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- Resizing and editing PNG files isn’t the same as editing other image formats like jpg or gif.
- While there are many online image editing apps, many of them don’t retain transparency when you try to edit PNGs.
- In this article, we tell you three simple ways to edit PNG while retaining transparency, And without using Adobe Photoshop whose license costs a bomb.
- For more such cool tips and tricks, check our How-to guides hub.
There are numerous online image editing tools which lets you resize & edit images of different formats like JPG, GIF or PNG. These tools are especially helpful to quickly edit an online image. But the problem is, most of these online tools don’t work for some PNG files when you need them to retain transparency.
As a matter of fact, most of the desktop image editing tools fail as well when it comes to editing (or resizing) PNG files while retaining transparency. They always remove the transparent background and replace it with a colored one. The latest version of Irfan View does show an option to resize PNG images AND retain transparency, but I never figured out how to use it successfully. Using Adobe Photoshop is surely one working option, but not everyone can afford a license for Photoshop. Even those who own one will agree that it takes a lot more time and not easy enough to do a simple task of resizing.
So here are 3 free online png tools to help us out –
Tools to Edit/Resize PNG Files Online
Pixlr is more than a simple resizer. It is a full fledged image editing tool, which lets you create, edit and resize images, everything online. It is like using mini-photoshop online. Pixlr is my favorite since I can edit the PNG image (like adding a text) while retaining the transparency intact.
FotoFlexer is a simple and free online image editor which allows editing transparent PNGs. Upload your photo, click on the Resize button, type in your dimensions and go ‘Apply‘. Then click on the ‘Save‘ button and set it to PNG to save to your computer. They also have advanced editing features which you may use if you need.
Almost an year back, I had reviewed this tool and it still works fine. It is very easy to use, but then can only be used to resize the image and nothing beyond resizing. They do have other separate tools to convert images from one format to another.
As for the desktop tools which can help you edit/resize transparent PNGs, the best one is Adobe Photoshop. Others include GIMP, Fireworks and Microsoft Office Picture Manager.
Which is your favorite and why? Do let us know. | <urn:uuid:f623b8bc-3468-445b-a430-b84d6aaec400> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://techpp.com/2010/10/05/3-tools-to-edit-png-files-online-while-retaining-transparency/comment-page-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.902897 | 584 | 1.984375 | 2 |
- Reading 4 nights. Make sure you record in your diary what pages you have read and how long you have spent reading. you should read a minimum of 20 minutes – preferably 30 minutes.
- Please complete the 100wcWe have someone in difficulty for this week’s prompt. It is:… ‘I’m trying to hold on,’ he shouted …
Things to think about:
- Is this a physical situation?
- What is he holding onto?
- What will happen if he let’s go?
- He is shouting so is this dangerous?
- Maths – find something at home that is measured in : kilograms, grams, metres, millimetres, degrees, litres and seconds. Record the item and it’s measurements e.g. the bag of flour is 2kg. We have used half so we have 1kg left. | <urn:uuid:8baab413-96a4-4007-89a8-83d513d9c816> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sites.mpp.vic.edu.au/engagedinlearning/2020/03/13/homework-due-friday-20th-of-march/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.922716 | 186 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Democrats officially introduce articles of impeachment against Trump
Steve Cohen to hold briefings over Trump's 'train of injuries to our Constitution'
House Democrats have taken the step to introduce articles of impeachment against President Donald Trump.
In addition to obstruction of justice related to Trump’s decision to fire FBI Director James Comey, the articles of impeachment include two emoluments clause violations, undermining the independence of the federal judiciary and undermining the freedom of the press.
“The time has come to make clear to the American people and to this President that his train of injuries to our Constitution must be brought to an end through impeachment,” Rep. Steve Cohen, D-Tennessee, said.
Cohen, who is the ranking member on the House judiciary committee’s Constitution subcommittee, admitted that with the Republicans controlling both houses of Congress, it’s unlikely that impeachment will be successful. For that reason, Cohen said, he would probably be holding briefings, not hearings.
“There are many reasons why I think the President is an awful President, an awful person, but not all those reasons rise to the level of impeaching a sitting President. We are not seeking his impeachment because of what he did before he was President,” Rep. Luis Gutiérrez, D-Illinois, one of the bill’s co-sponsors, said.
White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders has since responded to the impeachment articles, saying that the time spent on impeachment “would be better spent focusing on tax relief for American families and businesses.”
“It’s disappointing that extremists in Congress still refuse to accept the President’s decisive victory in last year’s election,” she said. | <urn:uuid:b80c19fa-08c5-4e9c-94e3-e5974531fadd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thegrio.com/2017/11/16/democrats-articles-of-impeachment-trump/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.953681 | 381 | 1.53125 | 2 |
The long silence which I have observed, must have led my friends to conclude that I had relinquished all my European connexions,--that from some untoward accident, or the natural visitation of Providence, they would never hear from me more;--but that not being the case; after assuring them that it merely proceeded from the multiplicity of business, and the unceasing vigilance my situation demanded, I shall without farther preface resume my narrative. The government of this colony now devolved upon Francis Grose, Esquire, Commandant of the New South Wales Corps. He immediately superseded the civil power at Parramatta by the military, and all complaints in future were to be preferred to the military officer on duty there. Hitherto the magistracy regulated all differences, and punished such offences as required immediate cognizance on the spot; reporting his proceedings, from time to time, to the governor; and every order emanating from his excellency, respecting the regulation of the convicts, was promulgated through the same channel. At Sydney, similar regulations took place, and all reference to the civil magistrate was in future to be dispensed with. It had been usual with the magistrates to hold a kind of court weekly, or as often as occasion might require; and to inflict such punishment as they deemed proportionate to the offence, always reporting their proceedings, as before stated. At this time the magistracy consisted of the Lieutenant Governor and the Judge Advocate, who were justices of the peace in virtue of their commissions; the Reverend Mr. Johnston, Augustus Alt, and Richard Atkins, Esquires, who had been sworn in as magistrates by governor Philip. | <urn:uuid:7926cfdd-2637-4ca1-84a5-2643f0876703> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://freeditorial.com/es/books/a-sequel-to-a-voyage-to-botany-bay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.981727 | 345 | 2.125 | 2 |
Note: this list of places includes island features such as summits, but not islands as such.
KnockbrackHillAn Cnoc Breac A name in Irish(Ir. An Cnoc Breac [TCCD], 'the speckled hill')KerryCounty in Munster Province, in Carn List, Conglomerate with metamorphic clasts Bedrock
Height:459mOS 1:50k Mapsheet: 71Grid Reference: Q70233 05059 Place visited by 52 members. Recently by: John.geary, mh400nt, daitho9, jlk, Ulsterpooka, marcel, Fergalh, mountainmike, liz50, Deise-Man, peter1, FrankMc1964, hivisibility, Wildrover, ucampbell I have visited this place: NO (You need to be a logged-in member to change this.) | <urn:uuid:ebdf24d3-b329-4cf4-aa41-d0def8cca967> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mountainviews.ie/summit/589/comment/5348/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.895613 | 253 | 1.601563 | 2 |
After Perth our next stop was Adelaide, the city of churches. Called after King William’s wife, Queen Adelaide, We learned it was noted for its religious tolerance at a time where tolerance was hardly invented. Adelaide had welcomed the Lutheran followers from Germany who were escaping religious persecution in the 1870’s. At a time when benevolence wasn’t high on the agenda in many places, Australian’s in Adelaide were welcoming everyone to join them and live harmoniously. We didn’t get to church in Adelaide and if it is a city with many churches we did not see too many of them. Having said that the liberal feeling here was evident, the welcome and warmth of this quirky city apparent on our three days living here.
Adelaide is a lot different from Perth it is not dominated by Glass and Steel columns and Corporate buildings. It does have a more colonial feel and is the capital of Southern Australia, becoming so when the country was initially divided into South and North. The city itself is contained within 1 square mile, surrounded by trees that are quite distinctive if viewed from the local panoramic viewing station for the city; Mount Lofty. Of course there are suburbs beyond the city boundary that Adelaide incorporates but the city itself is distinctive and contained within that one square mile. The general surveyor in the early 19th century, William Light, was responsible for the development of Adelaide and it was his vision that was responsible for the city layout as it is now. He is buried beneath his theodolite in the central area of the city reflecting his influence and standing. Well William, thank you I thought you did a pretty amazing job.
As with other major cities, there is a Chinatown here, albeit a bit small in size, but providing the city with the must do touristy bit (although I must admit we didn’t do it). Most of the restaurants are on Gouger Street where you can wander among the aromas of fusion spices and Italian garlic, enticed in by flickering candles, white linen silver cutlery and the forlorn empty wine glass, all the while containing the grumbling of a very hungry stomach as you try to agree on where to eat that evening. A vibrant market where fruit, vegetables, wine, cheese and cakes were aplenty, was located on Victoria Square. This is a spot where you can buy most things including fly nets, a must for the outback. They are cheaper here than they were in Perth where we paid almost $11 Australian.
The excellent thing about a lot of cities in Australia is that the trams in the city are free and Adelaide is no different. This is a huge bonus in searing temperatures but the Lion does like to walk so it was highly unlikely that we would even use the tram on any of the trip. Never the less you can take the tram all the way to Glenelg beach or if you prefer you could cycle there, its a short journey outside the city. The free trams are plentiful and easy to identify. There are also lots of places where you might board and disembark as you navigate this tight little city.
Glenelg beach on the city limits, was a vibrant seaside town, with a funfair, big wheel and lots of children. Along the esplanade there was a flume swimming pool and arcade accommodating the number of children visiting so they were at least contained. Volleyball nets lined the beach near the entrance with several young men playing giving the tourist without purpose something to focus on. We took off our shoes and sat on the sand watching over 30 kids of all ages learning to surf. One of the team, obviously with some kind of responsibility, had ‘Age Group Manager’ emblazoned on his back suggesting this was an organised tournament perhaps. Kids as small as 3 were participating. I couldn’t really see this working on Portobello Beach, Edinburgh- the temperature would be an inhibitor for a start. One of our fellow travellers, braved the waves and went in for a swim. We looked on enviously as the warm sea swept its waves over the golden sand and we wished we had brought our swimmies. Actually I wished, the Lion would not contemplate any activity that might involve getting wet. He didn’t even paddle.
After all this we finally checked into our hotel, Peppers, located on Waymouth Street and this, to date had the most comfortable of all the beds. I’m slightly behind in my account of all things Australia so have slept in two other hotels since. Adelaide and can say with some confidence that the Peppers bed was by far the most comfortable to date. We have been living out of suitcases so the wardrobe was defunct for the trip and although the bed was comfy, space was limited with all the bags open and spewing outfits onto the floor as we tried to identify suitable attire for the regular evening stroll.
Adelaide also had a festival fringe going on. Now in its 60th year this was identical in spirit to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, in fact many of the acts were advertising the fact that they had been there. Some of the street acts, and notably a Swede, performing juggling and acrobatics, I recall from the High Street in Edinburgh. He was just as pleasing to the crowd here as he was there. The Fringe is free to enter and was teeming with families, friends and participants in full costume wandering aimlessly or with purpose among the lively crowds. The sun was streaming through the leafy glades overarching the grounds as we took in the various street food and free performances.
We watched as young people received a trapeze lesson. I contemplated this for a nano second, that was until I saw that they had to pull their legs up, hang them over the bar and then drop their body and dangle their arms where the more experienced guy would catch them as they swung some 30 feet above ground. The antics of those willing to try it out kept us mesmerised for ages and my initial enthusiasm for trying this out waned as a flurry of participants missed the waiting hands and fell 30 feet into the safety net. Food and drink was on offer everywhere and there were shows for adults and children alike. It was good humoured and fun giving us a warm fuzzy holiday feeling. We left there wandering aimlessly from side street to side street like commandos back to our hotel, dodging buggies and couples unwilling to split the pole. Something to note is that shops don’t open on Sunday, and many restaurants were also closed. So it was good to find some places were open because of the festival.
We only had two full days in Adelaide, but it was a city I felt at home in and welcome. Not as big and bright as Perth, but a warm welcome awaited us and it was certainly a highlight of the tour. But then there were so many of these as we would find as we wandered around Australia. | <urn:uuid:114a3375-aae5-4e06-81a4-b12ed722cfa2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://little-dramas.com/category/holidays/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.98744 | 1,426 | 1.5 | 2 |
In electronics, printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are used to mechanically support electronic components which have their connection leads soldered onto copper pads in surface install applications or through rilled holes in the board and copper pads for soldering the part leads in thru-hole applications. A board style may have all thru-hole components on the leading or component side, a mix of thru-hole and surface mount on the top side only, a mix of thru-hole and surface install components on the top and surface area install elements on the bottom or circuit side, or surface mount elements on the leading and bottom sides of the board.
The boards are also used to electrically link the required leads for each element using conductive copper traces. The component pads and connection traces are engraved from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Printed circuit boards are designed as single sided with copper pads and traces on one side of the board just, double sided with copper pads and traces on the top and bottom sides of the board, or multilayer designs with copper pads and traces on the top and bottom of board with a variable number of internal copper layers with traces and connections.
Single or double sided boards consist of a core dielectric material, such as FR-4 epoxy fiberglass, with copper plating on one or both sides. This copper plating is engraved away to form the real copper pads and connection traces on the board surface areas as part of the board production procedure. A multilayer board includes a number of layers of dielectric material that has been fertilized with adhesives, and these layers are used to separate the layers of copper plating. All these layers are lined up and then bonded into a single board structure under heat and pressure. Multilayer boards with 48 or more layers can be produced with today's technologies.
In a common 4 layer board design, the internal layers are frequently used to provide power and ground connections, such as a +5 V airplane layer and a Ground airplane layer as the two internal layers, with all other circuit and part connections made on the leading and bottom layers of the board. Very complex board designs might have a a great deal of layers to make the different connections for different voltage levels, ground connections, or for linking the numerous leads on ball grid array devices and other big integrated circuit package formats.
There are generally 2 types of material utilized to build a multilayer board. Pre-preg product is thin layers of fiberglass pre-impregnated with an adhesive, and is in sheet kind, usually about.002 inches thick. Core product is similar to an extremely thin double sided board in that it has a dielectric material, such as epoxy fiberglass, with a copper layer deposited on each side, generally.030 density dielectric product with 1 ounce copper layer on each side. In a multilayer board style, there are two methods utilized to build up the preferred variety of layers. The core stack-up method, which is an older innovation, utilizes a center layer of pre-preg product with a layer of core product above and another layer of core material below. This combination of one pre-preg layer and 2 core layers would make a 4 layer board.
The film stack-up technique, a newer technology, would have core product as the center layer followed by layers of pre-preg and copper product built up above and listed below to form the last variety of layers required by the board style, sort of like Dagwood building a sandwich. This technique permits the manufacturer flexibility in how the board layer densities are combined to meet the finished item density requirements by differing the variety of sheets of pre-preg in each layer. Once the material layers are finished, the entire stack undergoes heat and pressure that causes the adhesive in the pre-preg to bond the core and pre-preg layers together into a single entity.
The process of making printed circuit boards follows the actions below for the majority of applications.
The procedure of figuring out materials, processes, and requirements to satisfy the customer's requirements for the board style based upon the Gerber file info supplied with the purchase order.
The procedure of moving the Gerber file information for a layer onto an etch resist movie that is put on the conductive copper layer.
The traditional procedure of exposing the copper and other areas unprotected by the etch withstand movie to a chemical that eliminates the unprotected copper, leaving the protected copper pads and traces in location; more recent processes utilize plasma/laser etching rather of chemicals to get rid of the copper product, permitting finer line definitions.
The process of aligning the conductive copper and insulating dielectric layers and pressing them under heat to trigger the adhesive in the dielectric layers to form a solid board product.
The procedure of drilling all the holes for plated through applications; a 2nd drilling process is used for holes that are not to be plated through. Info on hole location and size is contained in the drill drawing file.
The process of using copper plating to the pads, traces, and drilled through holes that are to be plated through; boards are positioned in an electrically charged bath of copper.
This is needed when holes are to be drilled through a copper area however the hole is not to be plated through. Avoid this process if possible since it includes expense to the ended up board.
The procedure of applying a protective masking material, a solder mask, over the bare copper traces or over the copper that has had a thin layer of solder applied; the solder mask protects versus environmental damage, provides insulation, safeguards against solder shorts, and protects traces that run in between pads.
The procedure of covering the pad locations with a thin layer of solder to prepare the board for the ultimate wave soldering or reflow soldering procedure that will take place at a later date after the parts have been placed.
The procedure of using the markings for component classifications and element details to the board. Might be used to simply the top or to both sides if components are installed on both top and bottom sides.
The procedure of separating multiple boards from a panel of identical boards; this procedure likewise allows cutting notches or slots into the board if needed.
A visual assessment of the boards; likewise can be the process of examining wall quality for plated through holes in multi-layer boards by cross-sectioning or other techniques.
The process of checking for connection or shorted connections on the boards by means using a voltage in between numerous points on the board and figuring out if a current flow occurs. Depending upon the board intricacy, this procedure might need a specially created test component and test program to incorporate with the electrical test system used by the board manufacturer. | <urn:uuid:4692ed86-a8bc-4f5e-9f89-5a82870a2de1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://bevur314wpj.endexit.com/just-simply-qm-systems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.927768 | 1,384 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Absentee Voting Basics
Absentee voting is a simple 2 step process.
1. Every year, you send in a completed Federal Post Card Application (FPCA) to your local election officials. The officials confirm your eligibility to vote, and put your name on a list to receive absentee ballots for any elections held that calendar year. Then they send you a blank absentee ballot electronically or by mail.
2(a). You complete the ballot and send it back so it arrives before your state’s ballot return deadline.
2(b). Or, if you haven’t received your blank ballot 30 days before an election, don’t wait any longer: use the Emergency Federal Write-in Absentee Ballot (see tab below) to vote.
Registration/Absentee Ballot Request
To vote from abroad, you have to register to vote with local election officials in your state of legal (voting) residence, ANDevery year you have to request to receive absentee ballots. You can use one form to do both – the Federal Post Card Application (FPCA). Submit a new FPCA in January of each year, every time you move, change your address, change your email, or change your name.
To complete and address the form, go to either the Federal Voting Assistance Program or the Overseas Vote Foundation website, where an on-line assistant walks you through the process. You can also pick up an FPCA and a copy of your state’s requirements from U.S. embassies and consulates around the world, or from many overseas U.S. citizen civic or political groups.
You can always return your FPCA by mail. In addition, most states allow you to send in your FPCA by fax or email. Consult the online FVAP Voting Assistance Guide for your state’s current instructions. If you need help completing or submitting the form, contact the voting assistance officer at the closest U.S. embassy or consulate.
Receiving Your Blank Absentee Ballot
Forty-five days before the November general elections, your state will either send your blank ballot to you electronically, or mail it to the address you provided on your FPCA.
Ballots are generally mailed out only 30 days before primary, special and run-off elections. Depending on your state and your status abroad, you may receive absentee ballots for all elections or abbreviated ballots for elections for federal offices only.
Voting and Returning Your Ballot
Complete your ballot carefully and legibly, and return it to your local election officials before your state’s ballot receipt deadline. Send it back as early as possible.
Overseas voters have a number of options for returning voted ballots:
Local mail – If you have good mail service to the United States, put your ballot in the mail with appropriate international postage.
U.S. Embassy Pouch – You can drop off your ballot request or voted ballot at the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate for return to the United States, or you can have someone drop it off for you. It must be addressed to your local election officials and have sufficient postage or be in a postage-paid envelope. A postage-paid envelope is available on the FVAP web site. Contact the voting assistance officer or visit the Embassy website for specific instructions.
Fax, Email, or Internet – A number of states now allow the electronic return of voted ballots. Consult the Federal Voting Assistance Program’s Voting Assistance Guide for electronic transmission options for your state.
Express Courier Service – If time is short or local mail is unreliable, you can use professional courier services such as FedEx, DHL, or UPS. NOTE:FedEx does not deliver to P.O. boxes.
Using an Emergency Write-in Ballot
- Don’t be a passive voter and wait for a ballot that may not reach you in time. If you followed all the right steps but still haven’t received your ballot 30 days before the election, you should complete and submit a Federal Write-in Absentee Ballot (FWAB). Contact the Voting Assistance Officer at the U.S. Embassy in Majuro for help, or visit FVAP.gov to complete the FWAB using their online wizard. Write in the candidates of your choice, print it, sign it and send it to your local election officials. If your regular absentee ballot arrives later, fill it out and send it back too. Your FWAB will be counted only if your regular ballot doesn’t reach your local election officials by your state’s deadline. Following this procedure will not invalidate your vote or result in two votes being cast.
Almost all U.S. citizens 18 years or older who reside outside the United States are eligible to vote absentee for candidates for federal offices in U.S. primary and general elections. In addition, some states allow overseas citizens to vote for candidates for state and local offices, as well as for state and local referendums. For information regarding your specific state, visit the Federal Voting Assistance Program’s Voting Assistance Guide or the Overseas Vote Foundation website. The Overseas Vote Foundation is a non-partisan voter advocacy organization.
For voting purposes, your state of legal residence is generally the state wherein you resided immediately before leaving the United States, even if you no longer own or rent property or intend to return there in the future. Twenty-four states and the District of Columbia specifically allow U.S. citizens who have never resided in the United States to register where a parent would be eligible to vote. Direct your questions about eligibility to your local election officials.
Role of Local Election Officials
All elections in the United States are run at the state and local level. If local election officials have questions about your form, they’ll contact you. It’s smart to send in your form early (ideally, at the beginning of the calendar year, or at least forty-five days before the election) to provide time to process your request and resolve any problems. Once approved, your name will be put on a list of voters to receive absentee ballots.
Verifying Your Registration
Most states now have websites where you can verify your registration. If you are unsure of your voter registration status, or want to confirm that local officials have received and approved your registration, check the FVAP website for a directory of state voter registration verification websites. You can also write, email or call your local election officials directly.
Be an Educated Voter
Check out the FVAP links page for helpful resources that will aid your research of candidates and issues you care about.
Voting and Taxes
Voting for candidates for federal offices does not affect your federal or state tax liability. Voting for candidates for state or local offices could affect your state tax liability. Consult legal counsel if you have questions. | <urn:uuid:99441224-bae5-4efd-9e66-4e1c8da3bf1a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mh.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/voting/voting-faqs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.923452 | 1,424 | 2.421875 | 2 |
12 Nov 2021
With good soil moisture and early spring rains, summer grain producers are grateful, excited and full of hope for the new season, but input price increases threaten to put severe pressure on the profitability of grains and oilseeds.
Since South Africa is very dependent on imports of inputs, the recent input price increases in international markets have a significant impact on the sustainability of grain production in the local market. Increases in the international market were due to various reasons, including crude oil price increases including gas and coal, trade wars, logistical challenges with shipping and cargo containers, natural disasters, pollution laws and shortages of specifically energy resources (specifically energy) used in the manufacturing process, among others.
Grain SA monitors input prices monthly and warned early this year that it could present major challenges. Grain SA has consequently pleaded with input manufacturers to keep costs for local producers viably low, where possible. Grain SA's latest input report indicate that fertilizer raw materials, certain agricultural chemicals and the wholesale price of diesel are currently trading at record levels.
Input prices have risen on average over a one-year period, with seed by 6%; fertilizer by 128%; agrochemicals by 18% and fuel by 40% (internationally, a basket of energy commodities have basically doubled in the past six months).Taking these increases into account, a typical grain producer's direct input costs are 50% higher year-on-year. Producer’s direct dependence on international markets – as more than 80% of agricultural inputs are imported - together with local infrastructure and unrest challenges further amplifies local input price increases. BFAP conducts an annual global benchmark study in grain-producing countries. From 2015 to 2020, South Africa's grain production costs were 60% higher per ton of grain. Excluding the 2015 and 2016 droughts, it is remains 29% higher.
The impact on small-scale producers is even more detrimental because these farmers do not necessarily have the opportunity to make early purchases nor the benefit of economies of scale.
For South Africa to be competitive in the future vis-à-vis other grain-producing countries, actions will have to be taken to mitigate the risks of rising input costs and availability. One of the more difficult aspects for a grain producers to hedge and manage, is the decline and volatility of the Rand against other major currencies. In the short term, the solution to increase productivity and thus ensure optimal profit is achieved rather than maximum yield. This means more efficient and accurate utilisation and placement of inputs, which obviously requires technology.
Over the medium- to long-term, the local value chain role-players and the South African government will have to work together to implement plans effectively to ensure the risks of international availability of inputs and price increases are mitigated. It is also one of the main focus points in the Agricultural Master Plan discussions and negotiations. It provides the opportunity to ensure locally available resources, which are indeed viable, such as phosphates, are effectively exploited and processed to ensure local availability. Furthermore, the value chain should be compiled as short as possible with the necessary value additions still in place. The most important thing is that local development and adaptability are promoted to create a local market. It is important for food production that national strategic assets such as Foskor function effectively, in South Africa's interest. Shares of the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) are currently available and possibly an opportunity for the private sector to make a difference.
As indicated by BFAP's analysis, droughts have a significant impact on competitiveness and the need from local producers for a programme where affordable and workable multi-risk insurance is available, remain. A sharp rise in costs, such as the current scenario further places pressure on producers' ability to recover after dry seasons.
Unfortunately, the further increases in fuel costs as well as the ongoing load shedding present challenges in terms of costs and thus profitability. Necessary infrastructure such as silo complexes and processing plants are halted, or need to use significantly more expensive alternative sources of energy, (diesel generators) generally placing further pressure on costs. Despite increased costs, it impacts the pace of the harvesting process and has a direct impact on the quality of small grains, especially in the winter cereal region which further increases risk in grain production. The international crisis has once again shown that South Africa's food- and fibre production is directly dependent on international factors and that it is critical to ensure that South African resources - where available - are processed and utilized effectively to make them affordable and available timeously. This requires an integrated value chain approach where the private sector and government must work together to mitigate the risks. The main goal is clear – to be able to place sufficient quantities of safe and high quality food, timely and affordably, on every citizen's table.
Grain SA Communications
Dr Pieter Taljaard, CEO, Grain SA
08600 GRAIN (47246) | email@example.com | <urn:uuid:15b7c19c-5f81-4343-bdef-2c6bcf1bad76> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.grainsa.co.za/news-headlines/press-releases/a-promising-new-season-is-approaching,-yet-input-costs-pose-a-threat-to-profitability-in-the-grain-sector | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.940099 | 1,021 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Commuting to Work Like This Can Help You Beat Stress All Day Long—Here’s Why
Want a better day at work tomorrow? The key could be in how you choose to commute—and it's not in your car.
ESB Professional/ShutterstockPeople who cycle to work tend to feel less stress at the start of their day, and that can shape how the entire rest of the day goes (this is how you can tell if your commute is making you sick), finds a new study published in the International Journal of Workplace Health Management.
Researchers asked 123 employees at an information technology company in Montreal, to rate their stress levels and mood after cycling, driving, or taking public transportation to work. Inspired by existing research demonstrating that early morning stress and mood shape how people feel the rest of the day, the researchers captured the employees’ mood in the first 45 minutes after arriving at the office. The cyclists had much lower levels of stress, the researchers discovered, especially compared to drivers. However, there wasn’t a big difference in mood.
Lead study author, Stéphane Brutus, PhD, says that walking to work is another way to reduce morning stress levels, but the research team chose to focus on cycling because it’s “more physically and psychologically demanding,” and therefore had greater potential to demonstrate an “upside, both physically and psychologically.” The demands of cycling might offer more stress release and better concentration, according to Carolyn Dean, MD, ND, a stress management, health and nutrition expert and author. Dr. Dean also suggests that it may be that “the speed of cycling compared to walking increases the necessity to engage your senses, balance yourself as you steer and maneuver,” which could also help decrease stress.
Or, it could be that biking “taps into one of our first experiences of freedom as children,” suggests Erin Haugen, PhD, a licensed sports psychologist and bike commuter in North Dakota. In addition, she notes, “We see the world from a different point of view when riding our bike. There’s something about feeling the air in our face that helps us be more mindful of our experience, and there’s a lot of evidence to suggest mindfulness reduces stress levels.” Dr. Haugen also points out that we can cover a lot more ground more quickly by cycling, and it may be the only physical activity one does during the day. Therefore, you start the day with something good for you, and it’s bound to get your day off to a positive start.
Inspired to get biking? Check out our list of the most bike-friendly cities in each state. | <urn:uuid:dc5ef43c-daca-4a29-8a1e-9e5a672fe759> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://preprod.thehealthy.com/mental-health/stress/bike-commuting-to-work-beat-stress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.958725 | 556 | 2.140625 | 2 |
As children, most of us had strict daily routines. Bedtime, mealtime, playtime, bath time, homework time—our schedules were clearly plotted out to keep us on task and ensure our needs were met. These imposed routines provided structure and taught us discipline. Fast-forward to adulthood.
Without Mom around to throw back the covers on Saturday mornings or a lunch bell to signal that it’s time to eat, many of us abandoned the idea of a pre-determined daily routine. But not without consequences.
Healthy or not-so-healthy, deliberate or unintentional—we all have habits and routines. These behaviors show up in how we move through everyday life and—for better or worse—have an enormous impact on our success and well-being.
Take a moment to think about your patterns. Do you navigate each day with a roadmap or on a whim?
If you tend to wing it, here are a few compelling reasons why you’re better off ditching the ad-lib approach in favor of a thoughtfully crafted daily routine.
1. You’ll have more freedom.
It sounds contradictory, but it’s true. Functioning within the confines of a framework can actually be liberating. Following a routine frees up the time and brain power you’d otherwise spend on planning and decision-making.
For example, instead of scratching your head in front of an open refrigerator, you wake up every morning and go straight for your favorite easy-to-make oatmeal. It’s a small adjustment, but the 4 minutes you spend pondering Fruity Pebbles versus avocado toast add up to just shy of 24 hours per year!
Think of what might shift in your life if you used that time for, say, a 4-minute meditation or gratitude practice. Even seemingly insignificant tweaks can have a big payoff.
2. You’ll become more focused, productive, and efficient.
In addition to time-savings, having fewer decisions to make throughout your day can ramp up your output, plus improve its quality.
By purposefully devising a logical and reliable sequence that coincides with your goals, the laborious chore of deciding what to do and when is now off your plate. Less on-the-fly planning opens the door for more doing. And while plans are important, real progress follows consistent action.
With your priorities guiding your next move, the risk of getting sidetracked by shiny objects dramatically decreases. You already know what’s on deck so you’re able to transition from one thing to another without falling into the time-sucking and focus-zapping traps of contemplation or indecision.
3. You’ll achieve goals faster while getting better at what you do.
Wish there was a tried-and-true method for establishing and maintaining constructive habits? Good news—there is, and you’re already a pro at using this tactic. It’s the same one that produced the habits you’d like to change: REPETITION.
If you want to be a straight-A student, you don’t get there by spending 10 hours a day playing Call of Duty. If you want to be a guitar virtuoso, you don’t get there by practicing scales only when the urge hits you. If you want to be Mr. Universe, you don’t get there by hitting the gym once a month.
We are what we repeatedly do.
Sticking to a routine that is aligned with your goals doesn’t just help you barrel through your to-do list. It facilitates the kind of relentless action that is critical to developing proficiency.
4. You’ll gain confidence and momentum.
A solid routine supports a cycle that—once put in motion—is tremendously fruitful.
The more consistently we do things, the more comfortable, in control, and knowledgeable we feel. Increased competence leads to increased confidence. Increased confidence leads to increased action. More action leads to more competence. And the sequence continues.
The taste of success makes us hungry for more, lessening our reliance on sheer willpower (which inevitably runs out).
Whether your goals are completely out of reach or nearly in hand, it’s worth reviewing your current routine. If you have difficulty identifying patterns off the top of your head, keep a time diary for a week. You may be surprised by what you discover. Pinpoint what seems to be working versus what’s sending you down the wrong path and do some strategic fine-tuning. Remember, structure can set you free.
To your Game Changing Success, | <urn:uuid:2857b0c4-c578-44d8-841f-aa426336d852> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rodneyflowers.com/4-ways-the-right-daily-routine-can-boost-your-success-and-happiness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.924874 | 962 | 1.8125 | 2 |
The Brain-Trainer for BioEra software has an optional module as a built-in shadow program that allows users to select how the shadow will work: binary mode (yes/no approach), proportional feedback (based on how many targets were met), continuous ratios (based on amplitudes) and moving range (based on lightest/darkest limits over last 30 seconds).
Feedback source selections
There are several options for how the shadow will respond to brain activity. There isn’t one option that is better than the other ones. It depends on your preference. Below are some explanations of the different options.
Continuous ratios controls the shadow level on a continuous scale. It shows every small variation in the amplitudes. However, the shadow state is not directly linked to meeting the goals (thresholds) or not. The shadow limits (lightest/darkest levels) are quite stable, with some small changes during the session.
For each threshold, the current measure is divided by the threshold value. This number is inverted if it’s an inhibit threshold. The results of all thresholds are averaged and sent to the shadow. In summary, this method will reflect every change that occurs on the amplitudes of the bands that are being trained. It works as a mirror to the brain.
Continuous ratios may be the best option in many cases, but the trainer can decide otherwise when desired.
Moving range looks like continuous ratios, but the shadow limits (lightest/darkest) are moving constantly based on the last 30 seconds.
Number of Met targets
Number of met targets doesn’t show changes in the amplitude, but it shows how many targets are met. Shadow intensity jumps between levels (in this case, intensity is not a continuous scale).
This choice will give feedback based on the number of thresholds that are being successful at each moment. Let’s say you are training with FRE% which has 2 threshold bars. If the two targets are met, the screen will be totally clear/bright. If one of them is met and the other one is not, the screen will be partially shaded (half of the maximum intensity). If no thresholds are met, the screen will get dark (maximum intensity set on the slider). This method shows the brain how much it is achieving the desired results.
Binary has only 2 states: all targets passed (clear screen) or at least one of them didn’t pass (dark screen).
When this is selected, when all targets are met, the shadow will not be seen. When all targets are not met, the shadow will be at its maximum darkness.
Using the shadow as feedback
Start the data stream before starting the shadow.
Select design settings
Open the design. Then set controls for the design (play or record, client, design setup, etc.).
Select Shadow as feedback type.
Select shadow settings
Use the feedback settings icon ( ) to open the shadow panel but do not start the shadow until the data stream is flowing.
In the shadow panel under “Source” you may select to have the shadow range based on continuous ratios, moving range, number of targets met (brighter as each additional target is met) or binary (on/off). Select the one that best suits the design and training that you are doing at the moment. If unsure, try Continuous ratios.
Intensity allows you to choose the maximum darkness when not passing. Setting the slider all the way to the right will give complete blackness. Around the middle is a good level to start with.
Volume control as feedback can be selected by ticking the “Volume feedback” box. Use the “Variation Range” slider to change the amount of change heard (left is more change; right is less change).
Open the shadow
Click the button “Open Shadow”. If using a second monitor, now is the time you can move the shadow by clicking and dragging it to the second monitor. Now you can resize it or maximize it to full screen.
Start the session
When the client is ready to begin, start the session using the Play/Capture button.
Activate the shadow to start the feedback
Once the data stream is started tick “Activate shadow” to start the shadow feedback. This will lock the shadow into the place and size that you have selected and allow you to click on anything behind the shadow.
If you are using only a single monitor for training, instead of the “Activate shadow”, click the clock icon. That will give you 5 seconds to place and resize the shadow, after which it will become fixed. Otherwise, if not fixed, the feedback will not begin and you will not be able to select anything behind the shadow.
To adjust the general volume of the Brain-Trainer feedback and minimize the change to the computer’s other sounds, use your computer’s Volume mixer. To open the Volume mixer, RIGHT-click on the speaker icon at the bottom right of your screen and open Volume Mixer. Move the slider for BioEra to a lower level.
When the design stops, you may find the shadow is no longer fixed/active. If the shadow is in the way of your controls, close it by hovering your cursor over the Shadow window in the task bar and clicking the X. | <urn:uuid:3b6d1ca0-d0e6-4075-849c-791e265defae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brain-trainer.com/resources/btbe-how-to-use-shadow-feedback/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.906907 | 1,114 | 1.609375 | 2 |
This is the era of technology and virtually every area of our lives is affected by this. Even the business world isn't touched by this component and now almost every portion of every company is driven by tech. Without the participation of the advancement of modern technology and contemporary business, prosperity is all but hopeless and more importantly faulty. You can have efficient Milwaukee IT support at an affordable price via https://www.cvits.com/milwaukee-it-support.
Network Solutions, IT solutions, and hardware, and software solutions are operating to be a very important part, play a part in the growth and growth of distinct companies across the world. Beginning from innovative network management alternatives to hardware associated services, network services, and innovative data storage centers, there's a lot that modern information technologies offer backup.
There are companies specializing in system integration options designed to operate seamlessly with the gist of individual companies and outstanding. Handling the evolution and upkeep of software programs, these businesses work to design numerous application solutions for their customer businesses.
Image Source: Google
Offering innovative cloud hosting solutions, the cloud hosting service supplier company ensures that job managers and your customers work in an efficient manner that's in agreement with the flagship cloud system. This makes it simpler to share thoughts and perform alterations necessary for the job even if your workers aren't in the area of the business.
Mobile application development has generated the major market for easy reasons that over 70 percent of cellular users and smart mobile phones have a tendency to trace the net out of their mobile browser and that is the reason why it's a mobile browser-friendly site and mobile application for e-commerce shops You make it simpler to get a selection of much greater clients across the world. | <urn:uuid:ecb359d2-968b-429a-b416-2567a1f7fd7d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jmbarreda.com/tag/it-consultants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.949529 | 345 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Extrusion-based fused deposition modeling (FDM) introduces inter-bead pores into dense materials, which results in part-to-part mechanical property variations, i.e., low mechanical reliability. In addition, the internal structure of FDMed materials can be made porous intentionally to tailor mechanical properties, introduce functionality, reduce material consumption, or decrease production time. Despite these potential benefits, the effects of porosity on the mechanical reliability of FDMed composites are still unclear. Accordingly, we investigated the stochastic fracture of 241 FDMed short-carbon-fiber-reinforced-ABS with porosity ranging from 13 to 53 vol.% under tensile load. Weibull analysis was performed to quantify the variations in mechanical properties. We observed an increase in Weibull modulus of fracture/tensile strength for porosity higher than ~40 vol.% and a decrease in Weibull modulus of fracture strain for an increase in porosity from 25 to 53 vol.%. Micromechanics-based 2D simulations indicated that the mechanical reliability of FDMed composites depends on variations in bead strength and elastic modulus of beads. The change in raster orientation from 45°/−45° to 0° more than doubled the Weibull modulus. We identified five different types of pores via high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. A 22% and 48% decrease in carbon fiber length due to extrusion was revealed for two different regions of the filament. | <urn:uuid:de21e43d-b5dc-4e72-8a94-59d0e171a9d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://research.aalto.fi/fi/publications/stochastic-fracture-of-additively-manufactured-porous-composites | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.905861 | 312 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Program Goals and Evaluation
It’s January and after a somewhat eventful 2020, flipping the calendar to a new year seems extra meaningful. Because many people set New Year’s resolutions, I thought a good topic for this month’s blog would be the goals of energy efficiency programs and how evaluation can help program administrators meet them.
Implications of Different Types of Goals
The reasons to implement demand-side management programs can vary and have changed over time. The goals can include reducing the need for new construction of generation and T&D capacity, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, developing clean energy jobs, reducing energy burden of low income customers, ensuring high customer satisfaction, and many others.
These high-level goals are often set at the state level but then trickle down to individual program administrators and programs through integrated resource plans, potential studies, utility commissions and other stakeholders, and other methods.
It is important to understand the type of savings goals established for a program, as there may be unintended consequences due to the framework in place. The most common types of savings goals are:
- Cumulative First Year Savings - Many jurisdictions use cumulative first year savings goals, meaning that utilities set annual targets but are ultimately responsible for meeting a certain goal over the length of the program cycle (often 3 to 6 years). The measures’ savings from the first year of installation are summed over the duration of the program cycle and compared to the goal. In this framework, the expected lifetime of a measure does not matter, which in the past has led to some programs focusing on quick hitting savings to help meet goals. This framework also required utilities to establish a way to recognize savings from long-lead projects that may span across program cycles.
- Annual First Year Savings – Some jurisdictions set annual goals for first year savings, instead of allowing for multiple years to contribute to a single program cycle goal. While largely similar to cumulative first year savings goals, this framework disincentivizes multi-year projects (e.g., a large industrial facility that has identified large custom projects to be implemented in several phases and is looking to implement them over several years to spread out the cost) or projects with lead times that span more than one year. In highly cyclical markets or segments, like oil and gas, these multi-stage projects may be underdeveloped, leaving savings on the table for utilities.
- Cumulative Persistent Annual Savings - Some jurisdictions use cumulative persistent annual savings goals, which sums the lifetime savings of measures. This framework encourages utilities to focus on deeper, longer-life measures but may disincentivize shorter term savings, such as those from behavioral programs or retrocommissioning. In a related framework, some utilities also set goals where an established share of savings must come from measures in different lifetime bins (e.g., under 10 years, 10-20 years, over 20 years) to promote longer-life measures.
How Can Evaluation Help?
This seems like a topic that focuses more on how programs are designed and run, so how can evaluation help? Well, in many ways.
First, the basic question evaluators can ask is “is the program doing what it is supposed to do?” This seems very obvious until one starts to think about what the program is actually supposed to do. Is it designed to save kWh, kW, or therms, all of the above, or is it fuel neutral? Is it supposed to target all possible savings or only cost effective savings? Is it okay if all savings come through three contractors or should the program increase awareness of energy efficient equipment among all contractors?
To help understand what a program is actually supposed to do, programs and evaluators can create program theory/logic models. These models are flow charts that illustrate how a program works. They typically have four categories: program activities, outputs, short term (or proximal) outcomes, and long term (or distal) outcomes. Program theory/logic models allow evaluators to determine if a program is logically set up and then allows for tracking metrics from stage to stage to measure success. If a program does not meet its goal, a program theory/logic model helps evaluators determine whether it was due to a failure in program design or execution. The figure below shows a simplified program theory/logic model of a contractor-driven program.
Once evaluators determine (or confirm) the metrics for success, they can provide an independent measurement of those metrics. The most obvious are savings-related impacts, such as verified kWh or MBtu savings, but many goals are based on include non-energy impacts, such as increased clean energy jobs and other non-energy impacts (e.g., reduced operations and maintenance costs, change in comfort, reduced utility arrearages, etc.).
Process evaluations may also provide program administrators with insight into how to better meet their goals. For example, the evaluator may research whether the program is offering measures that best align with its goals or if the program is properly targeting customers to meet its goals. Because every program operates in its own jurisdiction, even very similar programs may require different research depending on that jurisdiction’s goals.
My 2020 resolution was to spend more time with at home my family, so I nailed that one.
Frameworks also vary by whether they count gross or net savings, which has even more consequences, but we will cover that piece in another blog.
**Ahem, HVAC programs offering free CFLs.** | <urn:uuid:31b00007-11b8-4d1c-888c-e10ff441182c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://info.michaelsenergy.com/the-big-why/program-goals-and-evaluation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.954284 | 1,142 | 2.34375 | 2 |
There are 365 days in a year … 24 hours in a day … 7 billion people on earth. What difference can one life make?
William Wilberforce was a man who labored intensely to stand up for those who couldn’t stand up for themselves. His initiative, determination, and vision fueled an anti-slavery movement whose impact echoed beyond his lifetime. Are you willing to pursue your calling to fruition?
If you’re wondering what influence you could have in this world, ask the One who created you. Center your life on Jesus and discover just how he wants you to change the world. | <urn:uuid:c0b9fd5e-0ec2-4289-b7e1-9144bc25f788> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thelife.com/god-wants-to-use-you | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.943872 | 126 | 1.773438 | 2 |
What you need to know to build a business risk and finance reporting inventory
By Ravi Chari, Sonal Singh and David Rogers, SAS Risk Quantitative Solutions
Banks and financial institutions continue to be presented with revised or new risk-related rules. And reporting requirements are becoming stricter across the globe. Eg. Will the recent requirements of the European Banking Authority (EBA) for COREP / FINREP and the European Central Bank’s (ECB) recent regulatory requirements for AnaCredit (analytical credit data set) require grain storage with minimal delay and appropriate definitions for each data element.
Most banks started to create regulatory risk data infrastructure as part of their Basel II implementation. However, in most cases this risk data infrastructure was tactical and limited to meet the immediate Basel II requirements. It is now often seen as inadequate to meet the needs of the new stream of rules.
Today, banks are still looking to improve their risk data infrastructure to reduce compliance costs with existing regulation. The introduction of the new regulations increases an already stressed situation by requiring more detailed data (such as assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet liquidity risk items) and expected data for stress testing.
One of the most important criteria for successful compliance with each of the above rules is the creation of an appropriate risk data infrastructure. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) published principles for risk data aggregation in January 2013. The principles are structured around four broad areas: management, data collection, risk reporting and supervisory requirements (Figure 1).
The BCBS 239 principles have heightened discussions about managing risk data management from IT to senior management; However, they do not provide operational guidelines for a bank to embark on a risk data infrastructure project. In addition, there are no accepted best practices or regulatory directives for appropriate risk data infrastructure to help a bank meet various regulatory requirements from a data perspective.
What are the challenges of a risk data infrastructure and how can they be addressed? In short, some of the specific challenges that banks face are:
- Several operating systems: Various industries have built their own systems and created scattered and inconsistent data.
- Incomplete data: Banks often lack historical or detailed data. And it is difficult to access and combine data stored in different systems.
- Data discrepancies: Lack of standardized data entry procedures, invalid data (for example, incorrect addresses), duplicate records, and human error result in poor data quality which is time consuming to correct.
- Data clarity and usability: Business entities can use different terminologies for the same data entry or business process.
Banks can tackle these challenges with scattered, incomplete and inconsistent data by first building a business risk and funding reporting inventory. SAS® Detailed data storage (and the associated SAS data quality infrastructure) can be very important for starting such a business risk and funding data warehouse reporting. Building a warehouse and data quality processes solves several problems:
- Scattered data in several operating systems: An enterprise risk data warehouse serves as an authoritative source for risk and financial reporting.
- Data Integrity: Since an enterprise data warehouse can be the sole source of data for all analytical applications and reporting, it is much easier to reconcile the results and reports to the repository and then to source systems such as those for accounting and trading capture. The features of reconciling and teasing back data will also help banks with scrutiny.
- Incomplete data: The company’s data warehouse enables support for a variety of risk factors, regulatory and business issues, including Basel III, credit risk, market risk and liquidity risk.
- Data inconsistency: Adding data management processes on top of the risk warehouse ensures that there are owners and managers of all risk and financial data. Banks can track all data additions, changes or versions. And a well-developed enterprise data warehouse will have data history and offer data versioning.
- Unreliable reporting and terminology: The company’s data warehouse must be built with a comprehensive dictionary that describes bank data elements for loans, deposits and off-balance sheet items, and provides a complete mapping of physical data structures to business conditions.
From a risk perspective, high-quality data is important for implementing effective risk strategies and ensuring compliance. To learn more about the issues that data presents when dealing with regulatory risk management, read the White Paper, Data quality: Achilles’ risk management heel. | <urn:uuid:f1245358-641c-4c5d-ab5f-b7e9c74e69ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.abcadda.com/risk-data-infrastructure-remains-floating-in-the-flood-area/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.917614 | 886 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Sustainability – KG Fabriks (Nature’s Blue& Collaborations)
Managing a sustainable factory requires a lot of sacrifices. It is tough to maintain the same level of organisational efficiency in tandem with sustainability. KG Fabriks is the first Greenco Gold Certified Company in Textile Processing and Weaving sector, awarded by CII Green Business Centre. All of their manufactured products are certified by TUV Nord as Green Products.
What are KG Fabriks thoughtful philosophies related to sustainable workplaces?
KG Fabriks is called a green company for the following reasons:
- Energy Efficiency
- Water Conservation
- Renewable energy
- Green House Gas Reduction
- Waste Management
- Material Conservation, Recycling & Recyclables
- Green Supply Chain
- Product Stewardship and life cycle aspects
- Innovation for environment
- Green Infrastructure and Ecology
Our success is a result of consistent team effort and resolution to attain greater heights moving forward.
Features in Manufacturing Nature’s Blue:
Natural Plant based Indigo – Machine Dyed
Tripartite collaboration between Ministry of Textiles and South India Textile Research Association (SITRA)
Green Technology used
Green, Alkali used, replacing caustic
100% Green and Bio-Degradable Reducing agent used
Every dispatch will be SITRA certified products
One of our contacts in Tamil Nadu manufactured natural indigo for hair dyes. He had a dye uptake of 70% purity. Meanwhile, the Government of India funded us with 50% of the total project with SITRA. Using Glucose as a reducing agent and other materials, we produced natural indigo on the machine. There are various household methods for procuring natural indigo, but we were the first to do that on a machine. However, it is a continuous process, and we were ready to go for a total production of 50,000 meters on a large scale.
Being able to produce three different trademarked denim fabrics, GREEN DNM, PRODUCT ZERO and NATURE’S BLUE, we achieved massive success in this field whilst maintaining sustainability.
We are one of the signatories to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s “The Jeans Redesign” project, to produce Denim Fabric in line with the guidelines that set minimum requirements around garment durability, material health, water usage, recyclability, and traceability.
They put forward a list of requirements that were met accordingly:
|Jeans Redesign Requirements||KG Fabriks|
|Waste Water (up to a max. of 25 litres/yard)||Zero wastewater fully compliant|
|Hazardous chemicals (Should comply with ZDHC level 1 norms)||ZDHC level 1 compliant. 100% with ZLD and ZSD|
|30% Home laundry requirement||94% of our styles meet these criteria|
|98% cellulosic denim fabric||70% of our fabric conforms to this requirement|
We are Zero Liquid Discharge and Zero Solid Discharge manufacturing facility.
We were also awarded the National Water Award 2018 and Excellent in Water Management 2019.
Sustainability – KG Fabriks (Green Dnm)
KG Fabriks is situated in Erode District, which is a part of South India, 60 kms away from the Coimbatore Airport. The percentage of built-up area is around 20%, ensuring that the remaining area is a green belt planted with trees.
What are some of your thoughtful philosophies related to sustainable workplaces?
KG Fabriks distributes its manufacturing process in the following way: It has 3 Ring Spun yarn factories with 55000 spindles and 2 OE yarn factories with 7000 rotors, which combine up to 80 tons of yarn in a single day. Their Denim Fabric manufacturing facility has 72 looms to produce 20 million meters per annum. There is also a distinct Glove manufacturing unit which consists of 150 machines for 40000 pairs per day.
KG Fabriks markets Denim Fabric under three Registered Trademarks namely:
- True Sustainable Denim – Green Dnm
- Super Sustainable Denim – Product Zero
- Most Sustainable Denim – Nature’s Blue
Our Fabric Brands are based on GreenCo and Green Product platforms. Talking about Green Dnm, a registered trademark was provided to our sustainable denim for the following reasons:
There are various features in the manufacturing process that we follow. Even though we mention 15 litres of water, the entity manages to use only 6 litres of water to make a kilogram of denim. Generally, full utilization of cotton is not done by companies, but KG Fabriks has made it possible to have 100% use of cotton. It uses 94% of its cotton for the manufacturing procedure and the remaining 6% is sent for agricultural purposes. It also ensures 100% use of yarn by using the remnant yarns in glove manufacturing.
No chemical softening process is made in the finishing procedure,
KG Fabriks is the world’s only zero solid and zero liquid discharge plant.
100% of the packing material are reusable and 80% is biodegradable. We can say that packing material is used at least 10-15 times. Talking about recycled caustic, we have a recycling plant in-house. Hence we recycle the used caustic by ourselves, allowing us to buy only 20% fresh plastic. The average indigo dye uptake in today’s denim fabric is around 60%. But KG Fabriks has taken the dye uptake to an estimate of 90%, even though the diagram says 80%. This allows us to use only 3.5% indigo to give deep shades instead of a full 6% indigo. We are the only entity in the world that does not send its indigo to Effluent Treatment Plant. In these ways, KG Fabriks maintains wholesome sustainability.
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This week, Charlie looks at what points you should consider when planning for a hurricane.
For the last couple of weeks I have been in the Caribbean, helping a power and water company plan for hurricanes, so I thought I would share what I have learnt. I have done a reasonable amount of hurricane planning before, and have interviewed several people who lived through Hurricane Maria in September 2017, so I know the basics. However, as so often happens in this profession, during my visit I learnt lots more! I think a number of the points I am going to discuss are valid for all incidents, so if hurricanes are not one of your threats there should still be something of interest for you, so read on!
My first point is about planning. One of the advantages (if it possible to use that word) of hurricanes, is that unlike most incidents you have some time to prepare, as you will usually get around 3-4 days’ notice. This is not entirely predictable as the hurricane can change course or strength, but unlike an earthquake, at least you have some time to prepare.
Throughout the Caribbean, I have always been impressed by the level of awareness and planning. Most organisations I have been involved with have a plan and a series of activities they carry out in preparation for the hurricane season. As part of our preparations. we ran an exercise across the whole company to ensure that their plans were coordinated and to help them prepare for the season. Our scenario for the exercise consisted of a category three hurricane, which in this organisation’s plans requires them to shut down their water and power production, in order to protect them from the storm surge and so that all staff can be evacuated from the plant. Their individual plans for each division were detailed and well-thought-out, but they had been prepared in silos and there was little coordination between all the different divisions involved in the shutdown. There was also some confusion on when staff would be sent home before the incoming storm. Would some staff be sent home in the ‘Code Red’ time zone, 12 hours before the storm, or would all staff be sent home prior to ‘Code Red’ starting?
