text stringlengths 1 3.55k | source stringlengths 24 207 | emb listlengths 1.02k 1.02k |
|---|---|---|
11. 8 cohesion and adhesion in liquids : surface tension and capillary action learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • understand cohesive and adhesive forces. • define surface tension. • understand capillary action. cohesion and adhesion in liquids children blow soap bubbles and play in ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.004002710338681936,
0.04441961273550987,
0.016818717122077942,
0.03418475389480591,
0.010915018618106842,
0.00263565918430686,
-0.008426155894994736,
-0.014436430297791958,
0.024036714807152748,
0.04460286721587181,
-0.002882756292819977,
0.03518031910061836,
-0.0018843781435862184,
-0.... |
11. 46 cohesive forces attractive forces between molecules of the same type are called cohesive forces. adhesive forces attractive forces between molecules of different types are called adhesive forces. 464 11 • fluid statics access for free at openstax. org figure 11. 24 the soap bubbles in this photograph are caused ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.021449847146868706,
0.03664478659629822,
0.04853004962205887,
0.030132194980978966,
-0.014160547405481339,
0.018921157345175743,
-0.0021364169660955667,
-0.035988885909318924,
-0.0006716822972521186,
0.05045191943645477,
0.03191675618290901,
-0.0028051978442817926,
-0.027950704097747803,
... |
11. 8 • cohesion and adhesion in liquids : surface tension and capillary action 465 figure 11. 25 surface tension supporting the weight of an insect and an iron needle, both of which rest on the surface without penetrating it. they are not floating ; rather, they are supported by the surface of the liquid. ( a ) an ins... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.00983823835849762,
0.0003312222834210843,
0.024785028770565987,
0.022616883739829063,
-0.004518568515777588,
0.028649281710386276,
0.013163294643163681,
-0.015950363129377365,
0.02910187654197216,
0.030587369576096535,
0.0015727562131360173,
-0.003584944410249591,
-0.010171153582632542,
... |
11. 48 466 11 • fluid statics access for free at openstax. org figure 11. 26 sliding wire device used for measuring surface tension ; the device exerts a force to reduce the film ’ s surface area. the force needed to hold the wire in place is, since there are two liquid surfaces attached to the wire. this force remains... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.015187891200184822,
0.05095512792468071,
0.03142952173948288,
0.01860341615974903,
-0.02652250975370407,
-0.004048885777592659,
-0.013327292166650295,
-0.01026510912925005,
0.043379854410886765,
0.04890725761651993,
0.03234175965189934,
-0.02008967660367489,
-0.025154270231723785,
-0.033... |
0. 00012 table 11. 3 surface tension of some liquids1 example 11. 11 surface tension : pressure inside a bubble calculate the gauge pressure inside a soap bubble in radius using the surface tension for soapy water in table 11. 3. convert this pressure to mm hg. strategy the radius is given and the surface tension can b... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.02509554661810398,
0.02166224643588066,
0.033497609198093414,
0.007287313695997,
-0.022965576499700546,
0.0075360555201768875,
0.009526964277029037,
-0.018867863342165947,
0.01732376217842102,
0.03091181442141533,
0.0648551657795906,
-0.020464880391955376,
-0.012445572763681412,
-0.06812... |
0. 1 mm in diameter. ( see figure 11. 28. ) you can exhale without muscle action by allowing surface tension to contract these sacs. medical patients whose breathing is aided by a positive pressure respirator have air blown into the lungs, but are generally allowed to exhale on their own. even if there is paralysis, su... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.016115952283143997,
0.03528279811143875,
0.010958909057080746,
0.008784599602222443,
0.014646491035819054,
-0.021900106221437454,
-0.021410446614027023,
0.008346120826900005,
0.0005589312640950084,
0.04692943021655083,
0.0672401636838913,
0.023799598217010498,
-0.0006573149585165083,
-0.... |
11. 50 468 11 • fluid statics access for free at openstax. org figure 11. 28 bronchial tubes in the lungs branch into ever - smaller structures, finally ending in alveoli. the alveoli act like tiny bubbles. the surface tension of their mucous lining aids in exhalation and can prevent inhalation if too great. the tensio... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0039052374195307493,
0.04369840398430824,
0.051210254430770874,
0.028226779773831367,
0.031989287585020065,
0.002289444673806429,
-0.017340319231152534,
-0.005392997059971094,
0.02555808052420616,
0.048071522265672684,
0.04086963087320328,
-0.004066311754286289,
0.01753455214202404,
-0.... |
— their lungs are very difficult to inflate. this condition is known as hyaline membrane disease and is a leading cause of death for infants, particularly in premature births. some success has been achieved in treating hyaline membrane disease by spraying a surfactant into the infant ’ s breathing passages. emphysema p... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0034763808362185955,
0.04909564554691315,
0.03279151767492294,
0.026823708787560463,
0.012257661670446396,
-0.010917000472545624,
-0.015867292881011963,
-0.0028375836554914713,
0.01670083776116371,
0.017382390797138214,
0.022956153377890587,
-0.0046957554295659065,
0.040061917155981064,
... |
11. 8 • cohesion and adhesion in liquids : surface tension and capillary action 469 adhesion and capillary action why is it that water beads up on a waxed car but does not on bare paint? the answer is that the adhesive forces between water and wax are much smaller than those between water and paint. competition between... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.021206282079219818,
0.009078403934836388,
0.028922084718942642,
0.03899465501308441,
-0.023407205939292908,
0.03305961191654205,
0.009623204357922077,
-0.04160427302122116,
-0.0009826644090935588,
0.04851992800831795,
0.023024441674351692,
0.019609520211815834,
-0.007427398581057787,
-0... |
causes blood to be drawn into a small - diameter tube when the tube touches a drop. if a capillary tube is placed vertically into a liquid, as shown in figure 11. 31, capillary action will raise or suppress the liquid inside the tube depending on the combination of substances. the actual effect depends on the relative ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.039254363626241684,
0.007982498034834862,
0.0321967639029026,
0.016857508569955826,
-0.01899642124772072,
0.01434254553169012,
-0.007280271500349045,
-0.021453576162457466,
-0.008347525261342525,
0.10417190194129944,
0.04327734187245369,
0.01768186315894127,
-0.0006099119200371206,
-0.0... |
curved surface of a fluid in a tube is called a meniscus. the tendency of surface tension is always to reduce the surface area. surface tension thus flattens the curved liquid surface in a capillary tube. this results in a downward force in mercury and an upward force in water, as seen in figure 11. 31. figure 11. 31 (... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.02379784919321537,
0.01829773746430874,
0.03509288653731346,
0.02070205844938755,
-0.02835608460009098,
0.03192194178700447,
-0.00254507246427238,
-0.003852110356092453,
0.010454019531607628,
0.0827840119600296,
0.040128957480192184,
0.008988509885966778,
-0.009578815661370754,
-0.03520... |
11. 8 • cohesion and adhesion in liquids : surface tension and capillary action 471 proportional to the surface tension, which is its direct cause. furthermore, the height is inversely proportional to tube radius — the smaller the radius, the higher the fluid can be raised, since a smaller tube holds less mass. the hei... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.025879213586449623,
0.015008360147476196,
0.06786676496267319,
0.02999824285507202,
0.05003945156931877,
0.019173109903931618,
-0.0017079819226637483,
0.0010093090822920203,
0.0071810283698141575,
0.07722707837820053,
0.019174734130501747,
0.026442743837833405,
-0.011875206604599953,
-0... |
