text stringlengths 1 3.55k | source stringlengths 24 207 | emb listlengths 1.02k 1.02k |
|---|---|---|
3. 17 liquid bleach is an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite ( naocl ). this brand has a concentration of 7. 4 % naocl by mass. 144 3 • composition of substances and solutions access for free at openstax. org example 3. 22 calculation of percent by mass a 5. 0 - g sample of spinal fluid contains 3. 75 mg ( 0. 0037... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.014206851832568645,
0.020042892545461655,
0.024427488446235657,
0.04355284199118614,
-0.04262859374284744,
-0.013384127989411354,
0.026686908677220345,
-0.015538852661848068,
0.0030438934918493032,
0.05037010461091995,
0.027985824272036552,
-0.0019498992478474975,
-0.026348654180765152,
... |
a laboratory reagent. the density of this solution is 1. 19 g / ml. what mass of hcl is contained in 0. 500 l of this solution? solution the hcl concentration is near 40 %, so a 100 - g portion of this solution would contain about 40 g of hcl. since the solution density isn ’ t greatly different from that of water ( 1 ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.014345046132802963,
0.019159743562340736,
0.04646500572562218,
0.022188831120729446,
-0.04315224662423134,
-0.02672022581100464,
0.04657457396388054,
-0.008606752380728722,
-0.0034665365237742662,
0.05176648497581482,
0.05614447221159935,
-0.01696031354367733,
-0.011673349887132645,
-0.0... |
3. 4 • other units for solution concentrations 145 this mass of hcl is consistent with our rough estimate of approximately 200 g. check your learning what volume of concentrated hcl solution contains 125 g of hcl? answer : 282 ml volume percentage liquid volumes over a wide range of magnitudes are conveniently measured... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.02000243030488491,
0.002511284314095974,
0.04664643108844757,
-0.0048716082237660885,
-0.03933895751833916,
-0.02958258055150509,
0.03351138159632683,
0.009430025704205036,
-0.01782514899969101,
0.03817668557167053,
0.05589254945516586,
-0.008551306091248989,
-0.03832753002643585,
0.0063... |
1. 5 mol ethanol mass - volume percentage “ mixed ” percentage units, derived from the mass of solute and the volume of solution, are popular for certain biochemical and medical applications. a mass - volume percent is a ratio of a solute ’ s mass to the solution ’ s volume expressed as a percentage. the specific units... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0056655737571418285,
0.007387641351670027,
0.039369404315948486,
0.02625836618244648,
-0.04359949007630348,
-0.03150990232825279,
0.030478425323963165,
-0.008781281299889088,
-0.025065802037715912,
0.024536797776818275,
0.02848833054304123,
-0.035464730113744736,
0.003676805878058076,
-... |
units. there are also ppm and ppb units defined with respect to numbers of atoms and molecules. the mass - based definitions of ppm and ppb are given here : both ppm and ppb are convenient units for reporting the concentrations of pollutants and other trace contaminants in water. concentrations of these contaminants ar... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.015127100050449371,
0.011840643361210823,
0.01195837277919054,
0.003388910088688135,
-0.024542905390262604,
0.01956901326775551,
0.009674771688878536,
-0.011278069578111172,
-0.00695564690977335,
0.039415519684553146,
0.014961987733840942,
-0.020794657990336418,
-0.00948757492005825,
-0.... |
3. 4 • other units for solution concentrations 147 figure 3. 19 ( a ) in some areas, trace - level concentrations of contaminants can render unfiltered tap water unsafe for drinking and cooking. ( b ) inline water filters reduce the concentration of solutes in tap water. ( credit a : modification of work by jenn durfey... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.010024359449744225,
0.019457224756479263,
0.012305492535233498,
0.00638203602284193,
-0.04061690345406532,
0.007884148508310318,
0.013059457764029503,
0.004555679392069578,
0.011111891828477383,
0.05885165184736252,
0.03184753283858299,
-0.015116475522518158,
-0.02113322913646698,
-0.011... |
wastewater in ppm and ppb units. answer : 9. 6 ppm, 9600 ppb | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.013558163307607174,
0.0019840793684124947,
0.009951273910701275,
-0.0009911000961437821,
-0.043288785964250565,
0.008029071614146233,
0.010966822504997253,
0.019694169983267784,
0.00479300320148468,
0.05656751990318298,
0.01251920685172081,
-0.01245899684727192,
0.0014222547179087996,
0.... |
3. 4 • other units for solution concentrations 149 key terms aqueous solution solution for which water is the solvent avogadro ’ s number ( na ) experimentally determined value of the number of entities comprising 1 mole of substance, equal to 6. 022 1023 mol−1 concentrated qualitative term for a solution containing so... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.020433418452739716,
0.028199832886457443,
0.030361289158463478,
-0.030839085578918457,
-0.045592717826366425,
0.016508955508470535,
0.0415533110499382,
-0.02533198520541191,
0.0006783351418562233,
0.04294387251138687,
0.03193223476409912,
-0.01477109920233488,
-0.018115239217877388,
-0.0... |
##1 = c2v2 summary | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.01927059143781662,
0.009666373021900654,
0.015771955251693726,
0.026361022144556046,
-0.03181122988462448,
-0.05001576617360115,
-0.02915794961154461,
0.0023759303148835897,
0.013519011437892914,
0.045932523906230927,
0.01758941076695919,
0.03488536551594734,
0.00004937417907058261,
0.00... |
3. 1 formula mass and the mole concept the formula mass of a substance is the sum of the average atomic masses of each atom represented in the chemical formula and is expressed in atomic mass units. the formula mass of a covalent compound is also called the molecular mass. a convenient amount unit for expressing very l... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.004435327369719744,
0.028004754334688187,
0.03959435224533081,
-0.004408013541251421,
-0.013927127234637737,
0.022433780133724213,
0.03286377713084221,
-0.0342731773853302,
0.007159312255680561,
0.016755230724811554,
0.0575714074075222,
-0.0129074826836586,
-0.011321738362312317,
-0.044... |
units, with one very useful unit being molarity, defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. the solute concentration of a solution may be decreased by adding solvent, a process referred to as dilution. the dilution equation is a simple relation between concentrations and volumes of a solution befor... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.021899526938796043,
0.023997237905859947,
0.01202688179910183,
-0.007376825902611017,
-0.0587557815015316,
-0.019325055181980133,
0.03847891837358475,
-0.030931027606129646,
-0.007226149085909128,
0.05764351412653923,
0.048915065824985504,
0.00046638594358228147,
-0.0033172082621604204,
... |
3. 1 formula mass and the mole concept 1. what is the total mass ( amu ) of carbon in each of the following molecules? ( a ) ch4 ( b ) chcl3 ( c ) c12h10o6 ( d ) ch3ch2ch2ch2ch3 2. what is the total mass of hydrogen in each of the molecules? ( a ) ch4 ( b ) chcl3 ( c ) c12h10o6 ( d ) ch3ch2ch2ch2ch3 3. calculate the mo... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.027462584897875786,
0.0032808955293148756,
0.05024826526641846,
-0.005289002321660519,
0.005046002101153135,
0.010609731078147888,
0.0207570418715477,
-0.024974163621664047,
0.0032236124388873577,
0.0384715273976326,
0.047988686710596085,
-0.006079661659896374,
0.005456599872559309,
-0.0... |
##o )? explain why. 10. which contains the greatest number of moles of oxygen atoms : 1 mol of ethanol ( c2h5oh ), 1 mol of formic acid ( hco2h ), or 1 mol of water ( h2o )? explain why. 11. how are the molecular mass and the molar mass of a compound similar and how are they different? 12. calculate the molar mass of e... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.022175656631588936,
0.021914871409535408,
0.0287607591599226,
-0.0021614436991512775,
0.002299245446920395,
0.010188877582550049,
0.031539808958768845,
-0.016391854733228683,
0.012457549571990967,
0.043342627584934235,
0.07829704880714417,
-0.008252143859863281,
0.019071919843554497,