At the end of the exercise we all agreed that what was needed was a project plan which synchronised the activities of the different divisions, prior to the hurricane arriving. Now that a project plan is in place, if a hurricane is forecast, the time it is due to arrive can be put into the project plan as the ‘delivery date’ and all the actions can be seen, with each division knowing when they need to carry out their activities. As well as coordination, we considered the shutdown. It is useful to take a company-wide view of when different divisions are sending staff home. This allows appropriate communication with staff before they are sent home and ensures that staff who are needed in support roles are not sent home too early. Within the timeline, it must also be taken into consideration that staff will need sufficient time to prepare their home and their family before the hurricane arrives. One of the lessons I learnt was to develop a countdown project plan of company-wide activities which need to be carried out before a hurricane arrives.
An example of the timeline we created during the exercise.
During an incident, keeping staff informed of what is going on and the actions they should take is vitally important. Staff confusion on what to do leads to poor staff moral and engagement with the response. One area I can’t remember seeing in any plans is a list of items to brief staff on before they go home or to a shelter to wait for the hurricane’s arrival. This briefing is very important, especially as during Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico all communication lines were destroyed. The company whose staff I interviewed said that it took them three weeks to account for all staff and find out if they were safe. Some staff lived in remote parts of the island which were completely cut off.
The main areas which the staff briefing should cover before they leave, include the following:
- Any preparation they should carry out before they can go home.
- At what point they can leave the site and go home.
- Informing personnel on how to contact the company if normal communication methodologies are down (email, telephone, internet), and how to get updates from the company. This could be via local radio if all other communication channels are unavailable.
- Any advice for protecting themselves and their family from the hurricane.
- What equipment they should take home.
- When they should turn up to work after the hurricane and where they should report to.
- What type of task they might be doing on return to work.
- Whether they should they bring any protective equipment with them on return to work.
- What they should do if they feel they can’t leave their family for fear of looters, or if they need to deal with their own family’s issues before returning to work. As a minimum, they may be asked to get a message to the company to say they are safe and they are not returning to work immediately.
- What help the company will offer to those that need it e.g. food, water, building materials, ice, loans, use of company tools and equipment.
The other area, which is usually less developed in hurricane plans, is recovery after the hurricane. This is made difficult by not knowing what level of damage the hurricane will cause. This can vary from complete devastation and having no water or power for six months to some minor damage. In the recovery phase, there are a few items which seem to be missing from a lot of recovery plans:
- Where and when staff should meet after the hurricane and should this be on site or off site.
- Do you want all staff to report at the same time or do you want to stagger the staff return to enable operational staff to come first and support staff later, after damage assessment has been carried out? Do you have a task for support staff to carry out if they cannot do their normal role?
- How will the damage assessment be carried out, who will do it, do they have the appropriate qualifications to make an assessment and how will the information be collated centrally?
- Who needs to be communicated with in order to inform the status of your company and the impact of the hurricane?
- How do you manage safety of staff after the event and how do you prevent people trying to be ‘heroes’ in responding and clearing up, but at the same time putting themselves at risk? How do you enforce the safety message and supervise staff to ensure safe working?
- How will you deal with volunteers from either staff or the local community, and do you have tasks that they can do?
- Who will collate information from all staff to check they are safe, whether they have any family or personal requirements and what is the status of their home? The company in Puerto Rico did this very effectively and human resources interviewed every member of staff to ascertain their needs and the status of their home and family.
When I am presenting on this subject, I always say you can never be 100% prepared. The next incident is always the one you didn’t anticipate or prepare for, BUT the more you prepare, the more you think through some of the actions you need to carry out and learn from other’s good practice, the better you will be prepared. | <urn:uuid:89d3fe4d-67ab-41a7-919b-4d68b58820aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://planbconsulting.co.uk/knowledge-zone-articles/hurricane-planning-new-learning-points/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.974884 | 1,517 | 1.726563 | 2 |
National Insurance in the UK is a tax that a lot of self employed folk seem to forget about. It’s at a much lower rate than normal income tax but you do still need to pay it! In the video below I explain this in a bit more detail:
In this article I’m going to tell you what National Insurance is and why you might want to consider paying it… even if you don’t have to!
What taxes do you pay when you’re self employed?
When you’re self employed in the UK there are essentially two main taxes that you’ll need to pay:
- Income Tax
- National Insurance
There’s also VAT but you don’t need to do that until you pass the threshold for registration which is, at the time of writing, £85,000 turnover per year. For simplicity, income tax is at 20% and national insurance (NI) is at 9%. There’s a bit more to it than that but keep those figures in the back of your mind.
Whether you’re employed or self employed you need to start paying NI from when you reach the age of 16 and you’ll be paying it until you reach state retirement age (currently 67). So at the moment that’s potentially 51 years of paying NI.
What is National Insurance used for?
A lot of people think NI is mainly used to fund the NHS but that’s not really true. The main functions of NI are to pay for:
- State pensions
- Employment & support allowance
- Incapacity benefit
- Unemployment benefit
- Plus a bunch of other stuff
These are all things that most people entirely take for granted. You just assume you’ll get a pension when you retire and benefits when things go wrong. But where does that money come from? That’s right folks, NI.
What is a NINO?
The whole NI system is managed using your national insurance number – often called a NINO. A national insurance number looks a bit like this:
AB 12 34 56 X
Two letters, six numbers and another letter. Your NI number is unique (ish – dead NI numbers do eventually get re-used!) and it’s assigned to you shortly after your birth is registered in the UK. Most people aren’t aware of it until you reach the age of 16 when you have to start paying NI. If you weren’t born in the UK you’ll need to apply for an NI number – more information about that here.
What are NI classes?
There are basically four different classes of NI – also sometimes called ‘bands’. The only ones you need to worry about as a self employed person are class 2 & class 4, but here’s a quick overview of what each class is used for:
- Class 1 – this is for normal employees. If you work for a company you’ll probably pay class 1 NI. It will automatically be deducted from your wages by your employer and shown on your payslip.
- Class 2 – this is the first band of NI for self employed people. At the time of writing you need to pay this if your profits are over £6,475 per year. There’s been talk of this being scrapped for years, but at the time of writing it’s still here.
- Class 3 – this is used for voluntary contributions to fill gaps in your NI record if you’re an employee (not self employed – see class 2).
- Class 4 – this is the main self employed NI band.
So to simplify things:
- Class 1: For employees
- Class 4: For self employed
How much NI do I need to pay?
NI rates and thresholds change from time to time and are generally announced by the Chancellor of the Exchequer as part of the budget. The important concept you need to remember is that NI is based on your PROFITS not your TURNOVER. You could have a turnover of £1m per year but if your profits are only £5,000 you’ll probably pay zero NI. For the 2020/21 tax year this is what you need to pay:
- Class 2 – paid if profits are over £6,475 per year at a rate of £3.05 per week (£158.60 per year)
- Class 4 – paid if profits are over £9,501 per year at a rate of 9% and then 2% on profits over £50,000
So if you make over £6,475 profit (in the 2020/21 tax year) you’ll need to pay class 2 NI – assume it’s going to be a bill of £158.60. On top of this, if you make over £9,501 profit then you’ll pay NI at a rate of 9% on all profits between £9,501 and £50,000. The NI on profits over £50,000 are at 2%. You can read more about current rates here.
Why pay NI voluntarily?
You’re probably asking, why on earth would anybody pay a tax that they don’t have to pay? Well fast forward to your retirement. At the moment the retirement age is 67 and you’ll get a state pension of around £9,000 per year. You’ll only get this state pension if you’ve paid your national insurance! The amount you get depends on how much NI you’ve paid – you build up a bank of ‘qualifying years’. At the moment you need:
- Minimum of 10 qualifying years for a partial pension
- 35 qualifying years for a full pension
In a nutshell, by the time you retire you want to have 35 full qualifying years of NI contributions ‘in the bank’. So if you work from the ages of 18 to 67 you have a maximum potential of 49 working years (51 if you start work from 16). Now, remember you only need 35 qualifying years and, generally speaking, there’s no brownie points for having more NI years than you need. Coincidentally, if you did start work at 16 you could have your 35 qualifying years by the time you’re 51. That doesn’t mean you’re off the hook for NI from age 51 to 67. It just means if you happened to ‘down tools’ at 51 and live off savings or whatever, you’d still get a full state pension when you’re 67.
How do I check my National Insurance record?
Easy! The government have very kindly put together an excellent website where you can check your national insurance record. You can visit it here. You’ll need a government gateway account to access this.
Simply click the link that says “Check your National Insurance contributions” and you should then see something like this:
As you can see here, at the time of checking I’ve got 23 qualifying years. So I need 12 more to get a full state pension. I’ll be retiring in 2041 so I’ve got 22 years in which to build up those 12 qualifying years – which is plenty of time. But don’t get complacent – blink and it’s gone!
A problem you may encounter?
So you’re probably wondering what all the fuss is about? You’ve got a potential 51 working years in which to build up 35 qualifying years of NI. No problem! Well, the only issue is that self employed businesses often operate very close to or below the NI threshold. If you constantly invest in the business by buying equipment or paying staff then you might never earn enough to pay any NI. Admittedly it’s hard to live on <£6,475 these days but perhaps your living expenses are shared with a partner? Perhaps you’ve borrowed money or are living off credit cards? (please don’t!). Before you know it your life has shot past in the blink of an eye and you don’t have your full 35 years of NI.
As such, if you’re self employed and your profits are low you can elect to pay NI on a voluntary basis. For the sake of £156 per year it’s worth doing in my book – at least until you’ve built up the 35 years. After that as far as I’m aware it’s pointless – you don’t get extra money for having 40 qualifying years.
On the video above I run through a few different examples of how much national insurance you might have to pay, based on the 2019/20 tax year.
How do I pay NI voluntarily?
Normally you would pay your class 2 and / or class 4 NI as part of completing your Self Assessment tax return. As part of that you should find this option:
The above is all fairly self explanatory. That’s all there is to it. If your profits are under £6,365 (bear in mind the above is for the 2019/20 tax year) and you want to voluntarily pay class 2 NICs (National Insurance Contributions) then click ‘Yes’ and the £156 (or whatever) should automatically be added to your tax bill. Double check the calculation before submitting your return. I’m not sure how long it takes HMRC to update your NI record. I’d give it a good couple of weeks after submitting your return before bothering to check if your NI record has been updated. In the above example the 2019/20 tax year should then show as a ‘Full year’. Job’s a good’un – another year done!
So remember, NI is an additional tax you need to budget for. Generally speaking it’s at 9% of your turnover and you may want to pay it voluntarily. It could cost you as little as £156 per year to build up what’s needed for a full state pension.
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Originally published: 6th July 2020
Last updated: 6th July 2020 | <urn:uuid:f4b3f72c-499d-4efc-8abf-d5a3b0737b4f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://smallbusinesstoolbox.uk/tax-basics-self-employed/national-insurance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.949956 | 2,206 | 2.109375 | 2 |
In recent years, public concern for environmental quality, high compliance and disposal costs, and reduction of landfill space has prompted many manufacturers and businesses to consider recycling or selling their wastes and to use recycled materials in their processes or activities. A major concern is finding buyers and sellers for these materials. Enter Waste/Material Exchanges. WEXes are partnerships between business and government to bring seller and buyer together. Most WEXes list all kinds of materials and products at no cost to the seller. Such services are especially helpful for small manufacturers who often lack access to information. | <urn:uuid:17486797-c81b-4502-8c09-f9150a937406> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ic2.utexas.edu/pubs/on-line-recycling-wastematerial-exchange-in-the-electronic-information-age/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.96031 | 113 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Bigar Waterfall, Caras Severin County, Romania. Located in the nature reserve in Anina Mountains, the amazing waterfall is indeed a unique one.
The water falls from a cliff, which is covered with moss. It is said to be the most beautiful waterfall in the country. The underground spring streams from the cave above and then falls into Minis River.
Submitted on 24 February 2017
Credit: Cristina Nicolaita (distributed via imaggeo.egu.eu)
Click to appreciate | <urn:uuid:da6ab1e5-6833-46b8-9721-bec462c67f5c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cdn.imaggeo.egu.eu/view/5020/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.868681 | 131 | 1.898438 | 2 |
London’s highly inflated housing market is entering a period of equalisation
Britain in 2025 will be very different from today. London and the UK reached peak inequality in 2018. That was when income inequalities at the very top were first seen to fall. We are past the peak of income inequality today. House prices have been falling in London since August 2016. They fell first and hardest in the more affluent parts of London. Salaries near the top in London have stalled. For the highest paid chief executive officers who live in the capital they have fallen by around a million pounds per man (they have fallen a little less for the few women in such posts, but this is only because gender inequality at the top is declining).
In April 2018, the European Banking Authority revealed that there had been a 10% drop in the number of bankers in Europe being paid a million Euros in 2016 alone (from 5142 in 2015 to 4597 in 2016). Almost all of this was income lost by bankers working in London, as almost all of these bankers lived and worked in the capital. The pound had fallen; but more importantly it was almost exclusively the London banks that began paying their ‘top talent’ less.
By 2016, even before the vote for Brexit could have had any effect, London had past peak banker pay. And since 2016, it has slumped further. After all, you don’t pay somebody more in London when you are trying to persuade them to relocate to Dublin, Frankfurt or Paris.
If you are a London-based architect and you were wondering why the commissions were a little thin on the ground, it is because there is less money out there than there was, and far greater uncertainty. Falling house prices is another reason why fewer people might ask you to come and redesign their ground floor and bedrooms, knock all the walls out here and put an extra basement room in there. Suddenly they start to worry about the equity. Suddenly it’s not play-money anymore. Suddenly that kitchen can last a few more years. The conservatory can wait. Let’s not buy up those two flats and knock them into one – not quite yet.
The effect of economic changes on London housing has been witnessed through history. London’s housing today mostly reflects the tribute received at the heart of the world’s largest empire. Tribute that allowed the first great underground train system to be built and metro land to expand. But as the Empire waned, and was then lost, Lonodn’s housing changed. The last time London hit a peak of income inequality was in 1913. Back then, monied families would arrive in the capital with their servants for the season. Servants lived in the basements and attics of the grand houses and the families lived in the middle floors.
Then everything changed. It was not just the First World War, or the Russian Revolution, or the agitation of trade unionist, or the rent strikes, or the women who won the vote, or the general strike, or the economic crash, or the depression – it was everything. Soon the most common job for women in England ceased to be a servant. In fact, within just a few decades there were almost no servants. And almost no gentry.
In turn London housing was transformed. By the 1960s and 1970s many – if not most – of the grand houses had been subdivided into flats to house several separate households. New housing was being built for families to be allocated on the basis of their need rather than ability to pay. Most of London’s social housing came late to the capital in comparison to the rest of England. By the end of the 1970s, housing across England was distributed as fairly as it had ever been. There was the least overcrowding and the least underuse of property. When income equality was at its highest across the UK we had the fewest unused bedrooms and the least empty property in the capital.
But then people forgot what they had won, and inequality began to rise again. During the affluent 1980s, social housing began to be sold off to tenants who, in turn, sold it on to new private landlords. Suddenly, a maisonette that had been a home to a happy family of four became the rented living space for a disgruntled single ‘professional’. Inefficiency in the use of housing increased greatly when the market was allowed to let rip. By the time of the 2008 crash, the flats had often been knocked though, and the grand houses restored, although more often than not for someone who flew in from Qatar or Moscow for the season – with their servants.
Now, the UK government is running out of money and history risks repeating itself, but never quite as before. In the past it was through introducing very high income tax that government found the monies it needed in the 1920s and 1930s as inequalities then fell. Today there will need to be new taxes, as more money is locked up in wealth than income. Property taxation is the most obvious way to tap the wealth. Council tax levies across London will one day soon be equalized, so you no longer pay the least if you live in the poshest of boroughs, and the council tax and will be extended up to band Z.
Empty homes will be double or triple taxed. Tenants will be given rights – three-year tenancies says the current (Conservative) government. This is a good first step, if they actually implement it, but it is only the first step along a very long road towards greater equality and the UK becoming a normal European country. In normal European countries private tenants have far better rights than in the UK and housing cannot be used be so many speculators. All those people who brought property in the capital thinking it is a safety deposit box for their money are about to get a rude shock.
The 1960s and 1970s were a time of young families, whereas the future more equitable London will be a London of older people and more people living on their own. That future London is today’s Tokyo or Stockholm. London’s mansion blocks will morph accordingly. They will be divided into smaller, more affordable spaces that can be owned by a more equal society in London. They will be rented out at fair renst and the quality will have to be high – not awful as is so often the case today. This raises all sorts of questions as to how architecturally London housing can be adapted.
How to you fit all the doors that are needed onto the front of the former London mansion block, to accommodate entrances to the sub-divided spaces? How do you connect them to the lifts that will be required to take people with old hips to their carved out comfortable liveable pocket of what was once wasteful decadence? And what do you do with all those subterranean basements built many floors beneath the city now? Collectively they are the height of hundreds of Grenfell towers. While we have been failing to build new social housing for those in most need, the richest have bene adding huge home cinemas and swimming pools beneath the ground. How can they be adapted to turn them into part of a real home?
We are at the very start of what is a very positive change. We are beginning to leave a time of madness when simply owning property earnt someone more than working in a year. We are realising that the market is the most inefficient way of allocating housing. Letting the market rip leaves thousands sleeping rough on the streets and millions living in dwelling unfit for human habitation. If you want a challenge to think about take a look at Bishops Avenue, just to the north of Hampstead Heath. Take the time to walk along that road one weekend and think – what would be the best use of this space in London in the future?
Read a slightly shorter version of this article that was published in Icon Magazine in August 2018: here. | <urn:uuid:736d738b-e174-4a5e-a1e9-d1a565b43bc4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ddev.worldmapper.org/londons-highly-inflated-housing-market-is-entering-a-period-of-equalisation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.980263 | 1,619 | 2.046875 | 2 |
The Center for Next Generation of Materials Design is specifically designed to overcome four critical scientific gaps to make computational materials design a robust everyday tool that delivers new functional materials. These gaps are in the areas of multiple-property design, accuracy and relevance, metastability, and synthesizability. See current technical summaries of the CNGMD and the other EFRCs.
Beginning in 2014, CNGMD's research program centered around six highly collaborative projects (P1–P5, P8) that are designed to explore materials by design and address the goals of the EFRC. Each of the projects involves a multi-disciplinary approach integrating theory with advanced experimentation. We also have two projects (P6, P7) on outreach/dissemination and cross-cutting foundational tool development. In 2018, the research program of CNGMD was narrowed in scope to focus on projects P1, P2, P6, and P7 and was supported by the addition of key staff.
See Publications for a listing of publications and CNGMD highlights categorized by project.
Project 1—Ternary Pnictides Search
Nitride- and phosphide-based pnictides have been relatively underexplored for energy applications. Our EFRC team has initiated a broad search for new ternary pnictides with useful optoelectronic properties combining high-throughput computation with combinatorial synthesis to discover previously unreported pnictides, and explore their optoelectronic and semiconductor properties. Among the pnictides (Pn = N, P, As, Sb, Bi), the nitrides are an interesting family of compounds because of their mixed covalent/ionic bonding properties. Nitrides also offer an excellent opportunity to study metastability, as suggested by more positive formation enthalpies of nitrides compared to oxides.
- Stephan Lany (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
- Andriy Zakutayev (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Project 2—Polymorphs and Synthesizability
We are taking a multipronged approach to enable the design of metastable polymorphic materials, i.e. those above the convex hull. We seek new functionality through the ability to target the synthesis of specific polymorphs that are close in energy (formation enthalpy). We aim to develop first-principles, high-throughput computational tools to predict the functionality and formation energy of specific polymorphs, including new unknown structures and to develop experimental approaches to realize those polymorphs. This work requires us to identify the manifold of polymorphs at a particular composition, to predict structure and functionality for each, to determine synthesis approaches for targeting a particular polymorph, and to understand transformational pathways between polymorphs. This work is tightly coupled to experimental efforts in the targeted growth of specific polymorphs via solution phase and gas phase deposition methods. We are focusing on V-O, Mn-O, and Ti-O based systems, which are known to show diverse functionality with a range of known polymorphs and have potential for a number of energy technology applications including energy storage, catalysts, switches, electrodes, and electrochromic windows.
- Gerbrand Ceder (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
- David Ginley (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Project 3—Chalcogenide Alloys
Alloys and solid solutions are a particularly important class of materials for design and discovery, as their properties can often be tailored in a continuous fashion. For example, the precise control of the band gap energy as a function of the composition of InGaN and AlGaN alloys in light emitting diodes (LED) has enabled the LED lighting revolution. In semiconductors and optoelectronic materials, the systematic study of alloys has been restricted mostly to isostructural alloys in Group IV (e.g., SiGe), III-V (e.g., InGaN), and II-VI (E.g., CdZnTe) semiconductor systems.
In this EFRC, we extend materials design to the more general case of heterostructural semiconductor alloys, i.e., the case where the alloy constituents have different crystal structures. This increased complexity creates more challenges, but also open new opportunities for materials by design. Our objective is to generate the scientific knowledge needed to master the controlled synthesis of heterostructural semiconductor alloys with desirable properties. Our approach couples alloy theory based on first principles calculations (DFT, GW, RPA total energies with a range of different thin-film synthesis and characterization techniques (using RF sputtering, PLD, ALD, and combinatorial methods), which are particularly suited for the deposition of metastable non-equilibrium phases.
Project 4—Defect Phase Diagrams
One of the key types of metastability is manifested by defects where local non-equilibrium effects can profoundly alter the properties of materials without changing their crystal structure or chemical composition. The influences of defects in bulk phases and at interfaces are often enabling for increasing conductivity through doping. In this project our goal is to develop a defect phase diagram to include both simple defects and associated defects. We are coupling enhanced DFT with atomistic molecular dynamic simulations to handle more complex defect pairs and clusters. We are verifying these theoretical results by synthesis and characterization experiments. We have chosen to investigate the defect phase diagram for Ga2O3 both because of its increasing relevancy in photovoltaics and wide bandgap electronics and because doping it to sufficient levels, remains a challenge.
- Alexie Kolpak (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
- David Ginley (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Project 5—Perovskite-Inspired Search Project
Methylammonium lead halide (MAPbX3) perovskites have created substantial excitement with their unprecedented rapid rise in photovoltaic efficiencies that have gone from less than 4% to more than 20% in only a few years. The goals of this CNGMD project are to: 1) identify the material properties that confer exceptional minority-carrier lifetimes to the MAPbX3 perovskites which is the key distinguishing parameter enabling high solar cell efficiencies; and 2) predict and synthesize materials that exhibit similar material properties, testing our hypothesis that MAPbX3 is not unique. We show below that an integrated approach using theory, data mining and experiment provides important information on the key features of these materials and leads to the identification of new classes of materials with potential enhanced functionality for photovoltaics.
- Tonio Buonassisi (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
- Vladan Stevanovic (Colorado School of Mines)
Project 6—Outreach and Communications
We are involved in MRS Meeting Symposia, seminars, and talks and have produced a video on the Center.
External Collaboration with: EFRC Center for the Computational Design of Functional Layered Materials, EFRC Center for Excitonics, The Materials Project, Helmholtz Center Berlin, and Helmholtz Zentrum.
- John Perkins (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
- Kristin Persson (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
Project 7—Foundational Tools
Our EFRC team has substantial core competence in theory, synthesis, and characterization, particularly for semiconductor and optoelectronic materials, that spans from high throughput and combinatorial approaches to very detailed and sophisticated studies. Our theorists have ready access to world-class supercomputing facilities (e.g. NERSC, NREL Peregrine) and a number of local clusters as well as capabilities they have developed for high throughput computational and workflows (e.g. Pymatgen at LBNL and Pylada at NREL). We also have developed databases, analysis tools and data mining for the enormous quantity of experimental and theoretical data.
The CNGMD makes extensive use of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) at SLAC. The brightness and tunability of synchrotron sources makes them well suited for studying systems in-situ and operando. For in-situ monitoring crystallization of amorphous films or recrystallization of samples we access two different time scales at SSRL. The CNGMD has also utilized the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at the Argonne National Lab, since this complements experiments done at SLAC through access to higher X-ray energies.
In addition to tools developed for specific projects, we are developing several cross-cutting experimental and theory tools.
- In-situ X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy during solution synthesis
- Combinatorial nitride deposition system
- Temperature-dependent Hall effect mapping system
- In-situ conductivity measurement during thermal annealing
- Dynamic atom probe tomography
- JVTI: voltage (V), temperature (T), injection-level (I) dependent current | <urn:uuid:148b82f5-e219-4575-ba2f-8580c75eadb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cngmd-efrc.org/research.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.900848 | 1,862 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Borderline personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by consistently problematic ways of thinking, feeling, and interacting, impulsivity, negative self-image and fear of abandonment, leading to difficulties with interpersonal relationships.
- BPD affects men as often as women in general, women more than men in treatment populations.
- Antisocial personality disorder in adults, substance-abuse problems in men, eating disorders in women, and anxious and odd personality disorders in adolescents tend to co-occur with BPD.
- There has been some controversy about whether or not BPD is its own disorder or a variation of bipolar disorder, but in many countries, there is more agreement on the existence of BPD.
- Like most other mental disorders, it is understood to be the result of a combination of biological vulnerabilities, ways of thinking, and social stressors (biopsychosocial model).
- BPD sufferers are more likely to have a learning problem or certain temperaments as children, or come from families of origin where divorce, neglect, sexual abuse, substance abuse, or death occurred.
- In order to be diagnosed with BPD, the sufferer must experience at least five of the following symptoms: unstable self-image, relationships or emotions, severe impulsivity, repeated suicidal behaviors or threats, chronic feelings of emptiness, inappropriate anger, trouble managing anger, or transient paranoia or dissociation.
- As with other mental disorders, there is no specific definitive test, like a blood test, to diagnose BPD. Therefore, practitioners conduct a mental-health interview that looks for the presence of the symptoms previously described and usually explore the person's history for any medical problem or other emotional problem that may show symptoms of the disorder.
- Psychotherapy approaches that have been helpful in treating BPD include dialectical behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
- The use of psychiatric medications like antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics may be useful in addressing some of the symptoms of BPD but do not manage the illness in its entirety.
- Partial hospitalization can help treat BPD by providing frequent supervision and assessment in a safe environment, while allowing the sufferer to go home each evening.
- The presence of BPD tends to worsen the symptoms of other mental illnesses and increase the risk for self-mutilation, as well as for attempting or completing suicide.
- People with BPD are at somewhat higher risk for engaging in violent behavior. That risk is further increased when the individual with BPD also is suffering from antisocial personality disorder, has a previous history of violent behavior, frequently uses sedative medications, or experiences several changes in their psychiatric medications.
- While they symptoms of BPD tends to diminish over years for many people, how well or poorly people with BPD progress over time seems to be influenced by the severity of the symptoms, the individual's current personal relationships, whether or not the sufferer has a history of being abused as a child, as well as whether or not the individual receives appropriate treatment.
- Steady employment or school status once symptoms of BPD subside (remit) tends to protect BPD sufferers from experiencing a future relapse.
What is borderline personality disorder (BPD)?
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental disorder that belongs to the group of mental illnesses called personality disorders. Like other personality disorders, it is characterized by a consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and interacting with others and with the world that tends to cause significant problems for the sufferer. Specifically, BPD tends to be associated with a pattern of unstable ways of seeing oneself, feeling, behaving, and relating to others that markedly interferes with the individual's ability to function. Also, as with other personality disorders, the person is usually an adolescent or adult before they can be assessed as meeting full symptom criteria for BPD.
Historically, BPD has been thought to be a set of symptoms that include both mood problems (neuroses) and distortions of reality (psychosis) and therefore was thought to be on the borderline between mood problems and schizophrenia. However, it is now understood that while the symptoms of BPD may straddle those symptom complexes, this illness is more closely related to other personality disorders in terms of how it may develop and occur within families. Contrary to what the medical community thought in the past, BPD is now understood to occur equally in men and women in general, while primarily in women in groups of people who are receiving mental-health treatment (treatment populations). The frequency with which this disorder occurs is also thought to be considerably higher than previously thought, affecting nearly 6% of adults over the course of a lifetime.
What other disorders often occur with BPD?
Men with BPD are more likely to also have a substance-use disorder. BPD is more likely to be associated with eating disorders symptoms in women. In adolescents, BPD tends to co-occur with more anxious and odd personality disorders like schizotypal and passive aggressive personality disorder, respectively. Adults who have antisocial personality disorder, formerly also colloquially called sociopaths, may be more likely to also have BPD. Interestingly, even people who have some symptoms (traits) of BPD but do not meet full diagnostic criteria for the disorder can experience both traits of BPD and narcissistic personality disorder.
Although there has been some controversy as to whether or not BPD is truly its own disorder or a variation of bipolar disorder, research supports the theory that BPD, like virtually every medical or other mental-health disorder, can appear in nearly as many unique and complex ways as there are people who have it. In other words, some individuals with BPD will have that disorder alone, while others will have it in combination with bipolar or another mental disorder. Still others will appear to have BPD but really qualify for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder and visa versa.
BPD is not recognized worldwide. It is most closely diagnosed as emotionally unstable personality disorder in the International Classification of Disease, or ICD-10. Although countries like China and India recognize mental disorders that have some symptoms in common with BPD, its existence is not formally recognized.
What causes borderline personality disorder?
Although there is no specific cause for BPD, like most other mental disorders, it is understood to be the result of a combination of biological vulnerabilities, ways of thinking, and social stressors (biopsychosocial model). Biologically, individuals with BPD are more likely to have abnormalities in the size of the hippocampus, in the size and functioning of the amygdala, and in the functioning of the frontal lobes, which are the areas of the brain that are understood to regulate emotions and integrate thoughts with emotions. Although some research asserts that people with BPD seem to have areas of the brain that are more and less active compared to individuals who do not have the disorder, other research contradicts that. Therefore, specific patterns of brain functioning, as they are currently studied and understood, seem unreliable predictors of BPD.
While it is not thought to be genetic, it can somewhat run in families. Psychologically, BPD seems to make a person more vulnerable to difficulty managing their emotions, particularly impulsive aggression. Socially, this disorder predisposes sufferers to be more likely to excessively expect to be criticized or rejected and negatively personalize disinterest or inattention from others. Their social tendencies make for great difficulty in their relationships. In addition to these issues, people with BPD are more likely to have suffered from childhood abuse or neglectful parenting. | <urn:uuid:5624be24-a2c0-4d23-ad04-cfe36e04b46c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://mentalhealthhelpcenter.com/condition/Borderline%20personality%20disorder%20(bpd)/c/2894 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.956035 | 1,552 | 2.8125 | 3 |
To recover recover deleted files from a SD card in Windows 7 follow the steps provided in this tutorial
Steps to recover deleted files from sd card in Windows 7
1. Step In this tutorial, we will be using third-party recovery software ‘MiniTool Power Data Recovery 6.5’ to recover your lost files. Download the Power Data Recovery from http://www.powerdatarecovery.com/download and click on the ‘Download Now’ to download it. Save the installation file to your system. In my case, i have saved it on the my desktop. Note: Cnet(http://download.cnet.com) may first install it’s intallaer first to download the software. Double click on the saved installation file (pdr6free.exe) to open installation process. If you are prompted with User Account Control then click on the ‘Yes’.
2. Step Click on the Next.
3. Step In License Agreement, select ‘I accept the agreement’ and click on the Next.
4. Step Select the destination where you want to install the application and click on the Next. Note: it is wise to install to the default location – C:\Program Files\PowerDataRecovery
5. Step Next, click on the Yes.
6. Step Select ‘Create a desktop icon’ and click on the Next.
7. Step Next, click on the Install.
8. Step Finally, click on the Finish.
9. Step Now open by clicking on the Start >> All Programs >> MiniTool Power Data Recovery 6.5 >> MiniTool Power Data Recovery 6.5. If you are prompted with User Account Control then click on the Yes.
10. Step Select ‘I am a home user, please launch MiniTool Power Data Recovery Free Edition by clicking the checkbox and then click on the Launch MiniTool Power Data Recovery Free Edition.
11. Next, click on the Digital Media Recovery icon.
12. Select the SD card drive and click on the Full Scan.
13. Now the recovery scanning process starts. After it reaches 100%, you will be shown folders with files that you can recover. Double click on the folder you wish to recover.
14. Select the files you want recover by clicking on the checkbox and click on the Save Files. Alternatively, if you want to recover complete folder then just select the folder and click on the Save Files.
15. Click on the Browse to select the location to save the recovered file to your computer. Select location. Then the path will be displayed in Recover To section. Then click on the OK button.
16. Finally, your file is recovered. You will see a file recovered message. That are the complete steps to recover deleted files from SD card in Windows 7.
Sometimes you might accidentally delete files or your SD card might be formatted accidentally. You may want to recover the files. In that case, follow the steps provided in this tutorial. | <urn:uuid:0fe0fbee-c660-41fc-9a8a-a4b0b294109b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.howtoguides.org/recover-deleted-files-from-SD-card-in-Windows-7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.817358 | 623 | 1.554688 | 2 |
This Sunday, January 9, 2022 is a very special day in the world of British royalty: the Duchess of Cambridge is celebrating her 40th birthday. But there is one royal tradition that will be sadly missed for Kate Middleton’s birthday. Normally, the bells of Westminster Abbey should ring in order to mark the birthday of a member of the Royal Family in a unique and special way. But the Covid-19 pandemic has put an end to this tradition since April 2020.
The reason ? The royal family had to revise their spending by cutting the costs of their family traditions. “The bells of the abbey can be heard ringing before services and to celebrate religious holidays. The bells have also traditionally been rung to mark the birthdays of members of the royal family,” said a spokesperson for the abbey. of Westminster in a statement. But this tradition has been suppressed.
Kate Middleton will blow out 40 candles in a small group
After consultation with Buckingham Palace, the bells will ring only for the Queen and Prince Charles. An absence of mark therefore, for Kate Middleton, even if the Duchess of Cambridge had planned a modest party for the celebration of her 40th birthday. “She didn’t want anything flashy anyway, it’s not really her thing. But given the current climate, everything will likely be even smaller,” said a source close to the royal family. wanting to remain anonymous.
Kate Middleton’s birthday party will only include the very close friends of the couple she forms with William, in addition to members of the royal family. The move came this winter, when the family gathered at Anmer Hall for the holiday season.
Kate Middleton © Agency | <urn:uuid:9319764b-1c31-4421-971b-318e2f99eb46> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://paparazzi.buzz/kate-middleton-is-40-this-royal-tradition-that-will-be-missed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.963607 | 353 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Trembling in Tbilisi
The victors in Georgia’s election should shun the lawlessness they once opposed
AMONG ex-Soviet states, where democracy is mostly a fragile flower, Georgia seemed to be a welcome exception. Its October election and the transfer of power that followed could have served as a model for others. The ruling United National Movement (UNM), lost a broadly fair parliamentary election, rather to the surprise of its leader, the president, Mikheil Saakashvili. He believed his party’s record of economic modernisation would bring victory. The opposition Georgian Dream coalition came to power, rather to the surprise of its leader, Bidzina Ivanishvili (pictured): the billionaire businessman had always claimed the election would be rigged against him.
Now things are going wrong. That is partly because power is divided: Mr Ivanishvili has now become prime minister, but Mr Saakashvili remains as president until the end of his term in October 2013 (he cannot run again). Most of the clout lies with the prime minister—and, despite initial pledges by the parties to work together, Georgian Dream is now using its authority aggressively. A score of UNM bigwigs have been arrested, including a former defence and interior minister, the chief of the general staff and the vice-mayor of Tbilisi. Charges against them include abuse of office, illegal detention and torture. Mr Ivanishvili’s government is also seeking to free people convicted in past years for spying for Russia and for terrorism (such as bombing the American embassy in Tbilisi).
America, NATO and the European Union have issued sharply worded warnings. This week the EU’s Cathy Ashton and a senior American official dealing with the region both visited Tbilisi. They have good reasons to be concerned. Georgia is not only a vital corridor for oil and gas from Central Asia and the Caspian to Western markets, but also a rare ex-Soviet showcase, vigorously reforming its economy and public administration and trying to build independent public institutions. It celebrates its links with Europe and America and wants to strengthen them.
The UNM claims that it is the victim of a witch hunt. That is untrue. It lost the election partly because people were angry about the way their rulers seemed to behave with impunity. Georgian Dream won a clear mandate to right past wrongs. On the evidence of recent years, these may well include high-level corruption, intimidation and other forms of thuggery (a video of prisoners being tortured helped lose UNM the election).
Outsiders who were charmed by Mr Saakashvili and turned a blind eye to his faults should accept that it is the job of a democratically elected Georgian government to prosecute wrongdoers—even those who have been loyal to the West. Suspects who might flee abroad need to be arrested. If they are found guilty in a fair trial, they must go to jail. To argue otherwise betrays the very values that the West has promoted in Georgia.
Yet, although some post-election score-settling is perhaps inevitable, Mr Ivanishvili’s camp is behaving as badly as he claims Mr Saakashvili did. Hounding UNM local officials and trying to evict the president from his gaudy new palace, saying that it is too costly, is vindictive. Georgian Dream’s rhetoric—comparing the UNM to the Nazi party in post-war Germany, for example—is sometimes wildly overheated. So are its claims that a “deep state” is trying to keep Mr Saakashvili in power.
As the party of government, Georgian Dream has the main responsibility for keeping politics clean and lawful. Rather than destroying the UNM, as it shows troubling signs of wanting to do, it should concentrate on ruling so well that voters give it victory in presidential and local elections. Ukraine shows where Georgia could end up if the government continues down this road. The leader of the opposition there, Yulia Tymoshenko, is in prison after being (perhaps spuriously) convicted of corruption. As a result of the Kiev authorities’ heavy-handed approach, the EU has now frozen ties. Investor confidence has shrivelled.
Mr Saakashvili’s legacy includes not only a workable constitution, but also bright prospects for integration with the EU, and plenty of goodwill in Brussels, Washington and elsewhere. Mr Ivanishvili should cherish that, not squander it.
This article appeared in the Leaders section of the print edition under the headline "Trembling in Tbilisi"
From the December 1st 2012 edition
Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contentsExplore the edition
The green policies and drug reforms in the Inflation Reduction Act are big victories
Democracy is still working in the country at the hub of east Africa
Spending is declining and the fall in new infections is slowing | <urn:uuid:544ff66b-7cd5-4fbd-afb3-81e909b2c0b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.economist.com/leaders/2012/12/01/trembling-in-tbilisi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.97387 | 1,024 | 1.960938 | 2 |
To get useful feedback from your customers, you need three things. First, put in place a system of continual feedback. Then document appropriate opportunities to collect feedback without the customer being inconvenienced. And third, ask the right questions to get information that will be useful, instead of interesting.
But it’s often difficult to get honest feedback. Most of us will try and avoid conflict if we can. A good example is responding ‘yes thanks’ to ‘did you enjoy your meal?’ when you’re disappointed. It’s easier to vote with your feet and never return, than complain and have to go through the issue of explaining what was wrong and why.
First view your business as you would if you were one of your customers. Document every step a customer would take where there is a ‘touch point’, which is a chance to collect what they’re thinking. It may be from a physical visit to your business, calling on the phone, your website, talking to staff or new forms of communication via apps and chat bots. Complete this ‘end to end’, from first contact, to providing product or service information, to the selling process and then any after sale service.
It’s a good idea to get your employees to go through the process as well. Not only do they have the best interests of your business at heart, but it’s a good opportunity for them to make suggestions to you – they may have ideas of their own for improvement.
Collecting feedback is best when it’s built into your everyday customer service process.
For each of these points of contact you’ve identified, set up an opportunity to collect feedback, ideally without the customer knowing. People are much more likely to be open if it’s a conversation rather than a formal survey or questionnaire. Instead of in-store or online questionnaires, email surveys, or suggestion boxes, integrate questions into your business.
The idea is to ask smart, relevant and open-ended questions where customers cannot respond with a yes or no. After all, you want their opinions rather than standard responses.
You should keep your questions as brief as possible so it’s viewed as part of the relationship rather than an official survey.
Try out different methods of collecting feedback to see what works best for your business. Once you’ve got the number of responses you need, it’s time to review them and then take action. Even if the feedback’s more negative than you’d hoped, you still have to take them at face value and act on them. If the responses are negative, try to see the whole exercise as an opportunity to make positive improvements to your customer experience.
Whether your customers are too busy, distracted or embarrassed to say what they really think, you’re probably not getting the honest answers you need to help improve your business. Often businesses will lose customers over time, as they drift away unhappily but never complaining until it’s too late.
That’s why it’s important to integrate an honest feedback mechanism into your daily customer contact.
POSTED IN: Growth,Marketing | <urn:uuid:275b34bf-f840-4100-b2cd-1bccb8ac7983> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://secure.cbonline.co.uk/business/business-news/articles/how-to-get-honest-feedback-from-customers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.943699 | 673 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Fri 13 May, 2016 02:47 pm
When ever I have a problem, such as feeling depressed due to chronic depression which runs in my family, everyone will just say that I feel "sad" because it's a phase that teenagers go through, yet when someone who is older than me, even if they are only twenty, twenty one, they will take them more seriously. I am mature for my age and I hear that a lot, yet I still find a lot of people trying restrict what I can and can't do. This year I have landed my very first job - I work eleven hours a day - as a receptionist; that is the one thing that I feel makes older people respect me. I'm not saying that they should, but my proposition is that I am seventeen years old, I have been through things emotionally that have made me a stronger person and allowed me to mature beyond my peers, there for I want to achieve goals that other kids my age haven't even thought about, but I feel so confined by society that often I feel I have to give up my ambitions and behave in a manner that other kids my age do.
Get used to it lad. You will go through a few years of mental competence. Then you turn 60 and have to deal with the assumption you've suddenly become senile.
Being an adolescent, your brain is still developing. Add to that your inexperience in life and you may be able to see why you're treated differently than people older than you. That you're responsible enough to hold a job indicates that you're on the right track to being treated as a peer to the older people in your life.
At the age of 17 yrs, there are some people who are mature beyond their years. However, in spite of this, their judgement still may or may not be the best on a consistent basis.
This circumstance might theoretically be different for you. If it (maturity and decision-making abilities) is different it shouldn't change whatever your ambitions are. You should do what your goals are regardless of what negativity those around you might think or expect.
Medical science has shown definitively that the part of your brain (cerebral cortex) where the ability to make reasoned decisions is located is not fully developed 'til the age of 25 years.
Probly 'cause they are
I've often heard adolescence defined as temporary insanity.
Naturally, I took exception to the idea. But that was 60 years ago, so it doesn't count.
So, Halfway, be assured that if you are indeed mentally capable, all this will soon become irrelevant.
Then you'll get old.
Basically agreeing with dales answer.
However, we could fill in the blank here...
Why does society treat______as if they are mentally incapable?
I like your perspective on this topic. With everything that I have read, and taken in, from everyone, my situation is not that bad. What really matters is that my parents don't limit me, and for the time being, that's all that matters. I should be starting college next year which I am looking forward to. I plan to study medicine.
If you get into geriatrics, Dale and I would be happy to know.
Sadly I won't be getting into geriatrics, I plan to study pediatrics.
Alas. Dale and I will never get to entertain you with our droll humor.
Why thank you again Neo, at a2k accolades so rare. Made my entire week upcoming
Isn't it interesting in this respect that Sunday is technically the first day of the week whereas most probly think of it as Monday
Cause they are lol. Every teen is mentally incapable. Gotta go through that period of trial and error to become mentally capable. Even then you still gotta learn. Adulthood is a scam. Just so you know. Good luck!
The bitch of it all is you're an Obama Era teen. The self-entitled, spoiled, snowflake, crybaby, safe-spacer who will most likely be a socialist. Not your fault of course, but that's your course. I'm from the Bush Era. We didn't have that labeling problem back in the day. So all through life your segment of the generation will be mentally incapable to even run the Chambers of Congress.
I said people should vote McCain the disaster instead of Obama the catastrophe but NOO!! "Gotta make dat history!" And now an entire generation is labeled as crybaby snowflakes for the rest of their lives. Sorry man. Oh well.
At least you got a good job, good head start, you'll be good to go if you keep your head on straight. You'll probably do stupid **** since your young and all. We all do. But you seem like smart dude. You're gonna be 18 soon so dont worry about society treating teens like they're stupid. Get that college scholarship, grants, whatever you gotta do! | <urn:uuid:2469f83c-4684-4a57-85cd-6a1566a624a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://able2know.org/topic/322669-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.968074 | 1,140 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Fresh insights into how zebrafish repair their nerve connections could hold clues to new therapies for people with spinal cord injuries.
Researchers have pinpointed key molecules that prompt damaged nerve fibres in the fish to regenerate themselves.
The findings could pave the way for treatments that help restore vital connections between the brain and muscles of the body that are lost after spinal cord injury.
For people and other mammals, damage to the spinal cord is permanent and results in irreversible paralysis.
Zebrafish have the remarkable ability to regain full movement within four weeks of injury to their spinal cord.
Studies have shown that they are able to restore damaged connections and nerve cells in the spinal cord.
Scientists at the University of Edinburgh’s Centre for Neuroregeneration have pinpointed a key mechanism that helps the nerve connections to regrow.
They found that after injury, wound-healing cells called fibroblasts move into the site of damage.
These fibroblasts produce a molecule called collagen 12, which changes the structure of the support matrix that surrounds nerve fibres.
This enables the damaged fibres to grow back across the wound site and restore the lost connections.
The team found that fibroblasts are instructed to make collagen 12 by a chemical signal called wnt.
Understanding these signals could hold clues for therapies to help heal the spinal cord after injury, the researchers say.
The study, published in the journal Nature Communications, was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Science Research Council. The German research funding organisation, DFG, also supported the research.
Dr Thomas Becker, of the University of Edinburgh’s Centre for Neuroregeneration, said: “In people and other mammals, the matrix in the injury site blocks nerves from growing back after an injury. We have now pinpointed the signals that remove this roadblock in zebrafish, so that nerve cells can repair connections that are lost after damage to the spinal cord.”
“We next plan to check whether triggering these signals in other animals can help them to repair nerve connections damaged by spinal cord injuries.”
Filed Under: Drug Discovery | <urn:uuid:08d08a63-0116-485e-8d29-4459eef09a7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.drugdiscoverytrends.com/zebrafish-study-reveals-clues-to-healing-spinal-cord-injuries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.942921 | 438 | 3.34375 | 3 |
I have seen that living in luxury is pointless and not only that but it can effect the way one lives for God. When you live with just the necessities, you show yourself that there is more to entertainment and comfort in life, that seeking material wealth all the time, Is a waste of time and the precious gift of life which God has bestowed upon us to live for His glory and not our own. Gods will is indeed inedible. Nothing we can do will prevent what He has in store for us in this life and the next. When we do follow Gods will and obey Him, much joy and peace will pursue those who follow Christ.
Blessings abound in the righteous living of the one who obeys and hears God. Hudson Taylor was a calm, peaceful man, who learned many things about God and became closer to Him through self-sacrifice and dedication to God in all aspects of his life. Hudson trained himself to live on just the necessities, and nothing more in order that he depend upon God for everything and even his very meal everyday. He lived in a most humble and poor conditions to show his dependence upon God in every day life and activity. He was obedient and listened to the call of God.
He was described as many of the fruits of the Spirit that God shows in the Word. Sacrifice became a daily thing for Hudson, as God molded and shaped Hudson for His will. Hudson Taylor was just that sort of man, one who you could call a saint. He would go where no one would want to go. And do what no one would want to do. He willed to do Gods will, and that was to go to china and spread the good news of salvation to all the lost and hurting people in china. He was to a fairly financially stable family. Except he was not saved yet when he was just a lad.
Yet his mother prayed earnestly for a long time for the salvation of her only son. The prayer was answered by God, when Hudson accidentally picked up a Christian brochure and read of the saving love of Jesus and Christ and what Christ did on the Cross of calvary, along time ago for the sins of Hudson and all of humanity. Hudson then felt the call and desire to go to china to be a light for Christ. While Hudson saved and lived as poorly as possible in order to save as much as possible. Hudson worked in the medical field gaining knowledge that would someday be very useful in China.
Upon work He became ill with a fatal fever, which through prayer and meditation and the good medical uses, was restored to full health after a time period. During the time period Hudson saved his money he dealt with the issue of fully relying on and trusting God for everything. Hudson then proceeded to China and was a witness and testimony to all for Christ glory feeding the God starved people in need of Christ love in the war and poverty stricken country. Hudson was an example of what the missionary should be today.
Hudson showed that giving your all to God brought rewards to those who obeyed Him. Hudson succeeded in conveying the gospel efficiently to the Chinese people in Shanghai and other related cities of china. Hudson showed as an example that leaving behind all belongings and depending upon God for everything required faith and if that faith was present then much blessings and prosperity through Christ abound. Hudson was an example of faith in doing missions for the Lord. Hudsons strategy was to leave and forsake al in order to do the service of God. Students response
Hudson is an example to me, in that He showed an extreme amount of faith in forsaking all to follow the Lords plan and will for his life and those in China. Hudson depended on the Lord for everything. This teaches me to do the same. Hudson was a man of little wants or need for material possessions for comfort or pleasure. Hudson obeyed God in Gods plan for Hudson to go to China, this obedience brought protection and peace and joy from the Lord. , in all situations. Hudsons faith was that of such strength that he depended on the Lord for food for the very next day and so on.
Hudson was a man of self-control, not buying anything that he wanted but only what he needed. Hudson was faithful to God. His actions are a true model of the missionary of today and tomorrow. Hudsons faith could be a lesson for us all, “The assurance was brought vividly to me that what ever I asked of God in the name of Christ would be done; that the father maybe glorified in the son, that what I had to do was seek strength for the long walk, to receive it by faith and set out upon it.
Unhesitatingly I told the Lord I was quite willing to take the walk if He would give me the strength. Pg. 42) Hudson lived for God and not himself, as seen in chapter three, ” I soon found that I could live upon very much less than I had previously thought possible. Butter, Milk and other such luxuries I soon ceased to use; and I found that living mainly on oatmeal and rice, with occasional variations, a very small sum was sufficient for my needs. In this way I had more than two thirds of my income available for other purposes; and my experience was that the less I spent on my self, and the more I gave away, the fuller of happiness and blessings did my soul become. ” (Pg. 21)
The spiritual account of Hudson is one to be reckoned in that, He is an example and role model for missionaries today. Likewise from reading the account of Hudson Taylor, I realize that life is to important to waste on the luxuries of life, living for self and not for Christ, but true blessings and wisdom come for those who follow Christ and obey, living for Him only and not for self. It is far better for me to depend upon Christ through faith, for my daily bread and have no money, than for me to be the richest of the rich, and depend on my self for provision, through ignorance. | <urn:uuid:dd41e1ad-372e-4a2a-80d8-0750ffed86ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://benjaminbarber.org/student-review-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.982767 | 1,241 | 1.601563 | 2 |
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O Pearson Education Limited 2002
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Designed by Sally Lace
Graphs by Robert Escott
Set in Minion and Frutiger by Mendip Communications Limited,
Printed in China
This book is a coursebook and a reference grammar for students and their
teachers. Although it is based on the Longman Grammar of Spoken and
Written English (LGSWE), the Student Grammar is much more than just an
abbreviated LGSWE. Rather, we have simplified and reorganized the content of
the LGSWE, avoiding much technical detail while retaining the strengths of the
larger book. For example, like the LGSWE, the Student Grammar contains
over 3,000 authentic English examples, and contrasts the major patterns of use in
spoken and written registers. However, we have simplified the presentation when
possible; for example, we have tried hard to find new and simpler extracts from
our corpus data, often replacing more complex examples in LGSWE.
Of the five authors of LGSWE, we three owe a debt of gratitude to our two
other co-authors: Stig Johansson and Ed Finegan. We benefited from the work
that Stig and Ed did on the LGSWE during our writing of the Student
Grammar. We would also like to thank the students in English 528 at Northern
Arizona University, who used a draft of the Student Grammar as their grammar
textbook and provided numerous helpful comments and suggestions for
To support the educational use of the Student Grammar, we have also
written a Workbook, which can be used as a classroom textbook or for self-study
by students. The Workbook provides exercises based on authentic English texts
and sentences, linked directly to the Grammar Bites in the present book.
