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used for the proof of the central limit theorem. the theorem can also be found in existence proofs for the solutions of certain partial differential equations. other areas are also touched. in game theory, john nash used the theorem to prove that in the game of hex there is a winning strategy for white. in economics, p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwer%20fixed-point%20theorem | [
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point theorem in a different direction : it stays in rn, but considers upper hemi - continuous set - valued functions ( functions that assign to each point of the set a subset of the set ). it also requires compactness and convexity of the set. the lefschetz fixed - point theorem applies to ( almost ) arbitrary compact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwer%20fixed-point%20theorem | [
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in statistical mechanics and mathematics, a boltzmann distribution ( also called gibbs distribution ) is a probability distribution or probability measure that gives the probability that a system will be in a certain state as a function of that state's energy and the temperature of the system. the distribution is expre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20distribution | [
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energies in a one - dimensional gas however, does follow the boltzmann distribution. the distribution the boltzmann distribution is a probability distribution that gives the probability of a certain state as a function of that state's energy and temperature of the system to which the distribution is applied. it is give... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20distribution | [
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system and check what state it is in, we will find it is in state. this probability is equal to the number of particles in state divided by the total number of particles in the system, that is the fraction of particles that occupy state. where is the number of particles in state and is the total number of particles in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20distribution | [
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it is the only distribution for which the entropy as defined by gibbs entropy formula matches with the entropy as defined in classical thermodynamics. it is the only distribution that is mathematically consistent with the fundamental thermodynamic relation where state functions are described by ensemble average. in sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20distribution | [
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this expected number distribution has the boltzmann form. although these cases have strong similarities, it is helpful to distinguish them as they generalize in different ways when the crucial assumptions are changed : when a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to both energy exchange and particle excha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20distribution | [
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of implementing in real time applications becomes critical, so a different type of architecture named restricted boltzmann machine is introduced. in economics the boltzmann distribution can be introduced to allocate permits in emissions trading. the new allocation method using the boltzmann distribution can describe th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20distribution | [
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, zinc, and arsenic leak during acid mine drainage. when the ph of this solution rises, as a result of dilution by fresh water, these ions precipitate, forming " yellow boy " pollution. for these reasons, a setup of bioleaching must be carefully planned, since the process can lead to a biosafety failure. unlike other m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioleaching | [
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allowed this to occur is an unexplained effect known as baryon asymmetry. these primordial elements — mostly hydrogen, with some helium and lithium — later coalesced through gravity, forming early stars and galaxies. astronomers observe the gravitational effects of an unknown dark matter surrounding galaxies. most of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bang | [
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to the big bang models, the universe at the beginning was very hot and very compact, and since then it has been expanding and cooling. singularity extrapolation of the expansion of the universe backwards in time using general relativity yields an infinite density and temperature at a finite time in the past. this irreg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bang | [
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makes up about 4. 6 %. in an " extended model " which includes hot dark matter in the form of neutrinos, then the " physical baryon density " is estimated at 0. 023. ( this is different from the'baryon density'expressed as a fraction of the total matter / energy density, which is about 0. 046. ) the corresponding cold ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bang | [
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generated much discussion and disagreement were over the precise values of the hubble constant and the matter - density of the universe ( before the discovery of dark energy, thought to be the key predictor for the eventual fate of the universe ). in the mid - 1990s, observations of certain globular clusters appeared t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bang | [
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strong enough to explain the present baryon asymmetry. dark energy measurements of the redshift – magnitude relation for type ia supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe has been accelerating since the universe was about half its present age. to explain this acceleration, general relativity requires that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bang | [
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the universe originated is still an open question, but the big bang model does constrain some of its characteristics. for example, specific laws of nature most likely came to existence in a random way, but as inflation models show, some combinations of these are far more probable. a flat universe implies a balance betw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bang | [
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would evaporate by emitting hawking radiation. the entropy of the universe would increase to the point where no organized form of energy could be extracted from it, a scenario known as heat death. modern observations of accelerating expansion imply that more and more of the currently visible universe will pass beyond o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bang | [
