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The Princess and the Mirror
an ADD Fairy Tale or how to find your Aura
Once upon a time, dearly beloved, when magic filled the air. That's how we always start fairy tales, you see.
There was a girl named Susan. Susan was not a happy child. She was rather too fat and her classmates, I won't call them friends just yet, would tell her so. She was rather too slow and dreamy and those not-yet friends would tease her for being late and forgetful. And some times they would laugh at her strange comments and walk away.
One balmy autumn day, Susan set off to a nearby woods to find an old friend, Miss Seashells, who had helped her once before. She trudged up the rutted carriage track and flumped down under the old oak tree, the leaves just beginning to turn orangey brown. A green pasture where Francis munched away sloped away to the distant valley. Susan called to Charlie, the red squirrel who lived in the top branches, but there was no movement from above. All was quiet and still, only an occasional bird call stirred the afternoon haze.
Disappointed, Susan walked down the track into the woods. She came to the spot where she was sure she had met Miss Seashells, but the pretty little cabin had all but disappeared; there remained only a few stones and some broken wooden beams. Had this really been a flower covered cottage just a few years ago? Or had she dreamt the whole story?
Now Susan was feeling really sad and depressed; she flopped on the ground to have a good cry. When her sobs were exhausted, she lay still with her head in her arms. First there was quiet, then she heard a little rustling noise just by her head. She peeked over her arms and saw a chipmunk scurrying around searching for whatever chipmunks feel is important. He stopped to look at her. She looked at him. They stared at each other for a long moment.
"Please, Mr. Chipmunk, Do you know where Miss Seashells is or Charlie? I hope he is alright."
Mr. Chipmunk said nothing, but he stayed quite still looking intently at Susan as if he wanted to communicate an important message.
"Mr. Chipmunk will you come with me?"
She reached out to pick him up. Mr. Chipmunk jumped into her outstretched hand, scrambled up her arm and settled himself on her shoulder. She stroked his little head ever so gently with one finger.
"I'm going to call you Chippy, that's easier than Mr. Chipmunk".
Chippy, chirruped in agreement. She turned into the woods.
They walked for some time until Chippy said "chirp, chirrup".
Susan saw a little path climbing up to the right, she turned and continued walking. Each time Chippy chirruped she found another path to take.
"Oh dear, Chippy, I hope you can take me home again. I will never find my way back by myself."
After what seemed like a very long time (though you know, my dears, that it wasn't more than half an hour) they came into an open grassy place surrounded by tall trees. Susan stopped to admire the space. it felt like a cathedral with soft golden sunlight sifting through the high leafy roof.
On the far side of the clearing, she saw someone, another girl. Here! Deep in the forest! How could there be another human being. She walked forward. The other girl was beckoning to her, laughing, and dancing. When Susan walked, the stranger walked too. When Susan stopped, the other stopped but continued to dance in place. The Other seemed beautiful and strangely familiar but so different.
As Susan approached she could see the other in more detail. Her hair formed a golden halo around her plump face. Nestled in her hair was what looked like a crown. Her eyes were sparkling blue; her mouth formed a wide smile exposing white teeth; dimples provided exclamation points on each side. She wore a baggy sweat shirt, "just like mine" thought Susan, and a wide skirt"just like mine" which twirled around her as she danced. "and she's fat!" And on her shoulder was a small animal which looked just like Chippy.
She reached out to the strange girl; she touched hard cold glass not soft human flesh. She was looking in a mirror.
"Why- it's me, but I don't look like that!"
Susan jumped at the voice behind her; she spun around. At first she was dazzled by sunlight, there seemed to be a ball of sparkling light dancing in front of her. When she blinked to clear her eyes a charming young girl, or was she a nymph, full of lightness was standing in front of her.
"What..? Who..? .."
"Do you look like this?"
Another mirror appeared beside the first with a reflection that Susan recognized all too well.
"What's the difference?"
The stranger did a little pirouette and danced away. Susan, open mouthed, looked from one reflection to the other and back again.
"Well?" insisted the fay. "What differences do you see?"
Susan stammered and finally managed "the hair is beautiful- like a halo, what a pretty smile, the dimples are adorable, why she looks like a princess- but she's fat too."
"Come! Today I, Carol, tell you that in your heart you are a gracious princess. The first mirror shows you what I see; the second is what you see. Now let's make your image match mine."
Susan ran her hands through her limp hair to fluff it up; it remained obstinately stuck to her head. She leaned over and shook her head and ruffled harder. This time the hair looked more like a tangled nest, but even so it provided a pretty frame for her heart shaped face.
Next she tried to smile; the result was more of a grimace. The effect was disappointing. Susan's shoulders slumped more with despair.
"Come, walk with me. You must feel like a princess in your body."
Carol took her by the hand and they walked down the long forested aisle.
"Shoulders back, chest out, chin up. Now smile. That's better. Now stretch up, bend down, touch your toes…"
"Oh no I can't do that.. "
"Yes, go on, shake your shoulders, now relax and walk like a princess. Do as I do."
They made a tour of the glade and came back toward the mirrors. This time the reflection in her own mirror was more alive. The smile was broader and more relaxed; two tiny dimples appeared. But the first mirror had a sparkle in the eyes and a radiance which she couldn't match.
Susan's thoughts shifted to the morning when the teacher had scolded her yet again for forgetting her homework and being slow to finish her assignment. Her shoulders slumped again and the shine which she had achieved faded. Carol placed her hand on Susan's shoulder.
"Susan, we will think about this morning later."
Susan saw the morning scene in her mirror.
"Right now we are giving birth to a princess. You saw the difference in the eyes! To get that sparkle, breathe deeply, down to your belly. Here" and she pushed Susan in her abdomen. "That's where the fire is. Breathe deeply to stir it up, exhale through your eyes to make the fire shine out and laugh."
Carol started to laugh. Susan looked at her and frowned.
"What's so funny? You're laughing at me-like everyone else. I thought you were my friend."
She started to cry.
"Laugh with me. You don't need anything funny to laugh at. Just laugh!".
Susan's sobs turned to giggles and then to hearty laughter. They laughed and laughed until they were exhausted and sitting on the ground.
Carol jumped up pulling Susan to her feet.
"Now, princess, What do you see?"
This time, Susan's own image displayed an exuberant copy of the model image. There was now a faint radiance surrounding the reflection. Susan did a few little dance steps in place and her mirror image followed and invented a few more.
She started to sing "I feel pretty, oh so pretty..".
The image in the other mirror stood still, clapping and cheering.
Carol took her in her arms. "Hug me tight. Come to see me again.".
Susan closed her eyes and put her arms around Carol and hugged. It felt good.
When she opened her eyes, she was on the ground near the old cabin where she had first seen Chippy. It was late afternoon.
It was several days before Susan could get away again to go to the forest. At school she tried very hard to walk like a princess: shoulders back, chin up, breathing deeply to stoke the fire. People still seemed to make unkind remarks, but somehow they didn't hurt so much. It seemed like she was wearing invisible armor.
The first day she had an afternoon free she ran, jogged gently, to the old oak tree and then into the woods. She found the old derelict cabin as before. She looked for Chippy, but all was quiet. She sat down to have a little cry, she was so disappointed. Soon a rustling in the dry leaves drew her attention. A chipmunk was sniffing around looking for nuts.
"Chippy! is that you?"
The chipmunk looked at her and scuttled away. Susan sighed. In a few minutes another chipmunk appeared. He sat and stared at her for a moment and then came toward her. She put out her hand; he hopped on and scrambled up her arm to sit in the crook of her neck.
"Oh Chippy, I'm so happy to find you!".
She set off down the path running until she was out of breath which wasn't very far. Soon, with Chippy's "Chirrups" guiding her, she arrived in the forest glade. All was quiet.
What to do? Where was Carol? Susan started to hum to herself and practiced walking around the glade like a princess, skipping a few steps and breathing deeply to stir up the fire. As she made the tour of the glade she saw her mirror materializing from the shadows. Her image was brighter than before. She had worked to make her hair stand up so that it framed her heart shaped face. Her dimples were more pronounced.
"So how did things go this week?"
Susan jumped at the sound of the voice. In the mirror, Carol was standing behind her laughing with her.
"Oh, OK. Mr. Johnson , the assistant dean, was nice to me. But the rest didn't seemed to notice much. But somehow it didn't seem to matter quite so much. I felt a bit safer anyway."
"Let's see what happened." Carol indicated the mirror.
Now the mirror was like a video camera following just behind Susan as she walked down the school corridor. Mr. Johnson approached her.
"Hi Susan. How y'a doing'? You're looking great today. Enjoy!"
"Yeah, I'm OK. Thanks, Mr. Johnson."
Next, three boys approached her. One turned to look at her as they passed. Then a group of girls approached. One called her "Hey Susan..", but Susan walked on past without replying.
"Do you remember when that all happened?" Carol asked. "What did you think of the boys?".
The mirror rewound to show the three boys as they passed Susan in the hall.
"Oh that's Kevin, I guess he was sneering at me. I don't know"
"Here, listen to what he was thinking."
The mirror replayed the scene again.
"Gee, Susan looks really great today. She has really cute dimples. I never noticed them before."
"That's what he was thinking? I don't believe it."
"Well, now Believe! What about the girls. One of them tried to speak to you and you didn't even answer her. Who was that?"
"Gee whiz, I thought they were laughing at me because I looked ridiculous trying to walk like a princess."
"Well, let's hear what she wanted to say."
The mirror replayed the scene.
"Hey Susan, did you know that the music group wants to put on "Hairspray" and we thought of you for lead role."
"Now let's see what could have happened." said Carol.
She indicated the other mirror which had now appeared. This time the magic Susan walked with a bounce, the air around her vibrant with energy. As Mr. Johnson approached, he again said
"Hi Susan, How y'a doing'? You're looking great today. Enjoy!"
Susan now replied "Thanks a lot Mr. Johnson, I'm feeling Great!. How are you? I wish you a hug-a-day." Mr. Johnson laughed and carried on softly whistling a little tune.
Next came the boys. As they came a breast of Susan, one turned.
Susan caught his eye and said "Hi there, Kevin. Have you got a game today? Good luck."
"Yeah, at 5:00 o'clock. Want to come along?"
"Gee, I'd love to. I'll be there."
Next, the girls approached. "Hey, Susan.."
This time Susan stopped and said "Hi, Maria, how's things?"
Maria replied "Susan did you know that the music group is planning to do "Hairspray" and we were thinking of you for the lead role."
Susan laughed cheerfully, wiggled her hips and did some salsa steps, " You mean because I'm fat."
Maria was a bit embarrassed, "No, no, well maybe yes, but you do have a nice voice. I've heard you sing."
"I'd love to. So even being fat can have its advantages." As she said this her smile spread across her face, the dimples appeared, and she glowed with warmth and happiness.
The picture faded in the mirror. Susan turned to look at Carol. Carol was looking at her with a whimsical smile.
"What do you think of that?"
"I..I don't know what to think. But it's not true.."
"Who knows? Maybe something else will come true...Princess."
Carol put her arms around Susan and hugged her tight. As before Susan closed her eyes and hugged Carol. When she opened her eyes she was again back in front of the old cabin, alone in the darkening afternoon.
It was some time before Susan could find time to go to the forest again. Many things had happened. She wanted to share them with Carol. She sang, skipped, and practiced her salsa steps as she made her way to the old cabin.
She sat down to wait for Chippy. It was very quiet. Maybe Chippy was already hibernating for the winter. Susan wasn't very disappointed; perhaps she didn't need to see Carol again.
As the afternoon faded, she saw the mirror shining in the shadows, or maybe it was in her own imagination. There she was up on the stage, her arms full of flowers, she was bowing to a standing ovation. Her wide smile framed by prominent dimples, her golden hair formed a halo around her head and she radiated a rainbow aura.
There you are my dears, and as with all good fairy tales, you know, the princess lived happily ever after.
And so with a kiss and a hug I wish you good-night.
ADD and the Mirror
This story grew from two seeds. The first was an article in Attitude Magazine about a girl struggling with her homework. Her parents put a mirror in front of her desk so that she could see herself as a hard working student. The second was the case of a person with a strong temperament. When he saw himself in a video he was shocked; he had had no idea how he appeared to others. Everybody has a mental image of who they are and where they fit in their own world. People who have a clear image which reflects accurately the world around them are most likely to be successful because they know what to say and when to say it.
People with ADD often have relational problems because they lack a clear mental image of themselves and acceptable social behavior. Some are just ignored, I always felt like a fly on the wall, unseen and unheard, or like Susan are the butt of jokes because they don't talk or act in tune with their social context. Others are more actively rejected because their behavior is abrasive and out of step, especially if they have the I'm-right-you're-wrong attitude .
A fuzzy mental image can also contribute to difficulty making decisions, setting priorities, managing time and organizing, all known issues for people with ADD and can cause difficulty sensing accurately, like Susan, how others are reacting to them.
A mirror, video, photographs even a tape recorder can be useful to help a person with ADD see and hear how others perceive him/her. They can also be used to practice changing one's appearance. When I was a teenager I had a friend who had braces. She would practice smiling in the mirror so as not to show her braces. At the time I thought she was rather vain; now, years later I appreciate better what she knew then, that appearance is important.
Coaching is like an intelligent mirror. A coach helps people with ADD by providing information about ADD and reflecting how ADD affects them in their lives. Coaching provides a safe and supportive environment for you, the coachee, to learn new ways of meeting the external world and your own internal world.
Copyright© 2003-2005, Sarah Jane Keyser, all rights reserved. www.CoachingKeytoADD.com | <urn:uuid:9b95669f-b5e7-4c34-a9bc-d32cdcaec81f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://coachingkeytoadd.com/stories/princess.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.985105 | 3,910 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Vitamin D in pediatric age: consensus of the Italian Pediatric Society and the Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics, jointly with the Italian Federation of Pediatricians
Giuseppe Saggese11, Francesco Vierucci2* , Flavia Prodam, Fabio Cardinale4, Irene Cetin5, Elena Chiappini6, Gian Luigi de' Angelis7, Maddalena Massari5, Emanuele Miraglia Del Giudice8, Michele Miraglia Del Giudice8, Diego Peroni , Luigi Terracciano , Rino Agostiniani , Domenico Careddu , Daniele Giovanni Ghiglioni , Gianni Bona13, Giuseppe Di Mauro14 and Giovanni Corsello15
Excellent global review of Vitamin D
They conclude that 30 ng is sufficient (while 40 to 80 ng is optimal)
They appear to be very conservative as to the dose size needed to achieve 30 ng
They appear to follow on statements by US Govt which had been admitted to be false after this paper was submitted
It seems that the group which made the global tables was not the same group which recommended
Some of the recommendation errors include
- Rarely (never?) test for Vitamin D deficiency
- Dose sizes which do not change for well known risk factors - such as obesity and skin color (table 7)
- Does sizes which are not a function of body weight (and yet their Calcium dose recomendations do vary with weight)
- Dose size be the same even if child is obese
- Dose of as little as 600 IU OK during pregnancy (most researchers debate 4,000 IU vs 6,400 IU)
- Dose size not increased for breast-feeding infants
- Dose of Vitamin D2 - weekly - which has been proven to not last a week
Infant-Child category starts with
- No consensus on MINIMUM International Units (IU) for healthy infant of normal weight
- 400 IU Vitamin D is no longer enough
Was OK in the past century, but D levels have been dropping for a great many reasons.
FDA doubled the vitamin D level in milk in July 2016
- No consensus: range is 600 to 1600 IU – based on many randomized controlled trials
- Review of 400 IU to 2000 IU daily and higher if non-daily
- Fewer pre-infants were vitamin D deficient when they got 800 IU – RCT Feb 2014
- 1600 IU was the conclusion of three JAMA studies
1000 IU recommended in France and Finland – 2013 - appears to be a good level
- 5X less mite allergy after add vitamin D
- Child bone fractures with low vitamin D were 55X more likely to need surgery
- 75 % of SIDS had low vitamin D
- Children stayed in ICU 3.5 days longer if low vitamin D – Dec 2015
- 5 out of 6 children who died in pediatric critical care unit had low vitamin D – May 2014
- Infants have gotten free 400 IU of vitamin D in Turkey since 2005, More for longer would be even better – Feb 2022
- Preemies should have vitamin D supplements – reaching an agreement – April 2021
- Vitamin D loading dose was as effective as daily dosing (rickets in this case) – RCT July 2021
Having a good level of vitamin D cuts in half the amount of:
- Asthma, Chronic illness, Doctor visits, Allergies, infection
Respiratory Tract Infection, Growing pains, Bed wetting
Need even more IUs of vitamin D to get a good level if;
- Have little vitamin D: premie, twin, mother did not get much sun access
- Get little vitamin D: dark skin, little access to sun
- Vitamin D is consumed faster than normal due to sickness
- Older (need at least 100 IU/kilogram, far more if obese)
- Not get any vitamin D from formula (breast fed) or (fortified) milk
Note – formula does not even provide 400 IU of vitamin D daily
Infants-Children need Vitamin D
- Sun is great – well known for 1,000’s of years.
US govt (1934) even said infants should be out in the sun
- One country recommended 2,000 IU daily for decades – with no known problems
- As with adults, infants and children can have loading doses and rarely need tests
- Daily dose appears to be best, but monthly seems OK
- Vitamin D is typically given to infants in the form of drops
big difference in taste between brands
can also use water-soluable form of vitamin D in milk, food, juice,
- Infants have evolved to get a big boost of vitamin D immediately after birth
Colostrum has 3X more vitamin D than breast milk - provided the mother has any vitamin D to spare
- 100 IU per kg of infant July 2011, Poland etc.
More than 100 IU/kg is probably better
Getting Vitamin D into infants
Many infants reject vitamin D drops, even when put on nipple
I speculate that the rejection is due to one or more of: additives, taste, and oils.
Infants have a hard time digesting oils, 1999 1997 and palm oils W.A. Price 1 2 3
Coconut oil, such as in D-Drops, is digested by infants. 1, 2 3
Bio-Tech Pharmacal Vitamin D has NO additves, taste, nor oil
One capsule of 50,000 Bio-Tech Pharmacal Vitamin D could be stirred into monthly formula or given once a month
this would result in ~1,600 IUs per day for infant, and higher dose with weight/age/formula consumption
710 items in the category Infant/Child See also
- 34 pages in VitaminDWiki had BREASTFE*in title as of Jan 2022
- "BIRTH DEFECTS" 172 items as of July 2016
- Stunting OR “low birth weight” OR LBW OR preemie OR preemies OR preterm 1940 items as of Oct 2018
- 96 VitaminDWiki pages contained PRETERM or PREEMIE in title as of Aug 2021
- "SUDDEN INFANT DEATH" OR SIDS 214 items as of Dec 2020
- Overview of Rickets and Vitamin D
- Youth category listing has
161 items along with related searches
- Normal weight Obese (50 ng = 125 nanomole)
Healthy pregnancies need lots of vitamin D has the following summaryProblem
Reduces Evidence 0. Chance of not conceiving 3.4 times Observe 1. Miscarriage 2.5 times Observe 2. Pre-eclampsia 3.6 times RCT 3. Gestational Diabetes 3 times RCT 4. Good 2nd trimester sleep quality 3.5 times Observe 5. Premature birth 2 times RCT 6. C-section - unplanned 1.6 times Observe Stillbirth - OMEGA-3 4 times RCT - Omega-3 7. Depression AFTER pregnancy 1.4 times RCT 8. Small for Gestational Age 1.6 times meta-analysis 9. Infant height, weight, head size
within normal limits
RCT 10. Childhood Wheezing 1.3 times RCT 11. Additional child is Autistic 4 times Intervention 12.Young adult Multiple Sclerosis 1.9 times Observe 13. Preeclampsia in young adult 3.5 times RCT 14. Good motor skills @ age 3 1.4 times Observe 15. Childhood Mite allergy 5 times RCT 16. Childhood Respiratory Tract visits 2.5 times RCT
RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial
Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in the regulation of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, particularly during pediatric age when nutritional rickets and impaired bone mass acquisition may occur.
Besides its historical skeletal functions, in the last years it has been demonstrated that vitamin D directly or indirectly regulates up to 1250 genes, playing so-called extraskeletal actions. Indeed, recent data suggest a possible role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of several pathological conditions, including infectious, allergic and autoimmune diseases. Thus, vitamin D deficiency may affect not only musculoskeletal health but also a potentially wide range of acute and chronic conditions. At present, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high in Italian children and adolescents, and national recommendations on vitamin D supplementation during pediatric age are lacking. An expert panel of the Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics reviewed available literature focusing on randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation to provide a practical approach to vitamin D supplementation for infants, children and adolescents.
Table of contents
- See also VitaminDWiki
- Did you know that:
- Sources of vitamin D and dietary reference values
- Vitamin D supplementation
- 0-12 months
- Table 6 Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in the first year of life
- 1-18 years
- Table 7 Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency between 1 and 18 years of age
- Table 8 Indications for 25(OH)D evaluation (besides rickets) in children and adolescents as proposed by various Organizations and Societies
- Skeletal actions of vitamin D
- Extraskeletal actions of vitamin D
- Respiratory infections
- Other infections
- Atopic dermatitis and allergic diseases
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Inflammatory bowel diseases
- Celiac disease
- Obesity and metabolic syndrome
- Autism and depression
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Appendix. Management of asymptomatic vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency
- Studies with daily or weekly regimens
- Studies with monthly or other regimens
- Summary of recommendations
- Extraskeletal actions of vitamin D
- Appendix. Management of asymptomatic vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency
Vitamin D plays a fundamental role in regulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and, in particular, the pathways involved in bone mineralization and bone mass acquisition. Besides these classic skeletal actions, recent studies have demonstrated that vitamin D exerts other significant extraskeletal actions, with a possible role in the pathogenesis of several pathological conditions, including infectious and autoimmune diseases . The term 'vitamin D' is used for two different forms which are found in nature: vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) from animal sources and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) from plants. Humans synthesize vitamin D3 in their skin in response to sunlight exposure and vitamin D2 and D3 may be supplied from dietary sources, although only a few foods contain significant amounts (Table 1). Thus, with the exclusion of artificially fortified foods, the contribution of dietary intakes may be considered negligible [2, 3]. Previtamin D3 is produced in the skin following ultraviolet B irradiation (at wavelengths between 290 and 315 nm) of the 7- dehydrocholesterol present in all the layers of human skin, mainly in the epidermis. Previtamin D3 is an unstable molecule, subsequently transformed in vitamin D3 by a process of thermo-conversion. Once previtamin D3 is synthesized
in the skin, it can undergo also a photoconversion to lumi- sterol and tachysterol, solar photoproducts inactive on calcium metabolism that are produced at times of prolonged exposure to solar UV-B radiation, to prevent sun-induced vitamin D intoxication. Vitamin D2 and D3 are transported by vitamin D binding protein to the liver, where they are 25- hydroxylated by the vitamin D-25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1) to produce 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], the major circulating vitamin D metabolite which is used to evaluate individual vitamin D status. Then 25(OH)D reaches the kidney, where it undergoes a further hydroxylation by 25(OH) D-1a-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) into 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D or calcitriol], the bioactive hormonal form of vitamin D [2, 4]. Calcitriol is able to regulate calcium- phosphorus balance in various pathways, first stimulating calcium and phosphorus absorption by enterocytes. When dietary calcium intakes are inadequate, calcitriol interacts with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) expressed on osteoblasts, bringing osteoclasts precursors to maturation and promoting calcium and phosphorus absorption by bone tissue. Calcitriol acts synergistically with parathormone (PTH) that acts in bone stimulating calcium absorption by the osteoclasts, and in the kidney where it promotes calcium reuptake in the tubules, phosphorus excretion, and vitamin D conversion into its active hormone form .
This document represents a consensus opinion of experts derived from current literature revision and it is intended to be mainly directed to hospital or primary care pediatricians. The main objective is to give recommendations regarding the prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency in Italian children and adolescents (0-18 years), considering both the skeletal and extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D and potential risk factors in specific subgroups of children. The Working Group agreed on a list of relevant clinical topics. Using the Consensus Conference method based on the National Institutes of Health and the Italian National Programme Guidelines [5, 6], relevant publications in English limited to the pediatric age (< 18 years) were identified by a review of MEDLINE by PubMed, from 1st January 2005 to 1st August 2017, and using appropriate search strategies for each topic. Checklists and predefined tables were used to assess study quality and to extract data in a standard way. Further literature search was performed focusing available international guidelines on vitamin D supplementation in children. The panel will be taking up the issue again in 2 years, and will promote a new consensus conference if clinically relevant evidence has emerged from new studies. The full text of the guidelines and related documents in Italian are available at the site of the Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics .
Vitamin D deficiency: Ranges, analytic methods, and epidemiology
The major circulating form of vitamin D is 25(OH)D, having a half-life of 2-3 weeks. It is the best marker to monitor for vitamin D status. In literature, several cut-offs have been proposed for vitamin D deficiency with respect to serum 25(OH)D levels measured with a reliable assay. These cut-offs derive from PTH feedback threshold, calcium intestinal absorption and bone health (presence of rickets/osteomalacia, low bone mass and/or mineral content, fracture risk) [8-30] (Table 2). On the other hand, the majority of the studies have been realized in adults.
Severe vitamin D deficiency is defined as 25(OH)D levels < 10 ng/ml by several Authors and Societies because the risk of rickets is high below this cut-off also in presence of an adequate calcium intake [31-33] (see chapter "Nutritional rickets"). The prevalence of rickets is also significant with 25(OH)D levels of 10-15 ng/ml in case of a low calcium intake [31, 33]. In the majority of studies in adults, 25(OH)D levels of at least 20 ng/ml meet the needs of at least 97.5% of the population with regards to bone health [10, 11], while serum 25(OH)D levels >30 ng/ml are sufficient in about 100% of the adults [10, 11]. Secondary hyperparathyroidism generally develops with 25(OH)D levels < 20 ng/ml, and PTH levels reach a plateau at 25(OH)D levels of 30-40 ng/ ml [34-37]. However, some Authors showed that the relationship between PTH and 25(OH)D levels may be influenced by many factors as age, gender, ethnicity, and weight [38, 39]. Few studies evaluated the relationship between 25(OH)D and PTH in pediatrics, thus defining a threshold is even more complex [40-48]. A study on 1370 Canadian infants (1-6 years) observed the PTH plateau at 25(OH)D levels > 42.8 ng/ml , whereas an Italian study on children and adolescents reported a lower prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism at 25(OH)D levels of 20-29 ng/ml, but
Table 2 Definition of vitamin D status according to several Societies and Organizations in the last 10 years
no cases were detected above 30 ng/ml . Moreover, no clear evidence of a threshold for calcium absorption was found with several 25(OH)D ranges in pediatrics. This could be due by an age-dependent more efficient calcium absorption, a compensatory absorption vitamin D-independent and a higher conversion to calcitriol [44, 51, 52]. Also when bone health is considered, the studies are relatively small (see chapter "Bone health"). A positive association between 25(OH)D levels, bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in children and adolescents, in particular from the peripuberty, without a specific threshold . Moreover, a recent study in Chinese infants (0-7 years) showed that when serum 25(OH)D levels were above 30 ng/ml, the prevalence of low tibial BMD (assessed by quantitative ultrasound) reached a plateau . Based on the above considerations, we suggest to define vitamin D status as reported in Table 3.
Vitamin D status is defined by the measurement of 25(OH)D concentrations. This term refers to both its circulating forms, the 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2, the last from plant dietary sources. 1,25(OH)2D measurement does not reflect vitamin D status, owing to the short half-life (46 h) and the lower concentration (pg/ml vs. ng/ml). 1,25(OH)2D levels are reduced only when 25(OH)D levels are below 4 ng/ml. The measurement of 25(OH)D is difficult due to its lipophilic nature, the binding to vitamin D binding protein, the different circulating forms that also include epimers and isobars, and the standardization. In particular, the 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D may represent up to 10-15% of the total quantity of 25(OH)D .
Table 3 Cut-off points for the definition of vitamin D status based on circulating levels of 25(OH)D
Severe Deficiency Insufficiency Sufficiency
25(OH)D <10 ng/ml < 20 ng/ml 20-29 ng/ml > 30 ng/ml
(< 25 nmol/l) (< 50 nmol/l) (50-74 nmol/l) (> 75 nmol/l)
Conversion factor: ng/ml = nmol/l*0.401; nmol/l = ng/ml*2.496
Various methods are available for determining 25(OH)D concentration, from the low-throughput radioimmunoassay techniques to the new automated immunoassays with high capacity, which in some cases still present poor accuracy and precision [56, 57].The National Institute of Standards and Technology has developed the stock standards for the measurements of 25(OH)D3/D2 levels through isotope- dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods . The issue of international standardization of serum 25(OH)D measurement is also being progressed by the Vitamin D Standardization Program. The standardization, also retrospectively, should help to develop future vitamin D guidelines [59, 60]. The isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS is the standard method to always use in the neonates, because it is able to detect the serum C3 epimer of 25(OH)D3, that may represent up to the 40% of the total quantity of 25(OH)D [61-63]. When a patient is under treatment with ergocalciferol, measurements able to detect 25(OH)D2 are needed to avoid the risk of hypervitaminosis D . Because LC-MS/MS methods are not so frequently used in clinical practice, at the moment other reliable assays could be used and certified laboratories are suggested. The measurement of free 25(OH) D has not been standardized. Moreover, current algorithms to calculate free 25(OH)D may not be accurate .
Hypovitaminosis D and vitamin D deficiency, independently from cut-off definitions, have a higher prevalence worldwide in any age. In pediatrics, US data derived by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cohort indicate a prevalence ranging 9-18%, and 51-61% of vitamin D deficiency and hypovitaminosis D, respectively [66, 67]. A recent meta-analysis was conducted on all the cohort studies of the European population, basing also on a pediatric population of 14971 subjects (1-18 years) . The Authors applied the Vitamin D standardization Program and developed protocols for standardizing existing 25(OH)D values from national health/nutrition surveys. The prevalence according to age (1-6 years, 7-14 years, and 15-18 years) ranged 4-7%, 18%, and 12-40%, respectively, suggesting that particular attention should be kept not only in infants but also in adolescents. Non-white subjects and those living at relatively mild-latitude countries (47-60° N) had a higher prevalence range (5-20%) than southern countries. Limitations of the study include the fact that some of the studies mainly included children aged 7-11 years, and that vitamin D supplements, food fortification or sun awareness campaigns could have influenced the estimates. Data from Italian pediatrics are only limited being represented by the Roma cohort (12.5-17.5 years) included in the HELENA study .
Other Italian data are present in literature, although they show some limitations, regarding small populations, analytic methods for 25(OH)D, the season of recruitment, the prevalence of overweight/obesity, vitamin D supplements, sunscreens, ethnicity, and uncovered areas of latitude. Despite these points, Italian data are in line with those reported above, with higher prevalence in neonates, in particular in those not Caucasian, in adolescents and in overweight/obese subjects [50, 69-84]. Interestingly, also the more limited estimates in southern Italy parallel those of northern areas. Table 4 summarizes published studies in Italian populations.
Most of the vitamin D we synthesize (90%) starts with skin exposure to ultraviolet B radiation from the sun. Cutaneous vitamin D3 production is influenced by several factors, such as skin pigmentation, latitude, altitude, seasonality, daily timing of sun exposure, atmospheric pollution, percentage of skin area exposed, type of clothing, and sunscreen use. Children require less sunlight exposure than adults to produce sufficient quantities of vitamin D, both because of their higher body surface-area-to-volume ratio and of their increased capacity to produce vitamin D . In Italy children are unable to synthesize vitamin D in the skin during late fall, winter months and early spring, even if sufficiently exposed to sunlight . Thus, during this period an adequate vitamin D status can be maintained only from endogenous stores accumulated during previous summer or by exogenous supplementation.
Breast milk represents the best food to satisfy children's nutritional needs, although it contains insufficient amount of vitamin D (< 50 IU/l) . Vitamin D intake of formula fed infants varies according to the vitamin content (about 400 IU/l) and daily formula intakes. Considering water requirements, formula fed infants may receive 400 IU/day of vitamin D, which is adequate for the first year of life , only when they come to weigh 5 to 6 Kg. However, children are weaned by the time they reach this weight and this further reduces their daily milk consumption .
Most foods contain little amounts of vitamin D, with the exception of some fatty fish (Table 1), rarely eaten by children [9, 87]. Thus, dietary sources of vitamin D should not be considered significant for humans except some populations living at higher latitudes where fish, fish oil and fish eggs are frequently consumed . In Italy, few commercial milks or yoghurts are supplemented with vitamin D and/or calcium. Nonetheless, despite the presence of this vitamin in fortified milk, amounts can be insufficient in respect of recommended intakes and needs. These foods, therefore, fail to represent an optimal solution for the prevention of vitamin-D deficiency among children and adolescents .
Table 5 Dietary reference values of vitamin D in infants, children, and adolescents as proposed by various Organizations and Societies
In the last years various Organizations and Societies [10, 11, 16-18, 25, 26, 89] revised dietary reference values of vitamin D in infants, children, and adolescents, as reported in Table 5. In 2016 the United Kingdom Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) reviewed the evidence on vitamin D and health and recommended that serum 25(OH)D levels of all children and adolescents in the United Kingdom should not fall below 10 ng/ml (a so-called "population protective level") at any time of the year to protect musculoskeletal health. Assuming minimal sunshine exposure, SACN recommended a safe intake of 340-400 IU/day of vitamin D for infants under 1 year of life, a safe intake of 400 IU/day for age 1 up to 4 years, and a reference nutrient intake of 400 IU/day for the United Kingdom population aged 4 years and above . In 2016 also the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) revised dietary reference values for vitamin D. Considering a serum 25(OH)D levels of 20 ng/ml as a suitable target value, under conditions of minimal cutaneous vitamin D synthesis EFSA recommended an adequate intake of 400 IU/day for infants aged 7-11 months and of 600 IU/ day for children aged 1-17 years . While there is sufficient global agreement in considering 400 IU/day as dietary reference value for vitamin D during the first year of life, recommended reference values for children and adolescents (1-18 years) slightly differ between Organizations and Societies, reflecting different approaches and methods applied to calculate them. However, various dietary reference values for vitamin D are useful to guide local strategies for vitamin D supplementation, but are not directly comparable. Particularly, the Endocrine Society guidelines focused on patients at risk for vitamin D deficiency, recommending a vitamin D daily requirement of 400-1000 IU in the first years of life and of 600-1000 IU from 1 up to 18 years .
In accordance with the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition [ESPGHAN] and the European Academy of Pediatrics , we endorsed Tolerable Upper Intake Levels of vitamin D proposed by EFSA in 2012 (1000 IU/day for infants: 2000 IU/ day for children ages 1 to 10 years; 4000 IU/day for children and adolescents ages 11 to 17 years) .
Vitamin D supplementation in the first year of life is essential to ensure an adequate vitamin D status and to prevent nutritional rickets. Indeed, newborns and infants are poorly exposed to sunlight, as the Section on Dermatology of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended that infants younger than 6 months of age should be kept out of direct sunlight and covered with appropriate protective clothing and hats . As previously discussed, breast milk and formula milk contain insufficient amount of vitamin D to prevent its deficiency. Moreover, newborns from deficient mothers are at increased risk for vitamin D deficiency as cord blood and neonatal 25(OH)D levels highly correlate with maternal vitamin D status during gestation [92, 93]. The importance of vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life has been confirmed by the finding that children not receiving supplementation have reduced serum 25(OH)D levels, particularly if exclusively breastfed and during winter season [94-96].
Some studies evaluated the effect of daily vitamin D supplementation at variable dosages (ranging from 200 to 1600 IU/day) on vitamin D status in children during the first year of life [52, 62, 97-107]. The administration of 400 IU/day starting from birth was effective in maintaining serum 25(OH)D levels >30 ng/ml [52, 62, 97-99,103-107]. On the contrary, vitamin D supplementation at higher dosages seemed to be associated with increased risk of hypervi- taminosis D with hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia . Daily vitamin D2 or D3 administration was equally effective in increasing serum 25(OH)D levels . Only few studies evaluated the efficacy and safety of intermittent vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life, particularly in cases with low compliance [109-111], thus at present daily supplementation remains preferred.
Various international Scientific Societies agree to recommend vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life [9, 12-15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 30, 112-116]. Particularly, the Global Consensus on prevention of nutritional rickets recommended the administration of 400 IU/ day of vitamin D for all infants from birth to 12 months of age, independently of their mode of feeding . The same recommendation has been worldwide proposed also by an Expert Position Statement on vitamin D in childhood , the Department of Nutrition for Health and Development of the World Health Organization , the ESPGHAN , the European Academy of Pediatrics , and the vitamin D guidelines for United Arab Emirates and Central Europe . These Societies also agree that the administration of 400 IU/day is safe and effective to prevent rickets and ensure an adequate vitamin D status. The Endocrine Society recommended a daily intake of 400-1000 IU of vitamin D in children under 1 year of age at risk for vitamin D deficiency . Regarding the preferred form of vitamin D for supplementation, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline recommended vitamin D drops in infants and young children , while other international Scientific Societies did not make any specific recommendation.
Despite this global agreement on vitamin D supplementation in the first year of life, several barriers to adherence still exist, such as reluctance of mothers to give their children daily supplementation, lack of knowledge about vitamin D actions and the risk of nutritional rickets, lack of awareness by health care professionals, assumption that both breast milk and formula milk provide sufficient vitamin D intake [116, 117].
In the present Consensus we recommend vitamin D supplementation in all newborns independently of the type of feeding, starting from birth and continuing throughout the first year of life. Infants born at term without risk factors for vitamin D deficiency should receive 400 IU/day of vitamin D, while in the presence of risk factors for vitamin D deficiency (Table 6) up to 1000 IU/day of vitamin D can be administered. We recommend against using vitamin D metabolites and their analogs (calcifediol, alfacalcidol, calcitriol, and dihydrotachysterol) for the routine vitamin D supplementation, as the administration of these compounds increases the risk of hypercalcemia and is not able to maintain and/or restore vitamin D stores [118, 119].
Preterm infants are at risk for calcium-phosphorus metabolism alterations, with possible development of osteopenia of prematurity . As the majority of calcium and phosphate accretion and fetal bone mineralization occur during the third trimester of pregnancy, preterm infants are deprived of the physiological mineral intrauterine supply, with consequent impaired bone mineralization and increased fracture risk. Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (birth weight < 1500 g) are at significant risk of osteopenia due to the frequent administration of drugs that adversely affect bone mineralization (steroids, methylxanthines and diuretics) and prolonged period of immobilization and total parenteral nutrition . At present, the exact timing and proportion of vitamin D-dependent absorption of calcium and phosphorus in preterm infants is unknown . However, after 24 weeks gestation maternal 25(OH)D crosses the placenta and is metabolized to 1,25(OH)2D for endocrine and paracrine actions . In addition to optimize bone mineralization during fetal life, vitamin D status has been associated with acute respiratory morbidity in preterm infants born < 32 weeks gestation .
Relatively few international Scientific Societies gave recommendations on vitamin D supplementation in preterm infants. In 2013 the AAP recommended a daily vitamin D intake of 200-400 IU for VLBW infants, as their smaller size may lead to a lower need for vitamin D to ensure adequate serum 25(OH)D levels. Vitamin D intake should be increased to 400 IU/day (up to a maximum of 1000 IU/
- Non-Caucasian ethnicity with dark skin pigmentation
- Inadequate diets (i.e. vegan diet)
- Chronic kidney disease
- Hepatic failure and/or cholestasis
- Malabsorption syndromes (i.e. cystic fibrosis, inflammatory boweldiseases, celiac disease at diagnosis, etc.)
- Chronic therapies: anticonvulsants, systemic glucocorticoids, antiretroviraltherapy, systemic antifungals (i.e. ketoconazole)
- Infants born from mothers with multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency, particularly in absence of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy
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day) when weight exceeds 1500 g and the infant tolerates full enteral nutrition . Differently, considering the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, the ESPGHAN recommended for preterm infants a vitamin D intake of 800-1000 IU/day during the first months of life to rapidly correct fetal low serum 25(OH)D levels . Other authors and guidelines for Central Europe recommended vitamin D supplementation in preterm infants at higher dosages (400-1000 IU/day) than those suggested for healthy term newborns [1, 9, 20, 126], but such an intake should not be prolonged over the theoretical term (40 weeks of post-conceptional age) due to the potential risk of vitamin D intoxication .
Preterm infants may receive vitamin D from various sources, such as parenteral nutrition, fortified human milk or preterm infant formula, but it has been calculated that without supplementation they do not receive 400 IU/day of vitamin D until reaching a weight of 2-2.5 Kg or only 4 weeks after birth . However, total vitamin D intake from supplementation and feeding should be assessed to avoid excess, particularly in VLBW infants.
Some studies evaluated the effect of vitamin D supplementation at different doses in preterm infants of various gestational age and birth weight [124, 128-146]. Vitamin D supplementation at 400 IU/day has been generally retained safe and effective in maintaining adequate serum 25(OH)D levels in preterm infants [131, 132, 135, 139-141]. Studies that evaluated vitamin D supplementation at 200 IU/day gave conflicting results [128,129,134]. Finally, some studies evaluated the effect of supplementation at higher doses (800-1000 IU/day) [133, 135-137, 140-146]. Cho et al. recently recommended vitamin D supplementation at 800 IU/ day to enhance vitamin D status during early hospitalization in VLBW infants with serum 25(OH)D levels < 10 ng/ml at birth . Mathur et al. found that supplementation at 1000 IU/day for 6 weeks was more effective than 400 IU/ day in maintaining serum 25(OH)D levels with a lower incidence of skeletal hypomineralization and better growth . However, other authors did not find any difference in clinical outcome or in bone accrual in preterm infants receiving supplementation at higher doses [135-137,143] and advised to avoid prolonged supplementation at 1000 IU/day for the risk of hypervitaminosis D [143, 145, 146]. Particularly, Fort et al. suggested for extremely low gestational age newborns an initial vitamin D supplementation at 800 IU/ day for 1-2 weeks to restore serum 25(OH)D levels followed by a lower dosage (200 IU/day) .
In the present Consensus we recommend a total daily vitamin D intake of 200-400 IU (including the amount administered through parenteral nutrition, fortified breast milk, and preterm formula) for preterm infants with a birth weight < 1500 g. Vitamin D supplementation at 400800 IU/day is recommended for VLBW infants when they reach a weight > 1500 g and full enteral nutrition, and for preterm infants with a birth weight > 1500 g. After a post- conceptional age of 40 weeks, recommendations for vitamin D supplementation are equal to those for healthy term infants.
The promotion of an adequate vitamin D status is important for older children and adolescents, as nutritional rickets may develop during the entire pediatric age and vitamin D deficiency may negatively affect bone health [25, 26]. Various studies evaluated different regimens of vitamin D supplementation, but comparison of results is complex due to heterogeneity in vitamin D administration (dose, interval, and length of supplementation) and population enrolled (age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index, latitude of the country of residence, season of enrolment, and basal vitamin D status).
Most of the studies evaluated daily vitamin D supplementation at doses ranging from 200 to 1000 IU/day [78, 147-164]. Supplementation at 400 IU/day for variable length (up to 12 months) was usually insufficient in raising serum 25(OH)D levels > 30 ng/ml [78, 147-149, 151-153, 160-162], particularly in subjects with vitamin D deficiency. A recent RCT performed during winter showed that a vitamin D intake up to 800 IU/day was required by white Danish children (4-8 years) to maintain serum 25(OH)D > 20 ng/ml. Particularly, subjects receiving 800 IU/day for 20 weeks increased their 25(OH)D levels from 23.2 ng/ml to 30.3 ng/ml . Another RCT demonstrated that white UK adolescents (14-18 years) required higher intake of vitamin D (up to 1200 IU/day) during winter to achieve 25(OH)D concentration > 20 ng/ ml in 97.5% of cases. Indeed, children and adolescents supplemented with 800 or 1000 IU/day for 20 weeks increased their 25(OH)D levels but frequently remained insufficient [156-158, 162-164], while supplementation at 300 IU/day for 7 weeks did not result efficacious in younger children . A few studies evaluated intermittent regimens of supplementation (weekly, monthly, every 26 months) in older children and adolescents, with conflicting results [165-175]. Intermittent vitamin D administration may be considered in case of reduced compliance with daily supplementation, but actual evidence is insufficient to recommend a preferred doses and interval.
Several international Societies recommended vitamin D supplementation in children older than 1 year and adolescents with risk factors for vitamin D, such as reduced sun exposure or dark skin pigmentation [8, 9, 11, 18, 19, 23, 28, 30, 114]. Particularly, the ESPGHAN reinforced that first of all a healthy lifestyle associated with a normal body mass index and including a healthy diet with vitamin D- containing foods and adequate outdoor activities should be promoted in healthy children and adolescents . Moreover, pediatricians should periodically evaluate vitamin D intake from diet and supplements [23, 28]. Considering the Italian Child Health Care System organization, family pediatricians may anamnestically evaluate vitamin D intake of children and possible risk factors for deficiency during periodic health check-ups .
On the contrary, other Societies systematically recommended vitamin D supplementation in children and adolescents during winter months [13, 20, 115] or throughout the whole year if reduced sun exposure during summer [20, 115]. Following the publication of SACN review of the evidence on vitamin D and health , Public Health England advised that UK children aged 1 to 4 years should receive vitamin D supplementation at 400 IU/day, and older children and adolescents should take a daily supplement containing 400 IU of vitamin D in autumn and winter to protect bone and muscle health because it is difficult to meet this intake from dietary sources. Public Health England also recommended that individuals with darker skin and people with reduced sun exposure should receive vitamin D supplementation throughout the year .
Adolescents are at increased risk for vitamin D deficiency , thus the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine recommended continuous vitamin D supplementation (600 IU daily for healthy adolescents, and at least 1000 IU daily for adolescents at risk for vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency) in addition to vitamin D received through the diet or via sun exposure .
Variation of sunlight efficacy in promoting skin vitamin D synthesis (depending on season and latitude) and local factors related to sunlight exposure (i.e. cultural habits) should be taken into account when considering supplementation [30,177,178]. For example, Arab Emirates guidelines recommended vitamin D supplementation between May and October because Arabian people avoid sun exposure during summer due to excessive heat . Regarding Italy (latitude 35°29'24"-47°5'31"), an in vitro study showed that no vitamin D is produced as a result of sun exposure at the latitude of Pisa (43°43'N) from November to February , confirming that sunlight-derived vitamin D production is ineffective for at least 1 month during the year in countries placed between 23.5° and 66.5° of latitude . Subsequent Italian cross sectional studies enrolling children and adolescents living in the north-western area of Tuscany, Central Italy (latitude between 43°N and 44°N) not receiving vitamin D supplementation confirmed seasonal variability in serum 25(OH)D levels, with lower concentrations during late winter-early spring months (February-April), with negligible amount of vitamin D obtained from diet [50, 79], according to other Italian pediatric studies [70, 76-78, 83]. These data suggest that wintry vitamin D status depends on the amount of vitamin D produced and stored during the previous summer . Finally, a recent cross sectional study showed high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency (40.3% and 33.5%, respectively) among internationally adopted children at their first clinical evaluation in Italy .
