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www. ieee. org. | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 1 • software engineering fundamentals 437 • required quality, reliability, and other nonfunctional requirements of the system to be built • delivery date • budget limitations • team lifetime ( i. e., overall period of time during which the team members will work together ) during the creation of a software solution,... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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with a software solution • operations specialists, who are it and / or devops professionals with a focus on computer hardware and software operations because projects can involve a large number of people working in many different roles, communication and interaction among team members is critical for a project to succe... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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common to get into trouble when designing and developing high - quality software on time and within budget. the major reasons for that are as follows : • software systems are the most complex types of systems humans create. • the pace of change in computer and software technology is high. the programming techniques and... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##s from the general focus of computer science and is complementary in the following ways : • software engineering tends to focus on applying technology to create solutions, whereas computer science tends to focus much more on understanding the technology itself. • software engineering tends to focus on software. compu... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 1 • software engineering fundamentals 439 3. carry out the plan. 4. look back and examine the solution. the nature and impact of software software has become an essential part of our lives. it has revolutionized how we communicate, work, learn, and entertain ourselves. from the smartphones in our pockets to the comp... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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inception, elaboration, construction, and deployment. these activities are also known as phases. you ’ ll learn more about each of these phases later in the chapter. in the meantime, it should be noted that the deployment phase covers integration and user acceptance testing, installation, and maintenance / support acti... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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users are often unaware that they are interacting with software. with the increased popularity of the internet of things ( iot ), embedded software development is increasing. software engineers must often deal with legacy software that has been written in the past, relies on obsolete technology, and is still in use tod... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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what is coming next. a trip through time can you imagine using a computer without a mouse or a graphical interface? let us take a look at the way software platforms have evolved over time : • early days ( 1980s ) : mainframes and minicomputers were giant, even room - sized, and software was often run from the command l... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 1 • software engineering fundamentals 441 software requirements software is developed based on requirements, which are categorized as functional and nonfunctional, as shown in figure 9. 2. functional requirements state what the software needs to do in terms of tangible functionality, such as the login or registratio... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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programming language or follow a particular standard. nonfunctional features are sometimes categorized in terms of static or dynamic qualities. a static quality is a nonfunctional feature that is unchangeable and thus might be associated, for example, with the source code and related documentation, or with legal or pro... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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are typically key features advertised to customers. security would also be important, as the software solution would need to comply with regulatory requirements. in a brokerage system, performance would be an important requirement because the software system will need to display prices and process users ’ orders in rea... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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must take responsibility for their commitments, must exhibit attention to detail, and must be pragmatic when adapting software engineering practices based on circumstances. in addition, software engineers must be flexible when it comes to adopting new technologies. therefore, in terms of technical skills, software engi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 1 • software engineering fundamentals 443 • problem - solving and algorithms : software engineers are like detectives who solve puzzles. they use algorithms, which are step - by - step instructions, to efficiently solve problems. understanding different algorithms allows them to choose the best approach for a specif... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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, both traditional and agile software development life cycle ( sdlc ) processes, and various related models and frameworks, are covered in more detail. • testing : the purpose of testing is to ensure that a software system is free of defects and meets the functional and nonfunctional requirements. it is important to re... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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often just as critical as the previously listed skills. for example, a software engineer could be tasked with developing a software solution within twelve months that tracks and displays relevant driving information onto a heads - up display presented on the windshield of a new model of an automobile. to deliver this s... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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. some languages are great for building an application ’ s core | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 1 • software engineering fundamentals 445 functionality ( like c + + or java ), while others are better suited for adding interactivity ( like javascript ). understanding different languages allows software engineers to choose the right tool for the job. how many languages should a software engineer know? there is n... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 software engineering process learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the phases of a software development process and their purposes • study the popular traditional prescriptive and agile software process models • suggest an effective software process imagine a recipe for b... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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on the organization and the problem area and project being developed. there are also umbrella activities that are important but tangential to framework activities. returning to the recipe analogy, if generic framework activities represent cooking, then you can think of these activities as the things you would do alongs... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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allows software engineers to tailor their process model based on the specific project ( s ) on which they are working. the ( generic ) framework activities mentioned precedingly are applicable to all projects and all application domains, and they are a template for every process model. actual process models action / me... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 447 process model identifies a set of process elements ( e. g., framework activities, software engineering actions, tasks, work products, quality assurance, and change control mechanisms ) for each project. traditional models are generally criticized for being too rigid and inflexibl... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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that it will exhibit long - term quality characteristics. everyone wants a process that can respond to change ; the only debates are over how to design one and which level of discipline should be incorporated into such process models. agility requires that customers and developers act as collaborators within developmen... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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• instill a team culture that requires all team members to work together with one focus in mind, which is ensuring customer satisfaction. the agile philosophy is seductive, but it must be tempered by the demands of real systems in the real world. in general, agile process models are not suitable for large, high - risk,... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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, including collaboration and self - organizing teams, are important improvements to traditional approaches and are used repeatedly when agile development is performed. in conclusion, a software process, regardless of its process centricity, simply must adhere to a set of software process model criteria that are essent... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 449 the inception phase of a project focuses on the gathering and refinement ( i. e., definition ) as well as the management of functional and nonfunctional requirements, which is also known as requirements engineering. in essence, the inception phase covers the planning activity tha... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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actions they do for granted. the inception phase results in a specification of the system to be developed. this specification is generally incomplete and / or anomalous and is typically refined as part of subsequent process phases ( or iterations of such ). as a result, there is a blurred distinction between requiremen... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##view. com / 450 9 • software engineering access for free at openstax. org of software requirements is called requirements modeling. the goal of this action is to answer the question “ what will the system do? ” the focus is purely conceptual, and implementation details are not considered. the main purpose of this ana... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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in the system. for example, an association between adaptivecruisecontrol and car is required because when adaptive cruise control is active, conceptual class adaptivecruisecontrol needs access to the car. the numbers at associations are multiplicities, and they say that there is exactly one car associated with each ada... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 451 when doing requirements analysis, you can create specific outputs / work products ( also referred to as artifacts ), such as use cases, scenarios, and the domain model. use cases can be captured in plain text or via a uml use case diagram. a use case diagram consists of an actor,... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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to implement. elaboration framework activity the elaboration phase further analyzes the requirements to produce design models of the system to be developed. in this phase, you take a deeper dive into the specifics of the software. requirements are refined in detail, a detail design is created that outlines the architec... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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generally organized into two types of design : logical and physical. logical design ignores any physical aspects. for example, a cruise control system needs to keep track of the maximum speed selected and whether the cruise control system is on or off. this information is gathered as part of the logical design and need... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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determined. dld is then used to implement the actual solution as part of the construction phase of the software process. some of the differences between hld and dld are : • hld gives high - level descriptions of functionality, whereas dld gives details of the functional logic within each component of a system. • hld is... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 453 a solution is typically represented at various levels of abstraction. software design involves using software architectures to represent solutions at a high - level of abstraction. a software architecture constitutes a relatively small, intellectually graspable view of how a solu... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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when designing software architecture, you can leverage various types of software patterns that facilitate the reuse of preexisting solutions. two examples of such patterns are an architectural style and architectural or design pattern. an architectural style is a transformation that is imposed on the design of an entir... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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on an already defined and solid architecture. this brings up the question as to whether big design up front ( bduf ) is the preferred method in this case. it is also the reason agile teams should include software engineers with a strong background in architecture ( ideally, ( enterprise architecture ), who can foresee ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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software design is a software engineering task set that is part of the dld software engineering action. the focus of the dld software engineering action is to detail or extend the hld work products. as part of the dld software engineering action, every element of a system is provided with detailed specifications, and t... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 455 • information hiding : controlled interfaces that define and enforce access to component procedural detail and any local data structure used by the component • functional independence : single - minded ( high cohesion ) components with aversion to excessive interaction with other... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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design created earlier. this phase involves writing code, testing individual components, and fixing defects / bugs. source code may also be automatically generated from design work products using round - trip engineering tools, although this type of functionality is still limited today. the development methodology mode... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##bugging tools, testing tools, and more. link to learning which programming language to learn often depends upon the type of programming that needs to be done or what a business currently uses. while there is no perfect way to determine which programming language is used the most, the tiobe index ( https : / / opensta... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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deployment. in the past, deployment often meant installing the software on a customer ’ s computer. today, software is more likely to be installed on special computers or powerful online systems called cloud servers. when deploying software, some configuration might be needed, especially for complex applications. devop... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 457 devops ’ automation. software updates are deployed frequently today using continuous integration and deployment ( ci / cd ) techniques and tools. maintenance most deployed software will eventually need updating to add new requirements or fix issues that might arise. the process o... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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frequency of meetings and keep them focused • relying on informal use cases when communicating with stakeholders to supplement existing documentations and keep communication simple • requiring that developers verify each other ’ s work ; in particular, experienced developers should review the work produced by junior de... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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features that are included in a new release. more generally, the status of a project needs to be communicated with management at regular intervals to make sure that satisfactory milestones are reached according to plan. regular communication also happens within software development teams. for example, design reviews en... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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a risk should occur. one of the software process models you will learn more about later in this chapter is called the unified process. in this process, risks are mitigated by selecting risky requirements for early iterations. for example, a use case that requires a new technology is typically considered risky, as well ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 459 technology in everyday life delivering viable systems the development of software often focuses on three areas : desirability, capability, and viability. in other words, the focus is on what is wanted, what is possible, and what will sell or help a business to function. to be suc... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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project and, more important, the tracking and confirmation that what is being created matches what is required many agile teams make use of continuous integration to ensure that they always have viable prototypes ready to test and extend. the advantages of continuous integration are as follows : • involves frequent fee... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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( i. e., the information structure use to organize all the content objects ), the database capabilities ( e. g., functions to search for content objects, store and retrieve objects, and manage the content file structure ), and configuration management functions ( e. g., supports content object identification, version c... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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engineering best practices and must be supported by adequate project management. assessment reviews ( e. g., system engineering assessments, software project planning assessments, analysis models assessments, design models assessments, source code assessments, software testing assessments, and maintenance assessments )... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 461 architecture management efforts may be performed at any point within the software life cycle, which explains why architecture management is a good umbrella activity ; it maintains the knowledge required to qualify the “ goodness ” of solutions from a design standpoint, and it is ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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staff members. the devsecops approach automates the support of security throughout the sdlc, which reduces time and costs of development and facilitates the integration of the security and development teams. some examples of devops security tools are aqua security and hashicorp vault, and examples of devsecops tools ar... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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https : / / hub. docker. com / 7 https : / / jfrog. com / artifactory / 462 9 • software engineering access for free at openstax. org but not iterative or agile. the unified process ( up ) model was the first traditional model to introduce iteration and it was quite prescriptive and, therefore, not agile, in terms of e... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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engineering actions, and, therefore, the steps it uses correspond to specific software engineering actions or task sets with custom names that should be conducted in a prescribed sequence. our generic process framework may still be used to represent the waterfall process, but framework activities would have to be ignor... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 463 figure 9. 8 in the waterfall model, one step of the software development process “ flows ” into another, and each is required to produce an output in the form of a document, diagram, or code. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) the majo... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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design and implementation steps / phases. like the waterfall model, the v - model is considered easy to understand and use because it follows a specific flow when it comes to steps / phases, and each step / phase is only completed once. also, it is best suited for 464 9 • software engineering access for free at opensta... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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time that is acceptable to them, while each increment is made manageable by the development team. | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 465 figure 9. 10 in the incremental model, the software process is divided into increments or modules, and each module focuses on a smaller set of requirements based on an overall business plan. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) the incre... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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. as shown in figure 9. 11, the prototyping model can be used to build a mock - up that the user can approve, and then the mock - up can be used as an input to the standard process of designing, implementing, testing, and deploying the actual product. 466 9 • software engineering access for free at openstax. org figure... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 467 figure 9. 12 the spiral model prioritizes risk analysis by combining elements of the waterfall method with an iterative approach. each spiral addresses a small set of requirements, but cycles through planning, design, implementation, and testing stages for those requirements. ( a... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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. 13. like the framework activity / phase in our generic process framework, the up model differentiates phases from software engineering actions. the up model still relies on a continuous prescriptive process, but it supports incremental iterative development. the 468 9 • software engineering access for free at opensta... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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and lessons learned analysis, among others. note that the amount of time spent in each discipline changes over time so that as the project evolves, less time is spent on requirements and design and more time is spent on testing and deploying. the expectation is that the model adjusts the extent of software engineering ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 469 possible to introduce iterations and integrate them with increments. while incremental development had existed before, the separation of phases from disciplines made it newly possible to plan iteration as part of a project increment and thus to create solutions more effectively, ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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the customer through early and continuous delivery of software. • welcome changing requirements, even late in development. • deliver working software frequently, such as each couple of weeks. • the most effective way of communication within a development team is face - to - face ( via collaboration tools ). • working s... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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with sprint planning, in which the team selects the product goals and product backlog items that will be implemented in that sprint. the selected product goals and product backlog items are moved to the sprint backlog, which is a plan for the current sprint. during the sprint, developers have a daily scrum, which is a ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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/ / openstax. org / r / 76scrumtutorial ) where you can learn more about how to use scrum in a project. devops a devops model combines practices of software development and operations. it uses a short development life cycle and continuous delivery to achieve high - quality software products. in a devops model, developm... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 471 and operations teams are merged into a single team, and software engineers participate in all parts of the software life cycle. as shown in figure 9. 15, this life cycle includes planning ( design ), development, testing, deployment, and operations in a continuous cycle. figure 9... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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software meets business needs while operating reliably. the ability to scale up must be balanced with the complexity of a solution while maintaining reliability within a system. in many ways, this is a similar goal to that of the devops. three key parts of sre are reliability, appropriateness, and sustainability. a sys... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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a role more than a framework, although it can be performed by those outside of the specific role although it can be a role, it is intended to be a philosophy adopted across a team works to move quickly to reduce cost of failure works to implement gradual change to reduce the chance of failure works to have specific exp... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 2 • software engineering process 473 figure 9. 16 software process improvement can be used to transform any chosen software process model into one that is more focused, repeatable, reliable, and cost - effective. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) industry spotlight apply... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 3 special topics learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the importance of testing in software engineering • describe the types of tools used by software engineers • describe ways that software reuse is made possible • explain the role of ethics in software engineering • discu... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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functions or methods ) are tested in isolation to verify they work as intended. • integration testing : focuses on interfaces between components, ensuring they work together seamlessly. • system testing : tests the entire software system as a whole, verifying it meets overall requirements. in addition to the various le... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 3 • special topics 475 for this program ; they just need to agree to test the new version and provide microsoft with feedback. because testing is done on a prerelease version of the software, the testers know that the software may be unstable and will likely have issues. if you are curious about testing — or are int... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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to do is called validation. both verification and validation require code execution and can happen in all levels of testing, with verification generally taking place before validation. testing is also distinguished by purpose into functional and nonfunctional testing. with functional testing, the functionality is teste... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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code that verifies video images that are received by the automobile. the software checks to see if the vehicle crosses one of the lines painted on the road. if so, it activates a warning system to let the driver know. units test for such a system include the following : • an appropriate line is recognized. • a warning ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 3 • special topics 477 figure 9. 18 this activity diagram illustrates how path coverage works with four possible paths : ( i ) x and y positive, ( ii ) x positive, y negative or zero, ( iii ) x negative or zero, y positive, and ( iv ) x and y negative or zero. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, und... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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of the code. for example, if you are to write code that finds real roots of a quadratic equation and you start with unit tests, you will probably identify three cases that must be solved separately : the case when the equation has two roots, the case when the equation has a single root, and the case when the equation h... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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test. 4. run the test ( and see it pass ) : when the code passes the test, this ensures it is fulfilling the intended functionality defined in the test. 5. refactor ( improve code structure ) : once the test passes, take a step back and refactor the code to improve readability, maintainability, and overall code structu... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 3 • special topics 479 once you ’ re done with all the steps, start the cycle over : repeat this cycle ( write test, run test, write code, refactor, run test ) for each unit of functionality you develop. system testing whereas unit testing focuses on the various units or pieces within a software solution, system tes... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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called user acceptance testing, acceptance testing is the process used to determine whether the software solution fulfills the customer ’ s expectations. this level of testing generally occurs after system testing and is done by the customer, client, or other end user of the software. acceptance tests are formalized te... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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intended tasks efficiently and without errors? • ease of learning : how easy is it for users to learn how to use the software? 480 9 • software engineering access for free at openstax. org • user satisfaction : are users satisfied with the overall user experience? while acceptance testing generally happens near the end... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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: can all features of the software be accessed using only the keyboard? content features : is blinking, scrolling, or auto content updating avoided to accommodate users with reading difficulties? industry spotlight usability and acceptance testing by car manufacturers usability and acceptance testing are quite differen... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 3 • special topics 481 shown to decrease the chance of fatal accidents, even with low usage, it can still help save lives. software engineering tools software developers use many tools that facilitate development ; some of them are used daily while others only occasionally, but they all play an important role in sof... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##r is a program that performs dynamic program analysis that can be used to optimize or otherwise streamline code. it collects data such as frequency and duration of method calls and presents it to the software developer who can use it to propose code optimizations. the process of data gathering is called profiling, an... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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gains from its use. version control system a quite common tool used in software development is a version control system, which stores the history of changes to source code and facilitates collaboration of multiple developers. the most popular version control system today is git, which is often used with a common hub, s... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 3 • special topics 483 many open - source projects are hosted on github that allow people to download their source code and contribute. figure 9. 23 shows a standard github page, in this case from the javascript library called the jquery project. figure 9. 23 github is a version control system that facilitates code ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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fixed, and the fix has been verified, the record closes. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) figure 9. 25 shows a bug tracking tool — the jquery bug tracking tool — that is available on github. | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 3 • special topics 485 figure 9. 25 the jquery bug tracker on github keeps track of how many issues are pending ( “ 86 open ” ) and which have been resolved ( “ 602 close ” ). ( credit : github, cc0 1. 0 ) industry spotlight bugs not caught in january of 2022, the san francisco unified school district rolled out a n... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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in your code, and frameworks typically provide application skeletons, which can call your code. for example, you can have a library that provides encryption functionality and a framework that facilitates the development of web applications. both libraries and frameworks are common in software development, and it is com... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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is usually not acceptable in commercial environments. technology in everyday life libraries on your computer code reuse and the use of libraries is extremely common. in fact, if you look at the files on a microsoft windows computer, you will find that a plethora of libraries are used by the windows operating system its... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 3 • special topics 487 engineering areas. patterns are typically organized hierarchically in pattern catalogs using descriptive pattern templates. pattern languages may be used to describe the compatibility between various patterns and help weave them together whenever applicable. software engineers are likely to en... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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in conjunction with an architectural style to shape the overall structure of a system. for example, model - view - controller ( mvc ) is a typical architectural pattern that is used to design the software architecture of a multitier system. if the multitier system provides a scoreboard, that feature will leverage a sin... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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involve reuse. typically, refactoring consists of making a series of elementary changes called micro - refactorings, such as : • rename an attribute, which changes the name of an attribute to a new one that better corresponds to its 488 9 • software engineering access for free at openstax. org purpose. • rename a metho... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 3 • special topics 489 figure 9. 26 in the netbeans ide, the action of renaming a method falls under the refactor menu item. ( rendered in netbeans by sun microsystems ; attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) returning to the concept of reuse, one of the benefits of refactoring... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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code, then the code is generally protected under copyright rules. free and open - source software ( foss ) free software ( sometimes called libre software ) is software distributed under the terms that provide users with the following four freedoms : 1. the freedom to run the software for any purpose 2. the freedom to ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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distributions. the distributions are referred to by name such as debian, fedora, ubuntu, redhat, and suse, and they can be commercial ( paid ) or community - driven ( gratis ). the linux kernel is licensed under gnu general public license, version 2, which makes it a free and open - source software. android : a free an... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 3 • special topics 491 • web browsers google chrome : a no - cost web browser developed by google. although most source code of google chrome comes from free and open - source software, it is licensed as proprietary freeware. it is available on windows, linux, android, macos, and ios. mozilla firefox : a free and op... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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addition, they receive monthly releases with bug fixes and security alerts. many companies that embrace open - source development focus on providing value - added services, such as technical support, training, or custom development, around the core open - source product. it is important for companies and developers to ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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from the road for longer than a given period. generally, it would be considered unethical for this same developer to use what they learned while working for the auto company to develop their own software product that uses the same code to detect eye movement. while the software engineer might have written the code, the... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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. 4. integrity should be applied in actions taken. 5. an ethical approach to managing software development and updates should be maintained and promoted. 6. the integrity of what it means to be a software engineer should be maintained. 7. software engineers should be supportive of peers and colleagues in a manner that ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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9. 3 • special topics 493 consider two hypothetical scenarios : in the first, suppose that a developer, when faced with a task they did not know how to do, spent days avoiding the rest of the team as they researched and read books to try to learn the new technology. they did not tell anyone they did not know the techno... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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