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. retrieved 23 december 2019. external links once upon a universe – stfc funded project explaining the history of the universe in easy - to - understand language " big bang cosmology " – nasa / wmap science team " the big bang " – nasa science " big bang, big bewilderment " – big bang model with animated graphics by jo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bang | [
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another commercial bus line using the same model benz omnibuses ran for a short time in 1898 in the rural area around llandudno, wales. germany's daimler motors corporation also produced one of the earliest motor - bus models in 1898, selling a double - decker bus to the motor traction company which was first used on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus | [
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a bus independent front suspension, power steering, a fully automatic gearbox, and power - hydraulic braking. types formats include single - decker bus, double - decker bus ( both usually with a rigid chassis ) and articulated bus ( or'bendy - bus') the prevalence of which varies from country to country. high - capacit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus | [
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powered by electricity supplied from overhead lines. nowadays, electric buses often carry their own battery, which is sometimes recharged on stops / stations to keep the size of the battery small / lightweight. currently, interest exists in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, electric buses, and ones powered by com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus | [
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balinese realms against each other. in the late 1890s, struggles between balinese kingdoms on the island's south were exploited by the dutch to increase their control. in june 1860, the famous welsh naturalist, alfred russel wallace, travelled to bali from singapore, landing at buleleng on the north coast of the island... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali | [
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estimated 80, 000 killed in bali, equivalent to 5 % of the island's population. with no islamic forces involved as in java and sumatra, upper - caste pni landlords led the extermination of pki members. as a result of the 1965 – 66 upheavals, suharto was able to manoeuvre sukarno out of the presidency. his " new order "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali | [
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these islands are separated from bali by the badung strait. to the east, the lombok strait separates bali from lombok and marks the biogeographical division between the fauna of the indomalayan realm and the distinctly different fauna of australasia. the transition is known as the wallace line, named after alfred russe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali | [
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shrike, milky stork, pacific swallow, red - rumped swallow, sacred kingfisher, sea eagle, woodswallow, savanna nightjar, stork - billed kingfisher, yellow - vented bulbul and great egret. until the early 20th century, bali was possibly home to several large mammals : banteng, leopard and the endemic bali tiger. the ban... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali | [
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an orange colour, though they would have already changed to a more blackish colouration by their first year. in java, however, there is more of a tendency for this species to retain its juvenile orange colour into adulthood, and a mixture of black and orange monkeys can be seen together as a family. other rarer mammals... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali | [
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, the first cruise ship ( sun princess ) anchored about away from the wharf of tanah ampo harbour. the current pier is only but will eventually be extended to to accommodate international cruise ships. the harbour is safer than the existing facility at benoa and has a scenic backdrop of east bali mountains and green ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali | [
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a monotheistic religion with certain officially recognised beliefs that comply with its national ideology. indonesian school textbooks describe hinduism as having one supreme being, hindus offering three daily mandatory prayers, and hinduism as having certain common beliefs that in part parallel those of islam. scholar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali | [
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up and walk around, or even cheer on the performance, which adds to the many layers of activity and the liveliness typical of rame. tradition balinese society continues to revolve around each family's ancestral village, to which the cycle of life and religion is closely tied. coercive aspects of traditional society, su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali | [
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an asia - level multi - sport event, after jakarta held the 1962 asian games. in 2023, bali was the location for a major esports event, the dota 2 bali major, the third and final major of the dota pro circuit season. the event was held at the ayana estate and the champa garden, and it was the first time that a dota pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali | [
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ambassador to the united states nirupama rao, american diplomat and dayton peace accords author richard holbrooke ( class of 1962 ), and sergei khrushchev, editor of the papers of his father nikita khrushchev, leader of the soviet union. the institute's curricular interest is organized into the principal themes of deve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20University | [
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school is organized without the traditional departments or boundaries found at most schools and follows a model of connectivity between disciplines — including biology, medicine, physics, chemistry, computer science, the humanities, and the social sciences. the school practices an innovative clustering of faculties in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20University | [
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currently offers 33 and 51 master's and doctoral programs, respectively. the school additionally offers a number of fifth - year master's programs. overall, admission to the graduate school is most competitive with an acceptance rate averaging at approximately 9 percent in recent years. carney institute for brain scien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20University | [
