text stringlengths 1 3.55k | source stringlengths 24 207 | emb listlengths 1.02k 1.02k |
|---|---|---|
4. 5 quantitative chemical analysis 78. what volume of 0. 0105 - m hbr solution is required to titrate 125 ml of a 0. 0100 - m ca ( oh ) 2 solution? 79. titration of a 20. 0 - ml sample of acid rain required 1. 7 ml of 0. 0811 m naoh to reach the end point. if we assume that the acidity of the rain is due to the presen... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.015367085114121437,
0.04498112574219704,
0.055985305458307266,
0.0036419853568077087,
-0.03769349679350853,
0.0027646482922136784,
0.03076278604567051,
0.009276960045099258,
0.009340024553239346,
0.03665592893958092,
0.0025539619382470846,
0.001702472334727645,
-0.010702753439545631,
-0.... |
principal component of mothballs is naphthalene, a compound with a molecular mass of about 130 amu, containing only carbon and hydrogen. a 3. 000 - mg sample of naphthalene burns to give 10. 3 mg of co2. determine its empirical and molecular formulas. 85. a 0. 025 - g sample of a compound composed of boron and hydrogen... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.015725215896964073,
0.025564663112163544,
0.04751384258270264,
0.01196647621691227,
-0.020439229905605316,
0.04182957485318184,
-0.009450331330299377,
-0.015933500602841377,
0.043151237070560455,
0.03284837305545807,
0.03361928462982178,
-0.024122977629303932,
0.02313259430229664,
-0.06... |
##4 concentration of 1. 23 10−4 m. 91. a sample of solid calcium hydroxide, ca ( oh ) 2, is allowed to stand in water until a saturated solution is formed. a titration of 75. 00 ml of this solution with 5. 00 10−2 m hcl requires 36. 6 ml of the acid to reach the end point. what is the molarity? 208 4 • exercises access... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.016275988891720772,
0.042465321719646454,
0.04015860706567764,
0.024589721113443375,
-0.06591235101222992,
0.0007972460589371622,
0.0055819908156991005,
0.043158985674381256,
-0.004660069942474365,
0.034354593604803085,
0.004058297723531723,
0.01249703485518694,
0.017711704596877098,
-0.... |
access for free at openstax. org introduction chapter 5 thermochemistry 5. 1 energy basics 5. 2 calorimetry | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01894226111471653,
0.02327614463865757,
0.04803404211997986,
0.018452150747179985,
-0.04221304506063461,
0.006123652216047049,
-0.023315705358982086,
-0.006574322935193777,
-0.002372508402913809,
0.05990581959486008,
0.033426929265260696,
0.019800949841737747,
0.03539729118347168,
-0.05... |
5. 3 enthalpy chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter. societies at all levels of development could not function without the energy released by chemical reactions. in 2012, about 85 % of us energy consumption came from the combustion of petroleum ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.05041429400444031,
0.014250616542994976,
-0.0017787764081731439,
0.009103049524128437,
-0.038250669836997986,
0.004553410690277815,
-0.04076910763978958,
-0.02756459079682827,
0.018506474792957306,
0.04005875810980797,
0.03556772321462631,
0.004961468745023012,
0.03959636762738228,
-0.0... |
5. 1 energy basics learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define energy, distinguish types of energy, and describe the nature of energy changes that accompany chemical and physical changes • distinguish the related properties of heat, thermal energy, and temperature • define and disting... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0049716755747795105,
0.036932315677404404,
0.022557850927114487,
0.015153449028730392,
-0.027492374181747437,
0.028477182611823082,
0.004961890634149313,
-0.024948306381702423,
-0.020320801064372063,
0.04573396220803261,
0.040668293833732605,
0.004973769653588533,
0.02928214706480503,
-... |
challenge is to find ways to convert and store incoming solar energy so that it can be used in reactions or chemical processes that are both convenient and nonpolluting. plants and many bacteria capture solar energy through photosynthesis. we release the energy stored in plants when we burn wood or plant products such ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.021468961611390114,
0.013089858926832676,
0.04410404711961746,
-0.011339601129293442,
-0.016662651672959328,
0.02999425120651722,
-0.01481311023235321,
0.006044882815331221,
0.040007349103689194,
0.04664909467101097,
0.02288992889225483,
-0.010128620080649853,
0.05341963842511177,
-0.02... |
against the opposing force of the air already in the tire. like matter, energy comes in different types. one scheme classifies energy into two types : potential energy, the energy an object has because of its relative position, composition, or condition, and kinetic energy, the energy that an object possesses because o... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.06305281072854996,
0.012889115139842033,
0.03355829417705536,
0.0037107544485479593,
-0.023210665211081505,
0.002400768455117941,
0.0157664492726326,
0.009774327278137207,
-0.012986606918275356,
0.07391104847192764,
0.024425938725471497,
0.023693155497312546,
0.045554764568805695,
-0.04... |
( a type of potential energy ) is stored in the molecules that compose gasoline. when gasoline is combusted within the cylinders of a car ’ s engine, the rapidly expanding gaseous products of this chemical reaction generate mechanical energy ( a type of kinetic energy ) when they move the cylinders ’ pistons. according... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.038256675004959106,
0.01716289296746254,
0.04567761719226837,
0.01456328947097063,
-0.0035375631414353848,
-0.02325054071843624,
-0.011055482551455498,
-0.036345016211271286,
-0.02307015098631382,
0.06474904716014862,
0.02716904692351818,
0.021108997985720634,
0.03003300353884697,
-0.06... |
5. 1 • energy basics 213 vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy ( ke ), and we say that the object is “ hot. ” when the atoms and molecules are moving slowly, they have lower average ke, and we say that the object is “ cold ” ( figure 5. 4 ). assuming that no chemical reaction or phase change ( su... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.030704600736498833,
0.025906451046466827,
0.06199207529425621,
0.05173449218273163,
-0.024756135419011116,
0.020593123510479927,
-0.015539919026196003,
-0.016788974404335022,
-0.0060462914407253265,
0.0958528146147728,
0.044736433774232864,
-0.015940435230731964,
0.021152328699827194,
-... |
: modification of work by “ dwstucke ” / flickr ) 214 5 • thermochemistry access for free at openstax. org link to learning the following demonstration ( http : / / openstax. org / l / 16bimetallic ) allows one to view the effects of heating and cooling a coiled bimetallic strip. heat ( q ) is the transfer of thermal e... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.031686268746852875,
0.03896678239107132,
0.03050806000828743,
0.05628154054284096,
-0.028643470257520676,
0.0031069819815456867,
-0.01576436311006546,
-0.046414028853178024,
-0.007348017301410437,
0.07131560146808624,
0.03399689868092537,
0.024766473099589348,
0.028960706666111946,
-0.0... |
visualize the transfer of energy. matter undergoing chemical reactions and physical changes can release or absorb heat. a change that releases heat is called an exothermic process. for example, the combustion reaction that occurs when using an oxyacetylene torch is an exothermic process — this process also releases ene... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.04068727418780327,
0.01553474459797144,
0.021760152652859688,
0.02311929129064083,
-0.05142509192228317,
-0.01775732822716236,
-0.04938168078660965,
-0.04694981873035431,
0.014420229941606522,
0.0790385901927948,
0.030116859823465347,
0.049887802451848984,
0.05870075151324272,
-0.004478... |
5. 1 • energy basics 215 figure 5. 7 ( a ) an oxyacetylene torch produces heat by the combustion of acetylene in oxygen. the energy released by this exothermic reaction heats and then melts the metal being cut. the sparks are tiny bits of the molten metal flying away. ( b ) a cold pack uses an endothermic process to cr... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.013823103159666061,
