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15. 6 entropy and the second law of thermodynamics : disorder and the unavailability of energy 47. ( a ) on a winter day, a certain house loses × of heat to the outside ( about 500, 000 btu ). what is the total change in entropy due to this heat transfer alone, assuming an average indoor temperature of and an average o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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entropy of 25. 0 g of water that condenses on a bathroom mirror at a temperature of, assuming no change in temperature and given the latent heat of vaporization to be 2450 kj / kg? 54. find the increase in entropy of 1. 00 kg of liquid nitrogen that starts at its boiling temperature, boils, and warms to at constant pre... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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15. 7 statistical interpretation of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics : the underlying explanation 57. using table 15. 4, verify the contention that if you toss 100 coins each second, you can expect to get 100 heads or 100 tails once in × years ; calculate the time to two - digit accuracy. 58. what percent o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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microstates ( w ) heads tails 10 0 1 9 1 10 8 2 45 7 3 120 6 4 210 5 5 252 4 6 210 table 15. 5 10 - coin toss macrostate number of microstates ( w ) 3 7 120 2 8 45 1 9 10 0 10 1 total : 1024 table 15. 5 10 - coin toss 62. ( a ) if you toss 10 coins, what percent of the time will you get the three most likely macrostate... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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access for free at openstax. org introduction to oscillatory motion and waves chapter 16 oscillatory motion and waves 16. 1 hooke ’ s law : stress and strain revisited 16. 2 period and frequency in oscillations 16. 3 simple harmonic motion : a special periodic motion 16. 4 the simple pendulum 16. 5 energy and the simpl... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 11 energy in waves : intensity what do an ocean buoy, a child in a swing, the cone inside a speaker, a guitar, atoms in a crystal, the motion of chest cavities, and the beating of hearts all have in common? they all oscillate — - that is, they move back and forth between two points. many systems oscillate, and they... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the same space, in the phenomena known as superposition and interference. click to view content ( https : / / openstax. org / books / college - physics - 2e / pages / 16 - introduction - to - oscillatory - motion - and - waves ) | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 1 hooke ’ s law : stress and strain revisited learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain newton ’ s third law of motion with respect to stress and deformation. • describe the restoration of force and displacement. • calculate the energy in hooke ’ s law of deformation, and the s... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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sign indicates the restoring force is in the direction opposite to the displacement. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 1 678 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org figure 16. 3 ( a ) the plastic ruler has been released, and the restoring force is returning the ruler to its equilibrium position. ( b ) the net force is zero at the equilibrium position, but the ruler has momentum and continues to move to th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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stationary. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 1 • hooke ’ s law : stress and strain revisited 679 example 16. 1 how stiff are car springs? figure 16. 5 the mass of a car increases due to the introduction of a passenger. this affects the displacement of the car on its suspension system. ( credit : exfordy on flickr ) what is the force constant for the suspensio... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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s law. hence, 16. 2 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 3 680 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org where is the elastic potential energy stored in any deformed system that obeys hooke ’ s law and has a displacement from equilibrium and a force constant. it is possible to find the work done in deforming a system in order to find the energy s... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 1 • hooke ’ s law : stress and strain revisited 681, and the projectile is in place. ( c ) when released, the spring converts elastic potential energy into kinetic energy. strategy for a ( a ) : the energy stored in the spring can be found directly from elastic potential energy equation, because and are given. solu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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this section, you will be able to : • observe the vibrations of a guitar string. • determine the frequency of oscillations. 16. 5 16. 6 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 7 682 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org figure 16. 8 the strings on this guitar vibrate at regular time intervals. ( credit : jar ) when you pluck a guitar string, the resulting sound has a steady tone and lasts a long time. each successive vibration of the string takes the same tim... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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by oscillating with a period of 0. 