In the present Consensus we recommend vitamin D supplementation in children and adolescents with risk factors for vitamin D deficiency (Table 7), at doses ranging from 600 IU/day (i.e. in presence of reduced sun exposure) up to 1000 IU/day (i.e. in presence of multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency). In cases of poor compliance, supplementation with intermittent dosing (weekly or monthly doses for a cumulative monthly dose of 18000-30000 IU of vitamin D) can be considered, starting from children aged 5-6 years and particularly during adolescence. Considering the results of Italian studies, we suggest vitamin D supplementation from the end of fall to the beginning of spring (November-April) in children and adolescents with reduced sun exposure during summer. Continuous supplementation should be reserved to children with permanent risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. Individuals on anticonvulsants, oral corticosteroids, antimicotics and antiretroviral drugs should receive at least 2-3 times more vitamin D than the daily requirement recommended for age, in agreement with the Endocrine Society and the AAP . As reported for infants in the first years of life, we recommend against using vitamin D metabolites and their analogs (calcifediol, alfacalcidol, calcitriol, and dihydrota- chysterol) for the routine vitamin D supplementation.
At present, population screening for vitamin D deficiency in healthy individuals is not recommended. Indeed, serum 25(OH)D evaluation should be reserved to subjects at risk for vitamin D deficiency, but indications for 25(OH)D measurement significantly vary among different societies (Table 8) [9, 11, 13, 15, 20-23, 27, 30]. We recommend against routine 25(OH)D testing in children and adolescents, suggesting to limit
Non-Caucasian ethnicity with dark skin pigmentation
Reduced sunlight exposure (due to lifestyle factors, chronic illness or hospitalization, complex disability, institutionalization, covering clothing for religious or culturalreasons) and/or constant use of sunscreens
Inadequate diets (i.e. vegan diet)
Chronic kidney disease
Hepatic failure and/or cholestasis
Malabsorption syndromes (i.e. cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, celiac disease at diagnosis, etc.)
Chronic therapies: anticonvulsants, systemic glucocorticoids, antiretroviraltherapy, systemic antifungals (i.e. ketoconazole)
Rickets is characterized by defective mineralization of developing bone tissue and reduced or absent endochondral ossification of the growth plate, with subsequent deformation [183, 184]. Nutritional rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency and/or low calcium intake in children. Despite a significant decrease in the incidence and prevalence of nutritional rickets during the twentieth century, new cases are still reported worldwide, both in developing and industrialized countries [185, 186].
Children of immigrants living in industrialized countries are at increased risk of rickets because they usually present several risk factors for vitamin D deficiency such as prolonged breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation, increased skin pigmentation, reduced sun exposure due to cultural habits (i.e. veiling), and reduced intestinal calcium uptake due to an excessive intake of high-phytates foods . At present, no exact serum 25(OH)D threshold has been defined below which nutritional rickets may develops . A recent global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets defined vitamin D deficiency as serum 25(OH)D < 12 ng/ml, considering the increased incidence of rickets with serum 25(OH)D levels under this threshold . Similarly, in 2016 the SACN reported that the risk of nutritional rickets increased for serum 25(OH)D levels < 10 ng/ml .
Nutritional rickets diagnosis is based on the evaluation of clinical, radiological and biochemical findings, as reviewed elsewhere [9, 183, 188]. Rickets typically develops towards the end of the first year of life and in the course of the second year of life. Subsequently, the clinical signs of vitamin D deficiency (i.e. rickety wrists and ankles, rachitic rosary, Harrison's sulci, lower limb deformities) become more subtle. Particularly, adolescents may develop non-specific symptoms, such as lower limb pain or difficulties in climbing stairs, because of proximal myopathy secondary to vitamin D deficiency . Nutritional rickets may be associated also with extraskeletal manifestations, such as muscular hypotonia, delayed motor development, and increased risk of respiratory infections. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency may determine hypocalcaemia that may be asymptomatic, latent or symptomatic possibly with acute onset (seizures, syncope, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, tetanus, paresthesia, tremors, muscular cramps, dilated cardiomyopathy) . At X-rays osteopenia of the long bones may be the earliest radiological sign of rickets. Subsequently, a fraying and cupping deformity of metaphyses following the proliferation of uncalcified cartilage and osteoid tissue is usually observed . If nutritional rickets is suspected, biochemical investigations [serum 25(OH)D, PTH, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus levels] and X-rays evaluation of metaphyseal sites (wrists and ankles) are recommended . On the contrary, the evaluation of serum 1,25(OH)2D and bone turnover markers is not useful to pose diagnosis.
Vitamin D administration represents the main treatment of nutritional rickets [183, 188], and some age-dependent regimens have been proposed [9, 28, 183]. Oral treatment is preferred as it more rapidly restores serum 25(OH)D levels than intramuscular treatment . The global consensus on nutritional rickets recommended the administration of 2000 IU/day of vitamin D in patients aged less than 1 year, 3000-6000 IU/day in patients aged 1 to 12 years and 6000 IU/day in patients older than 12 years for a minimum of 3 months, even if some children may require a longer treatment duration . Intermittent administration of vitamin D may be a reliable alternative to daily administration, particularly in cases with low compliance. Indeed, Munns et al. recommended a single dose of 50000 IU in children age 3 to 12 months, 150000 IU in children aged 1 to 12 years, and 300000 IU in adolescents > 12 years of age. When single large doses are used, vitamin D3 is preferable compared to vitamin D2 because the former has a longer half-life . Monthly oral administration of 100000 IU for three consecutive months was demonstrated to be safe and effective to treat nutritional rickets in immigrant children and adolescents living in Italy . The administration of a single large dose of vitamin D > 300000 IU is not recommended, because may cause high risk of vitamin D intoxication with hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia, as confirmed by recent studies [191-195]. After rickets healing, vitamin D supplementation should continue according to age (at least 400 IU/day in the first year of life and 600 IU/day from 1 to 18 years) [11, 23, 28, 183, 188]. Besides vitamin D, calcium is also important to treat nutritional rickets, even in absence of hypocalcemia. Munns et al. recommended oral calcium administration of 500 mg/day in conjunction with vitamin D regardless of age or weight , while Misra et al. recommended 30-75 mg/kg/day of elemental calcium in 3 divided doses, starting at a higher dose and weaning down to the lower end of the range over 24 weeks . Calcium should be administered intravenously in presence of acute, symptomatic hypocalcaemia. Calcium supplementation is important to prevent “hungry-bone” syndrome (hypocalcemia secondary to an increase in bone mineralization as PTH levels normalize during vitamin D treatment) . Vitamin D metabolites and their analogs (calcifediol, alfacalcidol, calcitriol, and dihydrotachysterol) are not recommended for treatment of nutritional rickets. Particularly, the use of 1a-hydroxylated metabolites of vitamin D does not restore vitamin D levels, and may determine supraphysiological levels of 1,25(OH)2D with increased risk of hypercalcemia [183, 188]. The administration of 1a-hydroxylated metabolites of vitamin D may be considered in nutritional rickets associated with acute hypocalcemia or hypocalcemic cardiomyopathy [9, 183].
Bone mass acquisition is influenced by both genetics and lifestyle-related factors, such as vitamin D status, physical activity and calcium intake [23, 53]. Vitamin D contributes significantly to bone mineralization by promoting intestinal calcium and phosphorus reabsorption. Moreover, vitamin D stimulates skeletal calcium and phosphorus and renal calcium reabsorption. Besides the direct regulation of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, vitamin D also indirectly promotes bone mass accrual stimulating the development of muscle tissue [196-198]. Bone mass acquisition starts during fetal life and continues throughout the entire pediatric age until young adulthood with the achievement of peak bone mass (PBM), that is the total amount of bone mass acquired when accrual plateaus after completion of growth and development . As bone mass tracks during childhood and adolescence, bone status during pediatric age is a strong predictor of bone status in young adulthood .
As discussed before, vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life is essential to prevent nutritional rickets occurrence. A few studies evaluated the relationship between vitamin D status and bone mass during this period of life [52, 62, 97, 104, 201-203]. Among these, three Italian studies assessed bone mineral status in infants using quantitative ultrasound [201-203], suggesting that vitamin D supplementation is important to provide an adequate bone development, particularly in exclusively breastfed infants. On the contrary, studies using dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) failed to demonstrate an association between serum 25(OH)D levels and bone mass parameters in the first year of life [52, 104]. Moreover, studies comparing supplementation with placebo or different regimens of vitamin D supplementation (up to 1600 IU/day) did not find any difference in infant bone mass at 3 months , 6 months , 1 year or 3 years of life . Interestingly, higher vitamin D status from infancy through to 3 years of age was associated with leaner body composition . Thus, vitamin D supplementation during infancy is important to optimize bone mass acquisition and body composition, but high doses are not recommended.
Several studies evaluated the association between vitamin D status and bone mass in children and adolescents, usually searching for a correlation between actual serum 25(OH)D levels and bone mass. Results of these studies are heterogeneous, because some demonstrated that vitamin D status was significantly related to bone mass [41, 42, 54, 206-208] while others did not find any association [44, 209-211]. Vitamin D status seems particularly important for bone health during adolescence. Indeed, duodenal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1a-hydroxylase is higher in adolescents than in children and adults, representing a metabolic adaptation to promote dietary calcium absorption for the growing bone . A recent study confirmed that serum 25(OH)D levels correlated with bone density and bone quality pQCT parameters in adolescents . Moreover, vitamin D status was demonstrated to be a significant determinant of PBM in young adults [214, 215].
In 2010 a Cochrane meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) [148, 153, 166, 216-218] evaluated the effect of vitamin D supplementation on BMD in healthy children and adolescents (age 8-17 years, 541 subjects receiving vitamin D and 343 receiving placebo)
. Overall, meta-analysis showed a non-significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on BMD at any site. However, the effect of supplementation became significant on total body BMC and lumbar spine BMD by dividing the sample into two groups, depending on vitamin D status [25(OH)D levels < 14 ng/ml vs. > 14 ng/ml], suggesting that vitamin D supplementation may result in a clinically significant increase in bone mass in subjects with vitamin D deficiency. In 2016 the National Osteoporosis Foundation applied an evidence based grading system to describe the strength of available evidence on modifiable lifestyle factors that may influence the acquisition of PBM, reporting moderate evidence (grade for vitamin D . This systematic review selected 1 prospective study , 3 cross-sectional studies [42, 222, 223], and 8 RCTs of vitamin D supplementation. Five RCTs were already evaluated by the Cochrane meta-analysis [148, 153, 166, 216, 217], while the remaining 3 studies were published in 2010 [147, 224, 225]. Particularly, 4 RCTs provide evidence for a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral accrual [148, 166, 216, 224], mainly in subjects with vitamin D deficiency. In 2016, SACN and EFSA revised dietary reference values for vitamin D reporting an increased risk of adverse musculoskeletal health outcomes at serum 25(OH)D levels in the range of deficiency, but with different thresholds (< 10 ng/ml and < 20 ng/ml, respectively) [25, 26]. Interestingly, a recent study showed that the beneficial effect of vitamin D on hip bone mass in Lebanese adolescent girls persisted 1 year after discontinuation of supplementation . At present, some unanswered questions remain [critical times during which supplementation may be most effective, regimen and length of supplementation (continuous or intermittent), gender difference] , thus vitamin D supplementation to optimize bone mass acquisition should be reserved for children at risk for deficiency.
Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy may significantly influence fetal and neonatal bone mass, as recently confirmed by the SACN . Particularly, fetal bone growth was associated with maternal serum 25(OH) D at 26 weeks and 34 weeks of gestation . Newborns from mothers with serum 25(OH)D levels < 17 ng/ ml (median value of the individual means for maternal blood samples collected during the first trimester and 2 days postpartum) had higher tibia BMC and larger cross-sectional area, as assessed by pQCT at 10 days postpartum. These results confirmed that maternal vitamin D status may affect bone mineral accrual during the intrauterine period and influence bone size . Moreover, postnatal vitamin D supplementation (follow-up 14 months) may only partly eliminate the differences in bone variables induced by maternal vitamin D status during the fetal period . Recently an English RCT (MAVIDOS) failed to demonstrate an effect of maternal vitamin D supplementation (1000 IU/day from 14 week of gestation until delivery) on offspring bone mass assessed within 2 weeks of birth by DXA. However, secondary analysis showed a benefit for neonatal whole-body BMC (increased by almost 10% vs. placebo) with supplementation for deliveries during winter . Women who gave birth in winter had a mean 25(OH)D concentration of 12 ng/ml at 34 weeks of gestation, suggesting a threshold at which supplementation may significantly affect neonatal bone mass . Another smaller RCT on 50 newborns failed to demonstrate an effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy (2000 IU/day from 26 to 28 weeks until childbirth) on infant bone mass measured at 23 ± 10 days by DXA .
Uncertain evidence exists on the relationship between maternal gestational 25(OH)D levels and offspring bone mass later in life (from 12 months to 10 years) . Several variables may justify this discrepancy, such as different enrolled populations, various regimens of vitamin D supplementation, and age at bone mass assessment. However, the most recent study suggested that vitamin D status during childhood might be more relevant for bone health that maternal 25(OH)D levels during fetal life .
Vitamin D has complex immunoregolatory properties, exerted by modulating both innate and adaptive immunity and regulating the inflammatory response. A relationship between vitamin D status and the incidence or the severity of respiratory infections in children has been found in many observational studies, most with a case-control or cross sectional design, both in developing and in westernized countries. Some systematic reviews have addressed this topic as well [240-242]. The link between severe vitamin D deficiency and susceptibility to respiratory infections is prototypically represented by the high respiratory morbidity in children with rickets [243, 244]. Children with rickets are more likely to develop pneumonia or poor outcomes after lower respiratory infections [244, 245]. Other than pneumonia, some data also indicate that vitamin D deficiency might be a risk factor also for undifferentiated viral infections , recurrent pharyngoton- sillitis , otitis media , bronchiolitis and viral wheezing . Some authors also postulated that the lower vitamin D production in winter might contribute to the marked seasonality of epidemic influenza . Obviously, the more robust evidences on the association between vitamin D deficiency and respiratory infections stem from prospective studies. Camargo et al., after adjusting for season of birth, found that newborns with vitamin D cord blood levels < 10 ng/ml had a two-fold (odds ratio: 2.16; 95% CI 1.35-3.46) increased risk of respiratory infections by 3 months of age as compared to newborns with 25(OH)D concentrations > 30 ng/ml . Belderbos et al. also demonstrated that cord blood vitamin D levels < 20 ng/ml were associated with a sixfold (95% CI: 1.6-24.9) increased risk of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in the first year of life as compared with concentrations >30 ng/ml . Science et al. in a cohort of 743 Canadian children aged 3-15 years prospectively followed for 6 months found that 25(OH)D D levels < 20 ng/ml increased the risk of laboratory confirmed viral infections by 70% . Other studies have found an inverse association between vitamin D concentrations in pregnancy and the risk of respiratory infections in newborns or children during the first 3 years of life [253, 254]. However, not all studies have confirmed these associations [255, 256]. For example, no relationship has been found in children and adults between baseline vitamin D concentrations and influenza virus infection .
Taken together, all these data indicate that vitamin D status might have some influence on conditioning the incidence and severity of some but not all type of respiratory infections and that more information are required before drawing any firm conclusion on this topic. A recent literature review supports a role for vitamin D deficiency only for tuberculosis, recurrent acute otitis media and severe bronchiolitis . Furthermore, some role from VDR polymorphisms or other genetic factors might play a role in determining the influence of vitamin D status on respiratory morbidity [257, 258].
Several studies, mostly in adults, have also addressed the question whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent or reduce the severity of upper or lower respiratory infections. Systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis [241, 259-266] also focused on this topic. Of those, four included only studies in children [241, 263, 264, 266]. All but two [259, 261] of the aforementioned reviews concluded that published studies do not indicate a protective effect of vitamin D supplementation on the prevention of acute respiratory infections in healthy individuals. Some authors also indicated a possible publication bias [261, 266]. However, a well conducted study, not included in the above cited metaanalysis, on a selected population of otitis prone children, found that vitamin D administration (1000 IU/day) reduces the risk of uncomplicated acute otitis .
A recent meta-analysis of 25 RCTs (total 11,321 participants, aged 0-95 years) showed that vitamin D supplementation was safe and protected against acute respiratory tract infections overall (adjusted odds ratio 0. 88). Subjects with severe deficiency [25(OH)D < 10 ng/ ml] and those receiving daily or weekly doses rather than bolus dose had greater benefits , although the indication for this condition is still debated [269, 270]. Indeed, a more recent Canadian RCT showed that daily administration of 2000 IU of vitamin D did not reduce overall wintertime upper respiratory tract infections among healthy children aged 1-5 years compared with supplementation with 400 IU/day. Thus, the results of this study do not support the routine use of high-dose vitamin D supplementation in children for the prevention of viral upper respiratory tract infections . Finally, limited data are available on vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and the risk of respiratory infections in the offspring [272, 273].
An association between serum 25(OH)D levels and several types of pediatric infections has been reported. In a Turkish study including 82 children with urinary tract infection and 64 healthy controls lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations were evaluated, observing lower levels in infected children . Moreover, VDR gene polymorphisms can be important for susceptibility to urinary tract infection and renal scar formation . In an USA study a similar association was observed between skin or soft tissue infections by Staphylococcus aureus strains and vitamin D levels [25(OH)D < 30 ng/ml] in 202 children . Other authors reported similar findings in children with acute diarrhea , otitis , rotavirus infection , malaria , leishmaniosis , hepatitis C , or sepsis . However, it is unclear whether the observed vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency is to be considered a consequence of the infection itself or if it plays a role in determining susceptibility to infections or the severity of the disease. Interpretations of study results should also consider the different settings, the nutritional status of the enrolled children and the prevalence of co-infections.
Few reports exist regarding the benefit of vitamin D supplementation in children with specific infections. In a large randomized study in Afghanistan involving 3000 children with acute diarrhea vitamin D supplementation has been associated with improvement in clinical parameters . The interpretation of results conducted in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patient is extremely complex. The vitamin D status can be influenced by the infection itself but also by antiretroviral therapy. Moodley et al. evaluated more than 900 infected children and observed that vitamin D-related host genetic variants may alter the availability and activity of vitamin D and are associated with risk of HIV disease progression in children . In another study in Tanzania, serum 25(OH)D levels were evaluated in 884 pregnant women and, subsequently, in their infants. Low maternal 25(OH) D levels (< 32 ng/ml) were associated with a 46% higher risk of mother to child transmission of HIV. Moreover, children born from women with a low 25(OH)D level had a 61% higher risk of dying during follow-up . In a large French study vitamin D deficiency was more frequent in 113 children with HIV than in 54 healthy controls . Similar results were observed by Rustein et al. in USA . An Italian RCT was performed to test whether vitamin D3 supplementation (oral 100000 IU every 3 months for 4 doses) could improve vitamin D status and affect the T-cell phenotype in HIV-infected patients aged 8 to 26 years with serum 25(OH) D < 30 ng/ ml. Supplementation increased 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D concentrations and decreased PTH levels but had no effect on CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. However, it was associated with changes in CD4+ T-lymphocyte phenotype . In a pilot study in Botswana, vitamin D3 supplementation (4000-7000 IU/day for 12 weeks) was safe and improved vitamin D status, growth and HIV status . Similarly, Dougherty et al. confirmed that a 7000 IU/day D3 supplementation was safe and effective in HIV infected children and young adults .
Tuberculosis is the infection probably more deeply studied at this regard [291-294]. Several studies investigated a possible relationship between vitamin D deficiency and tuberculosis infection in children , but literature results are discordant. Significant association between active tuberculosis and vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D levels < 20 ng/ ml] has been evidenced in an Australian study including 91 children with latent or active tuberculosis and 236 controls , similarly to one UK study . A more recent large study on 996 children serum 25(OH)D levels < 20 ng/ml were more frequently observed in children with tuberculosis infection than in healthy controls . Conversely, such association was not confirmed in a smaller Indian study . Moreover, a large meta-analysis failed to demonstrate that vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial in children with tubercular infection . Chiappini et al. did not find an association between tubercular infection and vitamin D status in a large population of internationally adopted children, although results demonstrated a high prevalence (about 75%) of hypovitaminosis D in this population . In the same study parassitosis was not related to serum 25(OH)D levels. The same authors had previously demonstrated a relation between tubercular disease and vitamin D status . However, it should be noticed that only two internationally adopted children had active tubercular disease, possibly explaining the discrepancy with respect to previous results.
These results are in line with those reported by Gro- bler et al. in a Cochrane review in 2016. According to this review, although blood levels of some vitamins may be low in patients starting treatment for active tuberculosis, there is currently no reliable evidence that routine supplementation at or above recommended daily amounts has clinical benefits .
Vitamin D status has also been linked with asthma development and control . Recently, Litonjua showed that vitamin D has both in utero and post-natal effects on lung development and immune system development and function . Adverse exposures in this critical period, such as low levels of serum 25(OH)D, might lead to developmental changes including reduced lung and airway growth and could therefore be a major importance for the development of asthma. Vitamin D appears to affect innate and adaptive immune system development through lymphocyte activation and proliferation, and T-helper cell differentiation . Several studies showed that vitamin D deficiency in utero and in early life was associated with an increase in Th2 lymphocyte cells and a reduction in T regulatory cells and production of interleukin (IL)-10, which subsequently may activate pro-inflammatory cytokine production through macrophages and dendritic cells [306-308]. Consequently, several studies in vivo and in vitro showed that vitamin D supplementation inhibits the Th2 expression contrasting allergic diseases [309-314]. Furthermore, previous studies focused on the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and the expression of genes involved in the proliferation and cells differentiation, showing an antiproliferative activity of vitamin D with consequently remodeling inhibition [309-312]. Experimental data suggests that vitamin D3 significantly overcame the inhibition of glucocorticoid-receptor expression by dexamethasone while IL-10 upregulated glucocorticoid-receptor expression by CD4+ T cells, suggesting potential mechanisms whereby these treatments may overcome poor glucocorticoid responsiveness . About the role of vitamin D in the immunopathogenesis of allergic skin diseases, vitamin D induces the production of antimicrobial peptides, as beta- defensin and cathelicidin, causing a reduction of the bacterial infections that may exacerbate asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) [316, 317]. Not yet fully understood is the role of vitamin D on eosinophilic airway inflammation. In a recent study low 25(OH)D levels were associated to high levels of fractional exhaled nitric oxide . On the contrary, in a study on 3130 mother child pairs there was no association between 25(OH)D levels and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in the first month of life .
Several studies evaluated the incidence of asthma in children and its relationship with 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy [320-323] and at delivery [252, 324]. Observational studies on the relationship between vitamin D in pregnancy and wheezing, asthma, and allergies development in early life showed unclear results. Recently, two studies on 581 and 806 children respectively showed that 2800 IU/day or 4400 IU/day of vitamin D3 administered during the third trimester of pregnancy compared to 400 IU/day did not show any statistically significant reduction on the risk of persistent wheezing in the offspring until 3 years of age [325, 326]. These results were confirmed in other studies that did not find without any correlation between serum 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy or at delivery and asthma development [252, 320-322, 324]. On the other hand, the study of Bener et al. in 966 children demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency [serum 25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml] was the major predictive factor of asthma risk , and Gale et al. showed that gestational 25(OH)D levels > 30 ng/ml were associated with an increased risk of asthma in children at 9 years of age .
Three studies evaluated 25(OH)D levels related to severity of asthma assessed by Asthma Control Test [328-330]. The first two studies showed that 25(OH)D levels were inversely related to asthma severity, while Gergen et al. demonstrated a correlation only for Afro-Americans subjects.
Regarding asthma exacerbations, several studies evaluated the association between 25(OH)D levels and the hospitalization for asthma and/or asthma treatment with oral steroids [330-333]. In most studies, low 25(OH)D levels were associated with a rise in hospital admissions or oral steroids treatment. A meta-analysis showed a significant association between vitamin D supplementation and reduction of asthma exacerbations (17% vs. 46%, p < 0.029) .
Recently, three studies showed a positive correlation between vitamin D supplementation and the improvement of asthma control [335-337], accordingly with two recent meta-analyses. Vitamin D supplementation regimen changed in the studies between 500 and 2000 IU/day [338, 339]. Only the study of Lewis et al. did not show any correlation between 25(OH)D levels and asthma control .
About the effects of vitamin D on lung function, a recent meta-analysis demonstrated a difference of 0.54 l/s in forced expiratory volume in the 1st second (FEV1) values after the treatment with vitamin D . In another study high doses of vitamin D (100,000 IU as first dose and
IU/week for 6 months) were administered to 130 patients (children and adults). After 28 weeks the authors showed an increase (20%) in FEV1 values in the patients treated with vitamin D and corticosteroids in comparison with an increase of 7% in the control group . Vitamin D supplementation at 2000 IU/day for 6 weeks in 39 children with mild asthma and serum 25(OH)D levels < 30 ng/ m) did not showed significant variations in bronchial reactivity or inflammatory markers (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-17, and interferon-gamma) . Two studies in vitro showed the importance of vitamin D supplementation in patients affected by corticosteroid-resistant asthma [315, 343] but two other studies demonstrated in vivo that lower 25(OH) D levels were associated with an increase in corticosteroids use and an impaired lung function [344, 345].
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic disease with symptoms starting from the early childhood. It has been observed in several studies that in moderate-severe AD serum 25(OH)D levels are often reduced . Being vitamin D involved in innate immunity and in skin barrier integrity, and because both factors are dysfunctional in AD, the association is actively debated. The evidences for a pathogenetic role for vitamin D in AD are still conflicting even though data in favour of such correlation are increasingly stronger with more studies in favour but others opposing this hypothesis. However, at least two longitudinal studies have correlated the vitamin D cord blood low levels to the development of AD in the offsprings, finding that low levels in the cord blood significantly increased the risk to develop the disease [347, 348]. The lower intake of vitamin D during early childhood increased the risk for disease persistence during the mild childhood .
It is still a matter for full debate whether supplementation with vitamin D in pediatric AD is worth, particularly in deficient patients. A recent large study found no evidence that genetically determined reduction in 25(OH)D levels conferred an increased risk for AD, suggesting that efforts to increase vitamin D are unlikely to reduce risks of the atopic disease . However, there are also two reviews and meta-analyses, considering AD patients of all ages, showing that vitamin D supplementation is capable of a higher mean difference in severity of AD symptoms [350, 351]. Particularly, vitamin D supplementation decreased AD severity and improved its symptoms and clinical signs. In pediatric population there is some evidence about a favourable effect of administration of vitamin D on several aspects of AD, but results are still conflicting. For these reasons at present vitamin D supplementation as adjunctive standard therapy for AD cannot be recommended in all the affected children . There is a need for RCTs conducted on broader populations, with a prolonged follow up. However, it has been suggested that in patients with a more severe AD, unresponsive to common therapy and with low serum 25(OH)D levels, a trial of vitamin D supplementation can be considered . This could be particularly indicated during the winter season where the sun exposure is limited and ineffective and supplementation not already suggested. Again, we need clinical data showing that restoring normal levels of vitamin D one can obtain significant variation in severity especially if evaluated by standardized methods (symptom score, Scoring Atopic Dermatitis or equivalent).
The so-called ecological studies suggest the relationship between latitude, the consequent level of sun exposure, vitamin D production and subsequent serum 25(OH)D levels and the prevalence and severity of allergic diseases. However, data from observational studies even though encouraging, are still controversial . Furthermore, the use of vitamin D supplementation for primary prevention of allergic diseases remains an attractive area of study, but current knowledge and evidence does not allow to recommend it in routine use. Data from ongoing intervention trials are warranted to establish the extent of vitamin D potentially preventive effect, along with the best timing and dose of an intervention.
Also in food allergies the role of vitamin D remains controversial. There are studies suggesting that both lower and higher levels of vitamin D are associated with elevated IgE concentrations, with a U-shaped relationship . However, evidences are still subtle and conflicting. A recent systematic review failed to demonstrate a significant association between serum 25(OH)D levels and food allergies prevalence . Negative results were obtained in term of primary prevention by vitamin D supplementation in a recent meta-analysis and conclusions were that the effects of vitamin D supplementation remain uncertain . There is the need for RCTs to validate these hypotheses and to evaluate the possibility of primary prevention and treatment of food allergies with vitamin D [355-357].
Several epidemiological studies suggested that type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with vitamin D deficiency. A north-south gradient in the incidence of T1DM as well as a seasonal pattern of disease onset have been described. Low serum 25(OH)D levels are associated to T1DM in children and adolescents independently by ethnic origins and environmental living conditions (latitude, altitude) , persisting over time [359-366]. Moreover, 25(OH)D levels were lower in some but not all studies on siblings at risk [367, 368]. Some studies suggest a linkage between polymorphisms of the VDR and T1DM with data more convincing in Asians [369-371]. A recent large metaanalysis focused only on pediatric populations revealed that BsmIBB, BsmIBb and TaqItt polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk of T1DM, whereas BsmIbb and TaqITT had protective effect . Data on polymorphisms of other genes involved in vitamin D metabolism are still conflicting or related to small populations [373-376].
A meta-analysis of six case-control studies and two cohort-studies showed a reduction of the risk of T1DM in later life (odds ratio: 0.71; 95% CI 0.51-0.98) in infants who were supplemented with vitamin D compared with controls, although the needed time of supplementation and the dose are still unclear [377-379]. On the other hand, data on supplementation in pregnancy are debated, and no evidence of protection has been shown by recent meta-analyses [379, 380].
If data of observational studies in general population in infancy are encouraging, in the DAISY study, conducted in subjects at higher risk, the vitamin D nutritional intake in the first years of life as well as the serum 25(OH)D levels at 9 months of age were not associated with the development of autoantibodies or with the progression to T1DM . Conversely, neonatal vitamin D status seems to be associated to the risk of T1DM in some but not all the populations . Moreover, 25(OH)D levels were not associated with a fast progression to T1DM later in life .
Until now, few clinical studies using cholecalciferol, calcidiol, calcitriol or its analogs have been conducted in the prevention or T1DM or in children with a recent onset. They are small, short-term and often not randomized. The IMDIAB XI study in which new onset T1DM children were given in the vitamin D group calcitriol at 0.25 pg/2 days or nicotinamide at 25 mg/kg/day reported a reduction of insulin requirements in the vitamin D group . However, the IMDIAB XIII study in which adolescents and young adults were given calcitriol 0.25 pg/day vs. placebo for 2 years failed to demonstrate any improvement in T1DM . Higher doses of cho- lecalciferol (2000 IU/day, 4000 IU/day, 70 IU/Kg/day, or 14000 IU/month) improved the immunity status in small populations with T1DM [386-389]. Similar data were obtained with calcidiol for 1 year or calcitriol for 6 months in two pilot studies [390, 391].
Although some suggestive and encouraging data on epidemiological observational studies and pilot clinical studies of intervention, the lack of evidence deriving by RCTs does not allow to encourage treatment with chole- calciferol or other vitamin D metabolites in patients with T1DM or subjects at higher risk. However, vitamin D deficiency should be avoided in these populations.
Vitamin D status has been associated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [392-395]. Interestingly, the incidence of pediatric Crohn's disease increases with higher latitude and greater number of months with low ambient ultraviolet radiation , and some studies showed high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in IBDs children and adolescents [397, 398]. A recent meta-analysis showed that patients with Crohn's disease (n = 129808, age 11-48 years) had lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared with healthy controls, with an overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml] of 57.7% and an inverse correlation between serum 25(OH)D levels and the severity of disease . The etiology of vitamin D deficiency in patients with IBD is multifactorial and not entirely known. Besides risk factors common to general population (seasonality, reduced sun exposure, low dietary vitamin D intake, etc.) subjects with IBD had increased risk due to malabsorption, intestinal inflammation, proteinlosing enteropathy, and steroid treatment. Patients at early stage of IBD, with more severe disease, and upper gastrointestinal tract involvement are at higher risk for deficiency [398, 400-402].
Clinical guideline for skeletal health of children and adolescents with IBD in 2011 recommended monitoring vitamin D levels at least yearly, at the end of winter/beginning of spring, especially in dark skinned subjects. The authors suggested particular attention in children with active IBD, low albumin level (< 3 g/dl), and evidence of nutritional impairment . The North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and other authors [405, 406] also recommended to evaluate serum 25(OH)D levels in IBD children at diagnosis and at least yearly, preferably in the spring. A dietary assessment should also be routinely performed in IBD children, paying close attention to the consumption of vitamin D-containing foods and dairy products .
At present the ideal dosing regimen to treat vitamin D deficiency and to maintain sufficiency in IBD patients is still debated . In IBD pediatric patients, 2000 IU/ day of vitamin D3 for 6 months was more effective in raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations > 30 ng/ml than 400 UI/day or doses up to 2000 IU of vitamin D2 [407, 408]. On the other hand, supplementation with 2000 IU/ day of vitamin D3 for 13.8 months improved trabecular BMD, cortical bone cross-sectional area, and maximal muscle power in 55 IBD patients .
Regarding dose regimens, both oral doses of 2000 IU/ day of vitamin D3 and 50000 IU/week of vitamin D2 for 6 weeks were well-tolerated and superior to 2000 IU/day of vitamin D2 in raising serum 25(OH)D concentration IBD patients with vitamin D deficiency . Simek et al. found that two regimens of weekly vitamin D3 administration (5000 IU/10 Kg/week, maximum weekly dose of 25000 IU and maximum cumulative dose of 150000 IU vs. 10000 IU/10 Kg/week, maximum weekly dose of 50000 IU and maximum cumulative dose of 300000 IU) for 6 weeks were safe and effective in normalizing vitamin D status in IBD children and adolescents with hypovitaminosis D . Finally, a single age dependent high-dose oral vitamin D3 (the so-called stoss therapy; < 3 years: 200000 IU; 4-12 years 400000 IU; > 12 years 800000 IU) was safe and efficacious in achieving and maintaining serum 25(OH)D levels > 20 ng/ml during a 6-month period in IBD children with vitamin D deficiency .
Clinical guideline for skeletal health of children and adolescents with IBD recommend to treat vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency administering a cumulative dose of at least 400000 IU, and 250000 IU of vitamin D, respectively. Vitamin D supplementation at 8001000 IU/day is suggested to maintain optimal vitamin D status . The Endocrine Society recommends to treat vitamin D deficiency in patients with malabsorption with vitamin D at doses 2-3 times higher than those recommended for otherwise healthy pediatric population for at least 6 weeks, followed by vitamin D supplementation at doses 2-3 times higher than those recommended for age . Recently, Ahlawat et al. suggested to treat pediatric IBD subjects with hypovitaminosis D at least with 2000 IU/day of vitamin D3, adjusting every 3 months depending on serum 25(OH)D levels .
The role of vitamin D as a therapeutic agent in IBD is still under investigation. Particularly, large RCTs are needed to better investigate the role of vitamin D in disease remission and control.
Celiac disease (CD) is caused by dysregulated systemic and intestinal mucosal immune responses to dietary gluten proteins in genetically predisposed individuals. It has been suggested that early-life vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of childhood-onset CD by determining inappropriate immune responses, abnormal intestinal mucosal integrity and impaired local defence against microbial agents . A relationship between sun exposure and CD pathogenesis has been suggested demonstrating that CD was more common in US individuals living at northern latitudes than at southern latitudes (odds ratio 35°-39°N: 3.2; odds ratio > 40°N: 5.4 vs. < 35°N) . On the contrary, maternal vitamin D supplementation, maternal and neonatal vitamin D status were not related to the risk of childhood CD [415, 416].
Vitamin D deficiency is common (up to 52%) in children with CD at diagnosis [417-421]. Untreated CD is independently associated with reduced BMD in children and adolescents, as confirmed by US data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010 and 2013-2014 , with increased risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures in adulthood . Indeed, small intestinal mucosal damage may affect intestinal absorption of calcium and vitamin D, and chronic intestinal inflammation may lead to release of proinflammatory cytokines with subsequent increased bone loss . Strict adherence to gluten free diet results in recovery of BMD in both children and adults [417, 425, 426], and the promotion of an adequate vitamin D status is important to optimize bone health in CD patients .
The American College of Gastroenterology and the British Society of Gastroenterology recommend serum 25(OH)D evaluation in adults with CD at the time of initial diagnosis. The North American Society for
Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition in 2016 recommend serum 25(OH)D evaluation also in CD children at diagnosis and annually after symptoms resolution and normalization of CD serology . Recent evidence-informed expert recommendations for the management of CD in children suggest to evaluate serum 25(OH)D levels at diagnosis, while follow-up evaluation is needed only if previously abnormal (grade of evidence low, strength of statement weak) . Other authors gave similar recommendations in a recent review .
Spontaneous recovery of vitamin D status following gluten free diet has been suggested , but it is still debated. Strict adherence to gluten free diet itself may represents a determinant of vitamin D status, because it has been demonstrated that Sweden CD children on gluten free diet had low vitamin D intake compared with Nordic Nutrition Recommendation and lower nutrient density of vitamin D than healthy children .
As vitamin D is an important key determinant of bone mass acquisition, some authors recommended vitamin D supplementation during winter and spring in all CD children and adolescents to optimize bone recovery . NICE guidelines advice that people with CD may need to receive calcium and vitamin D supplementation if their dietary intake is insufficient . Other authors reinforce that vitamin D supplementation should be offered to CD patients at least during the first years of gluten free diet . Expert recommendations for the management of CD in children recommended to provide counselling on age-appropriate intake of calcium and vitamin D supplementation by a dietitian to CD children both at diagnosis and follow-up (grade of evidence high, strength of statement strong) . Future research will clarify the ideal vitamin D dosing regimen to treat vitamin D deficiency and to maintain serum 25(OH)D levels >30 ng/ml in CD children and adolescents .
Vitamin D status is influenced by adiposity because adipose tissue represents a site of storage for lipophilic substances [434, 435]. In fact, obese children frequently show reduced serum 25(OH)D levels [66, 436]. Particularly, obese Italian children and adolescents have high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency [50, 71, 75, 78-80, 83, 84, 437, 438]. Two meta-analyses confirmed that vitamin D deficiency was associated with obesity in children, adolescents and adults irrespective of age, latitude, and cut-offs used to define deficiency [439, 440].
Conversely, vitamin D deficiency does not lead to obesity . A recent meta-analysis of 4 RCTs and 11 non-RCTs, only 1 enrolling children , showed that weight loss marginally improved vitamin D in comparison with weight maintenance under similar vitamin D intake , confirming that increased adiposity causes suboptimal serum 25(OH)D concentrations. On the contrary, two meta-analyses enrolling mainly adults showed that vitamin D supplementation did not decrease adiposity [444, 445]. Animal models and in vitro studies report that vitamin D may influence both pancreatic insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle [446, 447]. Thus, several authors have suggested that vitamin D deficiency could play a role in worsening the comorbidities of pediatric obesity. In 2009, Reis et al. reported that obese children with lower serum 25(OH)D levels had a higher risk for low high density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose . Few years later, Roth et al. showed an inverse relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and insulin resistance . In 2007, Reinehr et al. reported no correlation between insulin sensitivity and vitamin D levels, even after weight loss . Moreover, Erdonmez et al. showed no difference in vitamin D status between obese with or without impaired glucose homeostasis . Further, contrasting results came from the studies investigating the association between vitamin D deficiency and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [451-453].
Several RCTs have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation as a potential therapy for each component of metabolic syndrome. In a 16-week RCT with 2000 IU/day of vitamin D authors reported that therapy was able to reduce arterial stiffness in black obese adolescents . Other papers describe a significant reduction of insulin resistance index after vitamin D supplementation [454, 455]. A prospective study showed that high dose vitamin D2 treatment (20000 IU/day for 28 days) increased insulin sensitivity and improved abnormal glucose metabolism in obese children . More recent findings have reported no influence of different vitamin D supplementation schedules on serum lipid levels, glucose homeostasis, glycated hemoglobin and pancreatic insulin secretion [457-459]. A recent Italian RCT showed that supplementation with vitamin D (800 IU/day) plus docosahexanoic acid improved insulin-resistance, lipid profile, aminotransferases levels, and activity score in obese children with non alcoholic fatty liver disease and vitamin D deficiency . Finally, two recent meta-analyses showed that vitamin D supplementation had no significant effect on glucose and insulin metabolism and on changes in the concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6) in obese and overweight adolescents and adults .
At present the need for evaluate serum 25(OH)D levels in obese children is still debated. The Endocrine Society , United Arab Emirates guidelines and The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine recommended to screen all obese children and adolescents as they are at increased risk for vitamin D deficiency. On the contrary, the AAP suggested that more evidence is needed before recommendations can be made regarding screening of obese subjects .
Different vitamin D dose regimens have been proposed in obese children and adolescents for both vitamin D supplementation and treatment of deficiency [463-467]. The Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline suggested in obese children vitamin D supplementation at doses 2-3 times higher than those recommended for age to satisfy their body's vitamin D requirement. Similarly, obese children with vitamin D deficiency should be treated with vitamin D at doses 2-3 times higher than those recommended for non-obese pediatric population for at least 6 weeks . Similarly, Guidelines for Central Europe recommended in obese children vitamin D supplementation (1200-2000 IU/day depending on severity of obesity) between September and April, or throughout the whole year if sufficient skin synthesis of vitamin D is not ensured in the summer . Regarding adolescence, the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine recommended that obese adolescent without a 25(OH)D measurement empirically receive vitamin D supplementation at 1000 IU/ day . More recently, United Arab Emirates guidelines also recommended vitamin D supplementation in obese children and adolescents (1200-2000 IU/day depending on severity of obesity, season and sun exposure) throughout the year if sufficient skin synthesis if vitamin D is not ensured during winter . Differently, SACN confirmed that obese people are at risk of low serum 25(OH)D concentrations, but highlighted that currently evidence is insufficient to recommend for obese individuals different reference nutrient intake of vitamin D from that proposed for the general UK population . Recently, a doubleblind RCT analyzing the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation (1200 IU/day for 26 weeks vs. placebo) in overweight or obese children with hypovitaminosis D has been proposed .
In conclusion, obese children have higher risk of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. It is still unknown the role of this nutrient in the natural history of obesity and its comorbidities. More RCTs are needed to evaluate the influence of vitamin D supplementation on controlling metabolic syndrome. Standardization of study design and supplementation dose should improve the evaluation of the efficacy of supplementation. At present, considering that obese Italian children have higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency then normal weight individuals, we suggest in obese children and adolescents vitamin D supplementation at higher doses than those recommended for age (10001500 IU/day) from the end of fall to the beginning of spring (November-April) to ensure an adequate vitamin D status. Obese subjects with reduced sun exposure during summer should receive vitamin D supplementation throughout the year. Finally, sensible sunlight exposure and outdoor physical exercise should be encouraged in obese children and adolescents.
Autism is a complex disease that compromises nonverbal communication. Several observational studies have linked autism spectrum disorders and low serum 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy because of vitamin D pleiotropic activity [469-476]. Moreover, autism spectrum disorders affect dietary habits leading to food selectivity, thus patients could develop multiple nutritional deficiencies [477-479]. Particularly, a recent meta-analysis showed that serum 25(OH)D levels in children and adolescents (age 2-16 years) with autism spectrum disorders were significantly lower than controls, suggesting that lower vitamin D levels might be a risk factor for autism . Few studies or case reports suggested that vitamin D supplementation can improve autism symptoms [481-484]. Nevertheless, a recent RCT enrolled 42 children with autism spectrum disorders showing that vitamin D supplementation (2000 IU/day of vitamin D3 for 20 weeks) had no effect on the primary outcome (the stereotypic behaviour subscale from the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist) in comparison with placebo . Therefore, further RCTs are needed before recommending routine vitamin D supplementation in children with autism.
Depression affects about 1-6% of children . Vitamin D deficiency has been proposed as a possible cause of depression. In fact, VDR is expressed in different brain's areas involved in the pathogenesis of the disease [487, 488]. Moreover, the severity of symptoms is higher in winter when sun exposure is low . Many studies report an association between inadequate serum 25(OH)D levels and a higher rate of depression or severity of symptoms both in adults and children [490-492]. In contrast, Fazeli et al. found no differences in vitamin D status and bone density among adolescents affected by major depression and healthy controls . In agreement, Tolppanen and coworkers reported no association between serum 25(OH)D levels and any mood disorders . A small Swedish study showed that depressed adolescents with serum 25(OH)D levels < 24 ng/ml supplemented with vitamin D3 (4000 IU/ day for 1 month followed by 2000 IU/day for 2 months) improved symptoms related to depression . Metaanalyses assessing the effect of vitamin D supplementation in depressed adults founded conflicting results [495-497]. As literature shows contrasting results because of different methods and study designs, more studies are needed to define the role of vitamin D in pathogenesis and severity of depression, particularly in the pediatric age.
The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women is a worldwide health problem regardless of latitude, food intake or socio-economic status . Data about vitamin D intake and status in pregnant women are relatively scarce but confirm this scenario. A recent Italian study evaluated serum 25(OH)D levels at term of pregnancy in Italian and immigrant women and in cord blood: 18% and 43.6% of Italian, 48.8% and 41% of immigrant women had severe (< 10 ng/ml) or mild (<20 ng/ml) 25(OH)D deficiency, respectively. Likewise, severe 25(OH)D deficiency was found in 38% of Italian and in 76.2% of foreign newborns. Semi-quantitative food questionnaires showed that the average dietary vitamin D intake is 136 ± 68 IU, significantly lower than the Institute of Medicine recommended amount (600 IU) . Another Italian study examined 24 women (light and dark skinned) at full-term pregnancy: 23 out of 24 women had vitamin D deficiency. Similarly, both light and dark skinned babies showed vitamin D deficiency at birth.
During pregnancy vitamin D metabolism changes so that maternal serum 1,25(OH)2D levels significantly rise to meet increased calcium requirements for fetal skeleton mineralization, whereas fetal vitamin D stores are exclusively dependent on maternal vitamin D status. The increase of 1,25(OH)2D in the mother plays a key role in modulating calcium homeostasis in both mother and fetus, first of all doubling maternal intestinal calcium absorption . Moreover, maternal bone turnover is reduced in the first half of pregnancy, followed by the progressive increase of bone resorption, reaching the maximum in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, to ensure fetal supply of calcium for fetal bone development. In addition, vitamin D plays a key role in the immunological adaptation needed for the onset and maintenance of a normal pregnancy .