Abbreviations, symbols, and conventions
Corpus examples and data Some examples have a following editorial
AU examples and text extracts are taken from the Comment, marked < >:
LSWE Corpus, and are marked as coming from < > an
one of the four main subdivisions of the corpus:
(CONV)conversation transcription Conventions within examples
(FICT) fiction text
(NEWS) news text Typographic features are used to highlight
particular features of an example:
Some examples are truncated to save space. bold type
highlights the main item for attention
tThese are marked with the symbol: underlining or brackets [ ]
1( A C A D ~( C) ,O N V ~()F,I C T ~ )N,EWS^) 1highlight further elements
Truncated examples, showing an incomplete A dash at the end of a word signals that it is
sentence or conversational turn, are used only incomplete.
when the omitted parts are judged to have no
bearing on the grammatical point being Grammatical abbreviations
illustrated, and where overly long examples
might distract rather than help the reader. For A adverbial OP object predicative
DO direct object P predicative
l a Every atom has a dense nucleus. ( A C A D ~ ) I 0 indirect object S subject
l b Every atom has a dense nucleus that contains LVP long verb SP subject
practically all of the mass of the atom. (ACAD) phrase
Example la is a truncated version of the NP noun phrase V verb (phrase)
complete sentence in example lb. Note that 0 object VP verb phrase
even with truncation, dispensable material is
almost always omitted from the beginning or Glossary terms
end of an example, not from the middle. In this
There is a Glossary at the end of the book,
sense, virtually every example quoted is a containing definitions of many grammatical
continuous 'slice of linguistic reality'. terms used in the book. These terns are
flagged in bold at their first instance, or at a
Occasional cases of medial omission are shown subsequent early instance.
by the insertion of <. . .> at the point where the
words have been omitted Corpus data
Other abbreviations used to label examples are:
Sections of text that draw most heavily on the
data from the LSWE Corpus are flagged:
presenting corpus patterns
In a few cases, examples have been invented to
show a contrast between accceptable and
unacceptable usage. Such unacceptable
examples are marked *:
unacceptable in English
Contents 4.15 Indefinite pronouns 99
Preface 4.16 Other pronouns
Abbreviations, symbols, and
Grammar Bites in each chapter Vlll
5.2 Introduction 103
5.2 Verb functions and classes
perspective on grammar 5.3 Semantic categories of lexical
1.1 lntroduction verbs
1.2 A corpus-based grammar
1.3 More about language variation 5.4 The most common lexical verbs
1.4 More detail on the LSWE Corpus 5.5 Regular and irregular verb
1.5 Overview of the book endings
1.6 Conventions used in the book 5.6 Verb formation
5.7 Valency patterns
5.8 Multi-word verbs: structure and
z,a lntroduction 5.9 Phrasal verbs
2.2 What are words? 5.10 Prepositional verbs
2.3 Survey of lexical words
2.4 Survey of function words 5.11 Phrasal-prepositional verbs
2.5 Special classes of words
2.6 Word-class ambiguities 5.12 Other multi-word verb
and clauses constructions
3.1 lntroduction 5.13 Be
3.2 Phrases and their characteristics
3.3 Types of phrases 5.14 Have
3.4 A preview of clause patterns
3.5 Clause elements 5.15 DO
simple noun phrase 5.16 The copula be, and other copular
4.2 Main types of nouns
5.17 Functions of copular verbs
4.3 Proper nouns v. common nouns
4.4 Package nouns voice, and modal use
4 5 Determiners
4.6 The articles 6.2 Tense and time distinctions:
4.7 Other determiners simple present and past tense
4.8 Number: singular and plural
4.9 Case: the genitive 6.3 Perfect and progressive aspect
410 Gender 6.4 Perfect aspect in use
4.11 The formation of derived nouns
412 Personal pronouns 6.5 Progressive aspect
413 Reflexive pronouns 6.6 Active and passive voice
4.14 Demonstrative pronouns
6.7 Associations between verbs and
6.8 Voice and aspect combinations
6.9 Modals and semi-modals
6.10 Personal and logical meanings of
6.11 Be going to and used to
6.12 Modals combined with aspect or
6.13 Sequences of modals and semi- ~ ~ o r n ~nolune pxhrases
modals 184 9.1 lntroduction
9.2 Survey of noun modifier types
7.1. Introduction 187 9.3 Noun phrases with premodifiers
7.2 Characteristics of adjectives 188 and postmodifiers across registers
7.3 The formation of adjectives 190 9.4 Types of premodifiers
9.5 Meaning relationships expressed
7.4 The function of adverbs 193
by noun + noun sequences
7.5 The formation of adverbs 193
9.6 Noun phrases with multiple
7.6 Semantic categories of adjectives 197
7.7 More about attributive adjectives 199
9.7 Restrictive v. non-restrictive
7.8 More about predicative
9.8 Postmodification by relative
7.9 Other syntactic roles of adjectives 202
7.10 Syntactic roles of adverbs 204
9.9 Postmodification by non-finite
7.11 Semantic categories of adverbs 208
7.12 Comparative and superlative
9.10 Postrnodification by
forms of adjectives 215
7.13 Comparative and superlative
9.11 Postmodification by appositive
forms of adverbs 218
7.14 Comparative clauses and other
9.12 Noun phrases with multiple
degree complements 218
8.1 Introduction 222
9.13 Noun complement clauses
8.2 Devices of elaboration and 9.14 Head nouns with noun
condensation 223 complement clauses
8.3 Subordination and dependent 10.1 lntroduction
10.2 Types of complement clauses
clauses 224 10.3 Grammatical positions of
8.4 Coordination 227 complement clauses
8.5 Ellipsis and structural 10.4 Discourse functions of that-
condensation 230 clauses
8.6 The subject-verb concord rule 232 10.5 Post-predicatethat-clauses
lo.& Verbs controlling extraposed
8.7 Verbs as operators 238
8.8 Negation 239
10.7 That-clauses controlled by
8.9 Major types of independent
10.8 Discourse choices with that-
8.10 Declarative clauses 249
8.11 Interrogative clauses 249
10.9 Structure and function of wh-
8.12 Exclamative clauses 254
8.13 Imperative clauses 254
10.10 Post-predicate wh-clauses
8.14 Non-clausal material 255
controlled by verbs
8.15 Finite dependent clauses 256
l o . l i lnterrogative clauses with
8.16 Non-finite dependent clauses 259
whether and if
8.17 Subjunctive verbs in dependent
10.22 Overview of infinitive clauses
8.18 Dependent clauses with no main
10.13 Post-predicateto-clauses 11.17 Semantic categories of linking 389
controlled by verbs adverbial5
i0.1~)Subject predicative to-clauses 11.18 The most common linking 394
10.15 Post-predicate to-clauses adverbials in conversation and
controlled by adjectives
10.16 Raising 11.19 Positions of linking adverbials
10.17 Extraposed to-clauses
10.18 Raising v. extraposition - 397
1o.lg To-clause types across registers
10.20 Overview of ing-clauses ord order choices
10.22 Ellipsis and substitution in 32.1 Introduction 398
complement clauses 12.2 Word order 400
10.23 Choice of complement clause
12.3 Fronting 400
12.4 Inversion 405
12.5 Existential there 412
12.6 The verb in existential there
12.7 The notional subject 414
353 12.8 Adverbials in existential clauses 415
1;i,i Introduction 354 12.9 Simple v. complex existential
11.2 The main classes of adverbials 355 clauses 415
11.3 Syntactic forms of adverbials 358 12.10 Discourse functions of existential
11.4 Positions of adverbial5 359 clauses 416
11.5 The relationship between 12.11 Dislocation 418
adverbials and other clause 12.12 Clefting 419
elements 36 1 12.13 Word order choices after the verb 423
11.6 semantic categories of 12.14 Summary: syntactic choices in
circumstance adverbial5 362 conversation v. academic prose 425
11.7 Extremely common circumstance
adverbial5 in conversation 368
11.8 Positions of circumstance conversation 427
adverbial5 369 13.1 Introduction
13.2 The discourse circumstances of 429
11.9 Additional semantic categories of
circumstance adverbial clauses 373 13.3 Performance phenomena in 440
11.10 Syntactic forms of adverbial conversation 443
13.4 Non-clausal units 449
clauses 376 13.5 Ellipsis
13.6 Lexical bundles in speech
li.11 Positions of adverbial clauses 378 13.7 Inserts
11.12 Subordinators with circumstance Glossary o f terms
A-Z list o f irregular verbs
adverbial clauses 380 Index
11.13 Semantic categories of stance
11.14 The most common stance
11.15 Positions of stance adverbials 387
11.16 Other discourse functions of
stance adverbial5 388
Grammar Bites in each chapter
c Function word classes 20 B Subject-verb concord 223
c Negation 232
D Independent clauses 238
E Dependent clauses 248
B Clause elements and clause patterns 46
B Types of determiners B Premodification 272
65 C Relative clauses 279
c Number and case in nouns 78 D Other postmodifier types 29 1
85 E Noun complement clauses 300
D Gender and noun formation
E Types of pronouns 92 10
c Lexical verbs: structures and patterns 115 clauses 308
B That-clauses 312
D Multi-word lexical verbs 123 322
c Wh-clauses 328
E Primary verbs 135
D Post-predicate infinitive clauses 337
F Copular verbs 140 E More on infinitive clauses
F Ing-clauses, ellipsis/substitution, and 344
B Aspect 156
C Voice 166
D Modals and semi-modals
174 c Circumstance adverbials that are
D Stance adverbials
E Linking adverbials 418
adverbs 188 12 429
B Adjectives: roles and meanings 436
c Adverbs: roles and meanings 204
D Comparative and superlative forms 215 B Existential there clauses
c Other topics in word order
B Grammar tailored to real-time
c Grammar, lexis, and discourse
Introduction: a discourse
perspective on grammar
Subjects in this chapter
Introduction to the concept of corpus-based grammar
Language variation: registers, dialects, standard and non-standard
The Longman Spoken and Written English Corpus
Overview of the book
Conventions used in the book
2 Chapter 1: Introduction: a discourse perspective on grammar
Every time we write or speak, we are faced with a large array of choices: not only
choices of what to say but of how to say it. The vocabulary and grammar that we
use to communicate are influenced by a number of factors, such as the reason for
the communication, the setting, the people we are addressing, and whether we
are speaking or writing. Taken together, these choices give rise to systematic
patterns of choice in the use of English grammar.
Traditionally, such patterns have not been included as part of grammar.
Most grammars have focused on structure, describing the form and (sometimes)
meaning of grammatical constructions out of context. They have not described
how forms and meanings are actually used in spoken and written discourse. But
for someone learning about the English language for the purposes of
communication, it is the real use of the language that is important. It is not
enough to study just the grammatical forms, structures, and classes. These tell us
what choices are available in the grammar, but we also need to understand how
these choices are used to create discourse in different situations.
The year 1999 saw the publication of a large-scale grammar of English with
the aim of meeting the above needs: the Longman Grammar of Spoken and
Written English (LGSWE). This was the outcome of an international research
project which lasted seven years. Now, we have written a revised, simplified,
and shortened version of LGSWE for use by advanced students and their
LGSWE made important innovations in the method of grammatical study. It
was based on a large, balanced corpus of spoken and written texts. These texts
were electronically stored and analyzed with the aid of computers. The analysis
produced information about the frequency of grammatical features in different
kinds of language. (We use the term 'feature' broadly in this book, to refer to any
grammatical form, structure, class, or rule.) The results of the analysis were then
studied by the team of grammarians. The goal was to explain not just what is
possible in English grammar, but what is more or less probable in different
This book, the Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English (SGSWE),
presents the insights and discoveries of LGSWE to advanced students of English
and their teachers. SGSWE is designed to be used with the accompanying
workbook as a textbook (for use in class or for self-study), or alternatively as a
SGSWE is a pedagogical textbook on grammar. For students systematically
studying English grammar, SGSWE begins with the 'basics' in the opening
two chapters, and moves progressively into more advanced territory. It ends
with a chapter devoted to the special characteristics of conversational
grammar-an important topic which has generally been neglected in
grammars up to now.
SGSWEcan also be used as a reference grammar. It covers all major features,
structures, and classes of English grammar, together with their meaning
and use. With the help of the glossary of grammatical terms and the index,
students and teachers can use this book as a reference guide. For more detailed
information about a feature or its use, you can consult corresponding sections
in the larger LGSWE.
The greatest innovation of SGSWE is that it is a corpus-based grammar. The
new methodology of large-scale corpus study developed in LGSWE produces
results which are very useful for students. In general, advanced students of
English want to understand not only the structural rules of English, but how the
language is used for communication. For this purpose, new insights,
explanations, and information from corpus-based studies of English are an
1.2 A corpus-based grammar
A corpus is a large, systematiccollection of texts stored on computer. The corpus
used for LGSWE and SGSWE-the Longman Spoken and Written English
Corpus (the LSWE Corpus)-contains approximately 40 million words of text,
providing a sound basis for the analysis of grammatical patterns. Because the
SGSWE is based on analysis of this corpus, it offers a number of advantages over
Real examples: The book contains over three thousand examples of English
in use. These are authentic examples from the corpus, showing how real
people use real language. Invented examples that sound artificial-a familiar
feature of many other grammars-are entirely absent. At the same time, we
have taken care to avoid corpus examples that are overly difficult because they
require understanding a complicated context.
Coverage of language variation: The core corpus we have used for this book
represents four major registers of the language: conversation, fiction writing,
news writing, and academic prose. In the past, grammars have usually
presented a single view of the language, as if the grammar of English were one
fixed and unchanging system. This clearly is not true. Although there is an
underlying system of grammar, speakers and writers exploit that system very
differently to meet their communication needs in different circumstances.The
corpus-based information included in SGSWE describes differences between a
spoken register (conversation) and three written registers (fiction,
newspapers, and academic prose). In addition, our corpus contains data
from both American and British conversations and newspapers. Where they
occur, important differences between these geographical dialects are pointed
out. (See 1.3 for more about registers and dialects.)
Coverage of preference and frequency: This grammar gives information
about the preferences speakers or writers have for one grammatical choice
over another. Specifically, we discuss the frequency of alternative structures
and the conditions that are associated with them. This is clearly a major
matter of interest to advanced learners of the language and future teachers of
the language. For example, it is not enough simply to describe the structural
differences between active and passive constructions, because students and
teachers need to know how users choose between these two options. For
example, passive verbs are ten times more frequent in academic prose than
they are in conversation. And there are good reasons for this, which we discuss
Interpretations of f r e q u e n v context and discourse: Information about
frequency needs to be explained by human interpreters. That is, a corpus
4 Chapter 1: Introduction: a discourse perspective on grammar
grammar needs to present the evidence of the corpus as a means of exploring
why users of English make one choice in one situation, and a different choice
in another. Usually several factors are relevant, including register, expressing
personal attitudes, giving informational emphasis, or other more specific
contextual conditions. The SGSWE gives attention to the conditions under
which grammatical choices are made, so the grammar has a discourse
Lexico-grammatical patterns: Another distinctive feature of the SGSWE is
that it brings together the study of grammar and vocabulary. Traditionally,
both in theory and pedagogical practice, grammar has been separate from
vocabulary, as if they were two totally independent aspects of language and
language learning. This separation is artificial, as becomes evident to anyone
who uses a large corpus for studying grammar. What becomes clear is that,
when they use a language, people bring together their knowledge of word
behavior (lexis) with their knowledge of grammatical patterns. These two
aspects of language interact in lexico-grammatical patterns. For example,
there is one set of verbs that commonly occur with a that-clause (e.g. think,
say, know) and a different set of verbs that commonly occur with a to-clause
(e.g. want, like, seem). In addition, each register prefers different verbs with
these clause types. These patterns help to explain the typical meanings and
uses of each clause type in each register.
1.3 More about language variation
We have mentioned the coverage of language variation as one of the strengths of
this grammar. It is important to recognize that there are two major types of
language varieties: registers and dialects.
Registers are varieties of language that are associated with different circumstances
and purposes. For example, Table 1.1 compares the circumstances and purposes
of the four registers compared in SGSWE.
Comparisons between registers can be made on many different levels. For
example, the most general distinction can be made on the basis of mode:
conversation is spoken, while the other three registers are written. If we consider
a more specific characteristic-the main communicative purpose-the registers
fall into three categories. Conversation focuses on personal communication,
Table 1.1 Circumstances of the four main registers in SGSWE
CONV FlCT NEWS ACAD
mode spoken written written written
interactiveness and ..........................
Yes restricted to no no
real-time production fictional dialog
shared situation Yes. . . . . . . . . . n.o. . . . . . . . . . n. o. . . . . n.o. . . . . . . . .
main communicative personal pleasure reading information1
purposelcontent communication evaluation explanation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ..
audience individual &ide-public wide-public specialist
More about language variation-
fiction on pleasure reading, and newspapers and academic prose share a more
informational purpose. (We sometimes call these last two expository registers.)
However, even between newspapers and academic prose there are differences.
Academic prose is more concerned with building an argument than newspaper
writing is. What is more, academic prose has a more specialized audience than a
newspaper, which is written with a wide audience in mind.
Register variation is the main aspect of language variation we consider in this
book. We choose this focus because registers differ greatly in their grammar
usage, reflecting their different communication circumstances. In other words,
the circumstances of a register have a direct impact on which grammar habits are
common in the register. To take an easy example, consider how pronouns and
nouns are used in conversation and news. Conversation is interactive as a form
of personal communication. It is not surprising, then, that conversation shows a
frequent use of the first-person pronouns I and we, and the second-person
pronoun you. In contrast, newspaper writing is not directly interactive: it is not
addressed to an individual reader, and it often does not have a stated author. But
it has a function of conveying general information of current interest. Not
surprisingly, in newspaper texts, first- and second-person pronouns are relatively
rare. Instead, proper nouns, referring to people, places, and institutions, are
The four registers that we concentrate on are, of course, far from a complete
picture of register variation in English. However, they have the advantage of (a)
being major registers, likely to be frequently encountered by any advanced
student of the language, and (b) being sufficiently different from one another to
show important differences as well as important similarities.
Within each register there are also sub-registers. For example, fiction can be
broken down into different sub-categories-detective fiction, fantasy fiction,
romance fiction, etc. The compilers of the LSWE Corpus took pains to represent
all the categories and to obtain as good a balance as possible between different
sub-varietieswithin each category. (More details are given in 1.4 below.) In order
to limit the size of this book, though, we make only a few references to sub-
registers, such as commenting on a feature common in, say, sports reporting or
Dialect variation interacts with register variation. Dialects are varieties according
to the identity of speaker(s) or writer(s)-their geographic area, gender, socio-
economic class, and so on. Dialect is less important for grammatical purposes
than register. From the grammatical point of view, dialect differences are
arbitrary, while register differences are functional, reflecting the way that
grammar varies according to communicative purpose.
Like register, dialect distinctions can be made at different levels of specificity.
'American English' or 'British English' is a very general level; 'the speech of
female teenagers in the South Bronx area of New York City' would be a more
specific dialect. In the SGSWE we focus only on the high-level distinction
between American English and British English (although the spoken corpus was
developed following sampling methods for geographical regions, socio-economic
class, gender, and age, so more detailed dialect studies are possible).
6 Chapter 1: Introduction: a discourse perspective on grammar
The corpus used for this book also includes some representation of
Australian, Canadian, Caribbean, Irish, and West African English in the fiction
subcorpus (see details in 1.4). For full coverage of dialect variation, we would
need to have coverage of many more world varieties of English. The contrasts
between British and American English in this book serve as just one example of
regional dialect variation. We have chosen these two dialects because they serve
as a target for many learners and teachers of English.
1.3.3 Standard and non-standard (vernacular)
There is no official academy that regulates usage for the English language, but
there is still a prevailing world-wide view that there is a 'standard English': the
language variety that has been codified in dictionaries, grammars, and usage
handbooks. However, in the corpus, especially in conversation, usage regarded as
non-standard (also called the vernacular) is also found. For example, consider
the vernacular use of what as a relative pronoun in 1, and of ain't and multiple
negative constructions in 2 and 3:
1 They were by the pub what we stayed in. (cow)
2 I ain't done nothing. (cow)
3 'There ain't nothing we can do.' (FICT)
As 3 shows, vernacular forms also occur in fiction texts, particularly in
representing the speech of fictional characters. However, in general, vernacular
forms are rare in the written corpus.
When vernacular forms are discussed or illustrated in the rest of the book,
they are generally noted as 'non-standard'. In general, our description of
grammar is limited to standard English. However, it is worth bearing in mind
that conversation contains many vernacular features of language, and so such
features can be expected in the conversation part of our corpus, whereas they are
strictly avoided in written language (except where written language deliberately
mimics speech, as in fictional dialog). In a similar way, conversational
transcriptions often contain informal or non-standard spellings like gonna and
cos (see 1.6.2 below).
A Variation in standard English
The term 'standard English' can be misleading. 'Standard' in some contexts
means 'uniform, unchanging', and so it is assumed that only one form of a
grammatical feature is accepted in standard English. But this is clearly false. For
example, both of the following conform to standard English, even though one
begins a relative clause with that and the other with which:
1 I could give you figures that would shock you. (FICT)
2 This chapter is devoted to a discussion of various flow processes which
occur in open systems. (ACAD)
The relative pronouns that and which could exchange places in these sentences,
although there are a number of factors that favor one over the other (see 9.7,
Little of the variability within standard English is due to dialect differences
between American English and British English, which actually show very few
More detail on the LSWE corpus-
grammatical differences in their standard dialects. We point out such differences
where important in SGSWE. For example, one well-known difference is that
American English has two past participles for the verb get (got and gotten),
whereas British English has only one:
Angie, I think we've got a leak. ( B ~CEOW)
They've got money. ( A ~COENV)
He must have got to the door just as the bomb landed. ( B ~CEO N V ~ )
And we still haven't gotten a damn pumpkin. ( A ~ ECOW)
Note: Another aspect of vernacular English is illustrated by the last example: the
word damn (or damned), which is a mild 'swearword' or taboo term.
Swearwords can cause offence or be considered impolite, especially where used
in the wrong context, and so we point them out when they occur in examples.
B Prescriptive v. descriptive grammars
Most cases of variation within standard English (e.g. that and which in 1 and 2
above) do not attract attention from ordinary language users. However, speakers
do tend to be aware of some aspects of disputed usage and sometimes have
strong opinions about what forms are 'correct'. Thus while the use or the
omission of that is rarely noticed or commented on, the choice between who and
whom can rouse strong feelings (see 9.8.2). Prescriptive grammars dictate how
people 'should' use the language. For example, a prescriptive grammarian would
insist that only whom should be used when the pronoun refers to a human and
functions as an object or prepositional complement. In contrast, speakers in
conversation regularly prefer who in actual usage:
There's a girl who I work with who's pregnant. (CONV)
In fact, many speakers would find the use of whom unusual in any informal,
In this grammar, we do not argue that any one alternative is correct in cases
like these. Rather than a prescriptive grammar, the SGSWE is a descriptive
grammar. We focus on describing the actual patterns of use and the possible
reasons for those patterns. However, we do refer from time to time to some cases
of disputed usage. Although these may not be so important from the viewpoint
of communication, they often play a significant role in people's judgments of
what is 'good grammar'. These judgments, in turn, may have an influence on
actual patterns of use.
1.4 More detail on the LSWE Corpus
For a corpus-based grammar, the design of the corpus is an important concern.
Detailed discussion of the LSWE Corpus can be found in Chapter 1 of LGSWE,
especially pp. 24-35. Here we give only a brief overview of the corpus.
The entire corpus contains approximately 40 million words. Most of the
analyses comparing the four registers used a subcorpus of approximately 20
million words. Additional texts for the dialect comparisons and occasional
comparisons with supplementary registers account for a further 20 million
words. Table 1.2 provides an overview of the overall composition of the corpus.
8 Chapter 1: Introduction: a discourse perspective on grammar
Table 1.2 Overall composition of the LSWE Corpus
number of texts number of words
core registers 3,436 3,929,500
conversatton (BrE) 139 4,980,000
fiction (ArnE & BrE) 5,432,800
news (BrE) 20,395 5,331,800
academic prose (ArnE & BrE) 408
AmE texts for dialect comparisons 329 5,246,500
conversation (ArnE) 11,602
. . ,..,, .. ... ,.. . ... . . .... ......
general prose (ArnE & BrE)
total Corpus 37,244 40,025,700
The strength of the LSWE Corpus does not just lie in its size-although size
can be important, especially for the study of rare grammatical features. More
important qualities are the diversity and balance of the corpus. The LSWE
Corpus represents a comparatively wide range of register and dialect variation
within the language, and each category of texts is represented by a wide range of
writerslspeakersand 'sub-registers'. In 1.3.1 and 1.3.2 we mentioned some of the
sub-categories within the registers and dialects of the corpus. Tables 1.3-6
provide further details.
Like the written registers, conversation is also a diverse register, but no effort
was made to identify sub-registers or list all the topics of conversation. Most of
the conversations in the LSWE Corpus are private (often domestic) talk.
However, occasionally other kinds of talk are included, like service encounters in
a store, or one side of a telephone call. Planned speech, such as lectures, speeches,
and sermons, are in a separate register of 'non-conversational speech'.
Tablel.3 Approximate numbers of
speakers in the BrE and AmE
conversation subcorpora by
gender BrE AmE
female 270 292
male 225 199
Table 1.4 Distribution of fiction texts across national varieties
national variety number of texts number of words
Overview of the book-
Table 1.5 Breakdown of the British and American news subcorpora by topic
topic BrE AmE
artslentertainment 418,400 325,OO
businessleconomics 542,800 1,545,000
domestidlocallcity news 1,233,900
foreignlworld news 1,156,100 995,000
sports 1,218,700 680,000
all other topics (including editorials, law, 862,500 260,000
social news, sciencelmedicineltechnology, etc.) 1,485,000
T a b l e 1.6 Breakdown of the academic prose subcorpus
major categories number of texts number o f words
academic book extracts 75 2,655,000
academic research articles 333 2,676,800
Note: Subjects included are agriculture, anthropology/archaeology, biology/ecology,
chemistry/physics, computing, education, engineeringltechnology. geologylgeography,
law/history/politics, linguisticslliterature, mathematics, medicine, nursing, psychology,
1.5 Overview of the book
We have organized our discussion of grammar into several major sections:
Chapters 2-3 Key concepts and categories in English grammar
These chapters present a basic introduction to English grammar, providing
the foundation for our discussion of particular areas in later chapters. They
introduce the basic terms for structures, rules, and classes in English grammar,
illustrating them throughout with real corpus examples. It may be useful to
refer back to these chapters (as well as the glossary) if you come across a
puzzling term later in the grammar. Because they review all of grammar in a
simplified way, these chapters have less room for the information about
discourse choice found more plentifully in later chapters.
Chapters 4-7 A close look at the major phrase types
Chapters 4-7 cover the major classes of 'content words' or lexical words
(noun, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) together with the related phrases (noun
phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and adverb phrases):
4 Nouns, pronouns, and the simple noun phrase
6 Variation in the verb phrase: tense, aspect, voice, modality
7 Adjectives and adverbs
Chapter 8 Clause grammar
This chapter introduces the structure and function of independent and
dependent clauses. It is a pivotal chapter roughly half way through the book.
It looks back to the phrase chapters, Chapters 4-7, showing how those phrase
types are used in clauses. At the same time, it looks forward to the later clause
10 Chapter 1: Introduction: a discourse perspective on grammar
chapters, Chapters 9-12, which describe the use of clauses in more complex
a Chapters 9-12 Building on the clause
Building on Chapter 8, these chapters explore additional clause-based or
clause-derived structures. For example, complex noun phrases (Chapter 9)
may not seem to involve clauses, yet in fact they do, because noun phrases can
contain relative clauses and other clause-level constructions. These
constructions cannot be explained properly until clauses have been covered.
9 Complex noun phrases
10 Verb and adjective complement clauses
12 Word order choices
Chapter 13 The grammar of conversation
Chapter 13 places the spotlight firmly on spoken language, and shows how
the grammar of conversation is adapted to the particular demands of
spontaneous spoken interaction. It also highlights some special features of
conversational grammar: for example, dysfluencies, discourse markers such as
well and okay, ellipsis, interjections, and taboo expressions ('swearwords').
a Reference section
The book ends with a glossary of grammatical terms and an index. The
reference section of the book is designed for all users, but especially to help
teachers and students using it as a reference grammar.
1.6 Conventions used in the book
The list of Abbreviations, Symbols and Conventions on p. iv covers many of the
conventions used in this book. But some aspects of the transcription of
conversation and the use of tables and figures deserve a more detailed
1.6.1 Transcription of speech
Spoken language must be transcribed before it can be studied. That is, the
transcriber must listen to a tape recording and write down exactly what was said.
For the LSWE Corpus, the transcribers produced an orthographic transcription.
This transcription uses the ordinary symbols of written texts, including the
conventional spellings of words (in most cases). Conventional punctuation
symbols-particularly hyphens, periods, commas, and question marks-are used
to reflect typical intonation associated with those symbols. Thus, a period reflects
falling intonation and a question mark reflects rising intonation.
1.6.2 Spelling variations, reduced pronunciation,
and limitations of the transcription
You may sometimes notice variants which are irrelevant to the study of
grammar, such as variant spellings like OK and okay, or American spellings (such
as center) in some texts and British spellings (such as centre) in others. These
differences are not significant, and can be ignored from the grammatical point of
Conventions used in the book-
view. More relevant linguistically are spellings of reduced pronunciations, such
as gonna, gotta, and wanna instead of going to, got to, and want to, and cos or
cause instead of because. These are semi-conventional spellings, capturing the
reduced pronunciations which are very common in casual conversation. They
help give an impression of what the speech was like. You will also notice 'words'
like um and er signaling filled pauses (a type of dysfluency-see 13.2.5) and
exclamatory words like hm and ooh which it would be rare to find in ordinary
written texts. However, a strict, phonetically accurate transcription was not the
goal of the corpus, nor would a phonetically detailed transcription be feasible
with a corpus of this size.
Since the corpus was not transcribed phonetically, some features of speech,
such as stress and intonation, are not available. In the vast majority of cases,
however, the transcription provides plenty of detail for grammatical analyses.
1.6.3 Visible frequency: the use of tables and figures
We have said that frequency is important for understanding how the grammar of
English is actually used in different registers, dialects, and situations. At the same
time, we recognize that tables of statistics are often not useful to the average
grammar student. To overcome this problem, we have used two main ways of
representing frequency, both of them avoiding the use of lists of numbers:
The first method of indicating frequency is to use ordinary words such as
often, rarely, common, uncommon. While not precise, these terms are useful in
giving a general idea of frequency differences. These generalizations are based
on corpus analysis, which is often reported in LGSWE with tables and figures.
The second method is to use figures (bar graphs). These figures enable you
to compare frequencies in an immediately visible way, by looking at the length
of the bars being compared. In these figures, the registers are always presented
in the order conversation, fiction, news writing, academic writing. For an
example, see Figure 2.1 on p. 23.
To make comparisons easier in the figures, frequencies are normed to the
standard measure of 'occurrences per million words'. Thus, although the sizes of
the registers of the corpus are somewhat different, the comparisons are based on
a standard measurement of relative frequency. It may be difficult to envision a
million words, so (although there is great diversity in print size and rate of
speech) handy comparative measures are as follows:
Books average about 350 wordsipage, so one million words = about 3,000
Speakers average about 120 words/minute, so one million words = about 140
Words and word classes
GRAMMAR BITES in this chapter
A Introduction to words
Lexical words, function words, and inserts
The structure of words: morphology
Multi-word units: idioms, collocations, and lexical bundles
B Lexical w o r d classes
The structure and function of lexical words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and
Comparing lexical word classes in use
Borderline cases in classifying words
C Function w o r d classes
The structure and function of function words: determiners, pronouns,
auxiliary verbs, prepositions, adverbial particles, coordinators, and
Special classes of words
In grammar, we first need to identify the types of grammatical units, such as
words and phrases, before describing the internal structure of these units, and
how they combine to form larger units. Grammatical units are meaningful
elements which combine with each other in a structural pattern. Essentially,
grammar is the system which organizes and controls these form-meaning
The types of grammatical units can be graded according to size of unit, as
(discourse) If I wash up all this stuff somebody else can dry it.
1 sentence If I wash up all this stuff somebody else can dry it.
In the simplest cases, a unit consists of one or more elements on the level below:
A clause consists of one or more phrases (covered in Chapter 3, Grammar
A phrase consists of one or more words (covered in Chapter 3, Grammar Bite
A word consists of one or more morphemes (covered in this chapter,
Grammar Bites A, B and C).
+ +Morphemes are parts of words, i.e. stems, prefures, and suffixes. For
example, un friend ly contains three morphemes: a prefix un-, a stem friend
and a suffix -1y. The part of grammar dealing with morphemes is morphology.
The part of grammar dealing with the other types of grammatical units shown
above (i.e. words, phrases, clauses, and sentences) is known as syntax.
Grammatical units can be combined to form longer written texts or spoken
interaction, which is known as discourse. At the other extreme, language can be
analyzed in terms of its phonemes (the individual sounds which make up the
language) and graphemes (the written symbols we use to communicate in
language). These are the smallest units of speech and writing.
In this book, we focus mainly on the three central types of unit: word,
phrase, and clause. Morphemes are also occasionally important in describing the
structure of words. However, sentences will not be separately described because,
for the purposes of this book, sentences are orthographic (or written) units, and
of interest primarily in the study of the written language. (Note: in some
grammars, the word 'sentence' is used in a sense close to 'clause' in this
In general, grammatical units are described in terms of four factors: their
structure, their syntactic role, their meaning, and the way they are used in
I 4 Chapter 2: Words and word ci'asses GRAMMAR BITE A
Units can be described in terms of their internal structure: e.g words in terms of
bases and affixes (2.2.4), phrases in terms of heads and modifiers (3.3), and
clauses in terms of clause elements (3.5).
Units can be described in terms of their syntactic role. For example, a phrase can
have the syntactic role of object in a clause:
In November, Susie won those tickets. (CONV)
In this example, there are also other roles: Susie is the subject, In November is an
Units can be described in terms of meaning. For example, adverbs (a class of
words) can express information about time, place, and manner.
Units can be further described in terms of how they behave in discourse. This can
include their use in different registers, their frequency in those registers, and the
factors which influence their use in speech or in written texts. For example,
pronouns like it and they are often used to refer back to things mentioned earlier
in the same discourse:
Isn't Cindy coming? Did she call you? (cow)
Such pronouns are more common in speech than in written texts.
This chapter is devoted to words, paying attention to all four factors above. We
will then move on to phrases and clauses in the next chapter.
2,2 What are words?
Words are generally considered to be the basic elements of language. They clearly
show up in writing, and they are the items defined in dictionaries. Yet the
definition of 'word' is not simple.
Words are relatively fixed in their internal form, but they are independent in
their role in larger units. For example, insertions can usually be made between
words but not within words:
There were two pedal-bins against the wall. (FICT)
There were two (large new) pedal-bins (standing) against the (side) wall.
What are words?-
Notice how, in the above example, it is possible to insert words between other
words to form a longer sentence without losing clarity of meaning. On the other
hand, we could not easily interrupt a word, by inserting another word or
morpheme inside it, as in *pedal-(new)-bins.
2.2.1 Different senses of the word 'word'
The notion of 'word' is complex, and so it is useful to identify a number of
slightly different senses of 'word':
Orthographic words: These are the words that we are familiar with in written
language, where they are separated by spaces. For example, They wrote us a
letter contains five distinct orthographic words.
Grammatical words: A word falls into one grammatical word class (or 'part of
speech') or another. Thus the orthographic word leaves can be either of two
grammatical words: a verb (the present tense -s form of leave) or a noun (the
plural of leaf). This is the basic sense of 'word' for grammatical purposes, and
the one we normally intend in this book.
Lexemes: This is a set of grammatical words which share the same basic
meaning, similar forms, and the same word class. For example, leave, leaves,
left, and leaving are all members of the verb lexeme leave. This is the meaning
of 'word' that is employed in dictionaries.
Each occurrence of a word in a written or spoken text is a separate token. For
example, in the following line of conversation there are ten separate word tokens:
The birds and the deer and who knows what else. ( c o w )
In contrast to word tokens, word types are the different vocabulary items that
occur in a text (such as you would look up in a wordlist). Thus, in the sentence
above, there are only eight word types (the, birds, and, deer, who, knows, what,
and else), since and and the occur twice. Notice the tokenltype distinction applies
equally to orthographic words, grammatical words, and lexemes. However, our
main concern will be with grammatical words, whether as types or as tokens.
In practice, it is not often necessary to distinguish between these senses, as
the word 'word' is rarely ambiguous in any given context. But if there is any
potential ambiguity the sense intended will be specified.
2.2.2 Three major families of words
Words can be grouped into three families, according to their main function and
their grammatical behavior: lexical words, function words, and inserts.
A Lexical words
Lexical words are the main carriers of information in a text or speech act.
They can be subdivided into the following word classes (or parts of speech):
nouns, lexical verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
Of all the word families, lexical words are the most numerous, and their
number is growing all the time. In other words, they are members of open
They often have a complex internal structure and can be composed of several
+ +parts: e.g. unfriendliness = un +friend li ness.
16 Chapter 2: Words a n d w o r d classes GRAMMAR BITE A
Lexical words can be heads of phrases: e.g. the noun completion is the head (or
main word) of the noun phrase [the completion of the task].
They are generally the words that are stressed most in speech.
They are generally the words that remain if a sentence is compressed in a
newspaper headline: e.g. Elderly care crisis warning.
B unction words
Function words can be categorized in terms of word classes such as
prepositions, coordinators, auxiliary verbs, and pronouns.
They usually indicate meaning relationships and help us to interpret units
containing lexical words, by showing how the units are related to each other.
Function words belong to closed classes, which have a very limited and fixed
membership. For example, English has only four coordinators: and, or, but,
and (rarely) nor.
Individual function words tend to occur frequently, and in almost any type of
Inserts are found mainly in spoken language.
Inserts do not form an integral part of a syntactic structure, but tend to be
inserted freely in a text.
They are often marked off by a break in intonation in speech, or by a
punctuation mark in writing: e.g. Well, we made it.
They generally carry emotional and discoursal meanings, such as oh, ah, wow,
used to express a speaker's emotional response to a situation, or yeah, no, okay
used to signal a response to what has just been said.
Inserts are generally simple in form, though they often have an atypical
pronunciation (e.g. hm, uh-huh, ugh, yeah). Examples are: Hm hm, very good
(cow), Yeah, I will. Bye (cowt), Cheers man (cow).
Because inserts are peripheral to grammar, they will not be discussed in this
chapter. We describe them in more detail in 13.7.
2.2.3 Closed classes and open classes
A closed class contains a limited number of members, and new members cannot
be easily added. For example, it is not easy to create a new coordinator or a new
pronoun: those word classes have a fairly fixed set of members.
The membership of open classes is indefinitely large, and can be readily
extended by users of the language. Lexical classes such as nouns and adjectives
are open classes. For example, we can easily form new nouns with the suffix -ee,
adjectives with -ish, verbs with -ize, and adverbs with -wise:
gossipee, franchisee, internee, retiree
birdish, broadish, coquettish, heathenish
bureaucratize, mythologize, periodize, solubilize
crabwise, fanwise, frogwise, starwise
What are words?-
In practice, the difference between open classes and closed classes is not
always clear-cut. For example, new prepositions develop out of other word
classes (e.g. regarding), and sequences of orthographic words can gradually
become fixed as a single preposition (e.g. on account of). As a result, 'closed
classes' are not completely closed, but they are extended only slowly, perhaps
over centuries. In contrast, new nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs-the open
classes-are always being created.
2.2.4 The structure of words: morphology
Lexical words can consist of a single morpheme (a stem, such as go, book, cat), or
they can have a more complex structure created by a process of inflection,
derivation or compounding. These processes are described below.
ds can take inflectional suffixes to signal meanings and roles which
are important to their word class, such as 'plural' in the case of nouns, and 'past
tense' in the case of verbs. The following word classes are marked by inflection:
word class base form example forms with inflectional suffixes
verbs live, write plural (boys), genitive (boy's, boys')
singular present tense (lives, writes), past tense
adjectives dark (lived, wrote), past participle (lived, written),
adverbs soon ing-participle (living, writing)
comparative (darker), superlative (darkest)
comparative (sooner), superlative (soonest)
Other classes of words are generally invariable. For example, prepositions (e.g. of,
in, with), conjunctions (e.g. if, while, unless) and determiners (e.g. the, each,
several) have only one form.
, like inflection, usually involves adding an affix, i.e. a morpheme
attached to the beginning of a word (a prefix) or to the end of a word (a suffix).
However, this process is different from inflection because inflection does not
change the identity of a word (i.e. it remains the same lexeme), while derivation
creates new nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Derivation changes the
meaning or word class of a word, and often both, and in effect creates a new base
form for the word:
+ + +prefixes: ex president, un kind, re read, a +broad
+ + + +suffixes: boy hood, central ize, green ish, exact ly
Words can be built up using a number of different prefixes and suffixes, and
can thus contain several morphemes:
+ + + + + ++ +industri al, industri a1 ize, industri a1 iz ation,
post industri a1
+ + + +Notice that inflections, such as -ed and -s,,follow derivational suffixes, such
as -iz(e): central iz ed, build er s.
18 Chapter 2: Words and word classes GRAMMAR BITE A
Inflection and derivation result in complex words, with a stem plus one or more
affixes. Another form of derivation is compounding, which also leads to more
complex words. Words that are compounds contain more than one stem.
+noun +noun: chair man, girl +fi-iend
++ +verb noun: cook book, guess work
+ +adjective noun: blue bird, flat +fish
+ +noun adjective: head long, water f tight
How are we to know whether two words are genuinely a compound and not
simply a sequence of two words? Three tests help to show this:
The word will be spelt as a single word, without spacesbetween the two forms:
goldfish, not gold fish.
It will be pronounced with the main stress on the first element: a 'goldfish, not
a gold Ifish.
It will have a meaning which cannot be determined from the individual parts:
goldfish (= an ornamental fish of the carp family) not goldfish (= a fish which
is made of gold).
If a word passes all three tests, there is no doubt that it is a compound. But in
other cases, we may be uncertain about whether an expression is one word or
two words. As an in-between category, consider words which are joined by
hyphens: e.g. gold-tipped, care-free. This shows that the combination overall is felt
to be a single word, and yet the two parts are felt to be somewhat separate. There
are also words like ice cream, which are usually spelled as two separate
orthographic words, but where the pronunciation and meaning tests suggest a
single word. Like many categories in grammar, compounds are not a hard-and-
2.2.5 Multi-word units, collocations, and lexical
Apart from compounds, there are sequences of words that behave as a
A multi-word unit is a sequence of orthographic words which functions like a
single grammatical unit: e.g. the preposition on top of or the adverb of course.
An idiom, like many compounds, is a multi-word unit with a meaning that
cannot be predicted from the meanings of its constituent words. A typical
example is a verb expression like fall in love or make up (one's) mind.
However, the boundary between idioms and freely chosen combinations is
not always clear.
A collocation is the relationship between two or more independent words
which commonly appear together (or co-occur). The adjectives broad and
wide, for example, are similar in meaning, but occur in very different
collocations: e.g. broad accent, broad agreement, broad daylight, broad grin,
broad shoulders, etc.; wide appeal, wide area, wide experience, wide interests,
wide margin, etc.
What are words?-
Later in this book we use a further term, lexical bundle, for a sequence of words
which co-occur very frequently, especially when the sequence consists of more
than two words. For example, bundles like I don't think ... and Would you
mind ... commonly recur in conversation (see 13.6).
2.2.6 Use of lexical words, function words, and
Returning to the three word families presented in 2.2.2, we will now present two
passages for illustration. The three word families are distinguished as follows:
capitals = lexical words; ordinary italics = function words; bold = inserts.
A: IS that the TIME?
B: Yeah, it's twenty MINUTES to four.
A: Oh my CLOCK IS SLOW, yeah.
B: Do you WANT US to JUST GO out THERE and COME back and PICK you GUYS
A: Uh huh.
A: You can GO if you WANT to, I'll, I THINK I'll <. ..>
D: He REALLY doesn't TRUST me, does he?
C: That's RIGHT, HOW 'bout I PIN you?
D: Okay. Oh, LET me TELL you something.
B: Do you, do you WANT to GO by yourself?
D: No, no, no. You'll FEEL BETTER and we'll be FOLLOWING you.
A: Will you FEEL BETTER?
D: It doesn't.
C: I NEED three ~ A F E ~ P I yNo~u, HAD one in your POCKET.
B: Uh huh. ( c o w )
WORK on the DISMANTLING of a NUCLEAR REPROCESSINGPLANT a t SELLAFIELCDAUSED
a LEAK of RADIOACTIVITY YESTERDAY. BRITISHNUCLEAFURELSLTDSAID the
RADIOACTMTY REACHED the AIR through a CHIMNEY STACK which was STILL in USE.
But SPOKESMAN BOBPHILLIPSSAID it W a s not an INCIDENT which REQUIRED
REPORTING to the GOVERNMENT. He DISMISSED PROTESTS from FRIENDSof the
EARTHas 'SCAREMONGERING'. HOWEVER, DRPATR~CGKREENF,RIENDSof the EARTH
RADIATION CAMPAIGNER, SAID: 'BNF HAS a SCANDALOUS TRACK RECORD of PLAYING
down INCIDENTS at first, and ONLY ADMITTING their SERIOUSNESS LATER.' Three
MONTHS AGO BNF CONFIRMED that a LEAK of RADIOACTIVE PLUTONIUM SOLUTION
had been RECLASSIFIED as 'a SERIOUS INCIDENT'. ( N E W S )
The conversation and news sample differ strikinglyin their use of the three word
categories. These examples show how lexical words are used much more
frequently in news writing. News writers pack their prose with lexical words to
convey information. In contrast, conversation has a higher frequency of function
words. Conversation also has quite a large number of inserts, while news has very
few. Academic writing and fiction fall between the two extremes of news and
conversation in terms of the density of lexical words.
20 C h a p t e r 2: W o r d s a n d w o r d classes GRAMMAR BITE B
3 I Major points of G R A M M A R BITE A: Introductionto words
> There are three major families of words: lexical words, function words, and
These families are broken down into word classes, such as nouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions.
Words belong to closed classes or open classes.
The different word classes have different morphology-that is, different
rules for how to form them.
> Different registers use the various classes of words to different extents.
P Newspaper writing has the highest density of lexical words, while
conversation has the lowest.
Conversation has more use of inserts than the other registers.
As already noted, there are four main classes of lexical words: nouns, lexical
verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. To decide what class a word belongs to, it is
useful to apply tests of three kinds:
Morphological: what forms does a word have (e.g in terms of stems and
Syntactic: what syntactic roles does a word play in phrases or other higher
Semantic: what type(s) of meaning does a word convey?
Words such as book, girl, gold, information are common nouns. Words such as
Sarah, Oslo, and Microsofi (names) are,proper nouns. Nouns have the following
Nouns have inflectional suffixes for plural number, and for genitive case: one
book 4 two books; Sarah's book. Many nouns, however, are uncountable, and
cannot have a plural form (e.g. gold, information). Nouns quite often contain
more than one morpheme:
+ + +compound nouns: bomb shell, bridge head, clothes line
+ + +nouns with derivational suffixes: sing er, bright ness, friend ship
Survey of lexical words-
Nouns can occur as the head of a noun phrase: [a new book about the cold war],
[the ugliest person you've ever seen]. As these examples show, common nouns
such as book and person can be modified by many kinds of words both before and
after them. Proper nouns like Sarah, on the other hand, rarely have any
Nouns commonly refer to concrete, physical entities (people, objects,
substances): e.g. book, friend, iron. They can also denote abstract entities, such
as qualities and states: e.g. freedom, wish, friendship.
2.3.2 Lexical verbs
Words such as admit, build, choose, write are lexical verbs. They are distinct from
auxiliary verbs like can and will, which we treat as function words. The primary
verbs be, have, and do (the most common verbs in English) occur as both lexical
verbs and auxiliaries. Lexical verbs are identified as follows:
Lexical verbs have different forms signaling tense (present and past), aspect
(perfect, progressive), and voice (active and passive). Note the five forms of the
verb lexeme write in these examples:
They write about their family. ( c o ~ v t ) base
He writes page after page about tiny details. (FICT) third person present (-s form)
They wrote about Venus being a jungle paradise. ( F I C Tp)ast tense
He has written to an old journalist friend. ( F I C ~ ~ ) ed-participle (or past
I wonder if you are writing any more songs? (FICT) ing-participle (or present
The verb forms and their functions are discussed further in 5.2.
Verb lexemes quite often have a complex form with more than one
morpheme. The following are examples of multi-word verbs and derived verbs:
bring up, rely on, look forward to, hyphenate, itemize, soften.
Lexical verbs most frequently occur on their own, as a single-word verb phrase
acting as the central part of the clause:
He [writes]page after page about tiny details. (FICT)
They also occur in the final or main verb position of verb phrases: [has written]
a letter; [will be writing] tomorrow. Verb phrases are explained in 3.3.2.
22 Chapter 2: Words and word classes GRAMMAR BITE B
Lexical verbs denote actions, processes, and states of affairs that happen or exist
in time. They also define the role of human and non-human participants in such
actions, processes, or states:
[You] [ate] [Chinese food]. (cow)
In this example, ate expresses the action performed by you on the Chinese food.
The characteristics of verbs are discussed in detail in Chapters 5 and 6.
Words such as dark, heavy, eager, and guilty are adjectives. Adjectives are
identified as follows:
Many adjectives can take the inflectional suffixes -er (comparative) and -est
(superlative): dark -t darker -+ darkest. Adjectives can be complex in
derived adjectives (with suffixes in bold): acceptable,forgetful, influential
compound adjectives: color-blind, home-made, ice-cold.
Adjectives can occur as the head of an adjective phrase: [very dark], [eager to
help], [guilty of a serious crime]. Adjectives and adjective phrases are most
commonly used as modifiers preceding the head of a noun phrase, or as
predicatives following the verb in clauses:
modifier: Tomorrow could be [a sunny day]. ( c o ~ v t )
predicative: It's nice and warm in here. It's sunny. (cow)
Adjectives describe the qualities of people, things, and abstractions: a heavy box,
he is guilty, the situation is serious. Many adjectives are gradable. That is, they
can be compared and modified for the degree or level of the quality: heavier, very
heavy, extremely serious. Adjectives are discussed in detail in Chapter 7.
Words such as now, there, usually, and finally are adverbs. Adverbs are a varied
word class, with the following characteristics:
Many adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -1y: clearly, eagerly.
Others have no such ending: however,just. A few adverbs allow comparative and
superlative forms like those for adjectives: soon -+ sooner + soonest;fast +faster
Survey of lexical words=
Adverbs occur as head of adverb phrases: [very noisily], [more slowly than I had
expected]. Adverbs, with or without their own modifiers, are often used as
modifiers of an adjective or another adverb: really old, very soon. Otherwise, they
can act as adverbials in the clause: I'll see you again soon. See 3.5.5 on adverbials.
As modifiers, adverbs most often express the degree of a following adjective or
adverb: totally wrong; right now. As elements of clauses (adverbials),adverbs and
adverb phrases have a wide range of meanings:
They can modify an action, process, or state, by expressing such notions as
time, place, and manner:
So I learned German quite quickly. (cowt)
She was here earlier today. (cowt)
They can convey the speaker's or writer's attitude towards the information in
the rest of the clause:
Surely that child's not mine? (cow)
They can express a connection with what was said earlier:
It must be beautiful, though. (cow)
For a detailed account of adverbs, see Chapters 7 and 11.
2.3.5 Comparing lexical word classes in use
As Figure 2.1 shows, there are Figure 2.1
interesting similarities and contrasts
in the use of the lexical word classes Distribution of lexical word classes
across the registers. Registers can be across registers
described in terms of their style by
comparing their use of the lexical
Nouns and verbs are clearly the
most common types of words
Conversation has a high density of
verbs, unlike informative writing
such as news and academic prose, 71CONV
which has a high density of nouns. FICT NEWS ACAD
Adjectives are linked to nouns, adjectives nouns
because they most frequently
modify nouns. So informative
writing, which has the highest
density of nouns, also has the highest density of adjectives.
Adverbs, on the other hand, are linked to verbs. They typically describe
circumstances relating to actions, processes, and states that are denoted by
verbs. So conversation and fiction writing, which have the highest density of
verbs, also have the highest density of adverbs.
24 C h a p t e r 2: W o r d s a n d w o r d classes GRAMMAR BITE B
2.3.6 Borderline cases in classifying words
The categories people operate with in the real world are not clear-cut. The
category of 'furniture', for example, includes clear cases, like tables and chairs,
but also less clear or borderline cases, such as television sets, cookers, and electric
The same is true of word classes in grammar. For example, nouns can be
more or less 'nouny'. A typical noun (e.g. boy, car) has singular, plural, and
genitive forms (e.g. boy, boys, boy's). It can be preceded by a or the, and it refers
to a class of people, things, or other entities. Yet in the class of nouns we find
many words which have only some of these 'nouny' features: e.g. research, which
has no plural or genitive, cannot be preceded by a, and refers to something
abstract and intangible
As some words may be more 'borderline' than others within a word class, it
is not surprising that the boundaries between two word classes may also be
As an example of borderline cases in lexical word classes, take the
classification of words ending with -ing. Almost all of these words have a verb
base, so it is easy to assume that all words ending in -ing are verbs. However, this
conclusion is not correct. In fact, these words can belong to any of three different
classes: verb (sometimes called the ing-participle), noun, or adjective (sometimes
called participial adjective). Normally the following tests can be applied to
determine the word class:
Verbs ending in -ing can act as the main verb of a verb phrase, and may be
followed by a noun or an adjective (underlined here): e.g. is eating lunch;
becoming misty overnight.
Nouns ending in -ing can sometimes have a plural form (e.g. paintings), and
can usually be a head noun after a, the, or some other determiner: e.g. [the
banning of some chemicals], [her dancing].
Adjectives ending in -ing can appear before a noun, and can also occur after
verbs such as be and become: e.g. the travelling public; it was (very) confusing.
They are very often gradable, and can be preceded by degree adverbs such as
very, so, and too: very forgiving, so interesting, too boring.
But these criteria cannot always be clearly applied. Typical borderline cases
include the following:
The biggest problem here is the so-called naked ing-formoccurring after a main
verb, as in
The matter needed checking. NEWS^)
In this example the final word checking could be a verb. If one added an adverb, it
would be a verb:
The matter needed checking carefully.
In other similar cases, this form could be functioning as a noun. If it were
preceded by a modifying adjective, it would clearly be a noun:
The matter needed carefit1 checking.
Survey of lexical words-
Since neither of these clues is present in the original example, the word class of
checking is left unclear.
B =YP **ax*
The biggest problem here is where the ing-form modifies a following noun.
noun + noun +adiective noun
living standards living creatures
dancing classes the dancing children
working conditions a working mother
As explained in 4.1 1.3,both nouns and adjectives can modify a noun, so the only
way to tell the difference here is to apply a 'paraphrase test': i.e. to try to express
the same idea in different ways.
If a paraphrase can be found where the ing-form clearly has a noun-like
+character, the construction consists of noun noun. For example, if a
+paraphrase which uses a prepositional phrase is appropriate, the construction
must consist of an ing-noun noun: living standards = standards of living;
dancing classes = classes for dancing. In contrast, a paraphrase with a relative
+clause (using that, which, or who) shows that the construction consists of ing-
adjective noun: living creatures = creatures which are (still) living; dancing
children = children who are dancing.
C Verbs and adjectives
Borderline cases between these categories occur where the ing-form follows the
verb be without other modifiers. Consider, for example:
It was embarrassing. ( c o w )
If the ing-word can take an object (i.e. a following noun phrase), then it is a verb:
It was embarrassing (me).
In contrast, if the ing-word is gradable and can be modified by very, it is an
It was (very) embarrassing.
In some cases (like this one with embarrassing), both tests apply, and there is no
single correct analysis. But the second analysis (adjective) is more likely.
