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17. 2 speed of sound, frequency, and wavelength learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ define pitch. β’ describe the relationship between the speed of sound, its frequency, and its wavelength. β’ describe the effects on the speed of sound as it travels through various media. β’ describe th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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a point per unit time. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 1 728 17 β’ physics of hearing access for free at openstax. org figure 17. 8 a sound wave emanates from a source vibrating at a frequency, propagates at, and has a wavelength. table 17. 1 makes it apparent that the speed of sound varies greatly in different media. the speed of sound in a medium is determined by a co... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 2 β’ speed of sound, frequency, and wavelength 729 medium vw ( m / s ) polyethylene 920 marble 3810 glass, pyrex 5640 lead 1960 aluminum 5120 steel 5960 table 17. 1 speed of sound in various media earthquakes, essentially sound waves in earth β s crust, are an interesting example of how the speed of sound depends on... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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for air at sea level, the speed of sound is given by where the temperature ( denoted as ) is in units of kelvin. the speed of sound in gases is related to the average speed of particles in the gas,, and that where is the boltzmann constant ( ) and is the mass of each ( identical ) particle in the gas. so, it is reasona... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 3 730 17 β’ physics of hearing access for free at openstax. org figure 17. 9 a bat uses sound echoes to find its way about and to catch prey. the time for the echo to return is directly proportional to the distance. one of the more important properties of sound is that its speed is nearly independent of frequency. t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 2 β’ speed of sound, frequency, and wavelength 731 3. solve the relationship between speed and wavelength for : 4. enter the speed and the minimum frequency to give the maximum wavelength : 5. enter the speed and the maximum frequency to give the minimum wavelength : discussion because the product of multiplied by e... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 9 making connections : take - home investigation β voice as a sound wave suspend a sheet of paper so that the top edge of the paper is fixed and the bottom edge is free to move. you could tape the top edge of the paper to the edge of a table. gently blow near the edge of the bottom of the sheet and note how the she... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the power through an area. the si unit for is. the intensity of a sound wave is related to its amplitude squared by the following relationship : here is the pressure variation or pressure amplitude ( half the difference between the maximum and minimum pressure in the sound wave ) in units of pascals ( pa ) or. ( we are... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 3 β’ sound intensity and sound level 733 figure 17. 12 graphs of the gauge pressures in two sound waves of different intensities. the more intense sound is produced by a source that has larger - amplitude oscillations and has greater pressure maxima and minima. because pressures are higher in the greater - intensity... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 12 734 17 β’ physics of hearing access for free at openstax. org sound intensity level Ξ² ( db ) intensity i ( w / m2 ) example / effect inside a heavy truck ; damage from prolonged exposure1 noisy factory, siren at 30 m ; damage from 8 h per day exposure damage from 30 min per day exposure loud rock concert, pneumat... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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120 than numbers such as. one more observation readily verified by examining table 17. 2 or using is that each factor of 10 in intensity corresponds to 10 db. for example, a 90 db sound compared with a 60 db sound is 30 db greater, or three factors of 10 ( that is, times ) as intense. another example is that if one sou... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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10. 0 db table 17. 3 ratios of intensities and corresponding differences in sound intensity levels example 17. 2 calculating sound intensity levels : sound waves calculate the sound intensity level in decibels for a sound wave traveling in air at and having a pressure amplitude of 0. 656 pa. strategy we are given, so w... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 14 736 17 β’ physics of hearing access for free at openstax. org strategy you are given that the ratio of two intensities is 2 to 1, and are then asked to find the difference in their sound levels in decibels. you can solve this problem using of the properties of logarithms. solution ( 1 ) identify knowns : the rati... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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proportional to the experience of loudness. as amplitude increases, loudness increases. 17. 15 17. 16 17. 17 17. 18 17. 19 take - home investigation : feeling sound find a cd player and a cd that has rock music. place the player on a light table, insert the cd into the player, and start playing the cd. place your hand ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 4 doppler effect and sonic booms learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ define doppler effect, doppler shift, and sonic boom. β’ calculate the frequency of a sound heard by someone observing doppler shift. β’ describe the sounds produced by objects moving faster than the speed of soun... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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sources in a stationary air mass. each disturbance spreads out spherically from the point where the sound was emitted. if the source is stationary, then all of the spheres representing the air compressions in the sound wave centered on the same point, and the stationary observers on either side see the same wavelength ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the source increases frequency as the observer on the right passes through more wave crests than she would if stationary. motion away from the source decreases frequency as the observer on the left passes through fewer wave crests than he would if stationary. we know that wavelength and frequency are related by, where ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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to determine velocity, such as when ultrasound is reflected from blood in a medical diagnostic. the recession of galaxies is determined by the shift in the frequencies of light received from them and has implied much about the origins of the universe. modern physics has been profoundly affected by observations of doppl... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 4 β’ doppler effect and sonic booms 739 where is the speed of the observer along a line joining the source and observer. here the plus sign is for motion toward the source, and the minus is for motion away from the source. example 17. 4 calculate doppler shift : a train horn suppose a train that has a 150 - hz horn ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the speeds are β’ the first doppler shift is for the moving observer ; the second is for the moving source. ( 2 ) use the following equation : 17. 21 17. 22 17. 23 17. 24 17. 25 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 26 740 17 β’ physics of hearing access for free at openstax. org the quantity in the square brackets is the doppler - shifted frequency due to a moving observer. the factor on the right is the effect of the moving source. ( 3 ) because the train engineer is moving in the direction toward the horn, we must use the pl... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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some people argued it would be impossible because such constructive superposition would produce pressures great enough to destroy the airplane. ) if the source exceeds the speed of sound, no sound is received by the observer until the source has passed, so that the sounds from the approaching source are mixed with thos... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 4 β’ doppler effect and sonic booms 741 figure 17. 17 two sonic booms, created by the nose and tail of an aircraft, are observed on the ground after the plane has passed by. sonic booms are one example of a broader phenomenon called bow wakes. a bow wake, such as the one in figure 17. 18, is created when the wave so... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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to track the motion of storm clouds ; such β doppler radar β can give velocity and direction and rain or snow potential of 742 17 β’ physics of hearing access for free at openstax. org imposing weather fronts. in astronomy, we can examine the light emitted from distant galaxies and determine their speed relative to ours... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 5 sound interference and resonance : standing waves in air columns learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ define antinode, node, fundamental, overtones, and harmonics. β’ identify instances of sound interference in everyday situations. β’ describe how sound interference occurring insi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 5 β’ sound interference and resonance : standing waves in air columns 743 is, positive and negative gauge pressures add to a much smaller pressure, producing a lower - intensity sound. although completely destructive interference is possible only under the simplest conditions, it is possible to reduce noise levels b... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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with the continuing sound produced by the tuning fork. the incoming and reflected sounds form a standing wave in the tube as shown. figure 17. 22 resonance of air in a tube closed at one end, caused by a tuning fork. a disturbance moves down the tube. interference interference is such a fundamental aspect of waves that... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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a vibration introduced at or near the closed end of the tube, as shown in figure 17. 26. it is best to consider this a natural vibration of the air column independently of how it is induced. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 5 β’ sound interference and resonance : standing waves in air columns 745 figure 17. 26 the same standing wave is created in the tube by a vibration introduced near its closed end. given that maximum air displacements are possible at the open end and none at the closed end, there are other, shorter wavelengths that ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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intense ), but the overtones and their mix of intensities are different and subject to shading by the musician. this mix is what gives various musical instruments ( and human voices ) their distinctive characteristics, whether they have air columns, strings, sounding boxes, or drumheads. in fact, much of our speech is ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the resonant frequencies depend on the speed of sound and, hence, on temperature. this dependence poses a noticeable problem for organs in old unheated cathedrals, and it is also the reason why musicians commonly bring their wind instruments to room temperature before playing them. example 17. 5 find the length of a tu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 5 β’ sound interference and resonance : standing waves in air columns 747 β’ the air temperature is ( 2 ) use to find the fundamental frequency ( ). ( 3 ) solve this equation for length. ( 4 ) find the speed of sound using. ( 5 ) enter the values of the speed of sound and frequency into the expression for. discussion... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the tube, giving it different natural frequencies than a tube closed at one end. based on the fact that a tube open at both ends has maximum air displacements at both ends, and using figure | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 30 as a guide, we can see that the resonant frequencies of a tube open at both ends are : where is the fundamental, is the first overtone, is the second overtone, and so on. note that a tube open at both ends has a fundamental frequency twice what it would have if closed at one end. it also has a different spectrum... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##ia ; violin, steve snodgrass, flickr ) 17. 37 real - world applications : resonance in everyday systems resonance occurs in many different systems, including strings, air columns, and atoms. resonance is the driven or forced oscillation of a system at its natural frequency. at resonance, energy is transferred rapidly... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 5 β’ sound interference and resonance : standing waves in air columns 749 figure 17. 32 resonance has been used in musical instruments since prehistoric times. this marimba uses gourds as resonance chambers to amplify its sound. ( credit : apc events, flickr ) we have emphasized sound applications in our discussions... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 6 hearing learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ define hearing, pitch, loudness, timbre, note, tone, phon, ultrasound, and infrasound. β’ compare loudness to frequency and intensity of a sound. β’ identify structures of the inner ear and explain how they relate to sound perception. 7... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. most of us have excellent relative pitch, which means that we can tell whether one sound has a different frequency from another. typically, we can discriminate between two sounds if their frequencies differ by 0. 3 % or more. for example, 500. 0 and 501. 5 hz are noticeably different. pitch perception is directly rel... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 6 β’ hearing 751 perception physical quantity note basic unit of music with specific names, combined to generate tunes tone number and relative intensity of multiple frequencies. table 17. 4 sound perceptions when a violin plays middle c, there is no mistaking it for a piano playing the same note. the reason is that... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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figure 17. 34 the relationship of loudness in phons to intensity level ( in decibels ) and intensity ( in watts per meter squared ) for persons with normal hearing. the curved lines are equal - loudness curves β all sounds on a given curve are perceived as equally loud. phons and decibels are defined to be the same at ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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: β’ values are given to be 4000 hz at 70 phons. ( 2 ) follow the 70 - phon curve until it reaches 4000 hz. at that point, it is below the 70 db line at about 67 db. ( 3 ) find the intensity level : 67 db strategy for ( c ) the graph in figure 17. 34 should be referenced in order to solve this example. solution for ( c ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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to be perceived to be as loud as at middle frequencies. for example, a sound at 10, 000 hz must have an intensity level of 30 db to seem as loud as a 20 db sound at 1000 hz. sounds above 120 phons are painful as well as damaging. we do not often utilize our full range of hearing. this is particularly true for frequenci... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 6 β’ hearing 753 frequencies will hear only the lowest frequencies and will not be able to understand speech unless it is much louder than normal. even so, speech may seem indistinct, because higher frequencies are not as well perceived. the conversational speech region also has a gender component, in that female vo... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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with age. tests performed by bone conduction ( brackets ) can distinguish nerve damage from middle ear damage. the outer ear, or ear canal, carries sound to the recessed protected eardrum. the air column in the ear canal resonates and is partially responsible for the sensitivity of the ear to sounds in the 2000 to 5000... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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eardrum to the cochlea ; and the inner ear, which is the cochlea itself. the body part normally referred to as the ear is technically called the pinna. figure 17. 37 the illustration shows the gross anatomy of the human ear. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 6 β’ hearing 755 figure 17. 39 shows the middle and inner ear in greater detail. pressure waves moving through the cochlea cause the tectorial membrane to vibrate, rubbing cilia ( called hair cells ), which stimulate nerves that send electrical signals to the brain. the membrane resonates at different positions for ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the nerves in the cochlea is not repairable, but amplification can partially compensate. there is a risk that amplification will produce further damage. another common failure in the cochlea is damage or loss of the cilia but with nerves remaining functional. cochlear implants that stimulate the nerves directly are now... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 7 ultrasound learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ define acoustic impedance and intensity reflection coefficient. β’ describe medical and other uses of ultrasound technology. β’ calculate acoustic impedance using density values and the speed of ultrasound. β’ calculate the velocity o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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cavities collapse, producing even greater shock pressures. characteristics of ultrasound the characteristics of ultrasound, such as frequency and intensity, are wave properties common to all types of waves. ultrasound also has a wavelength that limits the fineness of detail it can detect. this characteristic is true of... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 7 β’ ultrasound 757 figure 17. 41 the tip of this small probe oscillates at 23 khz with such a large amplitude that it pulverizes tissue on contact. the debris is then aspirated. the speed of the tip may exceed the speed of sound in tissue, thus creating shock waves and cavitation, rather than a smooth simple harmon... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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into any tissue in contact with the transducer. similarly, if a pressure is applied to the crystal ( in the form of a wave reflected off tissue layers ), a voltage is produced which can be recorded. the crystal therefore acts as both a transmitter and a receiver of sound. ultrasound is also partially absorbed by tissue... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 3 330 water 1000 1500 blood 1060 1570 fat 925 1450 muscle ( average ) 1075 1590 bone ( varies ) 1400 β 1900 4080 to barium titanate ( transducer material ) 5600 5500 table 17. 5 the ultrasound properties of various media, including soft tissue found in the body at the boundary between media of different acoustic imp... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 7 β’ ultrasound 759 this value is the same as the value given for the acoustic impedance of fat tissue. strategy for ( b ) the intensity reflection coefficient for any boundary between two media is given by, and the acoustic impedance of muscle is given in table 17. 5. solution for ( b ) substitute known values into... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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- dimensional image ( credit : cod newsroom, flickr ). ( b ) ultrasound image of 12 - week - old fetus. ( credit : public health image library, cdc ) how much detail can ultrasound reveal? the image in figure 17. 43 is typical of low - cost systems, but that in figure | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 44 shows the remarkable detail possible with more advanced systems, including 3d imaging. ultrasound today is commonly used in prenatal care. such imaging can be used to see if the fetus is developing at a normal rate, and help in the determination of serious problems early in the pregnancy. ultrasound is also in w... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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0. 11 m. higher frequencies may be employed in smaller organs, such as the eye, but are not practical for looking deep into the body. figure 17. 44 a 3d ultrasound image of a fetus. ( credit : jennie cu, wikimedia commons ) in addition to shape information, ultrasonic scans can produce density information superior to t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 7 β’ ultrasound 761 figure 17. 45 this doppler - shifted ultrasonic image of a partially occluded artery uses color to indicate velocity. the highest velocities are in red, while the lowest are blue. the blood must move faster through the constriction to carry the same flow. ( credit : arning c, grzyska u, wikimedia... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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20. 0 cm / s, as illustrated in figure 17. 46. use the speed of sound in human tissue as 1540 m / s. ( assume that the frequency of 2. 50 mhz is accurate to seven significant figures. ) a. what frequency does the blood receive? b. what frequency returns to the source? c. what beat frequency is produced if the source an... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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frequency leaving the blood is 2, 500, 325 hz, but it is shifted upward as given by is the frequency received by the speaker - microphone. β’ the source velocity is. β’ the minus sign is used because the motion is toward the observer. the minus sign is used because the motion is toward the observer. 17. 43 17. 44 17. 45 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 7 β’ ultrasound 763 ( 2 ) enter the given values into the equation : ( 3 ) calculate to find the frequency returning to the source : 2, 500, 649 hz. solution for ( c ) ( 1 ) identify knowns : β’ the beat frequency is simply the absolute value of the difference between and, as stated in : ( 2 ) substitute known values... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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30. 0 to 100 khz. bats, dolphins, submarines, and even some birds use ultrasonic sonar. echoes are analyzed to give distance and size information both for guidance and finding prey. in most sonar applications, the sound reflects quite well because the objects of interest have significantly different density than the me... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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different intensities. lower intensities do not cause damage and are used for medical imaging. higher intensities can pulverize and destroy targeted substances in the body, such as tumors. found in liquid crystals, the transition of a material to a superconducting phase, as well as density and other properties. these e... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 7 β’ ultrasound 765 glossary acoustic impedance property of medium that makes the propagation of sound waves more difficult antinode point of maximum displacement bow wake v - shaped disturbance created when the wave source moves faster than the wave propagation speed doppler effect an alteration in the observed fre... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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is the same relationship given for all waves. in air, the speed of sound is related to air temperature by is the same for all frequencies and wavelengths. 17. 3 sound intensity and sound level β’ intensity is the same for a sound wave as was defined for all waves ; it is where is the power crossing area. the si unit for... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 4 doppler effect and sonic booms β’ the doppler effect is an alteration in the observed frequency of a sound due to motion of either the source or the observer. β’ the actual change in frequency is called the doppler shift. β’ a sonic boom is constructive interference of sound created by an object moving faster than s... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the intensity reflection coefficient, a measure of the ratio of the intensity of the wave reflected off a boundary between two media relative to the intensity of the incident wave, is given by β’ the intensity reflection coefficient is a unitless quantity. conceptual questions 17. 