0.024584630504250526,
-0.0009946940699592233,
0.011118239723145962,
-0.03957175090909004,
0.014259153045713902,
0.024585701525211334,
-0.020797058939933777,
-0.005451643373817205,
0.045833341777324677,
0.044718313962221146,
0.01056097075343132,
0.022566057741642,
-0.... |
4. 184 joules. we now introduce two concepts useful in describing heat flow and temperature change. the heat capacity ( c ) of a body of matter is the quantity of heat ( q ) it absorbs or releases when it experiences a temperature change ( δt ) of 1 degree celsius ( or equivalently, 1 kelvin ) : heat capacity is determ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.001723778317682445,
0.017009900882840157,
0.041455380618572235,
-0.00039652560371905565,
-0.04506559669971466,
0.04409532994031906,
0.038518235087394714,
-0.028333960101008415,
-0.0004769604711327702,
0.045508984476327896,
0.06428567320108414,
-0.008074268698692322,
0.04248765856027603,
... |
50. 0 °c : the larger cast iron frying pan, while made of the same substance, requires 90, 700 j of energy to raise its temperature by 50. 0 °c. the larger pan has a ( proportionally ) larger heat capacity because the larger amount of material requires a ( proportionally ) larger amount of energy to yield the same temp... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.018581194803118706,
0.01364249736070633,
0.027628956362605095,
0.003602204378694296,
-0.0280966404825449,
0.028428731486201286,
0.0337868295609951,
-0.02361753210425377,
0.0060434830375015736,
0.028169527649879456,
0.08085831999778748,
-0.016812313348054886,
0.042118459939956665,
-0.0691... |
##s have the same specific heat. ( credit : mark blaser ) water has a relatively high specific heat ( about 4. 2 j / g °c for the liquid and 2. 09 j / g °c for the solid ) ; most metals have much lower specific heats ( usually less than 1 j / g °c ). the specific heat of a substance varies somewhat with temperature. ho... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.01572035625576973,
0.04571450129151344,
0.026402143761515617,
0.007955390959978104,
-0.0230040792375803,
0.01402513962239027,
0.04618768021464348,
-0.0025655687786638737,
0.004315339028835297,
0.08210071921348572,
0.055335212498903275,
-0.01118995901197195,
-0.0032129317987710238,
-0.068... |
0. 712 table 5. 1 if we know the mass of a substance and its specific heat, we can determine the amount of heat, q, entering or leaving the substance by measuring the temperature change before and after the heat is gained or lost : in this equation, c is the specific heat of the substance, m is its mass, and δt ( which... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.006814395077526569,
0.05448263883590698,
0.026381682604551315,
0.018304767087101936,
-0.018756914883852005,
0.022531582042574883,
0.020254235714673996,
-0.011845754459500313,
-0.01682787761092186,
0.05549139901995659,
0.043821148574352264,
0.012223386205732822,
0.0024936110712587833,
-0.... |
4. 184 j is required to heat 1 g of water by 1 °c, we will need 800 times as much to heat 8. 0 × 102 g of water by 1 218 5 • thermochemistry access for free at openstax. org °c. finally, we observe that since 4. 184 j are required to heat 1 g of water by 1 °c, we will need 64 times as much to heat it by 64 °c ( that is... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.02211187407374382,
0.04009796679019928,
-0.013566219247877598,
-0.0011018032673746347,
-0.04416515678167343,
0.005747743416577578,
0.05328748747706413,
0.0066928258165717125,
0.010535304434597492,
0.0423230342566967,
0.04411449283361435,
-0.022269297391176224,
0.004386849235743284,
-0.03... |
5. 07 104 j note that the relationship between heat, specific heat, mass, and temperature change can be used to determine any of these quantities ( not just heat ) if the other three are known or can be deduced. example 5. 2 determining other quantities a piece of unknown metal weighs 348 g. when the metal piece absorb... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.00863216258585453,
0.04202747717499733,
0.005952043924480677,
0.038425181061029434,
-0.034446921199560165,
0.03144627809524536,
0.004905432462692261,
-0.01520348247140646,
0.006986276246607304,
0.04060463607311249,
0.06321648508310318,
-0.01704147271811962,
0.010257352143526077,
-0.07029... |
5. 1 • energy basics 219 chemistry in everyday life solar thermal energy power plants the sunlight that reaches the earth contains thousands of times more energy than we presently capture. solar thermal systems provide one possible solution to the problem of converting energy from the sun into energy we can use. large ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.02713717520236969,
0.04169904440641403,
0.03207690641283989,
0.004235300235450268,
-0.028042379766702652,
0.0026897056959569454,
-0.02771797962486744,
0.00038201987626962364,
0.026153938844799995,
0.019039515405893326,
0.016538813710212708,
0.0010890240082517266,
0.06840843707323074,
-0... |
5. 2 calorimetry learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the technique of calorimetry • calculate and interpret heat and related properties using typical calorimetry data one technique we can use to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process is known as... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.02810771018266678,
0.03479858487844467,
0.008700485341250896,
0.011137453839182854,
-0.05531063303351402,
0.04336494952440262,
-0.013838903047144413,
-0.027927279472351074,
0.000794144521933049,
0.04084470495581627,
0.023411687463521957,
-0.01917303539812565,
0.02397817373275757,
-0.031... |
5. 2 • calorimetry 221 figure 5. 11 in a calorimetric determination, either ( a ) an exothermic process occurs and heat, q, is negative, indicating that thermal energy is transferred from the system to its surroundings, or ( b ) an endothermic process occurs and heat, q, is positive, indicating that thermal energy is t... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.02485181950032711,
0.04129244387149811,
0.014758712612092495,
0.015735359862446785,
-0.03513983264565468,
0.05505623668432236,
-0.02440936304628849,
0.0016977560007944703,
0.0012351976474747062,
0.05688333511352539,
0.02936091460287571,
0.002467527287080884,
0.012593752704560757,
-0.015... |
thermometer. more expensive calorimeters used for industry and research typically have a well - insulated, fully enclosed reaction vessel, motorized stirring mechanism, and a more accurate temperature sensor ( figure 5. 13 ). | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.009612604975700378,
0.017701219767332077,
0.018149610608816147,
-0.0007504274253733456,
-0.008522814139723778,
0.04430856183171272,
-0.011946608312427998,
-0.006394785363227129,
0.017956314608454704,
-0.0030499789863824844,
0.023894835263490677,
-0.010935167782008648,
0.035960543900728226,... |
5. 2 • calorimetry 223 figure 5. 13 commercial solution calorimeters range from ( a ) simple, inexpensive models for student use to ( b ) expensive, more accurate models for industry and research. before discussing the calorimetry of chemical reactions, consider a simpler example that illustrates the core idea behind c... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.009590907022356987,
0.033556751906871796,
0.002642284845933318,
0.025155359879136086,
-0.04259895905852318,
0.031103014945983887,
0.013091813772916794,
-0.016833942383527756,
-0.01883014850318432,
0.08150450140237808,
0.03167584910988808,
0.013132497668266296,
0.025122368708252907,
-0.0... |
w, until ( b ) both are at the same temperature. example 5. 3 heat transfer between substances at different temperatures a 360. 0 - g piece of rebar ( a steel rod used for reinforcing concrete ) is dropped into 425 ml of water at 24. 0 °c. the final temperature of the water was measured as 42. 7 °c. calculate the initi... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.009304573759436607,
0.0338878408074379,
0.02619999833405018,
-0.0151691734790802,
-0.04322356730699539,
0.018632922321558,
0.011466165073215961,
-0.023321662098169327,
0.020494922995567322,
0.07452370226383209,
0.04479626193642616,
0.011791969649493694,
-0.003237728960812092,
-0.0403535... |