400 µs. what is the frequency of this oscillation? ( b ) the frequency of middle c on a typical musical instrument is 264 hz. what is the time for one complete oscillation? strategy both questions ( a ) and ( b ) can be answered using the relationship between period and frequency. in ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 2 • period and frequency in oscillations 683 discussion a the frequency of sound found in ( a ) is much higher than the highest frequency that humans can hear and, therefore, is called ultrasound. appropriate oscillations at this frequency generate ultrasound used for noninvasive medical diagnoses, such as observat... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 3 simple harmonic motion : a special periodic motion learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe a simple harmonic oscillator. • explain the link between simple harmonic motion and waves. the oscillations of a system in which the net force can be described by hooke ’ s law are o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 14 take - home experiment : shm and the marble find a bowl or basin that is shaped like a hemisphere on the inside. place a marble inside the bowl and tilt the bowl periodically so the marble rolls from the bottom of the bowl to equally high points on the sides of the bowl. 684 16 • oscillatory motion and waves acc... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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harmonic motion. get a feel for the force required to maintain this periodic motion. what is the restoring force and what role does the force you apply play in the simple harmonic motion ( shm ) of the marble? period of simple harmonic oscillator the period of a simple harmonic oscillator is given by and, because, the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 3 • simple harmonic motion : a special periodic motion 685 example 16. 4 calculate the frequency and period of oscillations : bad shock absorbers in a car if the shock absorbers in a car go bad, then the car will oscillate at the least provocation, such as when going over bumps in the road and after stopping ( see ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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headlight as the car moves to the right. ) take - home experiment : mass and ruler oscillations find two identical wooden or plastic rulers. tape one end of each ruler firmly to the edge of a table so that the length of each ruler that protrudes from the table is the same. on the free end of one ruler tape a heavy obje... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 19 686 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org figure 16. 11 the vertical position of an object bouncing on a spring is recorded on a strip of moving paper, leaving a sine wave. the displacement as a function of time t in any simple harmonic motion — that is, one in which the net restorin... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 3 • simple harmonic motion : a special periodic motion 687 figure 16. 12 graphs of and versus for the motion of an object on a spring. the net force on the object can be described by hooke ’ s law, and so the object undergoes simple harmonic motion. note that the initial position has the vertical displacement at it... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 4 the simple pendulum learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • measure acceleration due to gravity. figure 16. 13 a simple pendulum has a small - diameter bob and a string that has a very small mass but is strong enough not to stretch appreciably. the linear displacement from equilibr... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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about, the restoring force is the displacement is directly proportional to. when is expressed in radians, the arc length in a circle is related to its radius ( in this instance ) by : 16. 23 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 4 • the simple pendulum 689 so that for small angles, then, the expression for the restoring force is : this expression is of the form : where the force constant is given by and the displacement is given by. for angles less than about, the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement, and the simple... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 31 690 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org 3. calculate to find : discussion this method for determining can be very accurate. this is why length and period are given to five digits in this example. for the precision of the approximation to be better than the precision of the pendulum... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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simple harmonic oscillator, we first consider all the forms of energy it can have we know from hooke ’ s law : stress and strain revisited that the energy stored in the deformation of a simple harmonic oscillator is a form of potential energy given by : | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 32 making career connections knowing can be important in geological exploration ; for example, a map of over large geographical regions aids the study of plate tectonics and helps in the search for oil fields and large mineral deposits. take home experiment : determining use a simple pendulum to determine the accel... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 5 • energy and the simple harmonic oscillator 691 because a simple harmonic oscillator has no dissipative forces, the other important form of energy is kinetic energy. conservation of energy for these two forms is : or this statement of conservation of energy is valid for all simple harmonic oscillators, including ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 37 692 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org times being shared by each. the conservation of energy for this system in equation form is thus : solving this equation for yields : manipulating this expression algebraically gives : and so where from this expression, we see that the velocit... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 5 • energy and the simple harmonic oscillator 693 3. calculate to find discussion this answer seems reasonable for a bouncing car. there are other ways to use conservation of energy to find. we could use it directly, as was done in the example featured in hooke ’ s law : stress and strain revisited. the small verti... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 47 694 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org figure 16. 15 the horses on this merry - go - round exhibit uniform circular motion. ( credit : wonderlane, flickr ) there is an easy way to produce simple harmonic motion by using uniform circular motion. figure 16. 16 shows one way of using... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 6 • uniform circular motion and simple harmonic motion 695 figure 16. 17 a point p moving on a circular path with a constant angular velocity is undergoing uniform circular motion. its projection on the x - axis undergoes simple harmonic motion. also shown is the velocity of this point around the circle,, and its p... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 50 696 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org we can solve this equation for the speed or this expression for the speed of a simple harmonic oscillator is exactly the same as the equation obtained from conservation of energy considerations in energy and the simple harmonic oscillator. yo... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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, you will be able to : • compare and discuss underdamped and overdamped oscillating systems. • explain critically damped system. 16. 51 16. 52 16. 53 16. 54 16. 55 16. 56 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 7 • damped harmonic motion 697 figure 16. 19 in order to counteract dampening forces, this mom needs to keep pushing the swing. ( credit : erik a. johnson, flickr ) a guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. to keep a child happy on a swing, you must keep pushing. although we can often mak... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##llations, such as in the suspension of a car, we may want the system to return to equilibrium as quickly as possible critical damping is defined as the condition in which the damping of an oscillator results in it returning as quickly as possible to its equilibrium position the critically damped system may overshoot ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 57 698 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org figure 16. 21 displacement versus time for a critically damped harmonic oscillator ( a ) and an overdamped harmonic oscillator ( b ). the critically damped oscillator returns to equilibrium at in the smallest time possible without overshootin... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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distance does the object travel if it is released 0. 100 m from equilibrium, starting at? the force constant of the spring is. figure 16. 22 the transformation of energy in simple harmonic motion is illustrated for an object attached to a spring on a frictionless surface. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 7 • damped harmonic motion 699 strategy this problem requires you to integrate your knowledge of various concepts regarding waves, oscillations, and damping. to solve an integrated concept problem, you must first identify the physical principles involved. part ( a ) is about the frictional force. this is a topic in... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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equals the initial, stored elastic potential energy. identify the correct equation to use : 3. recall that. 4. enter the friction as into, thus 5. combine these two equations to find 6. solve the equation for : 7. enter the known values into the resulting equation : 16. 58 16. 59 16. 60 16. 61 16. 62 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 63 700 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org 8. calculate and convert units : discussion b this is the total distance traveled back and forth across, which is the undamped equilibrium position. the number of oscillations about the equilibrium position will be more than because the ampli... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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about the equilibrium point as it does so. a critically damped system moves as quickly as possible toward equilibrium without oscillating about the equilibrium. 16. 8 forced oscillations and resonance learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • observe resonance of a paddle ball on a string.... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 8 • forced oscillations and resonance 701 figure 16. 23 you can cause the strings in a piano to vibrate simply by producing sound waves from your voice. ( credit : matt billings, flickr ) sit in front of a piano sometime and sing a loud brief note at it with the dampers off its strings. it will sing the same note b... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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is called resonance. a system being driven at its natural frequency is said to resonate. as the driving frequency gets progressively higher than the resonant or natural frequency, the amplitude of the oscillations becomes smaller, until the oscillations nearly disappear and your finger simply moves up and down with lit... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the message is that if you want a driven oscillator to resonate at a very specific frequency, you need as little damping as possible. little damping is the case for piano strings and many other musical instruments. conversely, if you want small - amplitude oscillations, such as in a car ’ s suspension system, then you ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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was closed for a short period of time for the same reason while inspections were carried out. in our bodies, the chest cavity is a clear example of a system at resonance. the diaphragm and chest wall drive the oscillations of the chest cavity which result in the lungs inflating and deflating. the system is critically d... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 8 • forced oscillations and resonance 703 figure 16. 26 in 1940, the tacoma narrows bridge in washington state collapsed. heavy cross winds drove the bridge into oscillations at its resonant frequency. damping decreased when support cables broke loose and started to slip over the towers, allowing increasingly great... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 9 waves learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • state the characteristics of a wave. • calculate the velocity of wave propagation. figure 16. 27 waves in the ocean behave similarly to all other types of waves. ( credit : steve jurveston, flickr ) what do we mean when we say something... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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period. the wave ’ s frequency is, as usual. the wave itself moves to the right in the figure. this movement of the wave is actually the disturbance moving to the right, not the water itself ( or the bird would move to the right ). we define wave velocity to be the speed at which the disturbance moves. wave velocity is... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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there are no ripples. gently drop a cork into the middle of the bowl. estimate the wavelength and period of oscillation of the water wave that propagates away from the cork. remove the cork from the bowl and wait for the water to settle again. gently drop the cork at a height that is different from the first drop. does... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 9 • waves 705 example 16. 8 calculate the velocity of wave propagation : gull in the ocean calculate the wave velocity of the ocean wave in figure 16. 28 if the distance between wave crests is 10. 0 m and the time for a sea gull to bob up and down is 5. 00 s. strategy we are asked to find. the given information tel... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 29 propagates in the horizontal direction while the surface is disturbed in the vertical direction. such a wave is called a transverse wave or shear wave ; in such a wave, the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. in contrast, in a longitudinal wave or compressional wave, the disturbance is ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 68 706 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org sound waves in air and water are longitudinal. their disturbances are periodic variations in pressure that are transmitted in fluids. fluids do not have appreciable shear strength, and thus the sound waves in them must be longitudinal or comp... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 10 • superposition and interference 707 figure 16. 32 these waves result from the superposition of several waves from different sources, producing a complex pattern. ( credit : waterborough, wikimedia commons ) most waves do not look very simple. they look more like the waves in figure 16. 32 than like the simple w... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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amplitude, but the same wavelength. 708 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org figure 16. 34 pure destructive interference of two identical waves produces zero amplitude, or complete cancellation. while pure constructive and pure destructive interference do occur, they require precisely alig... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the two waves have the same amplitude and wavelength, then they alternate between constructive and destructive interference. the resultant looks like a wave standing in place and, thus, is called a standing wave. waves on the glass of milk are one example of standing waves. there are other standing waves, such as on gu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 10 • superposition and interference 709 collapsing while neighboring buildings do not. often buildings of a certain height are devastated while other taller buildings remain intact. the building height matches the condition for setting up a standing wave for that particular height. as the earthquake waves travel al... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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familiar to anyone who has ever observed a string instrument being tuned. we will see in later chapters that standing waves are crucial to many resonance phenomena, such as in sounding boxes on string instruments. 710 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org figure 16. 37 the figure shows a st... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 10 • superposition and interference 711 where is the frequency of the wave. adding two waves that have different frequencies but identical amplitudes produces a resultant more specifically, using a trigonometric identity, it can be shown that where is the beat frequency, and is the average of and. these results mea... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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system. when you test the system, you notice that in one corner of the room, the sounds seem 16. 69 16. 70 16. 71 16. 72 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 73 making career connections piano tuners use beats routinely in their work. when comparing a note with a tuning fork, they listen for beats and adjust the string until the beats go away ( to zero frequency ). for example, if the tuning fork has a frequency and two beats per second are heard, then the other frequen... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 11 energy in waves : intensity learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • calculate the intensity and the power of rays and waves. figure 16. 