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skin cells or drug carriers that are used for burn wounds and replacing skin. collagen as haemostat : when collagen interacts with platelets it causes a rapid coagulation of blood. this rapid coagulation produces a temporary framework so the fibrous stroma can be regenerated by host cells. collagen based haemostat redu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer | [
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be grown indefinitely. since these materials come from agricultural crops, their use could create a sustainable industry. in contrast, the feedstocks for polymers derived from petrochemicals will eventually deplete. in addition, biopolymers have the potential to cut carbon emissions and reduce co2 quantities in the atm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer | [
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molecular biology molecular genetics biotechnology products bioplastics biomaterials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer | [
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buffalo is the second - most populated city in the u. s. state of new york and the seat of erie county. it lies in western new york, at the eastern end of lake erie, at the head of the niagara river, on the united states border with canada. with a population of 278, 349 according to the 2020 census, buffalo is the 78th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo%2C%20New%20York | [
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when mckinley died, theodore roosevelt was sworn in at the wilcox mansion in buffalo. attorney john milburn and local industrialists and convinced the lackawanna iron and steel company to relocate from scranton, pennsylvania to the town of west seneca in 1904. employment was competitive, with many eastern europeans and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo%2C%20New%20York | [
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bethlehem steel began cutting thousands of jobs in lackawanna during the mid - 1970s before closing it in 1983. the region lost at least 70, 000 jobs between 1970 and 1984. like much of the rust belt, buffalo has focused on recovering from the effects of late - 20th - century deindustrialization. geography topography b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo%2C%20New%20York | [
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partnership for the public good, educational achievement in the city is lower than in the surrounding area ; city residents are almost twice as likely as adults in the metropolitan area to lack a high - school diploma. religion during the early 19th century, presbyterian missionaries tried to convert the seneca people ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo%2C%20New%20York | [
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manufacturing of metals, chemicals, machinery, food products, and electronics remains in the region. advanced manufacturing has increased, with an emphasis on research and development ( r & d ) and automation. in 2019, the u. s. bureau of economic analysis valued the gross domestic product ( gdp ) of the buffalo – niag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo%2C%20New%20York | [
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useless visitors who waste her valuable time, is related to the women who address mr. spectator. the busy - body himself is a true censor morum, as isaac bickerstaff had been in the tatler. and a number of the fictitious characters, ridentius, eugenius, cato, and cretico, represent traditional 18th - century classicism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Franklin | [
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franklin as politician and diplomatist " in the century ( october 1899 ) v. 57 pp. 881 – 899. by paul leicester ford. " franklin as printer and publisher " in the century ( april 1899 ) v. 57 pp. 803 – 818. " franklin as scientist " in the century ( september 1899 ) v. 57 pp. 750 – 763. by paul leicester ford. frasca, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Franklin | [
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in mathematics, more specifically in functional analysis, a banach space ( pronounced ) is a complete normed vector space. thus, a banach space is a vector space with a metric that allows the computation of vector length and distance between vectors and is complete in the sense that a cauchy sequence of vectors always ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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may be infinitely many l - semi - inner products that satisfy this condition. l - semi - inner products are a generalization of inner products, which are what fundamentally distinguish hilbert spaces from all other banach spaces. this shows that all normed spaces ( and hence all banach spaces ) can be considered as bei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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using hilbert space microbundles, david henderson showed in 1969 that every metric manifold modeled on a separable infinite – dimensional banach ( or frechet ) space can be topologically embedded as an subset of and, consequently, also admits a unique smooth structure making it into a hilbert manifold. compact and conv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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open mapping theorem implies that if and are topologies on that make both and into complete metrizable tvs ( for example, banach or frechet spaces ) and if one topology is finer or coarser than the other then they must be equal ( that is, if or then ). so for example, if and are banach spaces with topologies and and if... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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applies to all metrizable topological vector spaces, implies that if there exists complete metric on that induces the norm topology on then is a banach space. a frechet space is a locally convex topological vector space whose topology is induced by some translation - invariant complete metric. every banach space is a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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space. if is a metrizable topological vector space ( such as any norm induced topology, for example ), then is a complete tvs if and only if it is a complete tvs, meaning that it is enough to check that every cauchy in converges in to some point of ( that is, there is no need to consider the more general notion of arbi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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space the underlying metric space for is the same as the metric completion of with the vector space operations extended from to the completion of is sometimes denoted by general theory linear operators, isomorphisms if and are normed spaces over the same ground field the set of all continuous - linear maps is denoted b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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– banach theorem. in particular, every continuous linear functional on a subspace of a normed space can be continuously extended to the whole space, without increasing the norm of the functional. an important special case is the following : for every vector in a normed space there exists a continuous linear functional ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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norm - closed convex subset of a banach space is also weakly closed. a norm - continuous linear map between two banach spaces and is also weakly continuous, that is, continuous from the weak topology of to that of if is infinite - dimensional, there exist linear maps which are not continuous. the space of all linear ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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the extreme points of are the dirac measures on the set of dirac measures on equipped with the w * - topology, is homeomorphic to the result has been extended by amir and cambern to the case when the multiplicative banach – mazur distance between and is the theorem is no longer true when the distance is in the commutat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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unit ball provides a tool for finding solutions in reflexive spaces to certain optimization problems. for example, every convex continuous function on the unit ball of a reflexive space attains its minimum at some point in as a special case of the preceding result, when is a reflexive space over every continuous linear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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sequence in a banach space, there exists a sequence of convex combinations of vectors from the given sequence that is norm - converging to the unit vector basis of is not weakly cauchy. weakly cauchy sequences in are weakly convergent, since - spaces are weakly sequentially complete. actually, weakly convergent sequenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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as stated below. the weak topology of a banach space is metrizable if and only if is finite - dimensional. if the dual is separable, the weak topology of the unit ball of is metrizable. this applies in particular to separable reflexive banach spaces. although the weak topology of the unit ball is not metrizable in gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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1974 that admits a basis constructed from the franklin system. since every vector in a banach space with a basis is the limit of with of finite rank and uniformly bounded, the space satisfies the bounded approximation property. the first example by enflo of a space failing the approximation property was at the same tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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the tensor to the vector - valued function tensor products and the approximation property let be a banach space. the tensor product is identified isometrically with the closure in of the set of finite rank operators. when has the approximation property, this closure coincides with the space of compact operators on for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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, where is a countably infinite ordinal. the banach space is then isometric to. when are two countably infinite ordinals, and assuming the spaces and are isomorphic if and only if. for example, the banach spaces are mutually non - isomorphic. examples derivatives several concepts of a derivative may be defined on a ban... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20space | [
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benoit b. mandelbrot ( 20 november 1924 – 14 october 2010 ) was a polish - born french - american mathematician and polymath with broad interests in the practical sciences, especially regarding what he labeled as " the art of roughness " of physical phenomena and " the uncontrolled element in life ". he referred to him... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoit%20Mandelbrot | [
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##hology, anatomy, taxonomy, neurology, linguistics, information technology, computer graphics, economics, geology, medicine, physical cosmology, engineering, chaos theory, econophysics, metallurgy, and the social sciences. toward the end of his career, he was sterling professor of mathematical sciences at yale univers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoit%20Mandelbrot | [
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in finance and the ( mis ) behavior of markets. developing " fractal geometry " and the mandelbrot set as a visiting professor at harvard university, mandelbrot began to study mathematical objects called julia sets that were invariant under certain transformations of the complex plane. building on previous work by gast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoit%20Mandelbrot | [