5. 2 • calorimetry 225 measured as 39. 9 °c. calculate the initial temperature of the piece of copper. assume that all heat transfer occurs between the copper and the water. answer : the initial temperature of the copper was 335. 6 °c. check your learning a 248 - g piece of copper initially at 314 °c is dropped into 39... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.00717557268217206,
0.03553353250026703,
0.011655541136860847,
-0.008930962532758713,
-0.02839679829776287,
0.011410626582801342,
0.02461637742817402,
-0.030538929626345634,
0.05131865292787552,
0.039003290235996246,
0.04750245064496994,
-0.003004406811669469,
0.0031144944950938225,
-0.02... |
the metal. ( note : you should find that the specific heat is close to that of two different metals. explain how you can confidently determine the identity of the metal ). answer : cmetal = 0. 13 j / g °c this specific heat is close to that of either gold or lead. it would be difficult to determine which metal this was... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.0016300418647006154,
0.028992654755711555,
0.021777300164103508,
0.024522338062524796,
-0.03965960070490837,
0.010809679515659809,
-0.022018227726221085,
0.0029717544093728065,
0.039397042244672775,
0.027982765808701515,
0.033140625804662704,
0.0028465266805142164,
-0.0028199339285492897,
... |
you could combine the two solutions so quickly that no reaction took place while they mixed ; then after mixing, the reaction took place. at the instant of mixing, you have | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03879403695464134,
0.053834620863199234,
0.020181044936180115,
0.019570572301745415,
-0.07516688108444214,
-0.05231727659702301,
-0.022431915625929832,
-0.006299587897956371,
0.022864283993840218,
0.07154127955436707,
0.03366858884692192,
-0.004886464215815067,
0.02695920504629612,
-0.0... |
100. 0 ml of a mixture of hcl and naoh at 22. 0 °c. the hcl and naoh then react until the solution temperature reaches 28. 9 °c. the heat given off by the reaction is equal to that taken in by the solution. therefore : ( it is important to remember that this relationship only holds if the calorimeter does not absorb an... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0026839831843972206,
0.05025027319788933,
0.03515928238630295,
0.009646877646446228,
-0.049430470913648605,
-0.007733074016869068,
-0.0034027621150016785,
-0.006520069669932127,
0.00996016338467598,
0.05285997316241264,
0.04451508820056915,
0.01422870997339487,
0.03028220683336258,
-0.0... |
1. 3 kj ; assume no heat is absorbed by the calorimeter, no heat is exchanged between the calorimeter and its surroundings, and that the specific heat and mass of the solution are the same as those for water link to learning this link ( http : / / openstax. org / l / 16handwarmer ) shows the precipitation reaction that... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.02436097152531147,
0.051717910915613174,
0.02961716800928116,
0.01808055303990841,
-0.030985597521066666,
0.008949773386120796,
-0.02851908467710018,
0.006730477325618267,
0.001637922367081046,
0.08064259588718414,
0.030669158324599266,
-0.0015817750245332718,
0.05134420096874237,
-0.04... |
this one, you can see the metal disc that initiates the exothermic precipitation reaction. ( credit : modification of work by science buddies tv / youtube ) another common hand warmer produces heat when it is ripped open, exposing iron and water in the hand warmer to oxygen in the air. one simplified version of this ex... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03529111295938492,
0.033904656767845154,
0.015996305271983147,
0.028059059754014015,
-0.005294045899063349,
0.0385228656232357,
-0.02934136427938938,
-0.005276973824948072,
0.01819327473640442,
0.08153951168060303,
0.0348280631005764,
0.0004864491638727486,
0.04547635093331337,
-0.05064... |
the dissolution of the kcl? what assumptions did you make? answer : 1. 33 kj ; assume that the calorimeter prevents heat transfer between the solution and its external environment ( including the calorimeter itself ) and that the specific heat of the solution is the same as that for water | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.014417765662074089,
0.017702044919133186,
0.008366820402443409,
0.009208651259541512,
-0.05657295137643814,
0.022590139880776405,
0.012413537129759789,
0.023393113166093826,
-0.007234122138470411,
0.03924603760242462,
0.023217467591166496,
-0.020270314067602158,
0.009355073794722557,
-0... |
5. 2 • calorimetry 229 if the amount of heat absorbed by a calorimeter is too large to neglect or if we require more accurate results, then we must take into account the heat absorbed both by the solution and by the calorimeter. the calorimeters described are designed to operate at constant ( atmospheric ) pressure and... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0059342458844184875,
0.021264176815748215,
0.04536065831780434,
0.028226405382156372,
-0.04728369787335396,
0.0343254990875721,
-0.015737563371658325,
-0.014602137729525566,
0.019146757200360298,
0.007735086604952812,
0.007576998323202133,
0.007897413335740566,
0.03917999565601349,
-0.0... |
##meter is used to measure heat produced by reactions involving gaseous reactants or products, such as combustion. ( b ) the reactants are contained in the gas - tight “ bomb, ” which is submerged in water and surrounded by insulating materials. ( credit a : modification of work by “ harbor1 ” / wikimedia commons ) lin... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01351985614746809,
0.02693525142967701,
0.025540664792060852,
0.01732162944972515,
-0.02450517751276493,
0.021724140271544456,
-0.021430382505059242,
-0.026955213397741318,
0.017115339636802673,
0.028079083189368248,
0.028818916529417038,
0.014576714485883713,
0.02485617808997631,
-0.07... |
is submerged in 925 ml of water. how much heat was produced by the combustion of the benzene sample? answer : qrx = – 39. 0 kj ( the reaction produced 39. 0 kj of heat ) since the first one was constructed in 1899, 35 calorimeters have been built to measure the heat produced by a living person. 2 these whole - body cal... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01379923615604639,
0.047703251242637634,
-0.005962062627077103,
0.027406148612499237,
-0.015427747741341591,
0.032169878482818604,
0.026290684938430786,
-0.013704509474337101,
-0.01439540646970272,
0.022720493376255035,
0.020828302949666977,
-0.028951194137334824,
0.016569538041949272,
... |
1 kg of water by 1 °c. ) the macronutrients in food are proteins, carbohydrates, and fats or oils. proteins provide about 4 calories per gram, carbohydrates also provide about 4 calories per gram, and fats and oils provide about 9 calories / g. nutritional labels on food packages show the caloric content of one serving... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.008670011535286903,
0.03405153378844261,
0.013773924671113491,
0.029320713132619858,
-0.06066558510065079,
0.018380936235189438,
0.07173486799001694,
-0.0027252163272351027,
-0.008640988729894161,
0.03237469866871834,
0.05312471091747284,
-0.03221795707941055,
-0.012691927142441273,
-0.... |
5. 2 • calorimetry 231 link to learning click on this link ( http : / / openstax. org / l / 16usda ) to access the us department of agriculture ( usda ) national nutrient database, containing nutritional information on over 8000 foods. figure 5. 18 ( a ) macaroni and cheese contain energy in the form of the macronutrie... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.025272216647863388,
0.025389043614268303,
0.02994466945528984,
0.03046918474137783,
-0.03184027224779129,
0.012815198861062527,
0.017578978091478348,
-0.012105241417884827,
0.001306034973822534,
0.033421557396650314,
0.025375673547387123,
-0.007060076575726271,
0.012628092430531979,
-0.... |
carbohydrate, protein, and fat are each multiplied by the average calories per gram for each and the products summed to obtain the total energy. 232 5 • thermochemistry access for free at openstax. org | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.042366545647382736,
0.03203832358121872,
0.018238551914691925,
0.01994468830525875,
-0.036399874836206436,
0.0132435979321599,
0.0010266690514981747,
0.006443214137107134,
-0.004362845793366432,
0.03328355401754379,
