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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
e9612cfe02b9d5cfc99c6e240ea10d21ee27236f	skirbekk graduated in economics from the university of	skirbekk graduated in economics from the university of oslo, norway in 2001, also having studied at the university of adelaide, australia. he was awarded a phd at rostock university, germany in 2005. in 2000–2001 skirbekk participated in the advanced studies program in international economics at the institute for world...	wikipedia
63948f011faa6c01797b61ea33e4cac998aa4830	vegard skirbekk is a norwegian population economist and	vegard skirbekk is a norwegian population economist and social scientist specializing in demographic analysis and cohort studies. he is a senior researcher at the norwegian institute of public health and also professor of population and family health at the columbia aging center at columbia university.	wikipedia
f67534b162c1c7c204371b14009e4d0251b2c773	the pneumatic tube mail was a postal system	the pneumatic tube mail was a postal system operating in new york city from 1897 to 1953 using pneumatic tubes. similar systems had arisen in the mid-19th century in london, via the london pneumatic despatch company; in manchester and other british cities; and in paris via the paris pneumatic post. following the creati...	wikipedia
e4ef0d28026113776ad878b7b2abe0baf931d654	each canister could hold 600 letters and would	each canister could hold 600 letters and would travel up to 35 miles per hour. at the peak, the system carried 95,000 letters a day, representing 30% of all mail in the city. the total system comprised 27 miles (43 km) of tubes, connecting 23 post offices. the canisters used were 25-pound steel cylinders that were eith...	wikipedia
c19a30d984e7906136a19469b6110ab16b9bd975	the brooklyn section alone cost $14,000 in rent	the brooklyn section alone cost $14,000 in rent per year and $6,200 in labor. after successful lobbying by contractors the service was restored in 1922. service was again halted between brooklyn and manhattan in april 1950 for repairs on the brooklyn side and was never restored. in 1953 service was halted for the rest ...	wikipedia
87f00c9c4e2b7c577e6139aab29968a70ddab7a0	breakdowns often required digging up streets to retrieve	breakdowns often required digging up streets to retrieve clogged mail and restore the system to operation. at least one death was reported when a test run caused a tube to rupture violently, injuring the repair crew who had dug out a section under 4th avenue to mend a break in the line.	wikipedia
13788d36895c4f9f009809f7e9135ca1588eb75b	government studies later argued the mail could be	government studies later argued the mail could be handled at less cost and more expeditiously by other means. the growing volume of mail, limited system capacities, and the advent of the automobile made the tubes "practically obsolete," and actually hindered the efficient operation of the postal service. the pneumatic ...	wikipedia
9ba358309c748d33d0ee9b2e4c4179bed9111ce7	the installation in the borough of manhattan was	the installation in the borough of manhattan was constructed by the tubular dispatch company. this company was purchased by the new york pneumatic service company, who continued to operate the tubes under contract to the postal service. construction after 1902, starting with the line between the new york and the brookl...	wikipedia
95a3e1bd8deb0eab9f5a8d125d4eb765f535d3ea	how it could live after being shot at	how it could live after being shot at terrific speed from station p in the produce exchange building, making several turns before reaching broadway and park row, i cannot conceive, but it did. it seemed to be dazed for a minute or two but started to run and was quickly secured and placed in a basket that had been provi...	wikipedia
81446ad31683b7d72e5614016d7d6a88a9bd1124	the first dispatch was sent by depew from	the first dispatch was sent by depew from the general post office to the produce exchange post office and included a bible wrapped in an american flag, a copy of the constitution, a copy of president william mckinley 's inaugural speech and several other papers. the bible was included in order to reference job 9:25, "n...	wikipedia
06d964a98006988d9eb197232d0fc515d0ac2513	this is the age of speed. everything that	this is the age of speed. everything that makes for speed contributes to happiness and is a distinct gain to civilization. we are ahead of the old countries in almost every respect, but we have been behind in methods of communication within our cities. in new york this condition of communication has hitherto been barba...	wikipedia
cbc8f1288ea456dc6246c43987c77ce47b433cdc	though 10 cities were funded for pneumatic-mail, the	though 10 cities were funded for pneumatic-mail, the new york operation was developed the most. by 1907 contracts were issued in five other cities (boston, brooklyn, chicago, philadelphia, st. louis), but not in four cities (baltimore, cincinnati, kansas city, san francisco). the system was discontinued in 1953.	wikipedia
b9b830ddf4332da90cda17dcd8580dfa8a0b154e	eventually the network stretched up both sides of	eventually the network stretched up both sides of manhattan island all the way to manhattanville on the west side and "triborough" in east harlem, forming a loop running a few feet below street level. travel time from the general post office to harlem was 20 minutes. a crosstown line connected the two parallel lines be...	wikipedia