Word classes, like virtually all grammatical categories, have uncertain
boundaries; but this does not undermine their value as categories. Rather,
grammar needs flexibility in its categories to enable people to communicate
flexibly. In the large majority of actual instances, however, there is little
Major points o f GRAMMAR BITE B: Lexical w o r d classes
There are four lexical word classes: nouns, lexical verbs, adjectives, and
Each class can be distinguished by its morphological, syntactic, and
Nouns and adjectives are more frequent in the expository or 'information-
giving' registers: news and academic writing.
26 C h a p t e r 2: W o r d s a n d word classes GRAMMAR BITE c
Verbs and adverbs are more frequent in the other registers: conversation
and fiction writing.
The classification of lexical words is not always clear-cut, and some words
have borderline status between two classes.
t GRAMMAR BITE
c Function word classes
2.4 Survey of function words
Function words can also be categorized in different classes: determiners,
pronouns, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, adverbial particles, coordinators, and
subordinators. To distinguish these classes briefly, we will look at their semantic
function and syntactic role, list their main forms, and consider their subclasses.
Determiners normally precede nouns, and are used to help clarify the meaning of
the noun. The most important are the following:
The definite article the indicates that the referent (i.e. whatever is referred to)
is assumed to be known by the speaker and the person being spoken to (or
The indefinite article a or an makes it clear that the referent is one member of
a class ( a book).
Demonstrative determiners indicate that the referents are 'near to' or 'away
from' the speaker's immediate context (this book, that book, etc.).
Possessive determiners tell us who or what the noun belongs to (my book,
your book, her book, etc.).
Quantifiers specify how many or how much of the noun there is (everybook,
some books, etc.).
There are also determiner-like uses of wh-words and numerals (see 2.5).
Pronouns fill the position of a noun or a whole noun phrase. The reference of a
pronoun is usually made clear by its context. There are eight major classes of
Personal pronouns refer to the speaker, the addressee(s), and other entities:
I won't tell you how it ended. ( c o w )
Personal pronouns are used far more frequently than the other classes of
Demonstrative pronouns refer to entities which are 'near to' v. 'away from'
the speaker's context, like demonstrative determiners (2.4.1):
Survey of function words-
This is Bay City. (cow)
I like those. ( c o ~ v )
Reflexive pronouns refer back to a previous noun phrase, usually the subject
of the clause:
I taught myself. (cow)
She never introduced herself?(cow)
Reciprocal pronouns, like reflexive pronouns, refer to a previous noun
phrase, but indicate that there is a mutual relationship:
Yeah they know each other pretty well. (cow)
Possessive pronouns (such as mine, yours, his) are closely related to possessive
determiners (my, your, his, etc.), and usually imply a missing noun head:
Is this yours, or mine? (CONV)
Ours is better than theirs. ( c o ~ v t )
These possessive pronouns include the meaning of a head noun. For
example, yours might refer to your book or your pen.
Indefinite pronouns have a broad, indefinite meaning. Some of them are
+compound words consisting of quantifier general noun (everything,
nobody, someone, etc.). Others consist of a quantifier alone (all, some, many,
Somebody tricked me. ( c o ~ v )
That's all I know. ( c o ~ v )
Relative pronouns (who, whom, which, that) introduce a relative clause (see
I had more friends that were boys. (cow)
He's the guy who told me about this. ( c o ~ v )
Interrogative pronouns ask questions about unknown entities:
What did he say? (cow)
I just wonder who it was. (cow)
Most relative and interrogative pronouns (e.g. who, which, what) belong to
the class of wh-words (see 2.5.1).
2.4.3 Auxiliary verbs
There are two kinds of auxiliary verbs: primary auxiliaries and modal
auxiliaries. Both are 'auxiliary verbs' in the sense that they are added to a
main verb to help build verb phrases.
Auxiliary verbs precede the main or lexical verb in a verb phrase: will arrive;
has arrived; is arriving may be arriving, etc. (See 8.7 and 13.5.2 for cases where
an auxiliary occurs without a main verb.) Some common auxiliaries have
contracted forms-'s, 're, 've, 'd, '11-used particularly in speech.
A Primary auxiliaries
There are three primary auxiliaries: be, have, and do. They have inflections like
lexical verbs, but are normally unstressed. The same verbs be, have, and do can
also act as main verbs.
28 Chapter 2 : Words a n d w o r d classes GRAMMAR BITE C
base present tense past tense ing-participle ed-participle
be is, am, are was, were being been
have has, have had having had
do does, do did doing done
In various ways, the primary auxiliaries show how the main verb is to be
understood (examples below are from conversation):
The auxiliary have is used to form the perfect aspect: I've done that once (see
The auxiliary be is used for the progressive aspect or 'continuous' aspect: She
was thinking about me (see 6.3, 6.5).
The auxiliary be is also used for the passive voice: It was sent over there (see
The auxiliary do is used in negative statements and in questions; this is known
as do insertion: Did he sell it? This doesn't make sense (see 8.7).
There are nine modal auxiliaryverbs. As their name suggests, they are largely
concerned with expressing 'modality', such as possibility, necessity, prediction,
and volition. The modals are:
will can shall may must would could should might
Each modal in the lower row is historically the past tense of the modal directly
above it. For example, would was historically the past tense of will. (Must has no
matching historical past tense.) Nowadays, though, the relationship of will to
would, or can to could, etc. has less to do with tense than with modal meaning
In practice the modals can be regarded as invariable function words, with no
inflections such as -ing and -ed. The modals will and would have contracted
forms ('11 and 'd), and most modals have a contracted negative form ending in
n't, such as wouldn't. Modals occur as the first verb in a clause, and are followed
by the base form of another verb, usually the main verb (underlined below):
I can here quietly. (FICT~).
They would a different view. ( A C A D ~ )
The modal auxiliaries, and marginal modal forms such as be going to (semi-
modals), are covered in detail in 6.9-13.
Prepositions are linking words that introduce prepositional phrases. The
prepositional complement following a preposition is generally a noun phrase,
so prepositions can also be seen as linking words that connect other structures
with noun phrases. For example:
Eleven fifty with the tip (cow) And she's in a new situation. (cow)
that picture of mother (CONV) She's still on the phone. ( c o ~ v )
Most prepositions are short, invariable forms: e.g. about, after, around, as, at, by,
down,for, from, into, like, of, off,on, round, since, than, to, towards, with, without.
Survey of function words=
In the following examples, the preposition is in bold, and the prepositional
phrase it introduces is enclosed in [I. The noun phrase functioning as
prepositional complement is underlined:
He'll go [with one o f the kids]. (cowt)
Late one morning [in June],[in the thirty-first year of his life],a message was
brought [to Michael K] as he raked leaves [in De Waul Park]. (FICT)
Prepositions can be linked to a preceding verb, such as rely on and confide in.
You can't, you can't rely on any of that information. (cow)
She confided in him above all others. (FICT)
These multi-word units are referred to as prepositional verbs (see 5.10-11).
Another set of prepositions consists of multi-word units known as complex
prepositions, which have a meaning that cannot be derived from the meaning of
the parts. Two-word complex prepositions normally end with a simple
ending in examples
as such as
for as for, except for
from apart from
of because of, instead of, out of, regardless o f
to according to, due to, owing to
+Three-word prepositions usually have the structure simple preposition noun
+ simple preposition:
ending in examples
o f by means of, in spite of, on account of, on top of
to in addition to, with regard to
as as far as, as well as
As with many grammatical categories, there are borderline cases with
complex prepositions. It is not always clear whether a multi-word combination is
a complex preposition-that is, a fixed expression with a special meaning-or a
+ + +free combination of preposition ( article) noun preposition. A t the
expense of is an example of an in-between case.
2.4.5 Adverbial particles
Adverbial particles are a small group of words with a core meaning of motion.
The most important are: about, across, along, around, aside*, away*, back*, by,
down, forth*, home*, in, off; on, out, over, past, round, through, under, up. All of
these forms except those marked * can also be prepositions.
Adverbial particles are closely linked to verbs. They generally follow verbs,
and are closely bound to them in meaning: go away, come back, put (something)
on, etc. They are used to build phrasal verbs, such as the following:.
Come on, tell me about Nick. (CONV)
I just broke down in tears when I saw the letter. (cow)
30 C h a p t e r 2: W o r d s a n d w o r d classes GRAMMAR BITE C
Margotte rarely turned on the television set. (FICT)
They are also used to build extended prepositional phrases, where a particle
precedes the preposition. For example:
W e were going back to the hotel when it happened. (NEWS)
Adverbial particles have been called 'prepositional adverbs', because of their
resemblance to both prepositions (in form) and adverbs (in syntactic role). In
this book, however, they are treated as a distinct word class. Phrasal verbs are
considered again in 5.9, and prepositional phrases in 3.3.5.
There are two types of words traditionally called conjunctions in English:
coordinators (also called coordinating conjunctions), and subordinators (or
subordinating conjunctions), which are dealt with next, in 2.4.7.
Coordinators are used to indicate a relationship between two units such as
phrases or clauses. Coordinators link elements which have the same syntactic
role, and are at the same level of the syntactic hierarchy (see 2.1). Thus, in any
+ +structure [X coordinator Y ] ,X and Y are equivalent. (Compare this to
subordinators in the next section, which indicate that the following structure is
subordinate.) The main coordinators are and, but, and or. In the following
examples, the coordinated elements are marked by [I:
[Mother] and [I] saw it. (CONV)
[I don't want to speak too soon], but [I think I have been fairly consistent
this season]. (NEWS)
Is this necessarily [good] or [bad]? (ACAD)
Or has a rather infrequently used negative counterpart, nor, which is used after
[The donkeys did not come back], nor [did the eleven men], nor [did the
As this example shows, coordinators can be used to connect more than two
Each simple coordinator can be combined with another word, to make a
both [XI and [Y] either [XI or [Y]
not (only) [X] but (also) [Y] neither [X] nor [Y]
The couple were both [shoved] and [jostled]. (CONV)
It's yes or no, isn't it? Either [you agree with it] or [you don't agree with
W e used not only [the colors reflected from mineral surfaces] but also [the
colors transmitted through minerals in microscopic thin sections]. (ACAD~)
Neither [Zack] nor [Jane] had slept that night, but they looked happy
Coordination is discussed in more detail in 8.4.
Survey of function words-
r 2.4.7 Subordinators
Subordinators (also called subordinating conjunctions) are linking words that
introduce clauses known as dependent clauses-clauses which cannot stand
alone without another clause, called the main clause:
You can hold her [if you want]. ( c o w )
The subordinator shows the connection of meaning between the main clause and
the subordinate clause. In the above example, the subordinator if shows a
relation of 'condition'.
In the case of coordination, explained in the last section, the two elements
have the same status. However, in the case of subordination, the dependent
clause starting with the subordinator is embedded (or included) in the main
clause. This can be shown by nested brackets []:
[[As they watched,] a flash of fire appeared.] (FICT)
[A flash of fire appeared [as they watched.]]
Notice the dependent clause can come at the front or at the end of the main
Subordinators fall into three major subclasses:
The great majority of subordinators introduce adverbial clauses, adding
details of time, place, reason, etc. to the main clause: afrer, as, because, if,;ince,
although, while, etc. (see 8.15.2, 11.9-12).
Three subordinators introduce degree clauses: as, than, that (see 7.14, 8.15.4).
Three subordinators introduce complement clauses (or nominal clauses): if,
that, whether (see 8.15.1, 10.1-11).
The subordinators in the first two subclassesindicate meaning relationships such
as time, reason, condition, and comparison. The subordinators in the third
subclass are called complementizers because they introduce clauses following
verbs, adjectives or nouns, complementing or completing the meaning of these
key words in the main clause:
I'm glad [that I've found you again]. (FICT)
Sometimes he did not know [whether he was awake or asleep]. (FICT)
Dependent clauses can also be introduced by other forms, like wh-words and
the relative pronoun that. These are not subordinators.
Like r_:)repositions,subordinators may consist of more than one word. Most of
these complex subordinators end with as or that (often the that is optional, as
shown by parentheses ( ) below):
ending in examples
as as long as, as soon as
that given (that), on condition (that), provided (that), except (that), in
that, in order that, so (that), such (that)
others as if, as though, even if, even though
For examples, see 11.9-12.
32 C h a p t e r 2: W o r d s a n d w o r d classes GRAMMAR BITE c
2.4.8 Comparing function word classes in use
Function word classes, like lexical word classes, vary greatly in their frequency in
different types of English. Figures 2.2 and 2.3 show the way frequency varies
between two very different registers of English, conversation and academic prose.
Notice especially the striking differences in frequency of pronouns (high in
conversation) and determiners (high in academic prose). Another difference is in
the frequency of adverbial particles: this is the least frequent function word class
in both registers, but it is much rarer in academic prose than in conversation.
Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3
Frequency of function word classes Frequency of function word classes in
in conversation academic prose
2.5 Special classes of w o r d s
A few classes of function words have special qualities: wh-words, existential
there, the negator not, the infinitive marker to, and numerals.
Wh-words, like subordinators, introduce clauses. However, wh-words do not
form an independent word class. Instead, they are members of word classes
already mentioned, especially determiners, pronouns, and adverbs. As their name
suggests, wh-words begin with wh, with the single exception of how. They are
used in two main ways: at the beginning of an interrogative clause, and at the
beginning of a relative clause. Two further uses are at the beginning of a
complement clause and at the beginning of an adverbial clause.
A Introducing an interrogative clause Which one do you mean? (FICT)
Why should I care? ( c o ~ v t )
What do they want? (FICT)
When are you leaving? (FICT)
Special classes of words-
Interrogative wh-words can be:
interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which
interrogative determiners: what, which, whose
interrogative adverbs: when, where, how, why
1 the kind of person [who needs emotional space] NEWS^)
2 Graham Poole, [whose grandfather started the place in 18951 NEWS^)
3 a small place [where everyone knows everyone else] (NEWS?)
Relativizers can be:
a relative pronouns: who, whom, which, that
relative determiners: which, whose
relative adverbs: where, when, why
Relative pronouns stand for a noun phrase, as in 1 above, where who refers back
to the kind of person. Relative determiners occur before the noun, as in 2 above
(whose grandfather) or in the phrase by which time. Relative adverbs are used to
refer to times (when), reasons (why), or places (where), as in 3 above (where
refers back to a small place).
C Introducing a complement clause (complementizers)
I don't know [what I would have done without her]. (NEWS)
I give them [whatever I have in my pocket]. (NEWS)
Vada wonders [where she stands in her father's affections]. (NEWS)
1 They could not improve upon that, [whatever they might say]. (FICT)
2 [However they vary], each formation comprises a distinctive set of rock
In adverbial clauses as in 1 and 2, wh-words combined with -ever express the
meaning 'it doesn't matter what/when/where/. ..'. (Compare subordinators like if
and when in 2.4.7 above.)
Finally, the word whether is versatile: it is used as a subordinator (see 2.4.7)
but it can also be classed as a wh-word.
2.5.2 Single-word classes
The three words considered in this group are special in that they are each unique,
grammatically, and do not fit into any other class. That is, they form single-word
Existential there is often called an anticipatory subject. No other word in English
behaves in the same way, heading a clause expressing existence:
There's a mark on this chair. ( c o w )
There were four bowls of soup. (FICT)
34 C h a p t e r 2: W o r d s and w o r d classes GRAMMAR BITE c
There are no trains on Sundays. (NEWS)
Existential there should not be confused with the place adverb there. (See the
discussion of existential there in 12.5-10.)
The negator not is in some ways like an adverb, but in other respects it is unique.
The main use of not (and its reduced form n't) is to make a clause negative.
You can do this but [you can't do that]. (CONV<) marks the clause>
+(Note the spelling of can't = can n't.) Apart from negating whole clauses, not
has various other negative uses (as in not all, not many, not very, etc.). (See 8.8.)
C The infinitive marker to
The infinitive marker to is another unique word (not to be confused with the
common preposition to). Its chief use is as a complementizer preceding the
infinitive (base) form of verbs.
What do you want to drink? (CONV)
I'm just happy to be here right now. (cow)
In addition, infinitive to occurs as part of two complex subordinators expressing
purpose: in order to and so as to:
You don't have to live under the same laws as a foreigner in order to trade
with him. (NEWS)
Each has the job of writing his chapter so as to make the novel being
constructed the best it can be. (ACAD)
Numerals form a rather self-contained area of English grammar. As a word class,
numerals consist of a small set of simple forms (one, two, five, etc.), and a large
set of more complex forms which can be built up from the simple forms (e.g.
three million eight hundred and fifty-five thousand four hundred and eighteen,
They are most commonly used in the role of determiners or heads in noun
phrases. There are two parallel sets of numerals, cardinals and ordinals.
Cardinal numerals answer the question 'How many?' and are most commonly
used like determiners, with a following noun:
Four people were arrested. (NEWS)
However, cardinals also occur as heads of noun phrases:
Four of the yen traders have pleaded guilty. NEWS^)
In their nounlike use, cardinals can be made plural by adding -(e)s:
Cops in twos and threes huddle and smile at me with benevolence. (FICT)
Damage is estimated at hundreds of millions of pounds. (NEWS).
Ordinal numerals answer the question 'Which?' and serve to place entities in
order or in a series:first, second, third, etc. Similar to cardinals, they can be used
either like determiners, before a noun:
I was doing m y third week as a young crime reporter and had just about
finished m y second and last story of the day when the phone rang. (FICT)
or like nouns, as head of a noun phrase:
Three men will appear before Belfast magistrates today on charges of
intimidation. A fourth will be charged with having information likely to be
of use to terrorists. The fifth, a woman, was remanded on the same charge
Ordinals are also used to form fractions. Treated as regular nouns, ordinals such
as fifth, tenth, and hundredth can take a plural -s ending:
Probably two thirds of the people who live here now are not natives.
The pupil can identify the place value of a column or a digit for values of
tenths, hundredths and thousandths. (ACAD~)
P.6 Word-class ambiguities
Before we leave word classes, it is important to notice that English has a large
number of word forms which occur in more than one word class. In other words,
the same spelling and pronunciation applies to two or more different
grammatical words. Table 2.1 illustrates a range of such examples.
Some word-class ambiguities are systematic. For example, the class of
quantifiers (e.g. all, some, any, much) can be seen as a 'superclass' of words which
can function with similar meanings as determiners, pronouns or adverbs:
He kept whistling at all the girls. ( c o ~ v t )
I have a little money in my room. (cow) <note: a little is considered as a
Is that all I've got dad? (cow)
'Water? - 'Just a little, and a lot of ice'. (FICT)
Don't get all mucky. ( c o ~ v )
It was a little hard for him to understand. ( F I C T ~ )
As these examples show, it is impossible to identify the word class of many
English words without seeing them in context.
36 Chapter 2: Words a n d w o r d classes GRAMMAR BITE c
Table 2.1 Words in more than one class
form noun verb adj adv prep sub examples
before B She had never asked him that
He was there before her.
They'd started leaving before I
early Q Steele kicked an early penalty
e He has also kicked a penalty goal
early in the match.
fight el There was a hell of a fight.
e They're too big to fight.
narrow e He plans to narrow his focus to
@ Current review programs are too
B This was the beginning o f his life
as a cultivator.
a As they watched, a flash of fire
outside b You can open the outside
a He's gone outside.
e It's sitting outside your house.
Major points o f Grammar Bite C: Function w o r d classes
There are seven classes of function words: determiners, pronouns, auxiliary
verbs, prepositions, adverbial particles, coordinators, and subordinators.
There are a few other word types which are not easily classified or which
cut across other categories: wh-words, existential there, the negator not, the
infinitive marker to, and numerals.
English has a large number of words which occur in more than one
Introduction to phrases and
GRAMMAR BITES in this chapter
A Introduction t o phrases
The structure of phrases
The structure and functions of the main types of phrases: noun phrases,
verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and prepositional phrases
B Clause elements and clause patterns
Major clause patterns: intransitive, monotransitive, copular, ditransitive,
Major clause elements: subject, verb phrase, object (direct and indirect),
predicative (subject and object), adverbial
38 Chapter 3: lntroduction t o phrases and clauses GRAMMAR BITE A
In this chapter we give you an initial survey of English grammatical structure,
taking words (as classified and illustrated in Chapter 2) as the basic units. This
survey progresses in two steps. The first step, in Grammar Bite A, is to see how
words pattern together to form phrases. The second step, in Grammar Bite B, is
to see how phrases pattern together to form clauses.
t GRAMMAR BITE
A Introduction t o phrases
3.2 Phrases and their characteristics
As was seen at the beginning of the last chapter, words can be organized into
higher units, known as phrases. In 3.2 and 3.3, phrase structure and phrase types
(or classes) will be examined.
The following example consists of three major phrases, as shown by
bracketing each phrase:
1 [The opposition][demandsl[a more representative government]. (NEWS?)
A phrase may consist of a single word or a group of words. Phrases can be
identified by substitution-that is, by replacing one expression with another, to
see how it fits into the structure. In particular, a multi-word phrase can often be
replaced by a single-word phrase without changing the basic meaning:
[It] [demands] [something].
<The opposition> <a more representative government.>
We can also identify phrases by movement tests. A phrase can be moved as a unit
to a different position. Compare 1 above with la, which has a similar meaning:
l a [A more representative government] [is demanded] [by [the opposition]].
When we place one set of brackets inside another, as at the end of la, this
means that one phrase is embedded (i.e. included) inside another. The
possibility of embedding sometimes means that a given structure can be
understood in two or more different ways. Consider the following example:
2 They passed the table with the two men. (FICT~)
Notice there are two possible meanings of this clause, corresponding to different
ways of grouping the words (i.e. different phrase structures):
2a [They] [passed] [the table [with [the two men]]].
2b [They] [passed] [the table] [with [the two men]].
The meaning of 2a is roughly: 'They passed the table where the two men were
sitting'. But in 2b the meaning is ' W i t h (i.e. accompanied by) the two men, they
passed the table'.
Words make up phrases, which behave like units.
Phrases and their characteristics=
A phrase can consist of either one word or more than one word.
Phrases can be identified by substitution and movement tests.
Differences in phrase structure show up in differences of meaning.
Phrases can be embedded (i.e. one phrase can be part of the structure of
Phrase structure can be shown either by bracketing, as in 1-2 above, or by
tree diagrams. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 correspond to the three bracketed clauses of 2a
Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2
Phrase structure of 2a Phrase structure of 2b
(prep = prepositional) (prep = prepositional)
noun verb noun I noun 7
phrase phrase phrase phrase
noun ve16 Prep
phrase phrase phrase
They passed the table with the two men.
They passed the table with the two men.
3.2.1 Syntactic roles of phrases
Phrase types differ both in their internal structure and in their syntactic roles-
i.e. their relations to larger structures. Recognizing syntactic roles, like subject
and object, can be crucial for the interpretation of phrases. For example,
consider the difference between:
subiect verb obiect
1 [Mommy] [loves] [the kitty]. ( c o ~ v )
2 [Thekitty] [loves] [Mommy].
Here the noun phrases at the beginning and end are interchanged, resulting in a
clearly different meaning. Thus the first phrase in both 1and in 2 is the subject,
and the second phrase is the object. By interchanging the positions of Mommy
and the k i ~ yw, e have also changed their syntactic roles.
3.2.2 Phrases in use
The use of phrases in discourse can be illustrated by comparing the two text
passages presented earlier in 2.2.6. The words in these passages have been
grouped into phrases (shown by brackets). Single-word phrases (which are very
common) and phrases embedded within phrases are not marked. The round
brackets, as in [Do) you (want], signal a split (discontinuous) phrase. (That is,
you is not part of the phrase do want.)
A: Is that [the time]?
B: Yeah, it's [twenty minutes to four].
A: Oh [my clock] is slow, yeah.
40 Chapter 3: Introduction to phrases and clauses GRAMMAR BITE A
B: [Do) you (want] us [to) just (go] out there and come back and pick [you
A: Uh huh.
A: You [can go] if you want to, I'll, I think I'll <. ..>
D: He really [doesn't trust] me, does he?
C: That's right, how 'bout I pin you?
D: Okay. Oh, let me tell you something.
B: Do you, [do) you ( want] to go [by yourselfl?
D: No, no, no. You['ll feel] better and we['Il be following] you.
A: [Will) you (feel] better?
D: It [doesn't].
C: I need [three safety pins], you had one [in your pocket].
B: Uh huh. ( c o ~ v )
[Radioactive leak] confirmed [at Sellafield]
[Work on the dismantling of a nuclear reprocessing plant at Sellafield]
caused [a leak of radioactivity] yesterday. [British Nuclear Fuels Ltd] said
[the radioactivity] reached [the air] [through a chimney stack which was
still in use]. But [spokesman Bob Phillips] said it was not [an incident
which required reporting to the Government]. He dismissed [protests from
Friends of the Earth] as 'scaremongering'. However, [Dr Patrick Green,
Friends of the Earth radiation campaigner], said: 'BNF has [a scandalous
track record of playing down incidents at first, and only admitting their
seriousness later].' [Three months ago] BNF confirmed that [a leak of
radioactive plutonium solution] [had been reclassified] [as 'a serious
The length of the phrases in the two passages is very different. Generally the news
story has longer phrases as well as a larger number of multi-word phrases. In fact,
in the conversation sample, almost three-quarters of the phrases are only one
word long, while there is only one phrase that contains four or more words. In
the news sample, however, nine phrases are four or more words long, and some
of these are longer than ten words.
The comparison is incomplete because it does not include phrases within
phrases. These occur particularly in the news story. Using a tree diagram or
brackets, the example from the beginning of the sample can be broken down as
in Figure 3.3.
Noun phrases and prepositional phrases can have particularly complex
structure in written texts, with several layers of phrase embedding. In fact, the
complexity of phrases is a very striking measure for comparing the complexity of
syntax in different registers of English. The simplest structures occur in
conversation and the complexity increases through fiction and newspaper
writing, with academic writing showing the greatest complexity of phrase
Types o f phrases-
Fs;re 3.3 A phrase with embedding
[work [on [the dismantling [of [a nuclear reprocessing plant [at [Sellafield]]]]ll]
13.3 Types of phrases
For each class of lexical word, there is a major phrase type with an example of
that class as the head: noun phrase (3.3.1),verb phrase (3.3.2), adjective phrase
(3.3.3), adverb phrase (3.3.4), and prepositional phrase (3.3.5). The head is the
principal, obligatory word. In fact, each phrase type can often consist of just one
word: the head.
To begin our outline of these phrase types, let's recall the procedure of word
classification in 2.3, where we took account of form/structure, syntactic role, and
meaning. The same three factors need to be recognized in describing phrase
Formlstructure: Our main test for the classification of phrases is structure,
especially the word class of the head of the phrase and the other elements
contained in the phrase. (This is analogous to the morphological structure of
Syntactic role: Phrases can be described according to their function or
syntactic role in clauses (e.g. subject, object). (In 3.4 we outline the structure
of clauses in some detail, but here we take for granted only a limited
knowledge of such roles as subject and object.)
Meaning: In general, the semantic nature of phrases is to specify and/or
elaborate the meaning of the head word and its relation to other elements in
3.3.1 Noun phrases
A phrase with a noun as its head is a noun phrase. The head can be preceded by
determiners, such as the, a, her, and can be accompanied by modifiers-
elements which describe or classify whatever the head refers to. Here are some
examples of noun phrases (head in bold; determiner, where present, underlined):
-a house these houses w r house many houses
-his bristly short hair her below-the-knee skirt
-the little girl next door heavy rain driven by gales
3 printed material discovered which might be construed as dissent | <urn:uuid:f90ccd6c-34f7-4c65-bc95-aaf071030732> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://anyflip.com/tmbgb/hdpg/basic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.913149 | 26,513 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Here are speaking up and speaking up 2.
More events in my life:
I am on the metro in Washington, DC. It is not rush hour. I am reading my book.
I suddenly realize as the metro stops, my car is empty. I am the only one in the car. One man gets on. I am hyperalert. He walks down the car and sits next to me.
The car starts up. I stare at my book.
“Hi.” he says, “What’s your name?”
I don’t answer.
“C’mon. What’s your name?”
“I am reading my book. I don’t want to talk.”
“C’mon, baby, be nice.”
I stand up, purse and book. “Excuse me.” I step by him and stand at the metro car door. I get off that car at the next stop and move to the next one with people on it. Shaking with both the threat and anger, that I have to deal with this.
2. I take a dance class in Washington, DC. I work at the National Institute of Health. I leave my car at NIH and ride the metro.
One night I get off the metro at NIH and I am riding up the escalator, with my backpack.
A man, clearly drunk, steps up on the escalator beside me, and says “Hi, baby, what’s your name?”
“LEAVE ME ALONE!” I snarl and stomp up the escalator. It is dark and there are very few people at the stop and in the lot. I am in danger from this drunk.
I am walking fast at the top, away from the escalator, when I hear running steps behind me. WHACK! He takes a swing at me and runs off. He hits my backpack and not me. I am screaming at him.
He is gone. I run to my car, get in, and sit there, hands on the wheel. Shaking. There is a part of me that wonders what I would do if he crossed the road in front of my car.
My next class is not dance. I take tae kwon do.
3. I have used my tae kwon do once so far. Where? In first year medical school.
No way, you say.
We have lecture after lecture in the same hall. We usually sit in the same places. I am newly married. The guy behind me starts tickling my neck during a lecture, with a pen. I twitch a couple times and then hear muffled giggles and realize that it’s the person behind me.
I stiffen and wait until I am really ready. Breathe. The tickle comes. I snap a basic block back and forward: and have his pen.
The whole class turns towards us. The lecturer stops, staring. I am facing forward, holding the pen down low, not moving. He has the entire room staring at him, everyone but me. He doesn’t say a word. You could hear a …. pen…. drop.
The lecturer shakes his head and continues.
I keep the pen.
Just think, he’s a doctor.
I took the photograph when we were in Wisconsin. I went to UW Madison. I like being a badger. | <urn:uuid:111fa0f6-be14-48ed-afd0-a3a6a85106e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://drkottaway.com/2018/10/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.966516 | 744 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Eighty-four percent of respondents polled in a WalletHub Coronavirus Relief Survey said they want another stimulus check from the federal government.
Individual checks of $1,200 and $2,400 for families administered through the $2 trillion CARES Act are not enough to weather the financial storm caused by the economic shutdown in response the virus, they argue.
Despite getting the largest stimulus check ever given by the federal government, many in the survey are questioning whether the government has done enough to help the 26 million people unemployed the past five weeks.
They also said the most effective way to help people impacted by the virus is to send stimulus checks (65 percent), not cancel mortgage or rent payments (35 percent).
The majority said everyone should get a stimulus check (or additional checks), roughly 62 percent, whereas 14 percent said only those who were laid off or furloughed should receive it. The numbers dwindle when considering who should receive a stimulus check according to the percentage of income individuals have lost due to the economic shutdown.
Millennials are 25 percent more likely than baby boomers to think that stimulus checks should only be given to people experiencing income loss. And 70 percent said the federal government should only provide financial assistance to businesses that have suffered loss of revenue.
Fifty percent of respondents said small businesses need coronavirus relief money more than consumers and big businesses do.
The majority of respondents said they intend to spend the stimulus check on mortgage or rent payments (43 percent), followed by 26 percent each who said they planned to save it or spend it on food. Roughly 4 percent said they plan to spend it on non-essentials like entertainment. Among this entire group however, 67 percent said they plan to donate part of their stimulus check to charity.
When it comes to unemployment benefits, 56 percent of respondents said benefits should match the amount of wages a worker earned prior to losing his or her job, not exceed it. Only 43 percent of respondents ages 18 to 29 said unemployment benefits should never exceed former income, while 60 percent of people aged 59 and older said it should.
According to the survey, many Americans risk going broke. Nearly 160 million Americans are less than three months away from running out of money, WalletHub reports.
Thirty-five percent said they have enough money to last one to three months; 29 percent said they have enough to last less than a month; 22 percent more than six months; and 14 percent between four and six months.
“The situation is even more dire for certain populations – 75 percent of low-income households are less than three months away from running out of money, compared to 50 percent of high-income households,” Gonzalez adds.
The report was based on results from a nationally representative online survey of more than 350 respondents. After collecting the responses, WalletHub normalized the data by age, gender and income to most reflect U.S. demographics.
This article was first published by The Center Square. | <urn:uuid:0ed80237-ab81-4e0b-907e-35370c5f5981> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thehayride.com/2020/04/survey-84-percent-of-americans-polled-want-another-wave-of-stimulus-checks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.962351 | 608 | 1.765625 | 2 |
by Richard Maurer
Much has been written recently about moisture and vapor transmission of waterproofing membranes. Some of the interest stems from changes in requirements for steam showers after the TCNA adopted a moisture vapor transmission of 0.50 perms for vapor barriers.
We believe there is confusion regarding testing and reporting. The following may help clarify some of the issues. Two terms are used to describe the effectiveness of moisture and vapor barriers:
Permeance should be used to compare the performance of waterproofing membranes. Ensure that the waterproofing membrane you select has the permeance needed for your application.
Following are permeance values for Noble waterproofing membranes:
Chloraloy 0.08 perms ASTM E96, Procedure E
NobleSeal TS/CIS 0.15 perms @ 100 °F & 90% Humidity
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Posted on October 11, 2021
Rare Early Doulton lambeth Stoneware Pitcher By Hannah Barlow Circa 1869-1872
This wonderful example of very early Doulton Lambeth has been beautifully decorated using the sgraffito technique. This extensive decoration was executed by the renowned senior artist Hannah Barlow. The continual band of decoration shows a stag and two deer running through the landscape with birds in flight. The neck of the pitcher is also decorated with a continual band of leaves. Striations to both base and handle. This stunning stoneware pitcher is in immaculate condition as illustrated by the listing photographs. With no repair or restoration. 13cm at widest point including handle. The pitcher will be well packed to ensure safe transportation. The item “Rare Early Doulton lambeth Stoneware Pitcher By Hannah Barlow Circa 1869-1872″ is in sale since Sunday, October 10, 2021. This item is in the category “Pottery, Porcelain & Glass\Stoneware\Doulton Lambeth”. The seller is “ferris1953″ and is located in Rotherham. This item can be shipped to United Kingdom.
- Brand: Doulton Lambeth
- Material: Stoneware
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Hive Inspection Basics eBook
- A comprehensive guide to hive inspections and beekeeping basics with tutorials, diagrams and pictures, by John Edwards.
Hive Inspection Basics eBookA comprehensive guide to hive inspections and beekeeping basics with tutorials, diagrams and pictures, by John Edwards. Purchase
Beekeeping and Symbiosis
As any experienced beekeeper will quickly tell you, the word beekeeper is a misnomer. We don't keep bees in cages or on leashes. We have little control of their welfare; we only influence it in the hope of some reward such as honey and pollination. This symbiotic relationship can be elusive and occasionally challenging.
Our passion at Hive & Garden is to help you navigate through the challenges and decisions of beekeeping, such as type of hive, type of honeybee, and approach to colony management. All these decisions present a trade-off in hive management. Our mission is to help you understand these trade-offs, and pick the type of beekeeping that feels right for you. | <urn:uuid:12fc93a4-418a-42cf-abf4-e4c808e1bbb4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hiveandgarden.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.932377 | 208 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Fewer than 100 of Kabul’s 700 women journalists still working
Reporters Without Borders (RSF) calls on the Taliban to provide immediate guarantees for the freedom and safety of women journalists in Afghanistan, where – despite Taliban assurances that press freedom would be respected and women journalists would be allowed to keep working – a new media landscape is emerging from which they are missing.
What with incidents involving Afghan women journalists since the Taliban takeover on 15 August and orders to respect Islamic laws, an RSF investigation has established that fewer than 100 women journalists are still formally working in privately-owned radio and TV stations in the Afghan capital.
According to a survey by RSF and its partner organisation, the Centre for the Protection of Afghan Women Journalists (CPAWJ), Kabul had 108 media outlets with a total of 4,940 employees in 2020. They included 1,080 female employees, of whom 700 were journalists.
Of the 510 women who used to work for eight of the biggest media outlets and press groups, only 76 (including 39 journalists) are still currently working. In other words, women journalists are in the process of disappearing from the capital.
“Taliban respect for the fundamental right of women, including women journalists, to work and to practice their profession is a key issue,” RSF secretary-general Christophe Deloire said. “Women journalists must be able to resume working without being harassed as soon as possible, because it is their most basic right, because it is essential for their livelihood, and also because their absence from the media landscape would have the effect of silencing all Afghan women. We urge the Taliban leadership to provide immediate guarantees for the freedom and safety of women journalists.”
Most women journalists have been forced to stop working in the provinces, where almost all privately-owned media outlets ceased operating as the Taliban forces advanced. A handful of these women journalists are still more or less managing to work from home, but there is no comparison with 2020, when the survey by RSF and the CPAWJ established that more than 1,700 women were working for media outlets in three provinces (the provinces of Kabul, Herat and Balkh, in the east, west and north of the country).
The illusion of normality lasted only a few days. Forty-eight hours after the Taliban took control of the capital, women reporters with privately-owned TV channels such as Tolonews, Ariana News, Kabul News, Shamshad TV and Khurshid TV had dared to resume talking on the air and going out to cover events. But media executives quickly found that they were being harassed. Nahid Bashardost, a reporter for the independent news agency Pajhwok, was beaten by Taliban while doing a report near Kabul airport on 25 August. Other tearful women journalists described how Taliban guards stationed outside their media prevented them from going out to cover stories.
Women journalists speaking on the air in the studio are tolerated almost as little as they are reporting in the field. A woman journalist working for a radio station in the southeastern province of Ghazni said that, two days after the Taliban took control of her province, they visited the station and warned: “You are a privately-owned radio station. You can continue, but without any woman’s voice and without music.”
It is the same in Kabul. A Taliban has replaced a female anchor at state-owned Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA), who was told to “stay at home for a few days.” Another female anchor was denied entry to the building. RTA employed 140 women journalists until mid-August. Now, none of them dares to go back to work at the state TV channels, which are now under Taliban control.
Executives and editors with privately-owned media outlets that have not already decided to stop operating confirm that, under pressure, they have advised their women journalist to stay at home.
Zan TV (Dari for “Woman TV”) and Bano TV (Dari for “Mrs TV”) have ceased all activity since 15 August. These two privately owned TV channels employed 35 and 47 women journalists, respectively. One of these journalists said: “It was the perfect job for me. I wanted to help women. Now I don’t know if I will ever be able to go back to work.” Deprived of her job and salary, she now faces the prospect of extreme economic hardship, like many other women journalists.
Despite undertakings from Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid that women would be able to “return to work in a few days,” no measure to this effect has been announced, forcing hundreds of women journalists to stay at home, dreading an uncertain future.
On 24 August, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet said: “A fundamental red line will be the Taliban's treatment of women and girls, and respect for their rights to liberty, freedom of movement, education, self-expression and employment, guided by international human rights norms.”
Afghanistan was ranked 122nd out of 180 countries in the 2021 World Press Freedom Index that RSF published in April. | <urn:uuid:ad41758f-e6c3-4f31-8aac-5c4610cb0753> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rsf.org/en/fewer-100-kabul-s-700-women-journalists-still-working | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.975972 | 1,071 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Network security is one of the aspects that has been talked about the most, in the professional field but also in the home. Internet is already a part of our home and this makes it a unique opportunity to access services and comforts but also a risk to our privacy. Nothing can be solved with the right tools and common sense.
The good thing is that those tools are given to you by Movistar and you hardly have to do anything. Browse safely , avoid online fraud or malware infections on your devices and, ultimately, enjoy everything the Internet has to offer without fear of losing your data or having your connected devices hijacked.
In the first line, your Movistar Router. To increase its security features, Secure Connection. Secondly, the Smart WiFi App, which allows you to manage your WiFi network and block unknown devices. And finally, Qustodio, a helper to protect your children’s digital habits, inside and outside the home.
Your Router and Secure Connection
Your Movistar Router is in charge of ensuring the security of your home network. The function of this type of device is to allow or block the input and output of data so that your devices can access the Internet and make it difficult for anyone who wants to access your WiFi or your electronic devices. You do not have to do anything.
And to provide it with more security features, you can activate Secure Connection, a free service for Fusion customers and mobile contract lines. Its objective is to protect any computer, telephone, or device with Internet access while browsing the web or checking e-mail. Home network security safe.
Its main task is to block links suspected of containing malware or participating in phishing scams. You will see a message in the browser indicating the potential for risk. It will be up to you to go ahead or close that window or tab. And best of all, you don’t have to install software on your devices. Secure Connection is integrated into the router itself.
For mobile lines, Secure Connection protects your connections via WiFi and via mobile connectivity (3G, 4G, 5G) to avoid the same security problems. And if you connect to the Internet away from home, you can install the Device Security application. You will find more information on the official page of this service.
Network security with Smart WiFi
More network security tools. With the Smart WiFi App, you can control your home network directly from your smartphone or from your television.
First. You can see the devices connected to your WiFi network. Is any device unknown to you? Block him. As easy as clicking on the device icon and then on the Lock button. You will also have the possibility to change the password of your WiFi networks. And if you have Secure Connection active
, from there you will see the history of neutralized threats and you can download the Device Security application.
Another useful feature of the Smart WiFi App is that it allows you to limit the time of use of the different devices. So your children will know when to play or connect and when to do other tasks at home. | <urn:uuid:c993e31f-7db3-43d9-b214-d9496c8c7dfc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bakedshrimp.net/tag/how-to-strengthen-wifi-security/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.923695 | 623 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Wellness of Senior Citizens: Healthy Habits and Hobbies
At what age do you stop focusing on health and fitness? We say never! Healthy habits and hobbies are essential to a long, happy life. If you’re a senior, it’s especially important to take care of yourself. You may have heard that it’s impossible to turn back the clock, but that doesn’t mean you can’t slow it down!
As a senior citizen, it is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle. You can live longer and enjoy life better if you take care of yourself. Here are some habits and hobbies that will help you stay active and healthy as you grow older:
Healthy Habits and Hobbies for Seniors
1. Healthy Eating Adds to Well-Being
Eating a balanced diet is important to keep you healthy and strong and prevent diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. Consider eating various foods from all the different food groups: grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, and meat/protein sources. It’s also important to keep your portion sizes small. This can help maintain your metabolic health and help with weight loss (reducing your risk of health problems).
2. Fitness Activities Matters
Exercise has many benefits. Regular physical activity can increase your energy levels and stamina and help maintain your mental health.
Endorphins are released into your system when you exercise, making you feel happier! It also helps with muscular and skeletal strength, making it easier for you to do everyday tasks like getting dressed or walking around outside without feeling too much pain in your joints or muscles (which can happen if you don’t move around enough).
3. Stress is A Red Flag
Stress is harmful to everybody, regardless of their age. However, it is exceptionally harmful to seniors. It causes your body to release too much cortisol, which increases inflammation throughout the body (including our brains).
This can trigger depression and anxiety, making it difficult for you to focus on anything other than how stressed you feel at any given moment. In fact, constant exposure to stress can increase your risk of sudden cardiac arrests. Stress can take a toll on your mental and physical health, so it’s important to find ways to manage it. Thus, no stress is the key to a healthy body and a happy retirement!
4. Take Plenty of Rest
Rest is essential for good health. Research suggests that older adults can benefit significantly from a good 7–8 hours of sleep. If your body is tired, it can’t be as productive or healthy. Make sure you get enough sleep every night and rest during the day when possible. You’ll feel better and be more productive if you get enough sleep every night.
5. Be Physically Active
Seniors are highly vulnerable to conditions like arthritis and osteoporosis. These issues impact joint mobility and may cause severe pain and inflammation. It’s important not to give up just because you’re older—even if it’s just walking around the block or doing some light, it’ll help keep your body in shape and reduce the risk of injuries.
Physical activity doesn’t have to mean going to the gym or running a marathon—you could try out all kinds of activities from gardening to dancing at home (It’s fun! Try it.)! What matters is that you keep your body moving, and your body will thank you by staying strong long into old age. Seniors can also join special fitness groups and programs like water aerobics or walking clubs to stay motivated.
6. Take Additional Supplements
We’re all different, so there’s no one-size-fits-all solution for nutritional supplements (and we don’t recommend taking any without consulting with your doctor first). Still, they can help maintain good health as we get older. To keep your body running smoothly throughout life, consider taking nutritional supplements after consulting a health specialist!
7. Be Socially Active
It’s no secret that social activity and happiness go hand in hand. But did you know that being socially active and happy is also a healthy habit for senior citizens? That’s right—socializing and staying positive can help improve your health as you age.
When you’re socializing, you’re typically doing things like walking, talking, and moving around. This helps keep your body active and your mind engaged. And when you’re happy, you’re releasing endorphins that have all sorts of health benefits, from reducing stress to improving your immune system. So if you’re looking for a healthy habit to adopt in your senior years, then make it a point to spend more time with your family and friends (maybe even make new ones). It’s good for your mind, body, and soul!
8. Visit the Doctor for Health Checkups Every Six Months
Your immune system and organs may start regenerating as you age. That’s why senior citizens need to visit their doctor for health check-ups every six months. This way, any potential health problems can be detected early and treated before they become more serious. Regular health check-ups are a healthy habit for senior citizens to help them enjoy a better quality of life.
9. Health Insurance: Plan Ahead
Health insurance is always recommended if you’re a senior. It ensures easy access to the healthcare you may need to stay healthy and manage your chronic conditions since chronic health conditions can be expensive to manage.
There are several types of health insurance plans available in the market today. Hence, it’s important to research to find one that best meets your needs. Once you have a plan in place, stay up to date on your screenings and check-ups. This will help you catch any health concerns early and get the treatment you need.
As we age, it becomes increasingly important to take care of our health and wellness. This can be achieved through a variety of healthy habits and hobbies. People often tend to focus solely on the negative aspects of aging. This blog has discussed the importance of avoiding sedentary lifestyles to stay healthy. We have also highlighted the ways to prevent health complications and problems related to aging. It’s never too late to start getting healthy.
If you are looking for reliable health insurance coverage, get in touch with our experts at DeverCare right away. As a client-centric company, we offer a range of coverage options that can help seniors continue to live healthy, happy lives. | <urn:uuid:b4f76057-775a-49be-baf0-96a12179be45> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.devercare.com/2022/05/healthy-habits-and-hobbies-for-seniors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.944339 | 1,353 | 2.75 | 3 |
How to Do Plumbing for a Washing Machine
Before attempting to install a new washing machine, you should gather the necessary tools. Once you have all the necessary tools, start the installation process by connecting the hot and cold water hoses to the water supply valves. Mark each hose with the letter “H” for hot water and “C” for cold water, and make sure they are attached to the right water intake. Then, install the drain hose. how to do plumbing for washing machine
When connecting the cold and hot water lines, make sure to install stub-outs. This means that the stub-outs should extend an inch or so past the wall, above the washing machine. Attach the valves or adapters to the supply lines with plumbing tape and solder. Once the pipes have been installed, you must close the drain hose. If you have a hose that is longer than 8 inches, cut it at the end.
Depending on the model of your washing machine, you may have to remove the drain hose. To do so, you will need to remove the access panel. A good place to put this access panel is underneath the bottom panel of the machine. Place a towel underneath the drain hose to prevent it from spouting water. Once the drain hose is out, clean the filter by pressing it with a soft bristle brush. Replace the access panel after cleaning the filter.
The drain line should be cleaned to prevent the buildup of soap scum and hair. Skipping this step can lead to drain plumbing problems, resulting in a slow drain or overflow of water. Chemical drain cleaners can cause more harm than good, so it’s best to use plumbing snake to get rid of built-up deposits. You can also purchase parts separately. Otherwise, call a handyman service in your area to help you.
Before you start the process of repairing or installing a washing machine, you should ensure that your plumbing system is in working order. Make sure to unplug the machine before attempting to repair it. The water supply lines are usually attached through the washer box. To shut off these valves, turn them counterclockwise until they can no longer be turned. This step protects you against large water spills. You will have to use a tee fitting to connect these water lines.
Identify the hoses that feed the washing machine. Usually, there are separate hoses for cold and hot water. The drain hose will be gray or red. Next, disconnect the hoses from the pipe. Then, unplug the machine and wait for the water to drain. It may be necessary to run a drain cleaning service if your washing machine is causing you issues. There are also a few other parts of a washing machine that are vital to the washing machine’s functionality.
Aside from water, the other essential parts of washing machines are the pipes and the drain. If one of these pipes ruptures, you may be in for a surprise. It is best to call a professional to fix it for you, as it is a complicated process and can cause serious water damage if not done correctly. In such a scenario, you might want to seek professional help. If you cannot find someone who knows how to do plumbing for washing machines, call a professional to fix the issue for you.
Click here to learn more about domestic plumbers in derby. | <urn:uuid:9d5299a4-99fe-4ded-9b32-3f4ad39e2248> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.plumbersderby.org.uk/how-to-do-plumbing-for-washing-machine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.938418 | 684 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Evaluation of RFSU's programme "Improving Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) Rights and Health (including HIV/Aids) in South Asia through strengthening Civil Society Organisations
The overall objective of the regional programme for cooperation between RFSU and LGBT organisations was to improve the human rights and health for LGBT people in South Asia. Improving human rights will increase the possibilities for LGBT persons in the region to access health, healthcare and information, earn a livelihood, be less discriminated against and in general enjoy a higher standard of living and increased quality of life. The programme addressed the LGBT community’s internal and external issues that are part of creating and reproducing marginalization and repression of LGBT persons, such as livelihoods, safety, health (including HIV), laws and policy. Sida has financed the programme since its start. The programme purpose as formulated by the partners is: alliance of strong and effective civil society organisations working for LGBT health and rights in South Asia.
Activities in the programme are envisaged to feed into five outcomes:
- Organisations better equipped to respond to health issues of the LGBT community
- Improved skills of organisations in working for LGBT legal rights.
- Enhanced organisational capacities to effectively manage the work.
- Organisations equipped with effective advocacy tools for media on LGBT issues.
- Organisations are networking and meeting for mutual capacity building and activities.
The purpose of this evaluation was to deepen the understanding for all stakeholders (Sida, RFSU, and partner organisations) of the programme by:
- Producing results information of programme progress.
- Documenting lessons learnt and make them available to partner organisations.
- Assessing the relevance of the Network for creating prerequisites for programme progress
- Assessing the sustainability of the Network given the geographic distances between the partner organisations, and between RFSU and the network organisations.
- Assessing the composition of the Network
- Providing concrete recommendations to RFSU, partner organisations and Sida for making adjustments for the remaining time of the programme.
- Outlining possible strategies for exiting, continuing or expanding (to South East Asia)
The intended users of the mid-term review are RFSU, the network-organisations and Sida (Team for Regional Asia). | <urn:uuid:9101ab2e-526b-4836-93f0-997b03b23ca8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fcg.fi/en/projects/evaluation-rfsus-programme-improving-lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgender-lgbt-rights-and | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.918558 | 469 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Understanding biocatalysts…..Did nature think of it first?
Marina Corbella Morató
I’m Marina, a postdoctoral researcher at Uppsala University. When I was 5 I claimed I wanted to be “a scientist inventor” so, I graduated in chemistry at the UAB and then I did my MSc in organic chemistry. There I realised that computers can help to rationalise many of the experiments done in the lab.
When I finished, I started my PhD at the University of Barcelona, trying to understand, computationally, how biological proteins can convert light into energy with almost 0% lost and what we could learn from nature for the design of solar cells. After this I moved to Uppsala University, again to understand and try to mimic how nature undergoes some physicochemical processes so efficiently.
My Soapbox Science talk
I’m studying how proteins called biocatalysts function interact and specially how we can modify them to use them for other purposes.
Biocatalysts are crucial because they speed up biological reactions from non-possible to the most efficient way. Since they are biological entities are one of the greenest alternatives to many chemical processes. They amazingly fit like puzzle pieces with each other modifying their function.
However, there is no microscope enough big to allow us to see at this level so I use computer models, kind of like balls connected by springs, to understand how they move and connect the multiple pieces. | <urn:uuid:0db62023-5850-4132-a30f-5ab92b0f5b9f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://u-share.se/events/soapbox-science-2022/presentation-marina-corbella/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.9468 | 317 | 2.09375 | 2 |
In January, Live Action News reported on Catherine Harper, a New Zealander who flew to Australia to receive surgery on her preborn son, who had been diagnosed with spina bifida. The baby reportedly had a “severe form of spina bifida – myelomeningocele – as well as a Chiari malformation of the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance.”
Catherine and her husband, Paul, were told that their child would likely never walk, and may be born with a severely enlarged head. Catherine and Paul chose to reject advice to get an abortion, instead opting for surgery, making their baby the first New Zealander to undergo the surgery while still in the womb.
Since that time, reports indicate that the surgery was successful. According to MercatorNet, “[Catherine’s] first scan in Auckland amazed the doctors as it showed that the Chiari formation had reversed. Closing the opening on the baby’s backbone had also stopped ongoing damage to the spinal nerves, and the doctors were impressed with neatness of the repair, given that it was done inside the womb.”
Baby Benjamin was born on March 1 via C-section. He has undergone several surgeries since then and may need more, but results have been encouraging thus far. Despite the difficulties, Benjamin apparently loves to smile and laugh, and his cognitive function is reportedly high.
“We are just so blessed to have him,” says Catherine, who hopes to help parents facing similar diagnoses for their children. Her choice not to abort baby Benjamin could contribute to saving the lives of others. While medical procedures such as the one performed on Benjamin are relatively new and isolated, as Carolyn Moynihan of MercatorNet points out, “the more parents who embrace a baby with spina bifida, the stronger the incentive to take the technology forward.”
While the surgical side of the Harper’s story is unique, there are countless examples of parents who chose life for their children despite challenging circumstances, a choice which is always rewarding. Brittney Baumgartner was in a similar circumstance, when at 20 weeks her preborn son was diagnosed with spina bifida, specifically myelomeningocele. Despite having “little to no hope” considering the odds, she chose life for baby Oliver (pictured left).
Now Baumgartner says, “My son has broken every boundary set on him. He has learned to crawl, when doctors told us he probably would never sit up on his own. He spoke his first words and even picked up sign language. He may be smaller than most kids his age, but he has a great quality of life.”