0.040100134909152985,
-0.00906587578356266,
-0.005473897326737642,
-0.0... |
5. 3 enthalpy learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • state the first law of thermodynamics • define enthalpy and explain its classification as a state function • write and balance thermochemical equations • calculate enthalpy changes for various chemical reactions • explain hess ’ s law... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.028734007850289345,
0.04131554439663887,
0.02888748236000538,
-0.011954118497669697,
-0.06683080643415451,
-0.005904478952288628,
-0.009685097262263298,
-0.023268086835741997,
-0.038441017270088196,
0.07073090225458145,
0.04039908945560455,
0.01840994693338871,
0.056083694100379944,
-0.... |
of the wire, which is reflected in an increase in the wire ’ s temperature. conversely, energy is transferred out of a system when heat is lost from the system, or when the system does work on the surroundings. the relationship between internal energy, heat, and work can be represented by the equation : as shown in fig... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.055352240800857544,
0.024720605462789536,
0.01289981696754694,
0.0002684861538000405,
-0.040510911494493484,
-0.008316033519804478,
0.002246765187010169,
-0.01060264091938734,
-0.013191552832722664,
0.10428504645824432,
0.036742065101861954,
0.03837179020047188,
0.012744292616844177,
-0... |
5. 3 • enthalpy 233 surroundings against a restraining pressure, or when the surroundings compress the system. an example of this occurs during the operation of an internal combustion engine. the reaction of gasoline and oxygen is exothermic. some of this energy is given off as heat, and some does work pushing the pist... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03668146952986717,
0.019956551492214203,
0.039754994213581085,
-0.007233265321701765,
-0.04304366931319237,
0.0035362583585083485,
-0.03168868646025658,
-0.005590980406850576,
-0.02581418864428997,
0.07950127869844437,
0.09143100678920746,
0.028721734881401062,
0.026542432606220245,
-0.... |
climb to the summit by a direct route or by a more roundabout, circuitous path ( figure 5. 20 ). the distances traveled would differ ( distance is not a state function ) but the elevation reached would be the same ( altitude is a state function ). figure 5. 20 paths x and y represent two different routes to the summit ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.021664103493094444,
0.01815841905772686,
0.01060162391513586,
0.012025747448205948,
-0.02772854082286358,
0.026310071349143982,
-0.027056485414505005,
0.0061362627893686295,
-0.02636822499334812,
0.08323918282985687,
0.0603332482278347,
0.04142558202147484,
0.04455793276429176,
-0.07065... |
( qp ) and enthalpy change ( δh ) for the process are equal. the heat given off when you operate a bunsen burner is equal to the enthalpy change of the methane combustion reaction that takes place, since it occurs at the essentially constant pressure of the atmosphere. on the other hand, the heat produced by a reaction... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.033905938267707825,
0.03049326315522194,
0.014864299446344376,
0.008255240507423878,
-0.06100093573331833,
0.01571483537554741,
0.004386530257761478,
-0.010019107721745968,
-0.025018280372023582,
0.06484698504209518,
0.07452569156885147,
0.030598849058151245,
0.06297421455383301,
-0.043... |
the coefficients of the chemical equation are multiplied by some factor, the enthalpy change must be multiplied by that same factor ( δh is an extensive property ) : • the enthalpy change of a reaction depends on the physical states of the reactants and products, so these must be shown. for example, when 1 mole of hydr... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.023486658930778503,
0.03134053200483322,
0.0013681455748155713,
-0.03334106132388115,
-0.05138640105724335,
-0.023138422518968582,
0.02417275309562683,
0.000023755550500936806,
-0.014551253989338875,
0.065073162317276,
0.0760413408279419,
-0.0018757618963718414,
0.05897540599107742,
-0.... |
5. 3 • enthalpy 235 example 5. 8 writing thermochemical equations when 0. 0500 mol of hcl ( aq ) reacts with 0. 0500 mol of naoh ( aq ) to form 0. 0500 mol of nacl ( aq ), 2. 9 kj of heat are produced. write a balanced thermochemical equation for the reaction of one mole of hcl. solution for the reaction of 0. 0500 mol... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0018517010612413287,
0.05394970625638962,
0.035505570471286774,
0.047593917697668076,
-0.05690270662307739,
-0.026888517662882805,
0.01678304187953472,
0.0037931366823613644,
-0.026103569194674492,
0.08694666624069214,
0.04238564893603325,
0.004494518507272005,
0.003012868808582425,
-0.... |
identified ( it limits the yield of the reaction and the amount of thermal energy produced or consumed ). the provided amounts of the two reactants are the provided molar ratio of perchlorate - to - sucrose is then the balanced equation indicates 8 mol kclo3 are required for reaction with 1 mol c12h22o11. since the pro... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.023609846830368042,
0.032634180039167404,
0.014313815161585808,
0.01349801104515791,
-0.03905238211154938,
0.006407332140952349,
0.01624787040054798,
-0.012536122463643551,
-0.027550164610147476,
0.07738497853279114,
0.02796325273811817,
-0.015999145805835724,
0.023034971207380295,
-0.0... |
under both sets of standard conditions. we will include a superscripted “ o ” in the enthalpy change symbol to designate standard state. since the usual ( but not technically standard ) temperature is 298. 15 k, this temperature will be assumed unless some other temperature is specified. thus, the symbol is used to ind... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01598956063389778,
0.0052113584242761135,
0.023113323375582695,
0.018643319606781006,
-0.04124428331851959,
0.0008286152733489871,
0.026241129264235497,
-0.028917135670781136,
-0.024490300565958023,
0.06660491228103638,
0.08707138150930405,
-0.00516230845823884,
0.04126935079693794,
-0.... |
been measured ; a few of these are listed in table 5. 2. many readily available substances with large enthalpies of combustion are used as fuels, including hydrogen, carbon ( as coal or charcoal ), and hydrocarbons ( compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon ), such as methane, propane, and the major components of ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.009881878271698952,
0.009040603414177895,
0.028523633256554604,
0.035012077540159225,
-0.06259274482727051,
0.039992041885852814,
-0.0030431204941123724,
-0.015650736168026924,
0.03367804363369942,
0.013454514555633068,
0.06995873898267746,
-0.01970161497592926,
0.03561405837535858,
-0.0... |
5. 3 • enthalpy 237 standard molar enthalpies of combustion substance combustion reaction enthalpy of combustion, carbon −393. 5 hydrogen −285. 8 magnesium −601. 6 sulfur −296. 8 carbon monoxide −283. 0 methane −890. 8 acetylene −1301. 1 ethanol −1366. 8 methanol −726. 1 isooctane −5461 table 5. 2 example 5. 10 using e... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.007876656018197536,
0.031949032098054886,
0.02727590501308441,
0.03757723048329353,
-0.02214181050658226,
0.007519533392041922,
0.01720232516527176,
-0.05155028775334358,
-0.011665808968245983,
0.0318089984357357,
0.08674980700016022,
0.02005283161997795,
0.026056921109557152,
-0.0797960... |
by the combustion of 125 g of acetylene? answer : | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.034901466220617294,
0.0020159236155450344,
0.006016998086124659,
0.053513053804636,
-0.022393161430954933,
0.014129825867712498,
-0.021050214767456055,
-0.030848030000925064,
0.05326312035322189,
0.003844859078526497,
0.027297163382172585,
0.00965928565710783,
-0.0015424545854330063,
-0.... |
6. 25 103 kj chemistry in everyday life emerging algae - based energy technologies ( biofuels ) as reserves of fossil fuels diminish and become more costly to extract, the search is ongoing for replacement fuel sources for the future. among the most promising biofuels are those derived from algae ( figure 5. 22 ). the ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.005793467164039612,
-0.00794070865958929,