-0.... |
##s of compound and the number of moles of each type of atom in each of the following : ( a ) 25. 0 g of propylene, c3h6 ( b ) 3. 06 10−3 g of the amino acid glycine, c2h5no2 ( c ) 25 lb of the herbicide treflan, c13h16n2o4f ( 1 lb = 454 g ) ( d ) 0. 125 kg of the insecticide paris green, cu4 ( aso3 ) 2 ( ch3co2 ) 2 ( ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.016796469688415527,
0.004891466349363327,
0.05114351585507393,
0.005368327721953392,
-0.028436189517378807,
0.030871720984578133,
-0.002660647500306368,
0.010631859302520752,
0.00565281230956316,
0.028071662411093712,
0.04018446430563927,
-0.039423003792762756,
0.01673443242907524,
-0.04... |
10−2 mol na2 co3 ( d ) 1. 23 103 mol fructose, c6 h12 o6 ( e ) 0. 5758 mol feso4 ( h2o ) 7 20. the approximate minimum daily dietary requirement of the amino acid leucine, c6h13no2, is 1. 1 g. what is this requirement in moles? 21. determine the mass in grams of each of the following : ( a ) 0. 600 mol of oxygen atoms ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.011891169473528862,
-0.016406748443841934,
0.03201543167233467,
0.0004727390769403428,
-0.05941259115934372,
0.0040614488534629345,
0.034948937594890594,
0.03227495029568672,
0.0046043857000768185,
0.03268345445394516,
0.04424269497394562,
-0.03642876818776131,
0.015733376145362854,
-0.0... |
0. 4 mol of c3h8. 25. determine which of the following contains the greatest mass of aluminum : 122 g of alpo4, 266 g of al2cl6, or 225 g of al2s3. 26. diamond is one form of elemental carbon. an engagement ring contains a diamond weighing 1. 25 carats ( 1 carat = 200 mg ). how many atoms are present in the diamond? 27... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.011233210563659668,
-0.016757570207118988,
0.035775911062955856,
0.032658651471138,
-0.037983909249305725,
0.02822866104543209,
-0.002895957324653864,
0.0036214382853358984,
-0.0037364494055509567,
0.01710181124508381,
0.06048429012298584,
-0.04777805134654045,
0.00405315263196826,
-0.05... |
g of hf ( 20. 01 g / mol ) | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0016712400829419494,
-0.013788350857794285,
0.013136363588273525,
0.03324906527996063,
-0.07335855811834335,
-0.0051486315205693245,
0.03568718582391739,
-0.0029741066973656416,
0.021786948665976524,
0.015300323255360126,
0.0707324966788292,
-0.021424930542707443,
0.035358086228370667,
... |
3. 2 determining empirical and molecular formulas 32. what information is needed to determine the molecular formula of a compound from the empirical formula? 33. calculate the following to four significant figures : ( a ) the percent composition of ammonia, nh3 ( b ) the percent composition of photographic fixer soluti... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.0037869149819016457,
0.026540495455265045,
0.04715975746512413,
-0.03868682682514191,
-0.005573276896029711,
0.045397669076919556,
0.006960846018046141,
0.012738899327814579,
0.02386438474059105,
0.0379592590034008,
0.047269389033317566,
-0.024838855490088463,
-0.03233051300048828,
-0.06... |
that it contains 24. 3 % carbon and 4. 1 % hydrogen. what is its molecular formula? 41. determine the empirical and molecular formula for chrysotile asbestos. chrysotile has the following percent composition : 28. 03 % mg, 21. 60 % si, 1. 16 % h, and 49. 21 % o. the molar mass for chrysotile is | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.007324570324271917,
0.014364898204803467,
0.033598002046346664,
-0.002412583911791444,
-0.002922927960753441,
0.02736719697713852,
-0.0020705745555460453,
-0.007856933400034904,
0.022303061559796333,
0.030842866748571396,
0.030019816011190414,
-0.02522364631295204,
0.0031476649455726147,
... |
520. 8 g / mol. 42. polymers are large molecules composed of simple units repeated many times. thus, they often have relatively simple empirical formulas. calculate the empirical formulas of the following polymers : ( a ) lucite ( plexiglas ) ; 59. 9 % c, 8. 06 % h, 32. 0 % o ( b ) saran ; 24. 8 % c, 2. 0 % h, 73. 1 % ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.017453962936997414,
0.008875710889697075,
0.03734634816646576,
0.013004090636968613,
-0.009560027159750462,
0.017257748171687126,
0.011555374599993229,
-0.03408373147249222,
0.017955919727683067,
0.04822933301329613,
0.05243727192282677,
-0.021158674731850624,
-0.005560203921049833,
-0.... |
3. 3 molarity 44. explain what changes and what stays the same when 1. 00 l of a solution of nacl is diluted to 1. 80 l. 45. what information is needed to calculate the molarity of a sulfuric acid solution? 46. a 200 - ml sample and a 400 - ml sample of a solution of salt have the same molarity. in what ways are the tw... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.030055707320570946,
0.04943956807255745,
0.04424900561571121,
-0.01687473990023136,
-0.04203922674059868,
-0.03675805777311325,
0.0017503979615867138,
-0.009094935841858387,
-0.020428285002708435,
0.06891491264104843,
0.04271595552563667,
0.004072936251759529,
-0.0033166282810270786,
-0.... |
of solution 49. consider this question : what is the mass of the solute in 0. 500 l of 0. 30 m glucose, c6h12o6, used for intravenous injection? ( a ) outline the steps necessary to answer the question. ( b ) answer the question. 50. consider this question : what is the mass of solute in 200. 0 l of a 1. 556 - m soluti... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.04955919086933136,
0.019418969750404358,
0.019690288230776787,
0.014543311670422554,
-0.07278595864772797,
-0.017532702535390854,
0.014339418150484562,
-0.0006644254899583757,
-0.018224474042654037,
0.06138341873884201,
0.05396437644958496,
-0.006987786386162043,
0.0218842513859272,
-0.0... |
of 0. 0908 g of kmno4 in 0. 500 l of solution? ( a ) outline the steps necessary to answer the question. ( b ) answer the question. 54. consider this question : what is the molarity of hcl if 35. 23 ml of a solution of hcl contain 0. 3366 g of hcl? ( a ) outline the steps necessary to answer the question. ( b ) answer ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.03789535164833069,
0.035431403666734695,
0.04830766096711159,
0.008479535579681396,
-0.05011618509888649,
-0.03403104841709137,
0.02029688097536564,
0.029330981895327568,
-0.041353605687618256,
0.07238616794347763,
0.044615600258111954,
-0.012782036326825619,
-0.01356596127152443,
-0.041... |
what is the molarity of ca2 + in milk? 58. what volume of a 1. 00 - m fe ( no3 ) 3 solution can be diluted to prepare 1. 00 l of a solution with a concentration of 0. 250 m? 59. if 0. 1718 l of a 0. 3556 - m c3h7oh solution is diluted to a concentration of 0. 1222 m, what is the volume of the resulting solution? 60. if... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.013284428045153618,
0.028533948585391045,
0.04056943580508232,
-0.020553957670927048,
-0.05454171076416969,
-0.046461813151836395,
0.02467813342809677,
0.0195930115878582,
-0.04533260688185692,
0.044838257133960724,
0.014675180427730083,
0.030797913670539856,
-0.012855631299316883,
0.002... |
when 225. 5 ml of a 0. 09988 - m solution of na2co3 is allowed to evaporate until the solution volume is reduced to 45. 00 ml? 65. a 2. 00 - l bottle of a solution of concentrated hcl was purchased for the general chemistry laboratory. the solution contained 868. 8 g of hcl. what is the molarity of the solution? 156 3 ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.014518801122903824,
0.03636160120368004,
0.039049021899700165,
0.012029592879116535,
-0.04600559175014496,
-0.033193740993738174,
-0.01418391801416874,
0.0015545093920081854,
-0.024998128414154053,
0.07356332987546921,
0.03608640283346176,
-0.01995517499744892,
-0.015552612021565437,
-0.... |
3. 4 other units for solution concentrations 69. consider this question : what mass of a concentrated solution of nitric acid ( 68. 0 % hno3 by mass ) is needed to prepare 400. 0 g of a 10. 0 % solution of hno3 by mass? ( a ) outline the steps necessary to answer the question. ( b ) answer the question. 70. what mass o... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.04533329978585243,
0.01467333547770977,
0.023553945124149323,
0.012701439671218395,
-0.03977937996387482,
-0.011731439270079136,
0.032359931617975235,