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william " bill " d. atkinson ( born march 17, 1951 ) is an american computer engineer and photographer. atkinson worked at apple computer from 1978 to 1990. atkinson was the principal designer and developer of the graphical user interface ( gui ) of the apple lisa and, later, one of the first thirty members of the orig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Atkinson | [
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computer intelligence. on his work there atkinson said, " what numenta is doing is more fundamentally important to society than the personal computer and the rise of the internet. " currently, atkinson has combined his passion for computer programming with his love of nature photography to create art images. he takes c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Atkinson | [
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atlantic, and would be capable of operating routes up to. the 767's fuselage width was set midway between that of the 707 and the 747 at. while it was narrower than previous wide - body designs, seven abreast seating with two aisles could be fitted, and the reduced width produced less aerodynamic drag. the fuselage was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20767 | [
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expense of the traditional hub - and - spoke model. in february 1990, the first 767 equipped with rolls - royce rb211 turbofans, a, was delivered to british airways. six months later, the carrier temporarily grounded its entire 767 fleet after discovering cracks in the engine pylons of several aircraft. the cracks were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20767 | [
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botany, also called plant science ( or plant sciences ), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. a botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. the term " botany " comes from the ancient greek word ( ) meaning " pasture ", " herbs " " g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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of enzymes and other proteins. in the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and dna sequences to classify plants more accurately. modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with contributions and insights from m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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middle of the first century by greek physician and pharmacologist pedanius dioscorides. was widely read for more than 1, 500 years. important contributions from the medieval muslim world include ibn wahshiyya's nabatean agriculture, abu hanifa dinawari's ( 828 – 896 ) the book of plants, and ibn bassal's the classifica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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von gesner ( 1516 – 1565 ) and herbalist john gerard ( 1545 – ) published herbals covering the supposed medicinal uses of plants. naturalist ulisse aldrovandi ( 1522 – 1605 ) was considered the father of natural history, which included the study of plants. in 1665, using an early microscope, polymath robert hooke disco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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the works of carl linnaeus, the previously mentioned 18th century botanist. as linnaeus moved on from classifying plants to classifying all organisms, he published systema naturae, a major classificatory piece that he would continue to edit and grow over time. in his 10th edition he expands from four " varieties " of m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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plant anatomist who co - founded the cell theory with theodor schwann and rudolf virchow and was among the first to grasp the significance of the cell nucleus that had been described by robert brown in 1831. in 1855, adolf fick formulated fick's laws that enabled the calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion in b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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arthur tansley and frederic clements. clements is credited with the idea of climax vegetation as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and tansley introduced the concept of ecosystems to biology. building on the extensive earlier work of alphonse de candolle, nikolai vavilov ( 1887 – 1943 ) produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration. in addition, they are influential in the global carbon and water cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil erosion. plants are crucial to the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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algae ( phycology ), and viruses ( virology ). however, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi ( including lichens ) and photosynthetic protists are usually covered in introductory botany courses. palaeobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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and cotton grown for their fibres, are the outcome of prehistoric selection over thousands of years from among wild ancestral plants with the most desirable characteristics. botanists study how plants produce food and how to increase yields, for example through plant breeding, making their work important to humanity's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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material and adsorbent and as an artist's material and is one of the three ingredients of gunpowder. cellulose, the world's most abundant organic polymer, can be converted into energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstock. products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane, wallpaper paste, biobutanol and gun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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that collectively constitute vegetation. regions with characteristic vegetation types and dominant plants as well as similar abiotic and biotic factors, climate, and geography make up biomes like tundra or tropical rainforest. herbivores eat plants, but plants can defend themselves and some species are parasitic or eve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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##ploid ( endopolyploidy ), or during gamete formation. an allopolyploid plant may result from a hybridisation event between two different species. both autopolyploid and allopolyploid plants can often reproduce normally, but may be unable to cross - breed successfully with the parent population because there is a mism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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has made them important model species for understanding the genetics, cellular and molecular biology of cereals, grasses and monocots generally. model plants such as arabidopsis thaliana are used for studying the molecular biology of plant cells and the chloroplast. ideally, these organisms have small genomes that are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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##ins ( from the greek, to grow ) in control of plant growth was first outlined by the dutch scientist frits went. the first known auxin, indole - 3 - acetic acid ( iaa ), which promotes cell growth, was only isolated from plants about 50 years later. this compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. large, flat, flexible, g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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represent the earliest branches of angiosperms, have now been answered. investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants. despite the study of model plants and increasing use of dna evidence, there is ongoing work and discussion among tax... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany | [
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, which means'two pieces of fire wood beside each other '. officially, in the mohawk language, the community is called " kenhte : ke " ( tyendinaga ), which means " on the bay ", and was the birthplace of tekanawi : ta. the cayuga name is tyendinaga, tayeda : ne : or detgaye : da :, " land of two logs. " communities be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20of%20Quinte | [
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##cter and gamble inc. — feminine hygiene products kellogg — breakfast cereal manufacturer kruger - manufacturing facial and toilet tissue for the away from home market hain celestial - manufacturing yves veggie cuisine products sprague foods - canned and jarred soups and beans donini chocolate - a division of john vin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20of%20Quinte | [
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in general, bootstrapping usually refers to a self - starting process that is supposed to continue or grow without external input. etymology tall boots may have a tab, loop or handle at the top known as a bootstrap, allowing one to use fingers or a boot hook tool to help pull the boots on. the saying " to " was already... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping | [
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basic software into the memory of a computer after power - on or general reset, the kernel will load the operating system which will then take care of loading other device drivers and software as needed. software loading and execution booting is the process of starting a computer, specifically with regard to starting i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping | [
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refers to an early technique for computer program development on new hardware. the technique described in this paragraph has been replaced by the use of a cross compiler executed by a pre - existing computer. bootstrapping in program development began during the 1950s when each program was constructed on paper in decim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping | [
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, is another example of the bootstrapping notion. installers during the installation of computer programs, it is sometimes necessary to update the installer or package manager itself. the common pattern for this is to use a small executable bootstrapper file ( e. g., setup. exe ) which updates the installer and starts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping | [
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a new era. statistics bootstrapping is a resampling technique used to obtain estimates of summary statistics. business bootstrapping in business means starting a business without external help or working capital. entrepreneurs in the startup development phase of their company survive through internal cash flow and are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping | [
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that are eligible for bootstrapping. early - stage companies that do not necessarily require large influxes of capital ( particularly from outside sources ) qualify. this would specifically allow for flexibility for the business and time to grow. serial entrepreneur companies could also possibly reap the benefits of bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping | [
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other genes on or off. and so the bootstrapping continues, until we have the full repertoire of different kinds of cells. " phylogenetics bootstrapping analysis gives a way to judge the strength of support for clades on phylogenetic trees. a number is written by a node, which reflects the percentage of bootstrap trees ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping | [
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bioinformatics ( ) is an interdisciplinary field of science that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, especially when the data sets are large and complex. bioinformatics uses biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, computer programming, information engineering, mathematics and s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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processes in biotic systems. this definition placed bioinformatics as a field parallel to biochemistry ( the study of chemical processes in biological systems ). bioinformatics and computational biology involved the analysis of biological data, particularly dna, rna, and protein sequences. the field of bioinformatics e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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##formatics would be insightful. goals in order to study how normal cellular activities are altered in different disease states, raw biological data must be combined to form a comprehensive picture of these activities. therefore, the field of bioinformatics has evolved such that the most pressing task now involves the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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take many days of cpu time on large - memory, multiprocessor computers to assemble the fragments, and the resulting assembly usually contains numerous gaps that must be filled in later. shotgun sequencing is the method of choice for virtually all genomes sequenced ( rather than chain - termination or chemical degradati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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research, which performed the first complete sequencing and analysis of the genome of a free - living ( non - symbiotic ) organism, the bacterium haemophilus influenzae. the system identifies the genes encoding all proteins, transfer rnas, ribosomal rnas, in order to make initial functional assignments. the genemark pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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, build complex computational population genetics models to predict the outcome of the system over time track and share information on an increasingly large number of species and organisms future work endeavours to reconstruct the now more complex tree of life. comparative genomics the core of comparative genome analys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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genes not present in all but one or some genomes under study. a bioinformatics tool bpga can be used to characterize the pan genome of bacterial species. genetics of disease as of 2013, the existence of efficient high - throughput next - generation sequencing technology allows for the identification of cause many diffe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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- cancerous cells to determine the transcripts that are up - regulated and down - regulated in a particular population of cancer cells. analysis of protein expression protein microarrays and high throughput ( ht ) mass spectrometry ( ms ) can provide a snapshot of the proteins present in a biological sample. the former... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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- expressed. for example, the upstream regions ( promoters ) of co - expressed genes can be searched for over - represented regulatory elements. examples of clustering algorithms applied in gene clustering are k - means clustering, self - organizing maps ( soms ), hierarchical clustering, and consensus clustering metho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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the primary structure can be easily determined from the sequence of codons on the dna gene that codes for it. in most proteins, the primary structure uniquely determines the 3 - dimensional structure of a protein in its native environment. an exception is the misfolded protein involved in bovine spongiform encephalopat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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can be used in simulation of for example ligand - binding studies and in silico mutagenesis studies. a 2021 deep - learning algorithms - based software called alphafold, developed by google's deepmind, greatly outperforms all other prediction software methods, and has released predicted structures for hundreds of milli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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, such as taxonomic databases, or microbiome data. examples of such analyses include phylogenetics, niche modelling, species richness mapping, dna barcoding, or species identification tools. a growing area is also macro - ecology, i. e. the study of how biodiversity is connected to ecology and human impact, such as cli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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##etry. these methods typically involve finding populations of cells that are relevant to a particular disease state or experimental condition. ontologies and data integration biological ontologies are directed acyclic graphs of controlled vocabularies. they create categories for biological concepts and descriptions so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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the combination of a continued need for new algorithms for the analysis of emerging types of biological readouts, the potential for innovative in silico experiments, and freely available open code bases have created opportunities for research groups to contribute to both bioinformatics regardless of funding. the open s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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workflow management system designed specifically to compose and execute a series of computational or data manipulation steps, or a workflow, in a bioinformatics application. such systems are designed to provide an easy - to - use environment for individual application scientists themselves to create their own workflows... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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##da and discussed the potential for a biocompute object, an instance of the biocompute paradigm. this work was copied as both a " standard trial use " document and a preprint paper uploaded to biorxiv. the biocompute object allows for the json - ized record to be shared among employees, collaborators, and regulators. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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activator ( daoa ), a candidate schizophrenia gene. theoretical biology and medical modelling 2013 10 : 3. achuthsankar s nair computational biology & bioinformatics – a gentle overview, communications of computer society of india, january 2007 aluru, srinivas, ed. handbook of computational molecular biology. chapman &... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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bernd. " algebraic statistics for computational biology " cambridge university press, 2005. pevzner, pavel a. computational molecular biology : an algorithmic approach the mit press, 2000. soinov, l. bioinformatics and pattern recognition come together journal of pattern recognition research ( jprr ), vol 1 ( 1 ) 2006 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | [
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the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life. every cell consists of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, and contains many macromolecules such as proteins, dna and rna, as well as many small molecules of nutrients and metabolites. the term comes from the latin word meaning'small room '. c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20%28biology%29 | [
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, and a diverse range of single - celled organisms. the plants were created around 1. 6 billion years ago with a second episode of symbiogenesis that added chloroplasts, derived from cyanobacteria. history of research 1632 – 1723 : antonie van leeuwenhoek taught himself to make lenses, constructed basic optical microsc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20%28biology%29 | [
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inside the cell – a science education booklet by national institutes of health, in pdf and epub. cell biology in " the biology project " of university of arizona. centre of the cell online the image & video library of the american society for cell biology, a collection of peer - reviewed still images, video clips and d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20%28biology%29 | [
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the system arose in a period where paper currency was an innovation. paper currency was an iou circulated by a bank ( a promise to pay, not a payment in itself ). both merchants and an unstable paper currency created difficulties for direct producers. an alternate currency, denominated in labour time, would prevent pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter | [
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members. as credit is issued by the network members, for the benefit of the members themselves, lets are considered mutual credit systems. local currencies the first exchange system was the swiss wir bank. it was founded in 1934 as a result of currency shortages after the stock market crash of 1929. " wir " is both an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter | [
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goods and services exchanged must be included in the income of both parties. " other countries, though, do not have the reporting requirement that the u. s. does concerning proceeds from barter transactions, but taxation is handled the same way as a cash transaction. if one barters for a profit, one pays the appropriat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter | [
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, taylor showed signs of extreme exhaustion, and every tick of the clock brought taylor closer to victory unless chavez could knock him out. with about a minute left in the round, chavez hit taylor squarely with several hard punches and stayed on the attack, continuing to hit taylor with well - placed shots. finally, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing | [
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in computer science, binary search, also known as half - interval search, logarithmic search, or binary chop, is a search algorithm that finds the position of a target value within a sorted array. binary search compares the target value to the middle element of the array. if they are not equal, the half in which the ta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20search%20algorithm | [
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greater than the element, the search continues in the upper half of the array. by doing this, the algorithm eliminates the half in which the target value cannot lie in each iteration. procedure given an array of elements with values or records sorted such that, and target value, the following subroutine uses binary sea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20search%20algorithm | [
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the worst case is reached when the search reaches the deepest level of the tree, and there are always levels in the tree for any binary search. the worst case may also be reached when the target element is not in the array. if is one less than a power of two, then this is always the case. otherwise, the search may perf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20search%20algorithm | [
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word ram model of computation. derivation of average case the average number of iterations performed by binary search depends on the probability of each element being searched. the average case is different for successful searches and unsuccessful searches. it will be assumed that each element is equally likely to be s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20search%20algorithm | [
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other schemes sorted arrays with binary search are a very inefficient solution when insertion and deletion operations are interleaved with retrieval, taking time for each such operation. in addition, sorted arrays can complicate memory use especially when elements are often inserted into the array. there are other data... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20search%20algorithm | [
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can be faster than the linear time insertion and deletion of sorted arrays, and binary trees retain the ability to perform all the operations possible on a sorted array, including range and approximate queries. however, binary search is usually more efficient for searching as binary search trees will most likely be imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20search%20algorithm | [
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are other algorithms that are more specifically suited for set membership. a bit array is the simplest, useful when the range of keys is limited. it compactly stores a collection of bits, with each bit representing a single key within the range of keys. bit arrays are very fast, requiring only time. the judy1 type of j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20search%20algorithm | [
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search requires extra computation. its time complexity grows more slowly than binary search, but this only compensates for the extra computation for large arrays. fractional cascading fractional cascading is a technique that speeds up binary searches for the same element in multiple sorted arrays. searching each array ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20search%20algorithm | [
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search can find the correct position of the target with a given probability that controls the reliability of the yielded position. every noisy binary search procedure must make at least comparisons on average, where is the binary entropy function and is the probability that the procedure yields the wrong position. the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20search%20algorithm | [
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in 1957, william wesley peterson published the first method for interpolation search. every published binary search algorithm worked only for arrays whose length is one less than a power of two until 1960, when derrick henry lehmer published a binary search algorithm that worked on all arrays. in 1962, hermann bottenbr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20search%20algorithm | [
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are not defined correctly. once exceeds, the search has failed and must convey the failure of the search. in addition, the loop must be exited when the target element is found, or in the case of an implementation where this check is moved to the end, checks for whether the search was successful or failed at the end mus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20search%20algorithm | [
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a broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer. a broadcast domain can be within the same lan segment or it can be bridged to other lan segments. in terms of current popular technologies, any computer connected to the same ethe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast%20domain | [
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physical - layer network segment they occur on. thus, the broadcast domain is the entire inter - connected layer 2 network, and the segments connected to each switch / bridge port are each a collision domain. to clarify ; repeaters do not divide collision domains but switches do. this means that since switches have bec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast%20domain | [
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