0.001593981171026826,
0.001505487016402185,
-0.035532012581825256,
0.00511515885591507,
0.01609879918396473,
0.020619351416826248,
0.04184413328766823,
0.05247654393315315,
0.0297256987541914,
-0.028631864115595818,
0.033334337174892426,
-0.0304... |
5. 3 • enthalpy 239 link to learning click here ( http : / / openstax. org / l / 16biofuel ) to learn more about the process of creating algae biofuel. standard enthalpy of formation a standard enthalpy of formation is an enthalpy change for a reaction in which exactly 1 mole of a pure substance is formed from free ele... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.004660296253859997,
0.03587154671549797,
0.032776519656181335,
0.004774088505655527,
-0.03442012891173363,
-0.023134831339120865,
0.001858519040979445,
-0.0166323259472847,
0.00006577908789040521,
0.05995921790599823,
0.06806648522615433,
-0.011330457404255867,
0.04762420058250427,
-0.0... |
##mic ( such as + 226. 7 kj / mol for the formation of acetylene, c2h2 ). by definition, the standard enthalpy of formation of an element in its most stable form is equal to zero under according to the us department of energy, only 39, 000 square kilometers ( about 0. 4 % of the land mass of the us or less than of the ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.004204932600259781,
0.02607124112546444,
0.005914308596402407,
0.016730526462197304,
-0.03958619385957718,
-0.010375461541116238,
-0.007486538030207157,
0.008998939767479897,
0.002280272776260972,
0.04733867570757866,
0.058580972254276276,
-0.017830150201916695,
0.06586441397666931,
-0.0... |
in their standard states, determine the standard enthalpy of formation, of ozone from the following information : solution is the enthalpy change for the formation of one mole of a substance in its standard state from the elements in their standard states. thus, for o3 ( g ) is the enthalpy change for the reaction : fo... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.005173926241695881,
0.029920384287834167,
0.03866889700293541,
0.005965562537312508,
-0.03789703547954559,
-0.013137023895978928,
0.007407317869365215,
-0.005044099874794483,
0.019061023369431496,
0.07787124812602997,
0.06501322984695435,
-0.006810823921114206,
0.02395106479525566,
-0.05... |
5. 3 • enthalpy 241 ( a ) c2h5oc2h5 ( l ) ( b ) na2co3 ( s ) answer : ( a ) ( b ) hess ’ s law there are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change : measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. some reactions are difficult, if not impossi... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03761054202914238,
0.06810656189918518,
0.011984705924987793,
0.01011700090020895,
-0.05549266189336777,
0.022088613361120224,
-0.0038092341274023056,
-0.021630818024277687,
0.00015930992958601564,
0.08165384829044342,
0.05630519613623619,
-0.004515388514846563,
0.052118245512247086,
-0... |
= sum of δh values for reaction “ steps ” in the overall reaction ) is true in general for chemical and physical processes. 242 5 • thermochemistry access for free at openstax. org figure 5. 24 the formation of co2 ( g ) from its elements can be thought of as occurring in two steps, which sum to the overall reaction, a... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03597184270620346,
0.042755257338285446,
0.03312227129936218,
-0.015532703138887882,
-0.04158361256122589,
-0.004448835738003254,
0.027740249410271645,
0.02332744374871254,
-0.011081738397479057,
0.09759853035211563,
0.042456142604351044,
-0.0036087767221033573,
0.04670274257659912,
-0.... |
want to find δh° is the sum of the two reactions with known δh values, so we must sum their δhs : the enthalpy of formation, of fecl3 ( s ) is −399. 5 kj / mol. check your learning calculate δh for the process : from the following information : answer : | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03646838292479515,
0.011388684622943401,
0.011477116495370865,
-0.02822992391884327,
-0.04728246480226517,
0.00980121549218893,
0.01590878702700138,
0.025526516139507294,
-0.020479928702116013,
0.048998039215803146,
0.043700143694877625,
-0.019157961010932922,
0.05156837776303291,
-0.03... |
66. 4 kj here is a less straightforward example that illustrates the thought process involved in solving many hess ’ s law problems. it shows how we can find many standard enthalpies of formation ( and other values of δh ) if they are difficult to determine experimentally. example 5. 14 a more challenging problem using... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.005133491009473801,
0.054879914969205856,
0.03220219165086746,
0.031535759568214417,
-0.05467655509710312,
-0.004713329486548901,
-0.005409718491137028,
0.013794881291687489,
-0.007520862389355898,
0.07681789249181747,
0.07648021727800369,
-0.0024626008234918118,
0.0734323263168335,
-0.... |
chloride can be formed from its elements : ( i ) use the reactions here to determine the δh° for reaction ( i ) : ( ii ) ( iii ) ( iv ) ( v ) answer : −1407 kj we also can use hess ’ s law to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products are ava... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.02533026412129402,
0.0682198703289032,
0.02313799038529396,
0.011936149559915066,
-0.06400139629840851,
0.010931556113064289,
0.000019020564650418237,
-0.014179883524775505,
-0.006889718119055033,
0.09935971349477768,
0.07579737901687622,
-0.00428792554885149,
0.03553824871778488,
-0.05... |
5. 3 • enthalpy 245 solution : using the equation use the special form of hess ’ s law given previously, and values from appendix g : solution : supporting why the general equation is valid alternatively, we can write this reaction as the sum of the decompositions of 3no2 ( g ) and 1h2o ( l ) into their constituent ele... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.005166655406355858,
0.03662170469760895,
0.04013952985405922,
0.010437327437102795,
-0.04408106580376625,
0.007991963997483253,
0.006233382038772106,
-0.006669098045676947,
0.00377797894179821,
0.05164944380521774,
0.06801650673151016,
-0.005715316627174616,
0.032040007412433624,
-0.055... |
bomb calorimeter device designed to measure the energy change for processes occurring under conditions of constant volume ; commonly used for reactions involving solid and gaseous reactants or products calorie ( cal ) unit of heat or other energy ; the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree cels... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.010256865993142128,
0.0035016373731195927,
0.01207316666841507,
0.029861319810152054,
-0.04456975311040878,
0.015223653055727482,
0.038711585104465485,
-0.01384935062378645,
-0.005096473731100559,
0.01992660015821457,
0.04109964147210121,
-0.0006844546878710389,
0.010303457267582417,
-0... |
4. 184 j calorimeter device used to measure the amount of heat absorbed or released in a chemical or physical process calorimetry process of measuring the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process chemical thermodynamics area of science that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and all forms... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.04987584426999092,
0.021975258365273476,
0.020259711891412735,
0.005983036942780018,
-0.07707184553146362,
0.02070493996143341,
0.009723772294819355,
-0.02402786910533905,
-0.006285472307354212,
0.0567157119512558,
0.02723427303135395,
0.019311515614390373,
0.04779650270938873,
-0.06013... |
mass and v = velocity ) nutritional calorie ( calorie ) unit used for quantifying energy provided by digestion of foods, defined as 1000 cal or 1 kcal potential energy energy of a particle or system of particles derived from relative position, composition, or condition specific heat capacity ( c ) intensive property of... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.02679772675037384,
0.0020943975541740656,
0.029859526082873344,
0.016282664611935616,
-0.030281655490398407,
0.013934239745140076,
0.02510654181241989,
-0.028791191056370735,
-0.03655495494604111,
0.016503192484378815,
0.06630624085664749,
-0.006657182238996029,
0.048296261578798294,
-0... |