0.02464240789413452,
0.00958155281841755,
0.03257577866315842,
0.020031699910759926,
0.002813077764585614,
-0.002758796326816082,
-0.0306... |
76. a throat spray is 1. 40 % by mass phenol, c6h5oh, in water. if the solution has a density of 0. 9956 g / ml, calculate the molarity of the solution. 77. copper ( i ) iodide ( cui ) is often added to table salt as a dietary source of iodine. how many moles of cui are contained in 1. 00 lb ( 454 g ) of table salt con... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0058716414496302605,
-0.005273424554616213,
0.044741738587617874,
0.015047618187963963,
-0.04122939705848694,
-0.03143101558089256,
0.01711909845471382,
-0.010269790887832642,
-0.005468125455081463,
0.0646326020359993,
0.024965450167655945,
-0.0038975479546934366,
0.017304910346865654,
... |
4. 5 quantitative chemical analysis solid - fuel rockets are a central feature in the world ’ s space exploration programs, including the new space launch system being developed by the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ) to replace the retired space shuttle fleet ( figure 4. 1 ). the engines of these... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01349224429577589,
0.040504906326532364,
0.02333971858024597,
0.029536688700318336,
0.021130984649062157,
0.0016945545794442296,
-0.03519843891263008,
-0.0037097877357155085,
0.006533386651426554,
0.02248905785381794,
0.024278581142425537,
0.01634191907942295,
0.001752012292854488,
-0.0... |
4. 1 writing and balancing chemical equations learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • derive chemical equations from narrative descriptions of chemical reactions. • write and balance chemical equations in molecular, total ionic, and net ionic formats. an earlier chapter of this text intr... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.00880084652453661,
-0.0018018578412011266,
0.04208235442638397,
-0.002944647567346692,
-0.022766748443245888,
-0.00566402031108737,
0.03480346128344536,
-0.011603116057813168,
-0.016377268359065056,
0.06678927689790726,
0.03960510715842247,
0.03148430213332176,
0.025006704032421112,
-0.... |
equation, as is done in this example. realize, however, that these coefficients represent the relative numbers of reactants and products, and, therefore, they may be correctly interpreted as ratios. methane and oxygen react to yield carbon dioxide and water in a 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 ratio. this ratio is satisfied if the numbe... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0014591810759156942,
0.012441444210708141,
0.03947674483060837,
-0.013930173590779305,
-0.029415907338261604,
-0.013905785046517849,
0.032223548740148544,
-0.00290024490095675,
0.01133335754275322,
0.07594713568687439,
0.05589926615357399,
0.014464461244642735,
0.030105922371149063,
-0.... |
formula containing that element by the element ’ s subscript in the formula. if an element appears in more than one formula on a given side of the equation, the number of atoms represented in each must be computed and then added together. for example, both product species in the example reaction, co2 and h2o, contain t... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01901201717555523,
0.004996185656636953,
0.025546876713633537,
-0.032741986215114594,
-0.032383304089307785,
0.005532901268452406,
0.032438769936561584,
-0.002002009889110923,
0.013631436973810196,
0.08072472363710403,
0.05195242911577225,
0.018393419682979584,
0.014902501367032528,
-0.... |
4. 1 • writing and balancing chemical equations 161 element reactants products balanced? h 1 2 = 2 1 2 = 2 2 = 2, yes o 1 1 = 1 1 2 = 2 1 = 2, no the numbers of h atoms on the reactant and product sides of the equation are equal, but the numbers of o atoms are not. to achieve balance, the coefficients of the equation m... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.018773475661873817,
0.008527531288564205,
-0.005155072081834078,
-0.026354435831308365,
-0.02072073705494404,
-0.009245728142559528,
0.022888794541358948,
-0.0029072437901049852,
-0.019224870949983597,
0.07259231060743332,
0.03651405870914459,
0.03385760635137558,
0.011452912352979183,
... |
of chemical reactions access for free at openstax. org element reactants products balanced? n 1 2 = 2 1 2 = 2 2 = 2, yes o 1 2 = 2 1 5 = 5 2 = 5, no though nitrogen is balanced, changes in coefficients are needed to balance the number of oxygen atoms. to balance the number of oxygen atoms, a reasonable first attempt wo... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.010743342339992523,
0.0012649705167859793,
-0.0008825359982438385,
-0.012232707813382149,
-0.006479501258581877,
-0.00820261798799038,
0.02494114823639393,
-0.008539610542356968,
0.005933663342148066,
0.0965694785118103,
0.03874766454100609,
0.02274812012910843,
0.007615787908434868,
-0.... |
h atoms by changing the coefficients for the two product species, as shown : this results in seven o atoms on the product side of the equation, an odd number — no integer coefficient can be used with the o2 reactant to yield an odd number, so a fractional coefficient, is used instead to yield a | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.025221463292837143,
-0.0018734954064711928,
-0.009904579259455204,
-0.010614045895636082,
-0.031875841319561005,
-0.013694172725081444,
-0.014365916140377522,
-0.006145883817225695,
0.027807479724287987,
0.06615673750638962,
0.05053727701306343,
-0.02215575985610485,
0.024723490700125694,... |
4. 1 • writing and balancing chemical equations 163 provisional balanced equation : a conventional balanced equation with integer - only coefficients is derived by multiplying each coefficient by 2 : finally with regard to balanced equations, recall that convention dictates use of the smallest whole - number coefficien... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0026175633538514376,
0.026035133749246597,
0.04665607586503029,
-0.008426853455603123,
-0.06192924827337265,
0.0066683609038591385,
0.04132664203643799,
0.017444251105189323,
-0.0074488259851932526,
0.0748218446969986,
0.0414464958012104,
0.023124029859900475,
0.0072322809137403965,
-0.... |
intended use. to illustrate this, consider a reaction between ionic compounds taking place in an aqueous solution. when aqueous solutions of cacl2 and agno3 are mixed, a reaction takes place producing aqueous ca ( no3 ) 2 and solid agcl : this balanced equation, derived in the usual fashion, is called a molecular equat... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.009189006872475147,
0.03480074927210808,
0.03200172632932663,
-0.006368124857544899,
-0.041140202432870865,
-0.01739860139787197,
0.0038491953164339066,
0.0017618703423067927,
0.032005757093429565,
0.07000675052404404,
0.04942626133561134,
0.03185557946562767,
0.008279315195977688,
-0.0... |
ag +. example 4. 2 ionic and molecular equations when carbon dioxide is dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, the mixture reacts to yield aqueous sodium carbonate and liquid water. write balanced molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations for this process. solution begin by identifying formulas ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.005598212592303753,
0.0514751598238945,
0.04719362035393715,
0.00392095698043704,
-0.06525464355945587,
0.005858433432877064,
0.0159287266433239,
0.008127579465508461,
0.024506179615855217,
0.0627080425620079,
0.012019948102533817,
0.035457514226436615,
0.00958465039730072,
-0.047191552... |
4. 2 classifying chemical reactions learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define three common types of chemical reactions ( precipitation, acid - base, and oxidation - reduction ) • classify chemical reactions as one of these three types given appropriate descriptions or chemical equat... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.00564924580976367,
0.015270250849425793,
0.04378289356827736,
-0.024044640362262726,
-0.0322052501142025,
0.010118492878973484,
-0.0362512432038784,
-0.018764689564704895,
0.015642018988728523,
0.05670381709933281,
0.030975818634033203,
0.03250441700220108,
0.03428060933947563,
-0.03003... |