the top — see example 11. 5. ) the question has not been completely resolved, but it appears that it is pulled up like a chain held together by cohesive forces. as each molecule of sap enters a leaf and evaporates ( a process called transpiration ), the entire chain is pulled up a notch. so a negative pressure created ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.018894137814641,
0.021649150177836418,
0.04480339214205742,
0.015538359992206097,
0.0487239807844162,
0.004805626813322306,
-0.023470111191272736,
0.034718457609415054,
0.022041143849492073,
0.07580142468214035,
-0.000003362181587363011,
-0.009527483955025673,
-0.003046630183234811,
-0.... |
11. 9 pressures in the body learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the concept of pressure the in human body. • explain systolic and diastolic blood pressures. • describe pressures in the eye, lungs, spinal column, bladder, and skeletal system. pressure in the body next to takin... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.055258892476558685,
0.03675413504242897,
0.04674786701798439,
0.0007629335741512477,
-0.05753624066710472,
0.02852383814752102,
0.01893732137978077,
-0.0027145773638039827,
-0.01977333053946495,
0.04924831911921501,
0.04724118113517761,
-0.016191065311431885,
-0.015032568946480751,
-0.04... |
11. 9 • pressures in the body 473 body system gauge pressure in mm hg while filling 0 – 25 when full 100 – 150 chest cavity between lungs and ribs −8 to −4 inside lungs −2 to + 3 digestive tract esophagus −2 stomach 0 – 20 intestines 10 – 20 middle ear < 1 table 11. 5 typical pressures in humans blood pressure common a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.015122282318770885,
0.04106482118368149,
0.04201250150799751,
0.010146094486117363,
-0.0615401566028595,
0.012144188396632671,
0.009608890861272812,
0.04173930734395981,
-0.02618229016661644,
0.06036901846528053,
0.0468912348151207,
-0.036229509860277176,
-0.026155883446335793,
-0.035458... |
if we assume that the distance between the heart and the feet of a person in an upright position is 1. 4 m, then the increase in pressure in the feet relative to that in the heart ( for a static column of blood ) is given by standing a long time can lead to an accumulation of blood in the legs and swelling. this is the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.015591195784509182,
0.043810177594423294,
0.023806540295481682,
0.02961588464677334,
0.0022768753115087748,
0.01965625211596489,
0.031055592000484467,
0.009194704703986645,
-0.0025687937159091234,
0.06352290511131287,
0.03665031120181084,
-0.036184296011924744,
0.027680328115820885,
-0.0... |
11. 54 474 11 • fluid statics access for free at openstax. org but these pressures are usually only monitored during surgery or for patients in intensive care since the measurements are invasive. to obtain these pressure measurements, qualified health care workers thread thin tubes, called catheters, into appropriate l... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0020142276771366596,
0.0430087149143219,
0.032617829740047455,
0.02245621383190155,
-0.04874038323760033,
0.03784055635333061,
-0.01886509731411934,
0.003975574858486652,
-0.0020235073752701283,
0.06152894347906113,
0.0055155074223876,
-0.027388619258999825,
-0.013055852614343166,
-0.028... |
blood to flow through the rest of the body. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0024200312327593565,
0.04084644094109535,
-0.01766095869243145,
0.005789812654256821,
-0.028330884873867035,
0.025218261405825615,
0.008643504232168198,
0.004251290578395128,
0.02103309892117977,
0.04283338040113449,
0.015143826603889465,
-0.03066369891166687,
0.03190665692090988,
-0.016... |
11. 9 • pressures in the body 475 that can permanently damage the optic nerve. to get an idea of the force involved, suppose the back of the eye has an area of, and the net pressure is 85. 0 mm hg. force is given by. to get in newtons, we convert the area to ( ). then we calculate as follows : this force is the weight ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01986701972782612,
0.043000075966119766,
0.019818799570202827,
0.039672642946243286,
-0.07914433628320694,
0.0015383822610601783,
-0.009771605022251606,
-0.025093497708439827,
0.003060648450627923,
0.06441330909729004,
0.07086863368749619,
-0.01622713729739189,
-0.004749253857880831,
-0.... |
gauge pressure in the middle ear is zero? strategy for ( a ) the pressure can be found directly from its definition since we know the force and area. we are looking for the gauge pressure. 11. 55 eye pressure the shape of the eye is maintained by fluid pressure, called intraocular pressure. when the circulation of flui... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.03455928713083267,
0.021577131003141403,
-0.006440713070333004,
0.004193591885268688,
-0.05887021869421005,
0.004791155457496643,
0.020302940160036087,
-0.0006174411973915994,
-0.0058272588066756725,
0.0690109059214592,
0.07844337075948715,
0.00028476648731157184,
-0.023489275947213173,
... |
11. 56 476 11 • fluid statics access for free at openstax. org solution for ( a ) we now need to convert this to units of mm hg : strategy for ( b ) here we will use the fact that the water pressure varies linearly with depth below the surface. solution for ( b ) and therefore. using the value above for, we have discus... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.013118091970682144,
0.025659652426838875,
-0.003321246709674597,
-0.005644050892442465,
0.006460452917963266,
0.011421690694987774,
-0.0031839138828217983,
-0.0023508158046752214,
0.010435332544147968,
0.06138519570231438,
0.04380261152982712,
-0.009492729790508747,
-0.010056965053081512,... |
may collapse. suction is applied to the chest cavity of surgery patients and trauma victims to reestablish negative pressure and inflate the lungs. figure 11. 36 ( a ) during inhalation, muscles expand the chest, and the diaphragm moves downward, reducing pressure inside the lungs to less than atmospheric ( negative ga... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.008904751390218735,
0.009934421628713608,
0.0005577150150202215,
-0.0007474801386706531,
0.009318842552602291,
-0.005538321100175381,
-0.03909875825047493,
0.014857504516839981,
0.007462398614734411,
0.03455604985356331,
0.030843595042824745,
-0.017325831577181816,
0.011298087425529957,
... |
11. 9 • pressures in the body 477 other pressures in the body spinal column and skull normally, there is a 5 - to12 - mm hg pressure in the fluid surrounding the brain and filling the spinal column. this cerebrospinal fluid serves many purposes, one of which is to supply flotation to the brain. the buoyant force suppli... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.02216797135770321,
0.03890557214617729,
0.02296902984380722,
0.030321666970849037,
-0.0441877581179142,
0.005120463669300079,
0.022770632058382034,
0.01448691077530384,
-0.01659323275089264,
0.058267056941986084,
0.060871269553899765,
-0.018475180491805077,
-0.024773022159934044,
-0.0234... |
the high values of initial force, and the small areas to which this force is applied, such as in the joints.. for example, when a person lifts an object improperly, a force of 5000 n may be created between vertebrae in the spine, and this may be applied to an area as small as. the pressure created is or about 50 atm! t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.00444438960403204,
0.03885728493332863,
0.01348098274320364,
0.032303184270858765,
-0.041429389268159866,
0.006154975853860378,
-0.02373569831252098,
-0.006339244544506073,
-0.010849237442016602,
0.08347529172897339,
0.039556533098220825,
-0.04485432058572769,
-0.006424406543374062,
-0.... |
glossary absolute pressure the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure adhesive forces the attractive forces between molecules of different types archimedes ’ principle the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces buoyant force the net upward force on any object in any fluid capilla... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.014134397730231285,
0.0586758553981781,
0.045301441103219986,
0.021333737298846245,
-0.046596407890319824,
0.022706395015120506,
0.01682634837925434,
-0.010365287773311138,
-0.009201080538332462,
0.06747078895568848,
0.036551300436258316,
-0.030974505469202995,
-0.0320747047662735,
-0.0... |