5. 1 energy basics energy is the capacity to supply heat or do work ( applying a force to move matter ). kinetic energy ( ke ) is the energy of motion ; potential energy is energy due to relative position, composition, or condition. when energy is converted from one form into another, energy is neither created nor dest... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.025610575452446938,
0.028994258493185043,
0.049342188984155655,
0.030321475118398666,
-0.02873799204826355,
0.006033668294548988,
0.021893581375479698,
-0.027163662016391754,
-0.030401041731238365,
0.04188370332121849,
0.0013113291934132576,
0.015181292779743671,
0.03051714599132538,
-0... |
5. 3 enthalpy if a chemical change is carried out at constant pressure and the only work done is caused by expansion or contraction, q for the change is called the enthalpy change with the symbol δh, or for reactions occurring under standard state conditions at 298 k. the value of δh for a reaction in one direction is ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.04395037144422531,
0.0471997931599617,
0.023145489394664764,
-0.005724275950342417,
-0.06010536104440689,
-0.003238250268623233,
0.03518300503492355,
-0.010498636402189732,
-0.042928796261548996,
0.09598509967327118,
0.06402622163295746,
0.006450639571994543,
0.022164249792695045,
-0.05... |
5. 1 energy basics 1. a burning match and a bonfire may have the same temperature, yet you would not sit around a burning match on a fall evening to stay warm. why not? 2. prepare a table identifying several energy transitions that take place during the typical operation of an automobile. 3. explain the difference betw... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.020613163709640503,
0.03315334394574165,
0.04142899811267853,
0.011788138188421726,
-0.007538288831710815,
0.013573951087892056,
0.023233814164996147,
-0.000988392042927444,
-0.02739320695400238,
0.03778981789946556,
0.06008002534508705,
0.017586437985301018,
0.03280537948012352,
-0.0581... |
0. 449 j / g °c to increase its temperature from 25 °c to its melting temperature of 1535 °c? 7. how much heat, in joules and in calories, is required to heat a 28. 4 - g ( 1 - oz ) ice cube from −23. 0 °c to −1. 0 °c? 8. how much would the temperature of 275 g of water increase if 36. 5 kj of heat were added? 9. if 14... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.01346950326114893,
0.029383854940533638,
-0.02232438139617443,
0.02879287116229534,
-0.0133955217897892,
-0.0016219877870753407,
0.03974795714020729,
0.011832872405648232,
-0.015245201997458935,
0.05315317586064339,
0.06618940830230713,
-0.03347565233707428,
-0.013974560424685478,
-0.048... |
19. 3 °c to 68. 9 °c. ( a ) what is the specific heat of the substance? ( b ) if it is one of the substances found in table 5. 1, what is its likely identity? 12. an aluminum kettle weighs 1. 05 kg. ( a ) what is the heat capacity of the kettle? ( b ) how much heat is required to increase the temperature of this kettle... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.02670244686305523,
0.04930921271443367,
0.007652651518583298,
0.013448880054056644,
-0.033451903611421585,
0.009711060672998428,
0.049355339258909225,
-0.004373273346573114,
-0.01632062904536724,
0.04332210496068001,
0.034090038388967514,
-0.0028206745628267527,
0.0017768216785043478,
-0... |
5. 2 calorimetry 14. a 500 - ml bottle of water at room temperature and a 2 - l bottle of water at the same temperature were placed in a refrigerator. after 30 minutes, the 500 - ml bottle of water had cooled to the temperature of the refrigerator. an hour later, the 2 - l of water had cooled to the same temperature. w... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.005649819504469633,
0.03222579509019852,
0.050672270357608795,
0.010603888891637325,
-0.04883970320224762,
0.0010486880782991648,
0.01581268012523651,
0.02115665376186371,
-0.017199987545609474,
0.07158049196004868,
0.03498494252562523,
-0.0096499715000391,
0.02339465171098709,
-0.03111... |
60 °c? assume that coffee and water have the same density and the same specific heat. 19. how much will the temperature of a cup ( 180 g ) of coffee at 95 °c be reduced when a 45 g silver spoon ( specific heat 0. 24 j / g °c ) at 25 °c is placed in the coffee and the two are allowed to reach the same temperature? assum... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.00469911890104413,
0.03419522941112518,
0.018300997093319893,
0.004857515450567007,
-0.03116472065448761,
-0.006652943789958954,
0.0029739474412053823,
0.034208592027425766,
-0.02166755497455597,
0.05049346387386322,
0.041942495852708817,
0.008361464366316795,
0.012062224559485912,
-0.05... |
24. a 0. 500 - g sample of kcl is added to 50. 0 g of water in a calorimeter ( figure 5. 12 ). if the temperature decreases by 1. 05 °c, what is the approximate amount of heat involved in the dissolution of the kcl, assuming the specific heat of the resulting solution is 4. 18 j / g °c? is the reaction exothermic or en... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03267691284418106,
0.01431485265493393,
0.012035136111080647,
0.02440955676138401,
-0.028767960146069527,
0.021493811160326004,
-0.008621353656053543,
-0.004186782520264387,
0.028738820925354958,
0.0673723816871643,
0.028767982497811317,
-0.029559096321463585,
-0.01816641353070736,
-0.0... |
( aq ) ba ( scn ) 2 ( aq ) + 2nh3 ( aq ) + 10h2o ( l ) 28. the reaction of 50 ml of acid and 50 ml of base described in example 5. 5 increased the temperature of the solution by 6. 9 ºc. how much would the temperature have increased if 100 ml of acid and 100 ml of base had been used in the same calorimeter starting at ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.013668527826666832,
0.01615537516772747,
0.03606494888663292,
0.015867305919528008,
-0.037156932055950165,
0.01326662115752697,
-0.002996101276949048,
-0.006205596961081028,
0.006119212135672569,
0.05259257182478905,
0.06402001529932022,
-0.020119333639740944,
0.021991576999425888,
-0.07... |
coal is burned in a bomb calorimeter ( figure 5. 17 ), the temperature increases by 1. 48 °c. if the heat capacity of the calorimeter is 21. 6 kj / °c, determine the heat produced by combustion of a ton of coal ( 2. 000 103 pounds ). 33. the amount of fat recommended for someone with a daily diet of 2000 calories is 65... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.019892923533916473,
-0.0012951805256307125,
0.025141827762126923,
0.023455103859305382,
-0.023928776383399963,
0.051862932741642,
0.027885114774107933,
-0.002855551429092884,
-0.01603660359978676,
0.0256864745169878,
0.08160613477230072,
-0.02815857343375683,
0.04754891246557236,
-0.0559... |
9. 1 calories / g? 34. a teaspoon of the carbohydrate sucrose ( common sugar ) contains 16 calories ( 16 kcal ). what is the mass of one teaspoon of sucrose if the average number of calories for carbohydrates is 4. 1 calories / g? 250 5 • exercises access for free at openstax. org 35. what is the maximum mass of carboh... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01053465623408556,
0.04485155642032623,
0.016409173607826233,
0.03518255800008774,
-0.045290056616067886,
-0.02051752805709839,
0.041625406593084335,
0.027568189427256584,
-0.03154635429382324,
0.019573714584112167,
0.027597524225711823,
-0.02113245613873005,
-0.0066015832126140594,
-0.... |
9. 1 calories / g? 37. a serving of a breakfast cereal contains 3 g of protein, 18 g of carbohydrates, and 6 g of fat. what is the calorie content of a serving of this cereal if the average number of calories for fat is 9. 1 calories / g, for carbohydrates is 4. 1 calories / g, and for protein is 4. 1 calories / g? 38.... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.013503988273441792,
0.05076904594898224,
0.017159558832645416,
0.007326307240873575,
-0.01694362238049507,
0.011256997473537922,
0.03705133497714996,
0.0056516556069254875,
-0.0009677456691861153,
0.017458898946642876,
0.016091858968138695,
-0.02085929736495018,
-0.020340988412499428,
-0... |
5. 3 enthalpy 39. explain how the heat measured in example 5. 5 differs from the enthalpy change for the exothermic reaction described by the following equation : 40. using the data in the check your learning section of example 5. 5, calculate δh in kj / mol of agno3 ( aq ) for the reaction : 41. calculate the enthalpy... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.011804900132119656,
