frac {\left\langle \chi _{ij}^{(a)}\right\rangle }{m_{f}}}+b_{f}^{(b)}{\frac {\left\langle \eta _{ij}^{(b)}\right\rangle }{m_{f}}}\qquad f=(u,d)}	wikipedia
f2e1f57e0ce46f832c9e1dca851c3b56181469f0	in the standard model and gut extended by	in the standard model and gut extended by the local chiral s u (3) f {\displaystyle su(3)_{f}} symmetry quarks and leptons are supposed to be s u (3) f {\displaystyle su(3)_{f}} chiral triplets, so that their left-handed (weak-doublet) components – q l (i) {\displaystyle q_{l}^{(i)}} and l l (i) {\displaystyle l_{l}^{(...	wikipedia
3b419fc6e0ca88b902b18898eb608c1edd0eb61a	in the standard model and gut extended by	\chi _{ij}^{(a)}} and η (b) {\displaystyle \eta _{}^{(b)}} (a {\displaystyle a} = 1, 2,..., b {\displaystyle b} = 1, 2,...). when they develop their vevs, the up and down quark families acquire their effective yukawa coupling constants which generally have a form	wikipedia
770e3d1a7ec38e8e8767cd05cc6086658f50b335	with these natural criteria accepted, other family symmetry	with these natural criteria accepted, other family symmetry candidates have turned out to be at least partially discriminated. indeed, the u (1) f {\displaystyle u(1)_{f}} family symmetry does not satisfy the criterion (i) and is in fact applicable to any number of quark-lepton families. also, the s u (2) f {\displayst...	wikipedia
64344b79ff7d76cc93a5a27af7d1445c8c04ff4a	it can be generally argued that the presumably	it can be generally argued that the presumably adequate family symmetry should be chiral rather than vectorlike, since the vectorlike family symmetries do not in general forbid the large invariant masses for quark-lepton families. this may lead (without some special fine tuning of parameters) to the almost uniform mass...	wikipedia
c093cb53bb99471fd89713a7f6aded2eadaa2ed5	apart from with all that, there is also	apart from with all that, there is also the dynamical aspect of the local s u (2) f {\displaystyle su(2)_{f}} symmetry, related to its horizontal gauge bosons. the point is, however, that these bosons (as well as various higgs bosons involved) have to be several orders of magnitude more massive than the standard model ...	wikipedia
91b393ae4125ba766fe42e705812b30f6a6726eb	in supersymmetric theories there are mass and interaction	in supersymmetric theories there are mass and interaction matrices for the squarks and sleptons, leading to a rich flavor structure. in particular, if fermions and scalars of a given charge have mass matrices which are not diagonalized by the same rotation, new mixing matrices occur at gaugino vertices. this may lead i...	wikipedia
fbff5e75c56f122b2a354348420e15a6bca68d39	another and presumably more realistic way of using	another and presumably more realistic way of using of the family s u (2) f {\displaystyle su(2)_{f}} symmetry is based on the picture that, in the absence of flavor mixing, only the particles belonging to the third generation (t, b, τ {\displaystyle t,b,\tau }) have non-zero masses. the masses and the mixing angles of ...	wikipedia
248d1b199a81dfc1e9a83a51025ac502aa108901	in the original model the quark-lepton families fall	in the original model the quark-lepton families fall into the horizontal triplets of the local s u (2) f {\displaystyle su(2)_{f}} symmetry taken. fortunately, this symmetry is generically free from the gauge anomaly problem which may appear for other local family symmetry candidates. generally, the model contains the ...	wikipedia
e3ac2dfbb43037111bbbb1e8807f54098bfe147d	the s u (2) f {\displaystyle su(2)_{f}} family	the s u (2) f {\displaystyle su(2)_{f}} family symmetry models were first addressed by wilczek and zee in 1979 and then the interest in them was renewed in the 1990s especially in connection with the supersymmetric standard model.	wikipedia
7a92255bfd27a1eb1d1167043ab13de7fbf15267	among some other applications the family u (1)	among some other applications the family u (1) f {\displaystyle u(1)_{f}} symmetry, the most interesting one could stem from its possible relation to (or even identification) with the peccei–quinn symmetry. this may point out some deep connection between the fermion mixing problem and the strong cp problem of the stand...	wikipedia
d23c2520eb69cf751c9ca10a73fd98561cf60e75	where the index f {\displaystyle f} stands for	where the index f {\displaystyle f} stands for the particular family of the up quarks (u = u, c, t {\displaystyle u=u,c,t}) and down quarks (d = d, s, b {\displaystyle d=d,s,b}) including their lefthanded and righthanded components, respectively. this hierarchy is then transferred to their mass matrices once the conven...	wikipedia
604bdb2d1f661e97997091333f0b47dbb99487bd	y i j (f) ∼ ϵ i (f	y i j (f) ∼ ϵ i (f l) i − i (f r) j f l, r = (u, d) l, r {\displaystyle y_{ij}^{(f)}\thicksim \epsilon ^{i(f_{l})_{i}-i({f_{r})}_{j}}\qquad f_{l,r}=(u,d)_{l,r}}	wikipedia
fd5f6c38a4c118bf9ac0103ddc58f5887c83f77f	this class of the family symmetry models was	this class of the family symmetry models was first studied by froggatt and nielsen in 1979 and extended later on in. in this mechanism, one introduces a new complex scalar field called flavon ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } whose vacuum expectation value (vev) ⟨ ϕ ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle \phi \rangle } presumably breaks a glo...	wikipedia
519e979a86406791ed2096b3895b32a5ed2cb79c	this class of the family symmetry models was	/ Λ f {\displaystyle \epsilon =\langle \phi \rangle /\lambda _{f}}, if the messenger fermions have been integrated out at some high-energy cut-off scale Λ f {\displaystyle \lambda _{f}}). since different quark-lepton families carry different charges the various coupling constants y i j {\displaystyle y_{ij}} are suppr...	wikipedia
cfc47e009507766f9f08efce01db2cba11ccf60c	many attempts have been made to interpret the	many attempts have been made to interpret the existence of the quark-lepton families and the pattern of their mixing in terms of various family symmetries – discrete or continuous, global or local. among them, the abelian u (1) f {\displaystyle u(1)_{f}} and non-abelian s u (2) f {\displaystyle su(2)_{f}} and s u (3) f...	wikipedia
879bb5199e26f7e7944e892ed0a26693a31c1655	here, the quark-lepton families are numbered by the	here, the quark-lepton families are numbered by the index i (i = 1, 2, 3) {\displaystyle i\ (i=1,2,3)} both for the quark and lepton ones. the up and down righthanded quarks and leptons are written separately and for completeness the righthanded neutrinos n r (i) {\displaystyle n_{r}^{(i)}} are also included.	wikipedia
2ccdc0c7013ee3392307e7d11794837c316993e6	the standard model is based on the internal	the standard model is based on the internal symmetries of the unitary product group s u (3) c × s u (2) w × u (1) y {\displaystyle su(3)_{c}\times su(2)_{w}\times u(1)_{y}} the members of which have a quite different nature. the color symmetry s u (3) c {\displaystyle su(3)_{c}} has the vectorlike structure due to whic...	wikipedia