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12. 7 • molecular transport phenomena : diffusion, osmosis, and related processes 517 glossary active transport the process in which a living membrane expends energy to move substances across bernoulli ’ s equation the equation resulting from applying conservation of energy to an incompressible frictionless fluid : p +... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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pressure is sufficient to reverse the normal direction of osmosis through membranes reynolds number a dimensionless parameter that can reveal whether a particular flow is laminar or turbulent semipermeable a type of membrane that allows only certain small molecules to pass through terminal speed the speed at which the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the second is power associated with velocity, and the third is power associated with height. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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12. 4 viscosity and laminar flow ; poiseuille ’ s law • laminar flow is characterized by smooth flow of 518 12 • glossary access for free at openstax. org the fluid in layers that do not mix. • turbulence is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together. • fluid viscosity is due to friction withi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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12. 7 molecular transport phenomena : diffusion, osmosis, and related processes • diffusion is the movement of substances due to random thermal molecular motion. • the average distance a molecule travels by diffusion in a given amount of time is given by where is the diffusion constant, representative values of which a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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12. 2 bernoulli ’ s equation 4. you can squirt water a considerably greater distance by placing your thumb over the end of a garden hose and then releasing, than by leaving it completely uncovered. explain how this works. 5. water is shot nearly vertically upward in a decorative fountain and the stream is observed to b... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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push you toward the moving train. 15. water pressure inside a hose nozzle can be less than atmospheric pressure due to the bernoulli effect. explain in terms of energy how the water can emerge from the nozzle against the opposing atmospheric pressure. 16. a perfume bottle or atomizer sprays a fluid that is in the bottl... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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12. 3 the most general applications of bernoulli ’ s equation 18. based on bernoulli ’ s equation, what are three forms of energy in a fluid? ( note that these forms are conservative, unlike heat transfer and other dissipative forms not included in bernoulli ’ s equation. ) 19. water that has emerged from a hose into t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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12. 4 viscosity and laminar flow ; poiseuille ’ s law 22. explain why the viscosity of a liquid decreases with temperature — that is, how might increased temperature reduce the effects of cohesive forces in a liquid? also explain why the viscosity of a gas increases with temperature — that is, how does increased gas te... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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12. 5 the onset of turbulence 26. doppler ultrasound can be used to measure the speed of blood in the body. if there is a partial constriction of an artery, where would you expect blood speed to be greatest, at or nearby the constriction? what are the two distinct causes of higher resistance in the constriction? 27. si... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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5. 00 l / min. ( a ) convert this to. ( b ) what is this rate in? 3. blood is pumped from the heart at a rate of 5. 0 l / min into the aorta ( of radius 1. 0 cm ). determine the speed of blood through the aorta. 4. blood is flowing through an artery of radius 2 mm at a rate of 40 cm / s. determine the flow rate and the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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4. 00 and the total cross - sectional area of the venules is, what is the total cross - sectional area of the capillaries feeding these venules? ( b ) how many capillaries are involved if their average diameter is? 8. the human circulation system has approximately capillary vessels. each vessel has a diameter of about.... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 75 m high. 522 12 • problems & exercises access for free at openstax. org 13. water is moving at a velocity of 2. 00 m / s through a hose with an internal diameter of 1. 60 cm. ( a ) what is the flow rate in liters per second? ( b ) the fluid velocity in this hose ’ s nozzle is 15. 0 m / s. what is the nozzle ’ s in... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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12. 2 bernoulli ’ s equation 17. verify that pressure has units of energy per unit volume. 18. suppose you have a wind speed gauge like the pitot tube shown in example 12. 2 ( b ). by what factor must wind speed increase to double the value of in the manometer? is this independent of the moving fluid and the fluid in t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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3. 50 m / s along its back surface. take the density of air to be. ( the calculation, based on bernoulli ’ s principle, is approximate due to the effects of turbulence. ) ( b ) discuss whether this force is great enough to be effective for propelling a sailboat. 23. ( a ) what is the pressure drop due to the bernoulli ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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12. 3 the most general applications of bernoulli ’ s equation 25. hoover dam on the colorado river is the highest dam in the united states at 221 m, with an output of 1300 mw. the dam generates electricity with water taken from a depth of 150 m and an average flow rate of. ( a ) calculate the power in this flow. ( b ) ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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30. 