substances with relatively large solubilities are said to be soluble. a substance will precipitate when solution conditions are such that its concentration exceeds its solubility. substances with relatively low solubilities are said to be insoluble, and these are the substances that readily precipitate from solution. m... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0043534948490560055,
0.025681886821985245,
0.03761482983827591,
0.005152752622961998,
-0.04738027602434158,
0.0009879793506115675,
-0.01964728906750679,
0.0039249444380402565,
0.01602623425424099,
0.06878191977739334,
0.05116480216383934,
0.027739524841308594,
0.005492239724844694,
-0.0... |
4. 2 • classifying chemical reactions 167 lead iodide is a bright yellow solid that was formerly used as an artist ’ s pigment known as iodine yellow ( figure 4. 4 ). the properties of pure pbi2 crystals make them useful for fabrication of x - ray and gamma ray detectors. figure 4. 4 a precipitate of pbi2 forms when so... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.00006076405043131672,
0.025543270632624626,
0.0327233225107193,
-0.017007719725370407,
-0.03507472947239876,
-0.018005305901169777,
-0.026721417903900146,
0.0053229485638439655,
0.02797555923461914,
0.055618658661842346,
0.03669336810708046,
0.02469228208065033,
0.03245038166642189,
-0.0... |
, and so a precipitation reaction is expected. the net ionic equation for this reaction, derived in the manner detailed in the previous module, is ( b ) the two possible products for this combination are lic2h3o2 and agcl. the solubility guidelines indicate agcl is insoluble, and so a precipitation reaction is expected... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.005456892307847738,
0.04368260130286217,
0.03091658093035221,
-0.01873835362493992,
-0.05515720695257187,
0.006275865714997053,
-0.016579175367951393,
0.007697791792452335,
0.0347747839987278,
0.05729059502482414,
0.03627019003033638,
-0.0014845806872472167,
0.03910266235470772,
-0.02486... |
this equation confirms that hydrogen chloride is an acid. when dissolved in water, h3o + ions are produced by a chemical reaction in which h + ions are transferred from hcl molecules to h2o molecules ( figure 4. 5 ). | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.02609318122267723,
0.04152638092637062,
0.009572748094797134,
-0.018880899995565414,
-0.009847799316048622,
0.0036685001105070114,
0.02738858573138714,
-0.0016957382904365659,
0.04603949934244156,
0.049422264099121094,
0.008499138988554478,
0.03376216068863869,
0.02827511355280876,
-0.0... |
4. 2 • classifying chemical reactions 169 figure 4. 5 when hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water, ( a ) it reacts as an acid, transferring protons to water molecules to yield ( b ) hydronium ions ( and solvated chloride ions ). the nature of hcl is such that its reaction with water as just described is essentially 1... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01914221979677677,
0.02548820525407791,
0.03851710632443428,
-0.0032840296626091003,
-0.027174685150384903,
0.012766067869961262,
0.03218765929341316,
-0.006513624917715788,
0.032089345157146454,
0.07637876272201538,
0.04465288668870926,
0.009907197207212448,
0.010647349990904331,
-0.02... |
aqueous solution hbr hydrobromic acid hcl hydrochloric acid hi hydroiodic acid hno3 nitric acid hclo4 perchloric acid h2so4 sulfuric acid table 4. 2 a base is a substance that will dissolve in water to yield hydroxide ions, oh−. the most common bases are ionic compounds composed of alkali or alkaline earth metal cation... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.009418225847184658,
0.03568199276924133,
0.03911082074046135,
0.007593679707497358,
-0.0721629187464714,
0.027386488392949104,
0.012102141976356506,
0.0016228536842390895,
0.03823244944214821,
0.05975935608148575,
0.017269687727093697,
0.013484285213053226,
-0.0004889490664936602,
-0.02... |
raw material for chemical synthesis of other compounds, and an active ingredient in household cleaners ( figure 4. 7 ). when dissolved in water, ammonia reacts partially to yield hydroxide ions, as shown here : this is, by definition, an acid - base reaction, in this case involving the transfer of h + ions from water m... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01769757829606533,
0.03474671021103859,
0.0003787511959671974,
-0.010118038393557072,
-0.0541871078312397,
0.016038868576288223,
0.007773608434945345,
0.012686149217188358,
0.04394235461950302,
0.04643084108829498,
0.004726192448288202,
0.012501255609095097,
0.008100052364170551,
-0.019... |
4. 2 • classifying chemical reactions 171 figure 4. 7 ammonia is a weak base used in a variety of applications. ( a ) pure ammonia is commonly applied as an agricultural fertilizer. ( b ) dilute solutions of ammonia are effective household cleansers. ( credit a : modification of work by national resources conservation ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.006713033653795719,
0.011769616045057774,
0.04041561111807823,
0.02631560154259205,
-0.03565353527665138,
0.01351883914321661,
0.011748423799872398,
0.00958955567330122,
0.015509211458265781,
0.045690227299928665,
0.023232661187648773,
0.01399163343012333,
0.000011262058251304552,
-0.02... |
) and the anion generated when the acid transfers its hydrogen ion check your learning write the net ionic equation representing the neutralization of any strong acid with an ionic hydroxide. ( hint : consider the ions produced when a strong acid is dissolved in water. ) answer : 172 4 • stoichiometry of chemical react... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.0003799123514909297,
0.03209510073065758,
0.04360326752066612,
0.019594788551330566,
-0.05177084729075432,
0.0057166521437466145,
-0.009806405752897263,
0.03892284631729126,
0.005079896189272404,
0.04412448778748512,
0.010949560441076756,
-0.016299739480018616,
0.03529057651758194,
-0.04... |
##xide to balance the side effects of the two substances. chemistry in everyday life culinary aspects of chemistry examples of acid - base chemistry are abundant in the culinary world. one example is the use of baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate in baking. nahco3 is a base. when it reacts with an acid such as lemon jui... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.028790758922696114,
0.008010917343199253,
0.03852365165948868,
-0.024540187790989876,
-0.06286995112895966,
0.0016916225431486964,
-0.007371183019131422,
0.009229968301951885,
0.046242956072092056,
0.060947269201278687,
0.03818235546350479,
-0.03447894752025604,
0.0550931952893734,
-0.0... |
4. 2 • classifying chemical reactions 173 link to learning explore the microscopic view ( http : / / openstax. org / l / 16acidsbases ) of strong and weak acids and bases. oxidation - reduction reactions earth ’ s atmosphere contains about 20 % molecular oxygen, o2, a chemically reactive gas that plays an essential rol... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.041540343314409256,
0.003144313348457217,
-0.0050577204674482346,
0.005781823303550482,
-0.013739220798015594,
-0.001498267869465053,
-0.006613562349230051,
-0.0060289655812084675,
-0.0019770057406276464,
0.0643683448433876,
0.02442394196987152,
-0.01438929233700037,
0.027047641575336456,... |
byproduct of the pickling process changes the flavor of the vegetables with the acid making them taste sour. 174 4 • stoichiometry of chemical reactions access for free at openstax. org these equations show that na atoms lose electrons while cl atoms ( in the cl2 molecule ) gain electrons, the “ s ” subscripts for the ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.044059038162231445,
0.02193290926516056,
0.00021499241120181978,
0.020330743864178658,
-0.03774457052350044,
-0.001692328485660255,
-0.03422282263636589,
-0.010960773564875126,
-0.027022182941436768,
0.05414102226495743,
0.03832479193806648,
0.002263080794364214,
0.01867523603141308,
-0... |
metals oxygen : −2 in most compounds, sometimes −1 ( so - called peroxides, very rarely ( so - called superoxides, positive values when combined with f ( values vary ) halogens : −1 for f always, −1 for other halogens except when combined with oxygen or other halogens ( positive oxidation numbers in these cases, varyin... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.015376238152384758,
