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player names, go back to the select data window and update the horizontal axis labels to be just a2 : a13 ( figure a14 ). figure a14 keeping only name on the x - axis label ( used with permission from microsoft ) the resulting plot will only have player names along the x - axis ( figure a15 ). figure a15 the second bar... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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. notice that the numbers along the x - axis are heights, while those along the y - axis are weights. figure a19 the initial scatterplot you can change the chart title and the axis titles by double - clicking the title text and the axes themselves, as in figure a20. figure a20 changing the title of the scatterplot ( us... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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##x. org excel does not save the formula when the file is saved as csv you can use excel formulas with no problem on a csv file, but excel does not save those when the file is saved in the csv format. if you want to keep the formula you have used, make sure to save your file as xlsx ( file > save as … > excel workbook ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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72. 5 as a result. = stdev ( d2 : d13 ) compute standard deviation of d2, d3, …, and d13. returns 3. 28 as a result. table a1 example ms excel formulas a • appendix a : review of excel for data science 511 formula description = min ( d2 : d13 ) find the minimum value among d2, d3, …, and d13. returns 70 as a result. = ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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a column. let ’ s assume the data values are placed in cells a2 through a11. in any cell, type the excel command = average ( a2 : a11 ) and press enter. excel will calculate the arithmetic mean in this cell. then, in any other cell, type the excel command = stdev. s ( a2 : a11 ) and press enter. excel will calculate th... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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maximum of a set of numbers. = max ( a1 : a10 ) – min ( a1 : a10 ) find the range of a set of numbers. = correl ( a1 : a10, b1 : b10 ) find the correlation coefficient “ r ” for ( x, y ) data. x - data is in cells a1 to a10 ; y - data is in cells b1 to b10. = quartile ( a1 : a10, 1 ) find the first quartile for a set o... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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example, at the financial consulting company mentioned previously, the mean employee salary is $ 60, 000 with a standard deviation of $ 7, 500. to find the probability that a random employee ’ s salary is less than $ 55, 000 using excel, this is the command you would use : = norm. dist ( 55000, 60000, 7500, true ) resu... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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and intercept, respectively. 514 a • appendix a : review of excel for data science access for free at openstax. org the dataset in table a4 will be used as an example : the monthly amount spent on advertising and the monthly revenue for a fortune 500 company for 12 months. month amount spent on advertising revenue jan ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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ms excel ( used with permission from microsoft ) based on this, the regression equation can be written as where x represents the amount spent on advertising ( in thousands of dollars ) and y represents the amount of revenue ( in thousands of dollars ). exploring further excel resources for additional resources, refer t... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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that r is ready to accept commands. for a user new to r, typing help. start ( ) at the r prompt provides a menu of manuals and reference materials as shown in figure b1. figure b1 r help menu based on help. start ( ) r provides many built - in help resources. when a user types help ( ) at the r prompt, a listing of hel... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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the variable named y : > x < - 20 > y < - 30 these variable names can be used in any calculation, such as multiplying x by y to produce the result 600 : > x * y [ 1 ] 600 the typical method for using functions in statistical applications is to first create a vector of data values. there are several ways to create vecto... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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interested in generating a quick statistical summary of a dataset in the form of its mean, median, quartiles, min, and max. the r command called summary provides these results. > summary ( salaries ) min. 1st qu. median mean 3rd qu. max. 40000 47500 62500 64250 79250 92000 for measures of spread, r includes a command f... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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1 ] 117. 7 a list of common r statistical commands appears in table b2. r command result mean ( ) calculates the arithmetic mean median ( ) calculates the median min ( ) calculates the minimum value max ( ) calculates the maximum value weighted. mean ( ) calculates the weighted mean table b2 list of common r statistica... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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to create a bar graph in r is the command barchart ( ). first, create a dataframe called enrollment to hold the data ( a dataframe can be considered a table or matrix to store the dataset ). enrollment < - data. frame ( course = c ( " statistics ", " history ", " physics ", " chemistry " ), enrolled = c ( 375, 302, 294... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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/ 1 / 2020 3100. 29 98. 05 7 / 1 / 2020 3271. 12 97. 61 8 / 1 / 2020 3500. 31 111. 89 9 / 1 / 2020 3363. 00 125. 54 10 / 1 / 2020 3269. 96 120. 08 11 / 1 / 2020 3621. 63 134. 70 12 / 1 / 2020 3756. 07 141. 47 1 / 1 / 2021 3714. 24 133. 59 2 / 1 / 2021 3811. 15 134. 78 3 / 1 / 2021 3943. 34 140. 45 3 / 12 / 2021 3943. 3... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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140. 45 ( source : https : / / finance. yahoo. com / ) table b4 data for s & p 500 and nike stock price over a 12 - month period note that data can be read into r from a text file or excel file or from the clipboard by using various r commands. assume the values of the s & p 500 have been loaded into the vector sp500 a... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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_ value. example b. 2 problem birth weights for newborns in the united states are normally distributed with mean of 3, 400 grams and standard deviation of 500 grams. a. use r to find the probability that a random newborn infant weighs less than 4, 000 grams. b. use r to find the probability that a random newborn infant... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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r also provides a built - in function for the binomial distribution as follows : binomial distribution : usage : dbinom ( k, n, p ) where n is the number of trials, p is the probability of success, and k is the number of successes for which the probability is desired. example b. 4 problem a data scientist conducts a su... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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dataset in table b5 that tracks the return on the s & p 500 versus return on coca - cola stock for a seven - month time period. month s & p 500 monthly return ( % ) coca - cola monthly return ( % ) jan 8 6 feb 1 0 mar 0 - 2 apr 2 1 may - 3 - 1 jun 7 8 jul 4 2 table b5 monthly returns of coca - cola stock versus monthly... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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##m ( formula = cocacola ~ sp500 ) coefficients : ( intercept ) sp500 - 0. 3453 0. 8641 the r output provides the value of the y - intercept as - 0. 3453 and the value of the slope as 0. 8641. based on this, the linear model would be where x represents the value of s & p 500 return and y represents the value of coca - ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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##s for each x - value. the output includes additional statistical details regarding the regression analysis. predicted values and prediction intervals can also be generated within r. first, we can create a structure in r called a dataframe to hold the values of the independent variable for which we want to generate a ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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4. 839062 the output from the predict command indicates that the predicted return for coca - cola stock will be 4. 8 % when the return for the s & p 500 is 6 %. we can extend this analysis to generate a 95 % prediction interval for this result by using the following r 528 b • appendix b : review of r studio for data sc... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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that the format for linear regression analysis in r when there is only one independent variable looked like the following : > model < - lm ( y ~ x ) where y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable. to “ add in ” additional independent variables for the multiple regression approach, we use a format a... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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##s : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - 1704. 6 1438. 4 - 606. 9 6908. 7 - 6747. 4 - 5704. 6 6416. 5 coefficients : estimate std. error t value pr ( > | t | ) ( intercept ) 57739. 887 9529. 693 6. 059 0. 00375 * * square _ footage 66. 017 8. 924 7. 398 0. 00178 * * bedrooms 16966. 536 6283. 183 2. 700 0. 05408. - - - signif. codes : 0 ‘... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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science 531 532 b • appendix b : review of r studio for data science access for free at openstax. org c appendix c : review of python algorithms this appendix provides a summary of various python algorithms used in this textbook. the intent is to provide students with a cross - reference to the various algorithms used ... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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using the t - distribution statistical inference and confidence intervals confidence interval using bootstrapping using python to calculate a confidence interval using a bootstrapping approach statistical inference and confidence intervals table c1 c • appendix c : review of python algorithms 533 chapter title topic de... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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: review of python algorithms access for free at openstax. org chapter title topic description of algorithm first reference decomposing a time series into components using python autocorrelation function and stl ( seasonal and trend decomposition using loess ) model to decompose time series data into its components tim... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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logistic regression using python to perform multiple logistic regression analysis and generate corresponding confusion matrix machine learning in regression analysis decision trees using python to generate decision trees decision trees random forests using python to train a random forests model and analyze the importan... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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probabilities using python to create graphs associated with the binomial distribution graphing probability distributions data visualization for poisson probabilities using python to create graphs associated with the poisson distribution graphing probability distributions data visualization for normal probabilities usin... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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installed. for more details on python functions, syntax, and usage, please refer to the python documentation ( https : / / openstax. org / r / python3 ) posted online. python function description syntax first reference what are data and data science? print ( ) prints a specified message or specified values to the scree... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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plt. xlabel ( “ x - axis label ” ) python basics for data science plt. ylabel ( ) specifies a label for the y - axis plt. ylabel ( “ y - axis label ” ) python basics for data science plt. xlim ( ) specifies limits to use for x - axis numbering plt. xlim ( lower, upper ) python basics for data science plt. ylim ( ) spec... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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probability of success. discrete and continuous probability distributions round ( ) rounds a numeric result to a specified level of precision round ( number, digits ) discrete and continuous probability distributions poisson. pmf ( ) calculates probabilities associated with the poisson distribution poisson. pmf ( x, mu... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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) calculates confidence interval for the mean when population standard deviation is unknown, given sample mean, sample standard deviation, and sample size ( uses t - distribution ). note, standard error is the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. t. interval ( conf _ level, degrees _ freedo... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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data, y _ data ) correlation and linear regression analysis f _ oneway ( ) returns both the f test statistic and the p - value for the one - way anova hypothesis test f _ oneway ( array1, array2, array3, … ) analysis of variance ( anova ) time series and forecasting plot ( ) generates a time series plot plot ( datafram... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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##regression ( ) creates a logistic regression model logisticregression ( ) classification using machine learning model. fit ( ) trains a machine learning model on a given dataset model. fit ( feature _ matrix, target _ vector ) classification using machine learning table d1 546 d • appendix d : review of python functi... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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up a naive bayes classification model ( use model. fit ( ) to fit the model to a dataset. ) gaussiannb ( ) other machine learning techniques deep learning and artificial intelligence ( ai ) basics perceptron ( ) sets up a perceptron model ( use model. fit ( ) to fit the model to a dataset. ) perceptron ( ) introduction... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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( ) creates a box - and - whisker plot plt. boxplot ( array ) encoding univariate data table d1 d • appendix d : review of python functions 549 python function description syntax first reference hist ( ) creates a histogram plt. hist ( array ) encoding univariate data plot ( ) creates 2d line plots such as a time serie... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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your model dataframe. info ( ) provides a concise summary of a dataframe's structure and content dataframe. info ( ) validating your model dataframe. drop ( ) removes rows or columns from a dataframe dataframe. drop ( labels, axis = rows _ columns ) validating your model score ( ) evaluates the performance of a trained... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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see solution manual c. d. see solution manual 7. 8. a. 0. 074 b. 0. 195 c. 0. 805 9. a. see solution manual b. 0. 63 10. a. see solution manual b. 0. 035 c. 0. 272 11. 0. 272 12. 0. 026 13. 0. 085 14. a. 0. 112 b. 0. 691 553 chapter 4 chapter 5 quantitative problems 1. most likely, the period would be 52, as sales prob... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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days is most appropriate. b. see solution manual 4. a. from the acf plot. b. see solution manual 5. forecasted value for 2024 : 1. 2124 6. a..., or 12. 3 %., or 13. 3 %. b. see solution manual chapter 6 chapter review 1. c. k - means clustering quantitative problems 1. a. mae = 0. 0415. mape = 0. 41 %. mse = 0. 003126.... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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data security policies and protocols in place 6. d. all of the above 7. d. quantitative, qualitative, tabular, text - based, and audio - based data 8. c. anyone who is directly involved in the project and has a legitimate need for the data 9. c. legal and compliance teams 10. a. to increase the accuracy of the model by... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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. an introduction to the business problem or research question 15. b. the novelty or relevance of the approach 16. a. with a persuasive call to action 556 access for free at openstax. org index symbols 3d visualization 457 a a prime 123 accuracy 270 accurate representation 399 acf ( autocorrelation function ) 244 actio... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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22, 54 business 13 c careers in data science 16 categorical data 19 cell 32 central limit theorem 150 central tendency 106 centroid 284 chatgpt 363 choropleth graph 447 cirrhosis. csv 326, 332 closed - ended questions 64 cloud computing 93 cloud storage 91 cluster 278 cluster sampling 65 codebook 470 coefficient of var... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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84 data validation 82, 85, 397 data visualization 12, 415 data volumes 59 data warehouse 91 data warehousing 12 data. gov 22, 54 database management 92 dataframe 38, 70 dataframe. describe ( ) 116 dataset 19 dbscan 293 dbscan algorithm 291 dbscanexample. csv 293, 331 decision tree 311 decision - making 105 deep learnin... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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##2 forecasting 218 forecasting models 148 frequency 107 frequency distribution 107 fully connected layers 361 funguslocations. csv 288, 331 g gaussian naive bayes 326 gemini 369 generative art 366 geospatial data 443 geospatial information system ( gis ) 447 gini index 313 github 391 github copilot 368 google 369 goog... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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model 363 layered approach 469 leaf - limiting pruning 319 leaky relu function 340 learning management systems 14 least squares method 195 leave - one - out cross - validation ( loocv ) 482 level 225 level of significance 170 likelihood 281 line chart 428 linear correlation 191 linear regression 148 linregress ( ) 199,... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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224 n naive 218 naive bayes classification 324 national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) 22, 54 natural language processing 363 natural language toolkit ( nltk ) 72 ncaa - 2021 - stats. csv 298, 303 network analysis 69 neural network 336 neurodiversity 469 neurons 336, 338 nlp models 364 noise 224, 228 n... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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analytics 15 principal component analysis ( pca ) 272 prior probability 324 probability 121 probability analysis 106 probability density function ( pdf ) 135, 435, 442 probability distribution 129 probability experiment 123 probability mass function ( pmf ) 132 programming language 29 proportion 156 pruning 317 pseudon... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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library 207 scipy library 164 scipy. stats 138, 302 scipy. stats library 155, 163, 192 seaborn 30, 296 seasonal component 224 seasonal variations 227 seasonal - trend decomposition using loess ( stl ) 230 seasonality 224, 227, 240 self - selection bias 67 semantic segmentation 361 sensitivity analysis 485 sigmoid funct... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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72 theoretical probability 123 time series 216 time series model 218 to _ datatime ( ) 222 to _ numeric ( ) 70 tokenizing 72 topological data analysis ( tda ) 272 training set ( or data ) 270 transactional data 60 transformer models 364 transparency 382 trend 224 trend curve 225 index 561 trend - cycle component 224 tr... | openstax_principles-of-data-science-web | [