0 cm / s, and its height by 5. 00 cm. ( all numbers are averaged over the entire heartbeat. ) calculate the total power output of the left ventricle. note that most of the power is used to increase blood pressure. 28. a sump pump ( used to drain water from the basement of houses built below the water table ) is dra... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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12. 4 viscosity and laminar flow ; poiseuille ’ s law 29. ( a ) calculate the retarding force due to the viscosity of the air layer between a cart and a level air track given the following information — air temperature is, the cart is moving at 0. 400 m / s, its surface area is, and the thickness of the air layer is. (... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. 00 times greater viscosity is substituted. ( c ) the tube is replaced by one having 4. 00 times the length. ( d ) another tube is used with a radius 0. 100 times the original. ( e ) yet another tube is substituted with a radius 0. 100 times the original and half the length, and the pressure difference is increased by... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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fluid and the coefficient of viscosity. 39. using the equation of the previous problem, find the viscosity of motor oil in which a steel ball of radius 0. 8 mm falls with a terminal speed of 4. 32 cm / s. the densities of the ball and the oil are 7. 86 and 0. 88 g / ml, respectively. 40. a skydiver will reach a termina... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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would the direction of flow be reversed? ( this reversal can be a problem when patients stand up. ) 44. when physicians diagnose arterial blockages, they quote the reduction in flow rate. if the flow rate in an artery has been reduced to 10. 0 % of its normal value by a blood clot and the average pressure difference ha... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the entrance of the 50. 0 - m - long vertical pipe. take the density of the oil to be and its viscosity to be ( or ). note that you must take into account the pressure due to the 50. 0 - m column of oil in the pipe. 48. concrete is pumped from a cement mixer to the place it is being laid, instead of being carried in wh... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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12. 5 the onset of turbulence 51. verify that the flow of oil is laminar ( barely ) for an oil gusher that shoots crude oil 25. 0 m into the air through a pipe with a 0. 100 - m diameter. the vertical pipe is 50 m long. take the density of the oil to be and its viscosity to be ( or ). 52. show that the reynolds number ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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speed of blood flow at in an artery of radius 2. 00 mm if the flow is to remain laminar? what is the corresponding flow rate? take the density of blood to be. 58. in take - home experiment : inhalation, we measured the average flow rate of air traveling through the trachea during each inhalation. now calculate the aver... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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( d ) what is the reynolds number for the given flow? ( take the viscosity of water as. ) | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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12. 7 molecular transport phenomena : diffusion, osmosis, and related processes 62. you can smell perfume very shortly after opening the bottle. to show that it is not reaching your nose by diffusion, calculate the average distance a perfume molecule moves in one second in air, given its diffusion constant to be. 63. w... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 6 humidity, evaporation, and boiling heat is something familiar to each of us. we feel the warmth of the summer sun, the chill of a clear summer night, the heat of coffee after a winter stroll, and the cooling effect of our sweat. heat transfer is maintained by temperature differences. manifestations of heat transf... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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when the thermometer ’ s temperature increases, the liquid from the bulb is forced into the narrow tube, producing a large change in the length of the column for a small change in temperature. ( credit : chemical engineer, wikimedia commons ) | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 1 temperature learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define temperature. • convert temperatures between the celsius, fahrenheit, and kelvin scales. • define thermal equilibrium. • state the zeroth law of thermodynamics. the concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. 3 ). other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance and color, as shown in figure 13. 4, and the emission of infrared radiation, as shown in figure 13. 5. misconception alert : human perception vs. reality on a cold winter morning, the wood on a porch feels warmer than the metal of your bi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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second liquid crystal square also changes color, and so forth. ( credit : arkrishna, wikimedia commons ) figure 13. 5 fireman jason ormand uses a pyrometer to check the temperature of an aircraft carrier ’ s ventilation system. infrared radiation ( whose emission varies with temperature ) from the vent is measured and ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 1 • temperature 531 on this scale is the degree fahrenheit. note that a temperature difference of one degree celsius is greater than a temperature difference of one degree fahrenheit. only 100 celsius degrees span the same range as 180 fahrenheit degrees, thus one degree on the celsius scale is 1. 8 times larger th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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, they are simple combinations of the conversions between fahrenheit and celsius, and the conversions between celsius and kelvin. 