Sarah Sweatt Orsborn, a mother of twin three-year-old girls — one with spina bifida — expressed the joy her daughter brings to her life and the lives of those around her:
I wish I could show… a picture of my beautiful Claire, with her loopy blonde curls and deep belly laugh. Spina Bifida is part of her, always has been, and always will be, but it is not all of her.
More than anything, I want Claire — and you — to know that disabilities like Spina Bifida are just another way of being a person in the world.
These are just a few of the many stories proving that despite disease, despite disability, human life is always worthwhile. | <urn:uuid:6b022405-dbbf-4f8b-b53e-99f404fa67a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.liveaction.org/news/parents-rejected-abortion-advice-look-children-now/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.980818 | 720 | 2.078125 | 2 |
- Last week, we posted that the smoking rate in the City has fallen about 20% in the past five years. Well, it seems that a large drop in smoking among Hispanic men has played a large part in that trend. The Daily News reports today that smoking in this demographic fell from about 25% to 17% between 2005 and 2006 with a large amount of credit going to Ronaldo Martinez. Mr Martinez starred in a graphic ad campaign which featured the 39-year-old, the hole in his neck, and the electrolarynx he's used to speak since losing his own voicebox to throat cancer. The ads have apparently scared some people out of the habit. The campaign, in addition to higher cigarette taxes and prohibiting smoking in public places, is part of the City's on-going battle against cigarettes. 17.5% of New Yorkers currently smoke.
- If you plan on having heart problems, New York may be the place to be.
- News of a virgin birth - in sharks !
- Maybe there is a cure for the common cold.
- Fun for kids: Calculate your carbon inprint!
- There may be a bright side to morning sickness.
- Newsflash! What women hate most about that time of the month: pain.
illin': Gothamist Health
Recent in News
Featured in News
"It puts more of a burden on New York — puts more of a burden on 49 other states."
Read More In: | <urn:uuid:f9f8c426-0064-4654-abd0-1a7ae4aba213> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gothamist.com/news/illin-gothamist-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.961461 | 300 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Regular reading and counting
Please remember that in addition to completing the daily learning activities, your child should continue to practise their reading (at least three times a week) and counting skills regularly.
- Your child can access reading books through the Bug Club website that are appropriate for their stage of reading. (Please find log in details inside the cover of your child’s reading records).
- Continue share your favourite books together at home. Reading to your child and sharing stories with them also helps them learn to read, build their imagination and find a love for books.
- Continue to practise counting forward in ones, up to and then beyond 10.
You can contact Miss Patmore via email on
You can contact Mrs Johnson via email on | <urn:uuid:214affd4-028c-4791-9d92-b48b30b0f66a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.holyoakes.worcs.sch.uk/reception-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.934379 | 181 | 3.234375 | 3 |
What It Takes to Make a Major Change
It’s one thing to know you want to upgrade your work life. It’s another to take the steps necessary to establish a new routine and career outlook. There are three phases to any major life change, according to management research findings: separation, experimentation, and reintegration.
Making a change is possible, manageable, and worth the effort. As proof, two women who are well into the process reflect on the steps they took to come as far as they have, as well as the payoff they’ve seen in their lives.
Shilpa Bhandarkar is the CEO of the tech venture arm of a law firm.
Bridget O’Brien is a marketing director within a large health system.
- “The 3 Phases of Making a Major Life Change,” by Herminia Ibarra
- “How Dual-Career Couples Can Work Through the Coronavirus Crisis,” by Jennifer Petriglieri
- “How Dual-Career Couples Make It Work,” by Jennifer Petriglieri
Sign up to get the Women at Work newsletter.
Email us: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:763447f2-0c1a-4ede-a769-23edb2cd6ce9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://castbox.fm/episode/What-It-Takes-to-Make-a-Major-Change-id1151304-id431663041 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.945775 | 269 | 1.726563 | 2 |
You know that bowl of sugar packets on your table? There’s a white one, a blue one, a yellow one, a pink one…and now, a new color will probably be showing up soon.
The FDA recently approved a new artificial sugar substitute called advantame (which doesn’t have a brand-name yet, such as Splenda or Equal), as a safe-to-use general purpose sweetener and additive to sodas, chewing gum, baked goods, and most other foods.
But…What Is It?
According to the FDA’s website, “advantame is a free-flowing, water soluble, white crystalline powder that is stable even at higher temperatures, and can be used as a tabletop sweetener as well as in cooking applications. Ajinomoto, the maker of advantame, claims its new sweetener has a pure, sugar-like taste with no undesirable aftertaste.
Advantame is also a chemical derivative of the artificial sweetener, aspartame, which certain individuals should avoid or limit. For example, people with phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic disorder, have a difficult time metabolizing phenylalanine, a component of both aspartame and advantame. However, according to the FDA, since advantame is many times sweeter than aspartame, a much smaller amount has to be used in order to achieve the same level of sweetness, so products containing advantame won’t be required to carry the same info statement alerting people with PKU about the presence of phenylalanine.
The advantage of using advantame, like other sweeteners, is that it contributes very few if any calories to foods and does not affect blood sugar levels in the same way that traditional sugar does.
One of the primary concerns with any artificial sweetener as to do with its safety. To approve advantame’s safety, the FDA reviewed 37 scientific animal and human studies looking at possible toxic effects and deemed the product safe for the public.
In addition to as-yet limited studies, research continues to link artificial sweeteners with weight gain. | <urn:uuid:ab3a758a-5450-4c4d-aa32-116702b43d1a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://elev8.hellobeautiful.com/1298245/what-is-advantame/?amp=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.926673 | 452 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Classics Department Presents: Palmyrene Funerary Portraits, A Roman Period Portrait Habit
12:00 am | 10/21/2016 | 308A Doe Library
Rubina Raja, Aarhus University School of Culture and Society
Palmyrene funerary portraits make up the largest group of representations of individuals from antiquity arising out of a single urban context. The ancient city of Palmyra was rediscovered in 1751 by British travellers. Though many sculpted portraits still remain at the site, large numbers of Palmyrene funerary portraits have made their way into numerous art collections around the world. In 2012 a project was initiated at Aarhus University, Denmark, to document all known examples. Since then more than 3,000 have been recorded, which makes this the single largest surviving corpus of funerary portraits from anywhere in the Roman world.
As a result of the escalating conflict in Syria, this project has since assumed particular importance: it is the sole source of documentation for a large number of extant portraits which were still in-situ before the civil war broke out. This lecture will address Palmyra’s archaeology and history, its unique funerary portrait tradition, and the cultural heritage catastrophe that the civil war in Syria has brought about.
Rubina Raja is professor of Classical Archaeology at Aarhus University, Denmark. She studied in Copenhagen, Rome, and Oxford, before taking up a post-doctoral fellowship in Germany and subsequently one in Aarhus, Denmark. Since 2015 she has held the chair of Classical Archaeology at Aarhus University and is the director of the Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre of Excellence for Urban Network Evolutions. She initiated and is director of the Palmyra Portrait Project, financed by the Carlsberg Foundation. She also directs an international excavation project in the Decapolis city of Gerasa in modern Jordan. She has published extensively on urban development in the ancient world and religion in the Roman period as well as portraiture in the Roman world. | <urn:uuid:7f546906-a18c-4176-9cd6-5e15749169d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://arthistory.berkeley.edu/events/the-classics-department-presents-palmyrene-funerary-portraits-a-roman-period-portrait-habit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.947174 | 413 | 2.359375 | 2 |
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Increasing Physical Activity: a Practical Guide by Only a fifth of adults in the United States do enough physical activity to meet the guidelines set by Centers for Disease Control. The health benefits of regular physical activity are beyond dispute, yet less than 40% of physicians routinely counsel their patients on the importance of physical activity. Increasing Physical Activity: A Practical Guide equips healthcare practitioners to include physical activity counseling in the daily practice of medicine. Written by lifestyle medicine pioneer and cardiologist, Dr James Rippe, this book proves inactivity is a stronger risk factor than other lifestyle factors for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and many other diseases. It provides evidence-based information on the role of physical activity in preventing and treating chronic conditions and includes practical strategies for healthcare practitioners to prescribe this powerful method to enhance both short and long-term health and quality of life. Features: Specific chapters explain the role of physical activity in reduction of risk of heart disease, diabetes, cancer, osteoarthritis, dementia and many other chronic conditions. Chapters begin with bulleted, key points and conclude with a list of clinical applications. Strategies are provided to encourage previously sedentary individuals to adopt regular physical activity. Physical activity is placed in the context of other lifestyle medicine concepts including maintenance of a healthy body weight, following sound nutritional practices, stress reduction and other practices which impact on health and quality of life. Written for healthcare practitioners at all levels, this is a user-friendly, evidence-based manual for healthcare practitioners looking to incorporate more physical activity counseling into either general medicine or subspecialty practices.
Call Number: eBook
Publication Date: 2020
Nutrition for Health, Fitness and Sport by Nutrition for Health, Fitness & Sport, now in its Eleventh edition, provides the reader with thorough coverage of the role nutrition plays in enhancing one's health, fitness, and sport performance. Current research and practical activities are incorporated throughout. This edition welcomes the addition of author, J. David Branch, along with the return of author Eric S. Rawson from the tenth edition, both of whom are actively involved in the disciplines of exercise physiology and sports nutrition, and who have used this textbook over the years to teach their university classes. The eleventh edition truly moves into blending the latest technology for individuals to utilize in combining nutritional and exercise choices for health and sports performance. Featured nutritional information includes the introduction to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics position stand on the total approach to healthy eating and to the latest report on Dietary Guidelines for Americans, while exercise and physical activity featured content includes the introduction to High Intensity Interval Training (HITT) and its possible application to exercise for health, along with the Compendium of Physical Activities. Enhanced discussion of the latest trends of various exercise applications (apps) and personal digital fitness measurement equipment, such as fitness bands and fitness watches, are also hallmarks of the eleventh edition. More than 300 new references, including clinical studies, reviews, and meta-analyses, have also been added to the text.
Call Number: QP141 .W514 2017 Carnegie Library
Publication Date: 2017
The Art of Running: Raising Your Performance with the Alexander Technique by Although running is becoming one of the most popular sports, learning to run properly can take time, energy and consistency. You need to do it regularly to become good at it and until you have achieved a certain level of competence, it is unlikely that you will enjoy it very much, or for very long. For many runners physical and mental barriers can stop progress. This book's ultimate aim is to help you enjoy to run - to enjoy the feeling of movement, to overcome inertia, to renew yourself and to boost energy as a result. Master the Art of Running is based on the proven principles of the Alexander Technique that encourage good body use and greater awareness of the way your body functions and moves. The technique teaches you how to release tension from your back and neck and how to run without suffering from injuries. The authors' perspective on the sport takes them into areas rarely touched on in conventional manuals. Instead of placing importance on speed, targets and goals it emphasises the importance of the way you run so you can transform your training and performance.
Call Number: GV1061 .B35 2016 Bird Library
Publication Date: 2017
Be More Active! Finding Articles
Databases will help you find journal articles about staying fit.
Health and Medicine Nursing and allied health journals and publications. Material contained in this database is intended for informational purposes only. Provided by NOVELNY.
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Offers comprehensive, evidence-based, peer-reviewed content on food, herbs, supplements, general health and wellness topics, sports medicine and natural therapies. Additionally, it includes information about commercial product manufacturers and the dietary supplements that they develop. Content is complimented by a series of tools that help the user account for interactions, nutrient depletion (from prescription and over-the-counter medications), efficacy, adverse effects, and safety during pregnancy and lactation.
PubMed This link opens in a new window MEDLINE and citations from additional life science journals, from the National Library of Medicine.
CINAHL Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) covering literature on allied health, alternative and complementary medicine, consumer health, nursing and more.
Human Kinetics Library Books and videos for both practitioners and scholarly study in dance, exercise, fitness, health, motor behavior, nutrition, physical activity, and sport management. Includes Human Kinetics Dance Technique module.
Breathe! Green Spaces around Syracuse
Health Resources from MedlinePlus
MedlinePlus - from the National Library of Medicine, part of the National Institutes of Health
Stabler Running Collection | <urn:uuid:48fad78c-4b6e-4245-9fbe-cf9d3a13d326> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://researchguides.library.syr.edu/c.php?g=1131485&p=8258106 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.918366 | 1,324 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Documentation priority list
This document defines the different priority tiers on MDN, and states what documentation topics exist inside each tier — we are calling them Tier 1 and Tier 2.
The purpose of this document is two-fold:
- To help apply priority measures to content bugs during our triage process, which in turn helps contributors to make a decision about what bugs to work on by finding out which ones are most important right now.
- To help contributors that want to work on a specific topic area rather than a specific bug decide which one would be most useful to give their time to (for example, folks that like to run automated cleanup scripts on MDN).
The relative importance of these docs has been decided purely by looking at page view figures. There are lots of measures we could have used, but page views is objective and still a good indicator — more important web technologies are looked up more often, and therefore fixing problems with those docs seems most critical.
Also bear in mind that these Tiers are made up of isolated document trees (i.e. the linked page, plus all of the documents in the hierarchy below it). Sometimes a Tier 1 document will link to a Tier 2 document, or vice versa, and that is OK.
The numbers in parentheses after each document tree represent the number of documents under that tree. These numbers will likely change over time, so may need revisiting before too long.
Tier 1 content is the most important content on MDN — it has the most users, and is deemed to cover the most important technologies for the web platform.
Learn web development (355)
Progressive web apps (16)
- Canvas API (112)
- Clipboard API (13)
- DOM (439)
- DOM Events (22)
- Fetch API (47)
- File API (48)
- HTML DOM (371)
- URL API (43)
- Web Storage API (8)
- WebSockets API (28)
- XMLHttpRequest (58)
Web App Manifests (19)
Web components (5)
Total Tier 1 pages: 4150
Tier 2 content is less commonly-used, but useful nonetheless.
- CSS Houdini (1)
- Game development docs (73)
- Guides (56)
- MathML (38)
- MDN meta-documentation (82). This is important, but fixes would be mainly dealt with by the MDN core team)
- SVG (382)
- The MDN Web Docs glossary (534)
- WebAPIs that aren’t in the “Tier 1 WebAPIs” list (4701)
- WebExtensions (635). Not really web platform, but still important)
Total Tier 2 pages: 6502
There is other content on MDN that is outside our web platform technology remit — such as archived content and Firefox-specific docs (e.g. DevTools, platform internals). This content has been deprioritized completely, and in most cases we are trying to find new homes for it, or delete it if it is no longer useful. We would not recommend that our community spends any time working on any areas not specifically listed on this page.
Tier 1 WebAPIs
The following API interface reference documents (and their child pages) are currently considered Tier 1. For more information on the rationale for these groupings and priorities, see the work done in https://github.com/mdn/sprints/issues/3327.
Canvas API (111)
Clipboard API (13)
Note: “DOM” is only a partial group — we only included the interface docs with the highest page views, to keep the size of Tier 1 down to a manageable number. Other DOM interfaces not in this list are in Tier 2.
DOM Events (22)
Note: “DOM Events” is only a partial group — we only included the interface docs with the highest page views, to keep the size of Tier 1 down to a manageable number. Other DOM Events interfaces not in this list are in Tier 2.
Fetch API (39)
File API (48)
HTML DOM (371)
Note: “HTML DOM” is only a partial group — we only included the interface docs with the highest page views, to keep the size of Tier 1 down to a manageable number. Other HTML DOM interfaces not in this list are in Tier 2. | <urn:uuid:1ec0d1c6-2e31-4513-abad-09ea59e3006a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mdn-contributor-docs.mozilla.org/legacy/documentation-priorities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.839628 | 1,264 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Dr. Burhan Nalbantoğlu, who was known for his service during and after the resistance years of the Turkish Cypriot people, as well as being the founder of the TMT and former health minister, is remembered today, on the 38th anniversary of his death.
A multi-faceted personality, he left important markers in the history of Cyprus.
Dr. Nalbantoğlu played a leading role in many phases of the resistance years of the Turkish Cypriot people. He worked on many fronts including Erenköy, contributed to the health infrastructure of the country and was at the forefront of the democratisation process.
Aged only 55, he suffered a brain haemorrhage after a violent debate at a parliamentary committee meeting 38 years ago. He died at Ankara Hacettepe University Hospital where he had been taken for treatment.
Nalbantoğlu led a great struggle for the construction of the largest central hospital in the country, which was named after him following his death.
A graveside memorial service was held this morning at Nicosia Cemetery.
Kibris News Agency | <urn:uuid:b1f7ae85-350d-4099-9729-288748c67340> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lgcnews.com/dr-burhan-nalbantoglu-remembered-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.98825 | 237 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Adding depth to your image can be accomplished by several techniques. First of all you can use natural framing to create a three dimensional image. In addition try to include a foreground in your photo to achieve this effect. Finally, add more depth to your image by using different perspective techniques listed below.
- Linear perspective. You can add more depth to your photo by using leading lines. Parallel lines coming together at a vanishing point create this beautiful effect.
- Size perspective. Look for the line of receding objects of the same size (trees, lampposts). They create a size perspective as they seem to get smaller and smaller the further they are.
- Atmospheric perspective can be achieved by photographing a landscape with hills and mountains on a foggy day. The further the mountains the lighter they appear.
- Photograph mountains on a foggy day to create a greater sense of depth.
- Photograph receding objects such as columns and trees standing in one line. | <urn:uuid:2db5cf57-db67-49c7-b4d8-740e7be192d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://planbphoto.com/depth-in-composition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.912368 | 200 | 3 | 3 |
Set in the Mule Mountains, Bisbee is the state’s oldest copper mining city. The Bisbee Mining & Historical Museum tells the city’s copper-mining history. The Queen Mine offers tours underground. The town of Old-Bisbee is filled with historic homes built by miners. The Muheim Heritage House offers 19th century furnishings and garden views. It’s the perfect place to get a feel for the city’s history.
The Copper Queen Hotel is a former mining camp. During its heyday, the copper mines here produced 25 percent of the world’s copper. The hotel is now an art gallery that features works by dozens of international artists. The Belleza Fine Art Gallery offers a unique experience. The café serves homemade cookies and other delights. Tourists can visit Bisbee’s past as the “Queen of the Copper Mines.”
The town is a mecca for whimsical artists. Its murals are adorned with colorful images and paintings. The Belleza Fine Art Gallery features paintings by more than a dozen local and international artists. Visitors can purchase original artwork at the gallery, while stopping in for a cup of coffee or a cookie. Once known as the Queen of the Copper Mines, Bisbee continues to inspire visitors with its colorful past. At one point, the town produced twenty-five percent of the world’s copper.
The Bisbee Museum is a popular stop for art lovers. It is free to visit and contains several stories of items donated by locals. The museum is open to the public, though donations are welcome. Once the museum has opened its doors, the community can get creative. In addition to creating a vibrant art scene, it is home to the world’s only Native American cemetery. While the Bisbee museum is open to the public, donations are necessary to keep it operating and maintaining its displays.
The town has many bars and breweries. The High Dessert Market Cafe is a unique experience. Featuring a unique blend of cuisine, wine, and live performances, this cafe is a local gathering place for the local community. During your visit, make sure to stop by the local brewery, which is located in the High Desert. Its friendly vibe is a hallmark of the town. The brews at the High Dessert Market are well worth checking out.
Visitors will be delighted to discover the quaint historic downtown area. The town boasts Victorian-style houses and the state’s elegant art deco county courthouse. The CBD of Bisbee is compact, but hilly, so you can’t avoid traffic in the city. The town’s three museums are a must-see, as are its historic buildings. It also has a thriving art and cultural scene. There are two museums in the city, as well as numerous galleries and a local music venue. | <urn:uuid:be3c7b51-b55d-48c7-b5de-fdfb31261e4c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bestplacesto.travel/15-best-campgrounds-near-bisbee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.957813 | 586 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Do you know if your Parrot's food is tainted? Do you know if the food you are feeding your Parrot is actually safe to feed? Are you concerned about your Parrots Diet? Or maybe you are worried that you are not providing enough nutrients in your Parrots nutrition?
Our Course on Parrot Diets will explain to you the difference between a good Parrot Diet and a bad Parrot Diet. Subscribe to our FREE Online Seminar and FREE Parrot Diet Course to learn how to keep your Parrot healthy and happy forever by just changing his diet a bit.
Did you know that feeding your Parrot a seed-only diet is not only wrong but life threatening as well?
Although there are no toxic ingredients in a seed diet, they are still laden with fat and carbohydrates, and are the leading cause of health related problems in parrots. Including premature organ failure!
The high fat content in a seed only diet is the reason your parrot's organs, such as the liver and kidneys, have to work harder to sift the fat out of your parrot's blood stream. This eventually results in fatty liver disease, and kidney failure in thousands of parrots. You don’t want your Parrot to be one of those thousand, do you?
With our Course you will be to understand which seeds are in fact healthy and which seeds are unhealthy to give to your Parrot. Like, Sunflower seeds, for example: too much Sunflower seeds cause Fatty Liver Disease in most Parrots, especially Cockatiels! A healthy alternative is Safflower Seeds instead!
Parrot Training Course - The Ultimate Guide
If your Parrot has become too noisy or disobedient or aggressive, our Parrot Training Course will teach you how to train it and stop it from screaming and biting.
Current Special Price: $19.95
Did you know how harmful improper nutrition can be for your Parrot?
A Parrot who is receiving poor nutrition might show the following signs:
- Feather Plucking
- Overgrown Beak
- Blindness or other eye disease
- Epileptic Seizures (Frequently found in African Greys and Cockatoos) Immune Deficiency
Parrot Biting can also be prevented by making sure that your Parrot has the proper nutrition. If your Parrot is eating a seed only diet or even if they are not receiving the proper amount of vitamins and nutrients in their diet, this will make your Parrot very irritable and he may, in turn, bite you.
So you can see so far how important it is to feed your Parrot the proper nutrition he needs! Our course will take the confusion out of choosing the correct diet for your parrot. Our step-by-step guidelines in the Parrot Diet Course will illustrate how to select the right nutritional level for your Parrot.
Did you know that those colorful seeds and pellets in some pet store Parrot food mixes are actually hazardous to your Parrot’s health?
Why you may ask? Because the manufacturers use Sugar Filled Food Coloring!! When you come right down to it you are overdosing your Parrot on Sugar. You wouldn’t give a three year old child a bowl of sugar would you? Then why give your Parrot pellets and seeds that have been dyed using sugared food coloring?
Do you know which vegetables, fruits and other foods should never be a part of any parrot’s diet? If not, don’t worry, our course will teach you which fruits and vegetables are safe for your Parrot to eat.
For example, Apples are great for any Parrot, but their seeds contain trace elements of Cyanide. Yes, Cyanide, as in POISON! Never feed your Parrot Apple seeds!
Fresh fruits are always a good choice to feed your Parrot. However, fruit spoils more quickly than any other type of food, so you will have to remove any uneaten food from your Parrots bowl as soon as possible to prevent spoilage.
Fresh vegetables are also a perfect supplement to your bird's diet. But be careful! Not all vegetables are equally healthy though. Vegetables such as lettuce and celery are quite high in fiber and water but are otherwise not all that nutritious. Dark yellow and leafy green vegetables are usually excellent choices though.
Signing up for our FREE Online Seminar and Parrot Diet Course will help you decide which vegetables would be the best choice for your Parrot; such as advising you to not feed your Parrot Avocados or Rhubarb!
Similarly, never allow your Parrot to sip any of your drinks containing caffeine or alcohol or to nibble on your piece of chocolate either. Try to avoid feeding your Parrot any processed meats or other foods high in nitrates, nitrites, sulfites, or monosodium glutamate (MSG). Onions, sprouted Lima, Fava and Navy Beans, and most fruit pits should also be avoided.
Just as us humans try to stay away from junk food, we should also never feed our Parrots any type of junk food as they are usually very high in fat, salt, and sugar. Birds are also lactose intolerant so milk products should be limited to only small amounts of hard cheese and yogurt.
Feeling overwhelmed with all this information? Not to worry! Our Course on Parrot Diets will explain how to feed your Parrot a very nutritious diet that will keep him happy and healthy for many years to come. Just order our Course right now and both you and your Parrot will be thankful!
Sign up to be notified of our next free online seminar as well as subscribe to the Parrot Mini Course and Learn New and Advanced Parrot Training Solutions, Secrets and Care Tips, Methods and Strategies, FREE!!
Our Free seminars are held periodically. And since the seminars are presented online, you don't need to go anywhere to attend them - you can join them sitting in the comfort of your own home!
All this and much much more awaits you just a click away! Hurry up & Subscribe to the Free Online Seminars and Parrot Training Course to know the secret ways to own a well-behaved and docile pet Parrot.
Just fill in your details below and get started . . .
Let me assure you that this Training Course has some major things in store for you. Here's a peek:
- Improve your Parrot's health with balanced & proper nutritious diet
- Tips on what to keep in mind before you bring a Parrot home
- What food you should never give your Parrot
- Steer your Parrot away from different diseases and own a healthy and content Parrot
- Understanding your Parrot's body language to save your fingers
- Tame your Parrot by setting proper rules and limitations | <urn:uuid:efcba5bd-0f05-4111-a591-91092dc0b9a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.parrotsecrets.com/parrot-diet.php?spe=Parrotlet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.943007 | 1,417 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Gaming is an excellent escape from reality, and video games can take us on adventures we would never experience in real life. But, more and more studies show that playing video games excessively can negatively affect our health. To stay healthy, gamers should make changes to their lifestyle choices. Below are five changes avid gamers should make to be healthy.
1. Take a Walk
Walking is one of the best forms of exercise, and it’s free, easy to do, takes little time, and doesn’t require any equipment. Walking can also be done anywhere you have access to (including work or school) and in a park or your yard. Walking is a great way to clear your mind and relieve stress, but you need to start walking regularly and gradually build up to 30 minutes of walking five times a week. It’s also recommended for gamers so that they can get the mind-body benefits without having to go too far or too fast.
2. Eating a Keto Diet
Ketogenic diets are an incredibly healthy way of eating that can burn fat incredibly effectively. Also, eating keto foods is a beautiful way to make your food and genuinely enjoy the food you are preparing. If you’re in doubt about whether or not eating keto is for you, then think about it from a three-month point of view; if it’s working for you, then there’s no reason to eat anything else.
3. Take a Break
Taking a break is another form of exercise; it doesn’t require any equipment and involves not doing something for an allotted time or until one gets bored. One of the primary benefits of taking a break is that it can be done anywhere, even at work. However, if you’re worried about getting addicted to something—it’s best to take a break from drinking, smoking, or playing video games until you feel ready to do both again.
4. Practice Good Posture
Posture is a state of the body in which the spine, neck, and head are held in particular positions. Good posture improves overall health and helps avoid pain. Further, good posture can be achieved with the help of a wall. By standing with your back to a wall, you can see how well-aligned your hips are, how straight you are holding your head and shoulders if you have an uneven weight distribution, and if you’re slouching or not tall enough.
Stretching is one of the most important habits one can practice; it helps improve flexibility and muscle tone while also helping prevent injuries after exercising. Stretching is an effective and all-natural way of increasing blood circulation and oxygen levels, which can help the body fight off diseases.
The gaming industry is one of the most profitable industries in the world, but it also comes with a price; many gamers have become so addicted to their games that it has caused them to develop serious health problems. However, by making reasonable lifestyle changes, one can enjoy gaming and easily protect themselves from unwanted health conditions. | <urn:uuid:b394947b-ff6d-4910-87c4-36fabb1b7bbb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://finfowe.com/5-lifestyle-changes-avid-gamers-should-make-to-be-healthy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.95809 | 630 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Logos & Light 34: Introduction to Aristotle and his ethics
This lecture introduces the life and main themes of Aristotle, and begins to introduce his ethics (30 MB).
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Workshop: Elements of Solar Revolutions
This 2.5-hour workshop shows in great detail how to understand and combine several traditional techniques for analyzing a native's chart from year to year, using solar revolutions (solar returns), profections, and the direction of the Ascendant of the solar revolution. Length 2:34:55, 71MB.
Persian Nativities III: On Solar Revolutions
This third volume of the Persian Nativities series is a translation of the surviving Latin version of Abu Ma’shar’s On the Revolutions of the Years of Nativities. It covers all of the primary predictive techniques: profections, solar revolutions, distributions, transits, and firdaria. | <urn:uuid:fc75e8ff-74d0-4dc7-a3d1-31aa667b9be3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bendykes.com/product/ll34-introduction-to-aristotle-and-his-ethics/?add-to-cart=820 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.87172 | 195 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Climbing Rating Systems
From an Aconcagua climbing expedition to the big wall route Zodiac on Yosemite’s El Capitan, and everything in-between, there is a wide range of ways to measure the difficulty of a climb. Below you’ll find a comprehensive explanation of the different climbing rating systems.
The development of rating systems for climbing began in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Britain and Germany. Ratings used internationally today include no less than seven systems for rock, four for alpine climbing, four for ice, and two for aid climbing. A rating system is a tool that helps a climber choose a climb that is challenging and within his or her ability. Rating climbs is a subjective task, which makes consistency between climbing areas elusive. Of course, evaluation of a rating system is no more precise than the rating system itself.
The most relevant systems for climbs in North America are the Yosemite Decimal System (YDS) and the National Climbing Classification System (NCCS). In a nutshell, the YDS “categorizes terrain according to the techniques and physical difficulties encountered when rock climbing.” The NCCS describes the overall nature of a climb in terms of time and technical difficulty taking the following into account: length of climb, number of hard pitches, difficulty of hardest pitch, average difficulty, commitment, route finding problems, and overall ascent time. It is often call the “commitment grade.” It is notable that the approach and remoteness of a climb might not affect the grade. This is especially relevant to the North Cascades which are known for their challenging and rigorous approaches so much so that local guidebook authors have devised their own “approach ratings.
Source: Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills by the Mountaineers,
Rating descriptions taken from American Alpine Journal 1999 and other sources
National Climbing Classification System (USA):
NCCS grades are often called the “Commitment Grade”; they primarily indicate the time investment in a route for an “average” climbing team.
Grade I: Less than half a day for the technical portion.
Grade II: Half a day for the technical portion.
Grade III: Most of a day for the technical portion.
Grade IV: A full day of technical climbing, generally at least 5.7.
Grade V: Typically requires an overnight on the route.
Grade VI: Two or more days of hard technical climbing.
Grade VII: Remote big walls climbed in alpine style.
Yosemite Decimal System (YDS)
This is the most widely used rating in the U.S. and its equivalents can be seen below in the chart. Mountain Madness uses this system for defining the rock climbing difficulty of trips.
Class 1: Hiking. Example: Kilimanjaro
Class 2: Simple scrambling, with the possible occasional use of the hands. Example: Ruth Mountain
Class 3: Scrambling; a rope might be carried. Example: Sahale Peak
Class 4: Simple climbing, often with exposure. A rope is often used. A fall on Class 4 rock could be fatal. Typically, natural protection can be easily found. Example: Summit Pyramid on Mount Shuksan
Class 5: Where rock climbing begins in earnest. Climbing involves the use of a rope, belaying, and protection (natural or artificial) to protect the leader from a long fall. Fifth class is further defined by a decimal and letter system – in increasing and difficulty. The ratings from 5.10−5.15 are subdivided in a, b, c and d levels to more precisely define the difficulty (for example: 5.10a or 5.11d). Examples: The Tooth or Ingalls Peak
5.8−5.9: Where most weekend climbers become comfortable; employs the specific skills of rock climbing, such as jamming, liebacks, and mantels. Examples: Outer Space Snow Creek Wall, Index Town Wall Godzilla, or South Early Winter Spire Southwest Rib
5.11−5.15: The realm of true experts; demands much training and natural ability and, often, repeated working of a route.
Additional rock climbing rating systems:
YDS=Yosemite Decimal System
UIAA=Union Internationale des Associations D’Alpinisme
CIS=Commonwealth of Independent States/Russia
Water Ice, Alpine Ice, and Canadian Ice Technical Grades:
Ice climbing ratings are highly variable by region and are still evolving. The following descriptions approximate the average systems, at least as used by North Americans. The WI acronym implies seasonal ice; AI is often substituted for year-around Alpine Ice and may be easier than a WI grade with the same number. Canadians often drop the WI symbol and hyphenate the technical grade with the commitment grade’s Roman numeral (ex.: II‑5).
WI 1: Low angle ice you can walk on.
WI 2: Consistent 60º ice with possible bulges; good protection.
WI 3: Sustained 70º with possible long bulges of 80º-90º; reasonable rests and good stances for placing screws.
WI 4: Multiple pitches of continuous 80º ice, or a single pitch containing fairly long sections of 90º ice broken up by occasional rests.
WI 5: Long and strenuous, with a ropelength of 85º-90º ice offering few good rests; or a shorter pitch of thin or bad ice with reasonable protection that’s difficult to place.
WI 6: A full ropelength of near-90º ice, or a shorter pitch even more tenuous than WI 5. Highly technical and very scary.
WI 7: As above, but on thin poorly bonded ice or long, overhanging poorly adhered columns. Protection is impossible or very difficult to place and of dubious quality.
WI 8: Coming soon.
Snow is often described by its steepest angle (ex.: 70º) or by a range approximating its steepest angle (ex.: 70º-80º).
Mountain Madness Trip Rating:
Using a blend of the descriptions found here Mountain Madness has put together a basic description that defines rating/difficulty to include the following; skills needed, terrain expected to encounter, and often numerical ratings such as the Yosemite Decimal System.
Beginner / No prior climbing experience is required. Climbers should be in good physical condition and it is highly recommended that they have some backpacking experience. Examples: Mount Baker Easton Glacier or Mount Adams
Advanced Beginner / Climbers should have basic snow and ice-climbing skills and should be comfortable with glacier travel, which includes moving in a rope team, self arrest, and basic crevasse rescue. Basic knowledge and experience would be required for objectives with some rock climbing. Examples: Aconcagua, Mexico Volcanoes, or Mount Elbrus
Intermediate / Climbers should be comfortable on moderate snow/ice slopes up to 40 degrees, climbing on exposed ridges and/or rock climbing experience up to 5.6−5.7 depending on the objective. You should have a past climbing experience with proven skills. Examples: The Matterhorn, Nun Peak, or Forbidden Peak
Advanced Intermediate / Climbers should be comfortable climbing on exposed ridges, 45 to 60 degree snow/ice slopes and/or 5.8 rock and have a well-rounded past history of climbing experience. Examples: Ama Dablam, Mount Baker North Ridge, Mount Stuart North Ridge, or the Eiger
Advanced / Climbers should be comfortable on 45 to 60 degree snow/ice slopes, waterfall ice climbing up to WI3‑4, and/or 5.8−5.9 rock at high altitudes. Participants will have a well-rounded history of climbing experience. Examples: The Moose’s Tooth, Mount Everest, Mount Logan, or the Picket Range Traverse
The overall seriousness of the complete route based on all factors of the ascent, descent, and final approach. This system is increasingly being used worldwide, including in the Americas.
F: “Facile” (easy); rock scrambling or easy snow slopes, some glacier travel, often climbed ropeless.
PD: “Peu Difficile” (a little difficult); some technical climbing and more complicated glaciers.
AD: “Assez Difficile” (fairly hard); steep climbing or long snow/ice slopes above 50º; for experienced alpine climbers only.
D: “Difficile” (difficult); sustained hard rock and/or ice/snow; fairly serious.
TD: “Très Difficile” (very difficult); long and serious.
ED1, ED2, ED3: “Extremement Difficile” (extremely difficult); the most serious climbs with the most continuous difficulties.
An overall grade reflecting the remote, cold, stormy nature of Alaskan climbing.
Grade 1: Easy glacier route.
Grade 2: Not technical, but exposed to knife-edged ridges, weather, and high-altitude.
Grade 3: Moderate to hard, including some technical climbing.
Grade 4: Hard to difficult, with technical climbing.
Grade 5: Difficult, with sustained climbing, high commitment, and few bivouac sites.
Grade 6: Sustained hard climbing over several thousand vertical feet requiring high commitment.
In general, older routes, routes with little aid, and those put-up by climbers without extensive big-wall experience use the original aid rating system. Newer routes put-up by big-wall aficionados often are given a “New Wave” aid rating using the same symbols with new definitions. When the letter “C” replaces “A,” the rating refers to “clean” climbing — i.e., without a hammer.
Original Aid Rating System:
A0: Occasional aid moves often done without aiders (etriers) or climbed on fixed gear; sometimes called “French free.”
A1: All placements are solid and easy.
A2: Good placements, but sometimes tricky to find.
A3: Many difficult, insecure placements, but with little risk.
A4: Many placements in a row that hold nothing more than body weight.
A5: Enough body-weight placements in a row that one failure results in a fall of at least 20 meters.
New Wave Aid Ratings:
A1: Easy aid. No risk of a piece pulling out.
A2: Moderate aid. Solid gear that’s more difficult to place.
A2+: 10-meter fall potential from tenuous placements, but without danger.
A3: Hard aid. Many tenuous placements in a row, 15-meter fall potential, could require several hours for a single pitch.
A3+: A3 with dangerous fall potential.
A4: Serious aid. 30-meter ledge-fall potential from continuously tenuous gear.
A4+: Even more serious, with even greater fall potential, where each pitch could take many hours to lead.
A5: Extreme aid. Nothing on the entire pitch can be trusted to hold a fall.
A6: A5 climbing with belay anchors that won’t hold a fall either.
Scottish Winter Grades:
These apply to ice and mixed conditions and are used primarily by climbers familiar with Scottish conditions.
Grade I: Snow gullies and easy ridges.
Grade II: Steep snow where two ice tools may be required but technical difficulties are short.
Grade III: More sustained than Grade II. Mixed ascents of moderate rock routes.
Grade IV: Steep ice with short vertical steps or long pitches up to 70º, or mixed routes requiring advanced techniques.
Grade V: Sustained ice to 80º or mixed climbs with linked hard moves.
Grade VI: Vertical ice and highly technical mixed routes.
Grade VII: Multi-pitch routes with long sections of vertical or thin ice, or mixed routes with lots of highly technical climbing.
Grade VIII and above: The hardest routes in Scotland.
Canadian Winter Commitment Grade:
This combines length, hazard, and overall challenges.
Grade I: Short, easy, and with no alpine hazards.
Grade II: One or two pitches near the car with few alpine hazards.
Grade III: Requires most of a day including the approach, which may require winter travel skills (possible avalanche terrain, placing descent anchors).
Grade IV: A multipitch route at higher altitude or remote location. Multi-hour approaches in serious alpine terrain.
Grade V: A full-day climb in alpine terrain with a long approach, long technical descent, and objective dangers.
Grade VI: A long waterfall with the character of an alpine route; usually requires at least a day to complete. Significant alpine objective hazards.
Grade VII: Longer and harder than Grade VI, with considerable dangers even to expert climbers.
These routes require considerable dry tooling (modern ice tools used on bare rock) and are climbed in crampons; actual ice is optional but some ice is usually involved.
M4: Slabby to vertical with some technical dry tooling.
M5: Sections of sustained vertical dry tooling.
M6: Vertical to overhanging with difficult dry tooling.
M7: Overhanging with powerful and technical dry tooling.
M8: Some roofs (nearly flat overhangs) requiring very powerful and technical dry tooling.
M9-12 and above: Longer and longer stretches of horizontal roof, with increasingly tenuous tool placements and/or increasingly long and powerful moves. | <urn:uuid:00f8b6a3-1b2f-4d9c-a607-e1e71df7939b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mountainmadness.com/resources/climbing-rating-systems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.908984 | 2,947 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Who are Renault owned by?
Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance: Renault, Nissan, Infiniti, Dacia, Datsun, Samsung Renault, Lada, Mitsubishi. Hyundai Motor Group: Hyundai, KIA.
Is Renault owned by Nissan?
Renault owns 43% of Nissan while it has 15% of the French carmaker but no voting rights. Nissan has resisted proposals for a full-blown merger as executives felt Renault was not paying its fair share for the engineering work it did in Japan.
What car brands are owned by Renault?
Strengthened by its alliance with Nissan and Mitsubishi Motors, and its unique expertise in electrification, Renault Group comprises 5 complementary brands – Renault, Dacia, LADA, Alpine and Mobilize – offering sustainable and innovative mobility solutions to its customers.
Does Samsung own Renault?
Renault has held an 80% stake in Samsung Motors since 2000. Renault Samsung Motors draws its strength from French-style management combined with the high-tech expertise of Samsung and its Korean corporate culture. In the space of just ten years, Renault Samsung Motors has become Korea’s third biggest manufacturer.
Why don’t they sell Renault in USA?
Renault’s presence in the U.S. market ended in 1992 when its rebadged Eagle Premier model was dropped by Chrysler. Today, Renault and Nissan are in a strategic alliance with the latter likely keeping the former from ever showing up stateside again. Renault Clio.
Is Renault a bad car?
In the Telegraph reliability survey of 2017 they placed Renault 14th out of 20 for dependability. It was reported that there were 116 problems per 100 vehicles, which is above the industry average. AutoExpress placed Renault 11th in their reliability table, with a reliability score of 93.72 out of 100.
Who is bigger Renault or Nissan?
Although Nissan is far larger and more profitable than Renault (and has a market value approximately double Renault’s as of November 2018), Renault has a theoretical control over the Alliance due to its significant voting stake in Nissan and its Nissan board seats (contrasted with Nissan’s non-voting stake in Renault).
Who owns Nissan now?
Does Audi own Volkswagen?
And it has a stake in Subaru and Suzuki. Volkswagen AG owns Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, and Volkswagen.
Does Hyundai own Kia?
Hyundai Motor Group decided to purchase the auto company in 1998 to keep it afloat. Kia and Hyundai Motor Group operate independently, but Hyundai is the parent company of Kia Motors. The difference between Kia and Hyundai is that both companies have their own brand philosophies to uniquely produce their vehicles. | <urn:uuid:0edd7f17-f52e-4613-84ef-255b6990ccee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://johnpricerallying.com/renault/faq-who-owns-renault-cars.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.934032 | 573 | 1.585938 | 2 |
July 21, 2004 -- New research suggests that the children inJapan who suffered epileptic seizures after watching a popular Japanese TVcartoon in 1997 would have probably developed seizures regardless of whetherthey watched the program or not.
In an incident that drew worldwide attention in December 1997,many children and some adults in Japan who were watching the popular televisioncartoon Pokemon ("Pocket Monster") had epileptic seizures.
But a new report suggests that most children who suffered fromrecurrent seizures after watching these cartoons already had a history ofepilepsy or an underlying condition that put them at risk for havingseizures.
Seizures Linked to Disease, Not Cartoons
In a letter published in the July 22 issue of The NewEngland Journal of Medicine, researchers report on a five-year follow-up of91 children who suffered seizures associated with Pokemon.
The children were divided into two groups: 24 who had a historyof epilepsy and 67 with no history of the disease.
Of the 91 children who suffered seizures associated withwatching the cartoon, 25 had repeat seizures, including 13 of the no-epilepsygroup and 12 of the epilepsy group.
Among those with no history of epilepsy, researchers found mostrecurrences were in patients with a history of seizures associated with feversbefore age 12.
The study also showed that among children with epilepsy, thosewho had seizures within the previous year or those who had a form of epilepsytriggered by flashing lights or flickering patterns were more like to sufferrepeat seizures after the "Pocket Monster" event. | <urn:uuid:5fe332c9-ad58-4bf5-b0ea-d1665b3f71b6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/news/20040721/pokemon-seizures-linked-epilepsy-not-tv | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.96466 | 315 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Aroma draws us to a dish, inviting anticipation of the delights just around the corner. This is particularly true of today’s submission, Panang Beef Curry, as Cook’s Illustrated suggested the preparation in its 2017 collection of recipes.
In common with many curries, Thai ones especially, coconut milk is not merely important, it’s central to the food’s appeal. It gives the dish a silky, sweet creaminess that announces itself early, filling the kitchen with an intoxicating prediction of the waves of satisfaction about to float diners in heaven’s direction.
Coconut milk doesn’t act alone, though; it has teammates in its captivating mission. Primary among them is the dried lime leaf called kaffir in many countries, makrut elsewhere. These add a lilting citrus tang to the magical scents drifting from the wok. Together with the coconut milk and the crushed peanuts, they give the tender beef a warm hug, elevating it to a surprising lightness.
By the way, here’s one of the kaffir lime leaves we used:
In Thailand, panang refers to a whole class of curries, also called, “red curries.” Coconut milk plays a big part in this variety, though it also tends to be, ironically, drier than are other versions. The preparation is a big part of the southern Thai menu in particular, but it takes its name and draw its inspiration from the similarly-named Malaysian city a bit farther down the Malay Peninsula.
Most cooking, and all curries are, almost genetically, enticingly aromatic, but there’s something about the beguiling combination of creamy coconut milk and floral lime leaves that distinguishes panang, even in a culinary field so crowded with talent. Where the nose leads, the mouth, stomach and heart are sure to follow.
Panang Beef Curry
- 2 pounds boneless beef short ribs, trimmed
- 2 tablespoons vegetable oil (*1)
- 3 to 4 tablespoons Thai red curry paste
- 1 14-ounce can of coconut milk
- 4 teaspoons fish sauce
- 2 tablespoons sugar (*2)
- 1 hot chili, halved lengthwise (*3)
- 6 kaffir lime leaves, central vein removed and sliced thin (*4)
- 1/3 cup peanuts, chopped fine
Slice beef, perpendicular to the grain, into strips 1/4-inch thick. Place beef in a saucepan and add water until the beef is just covered. Bring to a boil over high heat, then reduce flame to low, cover the pot, and continue to simmer for an hour. Retrieve the meat with a slotted spoon and place in in a bowl, setting it aside until ready to use.
Place a wok over medium heat. Add the oil and heat it until it shimmers. Add two tablespoons of the curry paste and cook, stirring frequently, until it turns a darker and deeper shade of red, about three minutes.
Add the coconut milk, sugar, fish sauce and chili (if using) and stir to combine. Continue stirring until the sugar dissolves. Add more curry paste, if desired, to achieve intended spiciness. Add beef, stir to coat, and allow mixture to continue simmering.
Stirring occasionally, simmer until the liquid volume is reduced by half, about 15 minutes. Stir in kaffir lime leaves and continue to simmer for two more minutes. Using tongs, remove and discard the chili.
Transfer to a serving platter, sprinkle with peanuts and garnish with thin strips of lime leaves, and serve.
1 – Predictably, perhaps, I substituted peanut oil, particularly as the nuts are a major component.
2 – Granulated sugar is great, but if you have it, use palm sugar. It’s a little more subtle, and is much more authentic this way.
3 – An option I definitely exercised, particularly as it coaxes a little more heat. Plus, the hot peppers looked good at the market today.
4 – If you can’t find (or haven’t mail-ordered) kaffir lime leaves, the zests of a whole lemon and a whole lime will work. If possible, use a microplane to produce the zests, as you want it to be as fine a grate as possible. | <urn:uuid:f3b3d274-67de-4db1-8428-fe8432a7a73d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://terrifiedamateur.wordpress.com/2021/09/05/by-a-nose/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.915268 | 918 | 1.578125 | 2 |
As I am writing this I feel short of breath because this is not like any other news piece on this website, this news pains me to write. A man who changed gaming for ever and represented something wonderful and larger than life to many gamers around the world has passed away today far too soon at the age of 55. Nintendo President Satoru Iwata has passed away on the 11th of July, 2015, after dealing with illness related to a bile duct growth.
Satoru Iwata was a man who lived by the principles of fun, innovative thought and bringing happiness into people’s hearts that Nintendo stood for through and through. To many he was the face of the legendary gaming company and he himself a legendary figure in the gaming industry as such. He stood by the belief that Nintendo should always be about fun first and everything else second. A belief that endeared him to Nintendo fans around the world.
The gaming industry and its community are at a stand still today because what is gaming without Satoru Iwata? It is a tough pill to swallow but it is a question we will have to find an answer for in the days to come as we mourn the loss of this brilliant man. On the news of his passing Nintendo released the follow statement:
Nintendo Co., Ltd. deeply regrets to announce that President Satoru Iwata passed away on July 11, 2015 due to a bile duct growth.
Iwata missed E3 this year due to sickness, leaving many wondering about his well being, but none thought that the situation that the Nintendo President faced was so dire.
The legacy that Iwata leaves behind is one of legendary proportions and is a testament to how greatly this man has affected change in the gaming industry be it working first hand on games or overseeing the entire company that makes them.
He first got into the gaming industry working as a developer on Balloon Fight and later Earthbound for HAL Laboratories. He eventually became the companies Director in 2000 and went on to succeed former President Hiroshi Yamauchi in 2002 a position he had held since. Throughout his tenure as President of Nintendo he oversaw the creation of consoles such as the Gamecube, the Nintendo DS, the Wii and Wii U and more recently the 3DS and New 3DS. The list of games he had a direct hand in making really speaks for itself.
His love for Nintendo as a whole was so strong that he even famously took a significant pay cut during the Wii U’s roughly launch period. He lived and breathed Nintendo and his legacy will live on through his iconic apperances in his Nintendo Direct conferences and of course in every Nintendo game that we play. Satoru Iwata gave so much joy to the world and for that we say thank you. Thank you for the fun, we will never forget all of the wondeful things you have done.
We of SnapThirty would like to send our condolences to the family and friends of Satoru Iwata. Rest in peace Iwata-san you will be sorely missed.
“On my business card, I am a corporate president. In my mind, I am a game developer. But in my heart, I am a gamer” – Satoru Iwata, GDC 2005 | <urn:uuid:d4f26972-8e5a-4df8-93b1-f1f4a4169f1f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://snapthirty.com.au/archived/articles/nintendo-president-satoru-iwata-passes-away-at-55/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.979975 | 666 | 1.53125 | 2 |
From all fronts, the society is bedeviled by several social ills. They range from robbery, kidnapping, cybercrime, cultism, examination malpractices and teenage pregnancy. As efforts are being made by government at all levels and other stakeholders to deal with these social vices, MIKE ODIEGWU reports that in Yenagoa, the Bayelsa State capital, Girl Preneur 9ja (GP9ja), a non-governmental organisation (NGO) is particularly worried about teenage pregnancy. In the circumstances, it has organised skills acquisition programmes through which they will realise their potential and become fulfilled in life.
Miss Ebiladei Mike is seven years old. At her age, she makes good bags and shoes. She is excited that she can make school bags and sandals for herself, her mother and her sister. With the resilient spirit of a true Ijaw girl, Ebiladei learnt her craft in Yenagoa, the Bayelsa State capital in a skills acquisition programme organised by Girl Preneur 9ja (GP9ja), a non-governmental organization (NGO).
“It was a rare opportunity that I took with both hands. I was not supposed to attend the programme. My elder sister brought the flier home and I decided to follow her to the venue of the training.
“On getting there, Madam Cynthia Oye was surprised. She saw me and wondered what I came to do at the venue. We got talking and she allowed me to learn with others. I went through the list of skills and I chose shoes and bag-making”, the little Ebiladei said.
Cynthia Oye provided the opportunity. She added GP9ja as part of programmes and activities of her consulting firm, Procot Management Concept (PMC). Oye, who is the Chief Executive Officer and Principal Consultant (PMC) said she founded GP9ja following her observations of the challenges women experience on the streets of Yenagoa.
She lamented the vulnerability of the girl child and lack of opportunities for female children to live their dreams. She noted that the unsavoury situation had led to increasing cases of teenage pregnancies.
“If one moves around Yenagoa, one will notice young girls who are expectant mothers. The unpleasant situation was a source of worry to me and I began to think about what to do in order to ameliorate the trend. Since I don’t have the capacity to do what the government and multinationals can do, I decided to come up with a model that can help take these girls out of the streets.
“Our aim is to identify some of these girls and create an opportunity for them through which they could be empowered so as to help them to realise their potential and become fulfilled in life.
The model is to make them resourceful and independent people by mentoring them to become business owners.
“We all know that there is no job out there but most of them are endowed with skills. But what they lack is an opportunity to discover these skills. That opportunity is what we are providing,” she said.
Niger Delta Report learnt that throughout the period of the training, the girls were enthusiastic so much so that they had to attend all sessions. They were full of joy as they participated in various responsibilities assigned to them. They demonstrated that Bayelsa women are not lazy but willing to maximise any opportunity provided for them.
They chose from a wide range of skills provided by the organisers of the programme. The skills provided were fashion and design, bead-making, shoe making and making bags with ankara, make-up artistry, culinary arts, baking and confectionery.
Oye said the beneficiaries were subjected to periodic examinations to underscore the seriousness of the programme. She also said they were taught essentials of business management, customer relations and book keeping.
“Within two weeks; they could talk about business plan and customer service because we took our time to teach them about all those issues. They were in classes even on weekends,” she said.
The CEO said she had been able to give free training to 45 girls, even as she noted that when the invitations were sent out, only interested girls within the age bracket of 15 to 22 years were requested to indicate interest. But she observed that some girls above 25 years pleaded to be allowed to benefit from the programme.
“I was particularly impressed by the zeal displayed by that seven-year-old girl, Ebikadei Mike. She came with her elder sister and begged to be accommodated. I had some chat with her and decided to allow her in. She was punctual and ended up as one of the best in her class,” she said.
Oye said following the success of the first edition of the training, she would like to expand the next edition so as to accommodate more people. She appealed to philanthropists, corporate organisations and multinationals and the government to support the project which empowers the girl child.
“Everything we did was free. I had to do everything from my little resources and with little assistance from few people. It was taxing but each time I thought about the joy the participants derived from the programme, I felt fulfilled. We hope that more people will show keen interest in the programme. Then we will be able to provide more opportunities by expanding the programme,” she said.
On what motivated her to embark on the gesture, she said: “We know that females are subjected to unwanted pregnancies, rapes and other social problems. If we have them engaged meaningfully, the level of cases will reduce.
“So, being from Bayelsa State, I thought it wise to start from home and this is the first edition of the programme. It is totally free. If we regard the situation as appalling, then we should be able to proffer solutions to them.