40 the destructive effect of an earthquake is palpable evidence of the energy carried in these waves. the richter scale rating of earthquakes is ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 11 • energy in waves : intensity 713 focused to burn wood. earthquakes spread out, so they do less damage the farther they get from the source. in both cases, changing the area the waves cover has important effects. all these pertinent factors are included in the definition of intensity as power per unit area : whe... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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of water. strategy b taking a ratio of new intensity to old intensity and using primes for the new quantities, we will find that it depends on the ratio of the areas. all other quantities will cancel. solution b 1. take the ratio of intensities, which yields : 16. 75 16. 76 16. 77 16. 78 16. 79 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 80 714 16 • oscillatory motion and waves access for free at openstax. org 2. identify the knowns : 3. substitute known quantities : 4. calculate to find : discussion b decreasing the area increases the intensity considerably. the intensity of the concentrated sunlight could even start a fire. example 16. 10 determi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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′ 16. 88 ′ 16. 89 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 11 • energy in waves : intensity 715 destructive interference whenever two waves are added. for example, if we have two stereo speakers putting out each, there will be places in the room where the intensity is, other places where the intensity is zero, and others in between. figure 16. 41 shows what this interferen... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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intensity power per unit area longitudinal wave a wave in which the disturbance is parallel to the direction of propagation natural frequency the frequency at which a system would oscillate if there were no driving and no damping forces nodes the points where the string does not move ; more generally, nodes are where t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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adjacent identical parts of a wave section summary 16. 1 hooke ’ s law : stress and strain revisited • an oscillation is a back and forth motion of an object between two points of deformation. • an oscillation may create a wave, which is a disturbance that propagates from where it was created. • the simplest type of os... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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potential energy and kinetic energy, with the total being constant : • maximum velocity depends on three factors : it is directly proportional to amplitude, it is greater for stiffer systems, and it is smaller for objects that have larger masses : 16. 6 uniform circular motion and simple harmonic motion a projection of... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 10 superposition and interference • superposition is the combination of two waves at the same location. • constructive interference occurs when two identical waves are superimposed in phase. • destructive interference occurs when two identical waves are superimposed exactly out of phase. • a standing wave is one in... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 3 simple harmonic motion : a special periodic motion 2. what conditions must be met to produce simple harmonic motion? 3. ( a ) if frequency is not constant for some oscillation, can the oscillation be simple harmonic motion? ( b ) can you think of any examples of harmonic motion where the frequency may depend on t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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? • overdamping • underdamping • critical damping 12. most harmonic oscillators are damped and, if undriven, eventually come to a stop. how is this observation related to the second law of thermodynamics? 16. 8 forced oscillations and resonance 13. why are soldiers in general ordered to “ route step ” ( walk out of ste... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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in time for the local under - 85 - kg rugby team. the bathroom scale used to assess eligibility can be described by hooke ’ s law and is depressed | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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0. 75 cm by its maximum load of 120 kg. ( a ) what is the spring ’ s effective spring constant? ( b ) a player stands on the scales and depresses it by 0. 48 cm. is he eligible to play on this under - 85 kg team? 3. one type of bb gun uses a spring - driven plunger to blow the bb from its barrel. ( a ) calculate the fo... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 2 period and frequency in oscillations 7. what is the period of electrical power? 8. if your heart rate is 150 beats per minute during strenuous exercise, what is the time per beat in units of seconds? 9. find the frequency of a tuning fork that takes to complete one oscillation. 10. a stroboscope is set to flash e... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 3 simple harmonic motion : a special periodic motion 13. a type of cuckoo clock keeps time by having a mass bouncing on a spring, usually something cute like a cherub in a chair. what force constant is needed to produce a period of 0. 500 s for a 0. 0150 - kg mass? 14. if the spring constant of a simple harmonic os... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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is negligible? 19. suppose a diving board with no one on it bounces up and down in a simple harmonic motion with a frequency of 4. 00 hz. the board has an effective mass of 10. 0 kg. what is the frequency of the simple harmonic motion of a 75. 