of a substance or object. in equation form, density is defined as • the si unit of density is. 11. 3 pressure • pressure is the force per unit perpendicular area over which the force is applied. in equation form, pressure is defined as • the si unit of pressure is pascal and. 11. 4 variation of pressure with depth in a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.009954295121133327,
0.03322356194257736,
0.08365682512521744,
-0.007901688106358051,
-0.031025847420096397,
0.03028913587331772,
0.03691543638706207,
-0.01480143517255783,
-0.006536688655614853,
0.08057595044374466,
0.05245156213641167,
0.002878327388316393,
-0.043645381927490234,
-0.04... |
11. 7 archimedes ’ principle • buoyant force is the net upward force on any object in any fluid. if the buoyant force is greater than the object ’ s weight, the object will rise to the surface and float. if the buoyant force is less than the object ’ s weight, the object will sink. if the buoyant force equals the objec... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0019934624433517456,
0.036268264055252075,
0.028468331322073936,
-0.008895846083760262,
-0.05215367674827576,
0.028185872361063957,
0.0011065208818763494,
0.008043484762310982,
0.027804216369986534,
0.05898473039269447,
0.04160967096686363,
-0.0007282115402631462,
-0.00746432738378644,
... |
. conceptual questions 11. 1 what is a fluid? 1. what physical characteristic distinguishes a fluid from a solid? 2. which of the following substances are fluids at room temperature : air, mercury, water, glass? 3. why are gases easier to compress than liquids and solids? 4. how do gases differ from liquids? 11. 2 dens... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.06417873501777649,
0.02098144218325615,
0.026658061891794205,
-0.016645746305584908,
-0.025988444685935974,
-0.01653076708316803,
0.006883390713483095,
0.013849274255335331,
0.008603773079812527,
0.0609288364648819,
0.03119046799838543,
0.004940019454807043,
0.01639518328011036,
-0.06126... |
11. 3 pressure 8. how is pressure related to the sharpness of a knife and its ability to cut? 9. why does a dull hypodermic needle hurt more than a sharp one? 10. the outward force on one end of an air tank was calculated in example 11. 2. how is this force balanced? ( the tank does not accelerate, so the force must be... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.042619772255420685,
0.059838611632585526,
0.013732196763157845,
-0.02049887366592884,
-0.05211690813302994,
0.028660044074058533,
0.02202294021844864,
-0.0036601414903998375,
-0.03586876019835472,
0.09072688966989517,
0.03924351558089256,
-0.0185686107724905,
-0.006750537548214197,
-0.04... |
11. 4 variation of pressure with depth in a fluid 16. atmospheric pressure exerts a large force ( equal to the weight of the atmosphere above your body — about 10 tons ) on the top of your body when you are lying on the beach sunbathing. why are you able to get up? 17. why does atmospheric pressure decrease more rapidl... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.006790004670619965,
0.06643693149089813,
0.03641626611351967,
0.005416544154286385,
-0.03926515206694603,
0.031880076974630356,
0.006695671938359737,
0.018557945266366005,
0.0005190301453694701,
0.09675674885511398,
0.02760554477572441,
-0.022350793704390526,
-0.023924756795167923,
-0.05... |
6 gauge pressure, absolute pressure, and pressure measurement 25. explain why the fluid reaches equal levels on either side of a manometer if both sides are open to the atmosphere, even if the tubes are of different diameters. 26. figure 11. 15 shows how a common measurement of arterial blood pressure is made. is there... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01848452351987362,
0.03258763253688812,
0.006747002247720957,
-0.02221723087131977,
-0.06862293183803558,
0.03944023698568344,
-0.011057783849537373,
0.02125418931245804,
0.005706441588699818,
0.07037993520498276,
0.03177862614393234,
-0.03348856419324875,
-0.032605912536382675,
-0.05058... |
11. 8 cohesion and adhesion in liquids : surface tension and capillary action 32. the density of oil is less than that of water, yet a loaded oil tanker sits lower in the water than an empty one. why? 33. is surface tension due to cohesive or adhesive forces, or both? 34. is capillary action due to cohesive or adhesive... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.011833757162094116,
0.02596849948167801,
0.02923775464296341,
0.04287416487932205,
0.01510167121887207,
0.018724773079156876,
0.0113295316696167,
0.0126285245642066,
0.011113960295915604,
0.05581152066588402,
0.0010975378099828959,
0.01280748751014471,
-0.009963814169168472,
-0.026711016... |
34. 5 kg ( about 76 lb ). what is the volume in liters of this much mercury? 3. ( a ) what is the mass of a deep breath of air having a volume of 2. 00 l? ( b ) discuss the effect taking such a breath has on your body ’ s volume and density. 4. a straightforward method of finding the density of an object is to measure ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.012901312671601772,
0.013874949887394905,
0.059884458780288696,
0.016221968457102776,
-0.02273491770029068,
0.003008602885529399,
0.016665328294038773,
0.02072027698159218,
-0.021251851692795753,
0.08260484039783478,
0.08042577654123306,
-0.022854363545775414,
0.0014598604757338762,
-0.0... |
assume that this is a simple mixture having an average density equal to the weighted densities of its constituents. 10. there is relatively little empty space between atoms in solids and liquids, so that the average density of an atom is about the same as matter on a macroscopic scale — approximately. the nucleus of an... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.004831389989703894,
0.02546657621860504,
0.05585110932588577,
-0.019777141511440277,
-0.0007614503847435117,
-0.009602038189768791,
-0.016495095565915108,
-0.010838454589247704,
-0.013003828004002571,
0.0938357263803482,
0.07673899829387665,
-0.0452277697622776,
-0.007460406050086021,
-0... |
11. 4 variation of pressure with depth in a fluid 14. what depth of mercury creates a pressure of 1. 00 atm? 15. the greatest ocean depths on the earth are found in the marianas trench near the philippines. calculate the pressure due to the ocean at the bottom of this trench, given its depth is 11. 0 km and assuming th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0266275517642498,
0.03623538091778755,
0.03946642577648163,
-0.015646962448954582,
-0.05484809726476669,
0.0205236729234457,
0.01181443314999342,
0.0018311127787455916,
-0.0157476756721735,
0.09793534129858017,
0.038838040083646774,
0.005432589910924435,
-0.01471590343862772,
-0.06258472... |
force on a rectangular dam due to the water behind it increases with the square of the water depth. in particular, show that this force is given by, where is the density of water, is its depth at the dam, and is the length of the dam. you may assume the face of the dam is vertical. ( hint : calculate the average pressu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.01982863061130047,
0.052872732281684875,
0.041142016649246216,
-0.038516171276569366,
-0.027029933407902718,
0.02553362213075161,
0.025413842871785164,
0.001282919547520578,
0.014309006743133068,
0.08213897049427032,
0.03380900248885155,
0.039680954068899155,
-0.05280644819140434,
-0.02... |
11. 5 pascal ’ s principle 24. how much pressure is transmitted in the hydraulic system considered in example 11. 6? express your answer in pascals and in atmospheres. 25. what force must be exerted on the pedal cylinder of a hydraulic lift to support the weight of a 2000 - kg car ( a large car ) resting on the wheel c... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0010703286388888955,
0.03308935463428497,
0.05446276441216469,
0.018086060881614685,
-0.04817384481430054,
0.016664255410432816,
-0.005577468778938055,
0.0032147185411304235,
-0.03256439417600632,
0.09535875916481018,
0.05826321616768837,
0.009441026486456394,
-0.045610539615154266,
-0.... |
11. 6 gauge pressure, absolute pressure, and pressure measurement 29. find the gauge and absolute pressures in the balloon and peanut jar shown in figure 11. 14, assuming the manometer connected to the balloon uses water whereas the manometer connected to the jar contains mercury. express in units of centimeters of wat... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.04278700426220894,