532 13 • temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws access for free at openstax. org example 13. 1 converting between temperature scales : room temperature “ room temperature ” is general... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2 13. 3 13. 4 13. 5 13. 6 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 1 • temperature 533 with body temperatures within a small range, from to to ). the average normal body temperature is usually given as ( ), and variations in this temperature can indicate a medical condition : a fever, an infection, a tumor, or circulatory problems ( see figure 13. 7 ). figure 13. 7 this image of r... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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pressure of gases at a constant volume decreases as temperature decreases. various scientists have noted that the pressures of gases extrapolate to zero at the same temperature,. this extrapolation implies that there is a lowest temperature. this temperature is called absolute zero. today we know that most gases first ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 1 • temperature 535 figure 13. 9 graph of pressure versus temperature for various gases kept at a constant volume. note that all of the graphs extrapolate to zero pressure at the same temperature. thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics thermometers actually take their own temperature, not the temp... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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metal block and a hot metal block are both placed on a metal plate at room temperature. eventually the cold block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. in addition, the hot block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. by the zeroth law, we can conclude that the cold block and the hot block are also in th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 2 thermal expansion of solids and liquids learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define and describe thermal expansion. • calculate the linear expansion of an object given its initial length, change in temperature, and coefficient of linear expansion. • calculate the volume expansio... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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packed together, but their kinetic energy ( in the form of small, rapid vibrations ) pushes neighboring atoms or molecules apart from each other. this neighbor - to - neighbor pushing results in a slightly greater distance, on average, between neighbors, and adds up to a larger size for the whole body. for most substan... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 2 • thermal expansion of solids and liquids 537 table 13. 2 lists representative values of the coefficient of linear expansion, which may have units of or 1 / k. because the size of a kelvin and a degree celsius are the same, both and can be expressed in units of kelvins or degrees celsius. the equation is accurate... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 7 1 values for liquids and gases are approximate. 538 13 • temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws access for free at openstax. org material coefficient of linear expansion coefficient of volume expansion glycerin mercury water gases air and most other gases at atmospheric pressure table 13. 2 thermal expansi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 2 • thermal expansion of solids and liquids 539 figure 13. 11 in general, objects expand in all directions as temperature increases. in these drawings, the original boundaries of the objects are shown with solid lines, and the expanded boundaries with dashed lines. ( a ) area increases because both length and width... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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greater than the density at, and 0. 012 % greater than that at. where is the change in area, is the change in temperature, and is the coefficient of linear expansion, which varies slightly with temperature. thermal expansion in three dimensions the change in volume is very nearly. this equation is usually written as wh... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 10 540 13 • temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws access for free at openstax. org example 13. 4 calculating thermal expansion : gas vs. gas tank suppose your 60. 0 - l ( 15. 9 - gal ) steel gasoline tank is full of gas, so both the tank and the gasoline have a temperature of. how much gasoline has spilled ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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but because the gasoline has expanded, there is less mass. if you are used to getting another 40 miles on “ empty ” in the winter, beware — you will probably run out much more quickly in the summer. figure 13. 13 because the gas expands more than the gas tank with increasing temperature, you can ’ t drive as many miles... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 2 • thermal expansion of solids and liquids 541 discussion this amount is significant, particularly for a 60. 0 - l tank. the effect is so striking because the gasoline and steel expand quickly. the rate of change in thermal properties is discussed in heat and heat transfer methods. if you try to cap the tank tight... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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values. the bulk modulus for gasoline is ×. in the previous example, the change in volume is the amount that would spill. here, is the original volume of the gasoline. substituting these values into the equation, we obtain discussion this pressure is about, much more than a gasoline tank can handle. forces and pressure... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 17 542 13 • temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws access for free at openstax. org and roadways can buckle on hot days if they lack sufficient expansion joints. ( see figure 13. 