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albedo ( ; ) is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body. it is measured on a scale from 0 ( corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation ) to 1 ( corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation ). surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity je to the irra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | [
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##bedo feedback plays an important role in global climate change. albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and environmental management. the average albedo of the earth from the upper atmosphere, its planetary albedo, is 30 – 35 % because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface bec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | [
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the moon is measured to be around 0. 14, but it is strongly directional and non - lambertian, displaying also a strong opposition effect. although such reflectance properties are different from those of any terrestrial terrains, they are typical of the regolith surfaces of airless solar system bodies. two common optica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | [
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- sectional area of a metallic sphere ( perfect reflector ) at the same distance as the target that would return the same echo power. those components of the received echo that return from first - surface reflections ( as from a smooth or mirror - like surface ) are dominated by the oc component as there is a reversal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | [
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modis brdf / albedo product site ocean surface albedo look - up - table surface albedo derived from meteosat observations a discussion of lunar albedos reflectivity of metals ( chart ) land surface effects on climate climate change feedbacks climate forcing climatology electromagnetic radiation meteorological quantitie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo | [
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. this benefited the urban areas that had developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than sixty years. other changes were made to implement representative state house and senate districts. alabama has made some changes since the late 20th century and has used new types of voting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | [
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by the catfish industry and alabama produced 132 million pounds of catfish. in 2020, alabama produced of the united states'farm - raised catfish. the total 2020 sales of catfish raised in alabama equaled $ 307 million but by 2020 the total employment of alabamians fell to 2, 442. from the early 2000s to 2020, the alaba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | [
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alabama's gulf coast topped the list with 6, 700, 000 visitors. alabama has historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes and contrast of environments. movies filmed in alabama include : close encounters of the third kind, get out, 42, selma, big fish, the final destination, due date,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama | [
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nearly twenty years before leaving in 348 / 47 bc. the traditional story about his departure records that he was disappointed with the academy's direction after control passed to plato's nephew speusippus, although it is possible that he feared the anti - macedonian sentiments in athens at that time and left before pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle | [
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rest. representing the current understanding of causality as the relation of cause and effect, this covers the modern definitions of " cause " as either the agent or agency or particular events or states of affairs. in the case of two dominoes, when the first is knocked over it causes the second also to fall over. in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle | [
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many times greater than that of the sun, then... the sun shines on all the stars and the earth screens none of them. " he also wrote descriptions of comets, including the great comet of 371 bc. geology and natural sciences aristotle was one of the first people to record any geological observations. he stated that geolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle | [
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two sciences is unmatched, and his reach in influencing " every branch of intellectual enterprise " including western ethical and political theory, theology, rhetoric, and literary analysis is equally long. as a result, kukkonen argues, any analysis of reality today " will almost certainly carry aristotelian overtones.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle | [
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take between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes. in 2016, the academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to walden, new york – based polich tallix fine art foundry, now owned and operated by uap urban art projects. while based on a digital scan of an orig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy%20Awards | [
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for broadcast in international markets ( especially those outside of the americas ) in more desirable local timeslots. the ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two south american countries, chile and brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. by that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy%20Awards | [
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as individual amoebae until starved, at which point they aggregate and form a multicellular fruiting body in which some cells sacrifice themselves to promote the survival of other cells in the fruiting body. selective investment theory proposes that close social bonds, and associated emotional, cognitive, and neurohorm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism | [
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, are a highland region in central sahara, southern algeria. they are located about south of the capital, algiers, and just east of tamanghasset. algiers, oran, constantine, and annaba are algeria's main cities. climate and hydrology in this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. after sunset, howeve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria | [
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the framework of the program to aid those seeking work ( dispositif d'aide a l'insertion professionnelle ). despite a decline in total unemployment, youth and women unemployment is high. tourism the development of the tourism sector in algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria | [
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31 per 1, 000 people ). access to " improved water sources " was around 97. 4 % of the population in urban areas and 98. 7 % of the population in the rural areas. some 99 % of algerians living in urban areas, and around 93. 4 % of those living in rural areas, had access to " improved sanitation ". according to the worl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria | [
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and the society for the social studies of science. donna haraway's 1985 cyborg manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology | [
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anthropology, can provide interdisciplinary approaches to the environment. professor kay milton, director of the anthropology research network in the school of history and anthropology, describes anthropology as distinctive, with its most distinguishing feature being its interest in non - industrial indigenous and trad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology | [
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cultural traditions, and knowing that environmentalism is a part of culture. historical ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. it is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. ethnohistory uses both historic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology | [
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known as " human – animal studies " ) is the study of interaction between living things. it is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. a major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology | [
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to a court of law. palaeoanthropology paleoanthropology combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology. it is the study of ancient humans, as found in fossil hominid evidence such as petrifacted bones and footprints. genetics and morphology of specimens are crucially important to this field. markers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology | [
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). they use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists " into the field, " which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called " fieldwork. " on the biological or physical side, human measurements, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology | [
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caduceus or serpent - staff, were among alchemy's principal symbols. according to clement of alexandria, he wrote what were called the " forty - two books of hermes ", covering all fields of knowledge. the hermetica of thrice - great hermes is generally understood to form the basis for western alchemical philosophy and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy | [
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renaissance. betruger would use sleight of hand, or claims of secret knowledge to make money or secure patronage. legitimate mystical and medical alchemists such as michael maier and heinrich khunrath wrote about fraudulent transmutations, distinguishing themselves from the con artists. false alchemists were sometimes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy | [
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an astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of earth. they observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either observational ( by analyzing the data ) or theoretical astronomy. examples of topi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer | [
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, geology, and engineering, whose research interests are closely related to astronomy. the international astronomical union comprises almost 10, 145 members from 70 countries who are involved in astronomical research at the phd level and beyond. contrary to the classical image of an old astronomer peering through a tel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer | [
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make their own discoveries and assist professional astronomers in research. see also list of astronomers list of women astronomers list of muslim astronomers list of french astronomers list of hungarian astronomers list of russian astronomers and astrophysicists list of slovenian astronomers references sources external... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer | [
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. eight - bit machines ( with octets as the native data type ) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0. internal organization the code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. the first two so - called ascii... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII | [
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line terminator. unix and unix - like systems, and amiga systems, adopted this convention from multics. on the other hand, the original macintosh os, apple dos, and prodos used carriage return ( cr ) alone as a line terminator ; however, since apple has now replaced these obsolete operating systems with the unix - base... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII | [
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/ m tracked file length only in units of disk blocks, and used control - z to mark the end of the actual text in the file. for these reasons, eof, or end - of - file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three - letter acronym for control - z instead of substitute. the end - of - text character ( etx ), also k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII | [
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- bit computers and galaksija computers also used ascii variants. the ibm pc defined code page 437, which replaced the control characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. operating systems such as dos supported these code pages, and manufact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII | [
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other, with unnoticeable interruptions, is a stroboscopic effect. while animators traditionally used to draw each part of the movements and changes of figures on transparent cels that could be moved over a separate background, computer animation is usually based on programming paths between key frames to maneuver digit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation | [
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and princes et princesses ( france, 2000 ). model animation stop - motion animation created to interact with and exist as a part of a live - action world. intercutting, matte effects and split screens are often employed to blend stop - motion characters or objects with live actors and settings. examples include the wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation | [
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neighbours by norman mclaren. computer computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer. 2d animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3d techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects mov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation | [
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also the followers of apollo, who hailed from hyperborea. in myths, the tears of amber apollo shed when his son asclepius died mixed with the waters of the river eridanos, which surrounded hyperborea. apollo also buried in hyperborea the arrow which he had used to kill the cyclopes. he later gave this arrow to abaris. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo | [
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trouble given to his mother, apollo went in search of python and killed it in the sacred cave at delphi with the bow and arrows that he had received from hephaestus. the delphian nymphs who were present encouraged apollo during the battle with the cry " hie paean ". after apollo was victorious, they also brought him gi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo | [
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where carmanor purified him. apollo later established the pythian games to appropriate gaia. henceforth, apollo became the god who cleansed himself from the sin of murder, made men aware of their guilt and purified them. soon after, zeus instructed apollo to go to delphi and establish his law. but apollo, disobeying hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo | [
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wear out opponents with his deep, flat groundstrokes and to use his fitness to win attrition wars, and noted agassi's two - handed backhand down the line as his very best shot. a signature play later in his career was a change - up drop shot to the deuce court after deep penetrating groundstrokes. this would often be f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre%20Agassi | [
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provided $ 720, 000 to assist in the building of the andre agassi cottage for medically fragile children. this 20 - bed facility opened in december 2001, and accommodates developmentally delayed or handicapped children and children quarantined for infectious diseases. in 2007, along with several other athletes, agassi ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre%20Agassi | [
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in mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean ( ), arithmetic average, or just the mean or average ( when the context is clear ) is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection. the collection is often a set of results from an experiment, an observational study, or a survey.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%20mean | [
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average " or " equally weighted average " ) can be interpreted as a special case of a weighted average in which all weights are equal to the same number ( in the above example and in a situation with numbers being averaged ). continuous probability distributions if a numerical property, and any sample of data from it, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%20mean | [
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the average value artificially moving towards the middle of the numerical range. a solution to this problem is to use the optimization formulation ( that is, define the mean as the central point : the point about which one has the lowest dispersion ) and redefine the difference as a modular distance ( i. e., the distan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%20mean | [
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in mangrove swamps ; the anderson's salamander meanwhile occurs in brackish or salt water lakes. on land, amphibians are restricted to moist habitats because of the need to keep their skin damp. modern amphibians have a simplified anatomy compared to their ancestors due to paedomorphosis, caused by two evolutionary tre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian | [
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their cloacae in close proximity while facing in opposite directions and then release eggs and sperm simultaneously. the tailed frog ( ascaphus truei ) exhibits internal fertilisation. the " tail " is only possessed by the male and is an extension of the cloaca and used to inseminate the female. this frog lives in fast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian | [
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. the granular poison frog ( oophaga granulifera ) is typical of a number of tree frogs in the poison dart frog family dendrobatidae. its eggs are laid on the forest floor and when they hatch, the tadpoles are carried one by one on the back of an adult to a suitable water - filled crevice such as the axil of a leaf or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian | [
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capture all the aspects and forms of automation, such as robotic milking machines that are static, most motorized machinery that automates the performing of agricultural operations, and digital tools ( e. g., sensors ) that automate only diagnosis. fao defines agricultural automation as the use of machinery and equipme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture | [
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beginning of civilization. altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make - up of a plant to develop crops with more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or seeds, drought - tolerance, or resistance to pests. significant advances in plant breeding ensued after the work o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture | [
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processed products ) provided by the supply chain. market concentration has increased in the sector as well, and although the total effect of the increased market concentration is likely increased efficiency, the changes redistribute economic surplus from producers ( farmers ) and consumers, and may have negative impli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture | [
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