0.038884300738573074,
0.03140633925795555,
0.003862544894218445,
-0.04286515340209007,
0.03144194558262825,
0.018444610759615898,
0.025456402450799942,
0.03263932839035988,
0.04320086911320686,
0.05062589794397354,
-0.03816201910376549,
-0.010909032076597214,
-0.064932... |
00 atm. 35. assuming bicycle tires are perfectly flexible and support the weight of bicycle and rider by pressure alone, calculate the total area of the tires in contact with the ground. the bicycle plus rider has a mass of 80. 0 kg, and the gauge pressure in the tires is. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.004108669236302376,
0.04572869464755058,
0.048569999635219574,
-0.011461825110018253,
-0.02425554394721985,
0.0052758632227778435,
0.02194255404174328,
-0.00168338802177459,
0.014273134991526604,
0.049737557768821716,
0.05383050814270973,
-0.013157793320715427,
-0.021956656128168106,
-0.... |
11. 7 archimedes ’ principle 36. what fraction of ice is submerged when it floats in freshwater, given the density of water at 0°c is very close to? 37. logs sometimes float vertically in a lake because one end has become water - logged and denser than the other. what is the average density of a uniform - diameter log ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.027044162154197693,
0.0176257211714983,
0.02072957158088684,
-0.032378777861595154,
-0.020045090466737747,
-0.0013853083364665508,
0.030997902154922485,
0.04030424728989601,
0.021106772124767303,
0.0808456689119339,
0.043945781886577606,
-0.024320976808667183,
-0.0005255525466054678,
-0.... |
does the iron displace? ( b ) what is the volume of iron, using its density as given in table 11. 1 ( c ) calculate the fluid ’ s density and identify it. 43. in an immersion measurement of a woman ’ s density, she is found to have a mass of 62. 0 kg in air and an apparent mass of 0. 0850 kg when completely submerged w... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.02976774424314499,
0.005493571981787682,
-0.006753819994628429,
-0.032584115862846375,
-0.020276429131627083,
0.0042893351055681705,
0.039290204644203186,
0.04791145771741867,
0.01840963214635849,
0.05464727804064751,
0.0605732724070549,
-0.0018483123276382685,
0.022488590329885483,
-0.0... |
buoyant force to his weight? 48. a simple compass can be made by placing a small bar magnet on a cork floating in water. ( a ) what fraction of a plain cork will be submerged when floating in water? ( b ) if the cork has a mass of | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.008196529932320118,
-0.00965758878737688,
-0.033398378640413284,
-0.03785216063261032,
-0.03261062875390053,
0.01480757724493742,
0.05082950368523598,
0.024928485974669456,
0.010330907069146633,
0.03963378444314003,
0.07179264724254608,
0.023239241912961006,
0.005170243792235851,
-0.040... |
10. 0 g and a 20. 0 - g magnet is placed on it, what fraction of the cork will be submerged? ( c ) will the bar magnet and cork float in ethyl alcohol? 49. what fraction of an iron anchor ’ s weight will be supported by buoyant force when submerged in saltwater? 50. scurrilous con artists have been known to represent g... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.012115739285945892,
-0.001069755875505507,
0.0006859221612103283,
-0.01611115224659443,
-0.04842326045036316,
-0.003624791745096445,
0.04566432908177376,
0.03902334347367287,
-0.0036067592445760965,
0.04763992130756378,
0.06924660503864288,
0.000017951444533537142,
0.02186407893896103,
-... |
11. 8 cohesion and adhesion in liquids : surface tension and capillary action 54. what is the pressure inside an alveolus having a radius of if the surface tension of the fluid - lined wall is the same as for soapy water? you may assume the pressure is the same as that created by a spherical bubble. 55. ( a ) the press... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.014720693230628967,
0.04231245070695877,
0.04163813963532448,
0.014335663057863712,
0.0034799776040017605,
0.013137148693203926,
-0.0011955586960539222,
-0.014409991912543774,
0.0057199858129024506,
0.07650700211524963,
0.02731917053461075,
0.012834321707487106,
-0.016838068142533302,
-0... |
4. 00 cm? 59. we stated in example 11. 12 that a xylem tube is of radius. verify that such a tube raises sap less than a meter by finding for it, making the same assumptions that sap ’ s density is, its contact angle is zero, and its surface tension is the same as that of water at. 60. what fluid is in the device shown... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.001573640969581902,
0.02095230668783188,
0.04983043298125267,
0.01528188306838274,
-0.018149716779589653,
0.006242778152227402,
0.0042707654647529125,
-0.02615765482187271,
0.008441784419119358,
0.08979445695877075,
0.07593264430761337,
-0.00244400417432189,
-0.010823390446603298,
-0.02... |
##illary action in the same glass tube. 67. what is the ratio of heights to which ethyl alcohol and water are raised by capillary action in the same glass tube? | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.042148787528276443,
0.03689879924058914,
0.032615792006254196,
0.025998452678322792,
-0.03361393138766289,
-0.022899813950061798,
-0.010583839379251003,
0.006957887671887875,
-0.00438061123713851,
0.08260286599397659,
0.013653646223247051,
0.02711625210940838,
-0.017094651237130165,
-0.... |
11. 9 pressures in the body 68. during forced exhalation, such as when blowing up a balloon, the diaphragm and chest muscles create a pressure of 60. 0 mm hg between the lungs and chest wall. what force in newtons does this pressure create on the surface area of the diaphragm? 69. you can chew through very tough object... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.034634917974472046,
0.023860516026616096,
0.008804420940577984,
0.014004932716488838,
-0.016667364165186882,
0.016549399122595787,
0.01131612528115511,
0.008528596721589565,
-0.00625908887013793,
0.06396262347698212,
0.06856851279735565,
-0.00970584899187088,
0.008777008391916752,
-0.061... |
mother ’ s bladder, supported on an area of? ( b ) convert this pressure to millimeters of mercury and determine if it alone is great enough to trigger the micturition reflex ( it will add to any pressure already existing in the bladder ). 74. if the pressure in the esophagus is while that in the stomach is, to what he... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.00577325327321887,
0.027984408661723137,
0.04458460956811905,
0.03891037404537201,
-0.004034894518554211,
-0.013970025815069675,
0.02217060886323452,
0.026696229353547096,
-0.010969962924718857,
0.08271003514528275,
0.01358563918620348,
0.013157572597265244,
-0.027281930670142174,
-0.030... |
1. 05 g / ml. figure 11. 40 a water manometer used to measure pressure in the spinal fluid. the height of the fluid in the manometer is measured relative to the spinal column, and the manometer is open to the atmosphere. the measured pressure will be considerably greater if the person sits up. 76. calculate the maximum... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.038057975471019745,
0.03861907124519348,
0.0329650416970253,
0.0535757951438427,
-0.03879360854625702,
0.008044525049626827,
0.008042646571993828,
0.0029902991373091936,
0.013826463371515274,
0.07730523496866226,
0.06410514563322067,
-0.014932488091289997,
-0.02966376580297947,
-0.033653... |
) to what height could such a negative gauge pressure raise water? ( b ) how much would a steel wire of the same diameter and length as this capillary stretch if suspended from above? figure 11. 41 ( a ) when the piston is raised, it stretches the liquid slightly, putting it under tension and creating a negative absolu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.04010886326432228,
0.04704555496573448,
0.029596081003546715,
0.01138235256075859,
-0.01920442283153534,
0.022596754133701324,
0.01300889439880848,
0.01857587695121765,
-0.01583283767104149,
0.11309041827917099,
0.07786521315574646,
-0.002005547983571887,
-0.03814878687262535,
-0.0384460... |