1bf507acd618869bec22080ae5f44cacdb5191b1	the pneumatic tube mail was a postal system	the pneumatic tube mail was a postal system operating in new york city from 1897 to 1953 using pneumatic tubes. similar systems had arisen in the mid-19th century in london, via the london pneumatic despatch company; in manchester and other british cities; and in paris via the paris pneumatic post. following the creati...	wikipedia
4a08879881bb945159a373d6142e4decc5cb3412	shimabara-funatsu station was opened on 24 september 1913	shimabara-funatsu station was opened on 24 september 1913 as minato-shinchi station (湊新地駅). the station was renamed shimabara minato station (島原湊駅) on 16 july 1918 and renamed again to minami-shimabara station (南島原駅) on 5 november 1960. it was renamed to its present name on 1 october 2019.	wikipedia
104079643e60427a783e3bdd8b6854539bb98604	the station is on the ground level with	the station is on the ground level with one side platform and one island platform with two tracks. there is a train depot, and since many trains turn around at this station, there are several sidings and trains are kept overnight. the platform closest to the sidings is rarely used and is often used for storing trains. ...	wikipedia
e537884aec920c5ba2dd37d6c946c6a03c64c01f	shimabara-funatsu station (島原船津駅, shimabara-funatsu-eki) is a passenger railway	shimabara-funatsu station (島原船津駅, shimabara-funatsu-eki) is a passenger railway station in located in the city of shimabara, nagasaki. it is operated by third-sector railway company shimabara railway.	wikipedia
f0e84bfb0aebd09c137b2eef1d27069de1793218	scott barney is a canadian former professional ice	scott barney is a canadian former professional ice hockey forward, who played 27 games in the national hockey league with the los angeles kings and atlanta thrashers between 2003 and 2005. the rest of his career, which lasted from 1999 to 2018, was mainly spent in europe and asia. barney currently serves as the head co...	wikipedia
1ee8626d45ecae3cc8fa7967054201ad501e2451	barney joined the humboldt broncos of the saskatchewan	barney joined the humboldt broncos of the saskatchewan junior hockey league as an assistant coach for the 2018-19 season, and became their head coach a few months later. he remained the head coach until just a few games of the 2020-21 season.	wikipedia
ead16d2135a06db7734732a2b2648ed13ace1357	barney played the 2012–13 season in the asian	barney played the 2012–13 season in the asian ice hockey league with south korean team high1. on august 8, 2013 barney signed with hc valpellice of the italian elite.a. for the 2014-15 season, he signed with austrian team ehc lustenau of the inter-national league, where he played for two seasons before ending his playi...	wikipedia
061cbe11a9e59a5a44ac74a13bf35c907256d5c7	barney returned to hpk for the 2011–12 season.	barney returned to hpk for the 2011–12 season. he was briefly loaned to ec red bull salzburg for the non-regulation european trophy, but returned to play for hpk. he then left hpk part-way through the season to help out the second-tier teams hc thurgau and dornbirner ec of the swiss national league b and austrian natio...	wikipedia
b7628899733311a40c881f3e4762f488bd1232a1	on november 21, 2010, he joined bk mladá	on november 21, 2010, he joined bk mladá boleslav of the czech extraliga. after just 13 games with boleslav however, barney returned to finland on january 18, 2011 to complete the 2010–11 season with hpk.	wikipedia
86b17c712736309d7f7419eb5ca006ccb5dcb762	barney was drafted by the los angeles kings	barney was drafted by the los angeles kings 29th overall in the 1997 nhl entry draft. he did not get to play in the national hockey league until the 2002–03 season, because he missed three consecutive seasons due to a severe back injury. he also played for the atlanta thrashers. barney played a total of 27 games in the...	wikipedia
0fa8aa19ebf224d3406c35a6e5d822dfdba359b8	scott barney (born march 27, 1979) is a	scott barney (born march 27, 1979) is a canadian former professional ice hockey forward, who played 27 games in the national hockey league with the los angeles kings and atlanta thrashers between 2003 and 2005. the rest of his career, which lasted from 1999 to 2018, was mainly spent in europe and asia. barney currently...	wikipedia
6a310e83cabeffa14ab3f4aee3c1d61be416fe9d	on august 22, 2013, after 15 seasons of	on august 22, 2013, after 15 seasons of professional hockey in north america, whitfield signed his first european contract on a one-year deal with italian club, hc bolzano in their inaugural season in the austrian hockey league. he played one season with bolzano, before retiring from his playing career.	wikipedia
e76674b66dc35c2829f17fe4e582ae0ab7240e1b	prior to his second year with the bruins	prior to his second year with the bruins on august 22, 2010, it was announced that whitfield had torn his achilles tendon and would likely miss the entirety of the 2010–11 season. whitfield recovered from his injuries and played 45 games in the minors for providence. he was called as a spare for boston in march 2011. w...	wikipedia