0 - kg diver on the board? 20. figure 16. 42 this child ’ s toy relies on sp... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 00 s can be driven with “ mental energy ” or psycho kinetically, because its period is the same as an average heartbeat. true or not, what is the length of such a pendulum? 24. what is the period of a 1. 00 - m - long pendulum? 25. how long does it take a child on a swing to complete one swing if her center of gravi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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) it takes the clock ’ s hour hand to make one revolution on the moon. 33. suppose the length of a clock ’ s pendulum is changed by 1. 000 %, exactly at noon one day. what time will it read 24. 00 hours later, assuming it the pendulum has kept perfect time before the change? note that there are two answers, and perform... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 5 energy and the simple harmonic oscillator 35. the length of nylon rope from which a mountain climber is suspended has a force constant of ( a ) what is the frequency at which he bounces, given his mass plus and the mass of his equipment are 90. 0 kg? ignore the change in gravitational potential energy after the c... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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its equilibrium position? ( b ) how many joules of kinetic energy does the object have at its maximum velocity? 39. at what positions is the speed of a simple harmonic oscillator half its maximum? that is, what values of give, where is the amplitude of the motion? 40. a ladybug sits 12. 0 cm from the center of a beatle... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 8 forced oscillations and resonance 42. how much energy must the shock absorbers of a 1200 - kg car dissipate in order to damp a bounce that initially has a velocity of 0. 800 m / s at the equilibrium position? assume the car returns to its original vertical position. 722 16 • problems & exercises access for free a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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soldiers march across the bridge with a cadence equal to the bridge ’ s natural frequency and impart of energy each second, how long does it take for the bridge ’ s oscillations to go from 0. 100 m to 0. 500 m amplitude? | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 9 waves 47. storms in the south pacific can create waves that travel all the way to the california coast, which are 12, 000 km away. how long does it take them if they travel at 15. 0 m / s? 48. waves on a swimming pool propagate at 0. 750 m / s. you splash the water at one end of the pool and observe the wave go t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 00 m apart. if they shake the bridge twice per second, what is the propagation speed of the waves? 52. what is the wavelength of the waves you create in a swimming pool if you splash your hand at a rate of 2. 00 hz and the waves propagate at 0. 800 m / s? 53. what is the wavelength of an earthquake that shakes you w... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 10 superposition and interference 57. a car has two horns, one emitting a frequency of 199 hz and the other emitting a frequency of 203 hz. what beat frequency do they produce? 58. the middle - c hammer of a piano hits two strings, producing beats of 1. 50 hz. one of the strings is tuned to 260. 00 hz. what frequen... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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16. 11 energy in waves : intensity 63. medical application ultrasound of intensity is produced by the rectangular head of a medical imaging device measuring 3. 00 by 5. 00 cm. what is its power output? 64. the low - frequency speaker of a stereo set has a surface area of and produces 1w of acoustical power. what is the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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10. 0 hours per day? assume that it earns money at the rate of 9. 00 ¢ per kilowatt - hour. 70. a microphone receiving a pure sound tone feeds an oscilloscope, producing a wave on its screen. if the sound intensity is originally but is turned up until the amplitude increases by 30. 0 %, what is the new intensity? 71. m... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 7 ultrasound if a tree falls in the forest and no one is there to hear it, does it make a sound? the answer to this old philosophical question depends on how you define sound. if sound only exists when someone is around to perceive it, then there was no sound. however, if we define sound in terms of physics ; that ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 1 sound learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define sound and hearing. • describe sound as a longitudinal wave. figure 17. 2 this glass has been shattered by a high - intensity sound wave of the same frequency as the resonant frequency of the glass. while the sound is not visible,... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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almost no shear strength. in solids, sound waves can be both transverse and longitudinal. ) figure 17. 5 shows a graph of gauge pressure versus distance from the vibrating string. figure 17. 3 a vibrating string moving to the right compresses the air in front of it and expands the air behind it. 726 17 • physics of hea... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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wave pressures differ from the atmospheric pressure found behind the eardrum. a complicated mechanism converts the vibrations to nerve impulses, which are perceived by the person. 17. 1 • sound 727 phet explorations wave interference make waves with a dripping faucet, audio speaker, or laser! add a second source or a p... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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