Increasing scientific evidence suggests that hypovita- minosis D in the mother may have an impact on both maternal and child health. Reduced 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy and breastfeeding may affect maternal bone turnover . Moreover, maternal vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk of several obstetrics diseases (spontaneous pregnancy loss, preterm and/or small-for-gestational age birth, gestational diabetes pre-eclampsia) [502-506]. In addition, vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may negatively affect longterm offspring extraskeletal health outcomes, with increased risk of infant respiratory tract infections, asthma, wheeze, and eczema [273, 380, 507, 508].
Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy can improve maternal and cord blood 25(OH)D concentrations in women with low 25(OH)D levels . Supplementing pregnant women with vitamin D in a single or continued dose increases serum 25(OH)D at term and may reduce the risk of preeclampsia, low birth weight and preterm birth. However, larger and better-designed controlled randomized trials are required to confirm these effects .
The Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecoloists recommended vitamin D supplementation with 400 IU/ day for all pregnant women. Higher doses (at least 1000 IU/day) may be required in high-risk women (women with increased skin pigmentation, reduced exposure to sunlight, or those who are socially excluded or obese) . Indeed, vitamin D supplementation with 400 IU/day has been reported insufficient in pregnancy, particularly for women at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency [512, 513]. More recently, Wagner et al. suggested that a vitamin D intake of at least 4000 IU/day should be considered in all pregnant women to maintain serum 25(OH)D levels >40 ng/ml [513, 514].
Screening for vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is still debated. For example, the Endocrine Society considered gestation as a period at significant risk for deficiency and thus recommended serum 25(OH)D evaluation in all pregnant women . More recently, the Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecoloists suggested to evaluate 25(OH)D concentrations during pregnancy in selected case (Table 9) . Moreover, the Society for Adolescent Health Medicine recommended routine 25(OH)D testing in pregnant adolescents .
In the present Consensus we recommend vitamin D supplementation in all pregnant and breastfeeding women since the beginning of pregnancy at a dose of 600 IU/day. Women with risk factors for vitamin D deficiency should receive higher dosages (1000-2000 IU/ day). We do not recommend routine screening of serum 25(OH)D levels in all pregnant and breastfeeding women, but we suggest to consider vitamin D testing in women with multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency, particularly if not receiving vitamin D supplementation.
Non-Caucasian ethnicity with dark skin pigmentation
Reduced sunlight exposure (i.e. veiled women) and/or constant use of sunscreens
Chronic therapies affecting vitamin D metabolism
Risk of pre-eclampsia
A previous child with rickets
In recent years some international Societies and Committees proposed various regimens to treat of vitamin D deficiency [9, 11, 20-23]. The AAP recommended to treat vitamin D deficiency administering 2000 IU/day or 50,000 IU/week of vitamin D2 or D3 (independent of weight) for 6 week in infants (0-12 months) and for 68 weeks in children and adolescents (1-18 years), suggesting that vitamin D3 may be more potent than vitamin D2 . After completion of treatment, serum 25(OH)D concentrations should be revaluated, as it is not unusual for a second course of treatment to be necessary to achieve adequate vitamin D status . Particularly, maintenance therapy with standard doses or with doses two or three times higher than those recommended for healthy children is recommended after treatment [9, 11, 20-23].
Relatively few studies evaluated the efficacy of different regimens with vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency in otherwise healthy children.
In vitamin D deficient infants younger than 2 years, either 2000 IU of vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 daily or 50000 IU of vitamin D2 weekly for 6 weeks equally increased serum 25(OH)D levels . A recent RCT in children (25 years) with vitamin D deficiency showed that treatment with oral 4000 IU/day or 30000 IU/week for 12 weeks or a single intramuscular dose of 300000 IU of vitamin D3 followed by a maintenance dose of 400 IU/day increased and maintained serum 25(OH)D concentration > 30 ng/ ml after 1 year . Daily administration of 2000 IU of vitamin D3 for 16 weeks was effective in increasing serum 25(OH)D levels > 30 ng/ml also in black adolescents (1418 years) with vitamin D deficiency . Another RCT showed that adult-size adolescents require high-dose vitamin D3 (at least 5000 IU/day for 8 week) to correct deficiency . Particularly, as discussed before, the administration of 50,000 IU/week for 6-8 weeks may be insufficient to increase 25(OH)D concentration > 30 ng/ml in obese children and adolescents [466, 517]. The administration of 60000 IU of vitamin D3 weekly for 4-8 weeks followed by 600 IU daily for 12 weeks in Indian adolescents or a regimen of 60000 IU/week of vitamin D3 for 8 weeks followed by 60000 IU/fortnight in young Indian females were both effective in increasing and maintaining 25(OH)D levels in deficient individuals. Adolescents treated with 14000 IU of vitamin D3 weekly (equivalent to 2000 IU daily) for 1 year normalized their 25(OH)D levels [166, 167, 520]. A recent 1-year-RCT compared three different regimens for asymptomatic children and adolescents with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency (400 IU/day, 45000 IU weekly for 2 months then 400 IU daily, 2000 IU/ day for 3 months then 1000 IU/day), suggesting that low loading dose with high maintenance dose is preferred to achieve steady increase in serum 25(OH)D levels avoiding hypercalcemic side effects . Lower doses as 200 IU/day, 400 IU/day, 800 IU/day [147,153] or 1400 IU/week for 1 year , 1000 IU/day for 6 months , or 5000 IU/week for 8 weeks were not able to normalize 25(OH)D levels in several pediatric populations, including Italian children and adolescents supplemented with 400 IU/day for 1 year .
The majority of these studies have been conducted in small populations of adolescents. Several schedules have been used, with conflicting results.
The administration of 60000 IU/month of vitamin D3 for 12 months in Indian children was effective in raising 25(OH)D concentrations > 30 ng/ml , while another study showed that 60000 IU of vitamin D3 monthly or every 2 months for 12 months in Indian females (6-17 years) increased 25(OH)D levels in the range of insufficiency . Similarly, a RCT in Iranian adolescents showed that 50000 IU/months of vitamin D3 for 5 months increased serum 25(OH)D levels but remained insufficient . Two studies evaluated the efficacy of administering a bolus dose of vitamin D2, 150000 IU or 300000 IU , every 3 months for 12 months in adolescent females with severe vitamin D deficiency, with conflicting results. Indeed, only in the study of Khadilkar et al. serum 25(OH)D concentrations increased > 30 ng/ml. Adolescents with severe vitamin D deficiency treated with an intramuscular injection of a megadose of vitamin D3 (10000 IU/Kg, maximum 600000 IU) had insufficient serum 25(OH)D after 3 months . Both 300000 and 600000 IU single oral vitamin-D bolus were effecting in treating vitamin D deficiency in young children (3 months-3 years) but a significant percentage developed hypercalcemia and/or hypercalciuria . On the contrary a stoss therapy (oral single-dose of 10000 IU/Kg or 300000 IU of vitamin D3) has been demonstrated effective and safe in the treatment of vitamin D deficiency in older children (mean age 10.6 ±4.4 years) without rickets . However, at present safety data in both the short- and the long-term of monthly or other vitamin D regimens lack due to the nature of the studies, especially in young children.
Different dose regimens have been proposed in conditions and diseases known to be a risk for vitamin D deficiency. However, all the studies have been conducted in small populations.
Regarding children receiving anti-retroviral drugs, Kakalia et al. found that in children infected with HIV and vitamin D insufficiency a daily intake >1600 IU/day of vitamin D3 vitamin D may be required to achieve serum 25(OH)D levels > 30 ng/ml . Higher doses of 4000 or 7000 IU/day of vitamin D3 for 6-12 weeks or 1 year increased 25(OH)D levels in the range of sufficiency in the majority of the patients with a variable prevalence of hypercalcemia which required no clinical intervention [289, 525-527]. Differently, regimens with 50,000 IU monthly or 100,000 IU of vitamin D3 every 2-3 months normalized 25(OH)D levels only in a half of the patients [288, 529, 530]. In children on longterm antiepileptic drugs (valproate, lamotrigine, topira- mate, clonazepam, gabapentin, carbamazepine, pheny- toin, phenobarbital), the administration of 2000 IU/day of vitamin D2 for 1 year slightly increased mean 25(OH) D level from 18.0 ± 9.1 to 22.9 ± 8.4 ng/ml . No trials with different vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 regimens have been conducted in children under chronic corticosteroid treatments. For treatment of vitamin D deficiency in obese or IBD children see specific chapters.
At present there is no strong evidence about whether to treat asymptomatic children with vitamin D insufficiency . The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine recommended to supplement vitamin D insufficient with vitamin D 1000 IU/day for at least 3 months . In the case of vitamin D insufficiency, particularly in subjects at risk for vitamin D deficiency, we recommended starting vitamin D supplementation according to the modalities and requirements recommended for age.
Vitamin D status is a key determinant of bone health during childhood and adolescence. Nutritional rickets cases are still reported in Italy, thus adequate national strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency are needed. Moreover, the recently suggested role of vitamin D in the development of other non-skeletal diseases reinforced the interest in the promotion of an adequate vitamin D status during pediatric age. The present Consensus paper aims to give practical approach to vitamin D supplementation for Italian infants, children and adolescents. Particularly, vitamin D supplementation should be recommended in all infants in the first year of life, independently of the type of feeding. Supplementation should be subsequently individualized in terms of regimen and duration on the basis of the presence of risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. More studies, particularly RCTs, are needed to confirm the promising role of vitamin D in the promotion of the global health of children.
• Individual vitamin D status can be assessed evaluating serum circulating 25(OH)D levels.
Depending on 25(OH)D levels, vitamin D status can be defined as follows:
Sufficiency >30 ng/ml Insufficiency 20-29 ng/ml Deficiency < 20 ng/ml Severe deficiency < 10 ng/ml
The term hypovitaminosis D refers to serum 25(OH)D levels < 30 ng/ml.
The isotope dilution- LC-MS/MS is considered the preferred method for measuring serum 25(OH)D levels, especially in the neonatal period. However, considering the reduced availability on the Italian territory of this method, other reliable immunoassay methods can be used if performed in certified laboratories, with the exclusion of neonates.
Available epidemiological studies show a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D (above 50%) throughout Italy. Adolescents are particularly at risk of hypovitaminosis D.
Vitamin D status of newborns is influenced by ethnicity, season of birth, and maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy.
Vitamin D status of children and adolescents is influenced by sun exposure, seasonality, ethnicity, and body mass index.
We recommend vitamin D supplementation in the first year of life to ensure an adequate vitamin D status and to prevent nutritional rickets.
We recommend vitamin D supplementation in all newborns independently of the type of feeding.
Vitamin D supplementation should be started within the first days of life and continued throughout the first year.
Infants born at term without risk factors for vitamin D deficiency should receive 400 IU/day of vitamin D.
In the presence of risk factors for vitamin D deficiency (Table 6) up to 1000 IU/day of vitamin D can be given.
In the first year of life we recommend daily administration of vitamin D.
We recommend against using vitamin D metabolites and their analogs (calcifediol, alfacalcidol, calcitriol, and dihydrotachysterol) for the routine vitamin D supplementation. The administration of these compounds increases the risk of hypercalcemia and is not able to maintain and/or restore vitamin D stores.
We recommend against routine 25(OH)D testing in infants in the first year of life. We suggest to measure serum 25(OH)D levels in infants with multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency (Table 6).
We suggest for VLBW infants a vitamin D intake of 200-400 IU/day (including the amount administered through parenteral nutrition, fortified breast milk, or preterm infant formula).
When VLBW infants reach a weight > 1500 g and full enteral nutrition we suggest vitamin D supplementation at 400-800 IU/day.
We recommend vitamin D supplementation at 400-800 IU/day for preterm infants with birth weight > 1500 g.
After a post-conceptional age of 40 weeks, recommendations for vitamin D supplementation are equal to those for healthy term infants.
We recommend against routine 25(OH)D testing in preterm newborns.
We recommend vitamin D supplementation in children and adolescents with risk factors for vitamin D deficiency (Table 7). Moreover, we recommend to evaluate modifiable life-style risk factors for deficiency, particularly a reduced sun exposure. Ensuring an adequate vitamin D intake is particularly important during adolescence.
We recommend daily vitamin D supplementation ranging from 600 IU/day (i.e. in presence of reduced sun exposure) up to 1000 IU/day (i.e. in presence of multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency).
In cases of poor compliance, supplementation with intermittent dosing (weekly or monthly doses for a cumulative monthly dose of 18000-30000 IU of vitamin D) can be considered, starting from children aged 5-6 years and particularly during adolescence.
We suggest vitamin D supplementation from the end of fall to the beginning of spring (November- April) in children and adolescents with reduced sun exposure during summer. We suggest continuous vitamin D supplementation in cases of permanent risk factors for vitamin D deficiency.
Individuals on anticonvulsants, oral corticosteroids, antimicotics and antiretroviral drugs should receive at least 2-3 times more vitamin D than the daily requirement recommended for age.
We endorsed as Tolerable Upper Intake Levels of vitamin D those proposed by EFSA in 2012 (1000 IU/day for infants; 2000 IU/day for children ages 1 to 10 years; 4000 IU/day for children and adolescents ages 11 to 17 years).
We recommend against using vitamin D metabolites and their analogs (calcifediol, alfacalcidol, calcitriol, and dihydrotachysterol) for the routine vitamin D supplementation. The administration of these compounds increases the risk of hypercalcemia and is not able to maintain and/or restore vitamin D stores.
We recommend against routine 25(OH)D testing in children and adolescents. We suggest to measure serum 25(OH)D levels in presence of multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D status should be monitored at least yearly in subjects that require supplementation during the whole year because affected from pathological conditions or receiving drugs affecting vitamin D metabolism (Table 7).
Children of immigrants living in industrialized countries are at increased risk of nutritional rickets because they usually present several risk factors for vitamin D deficiency such as prolonged breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation, increased skin pigmentation, reduced sun exposure due to cultural habits (i.e. veiling), and reduced intestinal calcium uptake due to an excessive intake of high-phytates foods.
In suspicion of nutritional rickets we recommend the assessment of serum 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus levels and an X-rays evaluation of metaphyseal sites (wrists and ankles) to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment of nutritional rickets is based on the administration of vitamin D (2000 IU/day in patients aged less than 1 year, 3000-6000 IU/day in patients aged 1 to 12 years and 6000 IU/day in patients older than 12 years for a minimum of 3 months) and calcium (30-75 mg/kg/day of elemental calcium in 3 divided doses, starting at a higher dose and weaning down to the lower end of the range over 2-4 weeks).
Vitamin D metabolites and their analogs (calcifediol, alfacalcidol, calcitriol, and dihydrotachysterol) are not recommended for routine treatment of nutritional rickets.
Daily administration of vitamin D is preferred in infants. Intermittent administration of vitamin D may be considered in children and adolescents with poor compliance with daily treatment (i.e. 50000 IU weekly for 6-8 consecutive weeks or 100000 IU monthly for 3-4 consecutive months).
We recommend against the administration of a single large dose of vitamin D > 300,000 IU.
After rickets healing, we recommend to continue vitamin D supplementation according to age (400-1000 IU/day in the first year of life and 600-1000 IU/day from 1 to 18 years).
Vitamin D directly influences bone mass acquisition contributing to the regulation of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, and indirectly stimulating the development of muscle tissue.
Available evidence suggests a positive effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone mass acquisition in children and adolescents with vitamin D deficiency.
Recent studies suggest a relationship between maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and bone mass of the fetus and the newborn. Uncertain evidence exists on the relationship with bone mass later in life until the acquisition of bone mass.
Recent studies suggest an association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity or the incidence of respiratory infections in children. However, because current evidence is weak, we suggest against vitamin D administration as a therapy for respiratory infections, beyond the correction of a documented vitamin D deficiency.
No definitive evidence exists to recommend vitamin D supplementation for prevention of respiratory infections (non-associated with wheezing) or recurrent respiratory infections. However, some studies suggested that serum 25(OH)D higher than those needed for the prevention of nutritional rickets may be necessary to exert a regulatory effect on the immune system.
We recommend against routine 25(OH)D testing in children with respiratory infections.
A single RCT suggested that vitamin D supplementation may help in preventing non complicated acute otitis media. However, considering this limited evidence, evaluation of serum 25(OH)D levels may be reasonable before starting supplementation in these children.
Reduced serum 25(OH)D levels are found in children with different types of infectious diseases (tuberculosis, HIV, viral hepatitis, acute diarrhea).
However, available evidence does not support a causal relationship between hypovitaminosis D and infections.
We suggest the evaluation of vitamin D status only in patients affected by tuberculosis or HIV infection, as they may benefit from vitamin D supplementation, in particular due to concomitant treatments that influence vitamin D metabolism.
We recommend against vitamin D supplementation to reduce incidence or severity of non-respiratory infections in children. However, as few studies showed that vitamin D supplementation improves clinical parameters in patients with active tuberculosis or HIV infection, more rigorous and extensive studies are needed to evaluate the role of vitamin D supplementation in infectious diseases, considering also the setting of care, children's age and nutritional status, potential co-infections and compliance with anti-infective therapy.
Recent meta-analyses did not find an association between 25(OH)D levels in cord blood or during pregnancy and the development of asthma later in life.
Several studies showed a relationship between latitude, prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and increase in allergic asthma prevalence in the pediatric population.
Low serum 25(OH)D levels are associated with increased asthma severity and increased risk of asthma exacerbations requiring hospitalization or medical treatment. Recent meta-analyses suggest that supplementation with vitamin D (500-2000 IU/day) may reduce the risk of asthma exacerbation.
We recommend against routine 25(OH)D testing in children with asthma.
Low serum 25(OH)D levels are associated with increased incidence and/or severity of AD in children in most but not all studies. Indeed, a pathogenetic role of vitamin D in AD has yet to be demonstrated.
We recommend against routine 25(OH)D testing in children with AD. Serum 25(OH)D evaluation may be considered in children with severe AD unresponsive to common therapy and multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency.
In pediatric population there is limited evidence regarding a possible favourable effect of vitamin D supplementation on several aspects of AD.
A short trial of vitamin D supplementation can be considered in patients with severe AD unresponsive to common therapy, especially in the late winter-early spring period. In presence of documented vitamin D deficiency, we recommended adequate treatment to restore vitamin D status, followed by supplementation at doses recommended for age.
Vitamin D supplementation for primary prevention of allergic diseases, including food allergies, remains an attractive area of study, but actual evidence does not allow to make any recommendation.
Children and adolescents with T1DM are at risk for vitamin D deficiency.
Recommended vitamin D intakes in patients with T1DM are the same as those for the healthy pediatric population.
Recommendations for vitamin D treatment in subjects with T1DM and vitamin D deficiency are the same as those for the healthy pediatric population.
At present, there is no evidence that vitamin D supplementation may delay the development of T1DM or may ameliorate its clinical features. However, we recommend to maintain vitamin D intake for age and to treat vitamin D deficiency if found.
We recommend against routine 25(OH)D testing in children with T1DM.
In patients with IBDs (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) we suggest to evaluate serum 25(OH)D levels at diagnosis and at least yearly, preferably in the late winter-early spring period.
We recommend continuous vitamin D supplementation at higher doses than those recommended for age (at least 1000-1500 IU/day).
We recommend to treat vitamin D deficiency with daily vitamin D at higher doses than those recommended for otherwise healthy pediatric population (at least 2000-4000 IU/day), for a minimum of 6-8 weeks.
Intermittent bolus doses of vitamin D for a cumulative dose of at least 400000 IU should be reserved for IBDs patients with vitamin D deficiency and poor compliance with daily treatment.
After achieving vitamin D sufficiency, we recommend to continue with vitamin D supplementation at higher doses than those recommended for age (at least 1000-1500 IU/day).
We recommend to evaluate serum 25(OH)D levels in patients with CD at diagnosis and 6-12 months after the beginning of gluten-free diet if deficiency has been found. We suggest against further 25(OH)D evaluations in case of sufficient 25(OH)D levels or documented normalization of vitamin D status and strict adherence to the gluten-free diet.
Recommendations for treatment of vitamin D deficiency in patients with newly diagnosed CD are equivalent to those for IBDs patients, as both these conditions are associated with intestinal malabsorption.
As gluten-free diet restores normal intestinal absorption, after treatment of deficiency we recommend vitamin D supplementation according to the modalities and requirements for otherwise healthy children and adolescents.
Epidemiological studies showed that obese children and adolescents are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency.
Obesity is the cause and not the effect of this association because of the deposition of vitamin D in adipose tissue with consequent reduction in serum 25(OH)D levels.
It is uncertain if vitamin D deficiency may worsen metabolic profile of obese children and adolescents.
We suggest against vitamin D administration to improve obesity-related complications, given inconsistent results and the small number of studies.
We suggest vitamin D supplementation at higher doses than those recommended for age (1000 - 1500 IU/day) from the end of fall to the beginning of spring (November-April) in obese children and adolescents to ensure an adequate vitamin D status. Obese subjects with reduced sun exposure during summer should receive vitamin D supplementation throughout the year. Finally, sensible sunlight exposure and outdoor physical exercise should be encouraged in obese children and adolescents.
We recommend against routine evaluation of 25(OH)D levels in obese subjects. If an obese individual does not receive vitamin D supplementation and has a sedentary indoor lifestyle with consequent reduced sun exposure, serum 25(OH)D evaluation may be considered to confirm vitamin D deficiency and start adequate treatment.
In obese subjects with vitamin D deficiency we recommend vitamin D treatment at higher doses than those recommended for otherwise healthy pediatric population (at least 2000-4000 IU/day), for a minimum of 6-8 weeks.
Autistic individuals frequently develop nutritional deficiencies, especially in presence of food selectivity; causal relationship with vitamin D deficiency is uncertain.
We recommend against routine evaluation of 25(OH)D levels in children with autism.
We recommend against vitamin D treatment to improve patient's performance considering the limited and conflicting available evidence.
Epidemiological studies that evaluated an association between vitamin D deficiency and depression are lacking at present.
We recommend against routine evaluation of 25(OH)D levels in children with depression.
We recommend against vitamin D administration to improve mood.
We suggest against routine screening of serum 25(OH)D levels in all pregnant and breastfeeding women. We suggest to consider serum 25(OH)D testing in women with multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency, particularly if not receiving vitamin D supplementation, and/or with specific conditions possibly affecting pregnancy course (Table 9).
We recommend vitamin D supplementation in all pregnant and breastfeeding women at a dose of 600 IU/day. Women with risk factors for vitamin D deficiency should receive higher dosages (1000-2000 IU/day).
We suggest to start vitamin D supplementation at the beginning of pregnancy and continue for the entire duration of pregnancy and lactation.
In children and adolescents with asymptomatic vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml] we recommend the administration of 2000 IU/day or 50000 IU/week of vitamin D2 or D3 for 6-8 weeks (8 weeks in adolescents) in order to obtain a sufficient vitamin D status [25(OH)D > 30 ng/ml].
After completion of treatment, serum 25(OH)D concentrations should be revaluated.
In presence of adequate vitamin D status [25(OH)D > 30 ng/ml], we recommend to continue vitamin D supplementation as recommended for age.
In subjects with asymptomatic vitamin D deficiency assuming drugs interfering with vitamin D metabolism (anticonvulsants, oral corticosteroids, antifungals like ketoconazole, anti-retroviral drugs) we recommend vitamin D treatment at higher doses than those recommended for otherwise healthy pediatric population (at least 2000-4000 IU/day), for a minimum of 6-8 weeks.
Considering available evidence, particularly the lack of Italian studies, at present we do not recommend other modalities different from daily or weekly administration of vitamin D to treat asymptomatic vitamin D deficiency.
In case of detection of asymptomatic vitamin D insufficiency [25(OH)D between 20 and 29 ng/ml], particularly in subjects at risk for vitamin D deficiency, we recommended to start vitamin D supplementation according to the modalities and requirements recommended for age.
25(OH)2D: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D;
AAP: American Academy of Pediatrics; AD: Atopic dermatitis; BMC: Bone mineral content; BMD: Bone mineral density; CD: Celiac disease; DXA: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; EFSA: European Food Safety Authority; ESPGHAN: European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in the 1st second; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; IL: Interleukin; LC-MS/MS: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; PBM: Peak bone mass; pQCT: Peripheral quantitative computed tomography; PTH: Parathormone; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; SACN: Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; VDR: Vitamin D receptor; VLBW: Very low birth weight
We thank nurse Tania Minucciani, Dr. Sara Zanetta, Dr. Matteo Castagno, and Dr. Roberta Ricotti for help in preparing the manuscript.
Collaborators: Dora Di Mauro. Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit and Clinical Paediatrics Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Maternal Medicine, University of Parma Hospital Trust, Parma, Italy. dora.dimauro at hotmail.com. Federica Gaiani. Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit and Clinical Paediatrics Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Maternal Medicine, University of Parma Hospital Trust, Parma, Italy. federica.gaiani at studenti.unipr.it. Cristiana Indolfi. Department of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. Chiara Mando. Department of Mother and Child, Hospital Luigi Sacco, University of Milano, Milano, Italy. chiara.mando at unimi.it.
Availability of data and materials: Complete literature research is included in this published article.
GS and FV have made major contributions to conception and design of the consensus and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors contributed to literature research. FV wrote the sections “Sources of vitamin D and dietary reference values", “Vitamin D supplementation", and “Skeletal actions of vitamin D". FP wrote the sections “Vitamin D deficiency: ranges, analytic methods, and epidemiology", “Type 1 diabetes mellitus", and “Management of asymptomatic vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency". FC wrote the section “Respiratory infections"; EC wrote the sections “Methods" and “Other infections"; MMDG wrote the section “Asthma", DP and LT wrote the section “Atopic dermatitis and allergic diseases", GLDA wrote the section “Inflammatory bowel diseases" and “Celiac disease"; EMDG wrote the sections “Obesity and metabolic syndrome" and “Autism and depression"; IC and MM wrote the section “Pregnancy and breastfeeding". All authors read and approved the final manuscript and summary recommendations.
department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. 2Pediatric Unit, San Luca Hospital, Lucca, Italy. division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy. 4Pediatric Unit, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, AOU Policlinico-Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy. department of Mother and Child, Hospital Luigi Sacco, University of Milano, Milan, Italy. 6Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy. 7Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit and Clinical Paediatrics Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Maternal Medicine, University of Parma Hospital Trust, Parma, Italy. department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy. 9Pediatric Primary Care, National Pediatric Health Care System, Milan, Italy. 10 Department of Pediatrics, San Jacopo Hospital, Pistoia, Italy. 11 Pediatric Primary Care, National Pediatric Health Care System, Novara, Italy. 12Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. '’division of Pediatrics, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy. 14Pediatric Primary Care, National Pediatric Health Care System, Caserta, Italy. 15Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOUP, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.Children need vitamin D - good global overview, poor recommendations for Italian children - May 2018
2989 visitors, last modified 16 May, 2018,This page is in the following categories (# of items in each category) | <urn:uuid:7f0f3e75-ab79-48a9-b16d-63745a7ca1c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vitamindwiki.com/tiki-index.php?page=Children+need+vitamin+D+-+good+global+overview%2C+poor+recommendations+for+Italian+children+-+May+2018 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.90177 | 28,446 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Green assets are likely to underperform in the future, according to a group of academic researchers, who criticised the industry for "sloppy thinking in this area".
Despite green assets performing very well over the past eight years, strong performance in the future is not guaranteed, according to 'Dissecting Green Returns', a paper co-authored by Luke Taylor and Robert Stambaugh of The Wharton School in the University of Pennsylvania, and Lubos Pastor at the University of Chicago.
Taylor told FTAdviser: "We did this research project because we noticed a lot of really sloppy thinking, from not just practitioners but also researchers in this area, about the difference between a realised return and the expected return."
He outlined how returns from green assets have been buoyed by money flooding into the space due to climate change shocks in the past eight years, but warned that will not be enough to sustain future expected returns.
“What does the past performance of green assets imply about their future performance?” he asked.
“Green assets have performed really well, they’ve had high realised returns, does that mean they had high expected returns? Or did those green assets just get lucky over the past eight years?”
He added: “Does that really strong past performance tell us that we should expect strong performance going forward? And our bottom line is, the answer to that question is no.”
The team created a portfolio that was long on green assets and short on brown assets. As predicted, Taylor said, “sure enough, you see that green factors performed incredibly well over the past eight years”.
The next step was to create a measure for climate change concerns. This was done via a computer system that read newspaper articles from eight US outlets and measured how concerned people were around climate change based on these articles.
“What we see in step two to nobody's surprise is that people have become much more concerned about climate change in the past eight years,” Taylor said.
Step three was to relate stock returns to climate change shocks, and the team found the relation was positive. “Basically, when there’s really bad news about climate change, green stocks outperform and brown stocks underperform.”
The group then set the climate shocks in their model to zero (as if there were no climate emergencies such as forest fires or floods in the past eight years), and the model calculated the performance of the green portfolio.
Taylor said: “If there were no shocks to climate concern…[performance] goes from flying straight up to essentially a flat line.”
The team also looked at the money flowing into ESG funds, and performed the same change - zero-ing out the ESG flows - and again, the model spat out a downwards line, effectively saying these funds would have underperformed had there not been climate shocks and this level of ESG fund flows. | <urn:uuid:9429efc3-8cdd-4094-a08a-20e7655ddabf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ftadviser.com/investments/2021/09/10/esg-performance-won-t-last-academics-warn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.976467 | 609 | 1.929688 | 2 |
A Declaration of Independence from Noise Aversion for our Pets
The United States, in the Year 2020
During the course of human history, pets have evolved from scavenging for food near human encampments to sleeping under the covers with us in bed. At some point, when the pet became a family member, humans had to consider how to provide that pet all the necessities of life. One such necessity is a freedom from fear.
Let these facts be submitted for human understanding of the pet’s perspective:
Loud noises scare many pets. During the Fourth of July celebrations, many loud events, such as fireworks displays, bang-snaps—those things that pop when children throw them on the ground—screaming children, and loud music, can all be scary for our four-legged family members.
Our pets demonstrate their fear at every one of these loud oppressions. They shake, cower, run into closets, hide under the bed, eliminate in the house, destroy furniture, or try to run away from home. Unless humans collectively decide to change Fourth of July rituals, it is every pet owner’s responsibility to prevent or alleviate our pet’s fear, to the best of our ability.
The condition that causes our pets to be scared of loud noises is called “noise aversion.” Noise aversion can also come into play in places and events that don’t necessarily relate to summer and Fourth of July festivities—for example, construction sites, thunderstorms, loud vehicles, or loud voices inside the house can induce a panic attack in many pets. This is not common knowledge, despite the fact that one in three dogs in the U.S. experiences these noise-related attacks. Unfortunately, these pets often go untreated, because pet owners do not realize that noise aversion can be a severe problem that their veterinarian can help alleviate.
We, as caretakers of our furry companions, have options to alleviate our pet’s fear.
First, you should make an appointment with your Walnut Creek Animal Hospital veterinarian, who will perform a physical exam, talk to you about your pet’s reaction to loud noises, and likely make some suggestions, based on your individual pet’s needs. Recommendations may include:
- Management — Environmental management, such as white noise, and providing a quiet, safe haven in the house can help. Create a cozy spot in your most sound-proof room, with a comfortable bed, plenty of your pet’s favorite toys, and a long-lasting treat, such as a Kong filled with peanut butter, or food puzzle that will keep your furry friend entertained and relaxed. Play soft music or white noise, or turn on the television, to help muffle the loud, scary noise.
- Desensitization — Help your pet dissociate loud noises from a scary event by teaching them that noise can signal a positive experience instead. Softly play scary sounds, such as thunderstorm or fireworks noises, while providing a reward, such as playtime, a special treat, or your undivided attention. Slowly increase the volume during each session to gradually desensitize your pet. If your pet becomes fearful at any time, decrease the volume and progress more slowly.
- Medications — Prescription anti-anxiety medications, herbal medications, and products specifically designed to promote calm behavior during a noisy event are available that may help calm your pet
- Aids — Special aids, such as a Thundershirt, have been shown to help some fearful pets
Fear alleviated by strengthening the human-animal bond
Watching your pet having a panic attack is not easy. Some pet parents feel helpless, but others may scold their pet for tearing up the furniture, soiling the carpet, or scratching a wall, not realizing they are in panic mode, which reinforces their pet’s fear. More dogs run away on July Fourth than any other day of the year, but a loving, supportive pet owner-pet relationship, or human-animal bond, may also help the pet overcome their fear, when the pet learns their pet owners will protect them.
Fear the Fourth
No noise aversion treatment is instantly curative and the various treatments take time before they start working, so we hope this June blog post gives you time to prepare for July Fourth celebrations.
In the weeks leading up to July Fourth, take your pet into her special space, and play firework sounds at a low volume, while lavishing her with attention and special treats, to help desensitize her.
On-the-spot anti-anxiety or sedation medications given appropriately can be effective, if you can predict when the loud sounds will start, which is not always possible. On-the-spot medications will be ineffective if they are given to your pet after the scary sounds have begun.
If your pet has ever demonstrated any noise aversion behavior, don’t wait—call us at Walnut Creek Vet Hospital for an appointment, and let us help your pet handle their fear this July Fourth, independent from any noise aversion. | <urn:uuid:82e7e114-193a-4a53-b7b3-bbe5f8d389af> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://walnutcreekvethospital.com/noise-aversion-in-pets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951196 | 1,050 | 2.765625 | 3 |
With Secular Humanist Progressives the answer is yes – only when it’s convenient for them. SCOTUS is about to rule on same sex marriage. Keep in mind that homosexuals have civil unions which give them the same civil rights as heterosexual marriage. But that is no longer good enough. “Marriage between two men or two women is a RIGHT!” they scream, “guaranteed by the Constitution.”
This big push by the radical Secular Humanist Progressives is not something new. If we open our eyes we’ll see the truth; attacking traditional marriage is just one more step in their ultimate goal of destroying all Judeo-Christian values.
So they get their comrades in government to force their demands upon the rest of us. Once SCOTUS declares this is truly a right, watch out churches and synagogues. How long before these radicals demand priests, ministers and rabbis marry them – or face a federal lawsuit?
“Separation of Church and State!”
This attack against traditional values has been going on for decades, right under our noses. When a crèche is put on public land these Secular Humanist Progressives storm in with threats of law suits. “America has separation of church and state. A crèche forces atheists to become Christian!”
Same thing happens when a valedictorian mentions God during his/her speech, or when a school team prays before or after a game. It’s always the same with Secular Humanist Progressives. They use the phrase they created, separation of church and state, to keep pushing God out of our society.
Then by what authority does any court rule on marriage?
But, if we truly have separation of church and state, and that separation keeps Christians from foisting their views on the rest of the citizenry, the government, and that includes SCOTUS, CAN NOT decide on this marriage issue.
Marriage is not an institution, or even a term, created by man. It comes from God. He determined marriage is between one man and one woman. It is written in both the old and new testaments so He meant it for Jews, Christians and everyone else. Since it is a fact marriage comes from God, not government, no one in government can change it; not a state, not Congress, not SCOTUS.
Unfortunately we only see sporadic challenges from religious leaders. We need ALL of them to stand together, demanding government stay out of religion. If they did, marriage would remain, as God intended, between one man and one woman. And maybe, just maybe, with such leadership people of faith would come together to bring God back into our society.
One can only hope and pray.
Postscript by Dwight Kehoe
The act of marriage in every religion around the world and from the beginning of recorded history is considered a sacrament. Which quite clearly places it into a religious function and not a civil or legal one.
Conversely, the license to bond together for the purpose of property rights, responsibility for offspring and more recently, preventing genetic mismatches which produce unhealthy children, has been the function of civil authority.
The Separation of Church and State ruling of the Supreme Court was by all standards of common sense, a flawed one. The case that Mr. Matrisciano references above clearly shows that. The leftists and progressives who were behind the push for the false separation narrative now must live with the fruits of their labor. So to speak.
– Dwight Kehoe
Reprinted from TPATH
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A Malaria Status Model: The Perspective of Mittag-Leffler Function with Stochastic Component
Keywords:Atangana-Baleanu, malaria, positivity, stochastic, existence and uniqueness.
Malaria continues to affect many individuals irrespective of the status or class particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this work, an existing malaria status classical model is studied in fractionalized perspective. The positivity and boundedness of the malaria model is studied. The existence and uniqueness of solutions based on fractional derivative and stochastic perspective is established. The numerical simulation results depict that the infectious classes of humans and vector increase as the fractional order derivative increases. Susceptible classes humans and vector reduce as the fractional order derivative increases. This phenomenon is peculiar with epidemiological models. The implications of the results are that in managing the dynamics of the status model, the fractional order derivative as well as its associated operator is important. It is observed that fractional order derivative based on Mittag-Leffler function provides a better prediction because of its crossover property, its non-local and non-singular property.
World Health Organization (WHO), Word malaria report 2020, WHO, Geneva, 2020. https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/word-malaria-report-2020.
Abioye, A.A., Ibrahim, M.O., Peter, O.J., Ogunseye, H.A., Optimal control on a mathematical model of malaria, U.P.B. Sci. Bull. Series A: Appl. Math. Phy., 82(3), pp. 178-190, 2020.
Gebremeskel, A. A., Krogstad, H. E., Mathematical Modelling of Endemic Malaria Transmission, American Journal of Applied Mathematics, 3(2), pp. 36-46, 2015.
Magee, J.C., Galinsky, A.D., Social hierarchy: the self-reinforcing nature of power and status, Academy of Management Annals., 2(1), pp. 351-398, 2008.
Khan, M.A., Bonyah, E., Li, Y-X., Muhammad, T., Okosun, K.O., Mathematical modeling and optimal control strategies of Buruli ulcer in possum mammals, AIMS Math., 6(9), pp. 9859-9881, 2021.
Fatmawati, Herdicho, F.F., Windarto, Chukwu, W., Tasman, H., An optimal control of malaria transmission model with mosquito seasonal factor, Results Phys., 25, p. 104238, 2021.
Atangana, A., Qureshi, S., Mathematical modelling of an autonomous nonlinear dynamical system for malaria transmission using Caputo derivative, Fract. Order Anal. Theor. Meth. Appl., pp. 225-252, 2020.
Fatmawati, Khan, M.A., Odinsyah, H.P., Fractional model of HIV transmission with awareness effect, Chaos Solitons Fractals, 138, p. 109967, 2020.
Hamdan, N., Kilicman, A., A fractional order SIR epidemic model for dengue transmission, Chaos Solitons Fractals, 114, pp. 55-62, 2018.
Podlubny, I. Fractional Differential Equations, San Diego Academic Press, New York, 1999.
Singh, J., Kumar, D., Baleanu, D., On the analysis of fractional diabetes model with exponential law, Adv. Differ. Equ., 2018(1), 231, 2018.
Toufik, M., Atangana, A., New numerical approximation of fractional derivative with non-local and non-singular kernel: application to chaotic models, The European Physical Journal Plus, 132(10), pp. 1-16, 2017.
Atangana, A., and Baleanu, D., New fractional derivatives with non-local and non-singular kernel, Theory and Application to Heat Transfer Model Thermal Science, 20(2), pp. 763-769, 2016.
Zhang, Z., A novel covid-19 mathematical model with fractional derivatives: Singular and nonsingular kernels Chaos, Solitons Fractals, 139, p. 110060, 2020.
Mishra, J., Modified chua chaotic attractor with differential operators with non-singular kernels, Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 125, pp. 64-72, 2019.
Atangana. A., and Igret Araz, S., Modeling and forecasting the spread of COVID-19 with stochastic and deterministic approaches: Africa and Europe, Advances in Difference Equations, 2021(1), p. 57, 2021.
Din, A., Khan, T., Li, Y., Tahir, H., Khan, A., Khan, W. A., Mathematical analysis of dengue stochastic epidemic model, Results Phys., 20, p. 103719, 2021.
Ndii, M. Z., and Adi, Y. A., Understanding the effects of individual awareness and vector controls on malaria transmission dynamics using multiple optimal control, Chaos, Solitons, and Fractals, 153(1), p. 111476, 2021.
Suandi, D., Wijaya, K. P., Apri, M., Sidarto, K. A., Syafruddin, D., Gotz, T., and Soewono, E., A one-locus model describing the evolutionary dynamics of resistance against insecticide in Anopheles mosquitoes, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 359, pp. 90-106, 2019.
Alkahtani, B. S. T., and Koca, I., Fractional stochastic s?r model, Results in Physics, 24, p. 104124, 2021.
Akinlar, M. A., Inc, M., Gomez-Aguilar, J. F., and Boutarfa, B., Solutions of a disease model with fractional white noise, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 137, p. 109840, 2020.
Omar, O. A., Elbarkouky, R. A., andAhmed, H. M., Fractional stochastic models for COVID-19: Case study of Egypt, Results in Physics, 23, p. 104018, 2021.
Sweilam, N. H., Al-Mekhlafi, S. M., and Baleanu, D., A hybrid stochastic fractional order Coronavirus (2019-nCov) mathematical model, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 145, p. 110762, 2021.
Zevika, M., Triska, A., Nuraini, N., Lahodny Jr. G., On The Study of Covid-19 Transmission Using Deterministic and Stochastic Models with Vaccination Treatment and Quarantine, Commun. Biomath. Sci., 5(1), PP. 1-19, 2022.
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Copyright (c) 2022 Communication in Biomathematical Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:ec30a497-e5cb-4021-bb46-a5a444f15116> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/cbms/article/view/18219 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.729372 | 1,726 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Although we often ignore it due to our busy lifestyles, our body also has a clock.
This clock, also known as a circadian clock, dictates the rhythm our body takes throughout the day. It also tells us when it’s time to sleep by releasing neurotransmitters and other chemicals such as melatonin. It also signals when it’s time to be awake.
However, due to busy lifestyles and obligations, we often forget how to follow this internal clock.
Luckily, you can change your circadian rhythm and clock with a few natural lifestyle changes that we’ll detail in this article.
Good planning and organizations are the keys to maintaining a proper circadian rhythm, but there are a few lifestyle changes and routines that you will have to stick to for this to work.
The circadian rhythm is affected by about 20,000 neurons that are clustered together as the suprachiasmatic nucleus which is located in the hypothalamus. Our circadian rhythm is affected by our senses throughout the day, by the light we see and the noise we hear.
Based on our sensory affections, our brain dictates when it’s time to rest or sleep. When our eyes see light, whether it is natural or artificial, receptors in the brain perceive that it’s still not time to sleep and our brain releases chemicals that help our body to stay awake. One of those is also the stress hormone cortisol.
Aside from the light, our brains use other signals, also known as zeitgebers to decide the circadian rhythm, some of those include the metabolic rate as a result of food intake, social interactions with other people, and both body and room temperature.
Circadian rhythm is also important because it affects the production of hormones and neurotransmitters in the body.
As mentioned earlier, when we wake up, our body releases the cortisol hormone, which is our primary stress hormone that indicates we’re in danger or some other unpleasant situation. However, besides that, cortisol increases our wakefulness and alertness.
After the hormone wears off and as the times during the day change, our brain begins to feel tired and as the night falls, it starts releasing melatonin to signal it’s time for bed.
Factors That Affect The Circadian Rhythm
To understand how we can change our circadian rhythm, it’s important to understand the factors that affect it. Here’s a list of things that affects the circadian rhythm.
To change your internal body clock, you need to find out which of these lifestyle habits or issues affect your sleep patterns.
How to Change Your Circadian Rhythm?
Do you identify with some of the lifestyle habits from above? If you do, the tips below will help you easily adjust your circadian rhythm to how you need it to be.
Remember that there are both early (morning) birds and night owls and that depending on our lifestyle we can be both.
Some studies suggest that night owl have a slower circadian rhythm that lasts more than 24 hours. But, that can still be fixed, with the tips below.
Strict Sleep Routine
For the circadian rhythm to be in sync with your lifestyle habits, you need to be able to wake up and go to sleep every day at the same time.
Keeping a regular sleep schedule isn’t easy, especially if you have more work to finish and attend to. However, a strict sleep schedule will help you regulate your circadian rhythm and help you stay alert and rested during the critical parts of the day.
Sync Your Diet With The Circadian Rhythm
Studies show that synchronizing your meals with circadian rhythms can help you regulate your sleep patterns. Your body responds differently at different times and that could help you stay alert when you’re normally supposed to get tired and get tired when it’s the right time for that.
Stick To One Shift
When you’re a worker who works in different shifts throughout the day, it’s extremely hard to adjust your circadian rhythm. Working in the night means that you’ll have to sleep in the day and that also means a lot of pattern changes, like diets, light, and more.
According to research, 15 million Americans struggle with rotating and night shifts. Changing your shifts too frequently can harm your circadian rhythm as you may feel sleepy when you should normally stay awake.
Practice Exercise And Work Therapy
Exercising is a great way to improve your sleep cycle and get enough night rest through the night. There is a lot of studies showing that exercise and gym work can have great benefits for your night rest.
However, it’s not always like that. Exercising too close to your bedtime can disrupt your circadian rhythm and make your nights sleepless.
Take Caffeine At The Right Times
Caffeine is the most popular legal drug that stimulates your energy and allows you to stay alert and awake easier. However, if you exceed the daily dose by drinking too much coffee or pills, you can disrupt your sleep patterns.
Try Taking Magnesium Or Melatonin
Melatonin is a hormone released by our brain when it’s time to sleep. It’s one of the chemicals that control our circadian clock.
That’s why melatonin supplements can help you fall asleep easier. Additionally, magnesium is a great mineral that will help you sleep at night.
Avoid Too Much Screen Time
Nowadays, we’re bound to our phones and computers. What more, we live in bright cities that are light-polluted.
Too much screen time and exposure to other artificial lights can make your brain feel like it’s not yet time to sleep and make your brain release cortisol. | <urn:uuid:ff3d8c7a-0856-4611-b472-3e0ab349bdf9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.terrycralle.com/can-you-change-your-circadian-rhythm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.945708 | 1,173 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The number of COVID-19 deaths hit record levels for the second day in a row in Russia.
Health authorities reported on Wednesday that 669 people had lost their lives to the virus over the previous 24 hours, breaking the previous record of 652 deaths established the day before.
Russia’s state coronavirus task force has been registering over 20,000 new coronavirus cases and around 600 deaths every day since last Thursday. On Wednesday, 21,042 new contagions were recorded.
St Petersburg, the country's second city, which will host the EURO 2020 quarterfinal between Switzerland and Spain on Friday, deplored the death of 119 people on Tuesday, its highest daily tally since the global health crisis started.
Russia, Europe's worst-affected country with 135,214 deaths, has in recent weeks been hit by a surge of Delta variant cases.
The spread of the variant "of concern" and the soaring infections numbers have prompted the authorities to reintroduce measures to curb the spread of the virus.
In Moscow, the EURO 2020 fan zone was closed and local authorities also ordered that all food courts in shopping centres be closed.
Russian officials have blamed the surge, which started in early June, on Russians’ lax attitude toward taking necessary precautions, growing prevalence of more infectious variants and laggard vaccination rates.