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an american journalist based in london, after crosby had recorded three 15 - minute programs with jack russin for broadcast to germany from absie. entrepreneurship according to shoshana klebanoff, crosby became one of the richest men in the history of show business. he had investments in real estate, mines, oil wells, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%20Crosby | [
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del mar racetrack is named in his honor. sports crosby had a keen interest in sports. in the 1930s, his friend and former college classmate, gonzaga head coach mike pecarovich, appointed crosby as an assistant football coach. from 1946 until his death, he owned a 25 % share of the pittsburgh pirates. although he was pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%20Crosby | [
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base or base may refer to : brands and enterprises base ( mobile telephony provider ), a belgian mobile telecommunications operator base crm, an enterprise software company founded in 2009 with offices in mountain view and krakow, poland base design, an international design, communications, audiovisual, copywriting and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base | [
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it is hoped that the cli will contribute to the realization of the objectives of the ban amendment. the basel convention's website informs about the progress of this initiative. regulation of plastic waste in the wake of popular outcry, in may 2019 most of the world's countries, but not the united states, agreed to ame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel%20Convention | [
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##dog the basel action network ( ban ) is a charitable civil society non - governmental organization that works as a consumer watchdog for implementation of the basel convention. ban's principal aims is fighting exportation of toxic waste, including plastic waste, from industrialized societies to developing countries. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel%20Convention | [
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basic ( beginners'all - purpose symbolic instruction code ) is a family of general - purpose, high - level programming languages designed for ease of use. the original version was created by john g. kemeny and thomas e. kurtz at dartmouth college in 1963. they wanted to enable students in non - scientific fields to use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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the form of vb. net, while a hobbyist scene for basic more broadly continues to exist. origin john g. kemeny was the math department chairman at dartmouth college. based largely on his reputation as an innovator in math teaching, in 1959 the school won an alfred p. sloan foundation award for $ 500, 000 to build a new d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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in a system using time - sharing and a new language specifically for use by non - stem students. kemeny wrote the first version of basic. the acronym basic comes from the name of an unpublished paper by thomas kurtz. the new language was heavily patterned on fortran ii ; statements were one - to - a - line, numbers wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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in the 1960s, software became a chargeable commodity ; until then, it was provided without charge as a service with expensive computers, usually available only to lease. they also made it available to high schools in the hanover, new hampshire, area and regionally throughout new england on teletype model 33 and model 3... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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the minicomputer space doing the same, dec's customers were clamoring for basic. after management repeatedly ignored their pleas, david h. ahl took it upon himself to buy a basic for the pdp - 8, which was a major success in the education market. by the early 1970s, focal and joss had been forgotten and basic had becom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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. upon boot, a basic interpreter in direct mode was presented. commodore business machines included commodore basic, based on microsoft basic. the apple ii and trs - 80 each had two versions of basic, a smaller introductory version introduced with the initial releases of the machines and an ms - based version introduce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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microsoft basic ( mbasic ) was one of the leading applications. in 1978, david lien published the first edition of the basic handbook : an encyclopedia of the basic computer language, documenting keywords across over 78 different computers. by 1981, the second edition documented keywords from over 250 different compute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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##fbeditor, inform, xojo, and gambas. post - 1990 versions and dialects many other basic dialects have also sprung up since 1990, including the open source qb64 and freebasic, inspired by qbasic, and the visual basic - styled rapidq, hbasic, basic for qt and gambas. modern commercial incarnations include purebasic, pow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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ported to the playstation 2 and freebasic to the original xbox, with dragon basic created for homebrew on the game boy advance and nintendo ds. calculators variants of basic are available on graphing and otherwise programmable calculators made by texas instruments ( ti - basic ), hp ( hp basic ), casio ( casio basic ),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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given section of code. usr ( " user serviceable routine " ) transfers program control to a machine language subroutine, usually entered as an alphanumeric string or in a list of data statements. call alternative form of usr found in some dialects. does not require an artificial parameter to complete the function - like... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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by being delimited by " double quotation marks ". arrays in basic could contain integers, floating point or string variables. some dialects of basic supported matrices and matrix operations, which can be used to solve sets of simultaneous linear algebraic equations. these dialects would directly support matrix operatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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i 80 print s $ 90 input " do you want more stars? " ; a $ 100 if len ( a $ ) = 0 then goto 90 110 a $ = left $ ( a $, 1 ) 120 if a $ = " y " or a $ = " y " then goto 30 130 print " goodbye " ; u $ 140 end the resulting dialog might resemble : what is your name : mike hello mike how many stars do you want : 7 * * * * * ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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##unt! ) rem main program follows input " what is your name : ", username $ print " hello " ; username $ do input " how many stars do you want : ", numstars call printsomestars ( numstars ) do input " do you want more stars? ", answer $ loop until answer $ < > " " answer $ = left $ ( answer $, 1 ) loop while ucase $ ( ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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stringcomparison. ordinalignorecase ) console. writeline ( " goodbye { 0 } ", username ) end sub end module standards ansi / iso / iec standard for minimal basic : ansi x3. 60 - 1978 " for minimal basic " iso / iec 6373 : 1984 " data processing — programming languages — minimal basic " ecma - 55 minimal basic ( withdra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC | [
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when two orbits ( i. e., solutions ) become the chaotic attractor ; it does not appear when two orbits move toward the same point attractor. the above animation for double pendulum motion provides an analogy. for large angles of swing the motion of the pendulum is often chaotic. by comparison, for small angles of swing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly%20effect | [
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demonstrated in classical motion is included in the semiclassical treatments developed by martin gutzwiller and john b. delos and co - workers. the random matrix theory and simulations with quantum computers prove that some versions of the butterfly effect in quantum mechanics do not exist. other authors suggest that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly%20effect | [
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up the personal systems division at microsoft. adam bosworth initiated and headed up the quattro project until moving to microsoft later in 1990 to take over the project which eventually became access. in 1987, borland purchased wizard systems and incorporated portions of the wizard c technology into turbo c. bob jervi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland | [
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for programmer's rights ". after a decision in favor of borland by the first circuit court of appeals, the case went to the united states supreme court. because justice john paul stevens had recused himself, only eight justices heard the case, and concluded in a 4 – 4 tie. the result of the first circuit court decision... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland | [
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office for windows ( a combination of the wordperfect word processor, quattro pro spreadsheet, and paradox database ) was introduced at the 1993 comdex computer show. borland office never made significant inroads against microsoft office. wordperfect was then bought by novell. in october 1994, borland sold quattro pro ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland | [
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especially when inking comic books and comic strips. the technique of making it probably came from china. india ink has been in use in india since at least the 4th century bc, where it was called masi. in india, the black color of the ink came from bone char, tar, pitch and other substances. the ancient romans had a bl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black | [
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health and social life, as well as the routines of the nearby homes at which most staff lodged. the work was tedious and demanded intense concentration ; staff got one week's leave four times a year, but some " girls " collapsed and required extended rest. recruitment took place to combat a shortage of experts in morse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley%20Park | [
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brian wilson kernighan ( ; born january 30, 1942 ) is a canadian computer scientist. he worked at bell labs and contributed to the development of unix alongside unix creators ken thompson and dennis ritchie. kernighan's name became widely known through co - authorship of the first book on the c programming language ( t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Kernighan | [
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the software editor for prentice hall international. his " software tools " series spread the essence of " c / unix thinking " with makeovers for basic, fortran, and pascal, and most notably his " ratfor " ( rational fortran ) was put in the public domain. he has said that if stranded on an island with only one program... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Kernighan | [
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, a book and set of tools for ratfor, co - created in part with p. j. plauger software tools in pascal, a book and set of tools for pascal, with p. j. plauger the c programming language, with c creator dennis ritchie, the first book on c the practice of programming, with rob pike the unix programming environment, a tut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Kernighan | [