14. ) power lines sag more in the summer than in the winter, and will snap in cold weather if there is insufficient slack. cracks ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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, silver, etc. ) are being replaced by composite fillings ( porcelain ), which have smaller coefficients of expansion, and are closer to those of teeth. check your understanding two blocks, a and b, are made of the same material. block a has dimensions and block b has dimensions. if the temperature changes, what is ( a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 2 • thermal expansion of solids and liquids 543 solution ( a ) the change in volume is proportional to the original volume. block a has a volume of. block b has a volume of which is 4 times that of block a. thus the change in volume of block b should be 4 times the change in volume of block a. ( b ) the change in a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 3 the ideal gas law learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • state the ideal gas law in terms of molecules and in terms of moles. • use the ideal gas law to calculate pressure change, temperature change, volume change, or the number of molecules or moles in a given volume. • use avoga... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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gas occupies all of the accessible volume and the expansion of gases is rapid. in contrast, in liquids and solids, atoms and molecules are closer together and are quite sensitive to the 544 13 • temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws access for free at openstax. org forces between them. figure 13. 17 atoms and m... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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proportional to temperature at a fixed pressure ) and from boyle ’ s law ( that for a fixed temperature, the product is a constant ). in the ideal gas model, the volume occupied by its atoms and molecules is a negligible fraction of. the ideal gas law describes the behavior of real gases under most conditions. ( note, ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 3 • the ideal gas law 545 atoms and molecules. example 13. 6 calculating pressure changes due to temperature changes : tire pressure suppose your bicycle tire is fully inflated, with an absolute pressure of ( a gauge pressure of just under ) at a temperature of. what is the pressure after its temperature has risen ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 24 making connections : take - home experiment — refrigerating a balloon inflate a balloon at room temperature. leave the inflated balloon in the refrigerator overnight. what happens to the balloon, and why? 546 13 • temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws access for free at openstax. org example 13. 7 calcul... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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based on the hypothesis that equal volumes of gas, at the same pressure and temperature, contain equal numbers of molecules. that is, the number is independent of the type of gas. this hypothesis has been confirmed, and the value of avogadro ’ s number is 13. 25 13. 26 13. 27 13. 28 avogadro ’ s number one mole always ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 3 • the ideal gas law 547 figure 13. 19 how big is a mole? on a macroscopic level, one mole of table tennis balls would cover the earth to a depth of about 40 km. check your understanding the active ingredient in a tylenol pill is 325 mg of acetaminophen. find the number of active molecules of acetaminophen in a si... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 34 548 13 • temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws access for free at openstax. org discussion this value is very close to the accepted value of 22. 4 l / mol. the slight difference is due to rounding errors caused by using three - digit input. again this number is the same for all gases. in other words, it ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. 36 ideal gas law ( in terms of moles ) the ideal gas law ( in terms of moles ) is the numerical value of in si units is in other units, you can use whichever value of is most convenient for a particular problem. 13. 37 13. 38 13. 39 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 3 • the ideal gas law 549 strategy identify the knowns and unknowns, and choose an equation to solve for the unknown. in this case, we solve the ideal gas law,, for the number of moles. solution 1. identify the knowns. 2. rearrange the equation to solve for and substitute known values. discussion the most convenien... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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both its pressure and its volume. the energy can be changed when the gas is doing work as it expands — something we explore in heat and heat transfer methods — similar to what occurs in gasoline or steam engines and turbines. 13. 40 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 41 problem - solving strategy : the ideal gas law step 1 examine the situation to determine that an ideal gas is involved. most gases are nearly ideal. step 2 make a list of what quantities are given, or can be inferred from the problem as stated ( identify the known quantities ). convert known values into proper s... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 4 kinetic theory : atomic and molecular explanation of pressure and temperature learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • express the ideal gas law in terms of molecular mass and velocity. • define thermal energy. • calculate the kinetic energy of a gas molecule, given its temperature.... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 4 • kinetic theory : atomic and molecular explanation of pressure and temperature 551 figure 13. 20 when a molecule collides with a rigid wall, the component of its momentum perpendicular to the wall is reversed. a force is thus exerted on the wall, creating pressure. figure 13. 20 shows an elastic collision of a g... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 44 making connections : things great and small — atomic and molecular origin of pressure in a gas figure 13. 21 shows a box filled with a gas. we know from our previous discussions that putting more gas into the box produces greater pressure, and that increasing the temperature of the gas also produces a greater pr... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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between the wall and the molecule until the molecule hits the wall. during the short time of the collision, the force between the molecule and wall is relatively large. we are looking for an average force ; we take to be the average time between collisions of the molecule with this wall. it is the time it would take th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 4 • kinetic theory : atomic and molecular explanation of pressure and temperature 553 we can get the average kinetic energy of a molecule,, from the right - hand side of the equation by canceling and multiplying by 3 / 2. this calculation produces the result that the average kinetic energy of a molecule is directly... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 57 554 13 • temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws access for free at openstax. org before substituting values into this equation, we must convert the given temperature to kelvins. this conversion gives solution for ( a ) the temperature alone is sufficient to find the average translational kinetic energy. s... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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small amount of time, but disturbances like sound waves are transmitted at speeds related to the molecular speeds. 13. 58 13. 59 13. 60 13. 61 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 4 • kinetic theory : atomic and molecular explanation of pressure and temperature 555 distribution of molecular speeds the motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. this distribution is ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##ties such as the lungs and mouth, creating a dry sensation in the mouth. example 13. 11 calculating temperature : escape velocity of helium atoms in order to escape earth ’ s gravity, an object near the top of the atmosphere ( at an altitude of 100 km ) must travel away from earth at 11. 1 km / s. this speed is calle... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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of them will have speeds greater than the escape velocity. in fact, so few have speeds above the 13. 62 13. 63 13. 64 13. 65 13. 66 13. 67 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 4 • kinetic theory : atomic and molecular explanation of pressure and temperature 557 escape velocity that billions of years are required to lose significant amounts of the atmosphere. figure 13. 25 shows the impact of a lack of an atmosphere on the moon. because the gravitational pull of the moon is much weaker, i... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##ian effect. phet explorations gas properties pump gas molecules into a box and see what happens as you change the volume, add or remove heat, change gravity, and more. measure the temperature and pressure, and discover how the properties of the gas vary in relation to each other. click to view content ( https : / / o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 5 phase changes learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • interpret a phase diagram. • state dalton ’ s law. • identify and describe the triple point of a gas from its phase diagram. • describe the state of equilibrium between a liquid and a gas, a liquid and a solid, and a gas and a s... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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k at atmospheric pressure. is useful as a refrigerant and allows for the preservation of blood, sperm, and other biological materials. it is also used to reduce noise in electronic sensors and equipment, and to help cool down their current - carrying wires. in dermatology, is used to freeze and painlessly remove warts ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 5 • phase changes 559 hyperbolas represent ideal - gas behavior at various fixed temperatures, and are called isotherms. at lower temperatures, the curves begin to look less like hyperbolas — the gas is not behaving ideally and may even contain liquid. there is a critical point — that is, a critical temperature — a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 27 table 13. 3 critical temperatures and pressures phase diagrams the plots of pressure versus temperatures provide considerable insight into thermal properties of substances. there are well - defined regions on these graphs that correspond to various phases of matter, so graphs are called 560 13 • temperature, kine... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##ball maker. from the phase diagram, we can also say that the melting temperature of ice falls with increased pressure. when a car is driven over snow, the increased pressure from the tires melts the snowflakes ; afterwards the water refreezes and forms an ice layer. at sufficiently low pressures there is no liquid ph... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the same increase of boiling and condensation rates. 13. 5 • phase changes 561 figure 13. 29 equilibrium between liquid and gas at two different boiling points inside a closed container. ( a ) the rates of boiling and condensation are equal at this combination of temperature and pressure, so the liquid and gas phases a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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0. 0697 table 13. 4 triple point temperatures and pressures one example of equilibrium between liquid and gas is that of water and steam at and 1. 00 atm. this temperature is the boiling point at that pressure, so they should exist in equilibrium. why does an open pot of water at boil completely away? the gas surroundi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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on both the substance and its temperature — an increase in temperature increases the vapor pressure. partial pressure is defined as the pressure a gas would create if it occupied the total volume available. in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of partial pressures of the component gases, assuming ideal ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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molecules pushing together, doing work and releasing energy. phet explorations states of matter — basics heat, cool, and compress atoms and molecules and watch as they change between solid, liquid, and gas phases. click to view content ( https : / / openstax. org / books / college - physics - 2e / pages / 13 - 5 - phas... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 6 • humidity, evaporation, and boiling 563 figure 13. 30 dew drops like these, on a banana leaf photographed just after sunrise, form when the air temperature drops to or below the dew point. at the dew point, the rate at which water molecules join together is greater than the rate at which they separate, and some ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the molecules have high enough speeds to enter the gas phase ; see figure 13. 31 ( a ). if a lid is placed over the container, as in figure 13. 31 ( b ), evaporation continues, increasing the pressure, until sufficient vapor has built up for condensation to balance evaporation. then equilibrium has been achieved, and t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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nothing to do with the properties of air. temperature vapor pressure ( pa ) saturation vapor density ( g / m3 ) −50 4. 0 0. 039 −20 0. 89 −10 2. 36 0 4. 84 5 6. 80 10 9. 40 15 12. 8 20 17. 2 25 23. 0 30 30. 4 37 44. 0 40 51. 1 50 82. 4 60 130 70 197 80 294 90 418 95 505 100 598 120 1095 150 2430 table 13. 5 saturation ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 6 • humidity, evaporation, and boiling 565 temperature vapor pressure ( pa ) saturation vapor density ( g / m3 ) 200 7090 220 10, 200 table 13. 5 saturation vapor density of water example 13. 12 calculating density using vapor pressure table 13. 5 gives the vapor pressure of water at as use the ideal gas law to cal... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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an ideal gas : the pressure and density are consistent with the ideal gas law ( assuming the density in the table is correct ). the saturation vapor densities listed in table 13. 5 are the maximum amounts of water vapor that air can hold at various temperatures. 13. 70 13. 71 13. 72 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 73 566 13 • temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws access for free at openstax. org we can use this and the data in table 13. 5 to do a variety of interesting calculations, keeping in mind that relative humidity is based on the comparison of the partial pressure of water vapor in air and ice. example 13. 13 ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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, freezing temperatures are a greater possibility, which explains why farmers keep track of the dew point. low humidity in deserts means low dew - point temperatures. thus condensation is unlikely. if the temperature drops, vapor does not condense in liquid drops. because no heat is released into the air, the air tempe... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 6 • humidity, evaporation, and boiling 567 form bubbles when it boils? this is because water ordinarily contains significant amounts of dissolved air and other impurities, which are observed as small bubbles of air in a glass of water. if a bubble starts out at the bottom of the container at, it contains water vapo... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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, hence a lower humidity. so evaporation of water from food, for example, will be enhanced. the molecules of water most likely to break away from the food will be those with the greatest velocities. those remaining thus have a lower average velocity and a lower temperature. this can ( and does ) result in the freezing ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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pressures the physical law that states that the total pressure of a gas is the sum of partial pressures of the component gases degree celsius unit on the celsius temperature scale degree fahrenheit unit on the fahrenheit temperature scale dew point the temperature at which relative humidity is 100 % ; the temperature a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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thermodynamics law that states that if two objects are in thermal equilibrium, and a third object is in thermal equilibrium with one of those objects, it is also in thermal equilibrium with the other object section summary | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 1 temperature • temperature is the quantity measured by a thermometer. • temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a system. • absolute zero is the temperature at which there is no molecular motion. • there are three main temperature scales : celsius, fahrenheit, and kelvin. • t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 3 the ideal gas law • the ideal gas law relates the pressure and volume of a gas to the number of gas molecules and the temperature of the gas. • the ideal gas law can be written in terms of the number of molecules of gas : where is pressure, is volume, is temperature, is number of molecules, and is the boltzmann c... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 4 kinetic theory : atomic and molecular explanation of pressure and temperature • kinetic theory is the atomistic description of gases as well as liquids and solids. • kinetic theory models the properties of matter in terms of continuous random motion of atoms and molecules. • the ideal gas law can also be expresse... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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13. 5 phase changes • most substances have three distinct phases : gas, liquid, and solid. • phase changes among the various phases of matter depend on temperature and pressure. • the existence of the three phases with respect to pressure and temperature can be described in a phase diagram. 570 13 • section summary acc... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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will need to include the surroundings as part of the system. consider the zeroth law of thermodynamics. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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