0.041841231286525726,
0.01790667697787285,
0.028217250481247902,
-0.045608241111040115,
-0.01405959203839302,
-0.010535403154790401,
-0.016224658116698265,
0.0022391637321561575,
0.06258068978786469,
0.07368824630975723,
0.015392953529953957,
0.058927230536937714,
-0.... |
. how much heat is produced when 100 ml of 0. 250 m hcl ( density, 1. 00 g / ml ) and 200 ml of 0. 150 m naoh ( density, 1. 00 g / ml ) are mixed? if both solutions are at the same temperature and the specific heat of the products is 4. 19 j / g °c, how much will the temperature increase? what assumption did you make i... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.006339441053569317,
0.04719408601522446,
0.024724401533603668,
0.016354018822312355,
-0.029076529666781425,
-0.008474361151456833,
-0.03014964424073696,
-0.014754800125956535,
-0.00046589941484853625,
0.037913545966148376,
0.05973571911454201,
0.0031373645178973675,
0.040632106363773346,
... |
from δh° for the reaction 56. joseph priestly prepared oxygen in 1774 by heating red mercury ( ii ) oxide with sunlight focused through a lens. how much heat is required to decompose exactly 1 mole of red hgo ( s ) to hg ( l ) and o2 ( g ) under standard conditions? 57. how many kilojoules of heat will be released when... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.003274686401709914,
0.01270377542823553,
0.0033397965598851442,
-0.0017265775240957737,
-0.06103719770908356,
0.013169760815799236,
-0.01435044128447771,
-0.02118362858891487,
0.013163181953132153,
0.04518451541662216,
0.05250417813658714,
-0.014729008078575134,
0.04202659800648689,
-0.0... |
change for each of the following reactions : ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) 70. the following reactions can be used to prepare samples of metals. determine the enthalpy change under standard state conditions for each. ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) 71. the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, h2o2, has been used to provide thrust in ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.004276638850569725,
0.018373381346464157,
0.03196743130683899,
-0.009272892959415913,
-0.05421029031276703,
-0.010648990981280804,
-0.0405752956867218,
-0.009336506947875023,
0.008242153562605381,
0.04005460441112518,
0.05207362398505211,
-0.00003869170541292988,
0.05934027209877968,
-0... |
and additional hydrogen at high temperature and pressure in the presence of a suitable catalyst : under the conditions of the reaction, methanol forms as a gas. calculate for this reaction and for the condensation of gaseous methanol to liquid methanol. ( c ) calculate the heat of combustion of 1 mole of liquid methano... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.002660298952832818,
-0.0046432530507445335,
0.03436145558953285,
0.0062543852254748344,
-0.0466102734208107,
0.00855381041765213,
-0.01236291415989399,
-0.007634913083165884,
-0.006849031895399094,
0.03500296175479889,
0.0730334222316742,
-0.013646217994391918,
0.0627642348408699,
-0.070... |
ethanol. ( b ) the density of ethanol is 0. 7893 g / ml. calculate the enthalpy of combustion of exactly 1 l of ethanol. ( c ) assuming that an automobile ’ s mileage is directly proportional to the heat of combustion of the fuel, calculate how much farther an automobile could be expected to travel on 1 l of gasoline t... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0010727792978286743,
0.02228538505733013,
0.04530392587184906,
0.022629912942647934,
-0.009722540155053139,
0.0014398499624803662,
0.004981190897524357,
-0.024831293150782585,
-0.01501550991088152,
0.04903091490268707,
0.04316209629178047,
0.0020149899646639824,
0.05489790812134743,
-0.... |
by the following equation : the metabolism of glucose gives the same products, although the glucose reacts with oxygen in a series of steps in the body. ( a ) how much heat in kilojoules can be produced by the metabolism of 1. 0 g of glucose? ( b ) how many calories can be produced by the metabolism of 1. 0 g of glucos... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.02966461330652237,
0.025142129510641098,
0.002311406657099724,
0.03210606053471565,
-0.023914167657494545,
-0.001412231009453535,
0.004143013618886471,
-0.006733921822160482,
-0.01847761496901512,
0.06607446074485779,
0.04566910117864609,
-0.0005170576041564345,
0.04851049929857254,
-0.0... |
). ( a ) assume that natural gas is pure methane and determine the volume of natural gas in cubic feet that was required to heat the house. the average temperature of the natural gas was 56 °f ; at this temperature and a pressure of 1 atm, natural gas has a density of 0. 681 g / l. ( b ) how many gallons of lpg ( lique... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.03595825657248497,
0.02895180508494377,
0.008264010772109032,
0.012794027104973793,
-0.053075436502695084,
-0.005016496405005455,
-0.008754636161029339,
0.02761804684996605,
-0.015337564051151276,
0.05811454728245735,
0.06339424103498459,
0.015595386736094952,
0.040174324065446854,
-0.05... |
generation and distribution is 40 %? 5 • exercises 255 256 5 • exercises access for free at openstax. org introduction chapter 6 electronic structure and periodic properties of elements 6. 1 electromagnetic energy 6. 2 the bohr model 6. 3 development of quantum theory 6. 4 electronic structure of atoms ( electron confi... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.012759864330291748,
-0.008140371181070805,
0.011392274871468544,
-0.04146061837673187,
-0.002106162253767252,
-0.01633576862514019,
-0.020071275532245636,
0.011762382462620735,
-0.019480479881167412,
0.04728719964623451,
0.02632424235343933,
0.012931687757372856,
0.041526131331920624,
-0... |
6. 5 periodic variations in element properties in 1054, chinese astronomers recorded the appearance of a “ guest star ” in the sky, visible even during the day, which then disappeared slowly over the next two years. the sudden appearance was due to a supernova explosion, which was much brighter than the original star. ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.003415040671825409,
0.02085692249238491,
0.01975608989596367,
-0.04520602896809578,
0.006457279436290264,
0.021132519468665123,
-0.08328965306282043,
-0.017325719818472862,
0.018729588016867638,
0.0504998043179512,
0.018651651218533516,
-0.03006272204220295,
-0.00033829532912932336,
-0.0... |
6. 1 electromagnetic energy learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the basic behavior of waves, including travelling waves and standing waves • describe the wave nature of light • use appropriate equations to calculate related light - wave properties such as frequency, wavelengt... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.008127582259476185,
-0.017660262063145638,
0.013666747137904167,
-0.031293775886297226,
-0.03220435976982117,
0.037612441927194595,
-0.01196283008903265,
-0.025985317304730415,
-0.0017038644291460514,
0.06053612008690834,
0.020858224481344223,
0.025165371596813202,
0.038506221026182175,
... |
not be explained within this framework, scientists at that time were so confident of the overall soundness of this framework that they viewed these aberrations as puzzling paradoxes that would ultimately be resolved somehow within this framework. as we shall see, these paradoxes led to a contemporary framework that int... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.015944605693221092,
0.003560497425496578,
0.014719306491315365,
-0.008681927807629108,
-0.018947012722492218,
0.022602366283535957,
-0.02806263417005539,
-0.02433059923350811,
-0.004342717584222555,
0.07901381701231003,
0.04958276078104973,
-0.012118123471736908,
0.03579852357506752,
-0... |
need not be restricted to travel through matter. as maxwell showed, electromagnetic waves consist of an electric field oscillating in step with a perpendicular magnetic field, both of which are perpendicular to the direction of travel. these waves can travel through a vacuum at a constant speed of 2. 998 108 m / s, the... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.007718378212302923,
0.026882149279117584,
0.008822287432849407,
-0.016019033268094063,
-0.014129512012004852,
0.06055541709065437,
-0.004735033959150314,