“Soon it will be a seasonal event. We hope, by God’s grace, that we will have four seasons every year. This season’s event is in Yenagoa. We don’t know where we will hold season two. It can be anywhere because we want to take the event to everywhere part of the country.
“I am thrilled by the way the young ones have access to information these days. We didn’t go door-to-door. We had it on social media, website and flyers in few places. Initially, there was an age bracket of 15-22 but we saw people who are 23 and 25 then we decided to extend the age bracket”.
The Bayelsa State Commissioner for Information and Orientation, Daniel Iworiso-Markson visited the training centre. He commended Oye for her initiative and reiterated government’s commitment to create job opportunities for young people.
He said the recent employment of 1,000 people into the state civil service and the huge investment it had made in the education sector was evidence of government’s deliberate efforts to secure the future of young people of Bayelsa.
Iworiso-Markson expressed his joy that the girls acquired various skills which would transform their lives and make them self-reliant. He said the skills would keep the girls away from social vices and illicit conducts.
He urged the girls to practice what they had learnt at the programme, promising to provide some form of support to ensure they start up their own businesses immediately after the training programme.
He said: “I am excited coming here and seeing what is happening. With programmes such as this, we will have a reduction in teenage pregnancy and social vices. I want to encourage you all to take this training serious.
“You are the future of Bayelsa and the future millionaires if you are willing to work hard. This opportunity you have now will determine that. For us as government, we have been trying with the investment we are making in education and the recent employment of 1,000 people. I am sure most of you are aware of what we have done at St. Jude’s.
“I want to thank the organisers of this programme. In my own little way, I will support these girls by providing little start-ups to enable them to begin their own businesses.”
At the end of the training, Oye and her outfit prepared the beneficiaries. She organised a workshop with a theme, “Awakening the Entrepreneur in You”. Resource persons were invited to motivate the ladies and instill confidence in them. She also gave awards to the best among the participants and starter parks to the beneficiaries.
Speaking at the workshop, the Business Development Manager, Yah-doubra More-rich Parker described the girl child as the vulnerable ones in the society, even as she said the programme brought out the potential in the girls.
She stated that the girls would henceforth become independent and resourceful in the society. She also called on well-meaning individuals and corporate bodies to partner with GP9ja to train more girls.
Also speaking, one of the guests, Mr. Jackresse Isang praised Oye and her team for their efforts. He appealed to the government, multinationals and other corporate organisations to get involved in the project in order to better the society.
He said: “I want to thank them for giving these young women a wonderful opportunity. They have become entrepreneurs and good citizens of Bayelsa and Nigeria. I want to encourage us all to support effort such as this. There are a lot of people who need to be empowered. When you empower women or the girl child you are empowering the country and making us a great nation”.
The beneficiaries commended Oye and her team. The little Ebikadei said: “I feel very happy. I chose bag and shoe making so that I can make bags for my sister and my mum. My mum will no longer buy school bags for me. I will make all my school bags now.”
One Gbaranma Timinipre, who emerged winner as the best business planner thanked the Procot Management for helping them fulfill their dreams. But the Operation Manager, Miebi Great Tiedo urged them to cherish and practice all that they had learnt in their businesses. | <urn:uuid:489599fa-103f-4339-a3f0-841f690e4d7f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thenationonlineng.net/teenage-pregnancy-tackling-social-malaise-through-skills-acquisition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.979135 | 2,132 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Ber Collins, Energist and Holistic Therapy Teacher, has published her first book ‘Every Mum has Magic Kisses’, a true story of loss, hope, love and forgiveness that invites every parent to learn how to release their magic. Ber had the official launch of her book on Thursday May 12 at 6.30pm in O Mahony’s Booksellers on O’ Connell Street, Limerick.
Through a childhood filled with abuse and bullying a little girl holds on to the dream of a family of her own where her children will have the childhood she wishes she had. However the stress and strain of motherhood together with the memories from her past threaten to overwhelm her as she is overcome with grief for her lost childhood. As she puts one foot in front of the other to ensure her kids have what she missed out on during her early years, her broken heart fills with love for them. Her healing begins and she embarks on a journey that leads her to living a life filled with love, passion and purpose.
The book opens with the story of a young Ber. When Ber turned eight her whole world turned upside down. Her father began sexually abusing her but the confused and scared eight year old kept her “special” secret from all of her loved ones. She never confided in anyone, as the one time she tried to she was turned away and deemed “silly” by a priest. On her own Ber tried to keep a brave face through the abuse she was experiencing at home and in school.
Twenty years ago Ber was filled with anger, sadness and fear and was finding it very difficult to be the Mum she knew her kids needed her to be. The stress and strain of motherhood together with the memories from her past were overwhelming.
Through the love of her husband, son and daughter, Ber began to heal, “each time I looked at their happy little faces, a little piece of me healed.” Now Ber knows that “although you can’t change the past you can decide how it affects you.”
Through her work as an Energist and Holistic Therapy Teacher over the past eight years, Ber found that there was a common theme occurring. People were suffering from stress brought on by various kinds of traumatic events in their lives. As a result, they found themselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that they knew deep down was not who they really were and many of them were suffering ill health which they felt had been brought on by severe stress.
Ber felt the book needed to be written. It was something that just kept “gnawing” away at her. Ber was so passionate about sharing her story that she spent her own money and self published her book, “I want the book to find its way into the hands and hearts of every person who needs it.” Ber believes “there is a spark in everyone, and sometimes that spark gets dulled and damaged” she wants the book to “put a flame under this spark to reignite it.”
Every Mum has Magic Kisses is a nonjudgmental book which offers parents guidelines on how to meet their children’s needs. It is a book that shines a light on a path out of the darkness to help you be the parent your kids needs you to be. Through her determination to create a happy childhood for them, she discovered what Mums who have read her book have described as “a user-manual for raising happy kids.” Ber is a woman on a mission, a mission to ensure that kids grow up in happy homes filled with love and fun.
The book is available from her website www.bercollins.ie/book and it’s also available for kindle at http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/. Ber is available for interview and can be contacted at [email protected] #releaseyourmagic. | <urn:uuid:6f1ed13c-d572-4346-bda8-bacf2bdb5f0c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ilovelimerick.ie/ber-collins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.987104 | 812 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Sabriye Tenberken was born in a village close to Cologne in Germany.
Like many children there, she rode horses and bicycles and went skating on ice and skiing through the countryside. At some point during the growing up years, she was afflicted with pseudo Retinitis Pigmentosa, a pigmentation of the retina which gradually affects vision and sometimes leads to complete blindness.
Initially, she went to school with fully sighted children but it was at the age of 12 that she came to terms with the word ‘blind’ and accepted her condition. Till then, she had been trying to avoid situations in which her lack of sight became obvious. “Children started to tease me and teachers acted in an awkward way. The turning point came when I decided to develop a new positive attitude towards blindness. I started to look for the advantages and quickly became aware of a few privileges: I could focus much better than before, I was not easily distracted by visual input, I was forced to find my own methods to cope with life and thus became a problem solver and my ability to imagine things improved immensely,” she says.
Luckily for her, her family was never over protective but trusted in her abilities to discover the world and cope with life’s challenges. Creative quotient in the family was high, with her dad being a musician, mother a theatre director and elder brother an artist. They even ran a creativity school, helping children create their own musicals and this did wonders to Sabriye’s confidence.
Even after shifting to a boarding school for the blind, she had opportunities to do adventure sports such as white water kayaking, wind surfing, down-hill skiing and trampoline jumping because the teachers there believed that these activities provided them the techniques and self-esteem required to take charge of their lives. “The doors were opened for us to venture into an unknown future,” she says.
She recalls that as a child she was hurt when called names like ‘blind fool’, or ‘disabled donkey’, but as a teenager she began to look deeper into the motives of those who discriminate. “People do this because of insecurity. If people tried to discourage me from doing something adventurous, I knew that most of them couldn’t stand the thought that I would be able to do something that they themselves were afraid of doing. And this naturally made them aggressive. I do feel we all need to apply a new understanding of ‘disability’. From the bird’s eye perspective, we all are disabled because we cannot fly! But this ‘lack’ can empower. Imperfection is the mother of invention. Without our disability to fly we would have never invented air planes. Once the world understands the power of imperfection, discrimination will vanish,” she says.
As part of her study of Tibetology in Bonn University, Sabriye created a Braille system for the Tibetan language. In 1997, she took this system to Tibet which accepted it as the official Tibetan Braille script.
“On my first long trip through Tibet, I met families with blind children who were hidden from society. Many Tibetans, especially in rural areas believe that blindness is a punishment for some past life karma. I felt back then that it is up to the blind to change this stigma and therefore I decided to start a preparatory school for the blind.”
In perhaps the biggest twist of her tale, she ran into her partner Paul Kronenberg, a Dutch engineer, during this trip. When she told him about her plans, he was greatly interested. “When I had all my papers and permissions together and my ticket in my pocket, I called him at his workplace and was surprised to hear his immediate decision to come with me to build this dream together. Who on earth would he quit his job just like that and join an almost stranger to a place which he only visited for a few months?”
As a team, they complimented each other very well. With his technical background, Paul established all the ‘hardware’, while she put in place the ‘software’ including the curriculum and methodologies. “In the middle of Lhasa, we found an old run down building which Paul helped renovate and later he built another building around it. After a year, we had over 30 students who learned everything they needed to know in order to go to regular schools,” she says.
Besides Braille and language skills in Tibetan, Chinese and English, children also learned to use their white canes and travel on their own, to ride horses and go white water rafting. Others who were not so interested in academics had a chance to be trained in cheese production, baking bread, animal husbandry, organic vegetable production, compost production, handicraft and music. Other graduates even went on to become entrepreneurs.
After achieving acclaim and awards for their Tibetan experiment, she and Paul wanted to replicate their success elsewhere and not just with the blind. “We wanted to create a training centre for leadership in the social change sector. And we believe that those who have gone through adversity, who have experienced the transformation from marginalisation to becoming a contributor, are the ones who can realise sustainable and ethical social change.”
They wanted to establish this centre at a place somewhere central in the world and, believe it or not, they found Kerala to be such a place that ‘hangs’ right in the middle between Africa and Asia. After they accepted an invite to visit the State from one Navin Ramachandran, who had read an article about them, they never wanted to leave the State. “We built a campus in Laurie Baker style and named it Kanthari
. Every year, we train around 25 participants from around the world. They come for a seven month training in project planning and management, fundraising, and public speaking. They develop their social ventures through a creative thinking process which is based on experiential learning.”
A participant has to be at least 22, fluent in English, possess basic computer skills, and has to apply through the website (www.kanthari.org) with an idea for ethical social change. Pre-education is not a must and the selected candidates are offered a scholarship. The next course is slated to start in May 2018.
Sabriye doesn’t care much for politically correct euphemisms. “I am not visually challenged, I am blind. The word blind is a good word as it describes my condition in a precise way. This is important to me.”
Has she ever felt left out hearing the descriptions about God’s Own Country? “I can imagine the beauty of Kerala, the lakes, the backwaters, the palm trees and the beautiful and colourful flowers. Who knows maybe my picture of Kerala is even more beautiful than of those who see!” Box
Sabriye’s Tibetan model of transforming the marginalised to high achievers has astonished many. She lists the reasons:
n Due to their marginalisation, they have nothing to lose except their dignity. No one had any expectations and this gave them the freedom to take a risk or better to transform a risk to an adventure. Whatever they achieved was a plus.
n Most children are told to be a good girl or a good boy. But this just forces them to please and never to try out and fail and try out again. Since the parents of our children in Tibet never had high expectations, they didn’t feel the urge to be everybody’s darling and thus had the guts to venture out and they were not afraid to fail or lose their reputation.
n We, in our preparatory school were very particular about being reliable and ethical. Being transparent, honest and authentic were important values in our school. This definitely helps them now to find and retain partnerships.
n It is important for someone who creates change to have a vision, to believe in this vision and to approach it step by step. In the ‘Braille without borders’ school we stressed on dreaming big and starting small, step by step. Nowadays most of these children have realised their dreams.
n Lastly, it is vital to not only accept your disabilities and/or limits but also to embrace them and find the advantages. For all of them blindness or even just marginalisation became a springboard which gave them the energy to jump high. | <urn:uuid:3b2231cf-05ed-454a-8f18-d2b32f2ab48e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/once-the-world-understands-the-power-of-imperfection-discrimination-will-vanish-sebriye-tenberken/articleshow/60911320.cms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.98274 | 1,749 | 1.90625 | 2 |
New Year, New You: Best Free, Online Personal Development Courses
Whether you’re aiming to improve your spending habits, time management, or overall perspective on life, tons of free personal development courses are at the ready. Below, we found three websites that list hundreds of free personal development course options from which to choose the perfect course for your new year’s goals.
Class Central is the go-to directory for Massive Open Online Courses, otherwise known as MOOCs. These courses can come out of universities that range from Princeton to the University of Edinburgh, companies that include Microsoft and Google, and online course providers that partner with schools, corporations, and professors.
Personal development MOOCs include more than 150 topics, ranging from honing your mental skills to maintaining a mindful life.
Taking the free version of a MOOC gives you access to all the video lectures, discussions, and other course materials. You also have the option in some cases to pay for additional features, such as graded assignments, mentorships, and certificates. Each course has its own study materials, schedule, and added features, all determined by the course provider.
Designed to showcase the top online educational audio and video content, LearnOutLoud has been keeping minds sharp since 2005. One of the most popular sections of the website is the Free Audio and Video Directory, which is home to more than 10,000 courses, lectures, interviews, speeches, audio books, and other content that is free.
Choices range from time management to mindfulness, relationships to business and professional development. More than 850 free titles fall into the personal development realm alone.
While the courses offered on the DailyOm website are not free, you can still learn a lot from the free resources the site provides if you’re looking to deepen and enhance your spiritual life. Register for the free DailyOM, and you’ll enjoy a free daily dose of wisdom delivered straight to your inbox every morning. You can also sign up for free newsletters on the topics of music, horoscope, and inspiration.
The paid courses let you dive deeper into specific topics that range from healthy living to art and creativity, yet the free information may be enough to prompt the positive change you’re seeking.
Free personal development courses provide an ideal means of gaining insight, motivation, and guidance in the direction of whatever goal you choose. Even if you don’t receive a certificate from the course, you can reward yourself with a personalized recognition award, trophy, or gift in honor of your efforts. Check out PaperDirect for ideas! | <urn:uuid:bca80245-0b56-402a-85d1-934943ddea72> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.paperdirect.com/blog/2018/01/free-personal-development-courses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.925843 | 541 | 1.710938 | 2 |
This article is part of e27’s partnership with CEO Roundtable Podcast and Asian Investors Podcast and CEO TV hosted by David Kim.
Hrish Lotlikar, founder and CEO at SuperWorld said, “About four and a half years ago, five years ago, Pokemon GO came out and became this huge world sensation. A lot of people don’t know, but it was the fastest company in history to hit a billion dollars in revenue. Back then, we thought to ourselves, what if we can build the next Pokemon GO? What if we could build a world –a place where the next 1,000 Pokemon GOs are built?”
Lotlikar previously co-founded Rogue Initiative Studios, a Hollywood film, TV, gaming, and immersive entertainment studio. He was born in India and grew up in the US. He also has spent many years living around the world in Europe, Asia and South America.
SuperWorld is a virtual world in augmented reality (AR), digitally mapped over the surface of the Earth. Plots of SuperWorld land are represented as 64.8 billion non-fungible tokens (NFT) corresponding to real-world space.
Any user in SuperWorld can explore and create AR content, engage in a virtual real estate marketplace, or buy and sell NFTs in the SuperWorld NFT Salon.
How is your platform helping people buy and sell virtual real estate? Can you walk us through SuperWorld platform in terms of customer experience? How does that work?
In SuperWorld, You can buy locations that you love, whether it’s Central Park, the pyramids in Egypt, or your own backyard. What you’re buying is the digital, or “virtual “land that covers the earth at those locations.
“Superworld” platform was established in 2017. Can you give me some idea how virtual real property has been appreciated for the past five years?
Properties in SuperWorld are all priced as 0.1 ETH. When SuperWorld virtual real estate first launched, the price of ETH was US$200 and now the price of ETH is US$4,500.
And the price of land in SuperWorld went up significantly. So the price of some land got appreciated more than 200 times for the last three years. Properties have sold for more than US$25,000 already on the secondary market.
Also Read: Demystifying NFTs and DeFi
What kinds of digital assets do you or your members use on SuperWorld?
The first one is Land-based on real-world earth, and others are digital assets created by individuals based on NFT such as building, music, video, podcast, arts, membership.
How are NFTs enhancing “Superworld”platform?
Alongside our AR app, SuperWorld hosts its own non-fungible token (NFT) marketplace, the “NFT Salon,” which hosts NFT drops that aren’t just following the standard NFT formula, but give back to communities most in need, including work with indigenous peoples in the Amazon Rainforest, at-risk communities in the Caribbean, the rebuilding of Beirut, and helping to bring clean water to Flint, Michigan, just to name a few.
I’m very interested in projects that help us in our mission. Our “why” at SuperWorld is how do we build a better world? How do we leverage technologies like augmented reality and virtual reality, blockchain, artificial intelligence?
How do we bring all these technologies together to actually improve the world and enhance humanity? Those are the kinds of questions that propel us forward.
Who are the competitors? What does set SuperWorld apart from others?
There is a variety of “worlds” out there. They are all “Metaverse” As you know, all Metaverse consists of virtual world and internet, kind of improvement of internet.
Probably, the most well-known metaverse “World” you may know are The Sandbox (CRYPTO:SAND) and Decentraland (CRYPTO:MANA). One main differentiator what we are doing on SupwerWorld vs the other virtual worlds I just named are, other virtual worlds are fully virtual but SuperWorld are mapped again on top of the real world.
We are on SuperWorld right now. Because you can buy lands around you or you can buy a location anywhere where people live in the real world. SuperWorld is the world, it is not just about NFT, digital assets, VR, AR and AI.
SuperWorld is a movement. A movement behind SuperWorld is how to leverage technology to improve our lives and improve the real world. We believe we are an entry point to metaverse to improve your real-world life. That is what we are doing.
How many members or visitors do you have? Please tell us about the acquisition of members or users at “Superworld” platform
We have more than 100,000 monthly website visitors and our average paying user spends US$3,900 in the first month.
Can you tell us about any activities that currently connect the real world and SuperWorld and what is a plan to increase that interaction going forward?
As a platform that prides itself on building a better world “in real life” through the metaverse, SuperWorld has initiated a number of social impact projects that begin in the digital and yet have real-world impact, including our partnerships with Disaster Fighters (backed by the World Bank) to help at-risk communities in the Caribbean; Monograma, with whom we’ve partnered to increase awareness indigenous peoples in the Amazon Rain Forest; UNESCO, to help assist in the rebuilding of Beirut, in addition to partnerships with numerous other artists, companies and organizations that aim to improve the lives of others here on our physical Earth through digital mediums.
A few weeks ago, we sold members NFT, a digital asset that gave purchasers lifetime membership to a private luxury club in NY and Miami.
So buying that digital NFT they get access to a real physical place in NY and Miami, called “Custom House”.
So that is an example of how we take an activity that is virtual to provide real-world benefit, and vice versa as well.
Who are the investors of SuperWorld?
We are proud to be back by many of the top venture capital funds in the space: DraperGorenHolm, SOSV, Outlier Ventures, RedBeard Ventures, 186 Ventures, White Paper Capital, Altered Ventures, Capital Factory, Predictive Capital, and Cadenza Venture Capital.
What is your next step and vision for SuperWorld?
We are building a world that enables you to create your own SuperWorld, whatever that means for you. We are helping owners of lands and digital assets on SuperWorld to create anything anywhere and sell those digital assets anyplace in the Real World.
We are also launching “token” in SuperWorld. That token launch will enable anyone to gain currency in SuperWorld and earn a yield based on staking and voting and decision in building SuperWorld.
As the first augmented reality(AR) virtual world on blockchain, our overall goal is to improve and enhance the world and your personal life through AR in a fully decentralised way. Applying a combination of technologies in a user-friendly format, we enable everyone to create, connect, and monetise through content in new and unique ways.
As technologies improve across all spectrums interconnectedly, the metaverse will enable data-rich and immersive experiences across all aspects of life.
We are building a World that enables you to create your own SuperWorld, whatever that means for you.
This edited Q&A is based on the show’s original transcript. For the full interview listen to the podcast here.
Editor’s note: e27 aims to foster thought leadership by publishing views from the community. Share your opinion by submitting an article, video, podcast, or infographic
Image credit: volodymyrshtun89
The post Building SuperWorld: A place where the next 1,000 Pokemon GOs are built appeared first on e27. | <urn:uuid:b950bba2-867e-4e19-93f5-8e23359e7f51> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://1covidnews.com/2022/01/11/building-superworld-a-place-where-the-next-1000-pokemon-gos-are-built/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.937864 | 1,709 | 1.570313 | 2 |
When I first started out as a Pilates instructor, my clients would tell me that although they felt their strength, function and tone were greatly improving, they noticed their waistlines were getting thicker.
How could this be? How could Pilates, the king of core conditioning, be bulking up my clients’ belt size? What was I doing as a teacher to widen their waistbands? Desperate to solve this problem, I looked at the mechanics of the core and how I could create strength without increasing diameter.
Pilates works the core in four biomechanical dimensions:
- Flexion: a curling forward of the spine
- Extension: an arching backward of the spine
- Rotation: a twisting motion of the spine around its axis
- Lateral flexion: a side-bending of the spine
As I watched my clients perform these movements, I noticed that extreme side-bending (lateral flexion) produced a bulging out of the stomach wall. Because I wasn’t maintaining length in my clients’ core during their side-bending exercises, I was adding unwanted inches to their waist. So I reduced the amount of side-bending exercises I taught in each session and cued my clients to reach long, prohibiting the “crunching” motion that shortened their lateral fibers.
I was giddy to have solved the mystery of why my clients were gaining girth, but I dug deeper to find the tools to help my clients lose inches around their waist, to uncover the secret to creating a small, sleek and super strong midsection.
There is a common Pilates cue that goes, “Exhale and squeeze your abdominals as if you’re wringing water out of a washcloth.” I ruminated on this and realized that the most effective way to wring out a cloth is not to merely squeeze it, but to twist it. Twisting makes the center of the washcloth long, tight and narrow. So why not try the same thing on the core?
Spinal rotation promoted greater flexibility, developed definition in the oblique muscles and quickly shrunk my clients’ waistlines!
5 Twisting Moves For A Slimmer Waistline
Photo by Katrina Wittkamp
1. Reclining Knee Twist
Lean back on your forearms, curl the tailbone under and bring the legs into a tabletop position. Inhale and tilt the legs to one side as far as possible while maintaining your upper body form.
Exhale and “wring out” the waist, slowly drawing the knees back to center.
Repeat on other side. Do two sets of 10 (5x each side), resting between each set.
2. Scissor Criss Cross
Lay on your back, interlace your hands behind the head and curl the chest off the floor. Scissor the legs and twist the torso toward the upper leg, drawing the abs in deeply as you exhale.
Take a quick inhale as you scissor the legs the other direction, and exhale again as you twist the other way.
Repeat this alternating motion 10x, then rest and repeat.
3. Forearm Plank Twist
From a forearm plank, legs together, exhale and squeeze the abs in as you slowly rotate to the right side of the right foot, keeping both feet stacked and both elbows firmly on the floor. Inhale and return to center, then exhale and rotate the other direction.
Repeat 10x (five alternating rotations). Rest and repeat.
4. Side Plank Twist
From side plank, upper hand behind the head, inhale and twist the chest up toward the ceiling, then exhale and rotate the chest toward the floor.
Keep the pelvis still and the feet stacked (separate the feet if unstable). Do 5-8 reps per side. Rest and repeat.
5. Double Lunge Twist
Begin standing, hands behind head, right leg forward, left leg back. Exhale and bend both knees simultaneously as you twist the torso as far as possible to the right (toward the front leg).
Inhale, straighten the legs and return the torso to center. Do eight reps on each side, then rest and repeat.
Want to turn your passion for wellbeing into a fulfilling career? Become a Certified Health Coach! Learn more here. | <urn:uuid:709aa454-7775-47a6-a8a4-5f47233c68a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scifidimensions.com/twist-your-way-to-a-slimmer-stronger-waist-with-these-5-pilates-moves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.93787 | 906 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Lees Ferry: Gateway to Grand Canyon rafting and the Colorado River
LEES FERRY — When 69-year-old Donna Templin left Tampa for a months-long journey across America with her brother, she never planned to be here, where steep canyon walls briefly recede to allow mere mortals access to the Colorado River.
For much of the waterway's 700-mile journey through the canyonlands of the Southwest, it's jealously guarded by a rugged landscape.
Lees Ferry is an exception.
Templin had never heard of the crossing as she stood atop the South Rim of Grand Canyon a few days earlier, craning her neck for a glimpse of the elusive Colorado, a dark thread weaving far below.
Finally, from the edge of Yavapai Point, Templin got a peek of the river. It was just a sliver, barely worth mentioning. But it was enough to fuel a single urge.
“I had to stick my toe in it,” Templin said.
'Worth the trip'
That's when she and her 65-year-old brother Steven Hanley learned of Lees Ferry. The historic area with its recreation access and boat ramp was less than three hours away, the blink of an eye in the midst of a months-long road trip.
Two days later they arrived, in separate vans and accompanied by separate dogs. Templin could hardly believe a river so far away now lapped at a convenient shore.
"Definitely worth the trip," she said.
How Lees Ferry came to be
Lees Ferry is a geological gift of wide, flat, accessible land on both sides of the Colorado River. Mormon pioneers found it the only relatively safe place to cross for hundreds of miles, and in the 1870s it became the preferred path to the Arizona Territory.
When it came to establishing a ferry, Mormon leaders looked to one of their most infamous members. The remote posting served to isolate John D. Lee, who bore the brunt of the blame for the Mountain Meadow Massacre in which 120 emigrants on their way to California were killed.
In the early 1870s Lee, a polygamist, built homes for the two families who would live there with him. He also built the Lonely Dell Ranch, its name inspired by its location.
The ferry launched in 1873, and was frequently overseen by Lee's wife Emma when her husband was visiting other wives.
Emma took full control of the ferry and ranch operations in 1877 when Lee was executed for his role in the massacre. He was the only person to suffer such dire consequences for an event that cast a dark shadow across Mormon history.
The ferry shuttled pioneers and later miners and tourists across the river until 1928, when a bridge was completed a short distance downstream.
Where river rafters put in
Today's visitors often arrive with rafts and kayaks packed Tetris-like with enough supplies to last them up to three weeks in the Grand Canyon.
On a warm weekday morning that was rushing toward an unseasonably hot afternoon, Russ Peterson grabbed a handful of rubberized fabric and helped seven people he barely knew wrestle an empty raft into the Colorado River.
He was the official hero of the group — aka the guy who won a permit to raft through the Grand Canyon.
In March 2017 the Bend, Oregon, resident entered the annual lottery for private-trip permits for the 15th consecutive year, riding a 14-year losing streak. He was as surprised as he was pleased to receive an email saying he'd been awarded a permit for an April 2018 launch for a group of up to 16 people.
Being 15 people short, Peterson visited websites that match interested riders to permit-holders. Within a few months he'd assembled a 14-person, nine-raft convoy.
Gathered at Lees Ferry, members of the group introduced themselves and shook hands as they put their rafts in the water. They would camp nearby for an early departure the next morning.
“It's been so long since I got that email that my initial excitement is long gone," Peterson said, under the only shade structure at Lees Ferry. “But now it's back. Can't believe it's finally time to head out."
Commercial raft trips also start at Lees Ferry, journeys that allow those with little outdoors experience to experience a river that would otherwise be out of reach. It all starts at an unassuming beach where there is no hint of the river’s fury.
But not everyone comes for the journey of a lifetime.
Fishing, kayaking, hiking
Lees Ferry offers access to a 14-mile stretch of calm water before the river descends through its famous rapids. It attracts anglers and kayakers who point their watercraft upstream to a part of the Colorado free of two things: rushing water and permit requirements.
Recreational boaters can follow the river eastward to Glen Canyon Dam, a scenic stretch that includes Horseshoe Bend and the water's graceful arc around a narrow but lofty peninsula of stone.
The Colorado may lure the vast majority of visitors to Lees Ferry, but others come to hike, explore history or put their toes in the chilly water.
A trail heading east from the boat launch leads to a handful of long abandoned buildings, including Lees Ferry Fort built in 1874 at the orders of Mormon Church President Brigham Young, who had what turned out to be an unfounded fear of an attack.
The trail passes other remnants of the area’s rich past, from boilers used during a failed gold-mining operation to the bottom deck of a sunken paddlewheeler meant to transport coal but no match for the current.
While walking the River Trail, you'll notice a series of switchbacks carved into the hill. Welcome to the Spencer Trail, a 2.2-mile trail (one way) that climbs 1,700 feet. Amazing views await those able to tackle the difficult trail.
Lonely Dell Ranch and the Paria River
Less than a mile away sits the largely intact Lonely Dell Ranch, which for decades housed those working at Lees Ferry. The main house made of stone, as well as log cabins, still stand while the orchard provides a lush patch of greenery that seems out of place in the dusty terrain.
Continue past Lonely Dell to hike along the Paria (rhymes with Maria) River. The canyon is 45 miles long, so turn back when you feel it's right. Stay on the trail unless you're accustomed to walking in river beds. There may be quicksand.
Lees Ferry also is popular with anglers who come for the rainbow and brown trout. Small fishing boats often prowl the placid water leading upriver to the dam, and fly-fisherman can be seen trying their luck along the river's edge at the walk-in fishing area below the ferry.
A scenic splendor
But the real star is the scenery. The canyon walls rising on either side pale in comparison to the network of towers and buttes that reveal themselves downriver, where the river cuts further into the landscape.
The trade-off is dipping your toe into the Colorado without breaking a sweat, which is precisely what Donna Templin did after she and her brother took a short hike along the river's edge.
Before the sun set, Templin hauled out a bright yellow kayak from the back of her van and set it in the water. Placing her small dog Honolulu at the bow, she steadily paddled upstream for a journey of a lifetime.
Visiting Lees Ferry
What: Campground, boat launch and day-use area in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.
Where: From Phoenix, take Interstate 17 north to Flagstaff, I-40 east past the city and U.S. 89 north to Bitter Springs. There, turn left and continue north on U.S. 89A to Navajo Bridge. Immediately past the bridge, turn right and continue 6 miles to Lees Ferry.
Admission: $30 for a seven-day pass to Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. Pay at the kiosk on Lees Ferry Road. Credit and debit cards only.
Campground: There are 54 sites with no hookups. There is a bathroom, RV dump station, grills (no campfires allowed) and potable water. Launch ramp within 2 miles. $20 per night.
Services near Lees Ferry: Gas and general store 2 miles away in Marble Canyon. Lodging is available at Marble Canyon Lodge (4 miles from Lees Ferry), Lees Ferry Lodge (6 miles) and Cliff Dwellers Lodge (12 miles). Each has a restaurant.
Rafting: People with 12- to 25-day non-commercial rafting permits launch at Lees Ferry. Permits are distributed by weighted lottery conducted by the National Park Service. The 2018 lottery is closed, but you may visit grcariverpermits.nps.gov to create a profile and sign up for email alerts. For details on the permit lottery, go to www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/weightedlottery.htm.
Details: 928-608-6200, www.nps.gov/glca/planyourvisit/lees-ferry.htm.
MORE ARIZONA TRAVEL | <urn:uuid:75a0a627-829f-4734-90f4-896102bf3862> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theleafchronicle.com/story/travel/arizona/road-trips/2018/07/09/lees-ferry-grand-canyon-colorado-river-rafting/565280002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.96024 | 1,939 | 2.46875 | 2 |
The Shaman’s Oracle: Wisdom and Guidance from the Ancestors, by John Matthews and Wil Kinghan
Watkins Publishing, 9781780285238, 52 cards, 88 pp., 2018
These days, oracle cards have become almost as popular as the tarot, and there are many different varieties of decks out there. The Shaman’s Oracle: Wisdom and Guidance from the Ancestors by John Matthews and Wil Kinghan provides a unique take on oracle decks by drawing on the traditions of ancient shamans from around the world. These traditions remain relevant today, as they contain profound knowledge of human nature.
The Shaman’s Oracle is a 52-card deck printed on quality stock with glossed images. Each card is 6.5cm x 9cm. The front of the card depicts an image based on ancient cave drawings. The images are new works of art, redrawn from photographs of original cave art. It also has a title and a smaller image in the bottom left corner that represents the card’s tribe. The front image is bordered with a gray frame. The back of the cards depicts a golden-brown swirl with an image of a spread hand in the centre. The backs are framed with a brown border.
The deck is accompanied by a guidebook that provides a detailed explanation of each card and a divinatory interpretation. For example, the Shaman of Loss depicts a cave painting of a shamanic figure. The card meaning symbolizes loss and gain, the rediscovery of forgotten truths, endurance, and allowing things to move forward.1
The deck is comprised of two interactive cards: the Journeyer (representing the seeker during a reading) and the Companion (representing the seeker’s inner guide). These cards are meant to act as an interface between the reader and the energies of the deck. The remaining 50 cards are divided into five tribes. The tribes are comprised of Spirits, Ancestors, Shamans, Hunters, and Dancers. Each tribe has a specific representation for reading the cards.
John Matthews provides a template to use when reading the cards, the Cave Oracle Glyph. The glyph is an image of a right hand, palm up. The thumb represents the Cave of Earth, the index finger is the Cave of Rivers, the middle finger is the Cave of Hearthfires, the ring finger is the Cave of Winds, and the little finger is the Cave of Ice. The palm represents the Midworld and the space between the thumb and forefinger represents the Spiritworld.
When doing a reading, Matthews recommends framing the question as clearly as possible. After shuffling the cards and focusing on the question, the cards can be laid out in the Cave Oracle Glyph pattern. You can make it easier to become familiar the glyph by drawing around your hand onto a blank piece of paper. Once you have the layout, the guidebook will provide interpretations of the cards.
These cards take a little while to get used to, mainly because they are so different from traditional tarot and most other oracles, and also because of the nature of the layout. However, if the cards resonate with you, it’s worth taking the time to get to know them, because you can use them to dig deep within your psyche and get in touch with your ancestral spirits. I also find them useful for meditation. I think they may also be a valuable tool for spiritual healing, because they touch on our most primal feelings.
Once you have become more familiar with the cards, you may also wish to try the Shaman’s Journey, an exercise described at the end of the booklet. It involves a meditation exercise in which you use your imagination to visit one of the Shaman Oracle caves and explore within. According to Kinghan, over time this practice can attune your senses to a deeper understanding of your psyche. I found the Shaman’s Journey useful for helping me to work through a difficulty I was having with a book I am writing.
The Shaman’s Oracle: Wisdom and Guidance from the Ancestors is a very unusual deck, and rather complicated to use. Yet, I have done several readings with it and find them insightful. It’s perfect for both beginners and experienced readers, because no knowledge of the traditional tarot is needed. But you should be prepared to rely heavily on the guidebook for interpretation, at least until you have become more familiar with it, as the images themselves don’t always give up their full meaning.
- p. 82 [↩] | <urn:uuid:df039f63-d2a4-47d3-8aa0-c4c421ff0727> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.spiralnature.com/reviews/shamans-oracle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.952444 | 928 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Page created on October 11, 2021. Last updated on October 20, 2021 at 13:57
For information on obesity, see the corresponding pathology 1 topic.
Bariatric surgery is weight-loss surgery, that is, those surgical procedures aimed at causing weight loss. It must be combined with lifestyle modification.
Patients must meet the following criteria:
- Persons with BMI > 40 OR persons with BMI 35 – 40 and a comorbidity:
- Type 2 diabetes
- Obstructive sleep apnoea
- Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome
- Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- Impaired quality of life
- Failed dietary therapy
- Psychiatrically stable without alcohol dependence or illegal drug use
- Age 16 – 65
Preoperative assessment is comprehensive and should be performed by a multidisciplinary team. The person’s psychology and cognitive abilities should be assessed for any psychiatric disorders and to determine whether the patient is able and willing to make the necessary lifestyle changes. Any newly diagnosed significant psychiatric disorders should be treated ahead of surgery.
A dietician should be involved to make nutritional plans for the patient before, during, and after bariatric surgery. A thorough medical assessment must be made to assess for any comorbidities which may contraindicate the surgery.
Patients should participate in lifestyle change programs before surgery to demonstrate their commitment to them. Pregnancy is discouraged for the first 2 years after surgery, so patients of childbearing should be encouraged to use birth control.
Obesity leads to physiological changes that impact perioperative anaesthesia, and so getting anaesthesia on board for evaluation is important.
Bariatric surgeries have a volume-restrictive and nutrient-malabsorptive effect, which is what drives the weight loss.
The possible bariatric surgeries include:
- Sleeve gastrectomy
- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
- Gastric banding
- (Intragastric balloon)
Sleeve gastrectomy is a partial gastrectomy in which the majority of the greater curvature of the stomach is removed.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass involves removal of most of the stomach and the proximal duodenum, followed by gastrojejunostomy to connect the remaining stomach to the jejunum. You can read more about it in the topic about malignant stomach tumours, as the same procedure is used there.
Gastric banding refers to applying a band to the epigastric part of the stomach, which narrows it. It’s a much smaller procedure than bypass or sleeve, and is applied laparsoscopically. It’s a commonly used procedure nowadays due to its less invasive nature and reversibility.
Another option is an intragastric balloon. This balloon is placed in the stomach endoscopically and filled with 400 – 700 mL of saline. It occupies volume in the stomach, thereby promoting satiety. The balloon must be removed after six months, and so intragastric balloon is not a permanent solution. This method was not covered in the lecture. | <urn:uuid:65376f01-16ef-4163-816c-f2f1ed59ee0b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://greek.doctor/sixth-year/surgery-traumatology/b56-morbid-obesity-and-bariatric-surgery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.905131 | 674 | 2.515625 | 3 |
On December 18, 1869, six people were killed when a mine cave-in swallowed their homes in Luzerne County.
The Avondale Mine Disaster of September 6, 1869 killed 108 miners and 2 volunteer rescuers.
A Harper's Weekly artist documented work in an anthracite mine in Pennsylvania in 1869.
Work in the anthracite mines of Eastern Pennsylvania ranks among the deadliest jobs in American history.
On November 20, 1869, a massive fire swept through the Brookside Colliery above the growing village of Tower City, Pennsylvania. | <urn:uuid:a97f4c2a-4ce5-4f9f-849e-7123258f246c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wynninghistory.com/tag/1869/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.933597 | 116 | 2.96875 | 3 |
On the subject of auto insurance plan, there are lots of various factors that could affect your quality. It is possible to lessen your premium by driving properly and responsibly. Other aspects to consider when comparing fees incorporate your car make and design, the value of your automobile, and how you utilize it. If you regularly generate long distances, you usually tend to be linked to mishaps. Eventually, The easiest method to reduce your coverage top quality is to find a policy that matches your preferences.
On the subject of insurance policies, the standard motor vehicle proprietor is chargeable for having to pay anywhere from $1,one hundred to around $five,000 a yr. It is important to recognize that fees can vary broadly from point out to point out. In certain states, entire coverage expenses twice approximately bare minimum protection. Detailed down below are a few tips that will help you get the very best selling price. A least liability Restrict is only needed in a few states, even though comprehensive protection generally features a $500 deductible.
Picking out the appropriate car or truck is crucial due to the fact some cars are dearer than Many others, triggering larger insurance policy premiums. In addition, some cars are costlier to mend and swap, so their insurance coverage premiums are typically increased. Drivers with a thoroughly clean driving record have a tendency to obtain more cost-effective charges. Age and gender also Participate in a part in figuring out insurance costs. More youthful motorists are commonly a lot more dangerous than more mature motorists. Also, some insurers use credit history scores to ascertain insurance coverage premiums. However, some states have passed legal guidelines prohibiting these use.
There are 6 standard different types of auto insurance policy coverages. This coverage allows you to customise your plan to deal with a range of various cases. You can expect to also want to make sure that you have got liability coverage. Liability insurance coverage is necessary by law in many states, however , you can select a special form of coverage should you’d favor. Legal responsibility insurance policy handles you in the event you’re at fault in a collision, but it also covers other motorists in your vehicle. It can pay for Other individuals’s damages or accidents, and it may also go over health care payments.
A typical coverage will contain numerous kinds of protection, together with legal responsibility, collision, detailed, uninsured/underinsured motorist, and medical payments. These are typically all important, and it is best to get more than enough of them. Many of these coverages might be required in a few states, while some may well not. To discover the most effective car or truck insurance plan coverage for your preferences, stop by a web-site which include Freeway Insurance policies. You will discover lots of protection possibilities and conserve time and expense.
Just about every point out sets its own minimum amount car insurance policy necessities, and these laws are damaged down into 3 independent numbers. In California, for instance, that you are needed to have at the least fifteen/30/five in bodily harm liability protection, and 30/50/five in house harm liability. These numbers can vary greatly, so it is best to examine your state’s prerequisites ahead of driving. Even though different insurance plan may very well be an alternative, it’s actually not normally a good idea.
The minimal coverage required by your point out is normally legal responsibility coverage, but several lenders have to have entire protection. Entire protection refers to both of those collision and complete insurance plan, and it might be necessary by your lender when you are financing your car. Legal responsibility coverage addresses damages to other people’s residence from the occasion of an accident although not your personal car or self. Bodily damage legal responsibility and property injury legal responsibility insurance plan may be mixed to supply you with the ideal coverage at an extremely realistic value.
Regardless of whether you might have collision coverage on your vehicle insurance policies plan depends upon your situations. When you may not be expected by legislation to possess this coverage, lenders will probably involve it if you plan on funding your car. Lenders might also need you to hold collision insurance policies For those who have a loan, meaning that you choose to need to invest in full protection automobile insurance policies. This coverage is actually a necessity for most of us who finance an automobile, no matter whether new or applied.
Collision protection pays the complete worth of your car from the event of an accident. Even though the insurance provider pays your complete cost of repairs, it might not be plenty of to replace the vehicle if It really is stolen or totaled. You may additionally must shell out some private revenue to exchange the vehicle. When you’ve got such a protection, make sure you realize the conditions and terms prior to buying car insurance coverage. It’s also wise to realize the deductible, which is independent within the collision deductible.
There are lots of components to consider when buying a car insurance coverage Invoice. Some states call for minimum amount limitations on Home and Uninsured motorist coverage, which pays for that difference between your bills along with the plan Restrict on the at-fault driver. Other states tend not to call for underinsured motorist coverage. Here are a few recommendations that will help you buy the best insurance policy policy for your requirements. With any luck ,, these guidelines is likely to make the method a bit less complicated and preserve you dollars.
Legal responsibility protection for vehicle insurance policy is necessary in an effort to safeguard yourself and your home against claims of damage or assets hurt. This protection can deal with the expense of protection or settlement should you be uncovered at fault for a mishap. There are plenty of varieties of coverage, so it is important to be aware of the distinction between them to stop pricey surprises. Condition Farm gives average charges for various levels of protection. You might uncover it far more helpful to decide on a medium coverage level.
For most states, you might be required to have liability protection with your coverage, which addresses damages to Other individuals’s home and injuries to other people. This kind of coverage also guards you in case you bring about a mishap with A different driver. This protection may be the default plan in many states, and is usually recommended for motorists in lots of nations. Having said that, it is important to know that liability insurance plan limits are certainly different in Just about every point out. Your liability limit will determine the amount you will have to pay to include damages.
In just about each individual condition, it is against the law to travel devoid of legal responsibility coverage, which includes residence injury liability. For those who cause harm to someone else’s house, liability protection pays for repairs. Nonetheless, your automobile insurance policy coverage won’t protect your own automobile’s damages. Your condition may have distinctive minimal demands for liability protection, so it is vital to examine your coverage prior to buying it. Property protection is likewise important for the economical protection. It helps you prevent currently being left with big insurance policies payments in case you lead to an accident.
Your coverage coverage needs to have some sort of assets injury coverage to compensate you within the celebration of a collision. This protection pays for just about any damages you result in to a different man or woman’s motor vehicle, such as repairs. It also pays for your removal of debris just after a collision. Home coverage is often written with three quantities, which include bodily personal injury coverage per accident and house injury coverage for every incident. Greater restrictions, on the other hand, provide much more protection. Make sure you examine your plan and inquire your insurance plan agent if you’ll find any exclusions or limits.
In Ny, you are able to claim uninsured motorist coverage if the other driver does not have ample insurance plan to go over the cost of your collision. This coverage applies when another driver isn’t identified whatsoever plus the incident is a success-and-operate. The Insurance plan Regulation SS 5217 specifies the uninsured motorist protection must be bought in almost any physical collision, but courts have interpreted this provision to only use within a Actual physical collision.
Underinsured and uninsured motorist coverage are optional in some states, but in other states, you needs to have them both. Buying both equally coverages will offer you excess coverage in the event you need to shell out medical payments or other expenditures. When the uninsured driver leaves you having a destroyed car, the uninsured motorist protection can pay for the repairs. Although this coverage is just not needed, it could be a wise strategy to hold at the very least the minimum volume of legal responsibility coverage.
For those who’ve never viewed as it, automobile insurance policy discount rates are a terrific way to save money and continue to be inexperienced. Numerous new autos have protection characteristics including airbags and anti-lock brakes that should reduce your rates. You can even get added savings for getting safety options as part of your automobile, for example daytime managing lights or anti-theft alarms. Shelling out your top quality in comprehensive yearly may even eliminate payment anxieties for twelve months. In actual fact, about 50 % of insurers offer a reduction for this kind of payment.
You may also be qualified for bargains in the event you’ve experienced your coverage for quite a few a long time. These reductions range dependant upon the length of time you’ve experienced your coverage, but many companies give discount rates for staying faithful for their prospects. You could be eligible for a reduction of approximately 15% if you purchase your plan at least seven days in advance of your renewal day. Aside from these bargains, some businesses even offer you special discounts to All those in specified occupations. For instance, lecturers get 10% off their premiums from Liberty Mutual. Armed forces personnel receive a fifteen% discount from Geico.
Do you think you’re a youthful driver trying to find automobile insurance coverage low-priced rates? Here are a few tips you can adhere to to save money on car insurance coverage protection: Raising your deductibles, acquiring a no claims price reduction, and obtaining a coverage that has a regional insurance company. These tips could help you save many pounds every year on the auto insurance policies policy. They also help you get the bottom premiums possible. Continue reading to discover a lot more. You will end up happy you did!
Young drivers can save cash on car insurance by driving a lot more safely and securely, lowering the amount of miles they travel, and allowing the insurance provider observe their driving routines. It’s also possible to lessen your rates by procuring all over for vehicle insurance coverage. Quite a few insurers demand the next price for young drivers, so it is important to buy all over. Luckily, you can find totally free online estimate comparison equipment that make this quick. On top of that, you could ask for a reduction Should you have various cars and trucks and also have them insured by precisely the same organization.
When trying to find a policy, make sure to compare a number of rates and choose the most effective benefit and quality. You can also look for an insurance agent who’ll grow with you, letting you to help make adjustments as your driving background modifications. Be sure you Examine policies which provide very similar sorts of protection, as deductibles and boundaries may make a large distinction. If you’re a young driver, It’s also advisable to get adequate protection to avoid financial disaster.
Acquiring a no claims lower price on car or truck include is a great way to save money on your premiums, and it may be truly worth asking your insurer how to apply it. Depending upon the insurance company, the price cut may be really worth between thirty% after a 12 months to approximately sixty five% after five years. Do not forget that For those who have an accident, you may eliminate two many years of no statements reward. Also, several claims may also wipe out all your no promises reward. It really is important to notify your insurance company straight away of any mishaps that you’ve got, as failing to take action could necessarily mean that long run promises is going to be rejected.
Most insurers offer you no promises lower price defense for any payment of all over PS25. It enables you to make a certain amount of statements a year without having worrying about your premiums likely up. It’s also achievable to include it to a different coverage Should you have a no statements reward. Furthermore, you’ll be able to transfer your no claims discount to another insurance provider if you wish. To keep the no statements low cost, you should think about switching providers annually or two.
When seeking a inexpensive car or truck coverage quotation, elevating your deductibles is a terrific way to get lessen rates. Some estimates say It can save you concerning 15 and thirty % on the premium by boosting your deductibles. These discounts can differ extensively depending on your driving history, the type of car or truck you travel, and also your point out’s guidelines. Elevating your deductibles also can reduced your yearly quality by as many as forty%.
Although boosting your deductible isn’t the right decision for everybody, it will help you conserve A large number of bucks above the long term. Though the amount you end up picking to lift your deductible will rely on your economical scenario, professionals propose preserving at the least two months’ truly worth of dwelling bills. Also, it can lessen your insurance expenses every month. You will also conserve a significant amount of money when you ever come up with a claim.
Getting a coverage having a regional insurance company is usually useful for motorists which has a bad credit history historical past. It can save you cash each month with your monthly insurance coverage Invoice, and you will reap the benefits of special discounts and outstanding customer support. Getting a policy having a regional insurance company is out there in all fifty states, and you can Evaluate rates by condition to uncover the lowest costs. Nonetheless, it is vital to note that it could have a several months to boost your credit history score, and many drivers which has a weak credit history record can find yourself paying out about $400 a calendar year.
Erie Coverage is an additional regional insurance provider that offers affordable vehicle insurance policies. This business is situated in Pennsylvania, and is in organization considering the fact that 1925. Erie gives automobile coverage, everyday living, and home coverage. Although Erie only presents protection in sure states, it’s got a lot more than thirteen,000 unbiased insurance policies agents all through The us. You may pick out an agent or a regional insurance provider In line with your requirements. Nevertheless, it is usually recommended which you go through all great print before making a choice.
If you are a substantial-chance driver, you need to Examine automobile coverage offers and locate The most cost effective coverage for your needs. It’s also advisable to consider the amount protection is obtainable close to you to help you ascertain if a decrease fee is achievable. It’d be a lot more economical to buy more coverage Should you have lower possibility or if you agree for a higher deductible. Everything depends on your needs. The good thing is, there are lots of choices accessible to you.
When you are looking for The most affordable vehicle insurance estimate for high-possibility drivers, you are in luck. You can certainly come across one particular using a handful of clicks on the web. The online market place can give you various rates for protection in a fraction of the cost of regular motor vehicle coverage. Not only that, but it really will even make signing up for insurance quite a bit less difficult. All You should do is fill out an easy on the web kind, pay your quality, and you also’re performed! The insurance company will then print you a card as evidence of one’s insurance protection and you’ll have a coverage around the highway.
If you have a poor credit rating background, you happen to be regarded a higher-chance driver by quite a few insurance plan organizations. It is because you usually tend to file an insurance plan assert than the usual driver with good credit history. Your credit score rating can be a Consider how insurance plan providers perspective you, plus a prior DUI/DWI will increase your premium by around sixty five%. This really is akin to an additional $477 on the six-thirty day period plan. One more issue that insurers look at is your driving heritage. A DUI/DWI can raise your top quality by just as much as $174, in addition to a speeding ticket can include nearly about 45%.
When you have a DUI on your report, you’ll be able to pick out The most affordable automobile insurance plan company. Organizations for example State Farm, American Family members, and Progressive have some very good solutions that provide decrease rates for high-risk drivers. They also think about your credit score rating when determining your top quality. Insurers take into account these variables when choosing the amount of you pay for the coverage. A lousy credit score can result in insurance plan premiums to skyrocket, so It is really critical to find out your credit score rating before you make a call.
There are a selection of elements to look at When picking The most cost effective automobile insurance policy for youthful drivers. Your age and marital position Engage in a big position within your car insurance plan costs. The type of auto you push could also have an impact on your top quality. For example, superior-efficiency motor vehicles are usually more expensive to insure than reduced-general performance cars. Thus, the first step in finding the cheapest automobile insurance plan for younger motorists is to locate a auto with many basic safety functions.
A terrific way to reduce the expense of vehicle coverage for youthful drivers should be to lessen the protection you need. Lots of insurers supply discount rates in case you are a very good college student, or In case you are in driver training. Having said that, minimizing your coverage could end in massive out-of-pocket expenditures In case you have an accident. Therefore, be sure to weigh the pitfalls of this selection very carefully, and generally err around the side of discovering much better benefit.
Teenagers Have a very difficult time securing affordable vehicle insurance coverage. Although the cost of a plan for your sixteen-yr-aged driver is way bigger than that of an adult, it may be lowered by adding a teen to an current plan. This feature improves rates by a mean of $1,461 a year, but is often less costly than obtaining a separate plan. In addition, for anyone who is a youthful driver, search for reductions as well as other ways to save.
The expense of car insurance plan varies commonly depending on your profile, which may mean that you need to shop all over for the cheapest insurance plan for very low-possibility drivers. Insurers contemplate quite a few factors when deciding on an insurance plan, including your driving document, demographics, and All round chance stage. Stated down below will be the five primary variables to look at when comparing insurance prices. Understand that reduce insurance policy fees You should not signify that you’ve to sacrifice high-quality.
To start with, look at your zip code. These in high-crime places will confront bigger rates. On top of that, insurance plan companies just take traffic quantity into consideration. Also, ensure you do not have any mishaps or statements on the report, as these will enhance your premiums. Last of all, Remember the fact that you should Review premiums every six months to avoid paying out in excess of You need to. It’s also advisable to take into account getting a multi-policy price cut if you’ve got multiple coverage with a certain insurer.
Whilst credit rating scores usually are not lawfully utilized by insurers in some states, They are however critical considerations when evaluating vehicle insurance coverage premiums. In Hawaii, drivers with weak credit score pays 168% greater than similar cleanse motorists. In Massachusetts, substantial-hazard drivers pay back thirty% much more than thoroughly clean motorists. For brand spanking new drivers, a DUI, rushing ticket, and lousy credit rating will raise premiums much more than others. Make sure to get several rates before you make a call.