0.01734972558915615,
0.017400428652763367,
0.0054379478096961975,
-0.025550169870257378,
-0.0061231134459376335,
0.011930249631404877,
-0.017773659899830818,
-0.0002918326936196536,
0.04533980041742325,
0.0771542340517044,
0.015340798534452915,
0.04559605196118355,
-... |
4. 2 • classifying chemical reactions 175 solution ( a ) according to guideline 3, the oxidation number for h is + 1. using this oxidation number and the compound ’ s formula, guideline 4 may then be used to calculate the oxidation number for sulfur : ( b ) guideline 3 suggests the oxidation number for oxygen is −2. us... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.02133968099951744,
0.04470940679311752,
0.014314289204776287,
0.008783568628132343,
-0.0248120054602623,
0.02255282923579216,
-0.031071936711668968,
-0.0317164808511734,
-0.011133912019431591,
0.06746917217969894,
0.056325484067201614,
0.0020545271690934896,
0.03893396258354187,
-0.0239... |
and chlorine is reduced ( its oxidation number decreases from 0 in cl2 to −1 in nacl ). in the reaction between molecular hydrogen and chlorine, hydrogen is oxidized ( its oxidation number increases from 0 in h2 to + 1 in hcl ) and chlorine is reduced ( its oxidation number decreases from 0 in 176 4 • stoichiometry of ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03089425526559353,
0.028482411056756973,
0.01406953763216734,
0.040945447981357574,
0.0010697662364691496,
0.009070005267858505,
-0.056620869785547256,
-0.011483334004878998,
0.013636660762131214,
0.06329886615276337,
0.05728815495967865,
0.010407320223748684,
0.015751415863633156,
-0.0... |
are reduced to elemental silver at the surface of the copper wire, and the resulting cu2 + ions dissolve in the solution to yield a characteristic blue color ( figure 4. 9 ). figure 4. 9 ( a ) a copper wire is shown next to a solution containing silver ( i ) ions. ( b ) displacement of dissolved silver ions by copper i... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.026580458506941795,
-0.008804017677903175,
0.021326541900634766,
0.0150479506701231,
-0.042526256293058395,
-0.013483264483511448,
-0.02191813662648201,
-0.0034910356625914574,
0.04869750887155533,
0.07897007465362549,
0.0435587540268898,
0.029331956058740616,
0.03249703347682953,
0.012... |
4. 2 • classifying chemical reactions 177 solution redox reactions are identified per definition if one or more elements undergo a change in oxidation number. ( a ) this is not a redox reaction, since oxidation numbers remain unchanged for all elements. ( b ) this is a redox reaction. gallium is oxidized, its oxidation... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.010922594927251339,
0.008599765598773956,
-0.007607136853039265,
0.02071414142847061,
0.00787871889770031,
0.018840108066797256,
-0.028165042400360107,
-0.04128623381257057,
-0.011988122947514057,
0.07603666931390762,
0.05263712629675865,
-0.004277159459888935,
0.029132265597581863,
-0.0... |
equation describes the production of tin ( ii ) chloride : is this a redox reaction? if so, provide a more specific name for the reaction if appropriate, and identify the oxidant and reductant. answer : yes, a single - replacement reaction. sn ( s ) is the reductant, hcl ( g ) is the oxidant. balancing redox reactions ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.030435653403401375,
0.024345166981220245,
0.0005703757051378489,
0.0136954914778471,
-0.0456644743680954,
-0.01853429526090622,
0.03454556688666344,
-0.015687117353081703,
0.019066153094172478,
0.07335258275270462,
0.07167743891477585,
0.003378834342584014,
0.02798669971525669,
-0.06494... |
• stoichiometry of chemical reactions access for free at openstax. org 9. finally, check to see that both the number of atoms and the total charges1 are balanced. example 4. 7 balancing redox reactions in acidic solution write a balanced equation for the reaction between dichromate ion and iron ( ii ) to yield iron ( i... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.024215010926127434,
0.007572709117084742,
0.03714759275317192,
-0.017466451972723007,
-0.043495211750268936,
-0.013305125758051872,
0.04518349468708038,
-0.015071823261678219,
0.011926809325814247,
0.06247381120920181,
0.033079199492931366,
0.009217324666678905,
0.043858032673597336,
-0... |
) = 12 + on the left side ion and 14 h + ions ). the total charge on the right side is ( 2 3 + ) = 6 + ( 2 cr3 + ions ). adding six electrons to 1 the requirement of “ charge balance ” is just a specific type of “ mass balance ” in which the species in question are electrons. an equation must represent equal numbers of... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0288294218480587,
0.02437673881649971,
0.011711757630109787,
-0.001189941307529807,
-0.03626197203993797,
-0.004133389797061682,
0.027594003826379776,
-0.01629461534321308,
-0.009443244896829128,
0.030807308852672577,
0.017253616824746132,
0.02301103062927723,
0.023754853755235672,
-0.0... |
4. 2 • classifying chemical reactions 179 the left side will bring that side ’ s total charge to ( 12 + + 6− ) = 6 +, and charge balance is achieved. step 6. multiply the two half - reactions so the number of electrons in one reaction equals the number of electrons in the other reaction. to be consistent with mass cons... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03266759216785431,
0.0222014170140028,
0.017475830391049385,
0.008894757367670536,
-0.018765157088637352,
0.013209225609898567,
0.032829463481903076,
-0.00038359255995601416,
0.0082901231944561,
0.06955593079328537,
0.029155369848012924,
0.005963827017694712,
0.031587228178977966,
-0.04... |
4. 3 reaction stoichiometry learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the concept of stoichiometry as it pertains to chemical reactions • use balanced chemical equations to derive stoichiometric factors relating amounts of reactants and products • perform stoichiometric calculation... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.022592514753341675,
0.02674579806625843,
0.026250386610627174,
0.0025572774466127157,
-0.0653848871588707,
0.00894109159708023,
0.02388467825949192,
-0.013017094694077969,
0.013376151211559772,
0.057009678333997726,
0.030337784439325333,
0.01667538471519947,
0.005278731230646372,
-0.0281... |
the balanced equation are used to derive stoichiometric factors that permit computation of the desired quantity. to illustrate this idea, consider the production of ammonia by reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen : this equation shows ammonia molecules are produced from hydrogen molecules in a 2 : 3 ratio, and stoichiomet... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.00965240877121687,
0.03712140768766403,
0.022092832252383232,
0.012455650605261326,
-0.062042757868766785,
-0.016061894595623016,
0.0007091786246746778,
0.0044121709652245045,
-0.0068877339363098145,
0.05353103205561638,
0.038121920078992844,
0.00719430623576045,
-0.0007650501211173832,
... |
2. 04 mol example 4. 9 number of product molecules generated by a reaction how many carbon dioxide molecules are produced when 0. 75 mol of propane is combusted according to this equation? solution the approach here is the same as for example 4. 8, though the absolute number of molecules is requested, not the number of... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.025145268067717552,
0.011102724820375443,
0.05396634340286255,
0.005068537779152393,
-0.008627474308013916,
-0.0003277149226050824,
-0.03367522731423378,
-0.0032039633952081203,
0.011286264285445213,
0.04896848648786545,
0.05182119458913803,
0.010196864604949951,
0.010095890611410141,
-0... |
4. 8 1024 nh3 molecules these examples illustrate the ease with which the amounts of substances involved in a chemical reaction of known stoichiometry may be related. directly measuring numbers of atoms and molecules is, however, not an 182 4 • stoichiometry of chemical reactions access for free at openstax. org easy t... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.008832908235490322,
0.00964313093572855,
0.04643268138170242,
0.03432593122124672,
-0.04414286091923714,
-0.003437686711549759,
0.004923022352159023,
-0.026459939777851105,