Several regions, including Moscow, have also introduced mandatory vaccination for some sectors to boost the low vaccine uptake.
According to Our World in Data, only 15% of the country's 146 million inhabitants have received at least one dose of the vaccine, compared to 49.8% in the EU, 53.6% in the US and 65.5% in the UK. | <urn:uuid:bc0af823-d956-4e85-80b5-2bc03530e4d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2021/06/29/covid-19-russia-sees-record-daily-death-toll-with-652-fatalities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.957203 | 351 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Thanks to being in a test-city for Google’s ultra-high-speed internet service, some small businesses in Kansas City, Mo., could have access to the super-fast fiber network in the next few months, according to the Kansas City Star. (Provo and Austin are the other two test locations.) Google’s service, called Google Fiber, will provide an internet connection speed of one gigabit per second, roughly 100 times faster access than most Americans have.
While Google has initially focused on residential service, according to the Star, it has begun sending questionnaires to businesses in the network area. In the notice, Google Fiber said it would connect a “limited number of small businesses’ to its network “in the next few months.”
The questionnaires asked the businesses about what industries they’re in, number of employees, if managers have Google Fiber at home, their use of cloud storage and technical issues about their existing provider.
Google recently announced that the company has “started early discussions with 34 cities in nine metro areas around the United States to explore what it would take to bring a new fiber-optic network to their community.”
Disclosure: SmallBusiness.com comes to you from Nashville, one of those 34 cities being considered. Excuse our lack of neutrality if we say we’d love to have Google Fiber 100 times more than any other place. (If you’d like to say why your city should be selected, please feel free to add a comment below.) | <urn:uuid:2f656c69-d689-4fe6-9317-9be0adb60523> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://smallbusiness.com/tech/google-fiber-coming-to-kansas-city-businesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.949124 | 318 | 1.695313 | 2 |
1st in a series discussing the decline of US public companies
According to a 2017 Report by the Department of the Treasury, the number of domestic public companies in the US has declined by nearly 50% over the last two decades. This trend is 100% opposite the trend in other developed countries with similar institutions and economic development. While US public listings dropped by about half since 1996, listings in a sample of developed countries increased by 48%.
Similarly, according to the Treasury Report the amount of debt and equity primary capital raised in the private markets was noticeably more than the comparable amount raised in the public markets. From 2012 through 2016, the debt and equity capital raised through private offerings was 26% higher than that raised through the public markets.
A subsequent article will address the following questions:
- Why are there fewer companies and IPOs in the US?
- What benefits is a company forfeiting by not “going” public?
- How does this trend negatively impact “Main Street” investors? | <urn:uuid:72fc6c66-d05f-4b29-911f-b675caf30488> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bullsnbears.com/2018/04/27/the-decline-of-the-us-public-company/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.969788 | 205 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Active substance: clomiphene citrate
Tradenames: Clomiphene citrate, Cyneric, Clomid, Clostilbegyt
Clomid is prescribed to stimulate ovulation in women. It is an non-steroidal ovarian stimulant. It acts by interacting with the estrogen receptors, often in a antagonist way, in different tissues in the body such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, vagina, cervix. An important aspect is that this drug will oppose the negative feedback of estrogen on the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis, increasing the production of gonadotropins (LH and FSH). That raises fertility!
Basically, Clomid is a synthetic form of estrogen, similar in structure to tamoxifen. Partly in men acts as an anti-estrogen, and can prevent some unwanted estrogenic side effects of anabolic steroids, but is weaker than Proviron, Nolvadex or Teslac. But because it raises the levels of LH and FSH it increases the production of endogenous testosterone. This effect is especially beneficial at the end of steroid cycle, when the body testosterone production is very low. In this case Clomid is very effective in combination with tamoxifen. If testosterone is not quickly restored to normal a decline in size and strength can happen.
WARNING: some patients can experience visual disturbances when using clomiphene citrate, such as blurry vision, spots or flashes. These symptoms usually occur at high doses and disappear after a few days. In rare cases these symptoms persist after discontinuation and are not reversible. These side effects affect the capacity of operating vehicles. If such visual symptoms occur discontinue use immediately and never use clomiphene citrate again.
Side effects are rare, Clomid is usually well tolerated. There may be redness of certain areas or hot flushes (10.4% of users), abdominal discomfort (5.5%), nausea / vomiting (2.2%), visual symptoms (1.5%), headache (1.3%).
For the antiestrogenic effect the dose is 50-100 mg / day, but usually is not used like this, tamoxifen being a much better choice . It is more often used in doses of 50-100 mg / day for 30 days after the end of a steroid cycle, to restore testosterone production. It is mostly used in conjunction with other drugs in post cycle therapy. | <urn:uuid:26bfc7f7-c5af-4d3f-84fa-5f3c115c61fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.steroizi.ro/antiestrogeni/clomid-clomiphene-citrate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.901988 | 511 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Am Wingertsberg 4
61348 Bad Homburg v.d. Höhe
The Forschungskolleg Humanwissenschaften: Fellows 2010
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Events | FKH
16-17 September 2022Bad Homburg Conference 2022
»Kindheit und Gewalt. Wie können wir eine Kultur des Wegsehens überwinden?«
Bad Homburg Conference 2022Sabine Andresen about the conference on »Childhood and violence«
New publicationThe anthology »Komplexität – System – Evolution. Eine transdisziplinäre Forschungsperspektive« presents initial research results
Fellows»Wenn der Rationalist die Vorstellungskraft bemüht« – Interview with Michael Rosenthal, UniReport of Goethe University Frankfurt
FKH videoLecture by Michelle Yeh (University of California, Davis): »Classicist Drama in Digital Times«
Fellows»Erschöpfte Politik« – Portrait of Nica Siegel in the UniReport of Goethe-University | <urn:uuid:15c777ac-a723-459c-9be2-2fa2b18f4706> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.forschungskolleg-humanwissenschaften.de/index.php/en/fellows/fellows-2010 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.68282 | 527 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Minimum of 300 words with at least 2 peer review reference in 6th edition apa style.
What is the difference between leadership and management? Should all nurses be considered leaders? What characteristics of nurses make them leaders? How do your responses compare or contrast with the view of power according to servant leadership? Support your response with evidence from the textbook or study materials. | <urn:uuid:c2a68fe6-a919-4401-bbb1-ba6783233fa4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fastnursinghelp.com/nur-674-d2q1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.952668 | 73 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Looking for a fun, free weekend activity that showcases cool art and educates you on our city’s ever-expanding public transit system?
Consider Metro Art Moves, a free series of regularly scheduled and special tours showcasing the diverse range of site-specific artworks that are featured within the Metro Rail system.
Among the current featured programs is a second Sunday tour of Union Station (being provided June – December) as part of a celebration of the 75th anniversary of historic Los Angeles transit center.
Led by trained Metro Art Docents, these tours will explore artworks located in the Gold Line Portal, East Portal and inside the Metro Gateway Headquarters Buildings, plus you’ll get access to spaces not generally open to the public, including the old ticket concourse and former Fred Harvey restaurant.
Oh yeah, and did we mention the tours are totally free and there are no reservations required.
Each tour takes place from 10:30am – 12:30pm on the second Sunday of the month starting in June, 2015.
[UPDATE: We’ve updated this post and added the new dates for 2016 below!]
Here are the scheduled dates for all of 2016:
- January 10
- February 14
- March 13
- April 10
- May 8
- June 12
- July 10
- August 14
- September 11
- October 9
- November 13
- December 11
The second Sunday tours meet at the information booth inside the Alameda Street entrance to Union Station.
In addition to the second Sunday tours, there are two other regularly scheduled tours provided by Metro (held year-round).
These docent led tours focus on educating the public about art work created in the Red Line Stations, how to navigate Metro and what destinations can be accessed by using the Metro.
The first meets every first Saturday from 10:00am – 12:00pm at the street level entrance to the Hollywood/Highland Metro Rail Station
The second tour meets every Sunday from 10:00am – 12:00pm at the information booth inside the entrance to historic Union Station at 800 Alameda St in Downtown Los Angeles.
Remember these tours are mostly walking (they saying 90% walking on their website so be prepared to be on your feet for awhile.)
Docents will provide tour attendees with free TAP cards that are pre-loaded with day passes.
For more info, visit metro.net.
Oh, and enjoy! | <urn:uuid:5006352a-a90b-4a47-ad05-1bba8b904c4f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.welikela.com/free-monthly-metro-art-tours/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.944187 | 504 | 1.5 | 2 |
Homemade Garlic Ghee
Servings: 16 ounces
- 1 pound butter
- 4 cloves garlic smashed
In a medium saucepan over medium/low heat, melt the butter. Add the garlic and stir.
Increase the heat to medium/high and allow the butter to come to a boil. Boil for approximately 1 minute.
Reduce the heat to low and simmer lightly for 4-5 minutes. You'll notice the milk fats have settled on the bottom of the pan and the clarified butter is on top.
Use the strainer and cheesecloth to strain the ghee into a glass jar and discard the milkfat.
Allow the ghee to cool and place the lid on the jar.
Store in a cool, dark place for up to 3 months. Use as you would regular butter and also to saute and pan-fry foods.
Tools and equipment;
saucepan, strainer, cheesecloth, glass jar with lid
Serving: 1ounce | Calories: 204kcal | Carbohydrates: 0g | Protein: 0g | Fat: 22g | Saturated Fat: 14g | Cholesterol: 60mg | Sodium: 202mg | Potassium: 9mg | Fiber: 0g | Sugar: 0g | Vitamin A: 710IU | Vitamin C: 0.2mg | Calcium: 8mg | Iron: 0mg | <urn:uuid:6dcf0607-65f9-49fd-8a30-fe0444889a33> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kudoskitchenbyrenee.com/wprm_print/recipe/29206 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.831028 | 295 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Need a little more energy to start your day in lockdown?
Try this 10-minute yoga sequence to balance your body and focus your mind. No yoga equipment is needed. These yoga postures, suitable for beginners, can be performed on a mat or the carpet in your living room.
Let this yoga routine wake you up with flexibility, balance, and strength so you can face the day with a peaceful mind!
Here are five yoga exercises to do at home daily to get in shape.
Also read: Some Tips For Food And Nutrition In Self-Quarantine
The Child’s Posture
Kneel, then spread your knees apart, leaving your big toes together.
Bring your hands forward until your forehead is gently resting on the floor.
Perform in-depth, steady breaths in and out for about 3 to 5 breaths without getting distracted and focusing on your yoga practice.
Go from child pose to table pose, shoulders in line with wrists, and hips in knees.
Divide your weight equally between your hands and knees and relax your feet. Contract your abdominal muscles and lengthen your spine.
The gaze is directed towards your hands.
(Tip: If it bothers your knees, place a towel or the rolled edge of a yoga mat under the knees for extra support.)
Press your hands to round your upper back. Do as if a string pulls the middle of your back to the ceiling.
Drop your head forward. And hug your chin to your chest, tucking your stomach in, pushing it against your spine.
Release your stomach and lift your chest.
Without moving your hands, spread your shoulders. Lift your gaze to look forward or upward and dig your lower back.
Pull your shoulders away from the ears.
Alternate between the cat pose and the cow pose for two or three times.
The Dog Upside Down
Bring your hands forward slightly, curl your toes, and lift your hips into the downward dog pose.
Your legs can stay slightly bent, but your heels should touch the floor.
Distribute the pressure on all your fingers while pressing on the ground. At the same time, push your hips up.
Do this posture for 3 to 5 breaths.
Also read: How To Teach Children To Swim: A Simple And Detailed Guide
- MORE INFO:- technoologyan | <urn:uuid:f28c98ca-0476-46cd-979c-c28b46da5b3e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.stylebeautyhealth.com/5-yoga-poses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.91437 | 492 | 1.96875 | 2 |
It is said to be extensively known that free infectious HIV-1 could be the main type of the virus in the blood of infected people. Study authors from U.S. Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), nevertheless, have apparently illustrated that basically all of the contagious virus particles could attach to the exterior of red blood cells which appear to be inaccessible from every 30 normal human donors.
The scientists clarify that the data illustrates the contagious HIV-1 virus particles fastening to red blood cells supposedly contain only a minute quantity, maybe as tiny as an average of 2.3% of a usual HIV-1 preparation. Also erythrocyte-bound HIV-1 is then believed to be roughly 100-fold more infectious as compared to free i.e. non-cell-bound HIV-1 for infection of target cells.
The lead investigator, Dr. Carl Alving, expert in MHRP in the Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), commented, “If the same behavior of binding of infectious HIV-1 to red blood cells occurs in humans, it might be possible that red blood cell-bound infectious virions are protected from degradation or immune attack.”
The chief study author, Dr. Zoltan Beck, expert in MHRP in the Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), mentioned, “This study suggests that erythrocytes might serve as an important, and perhaps hidden, reservoir for infectious HIV-1 virions.”
The study mentioned that contagious virions apparently only comprise of a minute portion of a usual HIV-1 preparation. If this was in a laboratory surrounding, all the contagious virions could strap to red blood cells and other non-permissive cells i.e., cells that cannot be contaminated. If this is factual in HIV-infected humans, it may denote that red blood cell-bound HIV-1 could perhaps be more significant as opposed to free virus for broadcasting of transmittable HIV-1 to target cells that may be infected.
The study was published in PLoS ONE. | <urn:uuid:6085045a-13bf-40f5-af80-d63f1ffc7633> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.healthjockey.com/2009/12/16/comprehending-the-supposed-fastening-qualities-of-infectious-hiv/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.944398 | 439 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Type: Zeitschriftenaufsatz (reviewed)
In order to enhance the reliability and performance of space-based Lidar systems, it is desirable to increase the damage resistance of ultraviolet antireflective coatings. For laser pulses with nanosecond pulse duration, laser-induced damage is known to be triggered by nano-sized defects embedded in the optical coating. In this work, we demonstrate the mitigation of damage precursors during the manufacturing of ion-beam sputtered (IBS) coatings using two approaches: ion bombardment with a secondary ion source and laser irradiation with a nanosecond-pulsed laser. Optical coatings produced with both technologies show a significantly increased damage threshold when tested in large-area raster scans. | <urn:uuid:d9808b0c-2d1d-4709-a4de-53b371700b0a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lzh.de/en/node/46653 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.901758 | 188 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Ghana Education Service: Blended Education Delivery begins with SHS1 Students
Deputy Director General of Ghana Education Service, Dr. Anthony Boateng has indicated that management of Ghana Education Service has learnt their lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic and for the matter management have taken measures to implement blended education system in the Senior High Schools.
Prior to the the implementation of the blended education system, Ministry of Education in collaborations with Busy Internet have provided all Senior High Schools with high speed fiber optic Wi-Fi internet access, which is the major requirement of blended education system.
Blended learning is an approach to education that combines online educational materials and opportunities for interaction online with traditional place-based classroom methods. It requires the physical presence of both teacher and student, with some elements of student control over time, place, path, or pace. While students still attend "brick-and-mortar" schools with a teacher present, face-to-face classroom practices are combined with computer-mediated activities regarding content and delivery. Blended learning is also used in professional development and training settings.
Content created and supplied by: Nedved (via Opera News )
Opera News is a free to use platform and the views and opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author and do not represent, reflect or express the views of Opera News. Any/all written content and images displayed are provided by the blogger/author, appear herein as submitted by the blogger/author and are unedited by Opera News. Opera News does not consent to nor does it condone the posting of any content that violates the rights (including the copyrights) of any third party, nor content that may malign, inter alia, any religion, ethnic group, organization, gender, company, or individual. Opera News furthermore does not condone the use of our platform for the purposes encouraging/endorsing hate speech, violation of human rights and/or utterances of a defamatory nature. If the content contained herein violates any of your rights, including those of copyright, and/or violates any the above mentioned factors, you are requested to immediately notify us using via the following email address operanews-external(at)opera.com and/or report the article using the available reporting functionality built into our Platform See More | <urn:uuid:d314f81a-4879-46f7-b5ec-63996c72bbd0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gh.opera.news/gh/en/education/97412f13dbe7eb907ddb4138410e0276 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.93605 | 472 | 2.25 | 2 |
Rating: Certain people should avoid
Cochineal extract is a coloring obtained from the cochineal insect, which lives on cactus plants in Peru, the Canary Islands, and elsewhere. Carmine is a more purified coloring made from cochineal, but in both cases, carminic acid actually provides the color. These colorings, which are extremely stable, are used in some red, pink or purple candy, yogurt, ice cream, beverages, and other foods, as well as in drugs and cosmetics. They appear to be safe, except that a small percentage of consumers suffer allergic reactions ranging from hives to life-threatening anaphylactic shock. Carmine and cochineal have long been listed on labels simply as "artificial coloring" or "color added." In 2009, in response to a petition by the Center for Science in the Public Interest, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration gave the food industry until January 1, 2011, to clearly identify the colorings as carmine or cochineal extract on food labels to help consumers identity the cause of their allergic reaction and avoid the colorings in the future. Unfortunately, sensitive individuals must endure any number of allergic reactions before identifying the cause. The FDA rejected CSPI's request for labels to disclose that carmine is extracted from insects so vegetarians and others who want to avoid animal products could do so. | <urn:uuid:9b0ee069-d037-4fb2-90d1-015377d0dfef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cspinet.org/article/carminecochineal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.943438 | 291 | 2.75 | 3 |
Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Auckland, New Zealand
Tumanako Fa`aui is a lecturer in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at The University of Auckland, New Zealand. He is interested in the integration of indigenous knowledge systems and mātauranga Māori (traditional Māori knowledge) within western based methodologies and the engineering decision making process best applied within indigenous contexts. Tūmanako has worked with Māori (indigenous peoples of New Zealand) communities around the country on a range of engineering projects including community disaster response and geothermal resource management. | <urn:uuid:2aadb088-8959-4b6a-8d1a-3f9957defda9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aspire.usu.edu/deals/faaui-tumanako/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.93407 | 135 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Remember the war dead on Memorial Day
This three-day holiday weekend marks the beginning of the summer season (despite last week’s 90-degree days) but also the serious and somber task of recalling and honoring those who have died in our nation’s service.
As an outgrowth of the “brother killing brother” in the tragic Civil War, the placing flags on graves started shortly after the war ended in 1865. For decades, there were separate “Decoration Day” observances among northern and southern states. The observances were eventually merged.
The term “Memorial Day” was first used in 1882, but it didn’t come into common usage until after World War II. The name became official by federal edict in 1967, and the next year, it became part of several holidays shifted to Mondays to allow three-day weekends.
Numerous cemeteries have special activities to observe the day, which include speeches, music and prayers.
Memorial Day is the last Monday in May and “bookends” the summer season with Labor Day in September. So enjoy time off from work and school, but don’t take our freedoms for granted. They were earned and kept through efforts of our military members.
Helping immigrants in today’s political climate
With the theme “What can we do to help?,” the Salem Fellowship of Reconciliation will meet at 4 p.m. May 28 to consider that.
Speaker will be Pedro Sosa, the director of immigrant rights program of the American Friends’ Service Committee. He is originally from Guatemala and has conducted numerous training sessions in the Northwest on the rights of immigrants.
The bilingual event will be in the Salem Friends Meeting House, 490 19th St. NE, Salem. A no-host potluck will follow at 5:30 p.m. Information is available at 503-371-6109.
Hank Arends is a retired religion/community events writer for the Statesman Journal who writes a weekly column on religion. He may be reached firstname.lastname@example.org or 503-930-9653. | <urn:uuid:2c7c3cd0-f111-4a4e-a390-548fa20a460f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/life/faith/2017/05/25/remember-war-dead-memorial-day/102161960/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.963044 | 454 | 2.390625 | 2 |
If you’re an expat, you know the struggles of adjusting to a new life. Many challenges come with moving to another country. Sometimes problems arise that you didn’t anticipate, and this includes mental health issues.
Sometimes it becomes hard to handle everyday tasks. Living abroad can be wonderful, but it’s not uncommon for expats and their families to experience mental health issues. The most common problems are anxiety and depression, but there are other ways in which the stress of leaving one’s home country can affect them.
For this reason, we have gathered some points to help you understand how these aspects of such a major life change can affect you and how those can be addressed in therapy.
Reasons to Consider Seeing a Therapist
1. Chronic Sadness
It’s normal for people to experience sadness and feel grief for short periods. But, when you find the feeling is just not going away, it may be time to seek help.
Sometimes this prolonged feeling could mean not adjusting well to the changes of moving and feeling down about it. It could also mean that you have lost motivation to do new things, and your previous hobbies aren’t interesting anymore. Irritability, worthlessness, and guilt are all possible emotions you can feel that signal the need for professional help.
2. Social Withdrawal
Your own house can sometimes feel like a prison. Communicating with the new people in your new country may be uncomfortable, and the feeling isolation can be even more stressful.
You may also have issues at work or school. You might avoid interacting with others because of social anxiety, whether you’re interacting with colleagues or classmates. The language barriers can make it hard to reach out to anyone.
3. Lack of Ability to Cope with Everyday Problems
Some problems are more complicated than others. But when every day begins to feel like a struggle, it can become a heavy burden to bear. You might have issues adjusting to the culture in your new country. You might also have problems adjusting to a new diet and might lack a healthy appetite.
Disturbed sleep habits are another common symptom. You may sleep too much or too little. Your diet, weight, and thinking may also be different. Minor depression that was once manageable may have become a more prevalent part of your daily life.
4. Substance Abuse
Substance abuse can happen slowly. You may find yourself drinking or smoking more than you typically do. An addiction may have developed as a result of loneliness, or as a coping mechanism that masks underlying issues. These issues may include depression or anxiety.
Likewise, you may have begun taking pharmaceuticals to manage your anxiety or depression And formed a dependency on these drugs to the point of abuse. Any chemical dependency is significant and should be addressed by a professional.
5. Suicidal Thoughts or Feelings
If you fantasize about suicide or death or are thinking about it regularly, it’s time to get help immediately. Expats frequently develop feelings of isolation, worthlessness, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide due to their displacement in a new society..
Your life as it is may feel hopeless, worthless and you find yourself withdrawing from everything. You might become reckless and stop caring about putting yourself in danger. These cues are a significant indication that you are suffering from severe depression, and should be addressed with a therapist right away.
Help Preventing Mental Health Issues
While many of these issues are chemical and unavoidable, there are some things to do to prepare you for the issues you may face. Expats are at high risk for several mental health conditions that can be damaging. These mainly include anxiety and depression.
Another common issue is known as “expat grief.” Expats will grieve for what they have left behind, be it a home, family, or friends.
The good news is you can prepare for these common issues. People don’t plan for mental health problems, but it’s best to be aware of the risks you face. Even before you move, you can learn how to cope with the issues you’re likely to face and possibly prevent more pronounced and severe effects down the line.
Take time to consider the realities of expat life in addition to the exciting possibilities ahead. Do some research, consider talking to a mental health professional before you leave as a way to prepare for your new life abroad. Be aware of all of the risks, and make sure your expectations are realistic. There are many wonderful things to look forward to as an expat, but don’t forget that every new beginning has its challenges that must be addressed.
Contact Lisa Rogers Today for a Session
Expat anxiety can be debilitating, but it doesn’t have to ruin your new life. Counseling services can help with your anxiety, and you can even get online counseling from someone who understands the unique needs of the expat community.
At Lisa Rogers Counseling, I offer a wide range of therapy and mental health services for several areas. You are not alone in your struggle and neither are your loved ones. Reach out today to make an appointment.
I provide services in:
- Adult Therapy: Individual, marriage, couples, group and family therapy
- Child Therapy: Individual, group therapy, family therapy, social skills, play therapy
- Adolescent Therapy: Individual therapy, group therapy, family therapy, substance abuse
Current services are all available via Teletherapy. Contact Lisa Rogers for more information.
Since 1993, I have been providing a combination of all my years of training tailoring specific treatments based on the individual needs and challenges of my patients, facilitating healing. I make every effort to accommodate the busy schedules of my patients by offering evenings, weekend appointments and Telemental Health (Online Counseling-Virtual/Video Conference and Phone Sessions) offered in the following states I am licensed in: New York, California, Illinois, Texas, New Jersey, Georgia, Florida, and Vermont. | <urn:uuid:675c24bc-a276-4142-b03d-1ffbe592afcf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lisarogerscounseling.com/expat-mental-health-should-you-see-a-therapist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951158 | 1,229 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Bunbury + -ing, coined by Oscar Wilde in The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) after Bunbury, the fictitious invalid friend of the character Algernon whose supposed illness is used as an excuse to avoid social engagements.
Also know, what is the significance of The Importance of Being Earnest?
The title of Oscar Wilde’s most successful playThe Importance of Being Earnestfeatures a salient pun in the form of the word “earnest”, which means “honest”, and “truthful” and the name “Ernest” which is the name of the alter ego that main character Jack Worthing uses to slide away from responsibilities and do as he
Where did they film The Importance of Being Earnest?
West Wycombe Park, West Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England, UK (Jack Worthing’s country estate in Hertfordshire)
Is Flowers for Algernon based on a true story?
Flowers for Algernon is a science fiction short story and subsequent novel written by Daniel Keyes. The short story, written in 1958 and first published in the April 1959 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1960.
What does it mean to pull off a Charlie Gordon?
The doctors have told him not to. How does Charlie feel when he finds out that Algernon must pass tests in order to get food? He is sympathetic towards him. What does it mean to “pull a Charlie Gordon”? This is to do something stupid.
What inspired the author to write Flowers for Algernon?
The Development of and Inspiration for Charlie Gordon. Keyes developed the idea, story, character, and style for “Flowers for Algernon” over a fourteen-year period. His “education [was] driving a wedge between [him] and the people [he] loved” (Keyes). He wanted to write, not be a pre-med student at NYU.
What is Charlie Gordon’s IQ?
Character Analysis Charlie Gordon. Charlie is a 32-year-old man with an I.Q. of 68, who has struggled his whole life toward the goal of “being smart.” This goal is actually his mother’s obsession, and when she realizes the futility of it, she threatens to kill him.
How did Charlie die in Flowers for Algernon?
Algernon dies after his motor activity slows and he loses coordination. Though Charlie Gordon does not physically die at the end of Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes, it is suggested that he might because he has, after all, followed the fate of Algernon fairly closely up to this point.
Where does Charlie live in Flowers for Algernon?
<< Charlie Gordon – The protagonist and author of the progress reports that form the text of Flowers for Algernon. Charlie is a thirty-two-year-old mentally retarded man who lives in New York City. At the start of the novel, he works at Donner’s Bakery as a janitor and delivery boy.
Who is the protagonist and antagonist in Flowers for Algernon?
Flowers for Algernon By Daniel Keyes The antagonist in the novel, Flowers for Algernon are the following: Dr. Nemur: with his arrogance and lack of pity towards Charlie before the experiment, Nemur comes off very antagonistic. He repeatedly makes the implication that Charlie was not a person before the experiment.
Who are the main characters in Flowers for Algernon?
Flowers for Algernon Character List
Charlie Gordon. The protagonist of the story who authors the writings or “progress reports” throughout the book.
Professor Harold Nemur.
Who is Miss Kinnian in the Flowers for Algernon?
In Flowers for Algernon, Miss Kinnian is Charlie’s teacher at the school that he attends. She is also the person who recommended Charlie for the experimental surgery that will hopefully make his intelligence grow.
Where does the story Flowers for Algernon take place?
1960s New York. Flowers for Algernon takes places in rollicking 1960s New York, around the same time the book was written.
What is the point of view of the story Flowers for Algernon?
“Flowers for Algernon” is told from the first-person point of view, which means the narrator is part of the story and uses pronouns such as “I” and “me.” It is a subjective or limited viewpoint, because Charlie explains the world as he sees it.
What is the setting of Flowers for Algernon take place?
Transcript of Setting of “Flowers For Algernon” The setting of this book takes place in Chicago, New york. This is in Charlie’s world of uncertainty and society of un-acceptance. The time is uncertain in the year but the story lasts from March 3rd, to November 21st.
Where did Charlie Gordon work in the book?
The entire narrative of Flowers for Algernon is composed of the “progress reports” that Charlie writes. Charlie works at Donner’s Bakery in New York City as a janitor and delivery boy. | <urn:uuid:592b424e-4c01-40d4-9394-9bbf6f908180> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://guillaumeboivin.com/what-is-a-bunburyist.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.937724 | 1,181 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker is siding with contrarian optimists: Humanity is entering a post-scarcity economy, rather than a pre-scarcity paradigm.
“If I was forced to come down on one side or the other, I would say post,” Pinker told Paradox during an event in Washington D.C. “Economic growth, except for recessions, all of which have been temporary, has had an upward trajectory. So that means, we’re always in a post-scarcity society. Of course, there’s a possibility of utter collapse, but I don’t think so.”
A post-scarcity economy is one in which nearly all goods are produced en mass, including via simulation, and affordable to most people. A pre-scarcity society, by contrast, is one in which resources become increasingly limited due to overpopulation, overconsumption, and climate change.
“There are technologies that have vastly expansive potential, such as fourth generation nuclear, fusion, 3D printing, mRNA vaccines, and agriculture technologies,” continued the Harvard professor. “There are opportunities for abundance. Whether there will be a collapse where we can all lose all of it, nobody can say for certain. But this is the way history has gone so far.”
Pinker’s body of work is largely one of optimism, with each title examining how human ingenuity over time has produced more just societies. In The Better Angels of Our Nature, the Harvard theorist demonstrated how violence has declined as a whole across human history. His newest book, Rationality, examines theories surrounding logic, probability, and causal inference, in a time when humanity faces “deadly threats” to “democracy” and “the livability of the planet.”
“Though the problems are daunting, solutions exist, and our species has the intellectual wherewithal to find them,” says Pinker in the book’s preface. “Yet among our fiercest problems today is convincing people to accept the solutions when we do find them.”
Despite Pinker’s optimism toward new technological achievements leading to a post-scarcity society, the psychologist is less enthralled by blockchain and cryptocurrency.
“I don’t know, because so much of it has been devoted to speculative bubbles and the massive consumption of energy,” Pinker told Paradox. “The benefits have yet to materialize. Some of the promise benefits like frictionless all-electronic banking seems like it could be done with or without blockchain, but maybe blockchain will make it better.” | <urn:uuid:375b6c2d-3fe6-4734-90a3-74059ab9bfcd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://paradoxpolitics.com/2021/10/harvard-psychologist-steven-pinker-believes-humanity-is-entering-a-post-scarcity-period/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.957456 | 553 | 2.09375 | 2 |
The individual security alarm system consists of object device RT4-5, individual receiver RR4-5m, power supply, antennas and is used for information transmission about condition of object device's inputs (guarded zones), its reception, indication and transmission to other devices without cable mounting.
The system also provides:
The object device RT4-5 is designed for collecting information about guarded object, processing and further transmission via wireless channel to individual receiver RR4-5m. Besides, object device controls its own supply and in case of it's decreasing (less than 10V) transmits information about it to the central alarm receiver. If conditions of inputs of the object device has not been changed for a long time the test message is formed and transmitted to the central alarm receiver.
The individual receiver RR4-5m is designed for collecting and processing information, received from object device RT4-5.
RR4-5m can perform in one of the two main modes:
1. Mode with confirmation.
In this mode it is necessary to confirm reception of each message from object device RT4-5 by pressing the button "RST" on the front panel of the receiver.
2. Mode without confirmation.
It is not necessary to confirm reception of messages in this mode. The sound switches off automatically in 6 seconds after message reception. Received message is displayed at once on the front panel of the receiver RR4-5m. | <urn:uuid:a3f91a56-707d-4fc3-bb26-0d18c9b40b94> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cortex.eu/en/category/small-systems/individual-alarm-systems/rs1-4-radio-alarm-set.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.91185 | 310 | 1.539063 | 2 |
As humans, our fascination with the unknown has, since the beginning of time, led our curiosity to resolve the final destiny of mankind. The resolution of the ultimate consummation of this world has throughout history tickled the fancy of thought, imagination, and prediction. Although the eventual finale unequivocally equates to the end of humanity as we know it, we like a child picking at a sore, continue to poke ideologies, philosophies, and even supposed prophesies into our wondering of when the world will end. At first thought, it tends to incite the fear factor that exists within us, but after acknowledging the inevitable, we seek to know the conclusion of existence on earth.
The compelling determination to behold the end of the line has ushered humanity into the realm of “doomsday mania”. For centuries, people have sought to present their various theories regarding the final tick of the clock. The question is, however, are we there yet? Some of the greatest minds of history have taken a stab at answering that question, although in contrast, it has eluded their framework of thought compared with accepted truths of the Bible. In the sixteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci in his painting, Mona Lisa, and his drawings, The Virgin and Child with St. Anne, and St. John the Baptist, portray images of his doomsday prophecy. Da Vinci, when observed closely, revealed in his later work his prediction of the world ending in a catastrophic deluge. A belief that contradicts what the Bible teaches, in that after the flood of Noah’s day, God promised by the sign of the rainbow that the end will not be of water. Even the popular culture guru of prophecy, Nostradamus himself, used astrology in his predictions, and also claimed not to be a prophet. He wrote in a letter to King Henri II, in 1558, “some of the prophets predicted great and marvelous things to come: though for me, I in no way attribute to myself such a title here”. Moreover, Edgar Cayce, our modern day doomsday predictor, made end of the world predictions that stood in contradiction to Biblical teachings. In spite of Cayce being a professing Christian, his Age of Aquarius or New Age Movement, brought forth through his organization, the Association for Research and Enlightenment, have major discrepancies with what the Bible says about the end.
Finally, did the Mayan civilization get it right when they ended their “long count” calendar at 2012? First, it must be understood that the Mayans had several ways of keeping time, and the Mayan calendar as we know it was one of many. In the long count calendar of Maya, 2012 ends a calendar period (like our century, so to speak) known as b’ak’tun. The misinterpretation of the Long Count calendar is the basis for New Age belief that a cataclysm will take place on December 21, 2012; it is simply however, the day that the calendar will go to the next b’ak’tun.
In the Gospel recorded by St. Matthew, Jesus’ disciples asked Him when will the world end. His answer to them was to observe the signs He gave and ultimately said that no man knew the day nor the hour. Therefore, before we go purchasing thousands of dollars worth of doomsday gear and building safety bunkers underground, look up to Heaven and wait for His Return. For more information on doomsday prophecy, please email Pastor Williams at firstname.lastname@example.org or attend the Bible Study series beginning January 12th every Thursday at 7:00 pm at Macedonia Missionary Baptist Church, located at 1800 England Drive in Alexandria. | <urn:uuid:e0ef105a-9fb5-48bf-a4f4-c5b6f59dbbed> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cenlafocus.com/are-we-there-yet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.959206 | 755 | 2.25 | 2 |
Continued U.S. economic sluggishness, induced by a massive national debt in excess of $15 trillion, should be causing soul-searching in the American foreign policy community about which unnecessary alliance commitments can be shed to save money. Yet, predictably, interest groups supporting empire continue to tout “American leadership” in “strategic” regions of the world.
For example, at a recent forum titled “America: New Energy Superpower?” at the Center for the National Interest—a somewhat restrained source of foreign policy analysis, by U.S. standards—one presenter declared that the United States should continue to defend Persian Gulf oil because no other country had the ability to do it.
I noted that if the United States continues to provide other nations’ security, they have no incentive to provide their own. After all, if someone offered to pay your mortgage, why would you pay it? Furthermore, even in the absence of military power to protect Persian Gulf oil, petroleum supplies are unlikely to be permanently reduced or cut off even if a war occurs in the region. Oil is a lucrative business, and higher prices provide a great incentive for Persian Gulf and other oil producers to find a way to get their oil to market.
Finally, modern developed economies have shown their resilience when faced with high oil prices, and classical economists of the 18th and 19th centuries showed that empire was not cost-effective—that is, it is cheaper to simply pay episodically higher prices for things such as oil than to build even more expensive military forces to secure something that doesn’t need securing. But empire is more “patriotic” and “glamorous” than common sense. Even if some armed might is needed in the Gulf, the wealthy Gulf nations can afford to provide more of it than they do. They provide so little now because the United States is willing to cover the bill.
Similarly, a recent report on the much-touted air war to oust Libya’s leader Moammar Gadhafi showed that our NATO allies remain deficient in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities, logistical assets such as refueling tankers, and precision guided weapons. The allies have again pledged to correct some of these longstanding failures, but even if they fulfill their promises this time—which is problematic given that the health of most of their economies is worse than that of the U.S.—it will take years. They are in no hurry because the United States has provided such assets whenever the alliance goes to war: again, why pay when someone else is paying? This episode illustrates that the United States continues to subsidize reasonably wealthy allies around the world who face poorer adversaries.
That is certainly the case with U.S. policy toward Korea. South Korea now has more than 40 times the GDP of the North. And destitute, Communist North Korea’s long history of engaging in unpredictable, belligerent saber-rattling to gain more food aid and cash from the West has been repeated so many times that the United States should have learned by now. Of course, hawks say that taking a harder line against the North would produce better results. For example, the United Nations Security Council just imposed more sanctions after North Korea attempted to launch a long-range rocket, thereby allegedly violating an agreement to suspend its nuclear and missile programs in exchange for more Western food aid.
Yet the North Koreans are developing long-range missiles principally to threaten the United States because it militarily supports, with troops on the ground, their South Korean nemesis long after South Korea could afford to defend itself. If the United States left South Korea to provide for its own security, faraway North Korea would have little reason to target the U.S. with whatever weapons and delivery means it developed. Thus, why should the United State continue to beat its head against a wall trying to bribe North Korea to be nicer? That is South Korea’s problem, and if the militarily incompetent North could ever successfully marry a nuclear weapon to a long-range missile, it likely would be deterred from any attack on the United States by the most powerful nuclear arsenal in the world.
Even in tranquil Europe, more than two decades after the Cold War ended, the U.S. still has 40,000 troops. That total will drop to about 30,000 by 2015, but the United States just can’t bring itself, no matter how low the threat, to completely withdraw its imperial military presence from anywhere.
Finally, Israel is richer than its foes and has 200 to 400 nuclear weapons, so why should the U.S. continue to give that wealthy nation $3 billion a year in military assistance?
In all of these areas—the Persian Gulf and the Middle East, East Asia, and Europe—the financially strapped American Empire can no longer afford to provide unnecessary and camouflaged welfare to rich allies.
Republished with permission.
Posted: Tuesday, 23 April 2012 | <urn:uuid:0f62512a-b49b-4bfd-a067-8319e4e6f923> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.laprogressive.com/foreign-policy/strategic-alliances | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.958697 | 1,036 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Successful engineering of a coolant lubricant nozzle for 3D printing
Function integration despite limited space
Additive Manufacturing is a disruptive technology, that enables the production of precise fitting, high-efficient and individual components. The nozzle project we’ve started in 2017 with Grindaix GmbH and TRUMPF shows the possibilities of 3d printing.
The biggest challenge in internal diameter cylindrical grinding lies in the limited space between the part and the tool for the coolant nozzle. Therefore, the lubricoolant required for the grinding is usually injected from the outside. For this purpose the Graindax experts were looking for optimization options in the 3D design of the nozzle.
We took the specifications provided by Graindaix and TRUMPF for the nozzle and created the perfect model in a step-by-step process. Prototype production allowed the team to implement every possible optimization within a reasonable timeframe and budget.
This resulted in a significant cost reduction of 51 % as well as a weight reduction of 25 %.
Follow this link https://www.trumpf.com/en_GB/magazine/form-follows-function-3d-printing-starts-in-your-head/ for the full article on this success project.
3D printing allows engineers completely new ways in the design of products. One of the strengths is the function integration. However, this means to leave the beaten path and requires a shift in thinking. Bionic Production helps with that!
If you are looking to improve your knowledge in Additive Manufacturing, need help in the engineering process or are looking for a reliable partner in 3D printing your parts – contact us! | <urn:uuid:6823cf9d-c341-4b59-92fb-039afd5ca1e1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bionicproduction.com/en/success-story-coolant-lubricant-nozzle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.912301 | 342 | 2.078125 | 2 |
We are usually passive in church; we accept what is said and done. Culture, the military, the church hierarchy; they silence us, and we do not want to see that, and we are angry. But we do the same: we preach and teach on peace and justice as if other people should make it happen. We must stop being silent, for that it is active and colludes with power. Domestic violence is not far from our society: it is all over. Church institutions, and even congregations, may be unwilling for pastoral violence to be spoken of in public, preferring silence, especially where the minister is seen, and wishes so to be seen, by members as their family head. It was interesting to discover, when travelling across India recently, that there are seminaries in which at least one ordained male member of staff was known to hit his wife regularly. None were disciplined. Complicity is thus not merely that of the pastor, but indirectly his people, this seminary, that denomination.
If we are silent, (in this space within our own tent ed:) we support making a difference between Gods children, and that is sin.
Silence, Collusion and Sin: Domestic Violence among Christians. Madang, Vol. 15 (June, 2011), 49-74 Elizabeth Koepping
Bad Faithed is a movement which was birthed in a symposium held at Westminster College part of the Federation of Theological Colleges at the University of Cambridge. A small gathering of a dozen, with three Anglican Bishops (two female, and one male), four female survivors of domestic abuse and loss of tied housing due to the collapse of their former marriages, three theologians, a sociologist of religion and a representative of the next generation of theological students now entering into the Anglican Church. Over the course of the day we wrestled with some of the issues emerging from the testimony which was brought through sound recording, video and those present in the room.
Some of the questions arising from the question – Is tied housing a blessing or a curse with regard to Domestic Abuse ?
We explored the silence surrounding the situation behind the manse/vicarage door when it is closed – despite the gold fish bowl effect which many spoke of.
To the question implicit in the provocation – what is the extent of Ecclesial Domestic and Child Abuse we had a forest of more questions?
Who can tell?
Who is speaking?
Who is listening?
who is counting?
What happens when silence is broken around abuse and violence?
Who is counting the cost?
What is Ecclesial domestic abuse? Financial, Emotional, Physical and Spiritual abuse in the Ecclesial home.
What are the resources to respond?
Do we need more of the same, or a transformation?
Is the Ecclesial system complicit? and in what way?
Where are the partners who will assist churches to step up to the challenge?
Are churches’ responses gendered? and if so is there a gender equitable response?
What are the impediments to rethinking the model if deemed complicit to silence?
What lessons can be learnt from other institutions with tied housing at the heart of their service delivery model?
How to build better systems going forward
The inaugural Conference of BadFaithed is on the 4th October 2018 at Bloomsbury Baptist Church in Central London.
We have a wonderful range of speakers and panels lined up to enlighten us as to what is going on currently in this area of Ecclesial domestic abuse, and how the resources to respond appropriately need to be lined up. Looking forward to you being with us, and to bringing an organisational representative to come along to further inform the initial responses underway in our churches and faith organisations.
Find out more on our Events page | <urn:uuid:21af3927-7a9e-48ab-b81c-87522ea282db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.badfaithed.org/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.967228 | 785 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Boston in New-England: Printed for Samuel Gerrish, 1728. First edition. Unbound pamphlet, stitched, 8.25 x 5.5 inches, , 24, pages, rather wildly untrimmed. Large general damp-stain; lower corners chipped, some flaws to the blank lower margin of the title page; a good, sound copy. Item #18981
The early American clergyman, historian, and amateur natural philosopher Prince here delivers the sermon to welcome new governor William Burnet, who was said to have been confirmed in his religious belief by Sir Isaac Newton himself; this sermon from Prince, appropriately enough, argues for a Newtonian view of Providence, with forces, particles, and laws of matter. See Theodore Hornberger. “The Science of Thomas Prince.” The New England Quarterly 9, no. 1 (1936): 26-42. Lacks the half-title. Sabin 65587; Evans 3093. | <urn:uuid:f08cd144-b621-4db1-8b5c-dac2b7af1d28> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bibliophagist.com/pages/books/18981/american-sermons-thomas-prince/civil-rulers-raised-up-by-god-to-feed-his-people-a-sermon-at-the-publick-lecture-in-boston-july-25-1728 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.900953 | 210 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Summary in English
Klitta is owned and run by the private foundation “The Seascoutvessel Klitta” based on the principles in The Danish Scout Association and the KFUM-scouts programme. The foundation
has the purpose of giving young scouts the special experience and skills of sailing a wooden vessel the old-fashioned way.
Our vessel was built in 1988 as a replica of a small traditional cargo vessel designed for shipping goods between the Danish islands in the late 19th century. A pickup truck of its time.
Klitta is normally stationed in Aarhus and take scouts on trips for a day, a weekend or a week. In the last 25 years, more than 12.000 scouts have been aboard Klitta.
Usually Klitta cruises in Danish waters, but over the time Klitta has made visits to Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Holland, Germany and Poland. In 2013 Klitta had its first appearance in The Tall Ships Races
Jagt build on Læsø in 1987-1988
Length: 13,4 meters (44 foot)
Width: 4,04 meters
Draught: 1,65 meters
Tonage: 18 BRT
Engine: 6 cyl. Sisudisel 127 hk. | <urn:uuid:e5e7dea3-6f07-4a58-bc7b-93a55128b5f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.klitta.dk/index.php/summery-in-english | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.933468 | 281 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Dawn Bloom/Incidents/Drone Launch Site Raid
Incidents > Drone Launch Site Raid>
This page describes a major event in the Dawn Bloom ARG.
Since 2017-01-12, drones have been active in the False Point region and possibly up as far as Albany, NY. The drones appeared to be fulfilling some sort of hunter killer role in hunting down rift entities but has also interfered with our operations in recovering transmissions from the moon. Since the run in with the CHRP.exe drive, an effort was made to determine the origin point of the drones to shut them down either for good or to strike a blow to the operation. On 2017-02-22, a compiled report was provided to Q98A66 which were investigated since then.