The zip code you reside in is A significant factor in the cost of insurance. If you live in a place with superior crime and accident costs, you can expect to pay much more for insurance policy quotes. On top of that, components like site visitors volume and accident background can increase the price of insurance coverage. Most insurance policy companies also explore a driver’s driving history to find out what level they need to demand for his or her coverage. Normally, motorists having a lousy driving background pay back much more for protection than These which has a clear driving history.
Auto coverage has risen by $50 – $a hundred in the final five years, as wellbeing care expenditures happen to be increasing. Motorists are needed to have uninsured and PIP insurance plan, which might be previously mentioned-common point out requirements. Many states only have to have legal responsibility insurance, but Ny requires drivers to hold both. These optional coverages boost the expense of coverage, and can frequently increase the total quality. Finally, motorists need to Look at their protection restrictions, as some policies have a decrease minimum level of coverage than Some others.
In Big apple, the common particular person spends 2.8 % of their money on car insurance coverage, which is a little bit higher when compared to the nationwide regular of 2.40 %. Men and women within their 30s, 40s, and 50s can pay a little lower than the typical. The 70+ age group pays higher premiums than motorists with a lot less driving working experience. Those people who are married will pay somewhat higher premiums, but nonetheless decrease than single people today.
In addition to decrease charges, drivers can also take defensive driving classes. These lessons are 320 minutes in size, and incorporate conversations of driver Mind-set and targeted traffic guidelines. Additionally they instruct defensive driving procedures that may radically lower the expense of insurance policies. They may also enable to further improve their driving history, so finishing a training course can reduce the price of a car or truck insurance policies quotation. On the other hand, if you’re unsure about the precise protection you will need, you could Verify with the Insurance policy Details Institute.
When gas price ranges range by condition, the cost of an auto insurance policy estimate in other states may very well be bigger or decrease than your very own. Some elements may account for this, like The proportion of uninsured drivers, condition insurance policies regulations, and the rate of theft. Also, the incidence of poor climate can improve the cost of insurance policies in numerous states. The following table displays regular motor vehicle insurance policies rates in various states. These estimates are according to a comparison of condition insurance necessities.
Missouri is The most affordable point out for full-protection automobile coverage, having to pay just $944 below Louisiana. Also, this condition has considered one of the lowest prices for each capita, and is also rated fifth with regard to price of living. In contrast, Texas motorists shell out the most for his or her auto coverage, spending as much as 33% of their once-a-year revenue in overall. This disparity might be due to The truth that the condition incorporates a superior quantity of uninsured drivers and a lot of lawsuits.
The nationwide regular for complete protection auto insurance is $one,771 a 12 months. The condition with the most costly insurance policy top quality is Louisiana, by using a quality of $two,839, a 19% improve from 2020. Conversely, Maine’s typical insurance quality is simply $858. This is due to no-fault states have better coverage premiums. The price of an automobile insurance policy in other states can vary drastically. There are several aspects to think about, like your state’s rules on insurance policies.
For those who are trying to find substantial-danger driver vehicle insurance coverage close to me, you may well be pondering how to get a reduced-Value policy. Higher-chance drivers pay back better insurance premiums than normal drivers. It’s because they tend to obtain additional incidents or violations on their record. Depending upon the point out, the Restrict might be 3 decades or five years. In some instances, you will get savings if you’re taking a driver safety training course.
Whilst the countrywide averages for top-possibility driver vehicle insurance policies in the vicinity of me are really dependable, you’ll find that premiums range wildly from condition to point out. Some firms regulate their fees to different states, Therefore if you live in a specific point out, you might realize that one particular insurance company offers you the top coverage for your very low rate. The most cost effective superior-chance driver car insurance in the vicinity of me arises from Condition Farm, that has a protracted-standing status for offering excellent provider.
The easiest method to find a superior-chance driver car or truck insurance around me is always to enter your ZIP code and compare quotes. The price of higher-danger vehicle insurance close to me can differ from point out to condition, but most large insurers present these protection. Many of these providers specialize in large-possibility coverage, for instance Countrywide General. You might even be capable of finding a cheaper policy For those who have fantastic grades and also a reduced-chance automobile.
There are numerous great things about evaluating auto insurance policies providers. In this article, we will explore some of The key features, for example scores, discount rates, and customer service. Selecting the greatest plan is important for your safety and protection, so go to the trouble to compare different guidelines from various companies. By the point you complete examining this short article, you’ll need an notion of which insurance company presents the ideal protection at the lowest Price. Here are several ideas to select the correct a single for you:
To obtain the best fee, you should compare auto insurance plan estimates from different providers. Insurers use lots of elements to determine the cost of insurance plan. You have to establish your particular person wants and Assess price ranges from various companies. By way of example, sporting activities automobiles can Expense a lot more to insure than standard automobiles. Also, your locality and driving historical past also can have an impact on the costs you are quoted. Through the use of a comparison Device, you could find the lowest level on a similar coverage While using the exact deductibles.
Insurance policy rates will vary appreciably, so it really is crucial to understand how Every coverage will work. Among the many components that have an effect on rates are driving heritage, age, and credit rating record. You may as well Look at the perks that every company features, such as roadside guidance or incident forgiveness. Though this might look like a daunting task, it might help to compare quotes from distinct providers and select the suitable just one. Stated beneath are a few suggestions to get you began.
On the subject of evaluating car insurance plan companies, you may want to start with the J.D. Power car or truck insurance provider scores. These are dependant on customer gratification surveys that survey Countless auto coverage shoppers nationwide. The results are compiled into numerical scores that depict the companies’ normal customer gratification score. These rankings are published per year, and the top motor vehicle insurance firms in Every single classification are awarded gold medals. But how Are you aware of if the businesses you are looking at are any very good?
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During the insurance policy field, Here are a few providers that consistently excel at customer care. Esurance, one example is, scored 4 out of five while in the J.D. Electrical power rankings for customer service, a higher mark for an organization whose guardian organization would not. The corporation scored better than its opponents in all other locations, like policy offerings and prices, as well as the high-quality of provider furnished by its Get in touch with Middle Associates and Web-site.(personalised provider)
A very powerful component of automobile insurance plan for many customers is its coverage, but it’s the customer care that matters most. Consumers desire to Get in touch with their insurers and get prompt, courteous provider. This means that they would like to get a response for their email messages and cellphone phone calls promptly, and they wish to talk to an agent who’ll listen to their problems and give remedies. Though all auto coverage businesses may possibly offer you superb customer service, some do perform better than Some others.(rideshare insurance policies)(only a few clicks)(insurance plan selections)
A variety of elements affect the premiums of automobile insurance policy organizations. Driving history and age are two key components. A driver which has a poor driving heritage or maybe a bad credit score will likely have better rates. Also, the expense of living in your area will have an impact on the rates. Due to this, it is vital to match the premiums of quite a few insurance policy corporations to discover the just one that may accommodate your funds plus your driving habits. Usually there are some strategies to reduced your rates, like cutting coverage or having a defensive driving study course. You may as well prefer to pay for a full calendar year of protection up front.(Monthly bill on the web)(employee savings)(at fault incident)(lined accident)
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An auto insurance plan Evaluate is a great way to stay away from disreputable insurance coverage suppliers. As an example, lower offers from a selected insurance provider is usually misleading When the quotation excludes sure protection or will make inaccurate assumptions regarding your driving profile. By seeking up insurance policy providers’ ratings plus the A.M. Most effective score, you’ll find The most affordable insurance policies organizations in your area. Study this post to Learn how vehicle insurance policies compares can help you save income. Then, Get the prices through the major companies and see which 1 is the greatest for you.(incident cost-free)
Your credit history-dependent insurance policies rating can be a handy indicator of the amount risk you’re prone to pose, but you mustn’t Enable it dictate your costs. The federal authorities does not let insurers to make use of your credit history background as the sole cause of a rise in your costs. Even so, states such as California, Massachusetts, Oregon, Utah, and Vermont have guidelines set up that limit insurers from working with credit history heritage to determine insurance coverage rates.(could save)(new motor vehicle)(car claim)
Nevertheless, this sort of insurance isn’t going to utilize to every condition, so people have no way to find out if a business is utilizing your rating to make your mind up simply how much to charge them. Some states, including California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, and Michigan, do ban credit-based insurance. A number of other states also have restrictions on the use of credit rating-based mostly insurance plan scores. Eventually, you must decide for yourself whether or not your credit history-primarily based insurance plan rating is suitable for you.(bike insurance policy)(roadside assistance coverage)(bundling car)(obtain a motor vehicle insurance plan)(pet insurance)(real dollars value)(top-quality promises provider)(yacht insurance policies)
Several things impact the price of auto insurance coverage special discounts, such as age. Age affects your fee by more than thirty per cent, and in a few states, a youthful driver pays Practically four situations up to a 30-yr-aged. Inexperience is yet another main variable, as young young adults are more likely to go into incidents. By knowing what factors have an effect on your premiums, you can negotiate reduced charges yourself. Stated beneath are some of the ways in which age affects your automobile insurance policy.
Normally, the more youthful you are, the reduced your rates might be. But In case you are a person, age does influence the cost of vehicle insurance policies. Whilst youthful male motorists pay under their older counterparts, premiums for motorists inside their sixties and seventies skyrocket. Statistically, males are two as well as a half periods as likely to be involved in a vehicle crash than women, And so the gender gap decreases with age.(coverage alternatives)(homeowners insurance)
The reality that a man can pay a better top quality for automobile coverage than a girl is not totally shocking. Numerous men make bad alternatives whilst driving, resulting in far more mishaps and promises. On the other hand, There are many factors that make Guys dearer to insure. Below are a few of the highest main reasons why. Continue reading to discover more details on the most popular components that influence auto coverage charges by gender. And if you’re still perplexed, take into account the following tips for lowering your rates.(automobile insurance procedures)(vehicle coverage quotation)(car insurance coverage charge)
The Oregon Division of monetary Regulation has instructed vehicle insurers to support customers who You should not specify their gender. Discrimination in opposition to non-binary folks can be grounds for unfair discrimination rates, and insurers should file rates for the people drivers starting in January 2019. These rates may be increased than People for male and female motorists. Provided that they’re not too much, Ladies should be able to get monetary savings. Also, Don’t be concerned with regard to the “non-binary” charge for younger motorists.(car insurance policies declare)(hole insurance coverage)(vehicle plan) | <urn:uuid:30726096-45c9-4b43-a6ca-d7d752078c75> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cheapcarinsurancebyzip.info/car-insurance-in-colver-pa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.953429 | 7,291 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Expert gynecological care is an essential part of a woman’s preventive health and maintenance. At Somerset Women’s Care in Warren, New Jersey, board-certified OB/GYN Shilpa Clott, MD, offers comprehensive gynecological care to women of all ages. Visit her office for annual women’s wellness exams, menopause support, pre- and post-pregnancy care, and resolution of abnormal uterine bleeding. Call the office or schedule online to protect the health of your reproductive and pelvic organs.
A gynecologist deals with issues that have to do with the health of a woman’s reproductive organs. These include the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, as well as the bladder. Issues commonly addressed include:
Dr. Clott provides both preventive care for and management of gynecological issues.
You should schedule an annual well-woman visit with Dr. Clott to ensure you’re as healthy as possible This visit begins as early as 13 and continues past menopause. After menopause, you’re at increased risk for heart disease and osteoporosis, so regular care is a must.
At your annual exam, the doctor performs a thorough pelvic exam (once you’re older than 21) and may also perform a Pap smear to test for cellular irregularities that may suggest cervical cancer.
If you’re sexually active, ask Dr. Clott to screen you for sexually transmitted diseases. An annual exam is also a time to address any concerns you may have about your sexuality, painful intercourse, menstrual irregularities, or incontinence.
A Pap smear is a screening to evaluate whether you have cells that may lead to cervical cancer. During this test, Dr. Clott takes a swab of your cervix to collect cells and then sends them off to a lab for analysis. You may feel pressure during the swab, but no pain.
If your test comes back abnormal, it is not a diagnosis of cancer. It simply means you need further investigation of suspicious cells to ensure they don’t proliferate or develop into cancer.
Pap smears start at age 21 and are generally recommended every three years. Some women may go longer between Pap smears if they have consistently negative results.
To take advantage of the expert gynecological care offered at Somerset Women’s Care, call the office or schedule your exam online. | <urn:uuid:9993d9a0-c5f8-4af3-b735-4426f50256c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.drclott.com/services/gynecology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.944144 | 504 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Test your knowledge of lead poisoning and win points!
Rapid Fire: Weathering, Erosion, Deposition (part 1)
Students match 12 examples with the terms
Rapid Fire: Weathering, Erosion, Deposition (part 2)
Students match 15 terms with the examples
The Scientific Method
vocabulary associated with the method
Gravity and Space
Terms associated with the effects of gravity in space
The Layers Of The Earth
Pop the correct answer to score.
Tap correct answers without touching the edges. Check polarpedia.eu for clues
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Learn the difference between biotic and abiotic factors!
Superposition and Uniformitarianism
Practice with your science knowledge.
Elementary Earth Science: At the Beach 1-2
Build your knowledge of wind, waves, weathering and erosion | <urn:uuid:5cedbfc3-ee6a-4ade-afc6-cec42fd02b72> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dev.wisc-online.com/arcade/games/natural-science/earth-science?gameTypes=RAPIDFIRE_SNAKE_BLDKNOW | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.79136 | 188 | 3.1875 | 3 |
NewsWhistle is pleased to feature Gary Jenneke’s “This Day In History” column.
You can read the original at Gary’s THIS DAY IN HISTORY blog — or scroll down to enjoy Gary’s unique look at life’s comings and goings.
THIS DAY IN HISTORY… MAY 12
1780 – Charleston falls to British.
Unable to suppress the revolution in the north, the British shifted their efforts to the southern colonies. Leading a force of 8,500 soldiers and 5,000 sailors, General Henry Clinton laid siege to Charleston, South Carolina on March 29th. After six weeks of bombardment, including heated shot that caused buildings to burn, General Benjamin Lincoln was forced to surrender the city. The British captured over 5,000 prisoners and huge caches of munitions and supplies. It was one of the worst defeats the Americans suffered in the Revolutionary War and left no standing army in the southern colonies. Despite the victory, the British strategy in the South failed. The expected uprising of Loyalists to the Crown did not materialize, and American resistance continued in the form of guerrilla warfare.
The poor British. It must have been like playing whack-a-mole for them. No matter how many times they won, those pesky Americans would just pop up in another place.
1944 – Gerrit van der Veen arrested.
Van der Veen was a Dutch artist in Amsterdam who resisted the Nazis during WWII. He refused to sign a declaration of Aryan ancestry, was part of an organization called the Free Artist, and helped produce an underground resistance newspaper and printed 80,000 sets of false identity papers for Jews. After his arrest he was executed on June 10th, 1944.
A short summation for a tremendous display of courage. This is not the first time I’ve devoted space to resistance fighters. They knew what they were facing torture and death if captured. Submission also most likely meant survival because they weren’t the targets. People like van der Veen did it for others. I can’t help but be fascinated by their contributions to a greater good. This stands in contrasts to those, who during the COVID-19 pandemic, refuse to wear a mask for the greater good because, what…it infringes on their personal freedom, or is too much of a sacrifice?
1963 – Bob Dylan walks off Ed Sullivan Show.
Dylan had planned to sing a satirical song from the perspective of a member of the John Birch Society. Included in it was a line the only true American was George Lincoln Rockwell, founder of the American Nazi Party. Ed Sullivan had no issue with the song, but during dress rehearsal a CBS executive heard it, objected, and told Dylan he’d have to sing a different song. Dylan refused to bow to censorship and walked off the show. At the time Dylan was relatively unknown and a spot on the Ed Sullivan Show was considered a big break for a performer. However the publicity he received, a nobody taking on the powers that be, might have been worth more than an actual appearance on the show.
I’ve never heard this story before. Way to go, Bobby.
1626 – Father Louis Hennepin.
Missionary, explorer. Born in Belgium, Hennepin became a Franciscan priest at a young age. Adventuresome, with a missionary zeal, he traveled through much of Europe, and also nursed wounded soldiers in a war. He was almost fifty years old when he was one of five priests chosen by Louis XIV to go to New France to spread the word of God. They landed first at Quebec and then moved further into the interior of North America. Hennepin was one of the first Europeans to observe Niagara Falls. Traveling with Rene de la Salle, they moved further inland and built a fort at what is now Peoria, Illinois. Hennepin was then chosen to explore a great river they had heard about, the Mississippi. Early in his exploration he encountered a war party of Sioux paddling 32 canoes. Captured, he wasn’t killed, but instead brought upriver and adopted by the Sioux. It was at this time he first saw and named St. Anthony Falls in what is now present day Minneapolis. On an expedition with the Indians they encountered another explorer Daniel Du Lhut, who convinced the Sioux to let Hennepin go free. He returned to France to write up his exploits. Father Hennepin never returned to the New World.
Those French names live on in Minnesota. Hennepin County, Hennepin Avenue, DeLaSalle High School on Nicollet Island, and Du Lhut became Duluth, Minnesota.
1889 – Otto Frank.
Father of Anne Frank. Frank had served with distinction in the German army during the First World War. He and his family, because they were Jewish, fled to Amsterdam when the Nazis came to power. A businessman, he was forced to give up his company after Germany invaded Holland. On two occasions he tried to obtain visas so his family could emigrate to Cuba or the U.S. but failed. In July of 1942, one day after his oldest daughter, Margot, received a summons to report for labor duty in Germany, he took his family into hiding. Others joined them, and they hid in an attic for two years, during which time his daughter Anne wrote her famous diary. Upon discovery they were sent to Auschwitz Birkenau. He was liberated by Soviet troops in January, 1945 and was the sole survivor of his family and the others who hid out in that Amsterdam attic. A neighbor had found Anne’s diary and gave it to him and he saw to its publication. Otto Frank died in 1980.
Having lost everything in his life, it’s hard to imagine Otto Frank’s reaction as he first read his daughter’s diary.
1921 – Farley Mowat.
Writer. Mowat grew up in Saskatchewan and was drawn to nature at an early age. He studied Zoology at the University of Toronto before joining the Canadian army in 1940. As a young officer he served with distinction in Europe and also suffered from battle fatigue. After the war Mowat worked as a field assistant for naturalists and in 1952 published his first book. “People of the Deer” was about the struggles of the Inuit people living in the barren outreaches of Canada. It made him a popular and controversial figure, a role he would maintain the rest of his life. His 1963 book, “Never Cry Wolf” was made into a popular, if inaccurate some say, movie. Mowat’s observations were sometimes decried by scientists and environmentalists, criticism that did not faze him. In his own words he “never let the facts get in the way of the truth.” Mowat won a number of awards in his life including one for humor writing for “The Boat Who Wouldn’t Float.”
I’ve read the book about the boat and it is funny. Despite writing mostly about nature he could make wry and humorous observations.
ABOUT GARY JENNEKE
At various junctures of his life, Gary has been an indifferent grade school student, poor high school student, good Navy radioman, one-time hippie, passable college student, inveterate traveler, dedicated writer, miscast accountant (except for one interesting stint at a Communist café), part-time screenwriting teacher, semi-proud veteran, unsuccessful retiree and new blogger.
You can reach him at firstname.lastname@example.org.
The above information was sourced from the following sites and newspapers.
We’d also thank to the following photographers and videographers for the use of their images:
* Farley Mowat (video) – CBC & Sherway Academy of Music / YouTube.com
* Outro (Man-In-Museum Cartoon) – SkyPics Studio / Shutterstock.com | <urn:uuid:446276f0-5e22-401f-867c-4545b3f51579> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newswhistle.com/this-day-in-history-may-12th-hijinx-humor-and-insight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.977355 | 1,709 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Words nearby homocytotropic antibody
How to use homocytotropic antibody in a sentence
Most people—at least 95 percent of adults—have pre-existing antibody to measles.
In general, a person who has had an infection maintains detectable antibody against that infection for life.
She, unlike the other millions, has no detectable antibody to HIV.
For example, though I had chicken pox decades ago, I still have antibody to chicken pox.
But in health, people with HIV always maintain readily detectable antibody.
I should say the antibody titer has reached the danger point.Category Phoenix|Boyd Ellanby
If this is a virus infection, we might only need to find an antibody for inoculation to stop it in its tracks.
Controls were needed, to be certain that the antibody suspension alone was bringing about the changes seen and not something else.
Back aboard the ship they started preparing a larger quantity of the antibody suspension.
Preliminary skin-tests of the antibody suspension showed no sign of untoward reaction. | <urn:uuid:b9836de1-9d31-4350-ab07-753b67e9e6d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/homocytotropic-antibody | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.938865 | 223 | 2.375 | 2 |
NATO authorizes deployment of 3,500 troops to Macedonia
Wednesday, August 22nd 2001, 12:00 am
News On 6
BRUSSELS, Belgium (AP) _ NATO authorized the deployment of 3,500 allied troops to Macedonia, hoping the mission to collect and destroy rebel arms will nudge Macedonians and ethnic Albanians along the road to reconciliation.
An advance party of 400 troops has been in place since the weekend, following an earlier decision by NATO's ruling council. Wednesday's authorization means the main body of troops can be on the way within 48 hours. Full deployment is expected within 10 days to two weeks.
The United States will play a behind-the-scenes role, relying on troops already in Kosovo and Macedonia. Several hundred Americans will participate, focusing on limited logistical duties.
Once the entire force is in Macedonia, the clock will start ticking on NATO's self-imposed 30-day time limit for the mission.
``Today is an important day for NATO and an even more important one for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,'' said NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson. ``We are taking an historic step forward also to provide stability and security in the whole Balkans region.''
He said mission commanders could begin picking up rebel weapons at collection sites scattered across rugged mountain territory as early as next week.
Macedonia's government welcomed NATO's decision on Wednesday and pledged its cooperation.
``We have big expectations from NATO's mission,'' said Stevo Pendarovski, an adviser to Macedonian President Boris Trajkovksi.
An ethnic Albanian rebel spokesman known as Besniku also cautiously welcomed the decision, ``provided that NATO will be evenhanded with both sides.''
``If not, we still have arms in our hands _ and more importantly, we have the will of the Albanian people to go until the end in order to gain their rights,'' he said.
The rebels took up arms six months ago, claiming they wanted more rights for the ethnic Albanian minority. NATO moves in under a peace accord signed last week by the country's ethnic Albanian and Macedonian leaders.
On Tuesday, the North Atlantic Council _ made up of ambassadors from NATO's 19 member nations _ authorized Gen. Joseph Ralston, supreme allied commander in Europe, to launch the full mission despite scattered cease-fire violations. They gave members until noon Wednesday to object. None did, and when the deadline passed the authorization was automatic.
``The decision made today by this alliance is the right one, but it's also a difficult one,'' Robertson said. ``There are risks involved. But members of the alliance have nevertheless agreed to send their troops because they know that the risks of not sending them are far greater.''
Ralston will carry out the deployment, to be led by Britain, with about 1,800 troops, and another 1,700 drawn from 10 other European nations and the United States.
Britain's Defense Ministry said up to 700 men from the 2nd Battalion Parachute Regiment would fly out ``as soon as possible.'' French officials said 150 French troops could be in Macedonia as early as Wednesday. Greece, which has pledged about 350 troops, said it will begin deployment on Thursday.
The Bush administration has made no secret of its desire to disengage from the Balkans, although it has promised not to make any dramatic troop reductions without consulting with its European allies. U.S. troops in Macedonia will likely play a behind-the-scenes role, such as monitoring unmanned reconnaissance flights, rather than collecting weapons
Roughly 9,000 Americans remain on patrol in Europe's most volatile region _ 500 in Macedonia, 5,000 in Kosovo and 3,500 in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Robertson said NATO has an explicit agreement in writing from the ethnic Albanian rebels that they will disarm.
``We must have confidence that those who have given their word will go ahead and do so,'' the secretary-general said, adding that the exact number of weapons to be collected has not yet been determined.
The Macedonian government claimed Wednesday that ethnic Albanian insurgents have an arsenal vastly greater than previously estimated, adding potential complications to NATO's arms-collection mission.
The Interior Ministry, which controls the police forces, said the rebels have 10 times more firepower than previously believed _ about 85,000 weapons, not counting individual rounds of ammunition. The rebels say they have only 2,000 weapons.
``The number of weapons is not something that I'm willing to go into at the moment,'' Robertson said. ``We are assessing the estimate that has been put forward by the ethnic Albanians. The total will have to be realistic. It will also have to be based on quantity and quality of the armaments.''
The NATO mission, known as Operation Essential Harvest, will deploy troops to several locations. Headquarters will be near Skopje. One battalion will be northwest of Skopje and others will be at Petrovec Airport, Kumanovo and Krivolak.
Several sites will be established for collecting weapons. Locations probably will change frequently. Most of the weapons will be transported to a central point, from which they will be taken to Greece and destroyed.
Although violence in the country has subsided, an explosion early Tuesday rocked Sveti Atanasi Orthodox church in the town of Lesok, just five from Tetovo, Macedonia's second-largest city.
On Wednesday, Macedonian security forces admitted they had destroyed a mosque in the village of Neprosteno over the weekend. Sources speaking on condition of anonymity said the rebels were using the building as a sniper nest. | <urn:uuid:d2fcabd0-3a58-448b-bb38-37345d107a27> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newson6.com/story/5e3681592f69d76f62095a2c/nato-authorizes-deployment-of-3500-troops-to-macedonia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.961599 | 1,151 | 1.6875 | 2 |
June Zwan’s Guide to Living a Greener and More Ethical Existence
In today’s modern world, we are surrounded by technology and often pay little heed to the damage our very existence causes to the planet. But with our oceans drowning in a sea of plastic and many species on the brink of extinction, it is about time we started taking steps to live a greener life.
In this article, we are going to look at some of the ways you can do this, with help from a prominent naturalist, June Zwan.
Who is June Zwan?
June Zwan is a natural born environmental activist from Yuma in Arizona, close to the mighty Colorado River. June graduated from Arizona State University with a degree in Environmental Science and has since devoted her life to promoting the benefits of nature and science in further education.
June began her career with outreach programs aimed at educating children about nature. She wants to share her passion for the Great Outdoors, so she decided to focus on educating kids. It is our children who will carry on existing conservation efforts and it is her aim to show kids how they could make a real difference.
“Nature is beautiful,” she says, “it should be shared, explored, preserved and lived in.” She truly loves to show people some of the amazing wonders nature has to offer. She sees how inspired they get and witnesses an amazing chain reaction whereby they fall in love with nature and want to share their passion with others.
Amongst other passions, June loves traveling all over the USA to different hiking trails and showing others the beauties of Nature. Some of her favourite spots include the two trails in Boulder, Colorado and The Highlands Trail in New Jersey as well as her local favourites near Yuma.
Become a Passionate Advocate of Nature
You can learn from June’s enthusiasm and passion for all things natural. Begin your ethical journey by learning more about this amazing planet we live on. Open your eyes. Look around at the everyday wonders you see. The birds singing in the trees. The sun shining on delicate flowers in the meadows. Once you truly understand that nature is a living, breathing entity, it is a lot easier to get on board with a greener, more ethical lifestyle.
Switch to Greener Products
Many of the chemicals we use in our daily lives cause irreparable damage to the environment. Instead of using a toxic cocktail of cleaning products in your home, switch to green products. Everyday items such as bicarbonate of soda and white vinegar do a great job of cleaning most surfaces yet cause no damage to the environment. You can easily make your own cleaning products, so start today.
Much of today’s fashion is low quality and ends up being discarded after a few months. Try to gain a new perspective. Recycle clothing. Mend items and repurpose them for new looks. Instead of buying cheap, disposable fashion, shop with ethical brands that sell clothing made from ethical materials such as organic hemp and linen.
Try and reduce your waste by recycling and reusing as much as possible. Compost food waste and recycle plastic, glass, and paper. Don’t buy things you don’t need.
Lastly, think about what you eat. Intensive farming is far from ethical, so try to eat less meat and dairy; it’s better for your health and the planet. | <urn:uuid:f9d2b145-f4c5-4fc2-86c9-eec5d6822125> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.greenfinder.co.uk/june-zwans-guide-to-green-ethical-living/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.96224 | 709 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Why should purses get all the fun little accessories? Knit in the round on two double-pointed needles, these strawberries can be flat or stuffed with polyester filling and attach easily to your little one’s flip flops. Using two I-cords attached to the back of each berry, you’ll be able to tie the strawberry onto each sandal with ease.
Skill Level: Intermediate
Size: 2” wide x 4” long.
Gauge: 20 sts and 23 rows = 4” [10 cm] in St st after wet blocking.
Yarn: Cascade Yarns Cascade 220 Superwash (100% Superwash Wool; 220 yards [200 meters]/100 grams): #809 Really Red (MC, 1 skein), #906 Chartreuse (CC, 1 skein), #821 Daffodil (C1, 1 skein).
Needles: US size 7 (4.5 mm) set of 5 DPNs or preferred needles for working in the rnd.
Notions: Tapestry needle, scissors, small bag of polyester fiberfill.
*Knit a row. Slide sts to other end of needle without turning work. Pull yarn firmly and rep from *, creating a tube.
Strawberry motif is worked in the rnd on two DPNs.
Two I-cords are knit separately and sewn on the backside of the strawbery to use for attaching and securing the strawbery to the sandals.
The strawberry motif is fully removable and washable.
Seeds are embroidered on the strawbery.
Optional is to slightly stuff the strawberry with pollyfiber stuffing for 3D visual appeal.
Using MC, CO 6 sts. Being careful not to twist sts, place a stitch marker at the first st and begin to knit in the rnd.
Rnd 1: Knit.
Rnd 2: (KFB, k1, KFB) twice. (10 sts)
Rnds 3-4: Knit.
Rnd 5: (KFB, k3, KFB) twice. (14 sts)
Rnds 6-7: Knit.
Rnd 8: (KFB, k5, KFB) twice. (18 sts)
Rnds 9-10: Knit.
Rnd 11: (KFB, k7, KFB) twice. (22 sts)
Rnds 12-14: Knit.
Rnd 15: [(K1 in CC, k4 in MC) twice, k1 in CC] twice.
Rnd 16: (Ssk in CC, k2 in MC, k3 in CC, k2 in MC, k2tog in CC] twice. (18 sts)
Rnd 17: (Ssk in CC, k1 in MC, k3 in CC, k1 in MC, k2tog in CC] twice. (14 sts)
Cut off MC.
Rnd 18: (Ssk, k3, k2tog) twice. (10 sts)
Rnd 19: (Ssk, k1, k2tog) twice. (6 sts)
Slightly stuff the Strawberry, if using the fiberfill for the 3D appeal.
Rnd 20: K3tog twice. (2 sts)
Cont I-cord for 5 rows.
Cut the yarn, leaving long enough tail and thread the end on tapestry needle. Pull the end through the rem sts on needles, gather up and close the hole, st to secure.
Thread the tail from the CO sts on tapestry needle. Stitch through all of the CO sts, pull up tight to close the hole and stitch to secure.
I-Cord (make 4)
Using CC, CO 2 sts.
Work I-cord for 24 rows.
Cut the yarn, leaving long enough tail and thread the end on tapestry needle. Pull the end through the rem sts on needles, gather up and close the hole, stitch to secure.
Using C1, embroider few seeds in random pattern on the strawberry.
Sew the two I-cords to the lower end of strawberry about 0.5” from the bottom.
Weave in ends, wash and block to measurements.
Use the two I-cords to attach the strawberry to the sandals and tie the other ends to the I-cord on top of the strawberry to secure. | <urn:uuid:1529982d-5e56-47c7-9228-86a3e9cab678> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ilikeknitting.com/magazine/knitting-accessories/strawberry-sandal-flair/?t=13858 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.818043 | 983 | 1.742188 | 2 |
A one-year-old Golden Retriever mix was recently brought into the BC SPCA’s care in Port Alberni after someone found her abandoned
The BC SPCA believes Toki believes had been left alone to fend for herself for a while before being discovered.
“As soon as Toki arrived to the shelter, she was immediately washed and groomed as she was quite filthy,” said Sam Sattar, BC SPCA Alberni-Clayoquot Branch Manager.
During an examination, it was discovered the pup had a fracture in one of her hind legs which didn’t heal properly.
According to BCSPCA, Toki will be transported to Victoria to see a specialist, where she will undergo a procedure for her leg to be re-broken to help stabilize and repair the bone.
“Toki’s recovery time will be about four to six weeks as she will need to take it slow to help strengthen her leg and learn how to walk on it again,” said Sattar.
She will also require spay surgery once her leg has healed.
Petsecure, a company that offers pet insurance, has offered to match donations up to $5,000 to help with Toki’s medical costs, including surgeries, medication, and treatment.
Donations will also go towards daily care for Toki until she’s ready for adoption.
Despite all that she is going through, staff at the Port Alberni BC SPCA report that she’s been the sweetest patient, “greeting her favorites with a tail wag, rolling over for belly rubs every time.” | <urn:uuid:d68ad52b-9599-4493-bc1e-5922d44d72c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.victoriabuzz.com/2021/08/abandoned-dog-found-on-vancouver-island-to-undergo-surgery-in-victoria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.980993 | 354 | 1.523438 | 2 |
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👇 Read The Funny Joke 👇
The coach grimaced as he watched his young ice hockey team.
At one point during the game, he called one of his 7-year-old players aside and asked,
“Do you understand what cooperation is? What a team is?”
The little boy nodded affirmatively.
“Do you understand that what matters is not whether we win or lose, but how we play together as a team?”
The little boy nodded once more.
“So,” the coach continued. “I’m sure you know that when a penalty is called, you shouldn’t argue, curse, attack the referee, or call him a pecker-head. Do you understand all that?”
Again the little boy nodded.
He continued, “And when I call you off the ice so that another boy gets a chance to play, it’s not good sportsmanship to call your coach a dumb loser, is it?”
The little boy nodded yet again.
“Good,” said the coach.
“Now go over there and explain all of that to your father.”
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Be sure to leave a 💬 COMMENT 💬 and let us know if you enjoyed the humor!
🌟 Don’t forget to LIKE, SHARE and SUBSCRIBE if you LOL’d! 🌟 | <urn:uuid:a9ea05bd-a48c-412d-b536-90445f0efd65> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jokesoftheday.com/funny-joke-the-coach-asks-his-young-player-if-he-knows-what-sportsmanship-is/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.95009 | 415 | 1.90625 | 2 |
EUcould impose harder line on TB tests in Britain…
By Jonathan Riley
THE EU Commission is considering proposals to impose a tougher TB testing programme on the UK because of the dramatic rise in the number of cattle herds affected.
Confirmed herd breakdowns rose from 197 to 703 between 1992 and 1997. The UKs TB-free status is now in jeopardy because the trigger level – at 0.2% of the national herd affected – has been exceeded.
Chairman of the NFUs animal health and welfare committee, Brian Jennings, said that the EU was considering imposing tighter controls on the UK.
"One strategy reportedly being considered by the commission, is an increased national testing programme from the four-yearly programme to a two-yearly programme," said Mr Jennings.
But he warned that this would double MAFFs annual testing bill to £15m. Testing costs would then account for almost all of the £17m national TB control budget.
Mr Jennings feared that this would leave question marks hanging over the cash needed to fund the TB research recommended by the Krebs committee.
Peter Rudman, the unions animal health and welfare adviser, said that the onus was on government to ensure the UK maintained its TB-free status.
"Government must impress upon the EU that the UKs testing and control procedures are watertight, and in many areas already take place on a six-monthly basis."
He believed that if the UK lost its TB-free status, and if the live export market was reopened, that could mean testing programmes and TB-free certification for any herds wishing to export beef or dairy cattle in the future.
A MAFF official confirmed that negotiations were underway with the Commission but no decisions on changes to testing programmes had yet been reached. | <urn:uuid:d8ec2cea-01e0-4777-94ef-63cc7ca0b6b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fwi.co.uk/news/eucould-impose-harder-line-on-tb-tests-in-britain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.961856 | 362 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Allegation of Faking Depression in Litigation can be Disproven
Research published in October 2012 by a team at Mt. Sinai Medical Center led by Georgia Hodes Phd shows that real depression is related to and co-occurs with a measurable spike in the protein IL-6 produced by the immune system. In litigation over TBI claims the plaintiff is frequently depressed and the defense is either that the depression pre-existed the TBI (but was never diagnosed) or that the plaintiff is faking bad (i.e. pretending to be depressed to collect money he doesn’t deserve). Based on this published research if a plaintiff developed severe depression consequent to a TBI and his blood shows elevated IL-6 it will be easier to show that his depression is organic. In the rare case where the plaintiff had his blood tested shortly prior to the TBI and his IL-6 was measured as normal, you would have a strong pre vs. post incident contrast. | <urn:uuid:52981b1a-6549-4561-a322-bd73f7e0d1d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.headinjurylaw.com/allegation-of-faking-depression-in-litigation-can-be-disproven/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.980418 | 199 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Current HAI data reports are available on this page. For previous HAI reports, please visit the Data Archive page.
From The Impact of COVID-19 on HAI Incidence in 2020
- Impact of COVID-19 on HAIs in 2020: A summary of data reported to NHSN
Presents a comparison between 2019 and 2020 national and state quarterly standardized infection ratios (SIRs) for central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), ventilator-associated events (VAE), surgical site infection (SSI), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia LabID, and Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) LabID from acute care hospitals.
From the National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections Progress Report
- At the national level, among acute care hospitals there was about 5-11% statistically significant decrease in CDI and SSI following colon and abdominal hysterectomy surgeries between 2019 and 2020, and there was no significant change in CAUTI. There were significant increases in VAE (35%), CLABSI (24%), and MRSA (15%) between 2019 and 2020.
- Highlights of 2020 state performance compared to the 2015 national baseline SIR of 1:
- 49 states performed better on at least two infection types
- 6 states performed worse on at least two infection types
See: Current HAI Progress Report for more information about national and state-level HAI data, measured using the standardized infection ratio (SIR).
A Comparison between the Impact of COVID-19 on HAIs in 2020 paper and the National and State HAI Progress Report
- The COVID-19 Impact paper and the 2020 HAI Progress Reports are two important publications that describe HAI incidence amid the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The objective of these publications and the methods used in the analyses are different from each other. The comparison document pdf icon[PDF – 1 page] summarizes the methods used in the COVID-19 Impact paper and the 2020 HAI Progress Report. The COVID-19 Impact Paper is a one-time study that reviews the impact of COVID-19 on the HAI reporting and incidence by comparing the quarterly 2020 SIRs for consistent reporters to their 2019 quarterly SIRs, while the 2020 HAI Progress Report is an annual report that assesses the changes in 2020 annual data compared to 2019. Additional measures are included in each publication.
From the HAI Hospital Prevalence Survey
- On any given day, about 1 in 31 hospital patients has at least one healthcare-associated infection. Patients in the 2015 HAI Hospital Prevalence survey were at least 16% less likely than patients in the 2011 survey to have an HAI.
- 3% of hospitalized patients in the 2015 survey had one or more HAI.
- There were an estimated 687,000 HAIs in U.S. acute care hospitals in 2015. About 72,000 hospital patients with HAIs died during their hospitalizations.
The Antibiotic Resistance & Patient Safety Portal (AR&PSP) is an interactive web-based application that was created to innovatively display data collected through CDC’s National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and other sources. It offers enhanced data visualizations through 4 main components:
- Antibiotic Resistance – with data from NHSN and the AR Lab Network
- Antibiotic Use and Stewardship – with data from NHSN (Antibiotic Stewardship) and Xponent database from Quintiles IMS (Antibiotic Use)
- Healthcare-Associated Infections – data display for the National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections Progress Report
- Geographic Location – for the nation and a state, view HAI data, AR data, and Antibiotic Stewardship data together on one page
The EIP HAIC has published the following current data reports:
- Current HAI Hospital Prevalence Survey: Changes in the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections in U.S. hospitalsexternal icon
- See also: HAI and Antibiotic Use Prevalence Survey
- 2018 Annual Report for the Emerging Infections Program for C. difficile Infection
- See also: C. difficile Infection (CDI) Tracking
- Multi-site Gram-negative Surveillance Initiative
- Invasive Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA/MSSA) Infection Tracking | <urn:uuid:03ade4c4-e094-413b-9af4-c0e44d00a536> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cdc.gov/hai/data/portal/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.896128 | 946 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Last night people all over the country stopped what they were doing to not only watch the Super Bowl, but also the much anticipated Halftime show. Can you imagine a Halftime show without music or an infamous Super Bowl commercial without any music at all? What would that even look like?
I have an idea that at some point I might pursue. As a music community, we should take one day and boycott music entirely. That means that there would be no music on the radio or TV; no music playing in stores, restaurants or bars; no one could sing or play an instrument for the entire day. For in that one day, the community would have to live without the very thing that is thought of as an “extra” in school curriculum. Society would get a real sense of what the world would be like if music education were not present in our schools. It could be the great awakening that we need!
This would never happen, though. Too many companies would have to shut down entirely. They would not agree to it because they would lose a great deal of money; the very thing we need to keep quality music education in our schools. They owe their businesses to the music teachers that taught them or to whom they employ. Although many companies donate to “Save the Music” and the like, I wonder how many of them do not. I am going to look into this and will get back to you. It would make sense for ALL of them to donate and lobby for quality music education. It affects their businesses directly.
We forget in this country that good education is profitable in that if children come out of school well skilled and knowledgeable, they will tend to contribute to society in a meaningful way. Its certainly not all about dollars and cents, but a clear bonus. Music education is not an “extra”, rather a core subject like math or language arts. We would easily be able to show this if we had just one day without music. That would be something. | <urn:uuid:7f1f974c-50a1-4990-8006-9ffcf36385fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://noteknacks.com/a-day-without-music/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.986867 | 406 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Broadband availability in Kariong plans compared
Sometimes living in a beautiful are has its downsides. The biggest downside about living in Kariong is that you are quite limited in terms of internet providers to choose from. We have done the hard work for you and put together the best available broadband providers in Kariong. the meaning of broadband is often mixed up by customers and salesmen alike. The true definition of broadband is "a high-capacity transmission technique using a wide range of frequencies, which enables a large number of messages to be communicated simultaneously." So this means that broadband is basically a fast way to access internet. | <urn:uuid:43e95508-47e0-4d3c-9804-6d2f99c64a52> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.comparebroadband.com.au/get-broadband-availability-kariong.htm?page=10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.943875 | 127 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Nobel Lecture*, December 11, 1951
Fifty Years of Trade-Union Activity in Behalf of Peace
It will certainly come as no surprise to you when I tell you that one of the most moving, as well as one of the happiest, moments of my life occurred on the evening of Monday, November 5, 1951. A reporter whose initiative I have already commended to the French Broadcasting System, eager to satisfy his professional conscience by extracting a sensational statement from me, came to inform me at a somewhat late hour that the Nobel Peace Prize Committee of the Norwegian Parliament had just bestowed on me one of the most renowned and flattering distinctions that this world can offer.
Perhaps he was disappointed by my reception and by the way in which I immediately identified myself with the working classes and their trade unions when I responded to the award of this prize, which reflects so much honour on its founder, on those whose mission it is to confer it, and on him who receives it. But I can assure you that not for the briefest instant did I believe that it was I alone who was the recipient of this great reward.
I have never ceased to do my utmost to be the faithful interpreter and devoted servant of the ideals of peace and justice upheld by out trade-union organizations, and at such a solemn moment it was natural for me to regard myself simply as their representative. I speak as their representative now as I review for you their constant efforts to hasten the advent of an era of peace for which all men long and in which, to borrow the words of Jean Jaurès1, “mankind, finally at peace with itself” will pursue its own destiny in joy and harmony.
My emotion was, nonetheless, great. Neither my friends nor my family, who should know me better than anyone else does, have ever doubted the strength of my nerves. They would be more likely to reproach me – and sometimes with less than kindly truculence -for a calmness that some of them call placidity. True enough, nature has endowed me with a fair measure of patience and composure, yet I should be lying if I told you that, having seen the reporter off on his way to make his deadline, I fell peacefully asleep. That evening, all that night, I waited in vain for a slumber that wouldn’t come.
And during those long hours I was assailed by many memories. I saw again the house where I was born, which disappeared in 1898 with the abattoir of Grenelle. I was not quite two years old when my parents left it and, after a brief stay in the country, made a home in Aubervilliers. This town so near Paris where I spent my youth was the Aubervilliers of the end of the last century. Being at that time more than half agricultural, it scarcely resembled the industrial city of today. It afforded us children wide-open spaces, covered with grain in the summer, and it gave us the clear waters of the Courneuve River flowing nearby where we spent many pleasant hours of bathing and swimming.
This almost rustic life made me a sturdy and stable man, and, despite the unpretentiousness of our family life and its hazards, I look back on those days with considerable pleasure.
However, it was at Aubervilliers that I felt for the first time the hard consequences of the struggle of the workers for improvement of their living conditions. These had a considerable influence on my future.
My father, a veteran of the Commune2, his convictions and his fighting spirit unbroken by the defeat of the workers in 1871, took an energetic and untiring part in the strikes which set the workmen of the match factory where he worked against the management of the company prior to its becoming nationalized. The courageous efforts of my mother, who resumed her job as a cook, were not enough to compensate us for the loss of my father’s wages, and it was during one of these strikes that I had to leave elementary school before I was twelve to work at the Central Melting House in Aubervilliers.
My parents, and especially my mother, encouraged by the director of the local school which I was attending, wanted in spite of everything to send me to a National School of Arts and Crafts so that I could later become an engineer. I was keen to study and had some natural mechanical ability, and so I entered the Colbert upper primary school. Less than a year later, because of a reversal of the family fortunes, I was forced to leave and go to work in the Michaux Soap Works. From this time on, except for one more attempt at schooling when I spent a year at the Diderot Vocational School, I was, at the age of fourteen, completely caught up in the hard life of the industrial worker.
When I was sixteen, I became a member of the trade union at the match works where I had rejoined my father. I did so without question. My father’s vigorous example and my own experience led me quite naturally to participate in the worker’s movement. I had suffered personally from the social order. My school work, my intellectual gifts, my eagerness to study, had all come to nothing. I had been brutally compelled to leave the upper primary school and even the vocational training school and to become a wage earner of the humblest order.
This day has been set aside for all countries to celebrate the anniversary of the adoption by the United Nations General Assembly of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights3. And with a passion fired by these memories of an adolescent deprived of the right to realize his full intellectual potential, I wish to express my own conviction that, thanks to the action of true trade unionists and sincere democrats, all the sacred and inalienable rights of man will henceforth be recognized without reservation and that man will be able to exercise these rights without hindrance.
The feeling of having been unjustly treated drove me to spend much time in the library of the Aubervilliers libertarian group, one of the few places where I could escape intellectually from my situation. Reading the books that I found there reinforced my feelings of rebellion against the established order and against social injustice.
I propose now to review the progress of trade-union activity for international peace. To this end I shall disregard all its other aspects, but first, in order to stress by a personal example its positive results with regard to the protection of the workers’ health, let me give you the reasons for the first strike in which I took part. I participated in this strike not simply as a member of the trade union but as its administrative secretary; in other words – to give you an exact idea of my functions and responsibilities in this humble office – I drafted the minutes of meetings of the trade-union council, of the general assemblies, and sometimes of delegations. I do not think that I owed this mark of confidence to my worth as a trade unionist; I owed it, more likely, to my having received a less sketchy education than that of my comrades: the great school reforms of the Third Republic had not yet been in existence ten years.
Instigated by the National Federation of Match Factory Workers4, itself adherent to the C.G.T. which had been established in 18955, this strike involved the whole trade corporation and aimed principally at prohibiting in the manufacturing process the use of white phosphorus, which constituted no small danger, particularly to the dental health of the personnel. The strike lasted over a month, but it led directly to the calling of the Bern Conference which prohibited the use of noxious substances6. This first success naturally could not fail to encourage me to persevere in trade-union action, which at the same time satisfied both my urge to work against iniquity and my youthful need for tangible achievements.
Another consequence of the same strike was the bringing into use of the “continuous” machine, as it was called, which increased production as it eased the drudgery of the workmen. This led me to understand that trade unionism, the instrument of working-class liberation and of social change could, and indeed should, be also an instrument of industrial progress. Nor did it take me long to see therein one of the most effective means for freeing the world of the always menacing specter of war.
Why should I not state openly, Ladies and Gentlemen, the fact that the first manifestation of the trade-union struggle for peace, and particularly the French trade-union struggle into which I threw myself with all the ardour of my youth, was antimilitaristic in thought and sometimes also in deed? Is not one of the greatest sins against the spirit that of knowingly concealing the truth? And would it not be ridiculous to reproach the trade-union movement with having confused cause and effect? Sociologists worthy of the name never make the mistake of reproaching primitive peoples for their belief that the sun moves round the earth. We too, through lack of knowledge and of sufficiently mature reflection, mistook the visible outward appearance of the phenomenon for the phenomenon itself. I would add that my memory of that period, perhaps because of the mirage which the passage of the years evokes, is that of a great enthusiasm, undoubtedly sparked more by irrational hope than by any constructive will; but that fervour makes me feel all the more bitter about the atmosphere of indifference, fatalism, and resignation that has persisted up to the present time on our continent, a continent which two wars seem to have ravaged morally as well as physically. An orator once exclaimed: “When war breaks out, its principal victims are always the people.” He was more right than he knew. Not only does war kill workers by the thousand, nay, by the million, destroy their homes, lay waste the fields which took them centuries of effort to cultivate, raze to the ground the factories they built with their own hands, and reduce for years the standard of living of the working masses, but it also gives man an increasingly acute feeling of his helplessness before the forces of violence, and consequently severely retards his progress toward an age of peace, justice, and well-being.
Oh yes! we were full of enthusiasm back in 1900. Nothing, no matter what it was, seemed impossible to us then, and we had every reason to believe it. We felt already that after Viktor Adler, Wilbur Wright was going to give us wings7.
On completion of my military service, I went back to the factory and to the trade union. From here on, however, I am going to take myself out of the story of the movement – not because our paths diverged, indeed they intermingle after 1909 – but because trade unionism, despite its close initial connections with libertarian individualism, is essentially and by definition a collective work.
A moment ago, I mentioned in passing the creation in 1895 of the Confédération générale du travail (C.G.T.). It replaced the National Federation of Trade Unions [Fédération des Syndicats et Groupes corporatifs ouvriers de France], which had been founded in 1886. Actually, unity of the workers under the C.G.T. was not completely achieved until 1902 when, at the Montpellier Congress, the Federation of Labour Exchanges (Fédération nationale des Bourses du travail) was incorporated in the C.G.T. as the Division of Labour Exchanges. However, during this period in which the unity of the working classes was being consolidated, the C.G.T., in its annual congresses, had already gone beyond questions of organization and corporate claims and as early as 1898 had taken its stand in favour of general disarmament:
“The Congress (the motion stated in a somewhat antiquated style) considering all peoples to be brothers and war to be mankind’s greatest calamity, [and]
Holding that armed peace leads all peoples to ruin through the increase in taxation required to meet the enormous expense of standing armies,
Declares that money spent on the perpetration of acts suitable only to barbarians and on the support of young, strong, and vigorous men for a period of years would be better used for work serving humanity, [and]
Expresses the wish [voeu] that general disarmament take place as soon as possible.”
In 1900 and in 1901, the C.G.T. progressed from theoretical declarations to practical considerations; it decided that “young workers about to undergo conscription should be put in touch with the secretaries of the Labour Exchanges of the towns in which they are to be garrisoned”, and agreed in principle to the setting up of a Serviceman’s Fund.
Today these declarations and decisions seem very mild. We must not forget, however, that they were accompanied by a significant antimilitaristic agitation which had found solid support in the impassioned propaganda for a retrial of the Dreyfus case8. This was opposed with equal vigour by militarists whose affinity with a discredited Council of War laid open the army and particularly its officers to fatal, if unfair, suspicion as far as democratic opinion was concerned.
All the C.G.T. congresses, which took place biennially after 1902, were deeply concerned with action in support of peace. At the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War9, the 1904 Congress, held at Bourges, declared: “At a time when two nations are at each other’s throats, re-enacting on a wider scale the slaughter of the past for the greater good of the ruling classes and exploiters who enslave the proletariat of the whole world, this Congress… censures the ignoble attitude of the governments of the two nations concerned, which, with the object of finding an outlet for the mounting discontent of the proletariat, appeal to chauvinistic passions and unhesitatingly organize the death and assassination of thousands of workers in order to safeguard their own privileged position.”
The international sky was increasingly overcast, and the attitude of the unions stiffened. The 1906 Congress approved “all programs of antimilitaristic propaganda”, and that of 1908 contemplated replying to a “declaration of war with a declaration of a revolutionary general strike”. The Congresses of 1910 and 1912 confirmed these resolutions and strongly protested against repression, but 1912 was the year of the Balkan War10 and, in view of the rivalries which began to make themselves felt and which threatened to spread the conflict even farther, a special conference held on the first of October decided to call a congress whose sole objective would be to combat the menace of war. The motion passed was a true indication of the confidence of the trade-union organizations in their growing strength. To stop the governments from being drawn any further down the slope to the yawning chasm of fire and blood, the Congress affirmed its resolution to take revolutionary action in the event of military mobilization.
We would gain a false impression of the importance and effectiveness of labour action if we confined ourselves to the motions passed at its congresses. The trade unions, far from being content with these declarations, established international liaisons and supported every policy based on pacification and understanding. Between 1900 and 1901 the C.G.T. and the English working classes together contributed to bringing about the Entente Cordiale11. To gain an idea of the value of this contribution, it is necessary only to reflect upon the tension which followed the Fashoda incident12 and to thumb through the collections of satirical publications of those days.
At the time of the Agadir incident13, on July 22, 1911, a delegation from the C.G.T. left for Berlin, and in the following month a trade-union delegation from Germany arrived in Paris. The French and the German proletariat were uniting their efforts to try to avert war.