-0.019200516864657402,
-0.004132597707211971,
0.08836245536804199,
0.0017720814794301987,
-0.01856386661529541,
0.0349225290119648,
-0... |
wave with the shortest wavelength has the highest frequency. amplitude is one - half the height of the wave from peak to trough. the product of a wave's wavelength ( λ ) and its frequency ( ν ), λν, is the speed of the wave. thus, for electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum, speed is equal to the fundamental constant, c ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.016583053395152092,
0.013216085731983185,
0.011243186891078949,
-0.016914432868361473,
-0.020802704617381096,
0.04296639561653137,
-0.029890187084674835,
-0.015949713066220284,
-0.02740032970905304,
0.0688130110502243,
0.030005594715476036,
-0.01827821508049965,
0.001118169166147709,
-0... |
6. 1 • electromagnetic energy 259 figure 6. 3 portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are shown in order of decreasing frequency and increasing wavelength. ( credit “ cosmic ray " : modification of work by nasa ; credit “ pet scan " : modification of work by the national institute of health ; credit “ x - ray " : modi... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.005725758615881205,
0.008629833348095417,
0.015462146140635014,
-0.012411140836775303,
-0.026832645758986473,
0.00855930894613266,
-0.024921290576457977,
-0.012015972286462784,
-0.013619249686598778,
0.08709461241960526,
0.039209816604852676,
-0.0197310633957386,
0.031578969210386276,
-0... |
0. 353 m = 35. 3 cm 260 6 • electronic structure and periodic properties of elements access for free at openstax. org chemistry in everyday life wireless communication figure 6. 4 radio and cell towers are typically used to transmit long - wavelength electromagnetic radiation. increasingly, cell towers are designed to ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.03765547648072243,
0.03187469020485878,
0.009129482321441174,
0.010763583704829216,
-0.026069400832057,
0.04280643165111542,
-0.010135719552636147,
-0.026632506400346756,
0.03466656431555748,
0.06880182772874832,
0.048121802508831024,
0.01074407808482647,
-0.011866474524140358,
-0.044822... |
6. 1 • electromagnetic energy 261 one particularly characteristic phenomenon of waves results when two or more waves come into contact : they interfere with each other. figure 6. 6 shows the interference patterns that arise when light passes through narrow slits closely spaced about a wavelength apart. the fringe patte... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.020019913092255592,
0.018778059631586075,
0.023883625864982605,
-0.007933484390377998,
-0.04697565361857414,
0.023764098063111305,
-0.03051534853875637,
-0.003819309175014496,
-0.009232300333678722,
0.11610300093889236,
0.03758598491549492,
0.013882345519959927,
0.012084362097084522,
-0... |
chemist dorothy crowfoot hodgkin x - rays exhibit wavelengths of approximately 0. 01 – 10 nm. since these wavelengths are comparable to the spaces between atoms in a crystalline solid, x - rays are scattered when they pass through crystals. the scattered rays undergo constructive and destructive interference that creat... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.01891476660966873,
-0.019077403470873833,
0.018895983695983887,
-0.004768288694322109,
-0.01989184133708477,
0.030708322301506996,
0.007470575626939535,
0.00399989215657115,
-0.011497088707983494,
0.0140632139518857,
0.01589275896549225,
-0.02462881989777088,
0.055874377489089966,
-0.031... |
##kin continued working with the international scientific community, earning numerous distinctions and awards prior to her death in 1993. 262 6 • electronic structure and periodic properties of elements access for free at openstax. org not all waves are travelling waves. standing waves ( also known as stationary waves ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.010229074396193027,
0.009339946322143078,
0.01382737047970295,
0.01584865339100361,
-0.005638744682073593,
-0.0229954794049263,
-0.0036407315637916327,
0.002697794698178768,
0.004820127971470356,
0.06489961594343185,
0.053648918867111206,
0.002852225909009576,
0.014336680062115192,
-0.0... |
number of nodes increases. figure 6. 7 a vibrating string shows some one - dimensional standing waves. since the two end points of the string are held fixed, only waves having an integer number of half - wavelengths can form. the points on the string between the end points that are not moving are called the nodes. an e... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03454209864139557,
0.010489601641893387,
0.007674984633922577,
-0.012752234004437923,
0.014285593293607235,
-0.039179183542728424,
-0.006491369567811489,
0.016081800684332848,
0.030488628894090652,
0.06264191120862961,
0.04645156487822533,
0.00903391931205988,
0.03494974225759506,
-0.00... |
6. 1 • electromagnetic energy 263 ( circles ) and angular nodes ( radii ). link to learning you can watch the formation of various radial nodes here ( http : / / openstax. org / l / 16radnodes ) as singer imogen heap projects her voice across a kettle drum. blackbody radiation and the ultraviolet catastrophe the last f... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.020412256941199303,
-0.002881060354411602,
0.011011064052581787,
-0.03273724392056465,
-0.025503011420369148,
0.010603220202028751,
-0.030902903527021408,
0.01705675944685936,
-0.009893514215946198,
0.07889023423194885,
0.02045135386288166,
-0.029793670400977135,
0.056604862213134766,
-... |
a good approximation of a blackbody that can be used to observe blackbody radiation is a metal oven that can be heated to very high temperatures. the oven has a small hole allowing for the light being emitted within the oven to be observed 264 6 • electronic structure and periodic properties of elements access for free... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0006264284020289779,
-0.018738878890872,
0.03415035456418991,
0.007927849888801575,
-0.03603116050362587,
0.018431011587381363,
-0.04460682347416878,
-0.0028477173764258623,
-0.011792699806392193,
0.06702973693609238,
0.0545291043817997,
-0.026575077325105667,
0.047666531056165695,
-0.0... |
at increasing frequencies ( or decreasing wavelengths ) as the temperature increased, with these vibrations being the source of the emitted electromagnetic radiation. but where the earlier treatments had allowed the vibrating atoms to have any energy values obtained from a continuous set of energies ( perfectly reasona... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.004155203700065613,
0.0056659141555428505,
0.027375154197216034,
0.020799878984689713,
-0.06352595239877701,
0.031293902546167374,
-0.016826432198286057,
-0.014713027514517307,
-0.04852929338812828,
0.04764976352453232,
0.02414609305560589,
-0.027936598286032677,
0.035414740443229675,
-... |
6. 1 • electromagnetic energy 265 the photoelectric effect the next paradox in the classical theory to be resolved concerned the photoelectric effect ( figure 6. 11 ). it had been observed that electrons could be ejected from the clean surface of a metal when light having a frequency greater than some threshold frequen... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03047420084476471,
0.007288339547812939,
0.02525525912642479,
0.014616374857723713,
-0.043918754905462265,
0.0021608045790344477,
-0.049341216683387756,
0.0075452569872140884,
-0.04404015466570854,
0.0427573025226593,
-0.014058574102818966,
-0.011000776663422585,
0.022975217550992966,
-... |
number of photons striking the surface within a given time period. this explains why the number of ejected electrons increased with increasing brightness, since the greater the number of incoming photons, the greater the likelihood that they would collide with some of the electrons. with einstein's findings, the nature... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.025538040325045586,
-0.007878406904637814,
0.010881216265261173,
0.0020671288948506117,
-0.02798555977642536,
0.020897282287478447,
-0.03505958616733551,
0.02522379346191883,
-0.02771020494401455,
0.0887252539396286,
0.01800747588276863,
-0.009412421844899654,
0.01517372764647007,
-0.04... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.