Order of Events
Progression of events provided by Liaison's report:
Site Alpha was Project Oceanology in Groton Our observation team determined that a compromise here was allowing a third party to infiltrate and utilize drone asessts here for unusual activity Coast Guard confirmed abnormal behavior in typical activity We follow a suspect in van to Site B Pine Island Marina We identified three vessels early on that were operating with conventional masking of their purpose a civilian They were not civilian At this time we did not understand why they were stealing and misusing equipment from Site Alpha Saturday, we observe the suspect, confirmed non-civilian travel to Groton New-London Airport, or site C A strike was called early sunday morning because it was confirmed that materials from the airport, transported as though they were emergency organs, were in fact non-human samples Having taken control of the van at site C, our forces were already in place at site beta Diagnostic and Tactical approached with Contraband, but some unknown method revealed our ruse The enemy ships fled, and we allowed to think they had escaped before using sattelite tracking to observe their escape routes High command determined that two of the fleeing vessels were dummy targets, neutralized by our own ariel drone capability, and the third vessel was briefly disabled before being boarded by Agency forces The exchange was quick enough to offer little reason for enemy intelligence to suspect that we had gained control The enemy agents onboard were privately hired and high command simply seized them As hostages they continued normal evacuation to their rendevouz while our negotiating team quickly leveraged them against their employer, our enemy, whom they had no hard data on Site Delta, the rendevouz point was here given to us as Mystic Shipyard LLC This site was already in heavy purge/abandon mode when our agents arrived Surrounded they released specimens to engage our forces from two larger boats, and from within a larger warehouse structure More on the specimens later, as that is still being kept secure I can confirm it is what Tactical (Prior) engaged in Albany Air support delivered Diagnostic to the scene who had been placed in a blue light sealed cask with no oxygen since friday Once delivered his cask was breached and a violent agitated entity (as was suspected) had emerged with him Our forces were largely used to contain civilian exposure, but from the river a large group or unit of the same kind of drone we had previously engaged came to sortie Diagnostic and his new entity had a profound effect on the specimens, and they began a engagement in the warehouse section, which had a very professional albeit non-permanent labspace The engagement ended when Control, advised by both Medical and Brain, called for a full pull out or fall back from the delta site High command followed this advice The drone unit the enemy deployed surfaced after a brief sortie with our forces, and violently exploded releasing a still unknown biological agent It is rift based and highly toxic At this point Brain used his connection to the hmong Spirit in Diagnostic to prod or call on the Sleeper Which erupted and leveled the warehouse and several boats Reports become inconsistent here as different agents, and members of the strike force recall different events more on that later after roughly six hours the site was under our control and the bio agent cleaned Some enemy forces were injured, but the exposure to the toxic agent has killed most of them as of now I believe we have three or four survivors in critical
Said survivors in the report have since perished but have some sort of unusual fungal like growth on their bodies currently. No further details have been provided at this time. | <urn:uuid:981c26a2-363d-4a19-8b5e-a6cfb001f20f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wiki.gamedetectives.net/index.php?title=Dawn_Bloom/Incidents/Drone_Launch_Site_Raid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.984001 | 882 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Shaun D’Souza, youth worker and LGBTIQAP+ artivist, Queerstories
Challenges with housing is multifaceted, but people in positions of power can actually solve it easily if they wanted ...
The issue of youth homelessness – particularly as it applies to trans and gender-diverse youth and people of colour – is one created as a result of systemic inequalities. Surmounting the barriers placed between disadvantaged youths and access to stable living situations and health services is an urgent issue, and those supporting and advocating on behalf of these groups play a crucial role in rectifying the imbalance and providing guidance. Youth workers like Shaun D’Souza are tackling the issue head-on, utilising artivism to connect with and empower disadvantaged communities and reduce levels of social isolation. In addition to their work with marginalised youths, Shaun is also an inspirational creative force. They’ll be speaking as part of Queerstories at the Brisbane Powerhouse on Saturday November 16. Ahead of the event, we spoke with Shaun about their work combating trans and gender-diverse youth homelessness, creating safe spaces for minority groups, using art to connect, and how the general public can be a better ally.
Take us back to the beginning of your career working in the young people homelessness sector – what first encouraged you to be a youth worker?
I had the privilege of initially supporting young homeless people as a part of my student placement for university. I was here exposed to the marginalisation that young people experience that inadvertently effect their capacity to sustain housing. From there on, I committed to learn more about the people of Brisbane, especially those who belong to several intersections of identity that face discrimination.
Much of your work focuses on combating trans and gender-diverse youth homelessness, as well as creating accessible and safe spaces for people from minority groups. For those that might be unaware of the challenges experienced by the people from these communities, what are some of the major barriers placing them at a disadvantage?
The boundaries put in place by the gender binary and heteronormativity is largely prevalent in mainstream society and has caused a lot of damage to trans and gender-diverse people systemically. These boundaries, historically, were also in ways put in place by British colonisation and the challenges that trans and gender-diverse people face are still much prevalent, often not covered by news outlets. These challenges trickle down to people often experiencing housing instability and poor experiences with accessing health services, which has also resulted in drastically high rates of social isolation, self-harm and suicide.
In your role as a youth worker, how do you primarily try to tackle these disadvantages, institutional and otherwise?
A large portion of the work in my advocacy involves raising awareness and conveying the message that everyone deserves fairness in our society regardless of their gender, sexuality, nationality and ability. I also aim to create art that calls out for inclusion, especially for those LGBTIQAP+ individuals who are also people of colour.
You’re a vocal advocate for artivism – blending creative endeavour with socially conscious activism. Can you break down how art and creativity are commonly best used to address issues affecting minority groups?
I am exposed to a large amount of disadvantage that people of the LGBTIQAP+ community in Brisbane experience. I find that it is not in my privilege to create art without addressing issues that are important to my community, and allowing space in my activism to listen and learn from communities that I am not a part of (First Nation’s people, people with disabilities, etc.). I believe that the mere existence of art, diversity and culture in the face of oppression is a sign of protest and can empower people to engage in artivism just by speaking up their truth.
What are some of your personal highlights and proudest achievements working in the homelessness sector to date?
I find myself to be incredibly privileged to be allowed by young people to be in their journey to find stability. Most of my work includes creating space for young people to find self-empowerment. This pretty much makes every single moment with them special.
You spend your days assisting and caring for others – how do you practice self care?
I have an amazing community of people around me who outrightly support me and my work. Having a therapist and people in the community I can regularly engage with to work on my challenges has been the most effective form of self care for me.
You’ve written about ways the community can be better allies to gender-diverse people of colour. Are there any ways that the greater public can contribute positively towards solving the issues surrounding youth disadvantage (organisations worth supporting, ways they can volunteer, etc.)?
The greater public needs to realise that homelessness does not exist because we do not have enough homes. Homelessness exists because we do not have enough affordable homes. Having people on the streets costs more to the government than actually housing them. We need more people to advocate for affordable housing. We need more people to support the destigmatisation of alcohol and other drug use. We need more people to advocate for a mental health system that goes beyond the ten-session model. Challenges with housing is multifaceted, but people in positions of power can actually solve it easily if they wanted.
You’ll be taking the stage at Brisbane Powerhouse next month as part of Queerstories. Can you give us insight into the story you’ll be sharing with the audience on the night?
I am so excited to be back on Queerstories, especially at the Powerhouse! I have some big announcements – it is all a secret, so hush now. Come find out!!
Finally, as a Brisbane local, where are some of your favourite spots to dine, play or explore?
I am a huge fan of Asian food and Sunnybank is my go-to escape for some yummy treats! I also enjoy spending time in nature, so I take any opportunity to go for a cheeky hike or a lazy afternoon picnic at a nearby park.
Shaun will be participating in the latest edition of Queerstories, taking place at the Brisbane Powerhouse on Saturday November 16. Click here to purchase tickets now! | <urn:uuid:eae9a8a5-365d-480f-b6cc-122af63804ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://theweekendedition.com.au/the-locals/shaun-dsouza/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.963503 | 1,268 | 2.234375 | 2 |
New research from the University of British Columbia Sauder School of Business has found that transplant societies which prioritize kidney transplant chains over kidney exchanges can increase the total number of transplants, thereby saving more lives.
Typically, kidney donations are allocated in a kidney exchange, where pools of patients are each paired with a loved one willing to donate. When a pair is incompatible because of differences in blood type or other tissue sensitivities, donors within the exchange are swapped among incompatible pairs to allow for more transplants. But, when an altruistic donor – meaning someone willing to donate his or her kidney to anyone in need – enters the kidney exchange, the number of potential transplants increases dramatically.
The study is the first to determine the minimum and maximum number of transplants that can be expected in a kidney transplant chain for small- and medium-sized exchanges, which are common in medical practice.
“We know through previous studies that kidney transplant chains are incredibly important, but our research has found that adding just one altruistic donor to a kidney exchange — thereby creating a chain — can lead to substantially more kidney transplants,” explains lead author Yichuan Ding, assistant professor at the UBC Sauder School of Business. “Our findings will greatly benefit patients, especially those who are hard-to-match.”
Allocating donated kidneys to deserving patients with end-stage renal disease is an important challenge in today’s health care system. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, in 2015 there were 2,858 patients waiting for a kidney transplant, with 604 kidneys originating from deceased donors and living donors providing 383.
“Right now, the longest kidney transplant chain in the world has completed 88 transplants since 2013, with additional surgeries still scheduled,” Ding says. “We believe our algorithm could be incorporated into current medical decision-making tools to extend this chain even longer, further improving accuracy and speed of matching.” | <urn:uuid:1c0d8e93-ab67-4341-9305-ae15b2a2769d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com/study-kidney-transplant-chains-more-effective-in-saving-lives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.947006 | 398 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Life has no meaning: a liberating perspective of real well-being
We trace our ancestors back some 200,000 years. Unlike the vast majority of species that have ever existed, we (humans) are still here. This is not as impressive as it might seem at first. Compared to some life forms, notably the dinosaurs who ruled for about 175 million years before their extinction 65 million years ago, being around for 200,000 years is not that impressive. Furthermore, conditions for most humans, until very recently, were pretty grim. Life expectancy as late as the Middle Ages was 25 years at birth: 50% of children died before their fifth birthday! Furthermore, a relatively good life, at least in terms of comforts, safety, clean air and water, opportunities for happiness and love, sanitation, abundant food, and other measures of quality of life, was appalling by contemporary standards. in developed nations. Personal extinction was always present.
It is unlikely that people who lived for all but a fraction of human time did not spend much time pondering the meaning of life.
Speaking of extinction, consider this somewhat disturbing reality: We are all doomed as well, not just as individuals but as a species, along with all other life forms, and the Earth itself.
How much time do we have?
It depends. Countless natural or human-induced calamities could fall on the cosmic curtain at any time, perhaps as you’re reading this, such as asteroid strikes, thermonuclear wars, a supernova, or volcanic eruptions combined with earthquakes. Less sudden but no less epic terminal misfortunes, like the loss of the biosphere to global warming, widespread pandemics, or other sci-fi-like events could do it, like a blitzkrieg of aliens with serious attitude problems.
Even if our descendant Homo sapiens survives for a few hundred, or a few thousand, or even millions of years (it seems unlikely), eventually Ecclesiastes’ lament will be fulfilled, that is, everything will be futile, completely futile. Humans are doomed. How does that behave with the meaning of life?
What awaits us?
Unfortunately, the absolute certainty is that our Sun is mortal, like us. While its lifespan is more impressive than ours, it will eventually go the way of all meat, albeit decidedly not meat. Yes, our Sun is going to die. It is currently about four and a half billion years old and has already burned about half of the hydrogen in its core. There’s barely enough left to keep the lights on for another five billion years, tops.
Once the fuel runs out, the Sun will begin to expand, getting hotter and hotter. The Earth will become a giant desert, only insects and bacteria will remain. Later the oceans will boil and everything will catch fire. Eventually, the sun explodes, although no living thing will notice, and the Earth and our solar system will disappear without a trace.
But, look on the bright side. You will have been dead for a long time before those things happen.
The truly amazing news, really very good
While billions of people around the world still do not recognize the ultimate nonsense, the good news is that the eventual recognition of said nonsense could bring dramatic advances for humanity, such as the way we treat each other. If almost everyone realizes and adjusts to the reality that there is no purpose to our existence, no grand scheme, no divine plan, no overall design, then compassion, kindness, empathy, and other decency might be more attractive than today.
Think about it. Your presence as a humanoid makes no sense: you have no predetermined role. You are inconsequential, like everyone and everything else. You and me and we are all alone, without a loving or angry deity or savior to care for or care about us, without a god of heaven to reward or punish. No invisible and unknowable superpower that will do favors for prayers or inflict harm if we don’t adhere to what priests and preachers, ayatollahs and rabbis, sorcerers and shamans insist that they require us to do or not do.
Consider the overwhelming probability that there is no hell below or heaven above, no afterlife of any kind, period. Your momentary presence on this planet as a somewhat advanced life form is a cosmic accident. It is highly unlikely, and a true wonder.
This life is and never lasts long, so try to experience and share as much joy, art, music, drama, happiness, exuberance, love and such before you die. The end is near, keep going.
This are good news!
Make no mistake, this is really good news. It is an incredibly wonderful and liberating perspective. It is a good reason to set a course to live life well and die happy. Celebrate and shape your own meaningless existence in ways that do mean something, many things that are precious to you and to those you love and care about.
In no way does lack of ultimate meaning mean that you should or are more likely to disregard the welfare of others. In contrast, a view of life as meaningless except for what purposes we invent makes us as likely to care about others as we care about ourselves. This sentiment mirrors Robert Ingersoll’s thoughts on death, as reflected in these two excerpts:
What would this world be without death? It can be from the
fact that we are all victims, of the fact that we are all
united by a common destiny, it may be that friendship and love
They are born from that fact. (Lotus club addressMarch 22, 1890, New York.)
Perhaps death gives all that is valuable in life. yes those us
the pressure and tension within our arms could never die, maybe
that love would wither from the earth. Maybe this common
destiny pulls the weeds from the paths between our hearts
of selfishness and hate. And I had rather life and love where
death is king who has another life where there is no love.
(Prayer at the grave of a childJanuary 8, 1882, Washington, D.C.)
A philosophy of solidarity
We know from Viktor Frankl, Irving Yalom, and many existential philosophers whose work focused on finding meaning in this life, that service to others is the surest path to happiness.
Many of those who can afford to indulge in lavish self-indulgence choose instead to dedicate themselves to the causes and service of their fellow men, and derive lasting meaning and satisfaction from doing so.
The list of such notables is long: familiar examples include former presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton, Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, Sonny Bono, Angelina Jolie, and many others.
Here’s what Apple CEO Tim Cook told a graduating class at George Washington University:
There are problems that need to be solved, injustices that need to be ended, people that are still being persecuted, diseases that still need cures. No matter what you do next, the world needs your energy, your passion, your impatience with progress. The story rarely gives in to one person, but think and never forget what happens when it does. (Tim Cook, Beginnings, George Washington University, May 17, 2015)
That can be you. That should be you, all of us, leaving a mark and a
positive, albeit modest, difference during the brief moments of our time. No, none of that will matter to us when we’re gone, but it makes sense for a while, while we and those we affect still exist.
Of course, with a REAL wellness philosophy, you’ll want to go one step further: learn, adopt, and maintain a lifestyle that promotes well-being, reason, exuberance, and personal freedoms; do that and you will surely make the most of your chances.
Despite the absence of illusions about an ultimate, cosmic, predetermined purpose that you may have long suspected was fantasy, you will have filled your time with consequences, with meaning and purpose of your own design.
May your life be epic and triumphant. | <urn:uuid:8ca8a748-49fc-452c-840d-e1780ad14cd3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ointes.com/life-has-no-meaning-a-liberating-perspective-of-real-well-being | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.958157 | 1,670 | 2.46875 | 2 |
New York: Leveraging publicly available tweets or other social media posts could help disaster response agencies quickly identify impacted areas in need of assistance, says a new study. By analysing the September 2013 floods in Colorado, US, the researchers showed that a combination of remote sensing, Twitter and Flickr data could be used to identify flooded areas.
Twitter “FEMA (the Federal Emergency Management Agency), the Red Cross and other response agencies use social media now to disseminate relevant information to the general public,” said Guido Cervone, associate professor of geography at Pennsylvania State University (Penn State).
“We have seen here that there is potential to use social media data from community members to help identify hotspots in need of aid, especially when it is paired with remote sensing imagery of the area,” Cervone noted.
After a disaster, response teams typically prioritise rescue and aid efforts with help from imagery and other data that show what regions are affected the most. Responders commonly use satellite imagery, but this on its own has drawbacks.
“Publicly available satellite imagery for a location isn’t always available in a timely manner — sometimes it can take days before it becomes available,” Elena Sava from Penn State explained. The 2013 Colorado flooding was an unprecedented event. In nine days in September, the region received nearly the same amount of rainfall it normally receives in a year.
Officials evacuated more than 10,000 people and had to rescue several thousand people and pets. Because the flooding occurred in an urban setting, the researchers were able to access more than 150,000 tweets from people affected by the flooding.
The findings, published in the International Journal of Remote Sensing, confirmed that Twitter data could serve to identify hotspots for which satellite imagery should be acquired. | <urn:uuid:595e6b78-a757-43df-b61b-7becfc7d4e74> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://archive.siasat.com/news/tweets-can-quicken-disaster-response-905052/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.947338 | 370 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Nov 07, 2001 · On the router, this defines both networks: 192.168.10.0 on eth1 and 10.0.0.0 on eth0. It also assigns 192.168.10.1 as the default gateway. It also assigns 192.168.10.1 as the default gateway.
Nov 07, 2001 iptables - How to Set Up Linux Server As A Router with NAT This is the simple script could do the trick it has all the essence which needed by router its well tested on UBUNTU 16.04 #!/bin/bash # This script is written to make your Linux machine Router # With this you can setup your linux machine as gateway. # Author @ Mansur Ul Hasan # Email @ email@example.com # Defining interfaces for gateway. Linux Router Project - Wikipedia
Apr 14, 2020
Configuring network clients. In this example, there are a variety of Red Hat Linux and Windows operating system clients on a LAN. One Red Hat Linux computer has a connection to the Internet and is set up to act as a router between the Internet and the other computers on the LAN (as described previously). Jul 27, 2013 · This article will explicate setting up your ubuntu system as a router which can later be configured as a firewall with prior knowledge of 'IPTables'. The resulting setup will help you to control traffic over ports and make your system less vulnerable to security breaches. When using a linux server as a router, *some* devices dont have internet or have limited connection to internet. I have a server running debian 10 as my router. For some reason, some devices arent able to connect to the internet but others are. The issue isn't limited to connection type, both wired and wireless devices have issues. This is a list of router and firewall distributions, which are operating systems designed for use as routers and/or firewalls . Linux distribution running from a RAM drive. Its original target was small appliances like routers, VPN gateways, or embedded x86 devices.
News: Router lockups have been a problem for me ever since I got my first 802.11G Router in 2004. Since then, we've seen companies roll out supposed "e;power user"e; routers or routers
Nov 23, 2004 · There are a few ways to set up a Linux machine as route. Here is a relatively straight forward and common method. This method requires that the system use iptables for Network Address Translation (NAT). ADVERTISEMENTS This step by step small howto will help you to setup Linux router only in 2 minutes. Configuration steps … Continue reading "How to setup Linux as a router for DSL, T1 line etc" Feb 20, 2020 · Now we want to share this Linux box’s connection with the other computers in the local area network with ip in 192.168.0.0/16. Setting up the gateway. All the operations in this part is done under root on the Linux gateway. Manipulate the IP route table # ip route add 192.168.0.0/16 dev eth0. or # route add -net 192.168.0.0/16 dev eth0 The main NAT router thought which A gets the Internet on the other end of the eth0 cable has an IP of 192.168.1.1. In some situations, if A will not be behind a NAT router, but will have a default Gateway configured. In this case, it will be your gateway's IP address (that A obtained with the DHCP client for example). A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. We can transform a Linux machine into a Virtual Router, if we have two interfaces on the Linux machine, and each interface is connected to a different network. We’re looking into coding a program to automate the router monitoring process. We’ve managed to save ourselves the startup costs associated with hardware routers. And, due to the nonproprietary nature of Linux, we’ve left ourselves "open" to a very flexible future. Aug 25, 2015 · I’ve recently started using a small Linux server at home again as a network router and firewall. However, I used systemd-networkd this time and had some great results. Let’s get started! Overview. Our example router in this example has two network interfaces: eth0: public internet connectivity; eth1: private LAN (192.168.3.1/24) Currently, however, I am in an office building, and I have the connection coming into a modem, which goes into a router, which goes into a network switch, which then goes into eth0 as specified above. Current Tutorials: I looked at some tutorials (Ubuntu tutorial is the best one), and I have looked at some of the router questions here (ie. | <urn:uuid:1d9b3ee0-a01f-4146-ad29-75b67de3b085> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vpnbestnhps.web.app/oliveros3161baky/linux-as-a-router-543.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.927689 | 1,010 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Tendu contractors and gram panchayats to be responsible for prevention and extinguishing of fires
Maharashtra has become the first state in the country to ban collection and sale of tendu leaves in areas where forest fires occur. The state forest department’s latest tender notice for tendu collection contracts issued on January 17 features a clause that tendu contractors and gram panchayats will be responsible for preventing and extinguishing of fires in tendu units (areas where tendu grows) from January 15 to June 15 every year.
It further says that if a fire covering one hectare or more occurs in a tendu unit between January 15 and the date of auction, the unit will be withdrawn from auction without compensation. If fire takes place after a unit has been auctioned, the contract will be cancelled without compensation and the security deposit of the contractor withheld.
The document also acknowledges that a large number of fires in tendu areas are started deliberately by contractors to get better growth of young tendu plants, which are more commercially valuable.
The new regulations have not gone down well with the state association of tendu leaf contractors the Gondia Bidi Leaf Contractors’ Association. They boycotted the tendering process held at the forest department’s office on January 30. Jayesh Patel, president of the association, denies that the tendu contractors deliberately start fire and says the responsibility for preventing fires should rest with the forest dwelling communities. He adds that one of the leading causes of forest fire, the department’s own fire-lines going out of control—a safety measure undertaken to prevent spread of fire by burning dry vegetation—has never been acknowledged by it. “By introducing the clause, the department is putting in danger wages worth Rs 600 crore of the 4.5 lakh tendu collection labourers every year,” he says.
The forest department is firm in its stand. Tendu is not a revenue source for the department as the entire amount earned is passed on to tendu collectors as bonus, says Ramanuj Chaudhary, assistant principal chief conservator of forests. He adds that if contractors do not respond positively, tendu units will be passed on for collection to the gram sabhas and gram panchayats.
Mohan Hirabai Hiralal, veteran forest rights activist, says that while the department’s move will not be sufficient in preventing forest fires, it is a positive step. “This is the first time the department has officially admitted what is common knowledge that tendu contractors are responsible for deliberately starting forest fires. Before this, the department has always blamed forest dwellers, saying fires happen due to carelessness or for the purpose of mahua collection.”
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Comments are moderated and will be published only after the site moderator’s approval. Please use a genuine email ID and provide your name. Selected comments may also be used in the ‘Letters’ section of the Down To Earth print edition. | <urn:uuid:905be2c9-c8ad-4ba4-801b-d24ee633bad3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/maharashtra-forest-department-bans-collection-of-tendu-leaves-from-areas-prone-to-forest-fires--35893 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.948901 | 687 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Beholding beauty beckons you beyond the bounds of botched behaviors and bummed out beliefs, into the peace of God. Skin-deep beauty is cosmetic, but beauty from deep within is character-based.
If beauty was rare it would be continually cherished, but because it saturates the world we often neglect to savor it.
Beauty is perceived in the soul, it’s not just seen with the eyes. When beauty is seen with the eyes it pleases; when perceived in the heart it transforms.
To misperceive something and falsely believe it’s true is to deceive yourself. Always ask: Am I seeing things correctly?
Thoughts and feelings about God are fine, but they can never replace being consciously perceptive of God and interacting with Him. An encounter with the risen Jesus is worth 1,000 sermons. An ongoing relationship with Him is priceless!
To believe in God, pray, read the Bible, and go to church and yet be unaware of God’s presence in your life, is faith short-circuited. The best face lift (and faith lift) comes from open heart surgery. When Christ transforms the heart a person’s face begins to shine.
Repentance isn’t just to change behavior. It’s to change the way you see–to “behold the Lamb of God” and see from His perspective rather than from your own.
Community requires caring, open, heart-felt interaction. Without that a group of people is just a crowd or an audience. | <urn:uuid:1e0a850b-5d00-4beb-af0c-6666f4a2cd85> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hopethoughts.com/2019/06/02/beauty-treatment-is-more-than-cosmetic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.93403 | 322 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Free Printable Colored Algebra Tiles Template PDF is free worksheets available for you. This worksheets was uploaded at January 02, 2022 by admin in Worksheets.
Algebra Tiles Printable - Everybody would like to have been able master Algebra 1 or Pre-Algebra worksheets in middle school. Sometimes , they fail to master the subject and it might get a bit difficult. It won't be an issue in the event that you are able to learn and tackle Algebra and Pre-Algebra problems on the internet. There are plenty of times throughout one's life that they have to learn.
Free Printable Colored Algebra Tiles Template PDF can be downloaded to your computer for free by right clicking the image. Do not forget to leave a comment if you love this worksheet. | <urn:uuid:22d7751d-17e6-478f-9573-5888aadff351> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://algebraworksheets.co/algebra-tiles-printable/free-printable-colored-algebra-tiles-template-pdf-23/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.958446 | 169 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Carnival Day in Santo Domingo
and it is Carnival Day in Santo Domingo.
Or so it was, when the nation feted
Carnival and Independence Day
on the same date,
getting us quite confused
as to which of the two
we truly honored.
As I stood amid the revelers,
in the Malecón, the seaside boulevard,
the procession began in a ritual order.
First came the troops from the navy,
then those of the air force and the army,
followed by huge, massive tanks,
and unbearably solemn,
marching in tune
with the national anthem.
I watched, puzzled
at this imposed homage
to an uncertain freedom.
Then came the joyful cries:
Dancers and performers
blew strident whistles
at the populace,
as the King of the Carnaval
urged us, Baila en la calle de día.
Baila en la calle de noche!
And dance in the street we did
in the most heated frenesí.
I danced, too, and lost myself in it all,
and desires emerge
as the crowd titillated
with hidden trepidation.
who had been thrown out of Hell
and had broken a leg,
leapt with huge, horned
brightly dressed in silky red,
tiny mirrors and shiny sleigh bells,
lashed out with whips
and hardened cow bladders
at the screaming, scattering crowd.
I ran, too, and laughed, scared to death!
Africans dressed in dry plantain leaves,
faces painted with burnt oil and charcoal
(because no one, of course,
is that black these days . . .)
came out and frightened us next,
threatening to hug us and taint us
with their sticky blackness.
Indians covered with feathers,
brandished their spears,
bows and arrows,
long gone ghosts
as Death herself reigned
supremely over them.
I watched them, too, and marveled
as these indios always so present
in people’s mouths
finally appeared and showed us
their coveted straight and glossy hair.
Drag queens followed
in this, their one and only
day of fun and glory
in a country that dreaded them
more than the creepier travesties
that made up certain lives.
One of them looked at me and winked,
directly in my face!
I beamed as she went off
so dignified, so straight and utterly free.
Then, most enigmatic of all:
Mesdames, the queens of the Carnival!
Roba-la-Gallina (Palo con ella!)
Hen-the-Stealer (The stick for her!)
The big-ass mama
begged for candies for her chicks.
Then Se-Me-Muere-Rebecca (aie aie!)
My-Rebecca-Is-Dying (aie aie!)
The big-ass mama
begged for medicine
and wildly cried,
her dying baby,
as all around us poked fun at her.
I watched them, too, quite stunned
by the deep meanness of it all.
And as a bleeding sun
set over the Caribbean,
and I dragged my tired feet
back to my other world,
Indians and Africans,
and women of the populace,
all went back to their closets,
their hell, their mean days,
their shackles and graves,
for their day of freedom
had now come to an end.
Sophie Maríñez is a poet, a scholar, and a professor of French and Spanish at the Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York. Born in France, partially raised in the Dominican Republic, and having lived in New York City since 1994, she has also worked as an actress, a translator, a journalist, and, from 1997 to 2000, a diplomat for the Dominican Republic in Mexico. As a scholar, she holds a PhD in French from the Graduate Center, City University of New York, and has worked on early modern French literature, Dominican American identity and literature, and Haitian-Dominican relations. Her poetry, which she writes in French, Spanish, and English, centers on her life-long interests in hybrid identities and social equity. | <urn:uuid:73bbee3a-9bac-44e8-b219-0bb2093743b7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://smallaxe.net/sxsalon/poetry-prose/poem-sophie-marinez | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.902624 | 1,004 | 1.679688 | 2 |
You can stay younger, feel younger and look younger with hgh supplementation and go on to age gracefully. Disgraceful aging should be avoided and you can do that with the information available on this site if only you will read a little further.
Your hormones grow as you grow and peak at about 30 years of age. You probably remember being a teenager, and having your hormones run (and wreak havoc upon) your life. If you live long enough, you would have discovered that it is no longer what it used to be.
But what many people don’t stop to consider is that your hormones continue to rule your body, your mind, and your life until, well, the end of your life.
Your “endocrine system,” which is the system that releases and regulates hormones in your body, governs a wide variety of bodily functions, including mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function.
A major player in the endocrine system is known as the “Human Growth Hormone” or “HGH.”
HGH is interesting because it is the key to so many functions of our bodies, including cell regeneration, metabolism, and sexuality.
… Which means that HGH directly impacts the health of our skin, our muscles, our body fat, sexual appetites, and more. HGH also directly governs our moods, sleep patterns, and cognitive abilities.
So what happens when the HGH in our bodies begins to DECLINE?!?
An Aging Growth Hormone
As we age, all of us experience a drastic decline in our HGH levels. What happens next is what you might expect: all of the areas governed by HGH begin to suffer.
Here’s some shocking news: Our HGH levels begin to drop at around age 30.
That means that after the age of 30, our skin begins to wrinkle, sag, and lose that “youthful glow”…
… Our muscles lose much of their bulk, while our bodies at the same time begin to store more fat…
… Our sex drives begin to slow down – or even plummet…
… We don’t sleep as well. Our moods are affected. Our mental faculties seemed dulled…
Of course, all of this begins to happen slowly – so slowly that you may not even notice it at first. But after a few years the effects are clear: You’re definitely not as young as you used to be.
Well, we all get older, right? True.
But the reality is, some of the challenges of growing older are problems that you simply don’t have to live with. And that’s because scientific research has discovered new ways of harnessing the power of HGH so that you can slow the aging process and live life to its fullest – no matter what age you are.
Harnessing the Power of HGH
The most effective way to harness the power of HGH is actually NOT to ingest it (which doesn’t work) or inject it (which is prohibitively expensive).
Instead, the most natural and cost-effective method is to actually stimulate your body to produce its own HGH.
By targeting the endocrine system (and the anterior pituitary gland, located at the base of your brain, which rules the release of hormones), your hormonal age can actually be turned back like the hands of a clock.
The right blend of proteins, amino acids, herbs, and other natural ingredients can literally fool your body into thinking it is younger once again so you can look and feel healthy, young, and revitalized.
A doctor-approved, scientifically formulated solution called GenF20 Plus is the leading HGH-releasing anti-aging product on the market today.
It works by stimulating your pituitary gland to produce and release more HGH into your body. As a result, your cell production, organ function, and mental clarity will begin to function like they did in your youth.
To find out more about how you can stimulate the production of HGH in your body and combat wrinkles, muscle loss, weight gain, a lagging libido, a dulled memory, and the many other ailments of aging, go to GenF20.com. | <urn:uuid:a3626814-41f4-4941-a76d-4966ae004db4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cbdoil.com.ng/2020/04/04/look-younger-feel-younger-stay-young-with-hgh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.947594 | 892 | 1.78125 | 2 |
You put everything you have into building a small business, and it's producing a profit annually. However, you're still struggling to gain name recognition among your competition. The good news is that there are many things you can do to separate your business from others in the same field.
When you tend to a customer's needs, they in turn not only remain loyal, but they tell others about your business and ultimately give you new customers without the expense of advertising.
If you only focus on bringing in new customers and not keeping them, you'll never grow to your full potential. People will remain loyal to a business if they feel satisfied and respected. For instance, if you sell insurance and one of your customers calls in to report a claim and no one gets back to them, they won't feel like they matter. Excellent customer service is an important component of any business and its success. When you tend to a customer's needs, they in turn not only remain loyal, but they tell others about your business and ultimately give you new customers without the expense of advertising.
Promoting Your Business
There are many ways to promote your business. Some of the tried and trusted "old-school" ways include sending direct mail, advertising on radio or TV or billboards. Today, with everyone seemingly on any one of a number of electronic devices with access to the internet, businesses now have other tools they can use to reach a much larger audience. Social media platforms attract millions of viewers daily and email is a way of life. These resources allow businesses to market their product for less money with higher visibility. These methods also allow you to narrow your efforts to your target demographic.
While social media platforms allow you to reach a large population each day, they can often miss the mark because they don't provide the personal, human factor. Trade shows allow you to meet people face-to-face and make a real connection and lasting impression. Many of the facilities that sponsor these events provide tables, leaving you to add the finishing promotional touches like a banner, business cards, and a pamphlet that tells the story about your business and the services provided.
Fairs and flea markets are also another way to gain name recognition among people in your area. With a party tent, a few tables and your product and services around you, you'll easily get people to stop and take a look, and again, leave a lasting impression.
One of the best ways to grow a business that's stagnant is to get involved with your community. Doing things like sponsoring the local baseball team or donating to charity events in the area, will keep your name present and in the minds of people around you. It also transforms you from a successful business owner to a caring member of the community.
Appreciation is another component of a successful business. One of the best ways to let customers know how much you appreciate them is to give back through corporate events. This type of annual or semi-annual party allows customers to see you as a real person.
Rewards programs are another way that many successful businesses keep their name in lights. A small reward or find's fee for a business referral goes a long way to growing the business without the need to spend tons of money in advertising.
Tragically, many small businesses never get off the ground and end up closing their doors within just a few years. It's not that they don't have a good product or services to offer. But rather, that they weren't able to get their name out to the public. It's not enough to build the better mouse trap if no one knows about it. | <urn:uuid:7a8e51f3-8d63-483e-90b0-929e3ab98a98> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.laprogressive.com/sponsored/name-recognition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.971685 | 752 | 1.695313 | 2 |
There are two kinds of productivity. The first is the productivity of a company: how much can be done by how many people? The second is almost the same but relates to your personal productivity. As we're living in a fast developing world, the same is expected from you. And while developing demands a lot of energy, being productive can make things easier on you.
At Nightwatch, we think increasing your productivity makes for better quality. When you really pay attention to the tasks in front of you, you notice all the details. And when you have an overall idea of what needs to be done, tackling the tasks becomes easier and you'll get more productive. In the long haul, this means more time for you to spend on other things and yourself.
So, what can Nightwatch do to improve your productivity? A lot, actually. Our natural extreme energy drink is made up of plant based ingredients only. The focus is on a leaf called guayusa. The guayusa leaves contain xanthines that release energy, very slowly over time. This means you don't get to experience a sugar rush but do feel focused during a long period of time. While working, this is something that everyone values highly. You don't want to feel focused for just 15 minutes but throughout the whole day. When drinking Nightwatch, that is exactly what will happen and your productivity will increase immensely. A growth like that will only support your innovativity and give you confidence.
The power that the guayusa leaf delivers, also contributes to that productivity. Not only will you be focused on the particular tasks, you will also have the power to, for instance, start with the most boring or hard one.
The guayusa leafs do not only contain caffeine but also l-theanine which makes sure you stay relaxed. We find it important for you to feel energized but not rushed. The l-theanine will also contribute to your feeling of focus but in an easy and tranquil way.
Nightwatch will give you all the natural ingredients to feel focused and energized. Not only your cognitive but all of your performances will get better and you will feel stimulated and ready to increase your productivity. | <urn:uuid:9ee7caa5-50af-41dd-a0e9-4f9fe8799695> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nightwatchdrink.com/news/productivity-a0e3X00001aU6VSQA0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.968666 | 448 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Rituals for Recovery is an Ontario based non-profit organization whose primary goal is to help survivors heal from complex trauma and combat the stigma surrounding it. We accomplish our mission by working towards the following:
- Mentoring, guiding, and supporting survivors through their trauma recovery journey.
- Facilitating and advocating for a more trauma informed world.
- Educating the public, corporations, and health and wellness professionals on how to be trauma informed.
- Providing resources that will help individuals and communities expand their understanding of trauma.
A trauma informed world with systems and networks of recovery and prevention; where healing and hope for a future in which equality, justice, inclusion, and harmony are the new normal for all.
OUR CORE VALUES
As a non-profit and humanitarian community, Rituals for Recovery adheres to the highest ethical standards, and is guided by the following 7 core values:
We deliver our services with policies and procedures that uphold the safety, well-being and confidentiality of our clients and staff. We are committed to transparency, sharing operational activities, stories and lessons with the people and partners we humbly serve.
We identify as an ever-evolving organization that believes in and commits to continuous learning, maintaining peak performance, and staying ahead of industry standards.
We believe in a community-based approach to combating issues surrounding complex trauma. We welcome and foster collaborative relationships with others that share in our vision of a trauma informed world.
Outreach & Advocacy
Through our advocacy and outreach services we defend the voices and rights of trauma survivors and marginalized groups. We also bring attention to the reality that trauma is more often a collective problem than an individual problem.
We support and encourage different forms of volunteering with the understanding that diversity and a variety of expertise are invaluable tools for change. We provide a platform for people to shape the places and spaces where they live, work, and play.
We help trauma survivors rebuild their lives, self-worth, and agency by empowering them with tools for healing and recovering from complex trauma.
Respect & Diversity
We honour and respect the worth, dignity and diversity of all people and have committed to fairness, equality, inclusivity in running our organization and serving our community.
Rituals for Recovery relies on a trauma-informed framework to support those who have been impacted by trauma and adversity. The framework is adopted from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach and is based on the following six principles:
Our service delivery and organizational structure are built to be trauma sensitive. We therefore provide an environment that protects the physical and psychological safety of our clients and staff.
Trustworthiness and Transparency
We conduct organizational operations and decision-making with clarity and transparency to build and maintain trust among supporters, staff, volunteers, clients, and family members of those receiving services.
Peer Support and Mutual Self-Help
We integrate trauma survivors into our organization and learn from their lived experiences to develop services that are reliable, guarantee client safety, and empower them to recover and heal.
Collaboration and Mutuality
Lasting recovery requires cooperation, meaningful power-sharing and mutual decision-making. We stand by the healing of trauma through community and multi-stakeholder collaboration.
Empowerment, voice, and choice
Each client's experiences and needs are unique. We therefore defend personal preferences, include clients in decision-making, and work with them to develop personalized treatment plans.
Cultural, historical, and gender issues
We actively defy cultural stereotypes and biases, offer gender responsive services, leverage the healing value of traditional cultural connections, and recognize and address historical trauma.
Our Project Partners
OUR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Our mission to empower survivors, heal complex trauma and combat the stigma around it, is supported by our drive to safeguard the mental health and wellbeing of trauma survivors across the SDGs.
The sustainable development goals we wish to focus on are - to end poverty in all its forms, to advance the health and wellbeing of all, to promote education that is both inclusive and equitable, to further gender equality and women empowerment, to reduce inequalities within and among countries, and to strengthen global partnerships for the SDGs. | <urn:uuid:34dd4b24-9e1e-43b3-9ad5-5a4df4a1fca3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ritualsforrecovery.com/overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.939542 | 924 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Nearly a year after 22 people were killed by the bomb at the Manchester Arena it's been revealed children as young as nine are still being treated for post traumatic stress.
And many people left traumatised say they're having to rely on charities for psychological support rather than the NHS.
One GP, whose stepson was killed in the attack, says he and his wife are having to fund their own treatment with money they've raised themselves. Meanwhile, the Warrington Peace Foundation charity say they've seen a 600% increase in calls since.
Sarah Rogers has been to meet those struggling to cope, one year on:
The design for a memorial to Eilidh MacLeod has been unveiled nearly two years after she was killed in the Manchester Arena bombing.
People affected by terror attacks like the Manchester Arena bomb are being failed by mental health services, a new report has found.
The foundation aims to provide help and support to self-employed families if they lose a child | <urn:uuid:822e150f-d3af-451d-b95d-b9f1f3b71c8f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.itv.com/news/granada/update/2018-05-16/children-as-young-as-nine-treated-for-post-traumatic-stress-after-arena-bombing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.988229 | 203 | 1.742188 | 2 |
How Much Water is Too Much for Your Lawn?
We know how much you want that perfect shade of green for your lawn by the time summer rolls around. That’s why many of us spend the spring and summer regularly maintaining the grass, adding seed to the bare patches, fertilizing, and watering. And watering. And maybe watering some more. Wow, that’s a lot of watering! But exactly, how much is too much water for your lawn?
We have the answer to that question right here.
How Do You Know If You’re Watering Your Lawn Too Much?
Yes, it is possible to overwater your lawn, just as it is to underwater it. Too much water can drown the grass, causing them to die and preventing that green lawn you’re dreaming about.
Think of your houseplants. When you water them too much, what happens? Water pools and isn’t absorbed by the soil or it leaks out from the bottom of the planter, as your plants slowly die. Well, that’s what happens to your grass.
Some classic signs of overwatering your lawn include:
- Puddles: If your grass is squishy when you step on it after watering it or you see puddles forming on the grass, that’s a giveaway you gave your grass too much water.
- Weeds and fungus: If you saw an abundance of weeds, such as crabgrass, or fungal growth like mushrooms, this is a cause of overwatering.
- Irrigation runoff: After irrigating your lawn, the water runs right off instead of the soil soaking it up.
- Dead grass: Dying or yellowing patches of grass are caused by too much water.
So you know the signs of overwatering. How can you prevent it?
How to Prevent Overwatering Your Lawn
Finding the right water balance can be tricky, but it can be done! That is if you keep these tips in mind:
- The best time to water your lawn is very early in the morning, between 4 and 10 am. With less sunlight to evaporate the water, watering early in the morning gives the grass time to dry out.
- Depending on the type of seed you used, you may only have to water your lawn once or twice a week with only 1 inch of water, depending on the time of year.
- You may want to do some light watering throughout the week. Don’t. In fact, it’s more beneficial to water all at once as few times during the week as possible. That’s because light watering can promote shallow roots which can make grass less tolerant of drought conditions.
- However, if your lawn is new, then you do need to water it every day to keep the soil moist. Once the lawn reached 1 inch, you can cut back to watering it every other day until the grass is established, usually within three weeks’ time.
- If your grass isn’t springy when you step on it, has curled blades, or isn’t as green as it should be, you may be underwatering.
Too Much Water? It Can Be Fixed!
Even following the tips above you still have issues with overwatering your lawn. Is there anything you can do to fix the problem?
Yes, there is! First, you need to figure out what’s causing the problem. Is the problem with your sprinkling system? Is it just a very wet season? Does your grass need a lot of water in the first place? Once you know the problem, you’ll be able to fix your irrigation system.
However, if you still can’t figure out the problem, the best option is to contact an experienced landscaper to take care of your lawn. Our residential landscaping professionals will fix the problem such as aerating your lawn or figuring out watering scheduling that will bring your lawn back to life.
If you’re having trouble watering your lawn this spring, don’t wait! Contact the lawn maintenance professionals at Your Landscapers today! | <urn:uuid:02bfc955-edd8-4f51-b99c-7a81c09b93f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.yourlandscapersnepa.com/how-much-water-is-too-much-for-your-lawn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.940573 | 857 | 2.234375 | 2 |
We know the path to success isn’t an easy one, whether you’re a lone ranger in the freelance industry or a starter in the business world. And while you’re at it, it helps to hear the right words so you can take the right routes that will eventually lead you to success.
Dreaming is free, and if you’ve got a vision, set it into action. Ideas that haven’t been heard of, when turned into reality, may make out to be one of the biggest accomplishments of all time. Henry Ford, founder of Ford Motors, had a vision at a time when most people thought they only needed a faster horse. He had a brilliant idea, and invented the car. While necessity is the mother of invention, an exceptional mind also works. So get out there, be inspired, and be the the inventor of something life-changing.
Take calculated risks.
There’s a difference between being critical and being judgmental of your idea or your work. Being critical means seeing the pros and cons and strengths and weaknesses, seeing areas for improvement, and potential for greatness. Being judgmental is being hypercritical, and can be deprecating and disparaging of possibilities. Tip: act more--and judge less. But definitely assess your ideas and your work. How can it be a game-changer in the industry, and how will it pit against competitors in the future?
View failures as challenges.
Failure is just a matter of perspective. Listen to scientists when they say experiments only have results. That is a fact. Labeling a result as a failure is okay, just as long as you don’t quit on it until it becomes a success. Remember Thomas Edison when he said he didn’t fail but just found 10,000 ways that won’t work? It’s really just a matter of perspective. Plus, great things take time. If success were easy, everyone would succeed.
Hear what people have to say.
Bounce off ideas not only from like-minded individuals and professionals, but also your target market. What would a genius do? And just as important, what does an average person have to say about your idea? Never be closed off and seek singular advice from the same crowd, because sometimes, the best ideas can come from random people and situations.
As a starter in the business world or a newbie in freelance industry, make sure you cultivate good habits, as these will easily become the foundation of your career. These are just pieces of advice to keep in mind so that you head in the right direction until you make it big. | <urn:uuid:ff7b0041-cba4-4911-ad00-c0964742050d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vn.freelancer.com/community/articles/paving-the-path-to-success-habits-to-cultivate-as-a-freelancer-and-employer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.962919 | 549 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Portable Document Formats (PDFs) are everywhere, it’s the preferred format for e-brochures and e-books these days and everybody is using it. PDFs are convenient in the fact that almost all devices these days are able to read those files out of the box and without the need for elaborate and expensive software.
PDFs allow for secure encryption of content, which means you can lock the content and prevent people from viewing it by protecting it with a password. Every time you open the PDF file afterward, you will need to enter the password to access the content in it.
If you come across a PDF file, that is encrypted with a password as mentioned and you need to remove the password that is in a way “Unlock” it, then there are free tools online which will let you do the same. Many such tools will be able to crack simple passwords, however, you will need to enter the actual password for others in order for the tool to remove it and let you download the file.
We introduce one such online tool here and talk about its functioning and how to unlock your PDF file using this tool. Afterward, we also cite another tool, which you may use for the same task as a bonus. Both of these work pretty much in the same fashion.
1. SmallPDF to Unlock PDF Password
The first tool we introduce is “SmallPDF”. To use this follow the below guidelines:
- Go to SmallPDF address and click on “Choose file”.
- Choose your locked PDF file using the file explorer pop up and click “select”. The website will prompt you to enter the password.
- Enter the password and you shall receive a link to the unlocked file within seconds of this.
- Click “Download” and you will be able to download the file to your PC.
2. ILOVEPDF to unlock PDF Password
BONUS: “ilovepdf.com” is also a similar website, like SmallPDF, unlike the latter, this one doesn’t offer as many tools and options. It is simpler to use for PDF unlocking than SmallPDF. | <urn:uuid:fe3fdd5a-35f6-4832-b13f-35388088e36f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.waftr.com/pdf-unlocker-tools-tips-free/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.924483 | 452 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Wolf Cooktop Weight Limits
- Is there a weight limit for the electric and Induction Cooktops?
- Does Wolf have weight limits for the Gas Cooktops?
- Would canning be too heavy for a Wolf cooktop?
- Maximum weight for cookware and food on Wolf cooktop
Weight limits for electric and Induction Cooktops are determined by the size of the cooktop glass.
- The following weight limits include the weight of the pot/pan and the liquid/food.
- The amount of liquid affects the time it takes to boil.
- The weight limits generally allow for the safe canning of quart jars, see Canning Food with Wolf Products.