9a75386f6f96e704ad1d2091f586b46f18a9f3e7	on july 13, 2009, whitfield signed a two-year	on july 13, 2009, whitfield signed a two-year contract with the boston bruins, returning to the team by which he was drafted. added as depth to the bruins forwards, the veteran was assigned to captain boston's ahl affiliate, the providence bruins, to begin the 2009–10. on october 21, 2009, whitfield was recalled and ma...	wikipedia
b94b2e996341c4496c547ed46feb1ef1d66f3220	on august 2, 2005, whitfield signed with the	on august 2, 2005, whitfield signed with the st. louis blues for the 2005–06 season. after playing in 30 games with the blues, whitfield was assigned to their ahl affiliate, the peoria rivermen. whitfield spent the next three seasons with the rivermen, relied upon as captain and establishing himself as an elite player ...	wikipedia
e8fe2be3a5dd6069b24abd90a2ffe3dd0b5d33df	whitfield was drafted in the fourth round, 100th	whitfield was drafted in the fourth round, 100th overall, by the boston bruins in the 1996 nhl entry draft. he refused to sign with boston, and returned to spokane until signing a minor league contract with washington.	wikipedia
42bc48b7d8215b584b372358c10c138c94315e05	physical vapor deposition (pvd), sometimes called physical vapor	physical vapor deposition (pvd), sometimes called physical vapor transport (pvt), describes a variety of vacuum deposition methods which can be used to produce thin films and coatings on substrates including metals, ceramics, glass, and polymers. pvd is characterized by a process in which the material transitions from ...	wikipedia
19cd2e35980319f558ffe68669b9ebf6761e56a0	pvd is used to enhance the wear resistance	pvd is used to enhance the wear resistance of steel cutting tools ' surfaces and decrease the risk of adhesion and sticking between tools and a workpiece. this includes tools used in metalworking or plastic injection molding. the coating is typically a thin ceramic layer less than 4 μm that has very high hardness and l...	wikipedia
f3ac277564cd42ccc3764f89c98ca7074f1b1215	by varying the composition and duration of the	by varying the composition and duration of the process, a range of colors can be produced by pvd on stainless steel. the resulting colored stainless steel product can appear as brass, bronze, and other metals or alloys. this pvd-colored stainless steel can be used as exterior cladding for buildings and structures, such...	wikipedia
2472ab33d893097ee4034166f653814eadad94aa	pvd can be used as an application to	pvd can be used as an application to make anisotropic glasses of low molecular weight for organic semiconductors. the parameter needed to allow the formation of this type of glass is molecular mobility and anisotropic structure at the free surface of the glass. the configuration of the polymer is important where it nee...	wikipedia
1a8b6992e23ffadb48ec09afd9700a532e25c7b1	physical vapor deposition (pvd), sometimes called physical vapor	physical vapor deposition (pvd), sometimes called physical vapor transport (pvt), describes a variety of vacuum deposition methods which can be used to produce thin films and coatings on substrates including metals, ceramics, glass, and polymers. pvd is characterized by a process in which the material transitions from ...	wikipedia
a363dd007d5aad500e0a5e1c0cf5375b48e9b776	farshad pious is an iranian retired footballer who	farshad pious is an iranian retired footballer who played as a forward for a number of clubs in iran, most notably persepolis, as well as the iran national team. he is regarded as one of the best players in the history of iranian football. he helped persepolis win their only ever asian cup winners' cup in 1991 and also...	wikipedia
0e44c86be5b15e3c51f12a3ade1dec17c57400a2	pious was head coach of azadegan league side	pious was head coach of azadegan league side tractor between 2005 and 2007 for two seasons. before tractor he was the head coach of shamoushak noshahr until he resigned on 29 may 2005.	wikipedia
5acf61ed15a2b8171dbbd34e6a362d485894e282	pious made his debut for the iran national	pious made his debut for the iran national team on 25 june 1984 in a friendly against china, and his last cap was on 9 october 1994 in asian games against yemen. pious helped iran win gold at the 1990 asian games, iran went undefeated through the entire tournament and beat north korea in the final on penalties.	wikipedia
ccdf3be19ca253f82a91799e11a28acd1caf6111	in the same season, pious returned to his	in the same season, pious returned to his former club persepolis. he had his worst season at persepolis, only scoring five times in 12 games in the newly established qods league, despite his scoring issues pious still helped persepolis to the final of the league where they lost to rivals esteghlal 2–1 in one of the mos...	wikipedia
30a0a52b96c290b76aa800dbe7036db18b3bf623	in the same season, pious returned to his	semi-final where they faced rivals esteghlal in the tehran derby. in the first leg pious scored in the 51st minute as the game ended in a 2–2 draw. in the second leg the match finished 0–0 meaning esteghlal advanced on the away goals rule. in 1996, pious finally won the elusive azadegan league, pious only managed to s...	wikipedia
5d3154d0ecc3f0de01ff315048a1560a0b09597c	in 1989, pious signed with qatari club al-ahly	in 1989, pious signed with qatari club al-ahly doha. in his only season at the club, pious was named the league's top scorer with nine goals in 12 games and al ahly finished as runners-up.	wikipedia