0.010088146664202213,
0.054292500019073486,
0.03317290544509888,
0.004511373583227396,
-0.008092832751572132,
-0.03... |
##o3 according to the equation answer : 13. 22 g these examples illustrate just a few instances of reaction stoichiometry calculations. numerous variations on the beginning and ending computational steps are possible depending upon what particular quantities are provided and sought ( volumes, solution concentrations, a... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.014157358556985855,
0.003591719549149275,
0.02818005345761776,
0.015659620985388756,
-0.04814599081873894,
-0.008257710374891758,
0.010977081023156643,
0.01593363843858242,
-0.00504441000521183,
0.07459820061922073,
0.060240741819143295,
0.01204637624323368,
-0.019497130066156387,
-0.034... |
4. 4 reaction yields learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the concepts of theoretical yield and limiting reactants / reagents. • derive the theoretical yield for a reaction under specified conditions. • calculate the percent yield for a reaction. the relative amounts of reacta... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.003744663204997778,
0.007773287128657103,
0.031068187206983566,
-0.008817451074719429,
-0.03311214596033096,
-0.009635087102651596,
-0.009403029456734657,
-0.018409671261906624,
-0.000032970514439512044,
0.0546686053276062,
0.010053835809230804,
-0.00282517378218472,
0.041457273066043854,... |
ensure its proper function. for example, a small mass ( ~ 100 g ) of nan3 will generate approximately 50 l of n2. figure 4. 12 airbags deploy upon impact to minimize serious injuries to passengers. ( credit : jon seidman ) | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.018547605723142624,
0.033877067267894745,
0.04878730699419975,
0.0055442205630242825,
-0.035245563834905624,
-0.02133975178003311,
-0.008206839673221111,
-0.005904145538806915,
0.035957369953393936,
0.03778854385018349,
0.03238987550139427,
-0.017519904300570488,
0.032443076372146606,
-0... |
4. 4 • reaction yields 185 provided with 28 slices of bread and 11 slices of cheese, one may prepare 11 sandwiches per the provided recipe, using all the provided cheese and having six slices of bread left over. in this scenario, the number of sandwiches prepared has been limited by the number of cheese slices, and the... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0062476349994540215,
0.040277149528265,
0.027602864429354668,
0.023943226784467697,
-0.04134741425514221,
0.00045534042874351144,
-0.007756548468023539,
-0.013000644743442535,
0.005576781928539276,
0.08684418350458145,
0.013740587048232555,
-0.009863116778433323,
0.008098023943603039,
-... |
##hiometry. the reactant yielding the lesser amount of product is the limiting reactant. for the example in the previous paragraph, complete reaction of the hydrogen would yield complete reaction of the provided chlorine would produce 186 4 • stoichiometry of chemical reactions access for free at openstax. org the chlo... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.012257955968379974,
0.04009563848376274,
0.020773006603121758,
0.011842761188745499,
-0.030360544100403786,
-0.017844900488853455,
-0.01225544698536396,
-0.015702882781624794,
0.012873124331235886,
0.07700642198324203,
0.021831491962075233,
-0.008074954152107239,
-0.013224022462964058,
-... |
4. 4 • reaction yields 187 comparing these ratios shows that si is provided in a less - than - stoichiometric amount, and so is the limiting reactant. alternatively, compute the amount of product expected for complete reaction of each of the provided reactants. the 0. 0712 moles of silicon would yield while the 0. 0535... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0013859679456800222,
0.0033663236536085606,
0.012165804393589497,
-0.01812031865119934,
-0.021730955690145493,
0.0013725506141781807,
0.013438615016639233,
-0.045965526252985,
0.013811437413096428,
0.0652472972869873,
0.02257980965077877,
-0.008881712332367897,
0.000012212353794893716,
... |
sulfate as the limiting reactant, and so the theoretical yield is found by the approach illustrated in the previous module, as shown here : 188 4 • stoichiometry of chemical reactions access for free at openstax. org using this theoretical yield and the provided value for actual yield, the percent yield is calculated t... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03567611798644066,
0.008237912319600582,
0.00444072624668479,
-0.008637829683721066,
-0.022480962797999382,
0.014465300366282463,
-0.012800484895706177,
-0.027852987870573997,
0.00140214036218822,
0.034010425209999084,
0.01999705657362938,
-0.02175847627222538,
0.015334665775299072,
-0.... |
ibuprofen was produced using a six - step synthesis that required 514 g of reactants to generate each mole ( 206 g ) of ibuprofen, an atom economy of 40 %. in the 1990s, an alternative process was developed by the bhc company ( now basf corporation ) that requires only three steps and has an atom economy of ~ 80 %, nea... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.026568766683340073,
0.017448430880904198,
-0.012517244555056095,
0.006766919512301683,
-0.04048221558332443,
0.0023789366241544485,
-0.011934282258152962,
0.010614407248795033,
-0.009829132817685604,
0.031149545684456825,
0.029118241742253304,
-0.026626113802194595,
0.016631022095680237,
... |
4. 5 quantitative chemical analysis learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the fundamental aspects of titrations and gravimetric analysis. • perform stoichiometric calculations using typical titration and gravimetric data. in the 18th century, the strength ( actually the concen... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.011733772233128548,
0.02514026127755642,
0.04372327774763107,
-0.015384525991976261,
-0.047276899218559265,
0.010691079311072826,
-0.02514430694282055,
-0.00374421663582325,
0.005738674197345972,
0.043982911854982376,
0.0060151428915560246,
-0.027835702523589134,
-0.02156771719455719,
-... |
##trant and analyte undergo a chemical reaction of known stoichiometry, and so measuring the volume of titrant solution required for complete reaction with the analyte ( the equivalence point of the titration ) allows calculation of the analyte concentration. the equivalence point of a titration may be detected visuall... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.023439887911081314,
0.017978699877858162,
0.029736971482634544,
0.006460151169449091,
-0.07571545243263245,
-0.024134783074259758,
-0.02074524573981762,
-0.0053216940723359585,
-0.000026265908672939986,
0.05659434199333191,
-0.004782919306308031,
0.007575986906886101,
-0.01577189937233925... |
4. 5 • quantitative chemical analysis 191 example 4. 14 titration analysis the end point in a titration of a 50. 00 - ml sample of aqueous hcl was reached by addition of 35. 23 ml of 0. 250 m naoh titrant. the titration reaction is : what is the molarity of the hcl? solution as for all reaction stoichiometry calculatio... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.018836038187146187,
0.02765766717493534,
0.02797512710094452,
0.008340246044099331,
-0.06093622371554375,
-0.0178016759455204,
0.033382829278707504,
-0.01133499015122652,
0.009463532827794552,
0.05705370754003525,
0.01588303968310356,
0.019889216870069504,
-0.026746220886707306,
-0.02690... |
0. 2648 m gravimetric analysis a gravimetric analysis is one in which a sample is subjected to some treatment that causes a change in the physical state of the analyte that permits its separation from the other components of the sample. mass measurements of the sample, the isolated analyte, or some other component of t... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.03921651095151901,
0.026080520823597908,
0.019748346880078316,
0.000767185294535011,
-0.032649848610162735,
0.04284073784947395,
-0.011839509941637516,
0.00436748331412673,
0.015556872822344303,
0.03180091083049774,
0.029733991250395775,
0.003212649142369628,
0.002206701785326004,
-0.06... |
4. 5 • quantitative chemical analysis 193 figure 4. 17 precipitate may be removed from a reaction mixture by filtration. example 4. 15 gravimetric analysis a 0. 4550 - g solid mixture containing mgso4 is dissolved in water and treated with an excess of ba ( no3 ) 2, resulting in the precipitation of 0. 6168 g of baso4.... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.01483092363923788,