primary cylinder 0. 800 cm in diameter to create this pressure? figure 11. 42 hydraulic and mechanical lever systems are used in heavy machinery such as this back hoe. 84. some miners wish to remove water from a mine shaft. a pipe is lowered to the water 90 m below, and a negative pressure is applied to raise the water... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.03786325082182884,
0.0244342889636755,
0.04527414217591286,
-0.014483790844678879,
-0.004979762714356184,
0.01560977939516306,
-0.0035266061313450336,
0.031121356412768364,
-0.022120051085948944,
0.09868500381708145,
0.05978042632341385,
-0.03186899796128273,
-0.0192674919962883,
-0.0289... |
biological and medical applications chapter 12 fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications 12. 1 flow rate and its relation to velocity 12. 2 bernoulli ’ s equation 12. 3 the most general applications of bernoulli ’ s equation 12. 4 viscosity and laminar flow ; poiseuille ’ s law 12. 5 the onset of turbu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0010103059466928244,
0.03018011525273323,
0.030791886150836945,
-0.007947194389998913,
-0.05179169774055481,
0.0338459350168705,
-0.0011014657793566585,
-0.019761212170124054,
0.022793667390942574,
0.0663394033908844,
-0.024104449898004532,
0.018336961045861244,
0.010238672606647015,
-0.... |
12. 7 molecular transport phenomena : diffusion, osmosis, and related processes we have dealt with many situations in which fluids are static. but by their very definition, fluids flow. examples come easily — a column of smoke rises from a camp fire, water streams from a fire hose, blood courses through your veins. why... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.023153631016612053,
0.01438905019313097,
0.021168144419789314,
0.023758109658956528,
0.009694818407297134,
0.013000250793993473,
-0.0075884247198700905,
-0.010778989642858505,
0.029161764308810234,
0.11805460602045059,
0.052306316792964935,
0.011057880707085133,
0.04871520400047302,
-0.0... |
12. 1 flow rate and its relation to velocity learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • calculate flow rate. • define units of volume. • describe incompressible fluids. • explain the consequences of the equation of continuity. flow rate is defined to be the volume of fluid passing by some l... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.006361088715493679,
0.06550309807062149,
-0.0008317006286233664,
-0.005356878042221069,
-0.04488423466682434,
0.012387145310640335,
0.01732112467288971,
-0.0025983185041695833,
-0.0007859845063649118,
0.07268466800451279,
0.03965418040752411,
0.020305154845118523,
-0.01963859610259533,
... |
12. 3 490 12 • fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications access for free at openstax. org flow rate and velocity are related, but quite different, physical quantities. to make the distinction clear, think about the flow rate of a river. the greater the velocity of the water, the greater the flow rate o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.021162616088986397,
0.05928000062704086,
0.013741275295615196,
0.003371334169059992,
-0.013119409792125225,
0.04296622797846794,
-0.006517736706882715,
-0.021037239581346512,
0.012297574430704117,
0.0764046236872673,
0.016154782846570015,
-0.010684951208531857,
0.007827538065612316,
-0.... |
nozzle. conversely, when a river empties into one end of a reservoir, the water slows considerably, perhaps picking up speed again when it leaves the other end of the reservoir. in other words, speed increases when cross - sectional area decreases, and speed decreases when cross - sectional area increases. figure 12. 3... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.044382765889167786,
0.05333319306373596,
0.03825477138161659,
-0.009028320200741291,
0.002057165140286088,
0.01295632403343916,
-0.014786427840590477,
-0.0024215010926127434,
-0.011552534066140652,
0.10836837440729141,
0.02263965830206871,
-0.008858293294906616,
0.0027046275790780783,
-... |
12. 1 • flow rate and its relation to velocity 491 strategy we can use the relationship between flow rate and speed to find both velocities. we will use the subscript 1 for the hose and 2 for the nozzle. solution for ( a ) first, we solve for and note that the cross - sectional area is, yielding substituting known valu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.013455517590045929,
0.05739642679691315,
0.018015142530202866,
-0.011647148057818413,
-0.022253548726439476,
0.019002702087163925,
-0.013558619655668736,
0.005064415279775858,
0.008588407188653946,
0.07319584488868713,
0.024835938587784767,
-0.0038089067675173283,
-0.008086970075964928,
... |
##rculate around the body. ( a ) calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5. 0 l / min. the aorta has a radius of 10 mm. ( b ) blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. when the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 12. 8 12. 9 12. 10 12. 11 12. 12 12. 13 492 12 ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01581796258687973,
0.059672802686691284,
0.012107876129448414,
0.0006768733146600425,
0.005935292690992355,
0.026605473831295967,
0.010009017772972584,
-0.010344207286834717,
0.014683305285871029,
0.0530921146273613,
0.041833631694316864,
0.004897564649581909,
-0.0090335076674819,
-0.025... |
5. 0 l / min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0. 33 mm / s. given that the average diameter of a capillary is, calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system. strategy we can use to calculate the speed of flow in the aorta and then use the general form of the equation of continuity t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.015400692820549011,
0.04735489934682846,
0.010111002251505852,
0.04735524579882622,
-0.018902132287621498,
0.01630531996488571,
-0.001577693154104054,
0.00745268352329731,
0.003021149430423975,
0.07480179518461227,
0.024697519838809967,
-0.01709907501935959,
-0.007668634876608849,
-0.035... |
12. 2 bernoulli ’ s equation learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the terms in bernoulli ’ s equation. • explain how bernoulli ’ s equation is related to conservation of energy. • explain how to derive bernoulli ’ s principle from bernoulli ’ s equation. • calculate with berno... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.017502425238490105,
0.05008167773485184,
0.026746075600385666,
0.01071891002357006,
-0.0397455058991909,
0.002867806702852249,
0.008562764152884483,
0.0037899077869951725,
-0.033690448850393295,
0.08978035300970078,
0.01229759119451046,
0.03224755823612213,
0.006198061164468527,
-0.0116... |
12. 2 • bernoulli ’ s equation 493 disagreeable habit of bulging into the shower stall when the shower is on. the high - velocity stream of water and air creates a region of lower pressure inside the shower, and standard atmospheric pressure on the other side. the pressure difference results in a net force inward pushi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.014420500956475735,
0.06351660192012787,
0.053858835250139236,
0.005774220451712608,
-0.036302197724580765,
0.018139073625206947,
0.016482951119542122,
0.01526043750345707,
0.011445736512541771,
0.08072463423013687,
0.017487965524196625,
0.012123292312026024,
0.002151631284505129,
-0.02... |
equation becomes bernoulli ’ s equation is a form of the conservation of energy principle. note that the second and third terms are the kinetic and potential energy with replaced by. in fact, each term in the equation has units of energy per unit volume. we can prove this for the second term by substituting into it and... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.013459132984280586,
0.02542104199528694,
0.04222399368882179,
-0.003445330774411559,
-0.027383817359805107,
-0.01586684212088585,
0.034797605127096176,
0.019930759444832802,
0.012735056690871716,
0.07572444528341293,
0.02390953153371811,
0.04541313275694847,
0.018089767545461655,
0.0117... |
12. 19 494 12 • fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications access for free at openstax. org so is the gravitational potential energy per unit volume. note that pressure has units of energy per unit volume, too. since, its units are. if we multiply these by m / m, we obtain, or energy per unit volume. be... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.016371900215744972,