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ed. ( 2003 ) with robert fourer and david gay d is for digital : what a well - informed person should know about computers and communications ( 2011 ) the go programming language ( 2015 ) with alan donovan understanding the digital world : what you need to know about computers, the internet, privacy, and security ( 201... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Kernighan | [
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9 people princeton university school of engineering and applied science alumni princeton university faculty programming language designers scientists at bell labs canadian technology writers university of toronto alumni unix people c ( programming language ) members of the united states national academy of engineering ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Kernighan | [
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bcpl ( " basic combined programming language " ) is a procedural, imperative, and structured programming language. originally intended for writing compilers for other languages, bcpl is no longer in common use. however, its influence is still felt because a stripped down and syntactically changed version of bcpl, calle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCPL | [
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the first brace programming language and the braces survived the syntactical changes and have become a common means of denoting program source code statements. in practice, on limited keyboards of the day, source programs often used the sequences $ ( and $ ) in place of the symbols { and }. the single - line / / commen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCPL | [
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a paper tape of the o - code of richards's atlas 2 compiler, targeted the ict 1900 series. the two machines had different word - lengths ( 48 vs 24 bits ), different character encodings, and different packed string representations — and the successful bootstrapping increased confidence in the practicality of the method... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCPL | [
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( ) = valof $ ( all : = 1 for i = 1 to 12 do $ ( count : = 0 try ( 0, 0, 0 ) writef ( " % i2 - queens problem has % i5 solutions * n ", i, count ) all : = 2 * all + 1 $ ) resultis 0 $ ) references further reading martin richards, the bcpl reference manual ( memorandum m - 352, project mac, cambridge, ma, usa, july, 196... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCPL | [
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addition and subtraction, called pascal's calculator or the pascaline. of the eight pascalines known to have survived, four are held by the musee des arts et metiers in paris and one more by the zwinger museum in dresden, germany, exhibit two of his original mechanical calculators. although these machines are pioneerin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise%20Pascal | [
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theory of probabilities. the specific problem was that of two players who want to finish a game early and, given the current circumstances of the game, want to divide the stakes fairly, based on the chance each has of winning the game from that point. from this discussion, the notion of expected value was introduced. p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise%20Pascal | [
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after his death revealed grave problems with his stomach and other organs of his abdomen, along with damage to his brain. despite the autopsy, the cause of his poor health was never precisely determined, though speculation focuses on tuberculosis, stomach cancer, or a combination of the two. the headaches which affecte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise%20Pascal | [
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- year career, but spent the bulk of it with the seattle mariners ( 10 seasons ) and arizona diamondbacks ( 8 seasons ). while enjoying great success with both teams, he had more significant honors with the diamondbacks. four of johnson's five cy young awards ( consecutively from 1999 to 2002 ), his only title ( in 200... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Baseball%20Hall%20of%20Fame%20and%20Museum | [
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in 1939 to mark the " centennial of baseball ", which included renovations to doubleday field. william beattie served as the first curator of the museum. according to the hall of fame, approximately 260, 000 visitors enter the museum each year, and the running total has surpassed 17 million. these visitors see only a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Baseball%20Hall%20of%20Fame%20and%20Museum | [
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the museum's collection. the today's game exhibit is built like a baseball clubhouse, with 30 glass - enclosed locker stalls, one for each major league franchise. in each stall there is a jersey and other items from the designated big league team, along with a brief team history. a center display case holds objects don... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Baseball%20Hall%20of%20Fame%20and%20Museum | [
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in computational complexity theory, a branch of computer science, bounded - error probabilistic polynomial time ( bpp ) is the class of decision problems solvable by a probabilistic turing machine in polynomial time with an error probability bounded by 1 / 3 for all instances. bpp is one of the largest practical classe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPP%20%28complexity%29 | [