- Pans with oversize bases that extend beyond the cooktop frame should not be used.
- On high settings, heat may be trapped beneath oversized pans causing permanent damage to the surface finish.
|Product||Weight Limit (lb)|
|15" Electric or Induction Cooktop||15.5|
|30" Electric or Induction Cooktop||38.5|
|36" Electric or Induction Cooktop||57.5|
|Gas Cooktop and IM15 Module Cooktop||25 lb per grate|
DID THIS ANSWER YOUR QUESTION?
We're standing by with answers
Whether you're shopping for appliances or have questions about those you already own, we've got the resources you need. Talk directly to a customer care expert at the Sub-Zero, Wolf, and Cove service center, or connect with an appliance consultant at an official showroom near you. Get quick answers online, or reach a certified service provider or installer. And much more.
Call us at (800) 222-7820 | <urn:uuid:a72321d1-3c92-4fdd-99eb-53c1b78705af> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.subzero-wolf.com/assistance/answers/wolf/common/wolfcooktop-weight-limits.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.8469 | 367 | 1.59375 | 2 |
There is growing evidence that catching a cold may later reduce the severity of Covid-19.
Some scientists have even suggested deliberate exposure to some types of cold virus may ease the global impact of Covid-19 until a proper vaccine emerges.
Research is at an early stage, however, with many questions still to be answered, and people are being urged not to try to purposefully catch a cold.
But does the evidence stack up?
What’s the basis of the idea?
While the virus that causes Covid-19 – SARS-CoV-2 – is new to science, it belongs to a well-known family known as beta coronaviruses – and these cause around 15 to 20 per cent of common colds.
Most people recover from a cold in a week or so, as their immune systems attacks the virus. But in the process, the immune system “remembers” details of the virus, so it can quickly fight back if attacked again.
New studies suggest that similarities between the coronaviruses causing colds and Covid-19 explains why the immune system of some people never exposed to Covid-19 reacts as though it has seen it before.
What is the evidence ?
Around half a dozen studies in the US, Europe and Asia of stored blood from people never exposed to Covid-19 have found around 20 to 50 per cent react to the new virus. Tests found that T-cells – white blood cells which target and destroy cells infected with specific viruses – behave as if they have fought Covid-19 before, even though that's highly unlikely. In August, researchers in the US announced that these T-cells showed signs of having been made originally to fight coronaviruses that cause colds.
Now researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, have found that another key component of the immune system shows similar behaviour. In a study published earlier this week, the team found that people never exposed to Covid-19 have Memory B-cells (MBC) which also react as if they have seen the new virus before.
As with T-cells, the suspicion is that these antibody “factories” have been primed by previous exposure to other coronaviruses – including those which cause the common cold.
How good is the evidence ?
So far, the evidence comes from studies of fewer than 100 samples – so it’s hardly conclusive. However, it is well-known that infection with one virus can lead to immunity against another. The very idea of vaccination is based on the 18th century discovery that infection by a virus carried by cows triggers immunity against the related, but far more deadly, smallpox virus.
In the case of Covid-19, the Rochester team points out that the common cold coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 both have so-called Spike proteins on their surfaces.
While not identical, they both share a set of molecules which MBCs recognise and attack. That suggests patients exposed to the right type of cold virus might suffer less from Covid-19.
So could deliberate exposure to cold viruses combat Covid-19 ?
Possibly – but most researchers would first want to see hard evidence that it cuts the risk of serious illness. Doing that would need large numbers of people, testing them for signs of previous coronavirus infections, and then watching how they fare if they catch Covid-19.
It’s possible that having had a cold has no impact – or even makes things worse. Arguably the best evidence for benefit comes from the Swine Flu pandemic of 2009.
As with Covid-19, many scientists expected this new form of virus to cause severe illness, simply because people had never been exposed to it before.
In fact, Swine Flu proved no more deadly than standard winter flu. Researchers later concluded the reason was many people had already developed some protection via previous infections by related viruses.
What happens next ?
Some researchers are already calling for urgent action on the cold virus idea. They point out even if an effective vaccine becomes available soon, wealthy nations have already cornered the market, and most countries will not have access to it until at least 2022.
This makes the cold virus idea a potentially valuable stop-gap measure that could significantly cut the global impact of Covid-19. However, research by the British Medical Journal suggests opportunities to put the idea to the test are already being missed.
In the meantime, experts warn that no-one should try deliberately contracting a cold to “protect” against Covid-19 – not least because most aren’t caused by coronaviruses.
Robert Matthews is Visiting Professor of Science at Aston University, Birmingham, UK | <urn:uuid:6c4b235a-a49a-492a-9d7b-57f30c1508bb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/health/coronavirus-could-the-common-cold-help-protect-against-covid-19-1.1087409 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.972055 | 984 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Hardcover: 460 pages
Publisher: Facsimile Publisher (2016)
Format: PDF Text TXT ebook
Lang:- eng,fre, Vol:- Volume 12, Pages 460. Reprinted in 2016 with the help of original edition published long back. This book is in black & white, Hardcover, sewing binding for longer life with Matt laminated multi-Colour Dust Cover, Printed on high quality Paper, re-sized as per Current standards, professionally processed without changing its contents. As these are old books, there may be some pages which are blur or missing or black spot...
Curandero a life in mexican folk healing Hellions o halstea hall Kill shot an american assassin thriller Handbook of chinese mythology handbooks of world mythology Girl talk getting past the chitchat a modern girls bible study Read Avi shae ebook allpospishischaf.wordpress.com Here De humani corporis fabrica a facsimile of the revised version of 1555 on the fabric of the human body vol 1 of 2 volume 1 pdf link Eath oom an etention 30 days to better thinking and better living through critical thinking a guide for improving every aspect of your life revised and expanded | <urn:uuid:028557e0-9343-4adb-a95d-aa4702cc6f24> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://hydnoraceous.duckdns.org/page/history-of-egypt-chaldea-syria-babylonia-and-assyria-vol-12-1903-hardcover | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.786514 | 278 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Growing up in Limerick City with a passionate interest in art, it was only fitting that I would end up attending my local art college, Limerick School Of Art and Design, to pursue further studies. I graduated in 2010 with a Bachelors Degree in Fine Art.
While I met some amazing people during my four years at LSAD and though I had some very important formative experiences there, one aspect of the art world, which slowly revealed itself to me over time, was not so great. That phenomenon known as “art speak” or “art jargon.” You see it in artist statements, curatorial writing, exhibition wall texts and art books of every shape and size. Impenetrable, awkward sentences that use academic buzz words or terms sourced from a thesaurus, purely for the sake of adding depth where there might not be any.
A lot of this comes from the academic philosophy world. Often, complex ideas are dissected using complex language. And often this approach is entirely necessary and appropriate. After all, art and philosophy are inextricably linked. The writings of great thinkers inspires the artist and the artist in turn inspires the thinker. It is an ongoing feedback loop that often bares striking fruit. However, within this creative phenomenon lies a looming foggy presence, a kind of barrier to access; the wall. The wall of the academic elite. Inside, an exclusive club whose foundation often and unfortunately lies on pretense and vagueness.
Nowhere better was this fashionable club exposed than in 2018 when three writers - Peter Boghossian, James Lindsay and Helen Pluckrose - wrote 20 fake papers intentionally using overtly complex language to argue insincere conclusions, which they submitted to peer-reviewed journals. By the time their experiment had become public, seven of their articles were already accepted for publication with seven more actively in review. While only six had been rejected.
I would argue that there is a barrier in the art world. A wall between the public and the art elite, constructed from pseudo-intellectual bricks. I saw it in art school, as all of us students - myself included - struggled to develop our artist statements and as a result our artistic identities. And I still see it now in the art world at large.
Here's one sentence from an unnamed artist's statement that has been called out online as typical of the sort of writing I'm referring to: “My practice examines hesitation as part of the process of decision-making, where the object is neither the object of any objecthood nor the art-object. It is rather the oblique object of my intentions.”
That brings us to my band Cinemartyr and how our latest music video, for our song “Art Forum,” aims to further push up against said wall. Firstly, we co-opted the title of the song: Art Forum itself being the name for the popular art world magazine. And secondly, we shot the music video (undercover and without permission) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the heart of New York City. We shot each line of the vocals in front of a different work of art and edited it all together afterwards. We wanted to sneak some punk ethos back into the art world, if only for a day.
Now don’t get me wrong, I love the Met (with its great public programs and amazing collection) and I obviously love good art, but we felt we should go big and find a large canvas, so to speak, upon which to project our message. The Met worked great for this idea. No it is not the Met we take aim at -- of course not; it is instead those who bend art to fit their own shallow motives that we glare towards. The fakes. “The chancers” as we’d say in Limerick. Art is vital and shouldn’t be gate-kept. Those who create needlessly elaborate text-based fantasy to push their vague ideals, those who make art seem unapproachable for the middle class, please step out of the Art Forum. | <urn:uuid:56e63d38-d9ab-472b-9f18-9092abac0446> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.irishecho.com/2022/7/undercover-and-without-permission | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.965617 | 838 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
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|Title:||Tobacco use among urban Aboriginal Australian young people: a qualitative study of reasons for smoking, barriers to cessation and motivators for smoking cessation|
|Citation:||Australian Journal of Primary Health, 2015; 21(3):334-341|
|Suzanne Cosh, Kimberley Hawkins, Gemma Skaczkowski, David Copley and Jacqueline Bowden|
|Abstract:||Smoking prevalence among Aboriginal Australian young people greatly exceeds the prevalence in the broader population of Australian young people, yet limited research has explored the social context in which young Aboriginal Australians smoke. Four focus groups were conducted in 2009 with South Australian Aboriginal smokers aged 15–29 years residing in urban areas (n = 32) to examine attitudes and experiences surrounding smoking and quitting. The primary reasons for smoking initiation and maintenance among Aboriginal Australian young people were identified as stress, social influence and boredom. Motivators for quitting were identified as pregnancy and/or children, sporting performance (males only), cost issues and, to a lesser extent, health reasons. The barriers to cessation were identified as social influence, the perception of quitting as a distant event and reluctance to access cessation support. However, it appears that social influences and stress were particularly salient contributors to smoking maintenance among Aboriginal Australian young people. Smoking cessation interventions targeted at young urban Aboriginal Australian smokers should aim to build motivation to quit by utilising the motivators of pregnancy and/or children, sporting performance (males only), cost issues and, to a lesser extent, health reasons, while acknowledging the pertinent role of social influence and stress in the lives of young urban Aboriginal Australian smokers.|
Attitude to Health
Oceanic Ancestry Group
|Rights:||© La Trobe University 2015|
|Appears in Collections:||Aurora harvest 7|
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Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. | <urn:uuid:69677930-c728-44ad-ac70-eaba6e59224e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/103347 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.8776 | 640 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Car Festival at Balaram’s House
Purna, the younger Naren, and Gopal’s Mother
Sri Ramakrishna is sitting in Balaram’s drawing room with the devotees. It is Monday, 13 July 1885, the first day of the bright fortnight of Ashada. It is nine o’clock.
Tomorrow the Car Festival will be celebrated. Balaram has invited Thakur for the celebration and brought him to his house. The image of Jagannath is worshiped there daily, and he has a small car which will be pulled on the verandah outside during the festival.
Thakur is talking with M. Close to them are Narayan, Tejchandra, Balaram, and many other devotees. They are talking about Purna. Purna is about fifteen years old. Thakur longs to see him.
Sri Ramakrishna (to M.): “Well, by what road will he come to see me? Please arrange that Dwija and Purna meet.
“I bring together two people of the same nature and same age. It has a special meaning. They both make progress. Do you see what love Purna has?”
M.: “Yes, sir. I was going by tram when he saw me from the roof of his house. He came running to see me and greeted me so eagerly!”
Sri Ramakrishna (his eyes filled with tears): “Ah! Ah! Because he has found me to be the contact for spiritual illumination. Unless one has yearning for God, such conduct is not seen.”
Purna’s masculine nature – divine inclination – Narayana born as one’s son because of austerities
“These three have a masculine nature: Narendra, the younger Naren, and Purna. But not Bhavanath. He has a feminine nature.
“Because of his high state, Purna may quit his body soon. Why retain the body after God-realization? Or the spiritual feelings within him may surge up in a few days.
“He has a divine inclination, the nature of a god. Such people don’t have much fear of society. If a garland is put around his neck, sandal paste on his body, and incense burnt before him, he will go into samadhi. He will then know that God is within him, that Narayana Himself has come down in a human body. I’ve found this out.”
His earlier story – samadhi of a brahmin girl with good signs – Mother Goddess as daughter of Ranjit
“When this state of divine intoxication came to me the first time in Dakshineswar, a brahmin lady belonging to a respectable family came. She had very good signs. As soon as a garland was put around her neck and incense burnt before her, she went into samadhi. Soon she was all joy. Tears began to stream from her eyes. I bowed to her and said, ‘Mother, will I succeed?’ She replied, ‘Yes.’
“I want to see Purna again. But where is the opportunity? It seems that he is a part of the Divine. What a wonder! Not just a tiny part, but a full sixteenth! How intelligent he is! He is so good in studies. Therefore I have hit it right.
“Narayana (the Lord) takes birth as a person’s son by the power of spiritual practices. On the way to Kamarpukur, there is Ranjit Rai’s big lake. The Divine Mother took birth as Ranjit Rai’s daughter. Even now a fair is held there in the month of Chaitra. I’ve had a desire to go there – but not now.
“Ranjit Rai was a landlord there. By the power of his austerities, he obtained the Divine Mother as his daughter. He loved his daughter very much. She became so attached to him that she would almost never leave her father’s company. One day, he was attending to the affairs of his estate and was very busy. The girl, in her childlike nature, continually asked him, ‘Father, what is this and what is that?’ The father very sweetly replied, ‘Daughter, please leave me alone. I have lot of work to do.’ But the girl would not leave. At last he said absentmindedly, ‘Please, get out of here.’ On this pretext the girl left home. A peddler of conch-shell wares was just then passing by. She called out for him and took a pair of conch bangles. When he demanded to be paid for them, she said, ‘There is money in a box in that room. Go and take it from there.’ Then she left, never to be seen again. The bangle peddler went to the house and began to shout for money. Seeing that she was not at home, the inmates of the house came running. Ranjit Rai sent people in all directions to find her. The money owed the peddler was found in the box. Ranjit Rai was going around weeping when someone came and said, ‘There is something in the lake.’ They all went to the lake and saw a hand with a conch bangle raised out of the water. A moment later they could see it no more. Even now worship of the Divine Mother is performed during the festival on the fourteenth day of the dark fortnight of Chaitra.
(To M.) “All this is true.”
M.: “Yes, sir.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “Narendra now believes this.”
“God appears in many ways, sometimes as a man and sometimes in other divine forms of consciousness. One must believe in divine forms. What do you say?”
M.: “Yes, sir.”
Gopal’s Mother has a motherly nature – she sees divine forms
Sri Ramakrishna: “The brahmin woman of Kamarhati (Gopal’s Mother) sees so many visions! She lives by herself in a lone house in a garden on the bank of the Ganges and repeats God’s name. Gopala sleeps close to her. (Saying this, Thakur gives a start.) Not in imagination but in fact. She saw that Gopala’s hands were red; he goes everywhere with her. She suckles him at her breast and talks to him. Narendra wept when he heard this!
“I also used to see many things. Now in ecstasy I don’t see that many visions. My feminine nature is decreasing. Instead I am imbibing a manly attitude. That’s why my spiritual feelings don’t show so much outwardly. They remain within.
“The younger Naren has a masculine nature. That’s why he becomes merged in meditation while repeating the name of God. He doesn’t show ecstasy. Nityagopal has a feminine nature. That’s why his body gets contorted in bhava. His body turns red with emotion.”
Renunciation of “lust and greed” – Purna and others
Binode, Dwija, Tarak, Mohit, Tejchandra, Narayan, Balaram, and Atul
Sri Ramakrishna (to M.): “Well, people renounce bit by bit. What about them?
“Binode said, ‘I have to sleep with my wife. That makes me feel very bad.’ You see, it is bad to sleep together whether you have intercourse or not. There is touching of the bodies and the physical warmth.
“What a state Dwija is in! He only sways his body and keeps is eyes focused on my face. Is that a small thing? If his whole mind becomes fixed on me, he will have achieved everything.”
Is Sri Ramakrishna an incarnation of God?
“So what am I? It is He. I am the machine but He is the operator. It is God’s power alone in this [within himself]. That’s why so many people are increasingly attracted here. Just a touch is enough to awaken them. This attraction, this pull, is the attraction of God alone.
“Tarak (of Belgharia) was returning to his home after staying there (Dakshineswar). I noticed something shining like a flame coming out of this – and following him.
“A few days after that, Tarak returned (to Dakshineswar). Then He who is in this body put a foot on his chest in the state of samadhi.
“Well, are there any more boys like these youngsters?”
M.: “That boy Mohit is quite nice. He’s gone to see you once or twice. He’s preparing for two university examinations. And he has great attraction for God.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “Maybe so. But he doesn’t have a high spiritual ideal. His physical signs aren’t so good. He has a puggish face. These other youngsters are of a different class.
“Taking up a body puts one in great trouble. And if one is cursed, he will have to be born another seven times. You have to live very cautiously! A person has to take up a new body if only one desire remains.”
Devotee: “And incarnations of God, when they come in a human body – do they have any desire?”
Sri Ramakrishna (smiling): “I’ve noticed that I haven’t been able to completely rid myself of desire. When I saw a sadhu’s shawl, I wanted to wear one like it. Even now I have this desire. Maybe I’ll have to come again.”
Balaram (smiling): “Will you take up a human body just for a shawl?” (Everyone laughs.)
Sri Ramakrishna (smiling): “A person should nourish a spiritual desire. They say that when you die, you will think only of it. Sadhus keep one of the four centers of pilgrimage unvisited. Many keep the Jagannath region unvisited so that at the time of death, their thoughts will be in Jagannath.”
A person dressed in monastic robes enters the room and salutes. Privately he runs Thakur down, so Balaram laughs. Thakur knows the inner thoughts of people, so he says to Balaram, “Let him be. Let him say that I am a fraud.”
Tejchandra’s proposal to renounce the world
Thakur is talking to Tejchandra.
Sri Ramakrishna (to Tejchandra): “I have sent for you so many times! Why don’t you come? All right, so just practice meditation. If you do that, I’ll be happy. I look on you as my own. That’s why I send for you.”
Tejchandra: “Sir, I have to go to the office. There is a lot of work to do.”
M. (smiling): “There was a marriage in the family and he took ten days off from the office.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “So! And you say you don’t have time. And you say you want to renounce the world.”
Narayan: “One day Master Mahashay (M.) said that the world is a wilderness.”
Sri Ramakrishna (to M.): “Please tell them that story. They will benefit from it. About the disciple becoming unconscious after he takes some medicine. The guru comes and says, ‘His life can be saved if someone takes this pill. He will live but the person who takes the pill will die.’
“And tell that other one, too – about the hatha yogi with a crooked body who thought his wife and other members of the family were his very own.”
Thakur partakes of the prasad of Sri Jagannath at noon. Service to Jagannath is performed regularly at Balaram’s house. That’s why Thakur says, “Balaram’s food is pure.” Thakur takes a little rest after the meal.
It is late afternoon. Thakur is sitting with the devotees in the same room. Chandra Babu of the Kartabhaja sect and the witty brahmin are also there. This brahmin is a joker – whatever he says makes people laugh.
Thakur talks for a long time about the Kartabhajas and their outlook on life and religion.
Thakur’s ecstasy – Atul and Tejchandra’s brother
It is six o’clock. Girish’s brother, Atul, and Tejchandra’s brother have come. Thakur is in an ecstatic state. After sometime he says, “Can one be unconscious by meditating on Consciousness? Can one go mad by meditating on God? He is the very nature of all knowledge. He is eternal, pure, knowledge itself.”
Are some of the visitors thinking that Thakur’s brain may have been deranged by excessive meditation on God?
Go forward – Krishnadhan’s humour
Thakur says to Krishnadhan, the witty brahmin, “You waste your time joking day and night about ordinary worldly things. Turn your mind towards God. A person who can keep account of salt can also account for sugar candy.”
Krishnadhan (smiling): “Please pull me that way.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “What can I do? It all depends on your own effort. It is up to your own mind to do it.
“Giving up ordinary humour, go forward to God. You can go farther and farther. The brahmachari counseled the woodcutter to go forward. When he did, he found sandalwood, then a mine of silver, and then a gold mine. Going even farther, he found diamonds and jewels.”
Krishnadhan: “There is no end to this road.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “Stop where you find peace.”
Thakur now talks about a newcomer.
“I didn’t find any substance in him. He seemed worthless, like a rotten apple.”
It is evening. A light has been brought in the room. Thakur meditates on the Mother of the Universe and chants Her name in a sweet voice. The devotees are sitting all around him.
The Car Festival is to be held tomorrow. Thakur will spend tonight in this house. Taking some refreshments in the inner apartments, he returns again to the large room. It is about 10 p.m. He says to M., “Please bring the hand towel from the other room.”
Thakur’s bed has been made in the small room. It is ten-thirty when he goes to bed.
It is summer. He says to M., “Please bring a fan.” He asks him to fan him. At twelve o’clock at night, Thakur wakes up. He says, “I feel chilly. I don’t need the fan anymore.”
Thakur with devotees in Balaram’s house on the day of the Car Festival
Today is the day of the Car Festival – Tuesday [14 July 1885]. Rising very early in the morning, Thakur dances by himself repeating the name of God in a sweet voice.
M. comes in and salutes him. The devotees arrive one by one, salute Thakur, and then sit near him. Thakur is very eager to see Purna. He talks to M. about Purna.
Sri Ramakrishna: “Did you give Purna any instructions when you saw him?”
M.: “Sir, I asked him to read the Chaitanya Charitamrita. He is familiar with it. And I told him that you had said, ‘Always hold on to the truth.’”
Sri Ramakrishna: “Well, what did he say when you told him about me, saying, ‘He is God incarnate?’”
M.: “I asked him to come with me if he wanted to see a man like Chaitanya Deva.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “What else?”
M.: “That you said that when an elephant goes into a small pond, the water is splashed around – that if a receptacle is shallow, his emotions overflow.
“About his giving up of fish, I asked, ‘Why this? It will cause a great uproar.’”
Sri Ramakrishna: “That’s good. A person must contain emotions within.”
Sri Ramakrishna and the earthquake
It is half past six in the morning. M. is going for a dip in the Ganges from Balaram’s house when he feels an earthquake. He immediately returns to Thakur’s room. Thakur is standing in the drawing room with the devotees talking about it. It was rather severe. Most of the devotees are frightened.
M.: “We should have gone downstairs.”
His earlier story – Sri Ramakrishna and the storm of Ashwin – 5 October 1864
Sri Ramakrishna: “This is the pitiable state of the house [body] one lives in. And yet people are so arrogant! (To M.) Do you remember the storm in the month of Ashwin?”
M.: “Yes, sir. I was very young then, nine or ten years old. I was alone in a room, and I called on God.”
Surprised, M. asks himself, Why has Thakur suddenly asked about the storm of Ashwin? Sitting alone in a room, I wept profusely and prayed to God. Does Thakur know everything about it? Is he reminding me of it? Has he been protecting me as my guru since my birth?
Sri Ramakrishna: “It was very late at Dakshineswar when the storm broke. Afterward some food was cooked, but it was very late. All the trees had been uprooted. You see, this is the fate of the house one lives in!
“But after gaining perfect knowledge, one feels that dying and killing are the same. When one dies nobody dies, and when one kills nobody is killed. The phenomenal belongs to the same reality as the Absolute. It is He Himself who is the Absolute in one form and the phenomenal in another. Even if the relative is destroyed, the Absolute exists. Water is water, whether it is moving or still.”
Thakur sits again in the drawing room with the devotees. Mahendra Mukherji, Hari, the younger Naren, and several other young devotees are there. Hari lives alone and studies Vedanta. He is twenty-three or twenty-four years old. He is not married. Thakur is very fond of him and often asks him to visit but since he likes solitude, he doesn’t come very often.
Sri Ramakrishna (to Hari): “Well, my dear, you have not been here for a long time.”
“In one form God is the Absolute and in another He is the phenomenal. What does Vedanta say? That Brahman is real and the world illusory. But as long as God keeps the feeling of I-ness in a devotee, the relative is real. When He takes it away, then whatever is remains. This cannot be explained in words. As long as He has kept I-ness in you, you have to accept everything. When the sheathes of the banana tree are peeled off, there is pulp inside. When there are sheathes, there is pulp – the pulp belongs to the sheathes and the sheathes belong to the pulp. When you speak of the existence of the Absolute, you comprehend that the phenomenal exists. And when you speak of the phenomenal, you understand that the Absolute also exists.
“God has become the world, its living beings, and the twenty-four cosmic principles. When He is inactive, He is called Brahman. When He creates, preserves, and dissolves, He is known as Shakti, or Power. Brahman and Shakti are not different from each other. Water is water whether it is still or in motion.
“You cannot get rid of the sense of ‘I.’ You can’t say that the world and its living beings are an illusion as long as you are conscious of your ‘I.’ When you throw away the rind and the seeds of a bel fruit, you can’t arrive at the full weight of the bel fruit.
“The bricks, lime, and brick-dust with which the roof is made also make the stairs. It is only because of the reality of what is known as Brahman that this universe and its creatures have come into existence.
“The devotee, the vijnani, accepts both God with form and the formless God. He accepts both form and formlessness. It is by the cooling effect of love for God that some of the water turns into ice. But when the sun of spiritual knowledge rises, that ice melts into the same water as it was before.”
When reasoning stops, the mind is annihilated and there is the knowledge of Brahman
“As long as a person reasons with the mind, the Absolute cannot be reached. As long as you reason with the mind, the world cannot be done away with. None of the senses of sight, taste, smell, touch, and speech can be got rid off. When reasoning stops, you attain the knowledge of Brahman. You cannot know the Atman through this mind – Atman is known only through Atman. Pure mind, pure intellect, and pure Atman are one and the same.
“Just see how much you need to be able to see an object. You need eyes, light, and also the mind – all these are needed. If one of these three is missing, you can’t see an object. As long as the mind is working, how can you say there is no world, that there is no ‘I’?
“When the mind is destroyed, when there is no intention and conceptualization one attains samadhi, one gains the knowledge of Brahman. But in do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti – the seven notes of the scale – one cannot remain for long at ti, the highest musical note.”
Advice to the younger Naren – conversation with God after attaining His vision
Glancing at the younger Naren, Thakur says, “What use is it to only know that God exists? You have not reached the end when you have seen God. You have to bring Him to your house. You have to talk to Him.
“Some have heard of milk, some have seen it, and some have drunk it. Only a few have seen the king. Only one or two can bring him to their house and entertain him.”
Thakur goes for a dip in the Ganges.
His earlier story – Thakur has a vision of Shiva and the golden Annapurna in the holy pilgrim city of Kashi – sees the universe in the form of a shalagram
It is ten o’clock. Thakur is talking with the devotees when M. returns from bathing in the Ganges. He salutes Thakur, and then sits beside him.
Thakur, full of divine emotion, talks about many things. During the conversation, he discusses some of his most secret visions.
Sri Ramakrishna: “When I went to Kashi with Mathur Babu, our boat passed close to the Manikarnika Ghat. Suddenly I had a vision of Shiva. I went to the edge of the boat and stood there and went into samadhi. In fear that I would fall into the river, the boatman shouted to Hriday, ‘Hold him, hold him.’ I saw Shiva standing at that ghat in the most profound mood. At first I saw Him standing at a distance, then I saw Him approaching me. After that, He merged into me.
“In a state of ecstasy I saw a sannyasin leading me by the hand. We entered a temple, and I had a vision of the golden Annapurna.
“God Himself has become everything. He is more manifest in some forms, however.
(To M. and others) “Perhaps you don’t recognize the spiritual meaning of a shalagram. Englishmen don’t. It doesn’t matter if you believe in it or not. A shalagram with good signs – the mark of a disc in the shape of a cow’s face, and some other signs.”
M.: “Sir, like a man with good physical signs has a greater manifestation of God in him.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “At first Narendra called them [Ramakrishna’s visions] hallucinations of the mind. Now, he accepts everything.”
While talking about visions of God, Thakur passes into bhava samadhi. The devotees watch him silently. After a long time, he regains consciousness and begins to talk.
Sri Ramakrishna (to M.): “What did I see? That the universe is a shalagram. I saw your two eyes in it.”
M. and the other devotees listen in amazement to this wonderful and unheard of vision. Just then another young devotee, Sarada, enters the room, salutes Thakur, and sits down.
Sri Ramakrishna (to Sarada): “Why don’t you come to Dakshineswar? When I go to Calcutta, why don’t you come to see me?”
Sarada: “I don’t hear about your visits.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “I’ll let you know the next time. (Laughing, to M.) Make a list of these boys.” (M. and other devotees laugh.)
News of Purna – Thakur is very happy to see Narendra
Sarada: “My family wants me to marry. He (M.) has reprimanded us so many times about marriage.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “Why marry now? (To M.) Sarada is now in a very good state of mind. He used to seem hesitant, like a fish pulling the float of a fishing line. Now his face looks happy.”
Thakur says to a devotee, “Will you please fetch Purna?”
Narendra enters. Thakur asks that refreshments be served him. He is very happy to see Narendra. He seemed to feel that he was serving the Lord Himself by feeding Narendra. Thakur is stroking his body affectionately, gently massaging his hands and feet. Gopal’s Mother (the brahmin woman of Kamarhati) enters the room. Thakur had asked Balaram to send a man to Kamarhati to bring her. That is why she has come. As she enters the room, she says, “I am shedding tears of joy.” Then she prostrates before Thakur in salutation.
Sri Ramakrishna: “What are you doing? You call me Gopala and then you salute me.
“Please go inside and cook a dish. Put a lot of ghee and spices in it so we can smell it from here.” (All laugh.)
Gopal’s Mother: “What will these people [the members of the family] say?”
Is Gopal’s Mother thinking to herself that she was a newcomer and the family members could take offense?
Before going in, she says to Narendra in a touching tone of voice, “Child, have I achieved or does something remain to achieve?”
It is the Car Festival day. The offering of food and worship of Lord Jagannath had been somewhat delayed. Now, after the worship, Thakur is to be served. He goes to the inner apartments, where the women devotees are eagerly awaiting him – to see him and pay their obeisance.
Thakur had many women devotees, but he did not talk much about them to the men devotees. If someone went to visit women devotees, he would say, “Don’t go to her very often. You may have a fall.” Sometimes he would say, “Even if a woman rolls on the ground with love for God, you shouldn’t visit her frequently.” Let men and women devotees live separately. This will be good for both of them. And he would say further, “It isn’t good for women devotees to practice motherly feelings for men. Such an attitude could change and bring about a downfall.”
Car Festival at Balaram’s house – in the joy of devotional songs, with Narendra and other devotees
It is one o’clock. After the midday meal, Thakur comes in and sits with the devotees in the drawing room. One of them has brought Purna. Thakur says to M. joyfully, “Here he is! Purna has arrived!” Narendra, the younger Naren, Narayan, Haripada, and others sit near Thakur and talk with him.
Free will and the younger Naren – Narendra sings
The younger Naren: “Sir, do we have free will?”
Sri Ramakrishna: “Just try to find your ‘I.’ When you are searching for ‘I,’ you find Him. ‘I am the instrument, You are the operator.’ You know, a puppet goes into a shop with a letter in its hand. God alone is the doer. Work as though you are a doer, but know that you are not.
“As long as there is any adjunct, or a limiting quality to your identity, you are in ignorance. To think that you are learned, or a jnani, or wealthy, or respectable, or father, or guru – all these come from ignorance. ‘I am the instrument and You are the operator,’ is knowledge. Then all marks of identity are obliterated. When firewood has been fully burnt, it produces no sound. It gives no heat. Then it is all cool. Peace, peace, peace.’
(To Narendra) “Please sing a little.”
Narendra: “I have to go home. I have lot of work to do.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “Yes, child. Why should you listen to us? One listens carefully to those who have gold in their ears. Who listens to one who only has a torn cloth? (All laugh.)
“You can go to the garden house of the Guhas. When I ask where you are, I often hear that you are at the garden house of the Guhas. I wouldn’t have mentioned this, but you forced it out of me.”
Narendra is silent for a few minutes. Then he says, “There are no instruments. Shall I just sing?”
Sri Ramakrishna: “My child, this is the situation here. Sing if you’d like to. This is how Balaram has arranged it.
“Balaram says, ‘Please come in a boat. But if that’s not possible, you may hire a carriage.’ (All laugh.) He has given us a feast, so he will make us dance in the afternoon. (Laughter.) One day he hired a carriage for me for twelve annas. I asked, ‘Will he take me to Dakshineswar for twelve annas?’ He said, ‘That’s enough.’ On the way one side of the carriage fell apart and dropped off. (All laugh.) And the horse would suddenly stop just anywhere and it wasn’t possible to make it move. A number of times the coachman whipped it and it ran a little. (Loud laughter.) So now this evening Ram will play the drum and we will dance. But Ram has no sense of rhythm! (All laugh.) Balaram’s attitude is: sing, dance, and make yourself happy.” (All laugh.)
Other devotees are gradually coming back from their homes, having eaten and rested.
Seeing Mahendra Mukherji saluting him from a distance, Thakur bows to him and also offers him a salaam. He says to a young devotee sitting near him, “Tell him that I salaamed. He harps on Olcott, Olcott all the time.” Many of the householder devotees have brought their wives and other women relatives with them. They wanted to have the darshan of Thakur and watch the kirtan singing in front of the chariot. Ram, Girish, and other devotees arrive one by one. A number of youngster devotees have also come.
Now Narendra sings:
When will dawn that day when tears stream from my eyes as I repeat Lord Hari’s name?
He sings again:
In dense darkness, O Mother, Your formless beauty sparkles. And so the yogi meditates in a dark mountain cave.
In the lap of infinite darkness, on the waves of the great silence, eternal peace and joy float without end.
Putting on the form of the Formless One, in darkness draped, O Mother, who are You seated alone in boundless bliss?
At the lotus of Your fear-dispelling feet flashes the lightning of love, while loud and earth-shaking laughter issues from Your dazzling face.
Balaram has arranged for a kirtan by Vaishnav-charan and Banwari. Now Vaishnavcharan sings.
O my tongue, always repeat the name of Durga.
Who else can save you from danger but She?
After listening to the song for some time, Thakur passes into samadhi. He is standing, held by the younger Naren. His face is lit with a smile. Gradually he becomes absolutely still. The roomful of devotees watches him silently, while the women observe him from behind a bamboo screen. It is as if Lord Narayana Himself has come down in human form for the devotees – come down to teach them how to love God.
After a long time chanting God’s name, his samadhi ends. When he sits down, Vaishnavcharan again begins to sing:
O my vina, sing Hari, Hari!
O my vina, the day passes in vain without worshiping Lord Hari.
Banwari, another singer, sings of God’s form and beauty. During the song, he repeats, “Ah! Ah!” and prostrates. Some listeners laugh, others feel irritated.
It is afternoon. In the meantime, the small car of Sri Jagannath, decorated with flags and bunting, has been brought to the verandah. Lord Jagannath, Subhadra, and Balaram have been adorned with sandal paste and decorated with jewelry and garlands of flowers. Leaving Banwari’s kirtan, Thakur comes to the front of the car on the verandah. Devotees accompany him. Holding the rope, he pulls the car a little and then sings and dances ahead of it with the devotees. Improvising, he sings:
Behold, the brothers have come! The two who shed tears while chanting Hari’s name,
They, who receiving the world’s blows, offer Hari’s love.
The song concludes:
Behold, the whole of Nadia trembles under the waves of Gauranga’s love!
There is singing and dancing on the verandah as the car is drawn. Hearing the loud music of the kirtan and the sound of the drums, a number of neighbors come to the verandah. Thakur is intoxicated with the name of the Lord. The devotees dance with him in an ecstasy of love.
Narendra’s song – Thakur’s ecstatic dance
After the kirtan and dancing before the car, Sri Ramakrishna returns to the room and sits down. Mani and other devotees stroke his feet.
Full of divine feeling, Narendra sings again accompanied by a tanpura:
Come, come, O Mother, my heart’s delight and doll of my soul;
So that I can constantly see You, come sit in the lotus of my heart.
Again he sings:
Mother! You are Tara, though You have assumed the three gunas, You are even beyond the Limitless.
I know You are merciful to the lowly, the one who frees from all distress.
You are sandhya, You are Gayatri, You are the support of the Universe, O Mother!
You are the redeemer of yearning souls, always stealing the heart of Shiva.
In all bodies You dwell, in all worshipful beings, in that with form and without.
He sings another song:
I have made You the pole-star of my life.
Never shall I lose my way on this sea of the world.
A devotee asks Narendra if he will sing the song “O Mother, ruler of the heart! You are awake within….”
Sri Ramakrishna: “Away with you! Are you going to sing such songs now? Sing a song of joy – ‘Shyama, the river of nectar.’”
Who can fathom Your various moods?
O Mother Shyama, You are the river of nectar.
Mother! Cupid flees before. Your playful glance…
Narendra becomes intoxicated with ecstasy and sings again and again:
O Brahman Absolute, the Eternal One, my Mother!
Do dance sometimes on the lotus of the heart of Kamala also.
Thakur dances, intoxicated with ecstatic love, singing, “O Brahman Absolute, the Eternal One, my Mother.” After dancing for a long time, he returns to his seat. He is very happy to see Narendra singing with such absorption in ecstasy, with tears in his eyes.
It must be around 9 p.m. Thakur is still sitting with the devotees.
He listens again to Vaishnavcharan’s songs:
Like Krishna’s, the complexion of the handsome Sri Gauranga, the dancing lover of God, is of golden hue.
O Hari, how shall I know You now?
O Bankura, living in Mathura, clad in royal splendour and riding elephants,
Have you forgotten the grazing of cows? Have you forgotten us?
Do you remember how you stole butter in Vraja?
It is now 10 or 11 p.m. The devotees are saluting Thakur in preparation to leave.
Sri Ramakrishna: “All right, you can go home now. (Pointing to Narendra and the younger Naren) It would be good if they both stay. (To Girish) Are you going to have your dinner at home? Wait awhile. What about a smoke? Oh, Balaram’s servant is just like that. Ask for a smoke and he won’t prepare it. (Everybody laughs.) But don’t leave without having a smoke.”
A friend wearing glasses had come with Girish. He has left after seeing and hearing everything. Thakur says to Girish, “I tell you, and also Haripal, don’t force anybody to come here. Nothing happens before its time.”
A devotee salutes Thakur. A little boy is with him. Thakur says affectionately, “You may now go. And this child with you.” Narendra, the younger Naren, and one or two devotees will go home a little later.
Sri Ramakrishna at early dawn – sweet dancing and chanting of God’s name
Sri Ramakrishna is lying on the bed in the small room to the west of the drawing room. It is 4 a.m. To the south of the room is a verandah where M. is sitting on a stool.
After a while Thakur comes out on the verandah. M. salutes him by prostrating. It is Wednesday, 15 July 1885, the 32nd day of Ashada, Sankranti.
Sri Ramakrishna: “I got up once before. Well, should I return in the morning?”
M.: “Yes, sir. The water is less choppy in the morning.”
It is morning. The devotees have not yet assembled. After washing, Thakur sweetly chants the divine name. M. is near him. After some time, Gopal’s Mother comes in and stands close to him. One or two other lady devotees are watching from the door of the inner apartments. It is as if the gopis of Vrindavan are watching Sri Krishna. Or the women devotees of Navadvip, intoxicated with ecstatic love, are looking at Sri Gauranga from behind a screen.
After chanting Rama’s name, Thakur chants the name of Krishna: “Krishna! Krishna! Gopi Krishna! Gopi! Gopi! Krishna, the life breath of the cowherd boys. Krishna, the boy of Nanda! Govinda! Govinda!”
Now he chants the name of Gauranga:
“Sri Krishna Chaitanya Prabhu Nityananda! Hare Krishna! Hare Rama! Radha Govinda!”
Then he repeats: “The Imperceptible Pure One.” Saying this, he weeps. Watching him weep and hearing his touching voice, the devotees standing close also begin to cry. He weeps and says, “O, the Pure One! O my dear, come and eat. When shall I make my life blessed by feeding You? You have come, assuming a body, for my sake.”
He is expressing his pain before Jagannath, the Lord of the Universe, the friend of the lowly, the friend of the world. “I am not separate from the world; my Master, be merciful to me.”
Becoming intoxicated with ecstatic love, he sings:
Live joyfully chanting the name of Jagannath of Orissa.
Now he dances, singing the name of Narayana: “The Lord Narayana! The Lord Narayana! Narayana! Narayana!”
Dancing, he sings again:
O gopi friend! I have not yet found Him whose love has driven me mad.
Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva – all three are mad.
These three mad gods have conspired to break Navadvip.
And in the fields of Vrindavan I have seen another who is mad.
He has clad Radha in royal robes and assumed for Himself the role of a guard.
Now Thakur sits in the small room with the devotees. He is naked, like a five-year-old child. M., Balaram and one or two other devotees are sitting with him.
When does one see God’s form? – secrets – seeing Narayana in pure youngsters – Ramlal, Niranjan, Purna, Narendra, Tarak of Belgharia, and the younger Naren
Sri Ramakrishna: “You can see the form of God. You can have this vision when you get rid of all adjuncts of your own identity and reasoning stops. Then a person goes into speechless samadhi. How much people talk in the theatre – of this thing and that. But as soon as the curtain rises, all discussion stops. Then a person is fully absorbed in what he sees.
“I tell you a very secret thing. Why do I love boys like Purna and Narendra so much? When I went to embrace Jagannath in a loving mood, I broke my arm. He made me understand: ‘You have taken up a human body. Now live with human beings as a friend, a parent, and such other relationships.’
“When I see Purna, I now experience the same feeling that I used to have with Ramlala. I used to bathe Ramlala and feed him and put him to bed. Wherever I went, I took him with me. I would sit and weep for Ramlala. I have the same feeling when I see these young boys. Look at Niranjan. He’s not attached to anything. He takes poor people to the doctor, spending his own money. At the mention of marriage, he says, ‘My God! That is a whirlpool of the Vishalakshi!’ I see him sitting on a light.
“Purna belongs to a high spiritual ideal of God with form – he has an element of Vishnu! Ah, what love he has!
(To M.) “Did you notice how he looked at you? Just like one looks upon a brother disciple, as if you were his very own. He said he’d come see me again. He said he’d meet me at Captain’s house.”
Many qualities of Narendra – the qualities of the younger Naren
“Narendra is of a very high spiritual ideal – the realm of the Absolute. He has a masculine nature.
“So many devotees come here but none of them is like him.
“Sometimes I sit down and calculate their natures. I see them like lotuses. Some of them have ten petals, some have sixteen, some a hundred. But Narendra is a thousand-petalled lotus.
“Others may be small tumblers or pitchers, but Narendra is a huge barrel.
“Among ponds and tanks, he is a large lake, like the Haldarpukur.
“Among fish, Narendra is a red-eyed carp, others are small fish, like minnows or small white fish.
“He is a big receptacle. Many things can be kept in him. He is like a bamboo with a big hollow space inside.
“Narendra is not the slave of anything. He is not subject to any attachment or sense pleasure. Like a male pigeon. If you hold its beak, it pulls away from you. A female pigeon just stays still.
“Tarak of Belgharia can be called a red-eyed carp.
“Narendra is manly. That’s why he sits on the right side in a carriage. Bhavanath has a feminine nature, so I tell him to sit on the other side.
“When Narendra is in a gathering, I feel strong.”
Mahendra Mukherji enters and salutes. It is about eight o’clock in the morning. Haripada and Tulsiram arrive, one after the other. They salute Sri Ramakrishna and sit down. Baburam is suffering from fever and couldn’t come.
Sri Ramakrishna (to M. and others): “Hasn’t the younger Naren come? Maybe he’s under the impression I’ve already left. (To Mukherji) What a wonder! As a child, that boy (the younger Naren) would cry for the Lord when he returned from school. Is it a small thing to cry for God? And he is so intelligent. He is a bamboo with a big hollow compared to other bamboos.
“And he has given his entire mind to me. Girish Ghosh told me that the day kirtan was held at Navagopal’s house, the younger Naren was there. Asking where I was, he was not conscious of his surroundings. He began to walk over people looking for me.
“And he’s not afraid that he’ll be criticized at home. He stays at Dakshineswar for three nights at a time.”
Deep secret of bhakti yoga – harmony of jnana and bhakti
Mukherji, Hari Babu, Purna, Niranjan, M., and Balaram
[Priyanath] Mukherji: “Hari (Hari Babu of Baghbazar) was amazed at what you said yesterday. He said, ‘All this is in the Samkhya philosophy, in Patanjali, and the Vedanta. He is not an ordinary person.’”
Sri Ramakrishna: “But I have not read the Samkhya or the Vedanta.
“Perfect jnana and perfect bhakti are one and the same. By discriminating ‘not this, not this,’ all reasoning ends, leading to the knowledge of Brahman. Then one accepts again what one has renounced. You have to be careful climbing to the roof. But when you get there, you see that the roof is made of the same materials – brick, lime, and brick dust – of which the steps are made.
“He who is aware of high is also aware of low. After attaining spiritual knowledge, high and low appear as one.
“Hanuman also sometimes felt the attitude of ‘I am He,’ sometimes ‘I am Your servant,’ and at other times, ‘I am a part of You.’
“Why should one cherish love for God? Without it, how can a man spend his days?
“This I-ness does not go away. As long as there is the pot of I-ness, the attitude of ‘I am He’ is not attained. In samadhi, however, that I-ness disappears. Then what exists is only He. Ramprasad says, ‘Mother, only You will know in that state whether I am good or You are good.’
“As long as I-ness persists, it is better to have the attitude of a devotee. It’s not right to think ‘I am God’ or ‘O embodied being, you are not like Krishna, you are just a devotee.’ But it’s a different matter if God Himself draws you. It’s like a master saying affectionately to his servant, ‘Come, come along. Sit beside me. You are the same as I.’
“The waves belong to the Ganges, not the Ganges to the waves.
“Shiva has both states of mind. When he is absorbed in the joy of the Self, he is in the state of ‘I am He’ – he is fully fixed in union with God. But when he feels himself a separate ‘I-ness,’ he dances, exclaiming, ‘Rama! Rama!’
“That to which the movable belongs, to Him also belongs the immovable.
“That is why you may not be moving just now, but after a while you begin to work.
“Spiritual knowledge and love for God are one and the same. Even so, one person says that it is water and another that it is a piece of ice.”