0.04872995615005493,
0.03504684939980507,
0.026238368824124336,
-0.030186060816049576,
0.00670997891575098,
0.050741806626319885,
0.032411880791187286,
-0.006905341520905495,
0.09968344122171402,
0.04065193608403206,
0.01901109702885151,
-0.013916660100221634,
-0.0100... |
that is,. under that condition, bernoulli ’ s equation becomes situations in which fluid flows at a constant depth are so important that this equation is often called bernoulli ’ s principle. it is bernoulli ’ s equation for fluids at constant depth. ( note again that this applies to a small volume of fluid as we follo... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.003926618956029415,
0.04310746118426323,
0.021286947652697563,
-0.009259778074920177,
-0.025984738022089005,
0.0023311367258429527,
0.01801900938153267,
0.026490414515137672,
-0.002662359271198511,
0.09548281133174896,
0.03389201685786247,
0.008084642700850964,
0.020963529124855995,
-0.0... |
12. 2 • bernoulli ’ s equation 495 strategy level flow means constant depth, so bernoulli ’ s principle applies. we use the subscript 1 for values in the hose and 2 for those in the nozzle. we are thus asked to find. solution solving bernoulli ’ s principle for yields substituting known values, discussion this absolute... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.005097831599414349,
0.034530557692050934,
0.03267817571759224,
0.016798464581370354,
-0.03729774430394173,
0.003621720476076007,
-0.017807619646191597,
0.016370629891753197,
0.01712718978524208,
0.07409937679767609,
0.015976427122950554,
0.038069259375333786,
0.012745195999741554,
0.0112... |
suction pumps in dental and surgical situations or for draining a flooded basement or producing a reduced pressure in a vessel. ( d ) the chimney of a water heater is designed to entrain air into the pipe leading through the ceiling. wings and sails the airplane wing is a beautiful example of bernoulli ’ s principle in... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.017748182639479637,
0.006032242905348539,
0.027261219918727875,
-0.035055115818977356,
-0.0005694080609828234,
0.03454149141907692,
0.007048614323139191,
-0.016172684729099274,
0.058483660221099854,
0.06654283404350281,
0.04377890005707741,
0.0080897007137537,
0.032677438110113144,
-0.0... |
12. 25 496 12 • fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications access for free at openstax. org this results in a forward force and even allows you to sail into the wind. velocity measurement figure 12. 7 shows two devices that measure fluid velocity based on bernoulli ’ s principle. the manometer in figure... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.004510280676186085,
0.04095509275794029,
0.023991873487830162,
0.0006266389391385019,
-0.047370560467243195,
0.03227664530277252,
0.017392588779330254,
0.013646282255649567,
0.034013643860816956,
0.07312138378620148,
0.01953921839594841,
-0.0015308770816773176,
0.01540506724268198,
0.019... |
a manometer is connected to two tubes that are close together and small enough not to disturb the flow. tube 1 is open at the end facing the flow. a dead spot having zero speed is created there. tube 2 has an opening on the side, and so the fluid has a speed across the opening ; thus, pressure there drops. the differen... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.008765310980379581,
0.04567468538880348,
0.013957464136183262,
-0.017386242747306824,
-0.043571557849645615,
0.022913653403520584,
-0.011113421991467476,
0.007346487138420343,
0.003641844494268298,
0.0462648868560791,
0.012389914132654667,
0.00503567885607481,
0.017377708107233047,
-0.0... |
12. 3 the most general applications of bernoulli ’ s equation learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • calculate using torricelli ’ s theorem. • calculate power in fluid flow. torricelli ’ s theorem figure 12. 8 shows water gushing from a large tube through a dam. what is its speed as it ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.02931571565568447,
0.04703442379832268,
0.041134871542453766,
-0.03581533581018448,
-0.03065946325659752,
0.011211048811674118,
-0.0029576567467302084,
0.006441294215619564,
0.014818106777966022,
0.09671645611524582,
-0.0017075040377676487,
0.037334538996219635,
0.005085774697363377,
-0... |
12. 32 498 12 • fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications access for free at openstax. org figure 12. 8 ( a ) water gushes from the base of the studen kladenetz dam in bulgaria. ( credit : kiril kapustin ; http : / / www. imagesfrombulgaria. com ) ( b ) in the absence of significant resistance, water f... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0076681762002408504,
0.035510845482349396,
0.06328067183494568,
-0.020885121077299118,
-0.019773930311203003,
0.0072908843867480755,
-0.01746690459549427,
0.008642717264592648,
-0.00022489448019769043,
0.09133624285459518,
0.03611528128385544,
0.018592700362205505,
0.007453192491084337,
... |
40. 0 l / s starting at a gauge pressure of. the hose goes 10. 0 m up a ladder to a nozzle having an inside diameter of 3. 00 cm. assuming negligible resistance, what is the pressure in the nozzle? strategy here we must use bernoulli ’ s equation to solve for the pressure, since depth is not constant. solution bernoull... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.020464304834604263,
0.02931763045489788,
0.028918704017996788,
0.029287932440638542,
-0.015040752477943897,
0.026088258251547813,
0.01712079346179962,
0.00870499387383461,
-0.016447320580482483,
0.06910276412963867,
0.037429600954055786,
0.03661361336708069,
0.007389494683593512,
-0.0281... |
12. 38 500 12 • fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications access for free at openstax. org each term has a clear physical meaning. for example, is the power supplied to a fluid, perhaps by a pump, to give it its pressure. similarly, is the power supplied to a fluid to give it its kinetic energy. and is... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.02650550939142704,
0.02862807922065258,
0.020024333149194717,
0.018926437944173813,
-0.02466960996389389,
0.020164262503385544,
0.01698380522429943,
0.010104547254741192,
-0.01966037228703499,
0.06798955053091049,
0.04537620395421982,
0.020476551726460457,
0.005823404062539339,
-0.041673... |
12. 4 viscosity and laminar flow ; poiseuille ’ s law learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define laminar flow and turbulent flow. • explain what viscosity is. • calculate flow and resistance with poiseuille ’ s law. • explain how pressure drops due to resistance. laminar flow and vis... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.012187323532998562,
0.049225710332393646,
0.005660131573677063,
-0.0012303147232159972,
-0.011186799965798855,
-0.002274387050420046,
0.0006431183428503573,
-0.04664444178342819,
-0.028253745287656784,
0.058364592492580414,
-0.007799721322953701,
0.05766606703400612,
-0.016782322898507118,... |
12. 4 • viscosity and laminar flow ; poiseuille ’ s law 501 syrup has high viscosity. in the previous sections we have considered ideal fluids with little or no viscosity. in this section, we will investigate what factors, including viscosity, affect the rate of fluid flow. the precise definition of viscosity is based ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.000610792136285454,
0.05643182247877121,
0.020936422049999237,
-0.005285667721182108,
0.008119895122945309,
-0.017805328592658043,
0.00004971216549165547,
-0.03813531622290611,
-0.03290577977895737,
0.08108925074338913,
0.0037725111469626427,
0.03633042052388191,
0.003612966975197196,
-... |
the flow. second, high speeds cause turbulence. the drag both between adjacent layers of fluid and between the fluid and its surroundings forms swirls and eddies, if the speed is great enough. we shall concentrate on laminar flow for the remainder of this section, leaving certain aspects of turbulence for later section... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.006808629259467125,
0.05832163617014885,
0.015621463768184185,
0.009489559568464756,
0.0026409467682242393,
-0.00441494258120656,
-0.02799113839864731,
-0.016800282523036003,
-0.007360848132520914,
0.07720032334327698,
-0.011825919151306152,