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not in l, the fraction of strings y of length p ( | x | ) which satisfy is less than or equal to 1 / 3 in this definition, the string y corresponds to the output of the random coin flips that the probabilistic turing machine would have made. for some applications this definition is preferable since it does not mention ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPP%20%28complexity%29 | [
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the 2002 paper primes is in p, manindra agrawal and his students neeraj kayal and nitin saxena found a deterministic polynomial - time algorithm for this problem, thus showing that it is in p. an important example of a problem in bpp ( in fact in co - rp ) still not known to be in p is polynomial identity testing, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPP%20%28complexity%29 | [
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a polynomial time algorithm, since it may run for super - polynomial time, but with very low probability. complexity - theoretic properties it is known that bpp is closed under complement ; that is, bpp = co - bpp. bpp is low for itself, meaning that a bpp machine with the power to solve bpp problems instantly ( a bpp ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPP%20%28complexity%29 | [
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were proven by, see also. closure properties the class bpp is closed under complementation, union and intersection. relativization relative to oracles, we know that there exist oracles a and b, such that pa = bppa and pb = bppb. moreover, relative to a random oracle with probability 1, p = bpp and bpp is strictly conta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPP%20%28complexity%29 | [
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is at most 1 answer of the base oracle per step. since there are 2o ( n ) steps, the lemma follows. the lemma ensures that ( for a large enough k ), it is possible to do the construction while leaving enough strings for the relativized enp answers. also, we can ensure that for the relativized enp, linear time suffices,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPP%20%28complexity%29 | [
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hierarchy, which is defined in terms of the polynomial hierarchy and e as eph, collapses to e ; however, note that the exponential - time hierarchy is usually conjectured not to collapse. russell impagliazzo and avi wigderson showed that if any problem in e, where has circuit complexity 2ω ( n ) then p = bpp. see also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPP%20%28complexity%29 | [
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in computational complexity theory, bounded - error quantum polynomial time ( bqp ) is the class of decision problems solvable by a quantum computer in polynomial time, with an error probability of at most 1 / 3 for all instances. it is the quantum analogue to the complexity class bpp. a decision problem is a member of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQP | [
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as a problem that is in promise - bqp and that every problem in promise - bqp reduces to it in polynomial time. here is an intuitive problem that is complete for efficient quantum computation, which stems directly from the definition of promise - bqp. note that for technical reasons, completeness proofs focus on the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQP | [
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is obtained by measuring several qubits and apply some ( classical ) logic gates to them. we can always defer the measurement and reroute the circuits so that by measuring the first qubit of, we get the output. this will be our circuit, and we decide the membership of in by running with. by definition of bqp, we will e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQP | [
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ph. it can be proven that there exists an oracle a such that bqpa pha. in an extremely informal sense, this can be thought of as giving ph and bqp an identical, but additional, capability and verifying that bqp with the oracle ( bqpa ) can do things pha cannot. while an oracle separation has been proven, the fact that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQP | [
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histories. sum of histories source : sum of histories is a technique introduced by physicist richard feynman for path integral formulation. we apply this technique to quantum computing to solve approx - qcircuit - prob. consider a quantum circuit, which consists of gates,, where each comes from a universal gate set and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQP | [
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to show that. p and bqp we know, since every classical circuit can be simulated by a quantum circuit. it is conjectured that bqp solves hard problems outside of p, specifically, problems in np. the claim is indefinite because we don't know if p = np, so we don't know if those problems are actually in p. below are some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQP | [
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brainfuck is an esoteric programming language created in 1993 by urban muller. notable for its extreme minimalism, the language consists of only eight simple commands, a data pointer and an instruction pointer. while it is fully turing complete, it is not intended for practical use, but to challenge and amuse programme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainfuck | [
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##tient zero zero ) > - [ > + > > ] reduce divisor ; normal case : increase remainder > [ + [ < + > - ] > + > > ] special case : increase remainder / move it back to divisor / increase quotient < < < < < - decrease dividend ] end division loop > > [ < + > - ] add remainder back to divisor to get a useful 13 > [ skip fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainfuck | [
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against 49. 07 % for alain juppe, the margin being only 670 votes. the defeat of the so - called constituency " mayor " showed that bordeaux was rocking increasingly left. finally, in the third constituency of the gironde, noel mamere was well ahead with 39. 82 % against 28. 42 % for the ump candidate elizabeth vine. i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux | [
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of the river garonne near the pont de pierre, and passengers crossed the bridge to get into the city. subsequently, a double - track steel railway bridge was constructed in the 1850s, by gustave eiffel, to bring trains across the river direct into gare de bordeaux saint - jean. the old station was later converted and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux | [
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bordeaux system was started in the autumn of 2000, and services started in december 2003 connecting bordeaux with its suburban areas. the tram system uses alstom aps a form of ground - level power supply technology developed by french company alstom and designed to preserve the aesthetic environment by eliminating over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux | [
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a bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have complex i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone | [
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osteopathy. in anatomical terminology, including the terminologia anatomica international standard, the word for a bone is os ( for example, os breve, os longum, os sesamoideum ). structure bone is not uniformly solid, but consists of a flexible matrix ( about 30 % ) and bound minerals ( about 70 % ) which are intricat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone | [
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and osteocytes around a central canal called the haversian canal. volkmann's canals at right angles connect the osteons together. the columns are metabolically active, and as bone is reabsorbed and created the nature and location of the cells within the osteon will change. cortical bone is covered by a periosteum on it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone | [
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within the marrow of the bone there are also hematopoietic stem cells. these cells give rise to other cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. osteoblast osteoblasts are mononucleate bone - forming cells. they are located on the surface of osteon seams and make a protein mixture known as oste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone | [
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##teocyte cell processes occupy channels called canaliculi. the many processes of osteocytes reach out to meet osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bone lining cells, and other osteocytes probably for the purposes of communication. osteocytes remain in contact with other osteocytes in the bone through gap junctions — coupled cell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone | [
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a result of the human body — and inorganic components, which alongside the dominant hydroxyapatite phase, include other compounds of calcium and phosphate including salts. approximately 30 % of the acellular component of bone consists of organic matter, while roughly 70 % by mass is attributed to the inorganic phase. t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone | [
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lamellar bone. in adults, woven bone is created after fractures or in paget's disease. woven bone is weaker, with a smaller number of randomly oriented collagen fibers, but forms quickly ; it is for this appearance of the fibrous matrix that the bone is termed woven. it is soon replaced by lamellar bone, which is highl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone | [
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, only the diaphyses of the long bones and scapula are ossified. the epiphyses, carpal bones, coracoid process, medial border of the scapula, and acromion are still cartilaginous. the following steps are followed in the conversion of cartilage to bone : zone of reserve cartilage. this region, farthest from the marrow c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone | [
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osteoid is stimulated by the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary, thyroid hormone and the sex hormones ( estrogens and androgens ). these hormones also promote increased secretion of osteoprotegerin. osteoblasts can also be induced to secrete a number of cytokines that promote reabsorption of bone by stimulati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone | [
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brouwer's fixed - point theorem is a fixed - point theorem in topology, named after l. e. j. ( bertus ) brouwer. it states that for any continuous function mapping a nonempty compact convex set to itself, there is a point such that. the simplest forms of brouwer's theorem are for continuous functions from a closed inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwer%20fixed-point%20theorem | [
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its position with respect to its original position on the unfolded string. " history the brouwer fixed point theorem was one of the early achievements of algebraic topology, and is the basis of more general fixed point theorems which are important in functional analysis. the case n = 3 first was proved by piers bohl in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwer%20fixed-point%20theorem | [
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a proof that was valid for any finite dimension, as well as other key theorems such as the invariance of dimension. in the context of this work, brouwer also generalized the jordan curve theorem to arbitrary dimension and established the properties connected with the degree of a continuous mapping. this branch of mathe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwer%20fixed-point%20theorem | [
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