These occasional international contacts were not, however, the only ones to be established between the various national trade-union organizations. Several international workers’ congresses were held after the abolition of the workers’ International. One met in Zurich in 1895 and one in London in 1896, bringing together delegates of the trade unions and representatives of socialist-minded political parties. In London, the French delegation included, among other trade unionists: Fernand Pelloutier, the Guérard brothers, and Keufer14. The results of this cooperation – or confusion, as the more critical historians would have it – were not outstanding, and the idea of a purely trade-union international organization first came up at the Congress of Scandinavian Trade Unions in Copenhagen in 1901, thanks to the direct contact among fraternal delegations. The proposal came from Legien15 who represented the General Committee of German Trade Unions. It was decided to request the various national organizations to attend the Congress of German Trade Unions at Stuttgart in 1902. The organizations of Germany, Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, Bohemia, Denmark, Spain, France, The Netherlands, Italy, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland responded to the appeal and approved the proposal to organize international trade-union congresses which would take place at more or less regular intervals. Their mandate remained limited, at first extending only to the compilation of common statistics, the exchange of information on legislation affecting labour, and eventually to solidarity in the event of important strikes. Nevertheless, the first international link had been forged, and it was later strengthened in Dublin in 1903 by the creation of an International Trade-Union Secretariat.
Without formally withdrawing from the Secretariat, our French C.G.T. suspended the payment of its contributions in 1904 after the Secretariat had refused to include the question of antimilitarism in the agenda for the Conference of Amsterdam. I would not go so far as to say that the French trade unions attached greater importance to the struggle for peace than the others did; but they certainly seemed to take it more to heart.
Relations were renewed following the C.G.T. Congress in Marseilles in 1908 and the Secretariat’s acquiescence to the demand that the calling of truly international congresses be included in the agenda of the next conference.
This, the fifth Conference, took place in Paris and included some spirited debates – quite spirited, in fact. Having become its secretary, I was the spokesman for the C.G.T. I recently referred to this meeting in an article, and I think I can do no better than to quote its opening words, for they pinpoint not only our own position but also that of the representative of the American Federation of Labour.
“I saw Gompers16 again (I wrote) on the evening of September 1, 1909. It was the second day of the International Conference of Trade-Union Secretariats. All day I had been asking for a true international congress, and I had had to ask with a certain amount of vehemence. At the end of the afternoon session, after we had won the majority over to the argument of the French C.G.T., Gompers, who represented the American labour unions belonging to the A.F. of L. [American Federation of Labour], came over to me to express his deep satisfaction !”
There were two more conferences, the first of which was in 1911 at Budapest where this time the A.F. of L. participated officially and the Industrial Workers of the World17 unofficially. The second was in Zurich in 1913. An attempt at an expanded conference, leading to the international congresses which we had in mind, was made on the latter occasion by appealing to the International Vocational Secretariats. The resolution adopted in Zurich recommended that the trade-union organizations of all countries study the possibility of setting up an International Federation of Labour, whose aim “would be to protect and extend the rights and interests of the wage earners of all countries and” – I emphasize this last part of the sentence – “to achieve international fraternity and solidarity”.
The trade-union movement was emerging from its infancy and beginning to be aware of the magnitude of its future. In Zurich it no longer thought of itself as the expression of a single social class; the international solidarity which it was trying to bring about was already something quite different from the solidarity of workers in time of strike – all that had been envisaged up to that time. The dramatic events which its development precipitated were soon to hasten its maturity.
Men of my generation will never forget the last days of July, 1914, least of all those who tried to build a dike against the onrushing sea of blood. After July 27 our C.G.T. never ceased trying to achieve the impossible. To leaders still adhering in spirit to the old motto of “Ultimate Right”, which kings used to engrave on their cannons, it opposed the common sense of the man in the street. “War”, it cried, “is no solution to the problems facing us; it is, and always will be, the most terrible of human-calamities. Let us do everything to avoid it.” On Friday, July 30, the C.G.T. cabled the supreme appeal to the International Secretariat, beseeching it to intervene by “exerting pressure on the governments”.
Alas! As we all know, these desperate efforts were in vain!
This disaster did not force us to abandon our ideal; on the contrary, from the very first months of the conflict, it led us to define precisely the conditions for its realization.
In fact, at the end of 1914, the A.F. of L. took the initiative of proposing to hold “an International Conference of National Trade-Union Organizations on the same day and in the same place that the Peace Congress would be held, in order to help restore good relations between proletariat organizations and to encourage participation with the Peace Congress in laying the foundations of a definitive and lasting peace”. Le Comité confédéral of the C.G.T. accepted this proposal and itself issued a manifesto to all the trade-union organizations. I believe that the major portion of this text has become less dated than all of its predecessors. It concludes by demanding: the suppression of the system of secret treaties; an absolute respect for nationalities; the immediate limitation of armaments on an international scale, a measure which should lead to total disarmament; and finally compulsory arbitration for the settlement of all conflicts between nations.
These ideas were soon well on their way. The milestones were to be the Conference of Leeds in 1916, that of London in September, 1917, and those of Stockholm and Bern in June and October of the same year.
At Leeds the idea of an international labour organization appeared in a trade-union text which also drew attention to the danger to the working classes inherent in the existence of international capitalist competition. In the report made on behalf of the C.G.T. we affirmed that the Peace Treaty should, in accordance with the spirit of workers’ organizations, lay the first foundations of the United States of Europe. In London there was strong support for the idea of the League of Nations itself, along with all its corollaries: general disarmament preceded by limitation of armaments, and compulsory arbitration, both of which the C.G.T. had advocated three years previously.
At Stockholm in June, 1917, the representatives of the trade unions in the Central European and Scandinavian countries declared their complete agreement with the decisions taken at Leeds and even expressed their congratulations to the union organizations of the Allied countries and most particularly to the C.G.T. Another International Conference of Trade Unions was called at Bern for the beginning of October, 1917, by the Association of Swiss Trade Unions. The national organizations of Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Bulgaria, Denmark, Hungary, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland were represented, and they confirmed the resolutions adopted at Leeds and London.
The Inter-Allied Labour and Socialist Conference which took place in London in February of 1918 was perhaps even more important. Our French organization delivered a memorandum there containing, certainly, many ideas that had already been voiced before, but in it we also demanded the creation of a supranational authority, the “formation of an international legislative assembly” and “the gradual development of an international legislation accepted by all and binding all in a clearly defined way”. We were ahead of our time, far ahead in fact, since thirty-three years later these proposals have still not been put into effect. The Conference requested that “at least one representative of socialism and of labour should sit with the official representatives at the official Peace Conference”. This request, which was reiterated by the C.G.T. on December 15, 1918, in more or less identical terms, was granted by two governments; in consequence, Gompers and I were attached to the delegations of the U.S.A. and France in the capacity of technical experts. We collaborated in bringing our efforts in behalf of the trade-union movement to bear on the elaboration of the Treaty, particularly insofar as Part XIII18 was concerned. The working classes were becoming more and more sharply aware of the complex causes of international malaise.
I shall quote two clauses from that part of the Treaty which gave birth to the International Labour Organization and to its permanent instrument the International Labor Office whose activities and tangible results I need not recall here. The two clauses of the Treaty read as follows :
“Whereas, The League of Nations has for its object the establishment of universal peace, and such a peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice;
And whereas, Conditions of labour exist involving such injustice, hardship, and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the world are imperilled; and an improvement of those conditions is urgently required…”
From 1918 on, trade unionists were to express from the platforms of their congresses the workers’ desire for peace through a rational organization of the world. The meetings of the International Labour Office and even the general Assemblies of the League of Nations, several of which were to have many sessions, were to excite universal interest in their proposals. The trade-union organizations nevertheless continued their autonomous activity. After the International Conference at Bern in February of 1919 and the Congress of Amsterdam in July of the same year, the International Trade-Union Secretariat was replaced by a true International Federation of Trade Unions19 which immediately acquired over twenty million members. One of its first acts was an appeal to International solidarity to alleviate the terrible misery prevailing within Austria; and the Austrian workers escaped famine, thanks to the many trainloads of supplies sent by various trade unions and cooperative societies. The second intervention of the F.S.I. was on behalf of the Hungarian trade unions, whose liberty was being threatened.
Some have forgotten – for forgetting is as blissful as ignorance – that the F.S.I. intervened with equal vigour on behalf of the Russian workers; its representatives, O’Grady, Wauters, and later Thomson, actually lived in Russia until 1923 in order to supervise the distribution of food and medicines sent by the Federation. Furthermore, it is not distorting history to say that it was largely through the efforts and propaganda of our International Federation that the government of the U.S.S.R. was recognized by the majority of the great powers.
However, the trade unionists did not confine themselves to mitigating the cruel consequences of war. They sought the means to establish a stable peace, emphasizing that it should be founded on a basis of worldwide economic and social stability. In fact, the majority of the proposals ultimately put before the League of Nations originated in the international congresses of the International Federation of Trade Unions and in the World Peace Congress which the latter convened at The Hague in 1922. We asked for the organization of exchanges, the circulation of manpower, the distribution of raw materials, and the prohibition of private manufacture of arms for international circulation.
It was at about this time that the League of Nations set up a Temporary Mixed Commission for the purpose of studying methods for dealing with international traffic in armaments, munitions, and war matériel20. The opinion of the workers now carried such weight that the Commission included three representatives of the workers from the Governing Body of the International Labour Office. A convention was drawn up on June 17, 1925, in which the principle of supervision, as opposed to that of simple propaganda, was recognized, thanks to the efforts of the labour members, of whom I was one. However, not all of our suggestions were followed; we had, for instance, requested internationalised supervision, the auditing of the books of business enterprises, proper measures designed to prevent influencing the press and the setting up of international cartels, together with the standardisation of national inspections.
It is curious to note – somewhat bitterly – that the principle of internationalised supervision always meets with strong opposition. Yesterday it came from the private manufacture of arms, today from armament itself I remain convinced, as do my comrades of the C.I.S.L 21, that we cannot talk seriously of general, or even of partial, disarmament, without accepting the need for effective international surveillance.
At the Economic Conference of 1927 I was again spokesman for the trade unions. The principal arguments in my statement of May 5, were as follows :
“On behalf of my comrades, representing the workers, I would like at this International Economic Conference to pay tribute to the recognition of the high ideals which the trade-union movement has always defended.
It is the opinion of the labour organizations that economic collaboration between peoples is a necessity. Immediately after the war during the armistice period – in February of 1919 – in examining the conditions necessary for peace and exploring the possible bases on which to found the League of Nations which was still on the drawing board, so to speak, the labour and socialist conferences, meeting simultaneously in Bern, emphasized the necessity of giving the League of Nations precisely that economic foundation which our chairman, Monsieur Theunis22, called for yesterday.
…In 1924, we declared that the organization of a definitive peace requires not only the institution of a law of peace but also that of an economy of peace… No true peace can be established… so long as quasi-military strategy is applied in economic relations. What is needed is a committee for economic cooperation.”
On May 23, the last day of the Conference, I voiced the sentiments of my friends when I said: “We have been bold in criticism, too timid in constructive action.”
Three years later, with the idea of concerted economic action in mind, the Conference sent a questionnaire to the member states of the League of Nations. The French government instructed the National Economic Council to work out the essentials of the French answer. I had been representing the C.G.T. on this council since its foundation in 1925, and I investigated the practical means of assuring the most satisfactory conditions for the distribution and optimum utilization of European raw materials among the various nations. Expressing the thoughts of my comrades, I suggested, among other means, the organization of an international information service on inventories, on production, and on the needs of the various countries for raw materials.
We also took an active part in 1931 on the Unemployment Committee of the Commission of Inquiry for European Union23, in 1933 at the Monetary and Economic Conference in London, and on the Comité des grands travaux internationaux, through which the International Labour Office and the League of Nations, taking up the proposals of the trade unions, sought to establish healthy collaboration among nations in the struggle against under-employment and toward the creation of new sources of wealth. But all these conferences, all these meetings, succeeded in doing nothing to rid the world of the prevailing economic crisis. The will to organize the world on a rational basis, or at least to modify its most apparent incongruities, had clearly not been strong enough to counteract the combined effects of inertia, egoism, and incomprehension.
Efforts to wrest weapons away from nations bending under the weight of so many instruments of death were equally futile. All the same, I cannot forget the first sessions of the Conference for the Limitation and Reduction of Armaments. Those early days of February, 1932, were days of hope for humanity. Millions confidently awaited the results of the proceedings of this conference, which was presided over by that veteran militant Laborite Henderson24, and we can claim, with justification, to have had a lot to do with the creation of this enthusiasm. The Socialist Workingmen’s International and the International Federation of Trade Unions, zealously vying with each other, had each collected thousands of petitions which the delegations presented to the conference. On February 6, after Vandervelde25 had spoken on behalf of the members of the Socialist Worker’s International, I conveyed to the conference the unqualified support of millions of trade unionists.
That day remains one of the highlights of my life. I was intensely aware that I was expressing not only the unanimous hope of the workers of an entire world, still bruised by the recent holocaust, but also their clear understanding of the real conditions necessary for disarmament. In their name, I assured the members of the conference of the complete readiness of the trade-union organizations to cooperate in making effective and sincere the procedures of national and international supervision, without which partial disarmament would be either illusory or inoperative.
The attempt to bring about disarmament was as fruitless as the efforts in the economic sphere, and a few years later, with empty stomachs as its excuse, Italian fascism launched itself upon Abyssinia. We trade unionists knew very well that peace was indivisible, and we had no doubt that the weakness of the League of Nations would render it powerless and herald a new period of massacre and destruction. We were insistent and even violent in our demands that the Covenant should be applied and that sanctions be put into effect. We were voices crying in the wilderness. The sanctions were not applied; war broke out in Ethiopia26; and it was followed fatally, logically, and inexorably by the intervention in Spain27, the reoccupation of the left bank of the Rhine28, the Anschluss29, the Munich agreements30, and the Second World War31.
I do not want to enlarge upon our opposition to this policy of weakness whereby the principle of collective security was abandoned. We know only too well what the lack of resolution on the part of the democracies has cost them.
Once more the earth was laid waste by war. Even so, we do not believe that action in the cause of peace is a Sisyphean labour; and that the deadly stone will forever keep on rolling back down to crush mankind. We will yet manage to lodge the stone firmly at the top of the hill.
As soon as the Fascists and Nazis had laid down their arms, the trade unionists began to rethink the problems of peace.
Toward the end of 1947, the C.G.T.-F.O32 revived the traditions and spirit of our old C.G.T., and in speeches, articles, and reports we again took up and specified the solutions which the C.G.T., along with the International Federation of Trade Unions, had offered to the world as a way to salvation.
We approved the Marshall Plan33 because it was a manifestation of international solidarity, because its benefits could be extended to any nation without discrimination, and because we could not see in it any expression of a policy of prestige or force of arms since it invested the beneficiary states with the right to use the credits as they saw fit.
We approved the propaganda in favour of European Unity and emphasized that we would regard such unification as the first step on the road to World Unity. In my capacity as a trade unionist, I was elected president of the European Movement in February of 1949, and in the following spring I opened the Westminster Economic Conference34 by expressing our common sentiment as follows:
“It is normal, it is logical, it is in conformity with the very spirit of history that the organized working class should have an active part in the construction of Europe. It has always proclaimed that it would not, could not, and had no wish to disassociate the struggle for its emancipation from the constant battle to maintain peace, because doing so would have set up barriers which international events would have swept away like piles of chaff.”
It is a matter of Europe’s consolidation, not of its isolation. This human mass, which has such a vast wealth of natural resources at its disposal and whose intellectual potential is the greatest on earth, is not willing to cut itself off from the rest of the world. It is ready to welcome all who wish to be associated with its efforts: “The Europe we are building will have more doors and windows than walls.”
In July, 1950, in an introduction to the reports on the Social Conference of the European Movement, I stressed again the importance of its objective of international peace and of social justice:
“We want to make Europe simply a peninsula of the vast Eurasian Continent, where for thousands of years war has been the only way to resolve conflicts between peoples. We want Europe to be a peaceable community united, despite and within its diversity, in a constant and ardent struggle against human misery and all the suffering and dangers that it engenders. We have no desire to make Europe into a larger, better entrenched, better armed fortress.”
We approved the Schuman Plan for a European Coal and Steel Community35. A few days after the declaration of May 9, 1950 – on May 31 to be exact – in commenting on the Ruhr Statute36 in a C.I.S.L. Conference journal, I wrote :
“The promoters of the can take as their objective… only the progressive unification of Europe. However, this unification cannot be an end in itself.
The final and essential goal, the only valid goal, is to extend the well-being of the worker, to give him a more equitable share of the products of collective work, to make Europe a social democracy, and to ensure the peace desired by men of every race and tongue by proving that the democracies can bring about social justice through the rational organization of production without sacrificing the liberty and the dignity of the individual.
… The pool should be only one stage in a process of continuous creation. The C.I.S.L. has decided to follow its development closely in order to be in a position to give it effective collaboration.”
We recommended the organization of a worldwide market for raw materials and in this connection recalled just what it is that we intend to defend in defending democracy :
“What are we all trying to save? What are we trying to safeguard? Civil liberties: specifically, the right of all citizens to hold their own opinions and to express them freely on the great questions of moral, philosophical, political, and economic import, and the right to form associations. But democracy is not, nor can it be, merely a theoretical respect for these rights. It must give every man effective opportunities to enjoy them, and it must do so under the kind of moral and material conditions that will encourage him to exercise such rights.
One who must be constantly preoccupied with his own subsistence cannot be an alert citizen.
I said recently in a short address to the Economic Council that economic justice is one of the factors in the moral health of nations. There is no economic order in inflationist policies and in underemployment.”
The C.I.S.L. commissioned me to put before the U.N. Assembly at Lake Success a draft resolution whose main paragraph read as follows: “The General Assembly… recommends to the participating nations that they seek above all the means of establishing international regulation of the distribution and cost of raw materials and that, to this end, they contribute to the creation of a common stabilization fund.”
We have constantly defended the two inseparable principles of collective security and general disarmament, effected through the reassessment and international supervision of military strength and of all categories of instruments of war.
A synthesis of our doctrine was attempted on the occasion of the C.I.S.L. Congress at Milan in July, 1951, in the report on the role of the trade-union movement in international crisis.
In this report we have fixed our objectives: first and above all, to spare humanity the colossal ordeal of a third world war.
In it we have stated our principles : to act within the framework and under the aegis of the United Nations Organization, to develop a spirit of community and a spirit of cooperation, and to return to collective economic disciplines.
Finally, we have set forth some of the forms our activity will take: the organization of the distribution of raw materials and the fixing of the prices of basic products; the solution of the housing problem; the fight against restrictive practices in production by national and international cartels; and above all the effective participation of the organized workers in the management of social and economic affairs in every country in the world. Since this Congress is the most recent of the many manifestations of the desire for peace on the part of the free trade unions, I believe I could give no better conclusion to this survey of fifty years of trade-union activity in behalf of the rational organization of the world and of peace – which are absolutely inseparable – than by giving the final lines of this report practically unaltered.
The free trade-union movement is called on to play an essential part in the fight against international crisis and for the advent of true peace. The scope of the task is enormous, matched only by its urgency. Our movement intends to devote its efforts to this task regardless of the cost. I might add that it was enormously encouraged by the recent interventions of the government delegates on the Third Committee of the present General Assembly of the United Nations. The Cuban delegate Mr. Ichaso, among others, showed that certain official circles had adopted the idea which we have been propagating for years and which we have already succeeded in putting into the Treaty of Versailles: the idea that economic disorder and misery are among the determinative causes of wars.
The decision of the Committee of the Norwegian Parliament, which, in awarding me the Nobel Peace Prize for 1951, has recognized and proclaimed the importance and the steadfastness of the pacifist efforts of the trade unionists, cannot but greatly assist the spread of these ideas and considerably extend their sphere of influence. It strengthens the common will of those who have conceived and submitted these ideas to the consideration of men, and of those who have been convinced by them, to work ceaselessly to develop a society free of injustice and violence.
We know well, alas, that men and their civilizations are mortal. We wish to leave to indifferent nature the responsibility of their demise and to free mankind at last from its remorse for having begotten Cain.
2. The Commune of Paris (March-May, 1871) was set up at the end of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) by the Parisians who, refusing to accept Prussian peace terms, held the city, with the aid of the French National Guard, against the French provisional government at Versailles; the workers, who had protested the war from the beginning, had a large part in encouraging and implementing the revolt.
3. On December 10, 1948. See René Cassin, pp.383-411.
5. Confédération générale du travail [General Confederation of Labour] known as the C.G.T.; one of the leading French labour organizations, it included, before WWI, almost all of the organized workers in France. Although individually its worker members usually voted for Socialists, the C.G.T. kept itself free of any actual party affiliations until the 1940’s when the Communists gained control of the organization.
12. A diplomatic crisis in Anglo-French relations (1898), involving rival claims in the upper Nile region, occurred when the French took the town of Fashoda in S. Sudan while the British were putting down a revolt in N. Sudan. A peaceful settlement was effected, with the French giving up their claims.
14. Fernand Pelloutier (1867-1901), secretary of the Fédération nationale des Bourses du travail and manager of the weekly journal L’Ouvrier des deux mondes. One of the Guérard brothers was at one time secretary of the C.G.T. Auguste Keufer (1851-1924), positivist leader of the French union reform movement; secretary of the Fédération du livre until 1920.
16. Samuel Gompers (1850-1924), American labour leader; in 1881 helped to found the Federation of Organized Trades and Labour Unions, which became the American Federation of Labour (A.F. of L.) in 1886; president of A.F. of L. (1886-1924, except 1895).
23. The Commission of Inquiry for European Union was created in September, 1930, under the auspices of the League of Nations, with Aristide Briand its president. Its Unemployment Committee was authorized by the League Council early in 1931.
32. Force Ouvrière, a non-Communist labour federation officially known as C.G.T.- F.O., was formed in 1947 by a group (including Jouhaux) that seceded from the C.G.T. because of its Communist control.
33. The European Recovery Program, integrating U.S. aid to Europe (after WWII) with an organized program of recovery and cooperation in Europe itself, was proposed (1947) by George C. Marshall, U.S. secretary of state (1947-1949) and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for 1953.
34. The European Movement (for European unity) later in 1949 created the Council of Europe, whose objective is a more closely integrated European community. For an account of the Movement and its Westminster Economic Conference, see European Movement and the Council of Europe, with Forewords by Winston S. Churchill and Paul-Henri Spaak, published on behalf of The European Movement by Hutchinson, London, 1950.
35. A plan proposed on May 9, 1950, by Robert Schuman (1886-1963), French foreign minister (1948-1953), for a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) whose members would pool their coal and steel, providing a unified market for them – this to be done and regulated under a supranational authority; the ECSC was established in 1952, with France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg as members.
36. Adopted in December, 1948, at a conference held in London by the United States, Great Britain, France, and the three Benelux countries, it provided an authority under which West German coal, coke, and steel were apportioned between German domestic consumption and export.
Their work and discoveries range from the Earth’s climate and our sense of touch to efforts to safeguard freedom of expression.
See them all presented here. | <urn:uuid:933366ab-317c-4c98-a5ee-46db1f2c15b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1951/jouhaux/lecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.968129 | 9,819 | 1.875 | 2 |
Article from Global News
The Canadian Press
The minister tasked with crafting laws to make Canada more accessible to people with disabilities says employment will be a key focus of her efforts.
Carla Qualtrough, Minister of Sport and Persons with Disabilities, says removing accessibility barriers will be crucial to tackling long-standing high jobless rates among the country’s disabled population.
Qualtrough says most aspects of the anticipated Canadians with Disabilities Act will address employment issues in some way, citing examples such as targeted programs or improving building standards that might make future workplaces more accessible.
Data has long shown that Canadians with disabilities are greatly under-employed compared to their non-disabled counterparts, with multiple studies finding that only half of disabled Canadians have found work.
Qualtrough says details of the Canadians with Disabilities Act are still in the works, adding a series of 18 consultations across the country will play a key part in shaping the new laws.
She says she hopes to have the act before parliament by this time next year.
The prospective act, which disability rights advocates have been seeking for years, would govern areas that fall under federal jurisdiction. Major examples include financial services such as banks, telecommunications, and interprovincial transportation.
READ FULL ARTICLE HERE – http://globalnews.ca/news/3228515/canadians-with-disabilities-act-to-focus-on-employment-minister/ | <urn:uuid:661433ef-a94c-4b6e-a0c6-cea6ff25ce59> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://employabilities.ab.ca/canadians-with-disabilities-act-to-focus-on-employment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.953022 | 291 | 2.265625 | 2 |
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Population: Approximately 1.4 million people
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Don’t underestimate your essay’s body
A lot of students may think that the body is not that important as long as it answers a certain question but coherence is very important. You can ensure that your essay’s body is coherent by following an outline without treating it as a rulebook because it’s only supposed to be used as a guide.
To create an effective outline, you need to make a list with all the evidence, sub-topics, and arguments that back your thesis statement. After making this list, you need to sort everything in it into sections that you can use as your subheadings.
When editing your first draft, you need to check whether it sounds the way you intended it to and if it’s in alignment with what your task sheet stipulates. For arguments that you think readers will need justified, further identify and remove them if you can’t find enough evidence to back these or have word count constraints.
When editing, take out any information that you think is not relevant to what you’re discussing and all technical terms your readers won’t understand. If your paper on bioinformatics has any irrelevant information on biology or uses terms related to this field, remove it because computer science professors might not be interested.
Computer science papers are not the easiest to write but if you make use of these secrets, yours will always be written properly and comprehensively. Using what we’ve shared with you when writing your essays will give you a clear plan of action that will prevent you from writing aimlessly, which can get demotivating.
Knowing precisely what you’re doing can also make the essay writing procedure enjoyable over time, which will, in turn, make your college life easier. | <urn:uuid:f97439c2-b5a3-4991-9f4e-554c50ef70b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://johnnyholland.org/2021/10/essay-writing-secrets-for-computer-science-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.94357 | 1,122 | 2.578125 | 3 |
As indicated ILGA-Europe, an organization fighting for LGBTQ rights, "sexual orientation and gender identity were more accurately defined in local languages by the new amendments. In addition to these changes, sex characteristics was explicitly added to the list of protected grounds. This means that intersex people will now be protected by law from discrimination in all spheres of life."
For now, Bosnia and Herzegovina follows the guidelines for joining the European Union. We can of course only welcome this progress and its new protections, after other laws to allow greater equality and to fight against hate crimes. | <urn:uuid:c026e95a-aa33-466c-9fde-d0d033edbf3c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lezbelib.com/europe-news/lgbti-people-are-now-better-protected-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.958703 | 116 | 1.976563 | 2 |
The RAS family of genes is frequently mutated in cancer and drives tumor formation and is associated with poor outcomes. Within this family, KRAS mutations account for 83% and occur in ~11% of all cancers. Several KRAS mutation variants exist with KRAS (G12D) being the most common, representing ~33.4%. Currently, there are no FDA-approved therapies targeting this variant. In fact, only one therapy has been approved for KRAS: sotorasib for the subtype KRAS (G12C) in 2021. KRAS (G12C) accounts for ~11.3% of KRAS mutations. As the global cancer burden is expected to grow annually, with 27.5 million new annual cases forecasted in 2040, novel therapies targeting KRAS (G12D) are urgently needed.
Towards the development of novel treatments, UCSF scientists have recently identified cyclic peptide ligands to preferentially inhibit the activity of KRAS (G12D). These chemical inhibitors bind to KRAS (G12D) by taking advantage of state-selective conformational changes and effectively diminish oncogenic functioning.
- Selectively targets KRAS (G12D) mutation and not wildtype KRAS
- Expands treatment strategies for several cancers
Name: Catherine Smith | <urn:uuid:6937285e-883c-4df0-9f97-6a19c5c5d4c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://digitalexportdevelopment.com/en/cyclic-peptide-ligands-of-the-oncoprotein-kras-g12d/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.901708 | 304 | 2.03125 | 2 |
FRANKFURT – The European Central Bank said it would step up its bond-purchase stimulus to support an economy whose recovery is expected to lag a year behind the rebound in the U.S., held back by slow vaccine rollouts and less relief spending by governments.
The central bank for the 19 countries that use the euro said Thursday that over the next quarter the purchases would be conducted “at a significantly higher pace than during the first months of the year."
The move is aimed at preventing a premature rise in borrowing costs while businesses are still struggling with coronavirus restrictions like curfews and shutdowns. Yields on long-term government bonds have risen by about 0.3% since the start of the year in the eurozone. That is not much, and rates remain low. But economists say it is too early for the eurozone to withstand higher rates, usually associated with recovering growth and inflation.
The rise in longer-term borrowing rates is regarded as a spillover from the U.S., where the economic recovery is expected to be faster. The eurozone is still in a double-dip recession and is seen by economists as not ready for rising rates. Output shrank 0.6% in the last three months of 2020 and probably declined again in the first quarter of this year, say economists.
China was the only major economy to grow last year, and the U.S. is expected to reach pre-pandemic levels of output by the middle of this year.
By contrast, the eurozone economy is not expected to recover until mid-2022, held back by a slow vaccine rollout and lower levels of government relief spending compared with the U.S. The U.S. Congress on Wednesday approved a wide-ranging $1.9 trillion relief package pushed by new President Joe Biden, coming on top of previous relief legislation under predecessor Donald Trump.
ECB President Christine Lagarde told a news conference that the rise in market borrowing rates, “if left unchecked, could translate into a premature tightening of financial conditions for all sectors of the economy. This is undesirable.”
Lagarde urged European leaders to promptly implement the European Union's 750 billion-euro recovery fund which is aimed at supporting government spending over the next several years. She said that the “massive” $1.9 trillion relief package passed Wednesday in the U.S., a key trade partner, would boost demand from outside the eurozone.
The bond purchases have the effect of pushing down bond yields, which are used as benchmarks for borrowing across the region. So the ECB’s move would in theory help keep credit cheap for companies who need to invest or borrow to get through the pandemic. Businesses are reeling from the economic impact of government restrictions on public life.
Lagarde didn't specify an amount for the accelerated bond purchases. The ECB bought 59.9 billion euros worth of bonds in February and 53 billion euros in January. The purchases ran as high as 120 billion in June 2020.
The purchases will come out of the total of 1.85 trillion-euro set aside for the program; almost 1 trillion euros of that has yet to be used. The ECB says it will continue the purchases until at least the end of March 2022, and in any case until it judges that the pandemic crisis phase is over.
The ECB's decision to step up its stimulus caused an immediate reaction in financial markets, with bond yields sliding and stock markets rising in Europe.
The ECB is the monetary authority for the 19 of 27 European Union member countries that have joined the common currency. It plays a role analogous to that of the U.S. Federal Reserve, the Bank of Japan or the Bank of England in the U.K. It can steer market interest rates in ways best for the economy, using short-term benchmarks such as its weekly lending to bank or intervening in the bond market to affect longer-term rates. | <urn:uuid:1c4eea43-341b-4977-891a-b69705dafad9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.news4jax.com/business/2021/03/10/with-recovery-lagging-europe-wary-of-rising-interest-rates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.958871 | 805 | 1.695313 | 2 |
2022 FCC Food Report: Exploring fruit, vegetable and specialty foods
This information is shared from the 2022 FCC Food Report — highlighting the opportunities and challenges for Canadian food manufacturers by industry. To get the bigger picture — read the full report.
This industry is especially broad, including canned and frozen fruits and vegetables and specialty foods like frozen dinners or pizzas. 2021 was challenging as demand softened for canned products and higher production costs ate into margins.
Unlike 2020, centre-of-store shopping underperformed the perimeter in 2021. Customers returned to buying fresh produce, hurting volumes of frozen and canned fruits and vegetables. However, there is optimism for 2022. Frozen food and non-frozen products offer convenience, affordability and increasingly nutritious options. With inflation reducing consumers’ purchasing power, these (often cheaper) products offer a solution.
Sales declined 1.4% in 2021 after increasing 8.6% in 2020 (Table C.1) yet remained 7.1% higher than 2019. Imports declined in 2021. However, Canadians still ate less domestically produced products than the year prior. The industry struggled with productivity in 2021, with sales per employee declining as employee counts increased and wages grew double digits.
Table C.1: Both sales and gross margin declined in 2021
The broad scope and continuous innovation within the industry makes it difficult to compare profitability over time. Frozen and speciality foods now make up a larger percent of the industry but has come with lower margins. The expectation is that margins improve as penetrating pricing strategies on new products lessen and production investments increase productivity.
Raw material inflation and labour costs both contributed to lower margins in 2021 (Figure C.1). Q3 and Q4 saw improvement but didn’t offset early-year weakness. Hourly wages increased over 12% and cost of materials as a percent of revenue increased over 6%. With over 53% of product sold in Canada being imported, a rising dollar along with higher production costs make it a competitive Canadian market.
Figure C.1: Margins have steadily declined as the industry expands into higher volume, lower margin categories
FCC Economics projects sales to increase 6.8% in 2022. Growth is expected to be particularly strong in the second and third quarters, growing around 10%. Canned and preserved products do well during times when the purchasing power of customers is tight. Canadians are seeing elevated food prices, which will benefit lower-cost canned products. Frozen foods are also expected to see strong sales, led by continued product innovation focused on healthy options.
Figure C.2: Fruit, vegetable and specialty food sales expected to increase 6.8% in 2022
Grocery sales fell 1.1% in 2021 YoY, underperforming the total grocery increase of 0.3% (Table C.2). Fresh fruits and vegetables had a strong year with bagged fresh vegetables and pre-cut fruit doing very well, highlighting a continued demand for fresh convenient foods. Centre-of-store categories saw the largest declines, with canned tomatoes, mushrooms and beans all seeing double-digit declines in sales and tonnage versus 2020. Frozen fruit and vegetables also had modest sales declines in 2021 after seeing growth of 25%+ in 2020, but sales remained 19% above 2019.
Table C.2: Canned products underperformed compared to fresh in 2021
Continued focus on promoting convenience, nutritional enhancements and affordability are three primary drivers attracting consumers to this category. This will be paramount as households’ savings dissipate and higher consumer spending slows. | <urn:uuid:48e8e278-293c-4090-b70e-2dcb2a3dd94f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fcc-fac.ca/en/knowledge/2022-food-report-fruit-vegetable-speciality-foods.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.946279 | 733 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Having a site that is friendly to mobile browsers on smartphones and tablets will be key from Tuesday as Google rolls out a new mobile-focused algorithm.
The update to the way Google ranks search results will take into account how mobile-friendly a website is. This means companies without a good mobile website will suffer, as searchers on mobile will see sites with good mobile experiences ranked higher than those with no mobile or poor mobile sites.
The change reinforces Google’s mobile-focus – it previously just labelled search results that had good mobile websites – and is expected to have an impact bigger than the previous two algorithm updates Panda and Penguin, which affected 12% and over 3% of search results respectively.
“We will be expanding our use of mobile-friendliness as a ranking signal. This change will affect mobile searches in all languages worldwide and will have a significant impact in our search results,” said Takaki Makino, Chaesang Jung and Doantam Phan in a blog post for Google webmasters.
Mobile-friendly is the new hotness
The change is designed to help users find search results formatted for their device, Google said. The company often makes tweaks to its algorithms and technology powering search, but announces few. That this has been announced suggests Google expects the change to cause a big impact, potentially affecting traffic and revenue for a number of sites that heavily rely on search results.
Mail Online, the world’s largest English-language news site, for instance has never introduced a mobile-friendly front page and as a consequence will likely suffer.
Google announced the change to website operators in February, rolling out a mobile-friendly test and several other tools to help sites and services conform to the new mobile ranking.
In the UK, adults will spend more time on mobile devices than desktop computers in 2015, according to research from eMarketer, spending 2 hours 26 minutes a day on mobile devices excluding voice calling time compared to 2 hours 13 minutes on a desktop.
Google also estimates that around 50% of searches are conducted from mobile devices, through mobile browsers and its own search apps.
But PCs still claim the largest share of internet browsing, with 62.4% of global browsing compared to 31.7% on mobile and 5.8% on tablets in April, according to data from research firm StatCounter. Desktop global internet browsing has steadily declined, however, from 85.6% in August 2012 through 70.5% in April 2014, as mobile use has increased and tablet and console browsing has stayed steady.
The majority of large companies offer mobile experiences, with more and more moving to so-called “responsive” design, where by a site scales dynamically based on the size of the browser window or device’s screen, providing the best experience possible to a large range of screen sizes.
Google has not given figures on the percentage of web searches that are likely to be affected, but the fallout from the update for sites and services is expected to force more companies to adopt mobile sites and responsive design – Google’s current preferred implementation of the mobile web. | <urn:uuid:ab80ce7d-1595-4e0e-a673-cd419759cf59> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/apr/20/google-mobilegeddon-will-shake-up-mobile-search-results | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.940986 | 633 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Professional Codes of Ethics – American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE)
ASNE Statement of Principles
ASNE’s Statement of Principles was originally adopted in 1922 as the “Canons of Journalism.” The document was revised and renamed “Statement of Principles” in 1975.
PREAMBLE. The First Amendment, protecting freedom of expression from abridgment by any law, guarantees to the people through their press a constitutional right, and thereby places on newspaper people a particular responsibility. Thus journalism demands of its practitioners not only industry and knowledge but also the pursuit of a standard of integrity proportionate to the journalist’s singular obligation. To this end the American Society of Newspaper Editors sets forth this Statement of Principles as a standard encouraging the highest ethical and professional performance.
ARTICLE I – Responsibility. The primary purpose of gathering and distributing news and opinion is to serve the general welfare by informing the people and enabling them to make judgments on the issues of the time. Newspapermen and women who abuse the power of their professional role for selfish motives or unworthy purposes are faithless to that public trust. The American press was made free not just to inform or just to serve as a forum for debate but also to bring an independent scrutiny to bear on the forces of power in the society, including the conduct of official power at all levels of government.
ARTICLE II – Freedom of the Press. Freedom of the press belongs to the people. It must be defended against encroachment or assault from any quarter, public or private. Journalists must be constantly alert to see that the public’s business is conducted in public. They must be vigilant against all who would exploit the press for selfish purposes.
ARTICLE III – Independence. Journalists must avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety as well as any conflict of interest or the appearance of conflict. They should neither accept anything nor pursue any activity that might compromise or seem to compromise their integrity.
ARTICLE IV – Truth and Accuracy. Good faith with the reader is the foundation of good journalism. Every effort must be made to assure that the news content is accurate, free from bias and in context, and that all sides are presented fairly. Editorials, analytical articles and commentary should be held to the same standards of accuracy with respect to facts as news reports. Significant errors of fact, as well as errors of omission, should be corrected promptly and prominently.
ARTICLE V – Impartiality. To be impartial does not require the press to be unquestioning or to refrain from editorial expression. Sound practice, however, demands a clear distinction for the reader between news reports and opinion. Articles that contain opinion or personal interpretation should be clearly identified.
ARTICLE VI – Fair Play. Journalists should respect the rights of people involved in the news, observe the common standards of decency and stand accountable to the public for the fairness and accuracy of their news reports. Persons publicly accused should be given the earliest opportunity to respond. Pledges of confidentiality to news sources must be honored at all costs, and therefore should not be given lightly. Unless there is clear and pressing need to maintain confidences, sources of information should be identified.
These principles are intended to preserve, protect and strengthen the bond of trust and respect between American journalists and the American people, a bond that is essential to sustain the grant of freedom entrusted to both by the nation’s founders.
© Copyright 2002 The American Society of Newspaper Editors
11690B Sunrise Valley Drive | Reston, VA 20191-1409 | Phone 703-453-1122 | <urn:uuid:a57aa368-c71d-4221-98dc-4c52ecd7c298> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eccoma.info/toolbox/code-of-ethics-press-media-journalism/professional-codes-of-ethics-asne/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951016 | 732 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- 1 Can I wash wool sweater in washing machine?
- 2 Does lambswool shrink when washed?
- 3 How do you machine wash a wool sweater?
- 4 Can you tumble dry lambswool?
- 5 What happens if you put wool in the washing machine?
- 6 How often should wool sweaters be washed?
- 7 Can I machine wash lambswool?
- 8 What detergent is safe for wool?
- 9 How do you Unshrink lambswool?
- 10 How do I keep my wool sweater from shrinking?
- 11 How do you dry a wool sweater fast?
- 12 Does wool shrink every time you wash it?
- 13 How do you dry a lambswool jumper?
- 14 What is lambswool good for?
- 15 What is the difference between lambswool and cashmere?
Can I wash wool sweater in washing machine?
Wool can safely be washed in a washing machine in the comfort of your own home. This includes sweaters, pants, socks and blankets. Set your cycle to the wool setting. If your washing machine does not have a wool cycle, then it is recommended to use the cold water wash or wash cycle for delicates.
Does lambswool shrink when washed?
Wool does not actually shrink when washed It does not actually shrink in the laundering process. Rather, as the wool fibers are agitated back and forth and move around during washing especially during drying, they lock closer and closer together creating another material that you may also have heard of, felt.
How do you machine wash a wool sweater?
Wool garments should be washed on the wool setting (usually gentle action at 40°C). If your washing machine does not have a wool cycle, use the cold water wash or wash cycle for delicates. Use a neutral, mild detergent that is preferably Woolmark recommended (look for the Woolmark symbol on the packet).
Can you tumble dry lambswool?
Briefly machine spin; do not tumble dry. Place on towel, smooth to shape and dry flat. Use cool iron if needed when dry.
What happens if you put wool in the washing machine?
Do not tumble dry wool: The heat the machine would emit would cause your clothes to shrink. Regardless of how gentle and cautious you have been in washing wool, tumble drying it would cause shrinkage.
How often should wool sweaters be washed?
Wool Coats How often you should wash them: one to two times a season. Washing guidelines: If it’s your everyday coat, clean it twice a season to keep it from looking dingy. Special-occasion coats may need to be taken to the cleaners only once before storing to deter moths.
Can I machine wash lambswool?
Machine Washing So, over time machine washed lambswool, even on a wool cycle will lose its soft appeal. However, some lambswools are specially treated so they can be safely machine washed. It is always best to check the manufacturer’s care instructions and if in any doubt then hand washing is safest.
What detergent is safe for wool?
Using a neutral, mild detergent, preferably one that is Woolmark recommended, should be your go-to when hand washing or machine washing wool clothing. Avoid using heavy-duty detergents, “bio” detergents containing enzymes, or any detergents containing bleaches.
How do you Unshrink lambswool?
Fill a sink with lukewarm water, add about two tablespoons of hair conditioner or baby shampoo and mix well. Then put your shrunken jumper in and leave it for at least ten minutes to soak. If you can leave it for longer – up to two hours – then that’s even better.
How do I keep my wool sweater from shrinking?
Soak the sweater in cold water for 5-10 minutes before washing. This technique will prevent the wool from shrinking. Ensure all the entire garment is saturated with water. Use cold water as hot water or warm water will shrink wool.
How do you dry a wool sweater fast?
Just lay the sweater flat (hanging can cause the wet fibers to stretch) and let it air dry. You can speed things along by placing it near an open window, fan, or dehumidifier.
Does wool shrink every time you wash it?
Yes, wool does shrink, unfortunately. When you are washing your wool clothing or bedding, just double-check the water temperature. If it says anything other than cool or warm, then you will shrink your wool items. If the cleaning tag says hand wash only, then avoid the washing machine altogether.
How do you dry a lambswool jumper?
Once your jumpers are nice and clean, lay them flat out on a towel to dry. Take care to lay them in their desired size and shape, as wool fibres can become twisted and may not bounce back into shape. For faster drying, try laying a towel over your garment and carefully rolling them together to squeeze out excess water.
What is lambswool good for?
Since lambswool is hypoallergenic and resistant to dust mites, it is a great natural fiber for bedding, blankets, and linens. Lambswool is also breathable and a natural insulator so it can regulate body temperature.
What is the difference between lambswool and cashmere?
In a straight comparison of lambswool vs cashmere, it makes sense to find that cashmere has more durability due to being shorn from mature animals rather than young ones. Because of this, manufacturers may blend their cashmere with sturdier wools to make a more durable garment. | <urn:uuid:8bac2ce3-8aaf-48c9-bf15-631ffed0b565> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://worldsbestmatrix.com/sweater/often-asked-how-to-wash-lambswool-sweater.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.92856 | 1,214 | 2.078125 | 2 |
A K-class visa is a non-immigrant visa category. It is widely used for a loved one of a US citizen to join them in the United States. The K-1 class explicitly is for a fiancé(e) to join his or her partner in the United States. Have you experienced a fiancé(e) visa denial? If so, it could have been denied for many different reasons. It is important to know how to address issues specific to your case.
The overall number of applicants to the K-class category has decreased since 2016 by roughly 10% annually. This means applications received in 2017 been lower than those received in previous periods. Furthermore, the K-1 category has seen an overwhelming number of rejections and denials in recent years as well.
Having Your Fiancé(e) Visa Denied is Common
More than 35% of all K-1 category visa applicants had their applications rejected in 2017. This amounts to over 20,000 rejected visas. However, the high K-1 visa denial rate is not surprising. This is because it is a visa category that is at high risk of fraud. Some experts cite a wide range of reasons for rejections. Furthermore, it is important to note that, on appeal, most denials are reversed, with only 40% of appeals being unsuccessful.
Rejection vs Denial
While these two terms may seem synonymous, they actually have very different meanings in immigration law. Your fiancé(e) visa is processed in two main stages. During the first stage, your petition will be looked over to ensure that all of your information is there and that the necessary documents filed and the fees are correct. If your petition fails this stage, it will probably be “rejected”.
If it passes, it will move onto the second stage. Here, the evaluating officer will determine if you are eligible for a fiancé(e) visa through information gathered by your petition and through your interview. If your petition fails this stage, it will likely be “denied”.
Reasons for Having a Fiancé(e) Visa Denied or Rejected
There are many reasons as to why visas are denied or rejected, some more common than others. This is because there are diverse rules and unique circumstances for individual cases. However, based on our experience, common K-1 visa denial reasons are as follows:
Insufficient Evidence of a Genuine Relationship
The K-1 visa is one of the most heavily scrutinized U.S. visas. Immigration officers will look at every available avenue to determine whether your relationship is bona fide or not. Any red flag in this regard may lead to denial. Some of the reasons include:
- A significant age difference between you
- Practicing different religions
- Having distantly different cultures
- No common language
- Getting engaged shortly after meeting for the first time
NOTE: The above conditions are not necessarily an automatic prerequisite for K-1 denial. However, they are some issues that will require more diligence and details to prove. This is because it generally raises suspicions when two people in a relationship do not have much in common.
Insufficient Evidence that You Have Met In Person
Not meeting basic requirements, such as meeting your fiancé(e) in person at least once in the preceding two years is a red flag that may lead to denial. This is one of the criteria to judge the authenticity of your relationship. You must provide adequate proof of these meetings, which may include photographs, hotel reservations, flight tickets, etc. This proof must be in accordance with K-1 visa application guidelines.
The meeting must be in person as phone conversations, Skype calls, social media messages, and other meetings via electronic means of communication will not count for this requirement. However, in case it is extremely difficult or impossible for the two of you to meet in person, you may request a waiver for this requirement. The USCIS may grant a waiver on two conditions:
- If your meeting in person will violate strict customs of your fiancé(e)’s culture;
- If meeting in person will put the U.S. citizen sponsor in extreme hardship.
Failure to Meet Income Requirements for K-1 Visa Sponsor
There is a stipulated income level required for K-1 visa sponsors. The U.S. citizen sponsoring the K-1 visa must sign an affidavit of support to demonstrate his or her financial ability to provide the financial needs of the foreign fiancé(e).
The affidavit form must reflect that you are capable of meeting your personal needs, those of your fiancé(e), and of every dependent member of your household. At the very least, you must show the minimum requirement, which is 100% of the HHS poverty guidelines. The amount will be dependent on the number of people in your household and your state of residence. This is because the higher the cost of living is in a state, the higher the income requirement, according to the HHS guideline. Here is the full detail of income requirements for K-1 visa sponsors.
Failure to Demonstrate Readiness to Marry in 90 Days
One of the crucial requirements of the K-1 visa is that the couple must be ready to get married within 90 days after the foreign fiancé(e)’s arrival in the United States. This must be proven with a signed statement, indicating your intention to get married within that period. Having supporting evidence for this will be a great boost for your petition.
For instance, if you’ve already fixed a date for the wedding, printed the invitation, and paid for some elements of the ceremony, you can submit the receipts of the items bought, your wedding invitation card, and other relevant items to reinforce your signed statement.
While this is a very important requirement, you may also get a waiver for it if there is a genuine reason that can cause you not to get married within the stipulated 90 days. For example, if there is a delay with a prenuptial agreement, a medical issue, or any other verifiable, legitimate reason that justifies the delay of your wedding.
Not Legally Eligible to Marry Each Other
Your K-1 visa petition may be denied if one or both of you do not meet the legal requirements to get married in the U.S. The most common scenario is when either or both of you haven’t terminated your previous marriage(s). If any of you has been married before, the marriage must have legally ended before you can be eligible for a Fiancé(e) Visa, either as a beneficiary or petitioner. Legal termination must be proven with documents showing divorce, annulment, or death of the previous spouse(s).
Filing K-1 Visa after Recently Divorced
Keep in mind also that filing a K-1 visa after recently divorcing may raise suspicions. The officers adjudicating your case may become suspicious as to whether your new relationship overlapped while you were still married to your former spouse. If you find yourself in such a scenario, you will need strong evidence to prove the genuineness of your relationship.
If no friends or relatives are aware of or involved in your relationship, this may also arouse suspicion from the immigration officers. Most bona fide relationships that lead to marriage usually include their family, friends, and/or colleagues at work. If there is no evidence that other people were a part of your relationship, you may run into issues.
You can avoid raising suspicion on this ground by presenting some group pictures of the two of you that also include your family and friends. If there are no pictures for this, other documents that can help prove this can be provided.
Making contradictory statements during your K-1 visa interview or in the documents you submitted can lead to the denial of your K-1 visa petition. For instance, if your paperwork says one thing and you give a different answer during your interview, this could portray you as a dishonest applicant and may lead to a denial. Another thing to avoid is visible nervousness or incoherence during your visa interview, so always be sure to speak confidently and clearly.
Failure to Comply With the International Marriage Broker Regulation Act (IMBRA)
IMBRA was enacted in 2005 to check the abuse of marriage-based visas. The Act compels a petitioner of a K-1 visa to provide information regarding certain past criminal convictions. This can include cases of sexual abuse, crimes, slavery, domestic abuse, violence, substance abuse. If you are found to have been involved in any of these crimes, this could lead to the denial of your K-1 petition.
Also, the immigration officers may decide to release the information to your fiancé(e). This is to enable him or her to know the truth about the one he or she intends to marry and make an informed decision with that knowledge.
The Act also covers online dating platforms. If the two of you met online, your petition must include the details of the website and how and when you met there. The details must also show that the foreign fiancé(e) authorized the dating platform to release his or her contact information to you.
Other Reasons for K-1 Visa Denial
- Human error, such as administrative errors made in filling the application. Also, not adhering to legal requirements for the application. This often results in rejection.
- Missing time restrictions and limits that apply to documents gathering.
- Having a criminal record or certain medical conditions.
- Misrepresenting facts, documents, or other application-related data.
- Also, not proving intent to marry can result in visa rejection.
- Your fiancé(e) visa may be denied at the interview because of an unconvinced consular officer. Not convincing the consular officer of the legitimacy of your relationship is a major contributor to visa rejections. It may even be better to get married and then apply for a spouse visa.
Officially published statistics only point towards an overall list of reasons given for denial of non-immigrant visas. This list is very general in nature. However, it must be noted that documentation-related administrative mistakes or missed deadlines can easily result in denial. Always ensure that your documentation is in order. Also, consult an immigration adviser to look out for dependencies overall.
Remedial Steps for Rejected Fiancé(e) Visas
If your petition was rejected because of a simple error with your petition or filing fees, the best thing to do may be to just refile the petition with the help of an immigration attorney. However, if your petition was denied due to your ineligibility, it may require more steps.
Other steps that you can take to improve your chances of a successful K-1 visa application include:
- Making sure you have all documents requested by the right authorities indicated.
- Ensuring you file your application by taking note of processing times and requirements. The consular representative is the ultimate issuing authority who will approve or reject your K-1 visa. Therefore, you must provide any additional documentation and evidence requested by the consular officer in addition to mandatory documents.
In case of a rejection, meticulous care must be taken. This will help put things back on track for you upon appeal. If you have missed a document or do not fully satisfy a condition, then you must gather evidence as required. Sometimes it is a case of specific requirements that are unique to your case. At other times, it is a case of missing general guidelines. Whatever these may be, you will need to work to provide a compelling case as to why your relationship is genuine.
In many cases, you may be able to file one of two legal motions to have your case reviewed a second time:
Motion to Reopen – This is used when new documentation or evidence has come to light that may change the outcome of the fiancé(e) visa case should it be reopened.
Motion to Reconsider – This is used when you and your immigration attorney believe that the evaluating officer was incorrect in his or her decision and you can demonstrate this through a legal argument.
Because they require such legal finesse, neither of these routes should be taken without having an immigration attorney at the helm. This is the best way to overturn a fiancé(e) visa denial successfully.
Depending on your situation, you might also be able to file an appeal to a third party, namely, the Administrative Appeals Office (AAO), which is a part of the USCIS. Your fiancé(e) visa denial notice should indicate whether or not you can appeal this decision. The AAO does not easily overturn the decisions of USCIS officers, so the argument for the appeal should be strong and assembled by a qualified immigration attorney.
Fiancé(e) Visa Statistics
US Department of State stats show that in 2017, 60% of refusals were reversed. This was only when objections were overcome or waivers were obtained. This puts the final refusal rate from the overall number of applications for a non-immigrant category K-1 visa at around 15%. However, most reversals are on an unspecified number of objections. There is no clear list of violations that are given for the K-1 visa category.
If you meet K-1 visa criteria and have all your documents in order, then there is nothing to worry about. However, 40% of refusals are ultimately rejected altogether even after appeal. This means you should make sure that you have everything in order. A qualified and experienced immigration lawyer will help improve your chances of a decision reversal in cases of an initial refusal. | <urn:uuid:14cfc5b3-bfb8-4972-b13d-e17e904e2407> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.immi-usa.com/fiance-visa-denial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.953551 | 2,805 | 1.921875 | 2 |
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