0.03736751899123192,
0.03363227844238281,
0.003366072429344058,
-0.01946341246366501,
0.006266850512474775,
-0.012833606451749802,
-0.005122812930494547,
0.021840645000338554,
-0.002646921668201685,
0.05239562317728996,
0.0006577774765901268,
0.0039661056362092495,
-0.... |
the mass of the absorbed product and may be used in an appropriate stoichiometric calculation to derive the mass of the relevant element. figure 4. 18 this schematic diagram illustrates the basic components of a combustion analysis device for determining the carbon and hydrogen content of a sample. | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.014912172220647335,
0.0008841771632432938,
0.012920410372316837,
-0.0033234606962651014,
-0.02412126399576664,
0.031869690865278244,
-0.01481600385159254,
-0.04769466444849968,
0.018885517492890358,
0.002774899359792471,
0.03043978288769722,
-0.004585299640893936,
0.007589458487927914,
... |
4. 5 • quantitative chemical analysis 195 example 4. 16 combustion analysis polyethylene is a hydrocarbon polymer used to produce food - storage bags and many other flexible plastic items. a combustion analysis of a 0. 00126 - g sample of polyethylene yields 0. 00394 g of co2 and 0. 00161 g of h2o. what is the empirica... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.017620397731661797,
0.03723800554871559,
0.04483505338430405,
-0.028442787006497383,
-0.050049565732479095,
0.027693353593349457,
-0.0022809437941759825,
0.006936707068234682,
0.02138671651482582,
0.0349373035132885,
0.048682812601327896,
-0.00738569675013423,
0.018231455236673355,
-0.0... |
4. 5 • quantitative chemical analysis 197 key terms acid substance that produces h3o + when dissolved in water acid - base reaction reaction involving the transfer of a hydrogen ion between reactant species actual yield amount of product formed in a reaction analyte chemical species of interest balanced equation chemic... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01477211806923151,
0.009629701264202595,
0.015074605122208595,
0.0023950915783643723,
-0.03037983924150467,
0.01721399836242199,
0.015231160447001457,
-0.006533374078571796,
0.003899875096976757,
0.03384678065776825,
0.020650964230298996,
0.03134587034583092,
-0.003401699010282755,
-0.0... |
of relatively low solubility ; dissolving only to a slight extent limiting reactant reactant present in an amount lower than required by the reaction stoichiometry, thus limiting the amount of product generated molecular equation chemical equation in which all reactants and products are represented as neutral substance... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.030258934944868088,
0.01816745661199093,
-0.002138705924153328,
0.01145529467612505,
-0.011181180365383625,
-0.008086776360869408,
-0.0217702928930521,
-0.007855411618947983,
-0.0058776154182851315,
0.05938126519322395,
0.05778981000185013,
0.004216344095766544,
0.024510668590664864,
-0... |
acid with a base that contains a cation and an anion other than hydroxide or oxide single - displacement reaction ( also, replacement ) redox reaction involving the oxidation of an elemental substance by an ionic species solubility the extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent soluble of rel... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.017273392528295517,
0.030015846714377403,
0.0198823269456625,
-0.011898613534867764,
-0.025759108364582062,
0.013203982263803482,
0.007152031175792217,
-0.004000472836196423,
0.016849499195814133,
0.06226470693945885,
0.02419379912316799,
0.02693663351237774,
0.006649873685091734,
-0.04... |
##ally by complete ionic equations and, more succinctly, by net ionic equations. 4. 2 classifying chemical reactions chemical reactions are classified according to similar patterns of behavior. a large number of important reactions are included in three categories : precipitation, acid - base, and oxidation - reduction... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.005561499856412411,
0.021977700293064117,
0.014211112633347511,
-0.025251727551221848,
-0.040042199194431305,
0.005847287364304066,
-0.002118408214300871,
-0.026785722002387047,
0.006955060642212629,
0.0728641077876091,
0.03575731813907623,
0.032303791493177414,
0.028990376740694046,
-0... |
4. 5 quantitative chemical analysis the stoichiometry of chemical reactions may serve as the basis for quantitative chemical analysis methods. titrations involve measuring the volume of a titrant solution required to completely react with a sample solution. this volume is then used to calculate the concentration of ana... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.00469575310125947,
0.032736703753471375,
0.031351614743471146,
-0.0083120446652174,
-0.015820778906345367,
0.03374643996357918,
-0.011184189468622208,
-0.010975856333971024,
0.0188988596200943,
0.023200396448373795,
0.0380399115383625,
0.020865757018327713,
-0.0107645895332098,
-0.03686... |
4. 1 writing and balancing chemical equations 1. what does it mean to say an equation is balanced? why is it important for an equation to be balanced? 2. consider molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations. ( a ) what is the difference between these types of equations? ( b ) in what circumstance would the compl... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.010733765549957752,
0.03457452356815338,
0.020263081416487694,
0.018687071278691292,
-0.03175186365842819,
-0.01394585706293583,
0.021246133372187614,
0.0034185154363512993,
0.004303914960473776,
0.06892777979373932,
0.03301307186484337,
0.049022432416677475,
0.011856378987431526,
-0.067... |
org 7. colorful fireworks often involve the decomposition of barium nitrate and potassium chlorate and the reaction of the metals magnesium, aluminum, and iron with oxygen. ( a ) write the formulas of barium nitrate and potassium chlorate. ( b ) the decomposition of solid potassium chlorate leads to the formation of so... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0022987709380686283,
0.035415273159742355,
0.04034058004617691,
0.03238861635327339,
-0.043989699333906174,
0.014021196402609348,
-0.01072603464126587,
0.018231144174933434,
0.03364439308643341,
0.04712792485952377,
0.047510068863630295,
0.003294065361842513,
0.019818255677819252,
-0.06... |
) the second step is the formation of solid calcium hydroxide as the only product from the reaction of the solid calcium oxide with liquid water. ( c ) solid calcium hydroxide is then added to the seawater, reacting with dissolved magnesium chloride to yield solid magnesium hydroxide and aqueous calcium chloride. ( d )... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.02201346680521965,
0.03755125775933266,
0.03153029456734657,
-0.006977969314903021,
-0.05124397948384285,
0.002513510175049305,
0.00013502904039341956,
0.026580294594168663,
0.04113909229636192,
0.059327226132154465,
0.01702207699418068,
0.05370462313294411,
0.022976867854595184,
-0.050... |
4. 2 classifying chemical reactions 12. use the following equations to answer the next four questions : i. ii. iii. iv. v. ( a ) which equation describes a physical change? ( b ) which equation identifies the reactants and products of a combustion reaction? ( c ) which equation is not balanced? ( d ) which is a net ion... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.015645746141672134,
0.01808127574622631,
0.02467372454702854,
0.004677286837249994,
-0.008444185368716717,
0.0009385129087604582,
-0.022709600627422333,
-0.004266816191375256,
0.0059916251339018345,
0.07289975881576538,
0.053326040506362915,
0.045079123228788376,
0.05146871134638786,
-0.... |
reactions : ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) ( f ) 20. identify the atoms that are oxidized and reduced, the change in oxidation state for each, and the oxidizing and reducing agents in each of the following equations : ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) ( f ) 202 4 • exercises access for free at openstax. org 21. complete and... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.004338513594120741,