0.023304076865315437,
0.019586050882935524,
-... |
to keep the top plate in figure 12. 12 moving at a constant velocity, and experiments have shown that this force depends on four factors. first, is directly proportional to ( until the speed is so high that turbulence occurs — then a much larger force is needed, and it has a more complicated dependence on ). second, is... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.00363733503036201,
0.07847636193037033,
-0.0022851349785923958,
0.019432485103607178,
-0.024018054828047752,
0.01928751729428768,
0.014400070533156395,
0.008166431449353695,
-0.011469477787613869,
0.05061326175928116,
0.006072769872844219,
-0.009735079482197762,
-0.00805298425257206,
-0.... |
can be stated as making connections : take - home experiment : go down to the river try dropping simultaneously two sticks into a flowing river, one near the edge of the river and one near the middle. which one travels faster? why? 12. 41 12. 42 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.007179549895226955,
0.04115608334541321,
-0.02649109810590744,
0.010504753328859806,
-0.053286775946617126,
-0.023431574925780296,
0.009479854255914688,
0.045522939413785934,
0.010922063142061234,
0.07844799757003784,
0.02868877723813057,
0.020530974492430687,
0.021827332675457,
-0.0363... |
12. 4 • viscosity and laminar flow ; poiseuille ’ s law 503 where and are the pressures at two points, such as at either end of a tube, and is the resistance to flow. the resistance includes everything, except pressure, that affects flow rate. for example, is greater for a long tube than for a short one. the greater th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.003651596372947097,
0.05195637419819832,
0.01610817387700081,
0.009260410442948341,
-0.0015975207788869739,
0.027962910011410713,
0.014985963702201843,
-0.023571064695715904,
-0.030125200748443604,
0.08068050444126129,
0.020984375849366188,
0.0545840784907341,
-0.002958215307444334,
-0.... |
if it makes good intuitive sense. we see that resistance is directly proportional to both fluid viscosity and the length of a tube. after all, both of these directly affect the amount of friction encountered — the greater either is, the greater the resistance and the smaller the flow. the radius of a tube affects the r... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.00278829806484282,
0.033641502261161804,
0.026655329391360283,
0.008334921672940254,
-0.015199284069240093,
0.01888984814286232,
0.01978515274822712,
-0.030356070026755333,
-0.027534985914826393,
0.08950595557689667,
0.050622012466192245,
0.03386399522423744,
-0.03390619158744812,
-0.03... |
12. 45 504 12 • fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications access for free at openstax. org example 12. 7 using flow rate : plaque deposits reduce blood flow suppose the flow rate of blood in a coronary artery has been reduced to half its normal value by plaque deposits. by what factor has the radius of... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.001121135544963181,
0.04217628389596939,
0.04130903631448746,
0.014158698730170727,
-0.0557229220867157,
0.008666668087244034,
-0.01640547811985016,
-0.008806721307337284,
-0.017706764861941338,
0.04921939969062805,
0.031728919595479965,
-0.007077902555465698,
-0.00004860255285166204,
-0... |
( heavy machine ) 20 660 oil ( motor, sae 10 ) 30 200 oil ( olive ) 20 138 glycerin 20 1500 honey 20 2000 – 10000 maple syrup 20 2000 – 3000 milk 20 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0070337774232029915,
0.01567966304719448,
0.022177988663315773,
0.04365651309490204,
-0.023904774338006973,
-0.023317931219935417,
0.013279278762638569,
0.00002565197974035982,
0.00008775640890235081,
0.044481128454208374,
0.038929831236600876,
0.016324318945407867,
-0.026831261813640594,
... |
3. 0 oil ( corn ) 20 65 table 12. 1 coefficients of viscosity of various fluids the circulatory system provides many examples of poiseuille ’ s law in action — with blood flow regulated by changes in vessel size and blood pressure. blood vessels are not rigid but elastic. adjustments to blood flow are primarily made by... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0005758170154877007,
0.04962977394461632,
0.024269312620162964,
0.001915699103847146,
-0.03728512302041054,
0.02380911260843277,
-0.004299634136259556,
-0.014347518794238567,
-0.023508675396442413,
0.0779532641172409,
0.051970113068819046,
0.006267385557293892,
-0.003965117037296295,
-0.... |
difference, and inversely proportional to the length of the tube and viscosity of the fluid. flow rate increases with, the fourth power of the radius. example 12. 8 what pressure produces this flow rate? an intravenous ( iv ) system is supplying saline solution to a patient at the rate of through a needle of radius 0. ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.014471044763922691,
0.06423614919185638,
0.04715028032660484,
-0.00004777370850206353,
-0.027672743424773216,
0.005463402718305588,
0.01416258979588747,
-0.01828402653336525,
-0.038510944694280624,
0.08703111112117767,
0.01608162187039852,
0.02981179766356945,
-0.019548846408724785,
-0.0... |
12. 4 • viscosity and laminar flow ; poiseuille ’ s law 507 flow and resistance as causes of pressure drops you may have noticed that water pressure in your home might be lower than normal on hot summer days when there is more use. this pressure drop occurs in the water main before it reaches your home. let us consider... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.002072736155241728,
0.043844811618328094,
0.025962769985198975,
-0.010338211432099342,
-0.033116601407527924,
0.019281672313809395,
0.01012479979544878,
0.013949829153716564,
0.011964143253862858,
0.06115761026740074,
-0.0010088965063914657,
0.012323342263698578,
-0.019579874351620674,
... |
, the right and left ventricles, is reduced by the resistance of the blood vessels as the blood flows through them. the left ventricle increases arterial blood pressure that drives the flow of blood through all parts of the body except the lungs. the right ventricle receives the lower pressure blood from two major vein... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.015873882919549942,
0.030506212264299393,
0.004140395205467939,
-0.015543666668236256,
-0.0298128891736269,
0.018520303070545197,
-0.012035764753818512,
0.01741410791873932,
0.010017861612141132,
0.0712263286113739,
0.019892923533916473,
-0.04057840630412102,
0.028590040281414986,
-0.033... |
12. 52 508 12 • fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications access for free at openstax. org figure 12. 16 schematic of the circulatory system. pressure difference is created by the two pumps in the heart and is reduced by resistance in the vessels. branching of vessels into capillaries allows blood to r... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.008189485408365726,
0.049005791544914246,
0.029926009476184845,
-0.014056025072932243,
-0.011206365190446377,
0.015182256698608398,
-0.028706291690468788,
0.006428373511880636,
0.0017603238811716437,
0.09245649725198746,
0.013299403712153435,
-0.005542648956179619,
-0.003056755056604743,
... |
12. 5 the onset of turbulence learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • calculate reynolds number. • use the reynolds number for a system to determine whether it is laminar or turbulent. sometimes we can predict if flow will be laminar or turbulent. we know that flow in a very smooth tube ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.005895375274121761,
0.05894787237048149,
0.015394280664622784,
-0.0037955630104988813,
-0.03168173506855965,
-0.029170455411076546,
-0.04093113914132118,
-0.0131145054474473,
0.015137368813157082,
0.08730535954236984,
0.002161208540201187,
-0.011580027639865875,
0.006486921571195126,
-0... |
12. 5 • the onset of turbulence 509 used to detect turbulence as a medical indicator in a process analogous to doppler - shift radar used to detect storms. figure 12. 17 flow is laminar in the large part of this blood vessel and turbulent in the part narrowed by plaque, where velocity is high. in the transition region,... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.012077229097485542,
0.042441412806510925,
0.019485922530293465,