2 speed of sound, frequency, and wavele... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 3 sound intensity and sound level 3. six members of a synchronized swim team wear earplugs to protect themselves against water pressure at depths, but they can still hear the music and perform the combinations in the water perfectly. one day, they were asked to leave the pool so the dive team could practice a few d... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. 6 hearing 11. why can a hearing test show that your threshold of hearing is 0 db at 250 hz, when figure 17. 35 implies that no one can hear such a frequency at less than 20 db? | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 7 ultrasound 12. if audible sound follows a rule of thumb similar to that for ultrasound, in terms of its absorption, would you expect the high or low frequencies from your neighbor β s stereo to penetrate into your house? how does this expectation compare with your experience? 13. elephants and whales are known to... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 2 speed of sound, frequency, and wavelength 1. when poked by a spear, an operatic soprano lets out a 1200 - hz shriek. what is its wavelength if the speed of sound is 345 m / s? 2. what frequency sound has a 0. 10 - m wavelength when the speed of sound is 340 m / s? 3. calculate the speed of sound on a day when a 1... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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is and if you neglect the time taken for light to reach the physicist? ( b ) calculate the distance to the explosion taking the speed of light into account. note that this distance is negligibly greater. 11. suppose a bat uses sound echoes to locate its insect prey, 3. 00 m away. ( see figure 17. 9. ) ( a ) calculate t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 3 sound intensity and sound level 12. what is the intensity in watts per meter squared of 85. 0 - db sound? 13. the warning tag on a lawn mower states that it produces noise at a level of 91. 0 db. what is this in watts per meter squared? 14. a sound wave traveling in air has a pressure amplitude of 0. 5 pa. what i... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 00 db lower than a sound? ( b ) what is the intensity of a sound that is 3. 00 db higher than a sound? 20. ( a ) how much more intense is a sound that has a level 17. 0 db higher than another? ( b ) if one sound has a level 23. 0 db less than another, what is the ratio of their intensities? 21. people with good hear... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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90. 0 db may cause hearing damage. what energy in joules falls on a 0. 800 - cm - diameter eardrum so exposed? 27. ( a ) ear trumpets were never very common, but they did aid people with hearing losses by gathering sound over a large area and concentrating it on the smaller area of the eardrum. what decibel increase do... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 4 doppler effect and sonic booms 30. ( a ) what frequency is received by a person watching an oncoming ambulance moving at 110 km / h and emitting a steady 800 - hz sound from its siren? the speed of sound on this day is 345 m / s. ( b ) what frequency does she receive after the ambulance has passed? 31. ( a ) at a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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another, the first at 15. 0 m / s and the second at 20. 0 m / s. both screech, the first one emitting a frequency of 3200 hz and the second one emitting a frequency of 3800 hz. what frequencies do they receive if the speed of sound is 330 m / s? 37. what is the minimum speed at which a source must travel toward you for... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 5 sound interference and resonance : standing waves in air columns 38. a β showy β custom - built car has two brass horns that are supposed to produce the same frequency but actually emit 263. 8 and 264. 5 hz. what beat frequency is produced? 39. what beat frequencies will be present : ( a ) if the musical notes a ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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c on the evenly tempered chromatic scale ) on a day when air temperature is? it is open at both ends. 46. what length should an oboe have to produce a fundamental frequency of 110 hz on a day when the speed of sound is 343 m / s? it is open at both ends. 47. what is the length of a tube that has a fundamental frequency... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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fundamental frequency if the tube is 0. 240 - m long, by taking air temperature to be? ( b ) what would this frequency become if the person replaced the air with helium? assume the same temperature dependence for helium as for air. 53. ( a ) students in a physics lab are asked to find the length of an air column in a t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 6 hearing 55. the factor of in the range of intensities to which the ear can respond, from threshold to that causing damage after brief exposure, is truly remarkable. if you could measure distances over the same range with a single instrument and the smallest distance you could measure was 1 mm, what would the larg... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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in decibels of a 600 - hz tone if it has a loudness of 20 phons? if it has a loudness of 70 phons? 64. ( a ) what are the loudnesses in phons of sounds having frequencies of 200, 1000, 5000, and 10, 000 hz, if they are all at the same 60. 0 - db sound intensity level? ( b ) if they are all at 110 db? ( c ) if they are ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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, and normal hearing elsewhere. how much more intense is a 5000 - hz tone than a 400 - hz tone if they are both barely audible to the child? 17 β’ problems & exercises 771 71. what is the ratio of intensities of two sounds of identical frequency if the first is just barely discernible as louder to a person than the seco... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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17. 7 ultrasound unless otherwise indicated, for problems in this section, assume that the speed of sound through human tissues is 1540 m / s. 72. what is the sound intensity level in decibels of ultrasound of intensity, used to pulverize tissue during surgery? 73. is 155 - db ultrasound in the range of intensities use... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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) echo times are measured by diagnostic ultrasound scanners to determine distances to reflecting surfaces in a patient. what is the difference in echo times for tissues that are 3. 50 and 3. 60 cm beneath the surface? ( this difference is the minimum resolving time for the scanner to see details as small as 0. 100 cm, ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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is accurate to three significant figures. ) 84. ultrasound reflected from an oncoming bloodstream that is moving at 30. 0 cm / s is mixed with the original frequency of 2. 50 mhz to produce beats. what is the beat frequency? ( assume that the frequency of 2. 50 mhz is accurate to seven significant figures. ) 772 17 β’ p... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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18. 8 applications of electrostatics the image of american politician and scientist benjamin franklin ( 1706 β 1790 ) flying a kite in a thunderstorm is familiar to every schoolchild. ( see figure 18. 2. ) in this experiment, franklin demonstrated a connection between lightning and static electricity. sparks were drawn... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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copper and zinc ) end to end and touched the other ends to muscles, he produced the same effect in frogs as static discharge. alessandro volta ( 1745 β 1827 ), partly inspired by galvani β s work, experimented with various combinations of metals and developed the battery. during the same era, other scientists made prog... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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18. 1 static electricity and charge : conservation of charge learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ define electric charge, and describe how the two types of charge interact. β’ describe three common situations that generate static electricity. β’ state the law of conservation of charge. ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##mable anesthesia gases combined with the oxygen being used. some of the most basic characteristics of static electricity include : β’ the effects of static electricity are explained by a physical quantity not previously introduced, called electric charge. β’ there are only two types of charge, one called positive and t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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18. 1 β’ static electricity and charge : conservation of charge 775 figure 18. 4 a glass rod becomes positively charged when rubbed with silk, while the silk becomes negatively charged. ( a ) the glass rod is attracted to the silk because their charges are opposite. ( b ) two similarly charged glass rods repel. ( c ) tw... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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and molecules and, hence, even greater numbers of individual negative and positive charges. the charges of electrons and protons are identical in magnitude but opposite in sign. furthermore, all charged objects in nature are integral multiples of this basic quantity of charge, meaning that all charges are made of combi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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18. 1 776 18 β’ electric charge and electric field access for free at openstax. org similarly, electrons have a combined charge of β1. 00 coulomb. just as there is a smallest bit of an element ( an atom ), there is a smallest bit of charge. there is no directly observed charge smaller than ( see things great and small :... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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other directly observable particles are unitary, but these quark substructures carry charges of either or. there are continuing attempts to observe fractional charge directly and to learn of the properties of quarks, which are perhaps the ultimate substructure of matter. 18. 2 things great and small : the submicroscopi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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18. 1 β’ static electricity and charge : conservation of charge 777 figure 18. 7 artist β s conception of fractional quark charges inside a proton. a group of three quark charges add up to the single positive charge on the proton :. separation of charge in atoms charges in atoms and molecules can be separated β for exam... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. whenever a charged particle is created, another having an opposite charge is always created along with it, so that the total charge created is zero. usually, the two particles are β matter - antimatter β counterparts. for example, an antielectron would usually be created at the same time as an electron. the antielect... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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of the balloon and it flies over and sticks to the sweater. view the charges in the sweater, balloons, and the wall. click to view content ( https : / / openstax. org / books / college - physics - 2e / pages / 18 - 1 - static - electricity - and - charge - conservation - of - charge ) making connections : conservation ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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18. 2 conductors and insulators learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ define conductor and insulator, explain the difference, and give examples of each. β’ describe three methods for charging an object. β’ explain what happens to an electric force as you move farther from the source. β’ d... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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