Two kinds of samadhi – obstacle to samadhi: ‘lust and greed’
“Broadly speaking, samadhi is of two kinds. By reasoning on the path of jnana, I-ness is obliterated and one attains samadhi. It is called sthira samadhi or jada samadhi (nirvikalpa samadhi). The samadhi attained by the path of bhakti is known as bhava samadhi. In this samadhi, a thin line of I-ness persists to enable one to enjoy divine bliss, divine contact. However, if a person is attached to ‘lust and greed,’ this state cannot be attained.
“I said to Kedar, ‘If your mind dwells in “lust and greed,” you can’t realize God.’ Once I thought I might stroke his chest with my hand, but I couldn’t do it. Within him, there was something twisted. It was like a house smelling filthy – I couldn’t enter it. It was like a natural Shiva Lingam, whose roots spread as far as Kashi. As long as you are attracted by the world, as long you are attached to ‘lust and greed,’ you cannot succeed.
“‘Lust and greed’ has not yet entered into these youngsters. That’s why I am so fond of them. Hazra says, ‘You like a boy who is handsome and the son of a rich man.’ If that were true, why would I be so fond of Harish, Latu, Narendra? Narendra can’t find a pice for salt to season his rice.
“Worldliness has not yet entered into these youngsters’ minds. That’s why they are so pure.
“And many of them are ever-perfect ones. They were drawn to God since their birth. Imagine you’ve bought a garden and when clearing it, you discover a previously installed water pipe. You open it and lo, water gushes out!”
Purna and Niranjan – serving the mother – the attitude of a Vaishnava
Balaram: “Sir, how is it that Purna has realized suddenly that the world is an illusion?”
“Do you know how it is with these youngsters? Bearing fruit even before flowering. First they see God, and then they hear about His glories and attributes. After that comes direct union.
“Look at Niranjan. He’s not a bookkeeper – he doesn’t keep track of gain and loss. When he hears the call, he can go. But as long as a person’s mother is alive, she has to be looked after. I used to worship my mother with flowers and sandal paste. It is the Mother of the Universe who has come down in the form of your mother. The memorial service honouring a deceased relative is the worship of one’s chosen deity. Vaishnavas celebrate in a grand way when somebody dies. Their festival has the same significance.
“As long as you take care of your own body, you must look after your mother. So I say to Hazra, ‘When you have a cough, you make a mixture of sugar candy and pepper, and you have to get the pepper and also salt for taste.’ As long as you do this for yourself, you have also to take care of your mother.
“A minor can’t take responsibility for himself, so he has a guardian. Chaitanya Deva’s state was like that of a minor.”
M. goes to take dip in the Ganges.
Sri Ramakrishna’s horoscope – his earlier story – Thakur’s realization of God
Vision of Rama, Lakshmana, and Krishna – naked figure of a paramahamsa
Sri Ramakrishna is talking with the devotees in the same small room in Balaram’s house. Mahendra Mukherji, Balaram, Tulsi, Haripada, Girish, and other devotees are sitting on the floor. Girish has been visiting Thakur for seven or eight months. M. has returned after his bath in the Ganges. He salutes Thakur and sits beside him. Thakur is relating a few of his wonderful visions of God.
“One day in the Kali Temple I saw Nangta and Haladhari reading the Adhyatma Ramayana. Suddenly I saw a stream with woods and green trees and plants on either side. I saw Rama and Lakshmana walking along wearing shorts. One day, in front of the kuthi, I saw Arjuna’s chariot, with the Lord sitting in it as the charioteer. I remember this even now.
“Another day, during a kirtan at my native village, I saw the figure of Gauranga before me.
“A naked man used to be with me all the time then. I would touch his penis and cut jokes with him. Then I would laugh and laugh. This naked form came out of my own body – the picture of a paramahamsa – like a child.
“Oh, I can’t describe the many divine visions I had. At the time I had severe stomach troubles. The visions would aggravate them, so when I had one, I would say, ‘Get away!’ But they would catch hold of me, like ghosts. I would remain absorbed in ecstasy. I couldn’t tell you how I passed my days. Then all divine emotion would pass as if I had had a bout of diarrhea.” (Laughter.)
Girish (smiling): “I am examining your horoscope.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “I was born on the second lunar day. Except for the positions of sun, moon, and mercury, it doesn’t show much more.”
Girish: “You were born under Aquarius. Rama and Krishna were born under Cancer and Taurus. And Chaitanya Deva under Leo.”
Sri Ramakrishna: “I had two desires. One, to be king of the devotees. Two, that I should not be a dry sadhu.”
Sri Ramakrishna’s horoscope – why spiritual practice for Thakur? – vision of Brahmayoni
Girish (smiling): “Why did you have to practice spiritual disciplines?”
Sri Ramakrishna (smiling): “The Divine Mother underwent many difficult spiritual practices for Shiva, sitting encircled by five fires, keeping her body immersed in water during cold weather, and gazing at the sun without blinking.
“Krishna practiced a number of spiritual disciplines with the Radha Yantra. That yantra was the Brahmayoni from which universes arise. He would meditate on it and worship it. From it thousands of universes are created.
“This is very secret. Under the bel tree I used to have sparkling visions.”
His earlier story – practicing Tantra under the bel tree – Brahmani procured the articles
“I practiced a number of Tantric disciplines under the bel tree – with a skull, and so forth. And I performed a number of postures. The Brahmani arranged everything.
(Moving nearer to Haripada) “In that state I used to worship the penis of young boys with flowers and sandalwood paste. I couldn’t help myself.
“And there was another experience. I would fall sick the very next day if I became egoistic.”
M. sits like a picture without saying a word when he hears Thakur tell of his wonderful experiences, words never heard before. The devotees also sit there as if bathed in the redeeming current of the Ganges, as if the Bhagavata itself were flowing from the lips of Sri Ramakrishna.
Everyone is silent.
Sri Ramakrishna: “He has laughter within. There is sand over the course of the Phalgu River. But dig into it and you will reach water.
(To M.) “Don’t you scrape your tongue? Please clean your tongue every day.”
Balaram: “Well, Purna has come to know many things about you from him (M.).”
Sri Ramakrishna: “He knows my earlier life story. But what, I don’t know.”
Balaram: “Purna is perfect by nature. What are these people?”
Sri Ramakrishna: “They are just instruments.”
It is nine o’clock. Arrangements have been made for Thakur’s return to Dakshineswar. A boat has been hired and is ready for him at the Annapurna ghat of Baghbazar. Prostrating, the devotees salute Thakur.
He boards the boat with one or two devotees. Gopal’s Mother goes into the same boat. After a little rest at Dakshineswar, she will continue on foot to Kamarhatti in the evening.
Thakur’s camp cot from Dakshineswar, which had been sent for repairs, is also loaded into the boat. It was on this cot that Rakhal generally slept.
. One-sixteenth divine power (kala).
. Traditionally offered to Shiva.
.Traditionally offered to Vishnu.
. Baby Krishna.
. For the complete story refer to Volume III, Section XV, Chapter I.
. Rupa, swarupa, raj, bij, and pak pranali.
. näyaà hanti na hanyate – Bhagavad Gita, 2:19; na hanyate hanyamäne çarére – Bhagavad Gita 2:20.
. Harinath Chattopadhyaya, the future Swami Turiyananda.
. Doctrine of Advaita.
. Doctrine of Vishishtadvaita.
. Sankalpa and vikalpa.
. Later Swami Trigunatitananda.
. The attitude of Gopala toward them.
. God is the puppeteer.
. A low bow with the right palm to the forehead.
. Col. Henry Steel Olcott, first president of the Theosophical Society.
. For the complete song refer to Section XIII, Chapter III.
. For the complete song refer to Section XV, Chapter IV.
. For the complete song refer to Section XVII, Chapter I.
. For the complete song refer to Section VI, Chapter I.
. The savior, literally “she who takes one across [the ocean of worldly existence]”.
. For the complete song refer to Section VIII, Chapter I.
. Alekh Niranjan.
. A stream near Kamarpukur.
Later Swami Turiyananda.
. So ’ham.
. Daso ’ham.
. Ravi, Chandra, and Buddha.
. To win him as a husband.
. The future Swami Nirmalananda.
. Magha Nakshatra.
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A new image of saint Denis, a synthesis of earlier traditions, was elevated in the context of the Carolingian Renaissance.
Under the reign of Louis the Pious, in 835, abbot Hilduin of Saint-Denis wrote up a new version of the Passion of his patron saint. To do this, he took on the role of historian and undertook a critical examination of all texts available in order to conciliate all traditions from the East and West. In his opinion, identity of the two Denis leaves no doubt : « his » Denis is of course Areopagite, astronomer and philosopher, author of many academic works (fig.6). the elevation of devotion of this Doctor of the Church is perfectly in line with the intellectual and cultural revival orchestrated by Charlemagne and his successors. For Hilduin, Denis was baptised by saint Paul (fig. 7) and made bishop of Athens. As it was not lawful to receive the episcopal consecration two times, it was not an episcopate but an « apostolate », a mission comparable to the apostles, that Clément de Rome conferred upon him. At the same time, Denis lost his status as « first bishop of Paris » to be replaced by « apostle of all Gaule ». Henceforth, the royal abbey of Saint-Denis was no longer accountable to the bishops of Paris.
Hilduin also set out to translate the philosophical works of the Pseudo-Denys from Greek to Latin. Much was at stake as these treaties focused on christianising Platonic philosophy. The author endorsed a state of mystic contemplation, to allow man to get close to divine mysteries. In a book entitled « La hiérarchie céleste » - A heavenly hierarchy, the philosopher describes in great detail the hierarchy of the nine choirs of angels and their respective functions. The illumination presented here (fig. 8, au centre) shows Denys in the posture of a scribe observing the heavens : from bottom to top there is a successive representation of angels, archangels, principalities, powers, virtues, authorities, thrones, Cherubims and Seraphims topped by a figure from the heavenly trinity.
The importance of Dionysian theories
The astronomy practiced by Aeropagite before his conversion led him to develop an original view of Christianity (Fig.9). As the sun lights up everything around it, the spiritual light of God pours out over nature, active energies, intelligent beings making them what they are. This divine illumination expands to varying degrees, leading to a hierarchy that defines both the place that each entity holds and the function given to it from above to transmit below. The doctrine of the Pseudo-Denys was to have an enduring fascination on the thought of the Middle Ages. A subject of countless observations, these works were to remain a subject of meditation for Maximus the Confesseur, Jean Scot Érigène, Hugues de Saint-Victor, Albert the Great, Thomas d’Aquin and many more. The mystic illumination of the Pseudo-Denys is also without a doubt at the origin of the importance given to light in gothic art by abbot Suger (1122-1151), builder of the basilica as we know it.
Figure 6 :
Denys prêche le Christ contre les idoles des philosophes
Vies de saints (2e quart du XIVe s.), Jeanne de Montbaston
Ms. Paris, Bibl. Nat. fr. 185, fol. 202
Figure 7 :
Baptême de saint Denis par saint Paul en présence de Damaris.
Yves de Saint-Denis, Vie et martyre de Denis (1317)
Ms. Paris,Bibl. Nat. fr. 2090, fol. 54v.
Figure 9 :
Denis observant les astres
Yves de Saint-Denis, Vie et martyre de saint Denis (1317)
Ms. Paris, Bibl.Nat. fr.2090, fol. 32
Others articles about St Denis: | <urn:uuid:be76198f-8dc7-49b7-98e8-b77f7a5fdf6e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://uk.tourisme93.com/basilica/denis-astronomer-and-philosopher.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.879926 | 852 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Typically problem-solving courts eschew the adversarial model in favor of a “team approach,” where the defendant’s recovery from a behavioral problem plus concerns for public safety become the shared goals of the defense, prosecution, judges, corrections and treatment providers. The court actively directs and supervises the defendant’s rehabilitative efforts though the dual use of frequent reporting coupled with a range of sanctions for violations.
In the problem-solving court setting, defense attorneys have encountered the most serious conflict, since their traditional role as zealous advocates are subordinated to the recovery process. This in turn raises a profound ethical dilemma: to whom does the defense attorney owe allegiance – the client or the rehabilitation team? Put another way, what is the defense attorney’s ethical obligation when there is a collision of rehabilitative goals with the client’s constitutional and freedom interests? This singular problem occurs simultaneously with other conflicts peculiar to the problem-solving courts model, namely the steep price of admission which requires defendants to (1) plead guilty, (2) waive Fourth Amendment rights and (3) waive Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights. Lack of confidentiality ascribable to defendant statements and the absence of immunity may result in incriminating statements being utilized against a defendant in later criminal proceedings.
Balancing the concerns of the problem-solving courts’ rehabilitative goals with the defendant’s constitutional rights and defense counsel’s ethical concerns, the NACDL shall form a Task Force that will:
- Identify specific problem-solving courts, with particular emphasis on drug courts, as they are the most established and widespread form of problem-solving courts. The task force will examine their role in the criminal justice system and assess their overall effectiveness;
- Make recommendations for reducing the conflicts between rehabilitative goals and fundamental constitutional rights;
- Identify the specific ethical dilemmas encountered by defense counsel;
- Identify new processes and initiatives which can be instituted to permit the combined goals of rehabilitation and preservation of constitutional standards of representation;
- Disseminate best practices and guidelines which will ensure that rehabilitation can be achieved within a constitutional framework; and,
- Examine any additional issues pertaining to the use and growth of drug courts and other problem-solving courts and their methodologies as determined by the Task Force. | <urn:uuid:35e4b194-be07-4e0e-b5ee-e5b3e7f1eef9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nacdl.org/Document/ProblemSolvingCourtsTaskForceMissionStatement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.932664 | 481 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Syntax for scene_drawing module...
So I am trying to draw a simple line in Pythonista. I have selected a new game type template and the documentation states;
scene_drawing — Drawing Functions for the scene module The functions in this module can be used within the scene.Scene.draw() method when using the classic render loop mode of the scene module.
The default game/animation template is thus;
from scene import * import sound import random import math A = Action class MyScene(Scene): def setup(self): pass def did_change_size(self): pass def update(self): pass def touch_began(self, touch): pass def touch_moved(self, touch): pass def touch_ended(self, touch): pass if __name__ == '__main__': run(MyScene(), show_fps=False)
From the documentation I think I need to set up a def draw(self): function, but I am not sure what the documentation means when it refers to the scene.Scene.draw() method when using the classic render loop mode of the scene module.
Could someone help explain the syntax of what I need to include where please. Many thanks.
there are sort of two types of Scene.
The first, newer style, uses SpriteNodes, and has its update method called each frame.
The second uses a draw() method, called every frame, where you can use the scene drawing methods. those methods must be used inside of draw() because that is where a drawing context is set up for you.
As an alternative, you can use a ui.ImageContext and the Path drawing commands, then get the image from the context, and set as the texture to a sprite node. Or, for simple path drawing, you can use ShapeNodes.
i think there are probably some old examples in the pythonista tools repo.
Thanks @jonb much appreciated. I’ve now managed to get the webIDE up and running, too!
So, I have done some stuff using the spritenode system, and managed to pretty much successfully (well at least for me!) to get a version of connect4 coded and working using the default game/animation template as the start. However, I couldn’t find any way of drawing a simple line... surely I am missing something here Jon, and one should easily be able to do that somehow? Any pointers?
If you wanted to,say, draw a line connecting the 4, over the top, you would use a ShapeNode. Things are a little annoying because, iirc, the shape gets autoresized in annoying ways.
But effectively something like
You need to set the anchor point depending on the signs of dx and dy-- if you want the x,y position of L to set the location of the start of the line -- if the line is going right, the anchor point should be on the left, etc.
You may need to set the ShapeNode line color, fill color, stroke width, etc.
For what it's worth -- https://forum.omz-software.com/topic/4168/analog-clock-example-to-ui-example-help
Had an example of a scene that used a rounded_rect ShapeNode, setting the rotation to cause it to rotate. Likewise this gives you more control of your line -- you would have to calculate the angle to rotate based on your desired start/end points (using math.atan) | <urn:uuid:d4553692-333b-4e23-800b-0df40802963c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forum.omz-software.com/topic/5544/syntax-for-scene_drawing-module/3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.857625 | 800 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Kaspersky have called the problem CosmicStrand but an earlier variant of the threat was discovered by malware analysts at Qihoo360, who named it Spy Shadow Trojan.
It is unclear how the threat actor managed to inject the rootkit into the firmware images of the target machines but researchers found the malware on machines with ASUS and Gigabyte motherboards.
The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) software is what connects a computer’s operating system with the firmware of the underlying hardware. UEFI code is the first to run during a computer’s booting sequence, ahead of the operating system and the security solutions.
Kaspersky said that the infected UEFI component deploys a kernel-level implant into a Windows system at every boot.
The entire process consists of setting up hooks to modify the operating system loader and take control of the entire execution flow to launch the shellcode that fetches the payload from the command and control server.
Mandiant's Mark Lechtik, who was involved in the research, tweeted that the compromised firmware images came with a modified CSMCORE DXE driver, which enables a legacy boot process.
“This driver was modified so as to intercept the boot sequence and introduce malicious logic to it,” Lechtik wrote.
The Chinese researchers got to analyzing the implant after a victim reported that their computer had created a new account out of the blue and the antivirus software kept alerting of a malware infection.
According to their report, the compromised system ran on a second-hand ASUS motherboard that the owner had purchased from an online store.
Kaspersky was able to determine that the CosmicStrand UEFI rootkit was lodged in firmware images of Gigabyte or ASUS motherboards that have in common designs using the H81 chipset.
This refers to old hardware between 2013 to 2015 that is mostly discontinued today. | <urn:uuid:96c5acb0-259d-406f-8dca-cee5bcc900c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fudzilla.com/news/55225-chinese-motherboards-have-huge-security-hole | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.94928 | 386 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Civil Engineering Schools in Pennsylvania
Civil Engineering is a diverse and growing field in the state of Pennsylvania. Programs in Civil Engineering with a general duration of four years are offered in several colleges and universities throughout the state. Some of these universities include:
- Pennsylvania State University
- The University of Pittsburgh
- Temple University
- Drexel University
- Bucknell University
Students enjoy courses such as:
- highway engineering
- soil mechanics
- strength of materials
- subdivision design
- foundation design
- soil and waste material
It is highly recommended to get licensed as a Professional Civil Engineer in the state of Pennsylvania. Licensing is administered by the State Registration Board for Professional Engineers, Land Surveyors and Geologists which is part of the Pennsylvania Department of State. Most students take the Engineer In Training (E.I.T) exam after graduation, and receive a license upon successfully passing the exam. In order to apply for the Professional Engineering (P.E) exam, candidates must have obtained four years of progressive experience in Civil Engineering after having received the E.I.T certificate.
For candidates with no four year degree, eight years of experience is required in order to apply for the Professional Engineering exam. The exam is taken is a full day session, and a passing score must be obtained in order to receive a Professional Engineering license. All professional civil engineering licenses in the state of Pennsylvania expire September 30 of every odd numbered year. A minimum of 24 professional development hours must be obtained in order to qualify for a renewal. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, the American Public Works Association, and various schools, local and private organizations offer several course for continuing education or professional development.
Civil Engineers in Pennsylvania enjoy working in both the private and the public sector. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation is a major employer, and its engineers work on roads, rail roads, and airports. Other duties of Civil Engineers in Pennsylvania in the public and private sector include but are not limited to:
- subdivision design
- drainage design and control
- road repair and construction
- irrigation and land remediation
The starting salary for Civil Engineers in Pennsylvania is a little over $61,000. City engineers earn about $83,000, while senior engineers make around $80,000. | <urn:uuid:b24305f9-925d-4598-af52-5697bcd68ba1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://educatingengineers.com/states/pennsylvania/civil-engineering/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.950408 | 468 | 2.109375 | 2 |
As a nation we have taken supermarkets Aldi and Lidl to heart in the past few years - but there's something about them we never seem too sure of.
How do you pronounce their names?
A recent survey by consumer group Which? ranked the pair at the top of tree when it comes to our supermarket shopping habits.
Aldi beat stiff competition from rivals such as Asda, M&S and Sainsbury's to receive a five-star rating for value for money and a 73 per cent overall score for customer satisfaction.
Meanwhile, Lidl came in third place with a score of 67 per cent in an annual Which? report, The Mirror reports.
However, it seems many of us are still unsure how to pronounce their names correctly.
In short, many of us are simply getting it wrong, The Mirror reports.
First off, when it comes to Aldi, many people tend to say drag out the 'A' syllable.
But, according to the retailer itself, we should be saying Al-di.
The name actually came from the surname of the brothers who started the chain in 1946, Karl Albrecht and his brother Theo.
The 'Al' is taken from Albrecht, and the 'di' comes from discount.
However, when pronouncing Lidl, things get a little trickier, according to The Mirror.
Many British people often say it with a short, sharp 'Li' at the start, like 'lid-uhl'.
But, in its home-town, it's pronounced lee-dell.
These aren't the only retailer names that we've been saying wrong.
It turns out that Nutella - the tasty chocolate spread - is one of the most commonly mispronounced brands out there.
Whilst it may seem like common sense to say Nut-ell-ah - since it's made from hazelnuts - it's actually pronounced Nu-tell-uh, the Mirror reports.
Have you been saying these names wrong? Let us know in the comments. | <urn:uuid:60dea212-7ef1-4e82-ae03-b8a691454e97> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/local-news/love-aldi-lidl-know-how-5073485 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.964377 | 429 | 1.929688 | 2 |
About Travel restrictions against the Novel Coronavirus,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japanese government has issued the alert to stop traveling to Hubei Province, China, due to the Novel Coronavirus, therefore please refrain from traveling to Hubei for the time being.
As the infection has spread outside of China, please get the adequate information about your travel destination to prevent the infection in case you travel or return home.
Students returning from the travel restriction area should be aware of the symptoms, especially during the two weeks after returning home.
Please take care of contact with people and, if you have any symptoms, please call the public health center. Be sure to wear a mask when you visit hospital or contact with a person. Tell your doctor your travel history to restriction area and whether you have contact with patients at risk of infection. | <urn:uuid:a94aa80e-45fb-4fe0-a4bb-7b091e5824ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kis.ac.jp/2020/01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.935107 | 173 | 1.75 | 2 |
Arizona Scientific research Facility comes under the amusement parks for youngsters which has a rich history of exploration, advancement and also collaboration. It started as a neighborhood task of The Junior League of Phoenix Metro in 1980. Since then the Facility has established itself as a major institution of discovering for family members, teachers and pupils as well as various other visitors with ever increasing variety of site visitors. As you enter you will quickly be repossessed in time as you see the selection of artefacts and also old railroad automobiles, which includes a dining compartment, auto and also also a steed cars and truck. The kids will certainly have fun ringing the steam locomotive bell, as well!
The Desert Breeze Express is pulling into the station for a full day of family members enjoyable as well as experience in the heart of Chandler, Arizona’s most preferred amusement park! Take in all the views from your open-top train trainer. Have the children pursue a trip where they can play with the ponies on the charming antique slide carousel. After that cool off as well as fill at the sandwich shop, where they offer family members faves at pleasant costs. Trek the Eagle’s Nest Loophole, and also appreciate the scenic views once you reach the park’s acme. As well as, do not forget to stop by the park’s site visitor facility to discover the moonlit walks, led nature strolls and also history of the location.
See Sculptures And Pottery At The Chandler Art Stroll.
Sedona Heritage Museum.
Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch, a theme park in AZ for kids, a family possessed and also run ranch situated on 600 acres in between Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona on Interstate 10. It is the largest privately possessed ranch in the USA as well as they actually have the birds to prove it. Drop in and feed the pests for an extraordinary experience. Octane is the biggest interior kart facility in America, featuring two 1/4 mile tracks in a large 113,000 sq/ft center.
A morning or afternoon can be pleasurably invested exploring the lots of shops & dining options supplied in the area. This area is made use of for road fairs and also music occasions throughout the year. Found in the location bordering First Road and also Key Method Historic Downtown Yuma is with walking distance of several Yuma area Attractions.
Wild Horse Pass Motorsports Park.
Slide Rock State Park.
Read more about desert breeze park las vegas here. Allow the kids explore all the tunnels and mole holes in the 25-foot interior oak tree. Children 18 and more youthful should be accompanied by an adult at the 20,000-square-foot play center.
Makutu’s Island is a 20,000 square foot, multi-level interior play area in Chandler, AZ created kids and grownups. Take pleasure in Makutu’s Island for open play, kid’s celebrations, sporting activity’s or college group events, and company occasions. It’s one of the best amusement parks for kids in AZ . Castles N’ Coasters is an amusement Tripboba Travel Destinations at Octane. For new site visitors the costs for admission is $17.95 for juniors, $20.95 for adults.
The park additionally supplies a Junior Ranger program for kids ages 6 to 12. Private interior sectors, gigantic blow up slides, bounce residences, challenge courses, this is how the Pump it Up theme park is categorized in AZ . One can celebrate the personal party at the amusement park. Enjoy your enjoyable loaded celebration with pals and youngsters with pizza, beverages, balloons and gift bags making the celebration worry-free. Kid’s birthday offers can make you sit back and also appreciate your youngster’s birthday.
Youngsters can race much like the big children on our Rookie Go-Kart track. CrackerJax in Scottsdale AZ is a fun theme park that has Miniature golf, Bumper Cars, Game, ect. The game is rather big as well as the games give tickets to make sure that the youngsters can get little rewards.
Arizona Railway Gallery
Birthday-party bundles are readily available. Open all the working days i.e. in between Monday to Friday till Noon 7pm and also between 10am to 9pm on Saturdays. With tons of enjoyment to pick from for your entire family, Fiddlesticks offers something for the kid in all of us, including small golf, go-karts, game, batting cages, and much more! Fiddlesticks is the excellent area for birthday celebration events, household group events, or simply an afternoon of fun. Delve into the go-karts and race like the Indy 500 drivers.
The park was in constructed 1980, and is planned in an extremely Middle-Eastern motif although the alernative periods location unit featured like the Wild West-themed fairway and also log flume flight. The Tumbleweed Recreation Center is a household entertainment center that includes a variety of sporting activities facilities, games areas, courses, activities and also occasions for site visitors of every ages. The center has an interior running track, modern gymnasium, two racquetball courts, a number of exercise and dance workshops and modern-day locker areas as well as changing facilities. | <urn:uuid:d1a4f6e2-5b8b-48bc-b0da-81134ad8364c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.networksasia.net/anonymous/guide-to-chandler-parks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.948626 | 1,098 | 1.648438 | 2 |
I have now released the first two infographics in a series I am titling “Visual Theology.” Just as there are many words that can be used to describe any one fact, there are also many ways to display facts. I have been working with a few graphic designers in an attempt to display theological realities in infographic form. If you scroll down a little bit you can find links to infographics dealing with The Ordo Salutis and The Attributes of God. [Update: There is now a Visual Theology website.]
Today I have the third entry in this series and it looks at the books of the Bible. Our inspiration for the way they are displayed was the periodic table of elements. I guess that means that you can consider this the periodic table of the books of the Bible.
Note: Click on the graphic to see it full-size.
You can also download this infographic in a high-quality PDF (1.2 MB). As with all of the inforgraphics in this series, you are free to print it, copy it, distribute it, and so on. Just don’t sell it, please. (Be careful printing it as that black background will gobble up your toner!)
Also, as a bonus, we’ve made up some desktop wallpapers if you’d like to use it for that purpose:
And as a further bonus, you can also download it with a white background so it’s easier to print.
If you have other ideas for theological infographics, please feel free to leave a comment.
More in Visual Theology:
- Book Review – Gum, Geckos and God
- 5 Great Books on the Will of God
- The Sinner’s Opinion of Himself
- Suffering and Glory | <urn:uuid:a69515b6-8422-4535-98e0-0b374bd828bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.challies.com/visual-theology/visual-theology-the-books-of-the-bible/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951556 | 372 | 1.914063 | 2 |
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121. Plants Need Water
He loved his plants. His plants were in
. There were 10 pots in back of the
. There were eight pots in front of the
. There was a different plant in every pot.
plants were the same. They were all different.
were all beautiful. It was Friday. It was
to water the plants. He watered the plants
a week. He went outside. He grabbed the
. It was green and long. It was about
feet long. He turned on the water. Water
out of the end of the hose. He
each plant in back of the house. He
each plant until the soil was dark and
. He watered each plant until the soil was
. Then he went out front. The hose out
was also green. It was 30 feet long.
watered all the plants out front. Puddles of
were around each pot. There were 8 puddles
water out front. Butterflies and bees visited the
plants. He watched for a while. Then he
back inside. Next week he would water the | <urn:uuid:3dc07ad7-e302-40e1-9bf0-7ff3656ba451> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rong-chang.com/ne/ecloze/ne_cloze121.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.990957 | 271 | 2.453125 | 2 |
The mission of Girls Incorporated of St. Louis is to inspire all girls to be strong, smart and bold by providing educational, recreational, and cultural programs to girls in a safe environment to enable them to raise their aspirations and realize their potential.
Girls Inc of St. Louis has a rich and successful history of being the only organization that offers programming in an all girls environment. Girls Inc. of St. Louis was established in 1981 as the Girls Club of Soulard.
In the 1980s, the club joined the Girls Inc National organization.
Our programming has focused on providing girls with the information, skills, strategies, and resources to help them make decisions, solve problems, meet their own needs and lead others. Our activities provide the opportunity to experience success as they grow to understand their options, meet responsibilities and reach new heights. | <urn:uuid:e9acf44b-7185-4cd5-83e9-3a635132d49a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.girlsincstl.org/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.963402 | 177 | 1.5625 | 2 |
What is Rubber Band Ligation (RBL)?
Rubber band ligation (RBL) is an office procedure in which the prolapsed hemorrhoid tissue is tied off at its base with rubber bands, cutting off the blood flow to the hemorrhoid. Rubber band ligation works well for prolapsed internal hemorrhoids, such as the advanced grade 2 and grade 3 hemorrhoids.
How is Rubber Band Ligation Performed?
Your doctor will insert an anoscope into your anus and grasp the prolapsed hemorrhoid with a separate instrument to place a rubber band around its base. The procedure is done in a doctor’s office and only takes a couple of minutes. Treatment is usually limited to one hemorrhoid per office visit; additional areas may be treated in two-week intervals.
Is Rubber Band Ligation Performed Under Local Anesthesia?
No. The nerves that are located higher up the anal canal (above the dentate line) do not sense pain, though they do feel pressure. Internal hemorrhoids, located above the dentate line, are associated with these visceral nerves, so rubber band ligation is usually a painless procedure.
Why is RBL Performed?
Rubber band ligation is one of the most popular treatments for internal hemorrhoids. If symptoms continue after three or four treatments, surgery may be the next option.
What Should I Expect After Treatment?
Some patients may feel tightness and mild pain or feel as if they need to have a bowel movement. Everyone responds a little differently to this procedure.
Most patients are able to return to regular activities (avoiding heavy lifting) almost immediately. A few patients may need a few hours or a day of rest. Tylenol or Ibuprofen can be taken as needed, and daily sitz baths for 15-30 minutes per session are helpful in reducing discomfort. Some patients may experience slight rectal bleeding in a week when the hemorrhoid dies off. However, if you notice significant rectal bleeding, call your doctor’s office.
How Effective is RBL?
Up to 80 percent of patients who have gone through this procedure reported that their symptoms improved.
Side effects are rare, but may include severe pain that won’t go away even after various methods of pain relief are used. The bands may have been placed too close to the area of the anal canal that contains pain sensors. | <urn:uuid:c67ae1ea-4c27-40f9-9281-0945e7d4502a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hemorrhoidheal.com/anorectal-procedures/rubber-band-ligation-faq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.943265 | 491 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Kalama, WA (June 11, 2021) – Today Northwest Innovation Works (NWIW) notified the Port of Kalama it will terminate its lease, effectively ending efforts to develop a manufacturing plant that would have brought hundreds of short- and long-term family-wage jobs to Kalama. In addition to creating jobs, the facility would have provided an innovative approach to methanol production, reducing global dependence on products made from coal.
Port of Kalama officials point to the state’s regulatory and political environment for killing local, sustainable jobs just when the need is the greatest.
“This was the kind of innovative, job-creating project that originally was supported by the Governor’s office. Jay Inslee stood on Kalama’s waterfront to tout the climate benefits of the project, then turned on us when he ran for president,” said Port Director Mark Wilson.
All the state has accomplished is to encourage more severe greenhouse gas emissions outside the borders of Washington and declare a false climate victory.”
The proposed project would have:
- Created 1,400 construction jobs;
- Provided 200 permanent family-wage jobs;
- Contributed millions in local tax revenue to support schools, roads, and social services;
- Produced the cleanest methanol on the planet;
- Displaced Chinese production of coal-based methanol; and
- Reduced global greenhouse gas emissions using innovative technology.
The project aimed to convert natural gas into methanol for use in manufacturing plastic products like computers, clothing, plywood and medical devices. NWIW would have used a new technology to manufacture methanol, thereby meeting consumer needs while helping the world meet carbon-emission reduction targets. The state required an unprecedented series of environmental studies, all of which demonstrated a significant net reduction in global greenhouse gasses.
Randy Sweet, Port Commission President and accomplished environmental professional stated, “We’ve lost an opportunity to become a global showcase for innovation and environmentally conscious manufacturing in Washington. Unfortunately, this is part of a larger pattern of the unwillingness to listen to differing opinions and find common-sense, balanced solutions.”
The project was first announced in 2014, and the permitting process lasted seven years until now, when NWIW announced it would no longer move forward in Washington state. NWIW spent tens of millions addressing state agency permitting concerns, which shifted constantly over the course of the process.
Port officials are concerned about the broader implications for economic development and environmental protection.
Port Commissioner Troy Stariha added, “NWIW did everything right, and their understandable decision to pull out of this project is a real loss for families trying to make ends meet, the future of economic development in our state, and our environment. The project also would have been a huge revenue lift for schools, police, fire, roads and other services in our area. It is yet another lost opportunity in southwest Washington.”
“This project would have brought manufacturing jobs back to the US from China and significantly lowered a host of environmental impacts,” said Ted Sprague, President of the Cowlitz Economic Development Council. “The reduction in global greenhouse gases would have been greater than the GHG emissions of Seattle. If not a project with benefits like this, then what is good enough?” | <urn:uuid:a63dd9df-7bb9-44e4-97d3-6dcfa5e7d82c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://portofkalama.com/northwest-innovation-works-to-halt-methanol-export-project-in-kalama-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.9479 | 692 | 1.796875 | 2 |
The Government of India introduced the scheme “Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship (RGNF)” in the year 2012-13 in order to augment opportunities for students with disabilities. The scheme is meant for those students from the category looking to pursue research in universities or scientific institutions.
Under the scheme, students would get twin benefits. Firstly, they would be eligible for employment to lecturer posts lying vacant in a number of colleges as well as universities. The scheme would also supply them with the advantage of growing opportunities at national as well as international level of the new economic order coming up.
The scheme provides up to 200 Fellowships [Junior Research Fellows (JRF)] per year to students with disabilities. It has all universities recognized by University Grants Commission (UGC) as well as Non-Universities and is done by UGC itself on similar lines of scheme of UGC Fellowship being given to research students who wish for M.Phil. and Ph.D.
A candidate looking to apply for the scholarship should apply before the 30th June, 2015.
The Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship for Students with Disabilities would be provided to students with disabilities and shall be covered under The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995. Hence, a person with disability must obtain a disability certificate from the medical authority notified in order to make use of the opportunity.
If the research is satisfactory after two years of the candidate, then the tenure shall be increased by three years as Senior Research Fellowship. It would be evaluated by a three member board arranged by the university. While the amount for the fellowship shall be Rs 16,000 per month for the first two years, it would be increased to Rs 18,000 per month for the subsequent years if everything is in place. However, it would not be increased to more than five years. This scholarship would be available to those who decide to pursue it full time i.e M.Phil or Ph.D course.
Besides this, the Contingency funds (for Humanities, Social Sciences and Commerce) is Rs.10,000 per annum for the first two years and for the next three years the amount allocated is Rs.20,500 per annum. On the other hand, the Contingency fund (For Sciences and Engineering & Technology) is Rs.12,000 per annum for first two years and then Rs.25,000 per annum for next three years.
Those who are interested may go ahead and fill their personal information on the site including caste and disability certificate. After doing the same, a registration id is generated which can be utilised for generating pdf file once submission process is completed. Students would have to fill up details pertaining to Research work that includes research topic, subject etc while other details such as Other Information regarding Present Employment should also be provided. Besides this, the scholarship entails submission of some mandatory documents including:
Students who need more information may contact the UGC at the following address:
University Grants Commission
Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi- 110002
Contact no: 011-23239627 | <urn:uuid:24278dbe-3f1d-49ae-9b13-06486f33f6a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://indiaeducation.net/scholarships/rajiv-gandhi-national-fellowship-for-students-with-disabilities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.955541 | 658 | 1.867188 | 2 |
SEE River: Sustainable Integrated Management of International River Corridors in SEE Countries
The Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia was the lead partner in the international project entitled SEE River – Sustainable Integrated Management of International River Corridors in SEE Countries. Its objective was to reach an agreement on river corridor management that takes into account both development and conservation interests along six selected international rivers: Drava, Bodrog, Neretva, Prut, Soča and Vjosa. The project also introduced a new approach to river and land use planning and management by focusing on the river corridor as the core part of the basin where most pressures occur.
Project partnership consisted of 26 notable institutions and organisations involved in managing river corridors from 12 countries of South-Eastern and Central Europe in several expert fields: water management, nature protection, energy, spatial planning and others.
Slovenian Observers in the Project
- Ministry of Infrastructure and Spatial Planning
- Dravske elektrarne Maribor
International Project Results
- SEE River Toolkit,
- International Drava River Corridor Action Plan for Integrated Management,
- Five Local Action Plans – multi-sectoral stakeholder agreements for the management of five pilot areas in countries along the Drava River Corridor,
- Five Draft Action Plans for integrated management of the Bodrog, Neretva, Prut, Soča, and Vjosa river corridors,
- Selection of good practices of integrated management of international river corridors,
- Training seminars for the transfer of know-how,
- Selection of proposals for follow-up projects,
- Sustainability plan for future cooperation of the SEE River network partners and stakeholders.
About the Project
Value of the Project
Dr Aleš Bizjak, SEE River Project Manager
OTHER INTERNATIONAL REFERENCES
COHENET – Achieving coherent networks of marine protected areas: analysis of the situation in the Mediterranean Sea
Institute for Water of the Repulic of Slovenia (IzVRS) is a regional partner in the COHENET project. The project is led by Belgian consultant ARCADIS, together with Italian Consorzio per il coordinamento delle richerche inerenti al sistema lagunare di Venezia – CORILA. Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia (Spain) and Hellenic Centre...
In January 2017, the international DanubeSediment project was launched. Goal of the project is to improve the sediment management in the Danube River and its tributaries. IzVRS will collaborate with other institutions in preparation of issues within work packages W2, W3, W4, W5 and W6, but will be mainly focus...
HyMoCARES: Hydromorphological assessment and management at the basin scale for the Conservation of Alpine Rivers and related Ecosystem Services
Starting in 2017, HYMOCARES – Hydromorphological assessment and management at basin scale for the Conservation of Alpine Rivers and related Ecosystem Services, is being carried out with a purpose to enhance the hydromorphological state of the rivers in the Alpine area. | <urn:uuid:0f5555e9-b26d-4498-80b4-884cef715ed8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.izvrs.si/project/projekt-see-river-celostno-upravljanje-mednarodnih-recnih-koridorjev-v-jugovzhodni-evropi-2/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.881277 | 699 | 2.265625 | 2 |
React 360 is a framework for the creation of interactive 360 experiences that run in your web browser. It pairs modern APIs like WebGL and WebVR with the declarative power of React, producing applications that can be consumed through a variety of devices. Leveraging web technologies and the existing React ecosystem, React 360 aims to simplify the construction of cross-platform 360 experiences.
We've designed the React 360 developer experience to get your first project up and running in only a few minutes. Before installing the developer tools, you'll need to make sure that you have two prerequisites installed:
- Node.js version 6.0.0 or higher
npm(>= v3.0.0) package managers
Next, install the React 360 CLI – a command-line tool that generates the basic layout of new projects.
npm install -g react-360-cli
yarn global add react-360-cli
You'll only need to install this CLI once. It will alert you when it's out of date, and provide instruction on how to update it.
Once installed, the CLI can be used to create a new project by running
react-360 init PROJECT_NAME
PROJECT_NAME is the name of your new application. Once it's been created and the dependencies are installed, change your working directory to
PROJECT_NAME, and start the application server by running
npm start (or
yarn start). You can also use
--https option to run the server with https.
When the server has booted, you can access your application by navigating to
http://localhost:8081/ in your web browser. Your application's code can be found in
index.js, and you can learn more about available framework features by diving into our documentation.
If you encounter a bug with React 360, let us know. Search the existing issues and try to make sure your problem doesn't already exist before opening a new issue. It's helpful if you include the version of React 360, Browser, and OS you're using. Please include a stack trace and reduced repro case where appropriate.
React 360 is open source software, and we welcome contribution from the wider community. If you are able to fix your bug, or find a way to fix another existing issue, we encourage you to submit a PR to address it.
If you find a documentation typo, please don't file an issue – just create a pull request containing the fix and we will pull it into the documentation.
For more information about contributing to React 360, see our Contributor Guidelines.
React documentation is Creative Commons licensed.
Examples provided in this repository and in the documentation are separately licensed. | <urn:uuid:2ae2e012-56be-458e-9e37-c272f1cb9e70> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://giters.com/gadget114514/react-360 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.881749 | 575 | 1.5 | 2 |
This is a simple guide that will help you to troubleshoot a bad starter motor on your 4.6L or 5.4L V8 equipped car, pick up or SUV. This is an on-car starter motor test that you'll be able to easily accomplish with some basic tools.
To see if this starter motor test tutorial covers your specific Ford vehicle, you can take a look at the list of applications on the box labeled ‘Applies To:’ on the column on the right and scroll with the prev and next links.
Contents of this tutorial:
Important Safety Precautions
SUGGESTION 1: The photos I'm using show the starter motor off of the car (or mini-van) only to facilitate the explanation of the test. Do not remove the starter motor from the vehicle to perform the test steps in this tutorial.
SUGGESTION 2: It's critical that you make sure your battery is fully charged before you start any of the tests in this tutorial. Also, the battery cable terminals and battery posts must be clean and corrosion free.
SUGGESTION 3: Use jack stands to keep your Ford vehicle up in the air, don't trust the jack alone! Take all necessary safety precautions, like using jack stands to hold up the vehicle, wearing eye-protection (safety glasses), etc.
SUGGESTION 4: Remove the key from the ignition switch. This will prevent the engine from starting, in case the starter motor is OK.
SUGGESTION 5: If your vehicle has a standard transmission, then make sure that it's out of gear and in neutral and the parking brake is activated/on.
Symptoms Of A Bad 4.6L & 5.4L Starter Motor
The most common symptom of a bad starter are:
- Turn the key to crank the car (or pick up or SUV) and the engine does not turn over (crank).
- A jump start does not help. The vehicle's engine still refuses to crank.
- The battery has been charged and/or replaced and still the vehicle does not crank.
- Turn the key to start the car (or pick up or SUV) and all you hear is a small knock and nothing else.
Although the above list is a not a very complete list of symptoms, the theme that runs thru' them, and any other related symptom, is that the engine will not turn over when the key is turned to crank the vehicle.
STARTER TEST 1: Applying 12 Volts To The Starter Motor S Terminal
In this first test, we're gonna' use a remote starter switch to apply 12 Volts to the S terminal of the starter motor solenoid. If the starter motor is good, it'll activate and crank the engine.
If the starter motor doesn't activate and crank the engine (after applying 12 Volts to the S terminal), then you've got a bad starter motor on your hands.
By the way, if you don't have remote starter switch and you're wondering what this tool looks like, you can follow this link and take a look at it: Actron CP7853 Remote Starter Switch For 6V And 12V Automotive Starting Systems (you can buy this bad boy online or at your local autoparts store- AutoZone, O'Reilly Auto Parts, etc.).
OK, this is what you'll need to do:
Jack up your Ford vehicle and place it on jack stands. You'll need to raise the vehicle to gain access to the starter motor.
Disconnect the battery negative (-) terminal.
You'll reconnect it back in one of the following steps, for now, it's a safety precaution as you set up the test.
Attach a remote starter switch to the S terminal of the starter motor solenoid.
This is easier said than done, so take your time and make sure the connection is on the S terminal of the starter motor solenoid.
Reconnect the battery negative (-) cable to the battery negative post.
Now, apply 12 Volts to the S terminal of the starter motor solenoid with your remote start switch. As you apply these 12 Volts (to the S terminal of the starter solenoid), you'll get one of two results:
- The starter will activate and will turn over the engine
- The starter motor won't do a thing.
Let's take a look at what your test results mean:
CASE 1: The starter motor cranked the engine. This means that the starter motor is good and that you have an electrical issue keeping the starter motor from cranking the engine.
The next step is to go to TEST 2 and see if the starter motor solenoid is getting the Start signal on the S terminal wire (circuit). Go to: TEST 2: Verifying The Start Signal.
CASE 2: The starter motor DID NOT crank the engine. This usually means that your starter motor is bad and needs to be rebuilt or replaced.
I suggest one more test and this is to test the battery cable (that attaches to the starter motor solenoid) for corrosion. This can be accomplished very easily with a voltage drop test. Go to: TEST 3: Voltage Drop Testing The Battery Cable. | <urn:uuid:8a8fe48e-0bb4-40bd-a952-3d5d84e5b273> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://troubleshootmyvehicle.com/ford/4.6L-5.4L/how-to-test-the-starter-motor-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.905203 | 1,106 | 2.28125 | 2 |
The Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety has reinforced its message that older Australians are unhappy with the care they receive in residential care – but taxpayers are willing to pay more to fund a better system – in its just-released final research paper ahead of the 26 February deadline for its Final Report.
Its 20th 22-page research paper – titled ‘Australia’s aged care system: the quality of care experience and community expectations’ – relies yet again on three national surveys conducted by Flinders University’s Caring Futures Institute in 2020 which were also used to produce the Royal Commission’s paper on quality of care and future funding last July.
A survey of just 391 residents at 67 aged care facilities found that just 24% of people in residential aged care feel their care needs are always met – with 6.1% of responses via proxies.
Of the 865 people surveyed about their home care services, only 20% said their care needs were always met – although almost half 49.8% of the responses were via proxies.
These numbers increased to 58% of those in residential care and 50% of those receiving home care when respondents were asked if their needs were mostly but not always met.
Earlier research shows taxpayers willing to pay more for quality care
The figures are contrasted with the Commission’s earlier research from a separate Flinders University survey of 10,000 taxpayers aged 18 to 91 that found 61% would be willing to pay 3.1% more tax a year on average to ensure all Australians have access to high-quality aged care.
That paper also indicated that at least 15% of the public consider that people in care should have their needs met ‘always’ for the care to qualify as ‘satisfactory’ – indicating the reality of aged care falls far short of expectations.