-0.01220601424574852,
-0.03926761820912361,
-0.014799375087022781,
-0.018475938588380814,
-0.05020953714847565,
0.00579131068661809,
0.0944129079580307,
0.03621050342917442,
-0.008989431895315647,
0.00014090353215578943,
-0.... |
12. 54 510 12 • fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications access for free at openstax. org the topic of chaos has become quite popular over the last few decades. a system is defined to be chaotic when its behavior is so sensitive to some factor that it is extremely difficult to predict. the field of ch... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.00011424234980950132,
0.021245403215289116,
0.021682484075427055,
-0.004765588790178299,
-0.0053785452619194984,
-0.017194515094161034,
-0.04826453700661659,
-0.02501995675265789,
0.010539445094764233,
0.09526806324720383,
0.031756941229104996,
-0.0015950370579957962,
0.00534474290907383,
... |
12. 6 motion of an object in a viscous fluid learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • calculate the reynolds number for an object moving through a fluid. • explain whether the reynolds number indicates laminar or turbulent flow. • describe the conditions under which an object has a termin... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0065257060341537,
0.058462630957365036,
0.0085503701120615,
-0.03572560101747513,
0.006423209328204393,
-0.02336731366813183,
0.009223885834217072,
-0.021829914301633835,
0.020683718845248222,
0.0888667181134224,
0.020638929679989815,
0.026721645146608353,
0.0029265228658914566,
-0.0171... |
a turbulent wake? calculate the reynolds number for a ball with a 7. 40 - cm diameter thrown at 40. 0 m / s. strategy we can use to calculate, since all values in it are either given or can be found in tables of density and viscosity. solution substituting values into the equation for yields take - home experiment : in... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.02353321574628353,
0.05668499693274498,
-0.01162259466946125,
-0.030766494572162628,
0.007258563302457333,
0.019998768344521523,
0.009129402227699757,
-0.008940329775214195,
0.03293747454881668,
0.04853102192282677,
0.04562598839402199,
0.03522254154086113,
0.023854196071624756,
-0.01740... |
12. 6 • motion of an object in a viscous fluid 511 discussion this value is sufficiently high to imply a turbulent wake. most large objects, such as airplanes and sailboats, create significant turbulence as they move. as noted before, the bernoulli principle gives only qualitatively - correct results in such situations... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.03079819492995739,
0.05003640055656433,
0.022642116993665695,
-0.004257057327777147,
-0.007419802714139223,
0.009539194405078888,
0.005007603671401739,
-0.02349204570055008,
0.006066316273063421,
0.06054128333926201,
0.014326514676213264,
0.031768154352903366,
-0.004569231066852808,
-0.... |
sphere, because fluid speed is less, creating a net force to the left that is significantly greater than for laminar flow. here is greater than 10. ( c ) at much higher speeds, where is greater than, flow becomes turbulent everywhere on the surface and behind the sphere. drag increases dramatically. an interesting cons... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.010027674026787281,
0.041330136358737946,
0.019484860822558403,
-0.014648472890257835,
-0.006761610507965088,
0.0067954035475850105,
0.013280375860631466,
0.015893952921032906,
0.012146556749939919,
0.06858169287443161,
0.005303602200001478,
0.029723623767495155,
0.03959210589528084,
-0... |
12. 57 take - home experiment : don ’ t lose your marbles by measuring the terminal speed of a slowly moving sphere in a viscous fluid, one can find the viscosity of that fluid ( at that temperature ). it can be difficult to find small ball bearings around the house, but a small marble will do. gather two or three flui... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0016251214547082782,
0.03654491528868675,
0.021176226437091827,
-0.007792029529809952,
-0.046301454305648804,
0.011059855110943317,
-0.005734666716307402,
0.029580874368548393,
0.028485586866736412,
0.063850037753582,
0.01452176459133625,
0.015895262360572815,
0.009014979936182499,
-0.04... |
12. 7 molecular transport phenomena : diffusion, osmosis, and related processes learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, and active transport. • calculate diffusion rates. diffusion there is something fishy about the ice cube from your freezer — how di... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01317710429430008,
0.02945377491414547,
-0.0019260691478848457,
0.011147101409733295,
-0.02277030423283577,
0.02355460822582245,
0.0028113466687500477,
-0.00910948310047388,
0.008761242963373661,
0.1138099730014801,
0.023096678778529167,
0.027905702590942383,
0.009753535501658916,
-0.053... |
12. 7 • molecular transport phenomena : diffusion, osmosis, and related processes 513 figure 12. 20 the random thermal motion of a molecule in a fluid in time. this type of motion is called a random walk. diffusing molecule medium d ( m2 / s ) hydrogen air oxygen air oxygen water glucose water hemoglobin water dna wate... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01655741035938263,
0.03288855776190758,
0.01400555856525898,
0.002771534724161029,
-0.007936893962323666,
0.01798084005713463,
0.0009888088097795844,
-0.011461744084954262,
0.019075270742177963,
0.11513452231884003,
0.015752602368593216,
-0.007220946718007326,
0.008812889456748962,
-0.04... |
. the rate and direction of diffusion if you very carefully place a drop of food coloring in a still glass of water, it will slowly diffuse into the colorless surroundings until its concentration is the same everywhere. this type of diffusion is called free diffusion, because there are no barriers inhibiting it. let us... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.009328976273536682,
0.019263094291090965,
-0.001009753323160112,
0.03456797078251839,
-0.018558306619524956,
0.0002646576031111181,
-0.008931056596338749,
0.008721064776182175,
-0.024803729727864265,
0.055965013802051544,
0.009862352162599564,
0.002426277380436659,
0.02231026254594326,
... |
12. 7 • molecular transport phenomena : diffusion, osmosis, and related processes 515 osmosis and dialysis — diffusion across membranes some of the most interesting examples of diffusion occur through barriers that affect the rates of diffusion. for example, when you soak a swollen ankle in epsom salt, water diffuses t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.02321874164044857,
0.02832230180501938,
0.014917915686964989,
0.012792162597179413,
-0.019813792780041695,
0.022833621129393578,
0.006590539589524269,
-0.003507971530780196,
0.007983621209859848,
0.09833450615406036,
-0.0055456911213696,
0.008941984735429287,
0.006629581563174725,
-0.03... |
osmosis can create a substantial pressure. consider what happens if osmosis continues for some time, as illustrated in figure 12. 23. water moves by osmosis from the left into the region on the right, where it is less concentrated, causing the solution on the right to rise. this movement will continue until the pressur... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.011298765428364277,
0.010406482964754105,
0.02122562937438488,
0.011863808147609234,
-0.0055872066877782345,
-0.00671090092509985,
0.0051184045150876045,
-0.0037719968240708113,
0.0032333526760339737,
0.115299753844738,
0.007184677757322788,
0.0013664584839716554,
0.0035995894577354193,
... |
that occur when back pressure is sufficient to reverse the normal direction of substances through membranes. back pressure can be created naturally as on the right side of figure 12. 23. ( a piston can also create this pressure. ) reverse osmosis can be used to desalinate water by simply forcing it through a membrane t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.02199339121580124,
0.025092732161283493,
0.009189813397824764,
0.022165751084685326,
-0.04271213710308075,
0.013522195629775524,
-0.017870385199785233,
0.013970044441521168,
0.010652109049260616,
0.11824144423007965,
0.025353748351335526,
-0.01913728192448616,
0.02490479126572609,
-0.01... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.