-0.00037681462708860636,
0.03746205195784569,
0.026368003338575363,
-0.04100343957543373,
0.011865023523569107,
-0.030863836407661438,
0.0067197890020906925,
0.004699544049799442,
0.06470688432455063,
0.0324908010661602,
0.02120424434542656,
0.037161704152822495,
-0.0... |
this reaction. 27. the military has experimented with lasers that produce very intense light when fluorine combines explosively with hydrogen. what is the balanced equation for this reaction? 28. write the molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations for the following reactions : ( a ) ( b ) 29. great lakes chemical... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.004192824009805918,
0.026576409116387367,
0.045191440731287,
0.0213371142745018,
-0.04844316467642784,
0.027085337787866592,
-0.010546041652560234,
0.011783693917095661,
0.025015151128172874,
0.056802794337272644,
0.03141479194164276,
0.013342434540390968,
0.037065111100673676,
-0.06562... |
. write the two equations which represent these reactions. 4 • exercises 203 35. write balanced chemical equations for the reactions used to prepare each of the following compounds from the given starting material ( s ). in some cases, additional reactants may be required. ( a ) solid ammonium nitrate from gaseous mole... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.027374472469091415,
0.03361416235566139,
0.05057023465633392,
0.01772281900048256,
-0.03681306168437004,
-0.013288028538227081,
-0.011698132380843163,
0.010579616762697697,
0.00299840047955513,
0.05568505823612213,
0.012138632126152515,
0.015137194655835629,
0.005531143397092819,
-0.067... |
solution ) ( h ) ( in acidic solution ) 39. balance each of the following equations according to the half - reaction method : ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) 40. balance each of the following equations according to the half - reaction method : ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) ( f ) ( g ) 41. balance each of the following eq... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.0021965987980365753,
0.02999999187886715,
0.02417699620127678,
0.021164724603295326,
-0.06471702456474304,
-0.009232637472450733,
0.030374672263860703,
0.024612925946712494,
0.010121350176632404,
0.07766223698854446,
0.019628077745437622,
0.05835868418216705,
0.03985406830906868,
-0.0614... |
4. 3 reaction stoichiometry 42. write the balanced equation, then outline the steps necessary to determine the information requested in each of the following : ( a ) the number of moles and the mass of chlorine, cl2, required to react with 10. 0 g of sodium metal, na, to produce sodium chloride, nacl. ( b ) the number ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.029652489349246025,
0.009580753743648529,
0.04597276449203491,
0.025508174672722816,
-0.042017612606287,
0.016711022704839706,
0.003612685715779662,
0.006258117500692606,
0.02931870147585869,
0.04648924618959427,
0.06620678305625916,
0.021495215594768524,
0.008142081089317799,
-0.0490346... |
. ( e ) the number of moles and the mass of barium peroxide, bao2, needed to produce 2. 500 kg of barium oxide, bao ( o2 is the other product. ) ( f ) 45. determine the number of moles and the mass requested for each reaction in exercise 4. 44. 46. h2 is produced by the reaction of 118. 5 ml of a 0. 8775 - m solution o... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0015302124666050076,
0.03551524505019188,
0.023820361122488976,
0.040359675884246826,
-0.05515435338020325,
-0.0036037988029420376,
-0.0314168706536293,
-0.01497416477650404,
0.01651705428957939,
0.042950063943862915,
0.04578263685107231,
0.012509437277913094,
0.009063873440027237,
-0.0... |
##paper and in other applications. it is prepared by the reaction of pure sand, sio2, with carbon at high temperature. carbon monoxide, co, is the other product of this reaction. write the balanced equation for the reaction, and calculate how much sio2 is required to produce 3. 00 kg of sic. 52. automotive air bags inf... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.008422430604696274,
0.02953198552131653,
0.039764195680618286,
0.008215229958295822,
-0.03709610179066658,
0.008084462955594063,
-0.029736245051026344,
-0.01502127293497324,
0.0039918990805745125,
0.04899599775671959,
0.03955262899398804,
0.01496586762368679,
0.03497974947094917,
-0.0474... |
of cu ( no3 ) 2? 58. a mordant is a substance that combines with a dye to produce a stable fixed color in a dyed fabric. calcium acetate is used as a mordant. it is prepared by the reaction of acetic acid with calcium hydroxide. what mass of ca ( oh ) 2 is required to react with the acetic acid in 25. 0 ml of a solutio... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.018396614119410515,
-0.013096497394144535,
0.04423480108380318,
-0.011313230730593204,
-0.03510308265686035,
-0.009856360964477062,
-0.023801535367965698,
-0.00028755125822499394,
0.02380838617682457,
0.009366746991872787,
0.037002477794885635,
-0.010820855386555195,
0.054939303547143936,... |
88. 0 g of diatomic oxygen. ( a ) what is the total mass in grams for the collection of all three elements? ( b ) what is the total number of moles of atoms for the three elements? ( c ) if the mixture of the three elements formed a compound with molecules that contain two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom, and four oxyg... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.006672787945717573,
-0.010651464574038982,
0.038400523364543915,
-0.009301203303039074,
-0.022012585774064064,
0.006627981085330248,
-0.009617834351956844,
-0.00807938165962696,
0.030085792765021324,
0.04461805522441864,
0.040502917021512985,
-0.013931346125900745,
0.008611884899437428,
... |
32. 9 g of ccl4. freon - 12 has been banned and is no longer used as a refrigerant because it catalyzes the decomposition of ozone and has a very long lifetime in the atmosphere. determine the percent yield. 66. citric acid, c6h8o7, a component of jams, jellies, and fruity soft drinks, is prepared industrially via ferm... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.030243655666708946,
0.02995218336582184,
0.02525958977639675,
0.01769038662314415,
-0.04547419399023056,
0.0048614200204610825,
-0.024477418512105942,
-0.014050617814064026,
-0.008547212928533554,
0.047305867075920105,
0.01955917850136757,
-0.016153911128640175,
0.03312321752309799,
-0.... |
from the reaction of 1. 500 l of c2h5oh ( d = 0. 7894 g / ml )? 70. outline the steps needed to determine the limiting reactant when 30. 0 g of propane, c3h8, is burned with | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.005166491027921438,
0.006054062861949205,
0.03252265229821205,
0.0682094544172287,
-0.02345447428524494,
0.016511477530002594,
0.012617941945791245,
-0.018600448966026306,
0.009198199026286602,
0.0740790143609047,
0.03329144045710564,
-0.0023210207000374794,
-0.03265269473195076,
-0.029... |
75. 0 g of oxygen. determine the limiting reactant. 71. outline the steps needed to determine the limiting reactant when 0. 50 mol of cr and 0. 75 mol of h3po4 react according to the following chemical equation. determine the limiting reactant. 72. what is the limiting reactant when 1. 50 g of lithium and 1. 50 g of ni... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.016697756946086884,
0.010626137256622314,
0.005567553453147411,
0.04611523821949959,
-0.004508753772825003,
-0.008120747283101082,
0.00228707492351532,
-0.00706708338111639,
0.01671900600194931,
0.07968010008335114,
0.05857665091753006,
0.00716723408550024,
0.026836028322577477,
-0.04255... |
percent yield if 10. 0 g of p4o10 is isolated from the reaction. 4 • exercises 207 77. would you agree to buy 1 trillion ( 1, 000, 000, 000, 000 ) gold atoms for $ 5? explain why or why not. find the current price of gold at http : / / money. cnn. com / data / commodities / | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.03696508705615997,
0.020019391551613808,
-0.0205529872328043,
0.0450117252767086,
-0.003185029374435544,
-0.026094617322087288,
0.02140907756984234,
0.02061321958899498,
0.02581970952451229,
0.05060351639986038,
0.0364801287651062,
0.007345813792198896,
0.007949693128466606,
0.0073820156... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.