The research also stresses that the majority of respondents saw aged care as a vital social service – particularly women and older people.
Unsurprisingly, people who had a greater understanding of the aged care system had a better appreciation of the importance of all aspects of care.
Royal Commission’s legacy – a better understanding of what consumers want
You have to ask: why re-publish research that the punters have already heard?
The conclusion gives some insight.
“One of the legacies of the Royal Commission is that Australia now has a substantially improved understanding of the quality of aged care services and the community’s expectations for higher quality care to be achieved in the future,” it states.
The paper suggests these surveys could be repeated at regular intervals to monitor the progress of the aged care system, promote continuous quality improvement among providers, and move more quickly to address problems.
We would suggest that it is also a reminder to Government that Australians expect more from their aged care system – and could be persuaded to contribute more. | <urn:uuid:821c92c5-3b6b-495b-80ec-6efa7e1441ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theweeklysource.com.au/royal-commissions-final-research-paper-puts-spotlight-on-community-expectations-of-aged-care-and-willingness-of-australians-to-pay-more-for-quality-care/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.979143 | 591 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Unknown Facts About Stock Videos, – What Are Landscape Photos
Table of Contents
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Get This Report about WordPress Plugin, – What Are Landscape Photos
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What Are Landscape Photos | <urn:uuid:2441aa79-f78e-458e-8f6f-5450241f6acb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.soico.net/unlimited-downloads/what-are-landscape-photos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.880542 | 1,305 | 1.523438 | 2 |
As firefighters continue to battle some of the worst wildfires in American history, a little boy named Carver wanted to make sure they know he’s thinking of them.
The thoughtful 5-year-old lives in Oregon, where many of the fires are still raging week after week. On a recent trip to the store, he spotted a Baby Yoda toy and knew just what to do with it!
His grandmother, Sasha Tinning, had taken him shopping to pick out donations for a firefighter supply drive. The doll, a character from Disney’s “The Mandalorian,” was the last of its kind on the shelf, and Carver instantly asked Sasha if he could get it for the firefighters. Why? Because he knew they could use a friend!
“They thought the firemen needed him,” said Tyler Eubanks, a family friend. “Carver wanted to put a smile on their faces, and [he] hope[d] giving Yoda a hug would bring them comfort when they are away from home.”
Carver added a handwritten note to his precious gift and placed it in the donation pile. “Thank you, firefighters,” it read. “Here is a friend for you, in case you get lonely. Love, Carver.”
The supplies were delivered to Marcus Kauffman of the Oregon Department of Forestry, and it didn’t take long for Carver’s unique contribution to make a huge impact.
“The note travels with Baby Yoda, and it goes from fire to fire. So we just pass it around,” Marcus explained. “Baby Yoda is a source of light and the force in the world.”
The firefighters adore Baby Yoda! They decided right away to share the toy so everyone could get a chance to bask in his “light.”
“They thought it was so awesome,” Tyler said, “and [they] wanted to keep passing Yoda along.”
Soon, Tyler started a Facebook group to track Baby Yoda’s progress. So far, more than 12,000 people have followed the page to keep up with his journey from blaze to blaze.
Everyone was shocked to see how quickly this traveling Baby Yoda took off. In Tyler’s words, it’s “just like an actual wildfire.”
Not to mention, he said, “These men and woman are out there for weeks and months away from their families. It truly gives them something to smile about and be a part of.”
As for Carver, he’s thrilled to know that he’s touching the hearts of so many brave heroes on the front lines!
“These ash-covered firefighters, just covered from head to foot, holding this Baby Yoda. Every one of those pictures just makes my heart warm,” his grandma said. “He thought … if they needed a friend, because all of them are away from their families right now.”
Sometimes the best ideas come from the smallest members of our society. Way to go, Carver!
Share this story to show your appreciation for each and every firefighter out there who is risking their lives to keep others safe.
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Want to be happier in just 5 minutes a day? Sign up for Morning Smile and join over 455,000+ people who start each day with good news. | <urn:uuid:197a72ed-6bed-4c7e-8ec7-3338fa0a2217> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.inspiremore.com/firefighters-get-baby-yoda-toy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.963169 | 843 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Aries Clean Energy
August 24, 2017
The Scalable Solution to Waste (and energy and emissions) Issues
As new technology becomes a part of our clean energy future, it is important to understand what they are and how they work. In this case, fluidized bed gasifiers have been around for over a hundred years, but are now becoming win-win solutions for companies and cities looking to fight rising costs and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. But what do these fancy words even mean? So here’s a quick look at four key questions and answers about fluidized bed gasification.
What is a “Fluidized Bed Gasifier?”
A fluidized bed gasifier is a technology that converts carbon-containing biosolids into syngas. The gasifier introduces biosolids to an oxygen-deprived environment and controlled temperature. A fluidized medium is then used to begin the reaction. In this case, air is the fluidized medium. The air is preheated with natural gas and, as it flows through sand, it bubbles. The organic biosolid feedstock is introduced when the bubbling occurs and operating temperature is achieved. A reaction occurs that converts the waste material into a syngas. This sustainable syngas can be used for many purposes, often combusted in a thermal oxidizer to generate hot air that is then used in the sludge drying process., which removes moisture from the feedstock for the next batch in the process (see below). Syngas is also excellent for downstream uses, often as a substitute for natural gas.
A gasifier is not incineration as there is no burning of the sludge. In fact, the EPA has designated fluidized bed gasification as not an incinerator. See below for an overview of the process:
What are the benefits of gasification?
Gasification lowers costs compared to landfilling by reducing transportation costs, tipping fees, and land application costs.
Moreso, by using waste to create energy, it essentially creates a closed-loop system. This system lowers a facility’s emissions output and creates green energy.
If a facility has zero-landfill or zero waste-to-landfill aspirations, gasification can help achieve this goal.
What type of feedstocks are used?
The feedstock for fluidized bed gasifiers can be waste from municipalities/landfills or industrial wastewater sludge.
Currently, 100% of the feedstock is sludge, but plans for wood and municipal solid waste are in the works. With a bit more research and development, they’ll be ready to convert even more renewable energy.
Who might use gasification?
Fluidized bed gasification is specifically effective for processing biosolids from wastewater treatment plants. Gasifiers are scalable to the job at hand and up – to 300+ tons per day. | <urn:uuid:63c9a592-6496-4e34-a74e-4bf05ab62a40> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ariescleantech.com/fluidized-bed-gasification/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.919329 | 597 | 3 | 3 |
Distance from Kalpitiya – 4.3 km (17 minutes)
The Kalpitiya Lagoon is a large area rich in biodiversity. Bird lovers can view a wide variety of both resident and migrant birds in their natural habitats. The Kalpitiya Lagoon connects three widely varying types of ecosystems which are the coastal area, the freshwater lakes and mangroves swamps. This makes it a great nesting and breeding spot for a large number of bird species.
Getting to Bird Watching in Kalpitiya Lagoon
From Kalpitiya travel approximately 4.3 km along Sethawadiya to reach the bird watching area at the Kalpitiya Lagoon. | <urn:uuid:7a8b05d0-e06e-44b2-b8fd-7c129d0e40cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.attractionsinsrilanka.com/travel-directory/bird-watching-in-kalpitiya-lagoon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.927897 | 143 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Ford launches fragrance for EV owners who miss the smell of petrol
In perhaps the strangest automotive update this side of April Fools’ Day, Ford has created what it describes as a “premium fragrance” for those wanting to switch to an electric vehicle (EV) without forgoing the smell of a traditional petrol vehicle.
In a Ford-commissioned survey, one in five drivers said the smell of petrol is what they’d miss most when swapping to an electric vehicle, with almost 70 per cent claiming they would miss it to at least some degree. Petrol also ranked as a more popular scent than both wine and cheese in the survey, with the new scent designed to help change attitudes while also promoting the manufacturer’s new all-electric Mustang Mach-E GT.
“Rather than just smelling like petrol though, Mach-Eau is designed to please the nose of any wearer; a high-end fragrance that fuses smoky accords, aspects of rubber and even an ‘animal’ element to give a nod to the Mustang heritage,” Ford said in a press release.
Ford revealed the fragrance at last weekend’s Goodwood Festival of Speed, an annual event that attracts petrolheads from across the globe.
Ford is facing an ongoing mission to help dispel myths around electric cars and convince traditional car enthusiasts of the potential of EVs – with almost a quarter (24 per cent) of survey respondents claiming they would miss the performance of petrol cars if they made the switch.
Rev-heads might draw comfort in the fact the Mach-E GT’s all-electric powertrain can accelerate from 0-100 km/h in just 3.7 seconds.
“Judging by our survey findings, the sensory appeal of petrol cars is still something drivers are reluctant to give up,” said Jay Ward, director, Ford of Europe Product Communications.
“The Mach Eau fragrance is designed to give them a hint of that fuel-fragrance they still crave. It should linger long enough for the GT’s performance to make any other doubts vaporise too.”
Extracted from AFMA | <urn:uuid:1ee29687-981a-4f41-98f8-d48937058855> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://servopro.com.au/ford-launches-fragrance-for-ev-owners-who-miss-the-smell-of-petrol/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.947945 | 446 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Saying Hello to Hanukkah
As a convert celebrating my first year of Jewish holidays, I can see that there's something in Judaism that is very much worth fighting for.
A few days ago, the New York Times published a piece by Sarah Prager titled “Saying Goodbye to Hanukkah,” in which the author, who does not consider herself to be Jewish, explained that she would not be passing along her father’s tradition of celebrating Hanukkah to her children. Prager, like so many other young Americans, considers herself part of the “none” category – people who don’t identify with any religion – and so letting go of Hanukkah in favor of a purely cosmopolitan view makes sense for her. Prager’s mother was not Jewish, so in the traditional sense, Prager is not Jewish; and, more importantly, she does not want to be Jewish.
Putting aside the question of whether it is appropriate to have the year’s New York Times' focal Hanukkah piece one written by a non-Jew who is letting go of Hanukkah, I suspect Prager is not the only person whose tentative Jewish identity comes into question around the holidays. Although Hanukkah is only a minor holiday, it is juxtaposed with Christmastime, which puts quite a bit of pressure on little old Hanukkah if it wants to keep up. American Jews, even those who are quite religious, string up blue lights and buy stacks of presents. There is a giant blow-up dreidel just down my street.
Whether or how much to assimilate is an age-old problem for Jews, one that is captured perfectly in the story of Hanukkah and continues on to this day. Pressure for Jews to assimilate is particularly powerful right now.
Although Judah Maccabee and his siblings didn’t use Twitter or read the New York Times, there are profound parallels between then and now. Perhaps if some Jews had merely assimilated into Hellenistic society and the Seleucids had left everyone else alone, things wouldn’t have reached a breaking point – but that’s never how it works. King Antiochus broke his promise to let the Jews continue practicing their customs, and instead captured Jerusalem and desecrated the Temple. Many Jews tried to ingratiate themselves into the new order, but Mattathias and his children, the most famous of whom is Judah the Maccabee, stood by the ways of their forefathers, staged a successful revolt, and rededicated the Temple. Only after the Maccabees rebuilt the altar was the miracle of the oil possible.
It’s hard not to see the desecration of the Temple using the blood of pigs and sacrifices to Zeus as a deliberate provocation to the Jews. It wasn’t sufficient to stop Jews from practicing; the pillars of their identity needed to be targeted in order to see who would object and who would simply lay down and take it.
I can’t help but see this as a parallel to the equally violating litmus test Western Jews are now held to today: Any good, progressive Jew, no matter how secular they may be, is expected to reject Zionism as a racist apartheid project in order to remain in good standing with secular society. Simply criticizing Israel for her faults isn’t enough. Who is willing to throw Israel – the first and only bastion of Jewish safety in living memory, the home to which so many fled when their families were murdered and they had nowhere else to go – under the bus? Which Jews, knowing that the majority of Israel’s Jews are not white and that a full twenty percent of its population is Arab, will stay quiet when they hear lies about Israel’s “white supremacy,” or the specious oppressor/victim narratives?
Those who have kept Judaism alive throughout history’s violent upheavals are the people who have valued it enough to fight for it.
Who is willing to stand up and speak out against their friends? Who can hold fast to their religious heritage in a world where tribal identity is built around politics? Who would rather keep quiet about Israel so they can continue being invited to dinner parties?
Even if you doubt the literal belief that the oil burned for eight nights, it’s worth asking why the story has survived for over two thousand years, when so many others have fallen to the wayside. One cannot help notice that there are no longer Roman, Greek, or Babylonian empires, and yet Judaism remains. It has staying power.
Those who have kept Judaism alive throughout history’s violent upheavals are the people who have valued it enough to fight for it. Maybe in 2020, the lesson of Hanukkah is to remember and honor those who recognized, at a crucial period in time, that Judaism is a purposeful, beautiful, lasting way of life, that it was under threat of being lost, and that it was – and is – worth fighting for. And perhaps for those Jews who disagree, it is also worth noting that in every anti-Jewish movement in history, the perpetrators, in the end, made no distinction between the “right” kind of Jews and the other kind.
As a convert celebrating my first year of Jewish holidays, I am proud to say hello to Hanukkah. I hope someday soon to join in the footsteps of generations of Jews, passing along traditions and holidays to my own children. I hope that Jews all over the world can treat each other with respect and honor each other’s ways of living, and that we can see that there is something in Judaism that is very much worth fighting for.
Photo credit: Markus Spiske, Unsplash.com | <urn:uuid:e33ee75e-aa2a-4f23-b75a-1536dc271f43> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aish.com/saying-hello-to-hanukkah/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.969677 | 1,206 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Excavations on the route of the Dalkeith Northern Bypass, 1994–95 and 2006
Postmedieval Building, Brick, Corridor, Tile, Pit, Coal Pit Engine House, Settlement Pattern
Midlothian, Scotland, UK
An evaluation and subsequent targeted excavations were carried out along the route of the proposed A68 Dalkeith Northern Bypass by the Centre for Field Archaeology (CFA) between September 1994 and March 1995, with additional watching briefs taking place in 1997. The bypass was not constructed at the time, and further pre-construction mitigation work was recommended in 2005, with fieldwork being carried out in 2006–08. This report describes the results of the evaluations and each excavation individually. The route traverses a narrow strip of the Lothian plain which contained several prehistoric sites, including two ring-groove structures, a stone-paved area and two pit alignments, a Roman temporary camp, a post-medieval building, an 18th-century designed landscape, and two industrial sites (a brick and tile works and a coal pit engine house). Several sites also produced ephemeral remains of earlier or later date. Overall, the results indicated a settlement pattern and land use which concentrated on the sands and gravels of the river terraces, with far less settlement on the unforgiving compacted clays which otherwise characterise large parts of the road corridor. | <urn:uuid:2cceaaa0-779b-44f6-bb35-98366bd5ce6e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/sair/article/view/2726 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.95616 | 293 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Shiur #14: The Gallows
Following the first party that Esther holds in honor of the king and his closest advisor, the text recounts how Haman emerged "joyful and with a glad heart" (5:9). A situation of this type is usually labeled "dramatic irony," since the reader knows something that the character in question does not, and the discrepancy between the two perspectives gives rise to ridicule. In our context, Haman is delighted that the queen has seen fit to invite him, too, to the special party that she has held in honor of the king. Not for a moment does he imagine that Esther is plotting against him, nor does he understand that the king is also growing suspicious of him. In the hidden writing that typifies Esther, the creation of dramatic irony has special effect, insofar as these situations emphasize to the reader that the characters are acting without knowledge of what is really going on. This device itself serves to raise the issue of knowledge and concealment as one of the deeper concepts treated in the narrative.
The expression "joyful and with a glad heart" appears elsewhere in Tanakh (such as in the curses of the covenant forged on the plains of Moav: "… Since you did not serve the Lord your God in joy and with a glad heart" – Devarim 28:47). Nevertheless, this description of Haman refers the reader specifically to another narrative in which people emerged "joyful and with a glad heart" following a "party." It recalls King Shelomo and the nation, in Sefer Melakhim, following the building of the Temple and Shelomo's prayer: "And the king and all of Israel with him offered a sacrifice before God. And Shelomo offered the sacrifice of peace offering, which he offered to God: twenty-two thousand oxen, and a hundred and twenty thousand sheep. Thus the king and all of the children of Israel dedicated the House of God… and Shelomo held at feast at that time, and all of Israel with him – a great congregation from the entrance to Chamat up to the river of Egypt, before the Lord our God, for seven days and seven days – fourteen days. On the eighth day he sent the people away, and they blessed the king and went to their tents, joyful and glad of heart, for all the good that the Lord had performed for David, His servant, and for Israel, His nation" (I Melakhim 8:62-66). In both narratives people leave the house of the king (the King of kings or King Achashverosh) following a special celebration, "joyful and glad of heart." In the case of the dedication of the Temple, the people go "to their tents," while Haman "came to his house" (5:10). This parallel sits well with others that we have mentioned thus far, all serving to create a strong connection between the house of the king (Achashverosh) and the Temple in Jerusalem. Our instance is another hint at the chasm separating the Persian culture and environment from their Israelite counterparts. At the same time, by causing the reader to recall the joy of Shelomo and his subjects as he reads of the joyful Haman, the author also points to a specific difference between these two scenes. What is the reason for the joy and gladness of heart in each case? The Israelites, according to the text in Sefer Melakhim, are joyful over the completion of God's Temple; they are glad of heart over "all the good that the Lord had performed for David, His servant, and for Israel, His people." Haman is joyful and glad of heart because – as he himself tells his friends – "The king had promoted him and elevated him over all the ministers who were with him" (5:11). In other words, Haman – like the nation of Israel – is joyful and glad of heart because of the good and kindness bestowed on him by the king. The difference is that the good performed by God will last a long time, while the good for which King Achashverosh is responsible may be overturned in a single night.
It is Mordekhai's failure to prostrate himself that clouds Haman's mood: "But when Haman saw Mordekhai at the king's gate, neither standing nor stirring for him, then Haman was filled with wrath against Mordekhai" (5:9). Here the narrator adds: "But Haman restrained himself, and he came to his house…" (10). From the fact that Haman had to "restrain himself," we deduce that his anger almost overcame him; he almost struck out at Mordekhai on the spot, but succeeded in holding himself back. Why did Haman have to restrain himself? Why did he not strike Mordekhai there and then? Did Haman – the second to the king – owe an accounting to anyone for his actions? It seems that Mordekhai's status "at the king's gate" prevented Haman from doing to him whatever he wanted; apparently, it was only as part of an overall plan for the total annihilation of the Jewish nation that Haman would be able to harm him.
But this understanding raises a problem in comprehending Haman's actions that follow. In his extreme agitation, upon returning home he gathers his cronies to ask their advice: "Haman restrained himself, and he came to his house and sent and called for his friends and for Zeresh, his wife…" (10). First, Haman tells them of his great success: in terms of finance ("The glory of his riches"), family ("The multitude of his children"), and his status in the kingdom ("Had elevated him above the ministers and the king's servants"). Haman awards special emphasis to his invitation to Esther's party: "Tomorrow, too, I am invited to her with the king" (12). This emphasis is achieved by means of the special introduction to these words as Haman's direct speech. First, the narrator tells the readers what Haman said: "Haman told them of his great riches…"; however, when it comes to Esther's invitation, the literary technique changes and we have a direct quote: "Haman said, Moreover, Queen Esther permitted no-one…." This, as noted, underlines the great significance that Haman awards to his invitation by Esther to the party that she has prepared, thereby highlighting the contrast between Esther's true intentions and Haman's expectations, creating a powerfully ironic reading: the very same fact that Haman regards as the pinnacle of his success is in fact nothing but the prelude to his dramatic fall.
Haman's success is "of no benefit to him" the moment he encounters Mordekhai "sitting" at the king's gate. The expression, "All this is of no benefit to me," recalls Haman's words to the king when he requested to destroy the Jews: "It is of no benefit to the king to tolerate them" (3:8). Thus, Haman himself – quite unknowingly – utters the bitter truth: it is not the Jews whom it is "of no benefit" to tolerate, but rather he himself who will be "killed, annihilated and destroyed."
After the good friends of Haman and Zeresh hear his troubles, they offer the following suggestion: "Zeresh, his wife, and all his friends, said to him, Let a gallows, fifty cubits high, be prepared, and in the morning, tell the king that Mordekhai should be hanged on it. Then go joyfully with the king to the party"(5:14).
Here the reader seeking drama and intrigue is sorely disappointed: Haman arrives home helpless and frustrated by Mordekhai's refusal to bow before him. To solve this painful problem he gathers "his friends and Zeresh, his wife," and finally the solution that Haman has sought is proposed. With bated breath the reader prepares himself for Zeresh's plan, which turns out to be – to kill Mordekhai! Was it really necessary for Haman (and the reader) to wait until he returned home and gathered all his advisors – only to arrive at such a staggeringly simple solution?! Killing Mordekhai was the first idea that Haman entertained right at the beginning of the story, but at the time it seemed too insignificant a punishment: "He disdained to lay his hand on Mordekhai alone – for he had been told of Mordekhai's people" (3:6). As noted above, the insertion of the expression "Haman restrained himself" at the beginning of this scene hints to us that Haman considered this idea, but Mordekhai's position, "sitting at the king's gate," made it difficult to get rid of him.
What, then, is the innovation in Zeresh's suggestion? If there is no special difficulty involved in executing Mordekhai, why does Haman not think of it himself, without the generous assistance of his wife? Clearly, this is the simplest and most obvious solution to Mordekhai's provocation of him.
To understand what Zeresh has in mind we must try to understand, from her words, what special innovation she is proposing, beyond a simple, "Let's kill him." Two interesting points come to the fore:
a. "Let a gallows be prepared, fifty cubits high… and let Mordekhai be hanged on it." In other words – executing Mordekhai by hanging.
b. "In the morning, tell the king." In other words, the hanging will not be carried out as a personal settling of accounts, but rather by royal decree.
In order to understand the significance of the idea of hanging, we must ask ourselves whether perhaps in Achashverosh's kingdom – and hence in the consciousness and speech of Zeresh and Haman – hanging represents a specific punishment, rather than just a general means of execution. If it has some specific significance, then by proposing that Mordekhai be hanged, and by emphasizing the height of the gallows, Zeresh is referring to some deeper idea that finds expression in this particular mode of execution. If the author believes that the reader understands the significance of this manner of execution, then he hints to it even before Zeresh suggests that Mordekhai be hanged: a hanging has already taken place in the narrative, following the plot by Bigtan and Teresh:
"During those days, while Mordekhai sat at the king's gate, Bigtan and Teresh – two of the king's chamberlains, of those who guarded the door, grew disaffected and sought to lay hands on King Achashverosh. And the thing became known to Mordekhai, and he told it to Queen Esther, and Esther told it to the king in Mordekhai's name. And the matter was investigated and it was found out, and both of them were hanged on a gallows, and it was recorded in the Book of Chronicles before the king" (2:21-23).
In other words, in Esther, hanging on the gallows is a punishment meted out to traitors. Zeresh's idea, then, it to accuse Mordekhai of treason, or – in Shushan code – to "hang him on the gallows"!
This reading is further strengthened within the context of the larger literary unit, but to examine it properly we must first address the division of the narrative into units, which is a complex task. Owing to the surprising connection between one event and another, the narrative creates various links between the different literary units, which sometimes makes it difficult to define the beginning and end of a specific scene or stage of the plot.
The author of Esther helps us by providing two different introductions to the brief literary units that comprise the plot. This device is especially noticeable in the first half of the narrative, where two different introductions stand out clearly:
(1:2) "In those days, while King Achashverosh sat upon his royal throne…"
(2:1) "After these things, when King Achashverosh's anger was assuaged, he remembered Vashti"
(2:21) "In those days, while Mordekhai sat at the king's gate, Bigtan and Teresh…"
(3:1) "After these things, King Achashverosh promoted Haman son of Hamedata…"
(6:1) "On that night the king could not sleep"
(8:1) "On that day King Achashverosh gave the house of Haman to Queen Esther"
We may organize the narrative into literary divisions on the basis of these two types of introductions, and some interesting emphases emerge. The literary unit that we are currently discussing starts with the expression, "In those days, as Mordekhai sat at the king's gate" (2:21), and ends with the words, "On that night the king could not sleep" (6:1).
This brief unit is structured in chiastic form. Let us examine the images that comprise it:
a. The hanging of the traitors:
"Esther told it to the king in Mordekhai's name. And the matter was investigated and it was found out, and the two of them were hanged on the gallows."
b. Promotion of Haman:
"King Achashverosh promoted Haman… and elevated him and placed his seat above all the ministers who were with him. And all the king's servants … would bow down and prostrate themselves to Haman"
c. Haman's anger at Mordekhai:
"When Haman saw that Mordekhai was not bowing and prostrating himself to him, then Haman was filled with wrath"
d. Haman's request of the king:
"Their laws are different from all people, and they do not keep the king's laws… if it please the king, let it be written that they be destroyed…"
e. Writing of Haman's letters:
"And letters were sent out by couriers to all of the king's provinces… the copy of the writing to be given as law in each and every province"
E1. Dispatch of Haman's letters (to the provinces and to Esther)
"The couriers went out in haste at the king's command
And in each and every province, wherever the king's word and his law came… and a copy of the writing of the law that had been given in Shushan, to annihilate the Jews, he gave him"
D1. Esther's request of the king:
"I shall go in to the king, which is not in accordance with the law, and if I perish, then I perish…
And Esther said, If it please the king, let the king come…"
C1. Haman's anger at Mordekhai:
"When Haman saw Mordekhai at the king's gate, neither arising nor stirring for him, Haman was filled with wrath at Mordekhai"
B1. Promotion of Haman:
"And all that the king had promoted him, and that he had elevated him about the ministers and the king's servants"
A1. Zeresh's suggestion – hanging Mordekhai on the gallows:
"Zeresh, his wife, said to him: Let a gallows be prepared, fifty cubits high, and in the morning, tell the king that Mordekhai should be hanged upon it."
* The focus of the narrative is, obviously, the writing of the letters with their decree of annihilation, their dispatch and publicity throughout the provinces (e-E1). Part of the publicizing of the decree is the private notification that Mordekhai gives to Esther, and it is here that the fateful decision is made: "If I perish, then I perish."
* What leads to the writing of these letters is Haman's request of Achashverosh (d), and the beginning of the process that will lead to their nullification is Esther's approach to the king and her request of him (D1).
* The cause that gives rise to the letters is Mordekhai's failure to bow down to Haman, and Haman's consequent anger (c). We then discover that even after the letters have been sent out, Mordekhai still stubbornly refuses to bow before Haman (C1).
* Mordekhai's failure to bow down to Haman is perceived in Shushan as a grave offense, owing to the great honor that has been awarded to Haman (b) – an honor that is radically undermined by Mordekhai's refusal (B1).
* Finally, surprisingly enough, the framework of the whole story turns out to rest on the hanging on gallows (a-A1). Corresponding to the hanging of the traitors on the gallows, we read of Zeresh's suggestion that Mordekhai be executed in the same way. Apparently, as noted, what she has in mind is the same hanging – i.e., as a punishment for treason. This is the pretext that Haman can use to bring about Mordekhai's downfall. As proposed in our discussion of Haman's promotion (chapter 3), it seems that Haman was responsible for the king's personal security, and whatever he would declare in the name of his position would be acceptable to the king who reigned from India to Ethiopia. Even Mordekhai, sitting at the king's gate, is not immune to being suspected of treason.
Zeresh emphasizes, "In the morning, tell the king." Her idea is to turn Mordekhai into a traitor and thereby to have him executed officially, by the king's command.
But Zeresh and Haman are unaware of one small detail. There is, in fact, one person in the kingdom who does happen to be immune to any aspersion on his loyalty. That person is Mordekhai, who has already proved his great loyalty to the king by preventing Bigtan and Teresh from assassinating him! Obviously, it is no coincidence that on that very night the king is reminded of this episode, and that a moment before Haman enters with his request, the king is wondering how to reward Mordekhai, his loyal subject!
The contrast between the intentions of Zeresh and Haman, and what happens to Haman in reality, is reminiscent of the words of the psalmist: "He made a pit and dug it out; he has fallen into the ditch that he fashioned" (Tehillim 7:16).
While Haman seeks to accuse Mordekhai of treason, the king is reminded that Mordekhai is a loyal subject who prevented the previous rebellion (first image of the gallows), while concerning Haman himself the king is starting to entertain some concern with regard to betrayal. This scenario is a very dangerous one, for if Haman – who is responsible for the king's security – decides to rebel and to take over the kingdom, there is no-one who can warn the king; Haman's all-encompassing authority will only help him in his efforts.
It is not surprising, then, that we once again encounter the gallows at Haman's end, after the king sees Haman lying on the bed upon which Esther rests and after hearing that Haman tricked him into planning the annihilation of an entire people behind his back. The king utters his verdict – "Hang him upon it"; i.e., he is sentenced as a traitor. What Haman sought to do to Mordekhai – accusing him of rebellion and treason (despite his innocence) is what happens to Haman himself: he is hanged as a rebel and a traitor (although he, too, is not really guilty…).
We find further evidence of hanging on the gallows as a punishment for rebellion in Persian law, in Ezra. There we read of the proclamation of Darius, giving the Jews license to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem:
"I have given an order that any person who violates this law – let a beam of timber be taken from his house and let him be hanged upon it, and let his house be laid waste" (Ezra 6:11).
Darius emphasizes that it is he who has given the order that the Temple be rebuilt, and anyone who disturbs the building will therefore be violating an explicit decree of the king. His verdict – in keeping with the law of a traitor – will be hanging on the gallows. Another interesting point arises from Darius's words. It seems that in Persian law there is special significance to a traitor being hanged on a gallows made of wood that is taken from his own house. In Esther, too, Haman is hanged on a wooden gallows at his own house, as Charvona states: "Here, too, is the gallows that Haman prepared… standing at Haman's house, fifty cubits high" (7:9).
In our discussion about Haman's decrees, we noted that the author borrows expressions taken from the episode of Navot's vineyard. It appears that Zeresh's suggestion to Haman should also be read against the background of that narrative:
Achav (and Izevel):
- "Achav came to his house sullen and angry
- And he said to her:
- For I spoke to Navot the Yizre'eli
- And Izevel, his wife, said to him…
- Arise, eat bread and let you heart be merry"
Haman (and Zeresh):
- "Haman restrained himself and he came to his house (and later on: - "mourning and with his head covered")
- And Haman told them…
- When I see Mordekhai, the Jew
- And Zeresh, his wife, said to him
- And go with the king to the party, joyfully"
Both narratives depict the same scene: the husband (who holds a position of power in the kingdom), finding himself unable to realize his desire (Navot's vineyard or prostration of all subjects), comes home angry and frustrated. He tells his wife (Izevel or Zeresh) what has happened to him, and describes the anguish that has been caused to him by so-and-so's refusal. The wife proposes a solution – the killing (by stoning or by hanging) of the troublemaker. This proposal is meant to encourage the husband – as manifest in his joyful eating and drinking.
This link, too, would appear to support our hypothesis as to the hidden message in Zeresh's suggestion that Mordekhai be hanged. Her plan should be compared with that proposed by Izevel to take care of Navot. Izevel's plan is set out explicitly in the following verses (I Melakhim 21:9-10): "She wrote in the letters, saying: Declare a fast and seat Navot at the head of the people. Set two base men before him to testify against him, saying: You have blasphemed God and the king – and then take him out and stone him, that he may die."
We recall that the purpose of this fictitious trial is to have Navot killed so that King Achav will be able to inherit his vineyard. But shy should Achav receive Navot's vineyard, even after the latter is dead? Why does the vineyard not pass to his inheritors? The Talmud explains:
"Our Sages taught: Those put to death by the king – their property belongs to the king. Those put to death by the Beit Din – their property belongs to their inheritors. Rabbi Yehuda said: Even in the case of those put to death by the king, their property belongs to their inheritors. [The Sages] said to Rabbi Yehuda: Is it not written, 'Behold, he is in the vineyard of Navot, where he has gone down in order to take possession of it.'"
According to this Tannaitic source, the property of "those put to death by the king" belongs to the king (although R. Yehuda disagrees). Rashi explains: "Those put to death by the king – [this refers to those] sentenced to death by the kings of Israel, such as traitors," and the Gemara proves this law from the case of Navot's vineyard. In other words, the accusation against Navot in his fake trial was that he was a traitor; indeed, Izevel emphasizes, "You have blasphemed God and the king." Likewise, in the execution of this insidious plan: "Two base men came and they sat facing him and the base men testified against Navot in the presence of the people, saying: Navot blasphemed God and the king. And they took him out of the city and stoned him with stones, and he died" (13).
Owing to the specific charge that Izevel wants to apply to Navot – cursing the king – his vineyard will become the property of the Crown, in accordance with the law pertaining to a traitor. It should be emphasized that Izevel appears, outwardly, to be following accepted judicial procedure; she puts a man on trial and follows the rules of Israelite law, but in truth this trial is a sham; Navot is being slandered, and his execution is cold-blooded murder.
Zeresh's plan is very similar to the one cooked up by Izevel. Zeresh, too, suggests to her husband that Mordekhai be removed by "legal means," by accusing him of treason, such that his punishment – like any traitor – will be hanging. As noted, she emphasizes this point: "And in the morning, tell the king" – i.e., Mordekhai's execution is meant to be grounded in a legal verdict issued by the king, rather than being perceived as a personal settling of Haman's accounts with him.
What happens, though, is that while Haman comes to the king to tell him to hang Mordekhai as a traitor, the king has just been reminded of Mordekhai, his loyal subject, and how Esther told him of the plot by the traitors. It is not Mordekhai whom the king suspects, but rather Haman himself, and he is hanged upon the very gallows that he prepared for Mordekhai. The person who will eventually underline this exchange of roles is Charvona, one of the king's chamberlains. When mentioning the gallows prepared by Haman for Mordekhai, he says: "Here, too, is the gallows that Haman prepared for Mordekhai (who spoke well concerning the king), standing in Haman's house, fifty cubits high." (7:9)
By accepted Zeresh's advice to build a gallows for Mordekhai, Haman sealed his own fate. And, in fact, this is quite fair and just, since there is a law in the kingdom: "That each man should rule in his house" (1:22), but Haman returned "to his house" - and sought his wife's advice. Thus Haman himself broke the law, and is deserving of punishment…
Translated by Kaeren Fish
Concerning the expression "joyful and glad of heart," Moore refers the reader to I Shemuel 25:36 – "Naval's heart was glad" (Moore, p. 59). I do not know why she chooses specifically the example of Naval, but the comparison is appropriate: Naval, too, is unaware of what the feminine character in the story is planning at the exact moment when he is so glad. This description is highly reminiscent of Haman's state and Esther's actions.
The verb "hitapek" (to restrain oneself) appears to be connected to the Accadean verb epךku, meaning "to grow strong." In Tanakh, this verb is usually used in the sense of "holding oneself back from doing a certain thing" (BDB, p. 67; Y. Steinberg, Milon ha-Tanakh, revised and corrected edition, Tel Aviv 5721, p. 65).
Indeed, in this scene the text emphasizes Mordekhai's status: "But when Haman saw Mordekhai at the king's gate, neither arising nor stirring for him…" (5:9).
Attention should be paid to the fact that in Haman's mind, "the glory of his riches" precedes "his multitude of children." In this matter Haman recalls his king, who likewise holds a special feast in order to show off "the riches of his glorious kingdom" (1:4).
A similar expression is mentioned in Elihu's confession before Iyov: "Let him line up men and say, I have sinned, and I have perverted that which was straight, and it has not benefited me" (Iyov 33:27). What a distance separates the confession of Elihu to one who is saved from his punishment, from the confession of Haman a day before his own punishment… It should further be noted that Haman's description of Mordekhai is ambiguous: do the words, "sitting at the king's gate" refer to the very fact that Mordekhai is at the king's gate (in which case "sitting" hints at his position and status, as we read in chapter 2: "And Mordekhai sat at the king's gate" – verses 18, 21), or does it refer to Mordekhai's physical state of sitting, rather than bowing down and prostrating himself? Berlin suggests that this ambiguity is deliberate: "Haman cannot bring himself to describe his humiliation in the presence of Mordekhai in all its force, even to his closest friends; therefore he uses the ambiguous "sitting" (A. Berlin, Esther, Mikra le-Yisrael, Jerusalem-Tel Aviv, 5761, p. 114). As an alternative we may propose that the text seeks to hint that even if it was Mordekhai's failure to bow down that originally angered Haman, later on his mere presence at the king's gate suffices to arouse Haman's ire.
The height of the gallows sounds very peculiar: "fifty cubits" is more than twenty meters – approximately the height of a seven-story building! Perhaps this strange number is likewise meant to recall the Sanctuary and the Temple, serving to make a mockery of Haman. The reader associates a "fifty cubits" measure with the Sanctuary: "For the breadth of the courtyard on the west side there shall be hangings of fifty cubits… and for the breadth of the courtyard on the east side eastwards, fifty cubits" (Shemot 27:12-13). This measurement is also associated with Shelomo's Temple: "He made a porch of pillars, fifty cubits long" (I Melakhim 7:6). In fact, this measurement is also associated with the Temple envisioned by Yechezkel (see Yechezkel 40). However, while in the Sanctuary or the Temple fifty cubits is a measure of length or breadth, for Haman it becomes a measure of height! In other words, in their great enthusiasm to hang Mordekhai, Haman and Zeresh "recall" that the Israelites use a special measurement – 50 cubits – but they get its direction mixed up…
Malbim paves the way for this interpretation. In commenting on 5:14, he writes: "They advise him cunningly as to a way of avenging himself on Mordekhai while not being seen to diminish his own honor. For if he would hang Mordekhai merely for the crime of not having prostrated himself to him, this would diminish from his own honor, demonstrating that he had a feud with a Jewish man because the latter did not show the proper respect towards him. But sometimes the king would order that one of those who rebelled against him be hanged, so as to cast fear upon the people, so as to say: Anyone who acts in such a way will be subject to a verdict of hanging."
This dialogue conducted between Mordekhai and Esther is at the center of the limited structure that we are currently examining, but it is also central to the development of the plot as a whole. As noted in previous shiurim, at this point the reader enters a island with scenery that is different from that characterizing the rest of the narrative; suddenly we hear statements about God's Providence and about destiny ("Who knows if it was for a time such as this that you attained royal status"); we hear of self-sacrifice of the individual on behalf of the nation ("If I perish, then I perish"), and in the midst of all the partying, we read of a fast.
As noted in our discussion about Mordekhai's refusal to bow down, it should be kept in mind that Esther is sent to the king at risk to her life, the Jews scattered throughout the kingdom have been ordered to fast, but Mordekhai is not prepared to take what would appear to be the simplest and most obvious step of asking forgiveness from Haman and starting to bow before him. See further on this matter in: Rav Y. Medan, "Mordekhai did not bow, not did he prostrate himself – Why?" in Hadassa Hi Esther, Alon Shevut 5757, pp. 151-170.
Indeed, the Midrash weaves this verse into Mordekhai's prayer: "Mordekhai prayed to God, saying: It is clear and known before Your Throne of Glory, Master of the universe, that it was not out of pride or arrogance that I acted, in not prostrating myself to Haman, but rather out of fear of You that I acted thus, and did not prostrate myself to him, out of my awe for You, lest I show the honor due to You to a mortal, and I did not wish to prostrate myself to anyone but You. For who am I, that I should bow before Haman for the sake of delivering Your nation, Israel? For I would be licking the shoe of his foot, and now, our God, save us, I pray You, from his hand, and let him fall into the ditch that he has made, and be caught up in the net that he has spread for the feet of your righteous ones, and let this troublesome one know that You have not forgotten the promise that You made to us: 'Nevertheless, when they are in the land of their enemies, I shall not detest them, nor revile them, to destroy them, violating My covenant with them, for I am the Lord their God.'" (Esther Rabba, parasha 8,7).
See further: J. Blenkinsopp, Ezra-Nechemiah, Old Testament Library, London 1988, pp. 127-128
It is possible that the verdict meted out to the royal baker, in Bereishit 40:22, should be interpreted in the same way. It should be noted that in Hebrew law, hanging is a punishment for brazen rebellion against God. Chazal limit this punishment to two specific sins: a blasphemer, and an idolater. (This is the majority view among the Sages; R. Yehuda disagrees, maintaining, "Anyone who should be stoned, may also be hanged." See: Sifri Devarim, Ki Tezte, 121, Finkelstein edition pp. 253-254, and Sanhedrin 45b.) Both blaspheming and idolatry represent a fundamental rebellion against God, and it is specifically these sins that are punishable by hanging. An echo of this view of hanging as a punishment for betrayal and rebellion is to be found in Megillat ha-Mikdash: "If there be a man who goes tale-bearing among his people or informs on his people to a foreign people, or causes harm to his people, then he shall be hanged upon the gallows, that he may die… If a person bears a sin that is punishable by death, and he flees into the midst of the nations, and he curses his nation, Bnei Yisrael, then he, too, is hanged upon the gallows, that he may die" (p. 64, lines 6-11; Yadin edition, Jerusalem 5737, part II, pp. 202-204.) Prof. Weinfeld correctly points out, "This represents political treason: 1. Handing over partners in covenant to the nations and "harming his people" mean, as in Akkadian, treason against the ruler. 2. Fleeing to a foreign nation and despising and alienating oneself from his own nation" (M. Weinfeld, Devarim, Olam ha-Tanakh, Tel Aviv 1994, pp. 154-166). Y. Yadin writes a similar idea in Megillat ha-Mikdash, part I, Jerusalem 5737, pp. 285-286.
Sanhedrin 48b. See also: Tosefta Sanhedrin chapter 4, Zukkermandel edition, p. 421.
See: E. Samet, Iyunim be-Parshat Navot, Megadim 10 (Shevat 5750), pp. 55-92.
Cf. Fox, p. 74 | <urn:uuid:1adcde34-b9f3-4aac-b0fc-770f6998cc81> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://torah.etzion.org.il/en/shiur-14-gallows | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.975718 | 7,860 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Here in farm country, the politics of agriculture can mean the difference between profit and loss. Billions of dollars in subsidies to farmers are given out each year by Congress. Mandating ethanol mixed into gasoline raises the price of corn, and has led to the expansion of acreage in corn across the Midwest.
Millions of Americans who are not farmers also depend financially on farm legislation. Since 1973, every congressional farm bill has included the food stamp program, now called SNAP, run by the Department of Agriculture. That is, until last week, when Republicans in the House passed a farm bill with no food stamp program. Because of the economic crisis of the past few years, the number of people in poverty and receiving food stamps has grown from about 26 million in 2007 to 46.6 million in 2012. One in seven Americans needs that assistance so they don’t go hungry. Costs have risen from $30 billion to $75 billion.
Conservative Republicans have attacked the food stamp program for years. The budget that Paul Ryan proposed in 2012 as he ran for Vice President would have cut food stamps by about 20% for the next 10 years. This year he proposed that people with $2,000 in savings, or a car worth more than $5,000, be ineligible for food stamps. The Congressional Budget Office said that would eliminate nearly 2 million people, mostly low-income seniors and working families with children.
In June, House Republicans passed an amendment which would encourage states to drug test food stamp recipients. Although the SNAP program already has a normal requirement that recipients must look for and take jobs, an amendment from Steve Southerland (R-FL) would allow states to cut people from SNAP benefits if they are not now working 20 hours a week. Then state governments could keep half of the money saved and use it for any purpose. Every Republican but six voted for the Southerland amendment and every Democrat but one voted against it.
Republicans who don’t want to cut food stamps enough are targeted by conservative activists. In May, the Heritage Action Fund took out radio ads against three Republican members of the House for supporting a “food stamp bill”.
Which Americans receive food stamps? In 2011, of the 20.8 million households receiving food stamps, less than a third had any earned income. One-quarter of these households consisted of an elderly or a disabled person living alone, virtually all of whom had no earned income. One-sixth are unemployed single people living alone. The rest are mainly households with children, most of whom are headed by a single parent, and 13% of whom have no adult at all. That last group totals 1.3 million households of only children, about 2.6 million children. The average gross income per household is less than $9000 a year. Their total assets average $331.
What do they get? The average SNAP benefit is about $134 per month per person, a bit over $4 per day for food. That’s not enough to last a month: 90% of SNAP benefits are redeemed by the third week of the month.
The proponents of cutting food stamps argue that every program must be cut to deal with our national debt. But the House farm bill actually increases certain subsidies, to sugar for example, and cuts farm subsidies overall less than the bill that passed the Senate or than President Obama’s 2014 budget proposal. The vast majority of farm subsidies, averaging about $17 billion per year since 1995, are paid to huge farm operations and wealthy farmers: half of that money went to 4% of farmers at $820,000 per recipient; at the other end, 80% of recipients averaged only $9000, about 11% of the total.
For that reason, it has been criticized by conservative think tanks, like the Heritage Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute, which says that farm subsidy programs “transfer tax payer dollars mainly to rich landowners and wealthy farmers”.
What about “government waste”? SNAP program administrative costs are only 5% of the total program, and fraudulent selling of benefits is estimated to be 1%. Only 4% of recipients are non-citizens, mostly documented immigrants and refugees.
Feeding America, whose nationwide network of food banks works to alleviate hunger, says “Our nation’s budget is a moral document.” Congressional Republicans say that reducing the national debt will save future generations from financial disaster. To do that, they are taking food off the table for today’s children. What kind of morality is that?
Taking Back Our Lives
Monday, 15 July 2013 | <urn:uuid:7d2abd7a-2d3f-4a90-aef0-ee0e2fc229fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.laprogressive.com/economic-equality/cutting-food-stamps | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.967394 | 949 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Counsellor Albert Krampah has mentioned that it is not bad for people to allow their spouses to befriend others purposefully to learn from them.
Speaking on the “I Do” session during the ‘Ryse N Shyne’ show on Y 102.5 FM with NY, the counselor and pastor emphatically mentioned that it was not bad for an individual to allow his or her spouse to make friends with work colleagues to learn from them.
“It is not bad if you make your colleague and spouse become friends so your spouse picks some lessons from your colleague, he said”
Counsellor Albert went on to applaud people who deliberately married people from different backgrounds, purposefully to train and nurture them.
“Sometimes people just marry other people from different backgrounds to shape and nurture them. God bless those people who marry their spouses to nurture them and train them”, he added.
The counselor further advised listeners and married people to abstain from practicing everything they heard or saw in public spaces with their spouses because it could cause problems and misunderstandings.
By: Caleb Asante Annor | <urn:uuid:91ba2053-24ce-4d03-938b-c1892dc23b68> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://yfmghana.com/it-is-not-bad-to-allow-your-spouse-befriend-the-opposite-sex-counsellor-asserts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.976248 | 227 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Many people are curious about whether or not it is safe to cook raw chicken in a casserole.
However, there are a few things you need to keep in mind when doing so.
In this blog post, we will discuss the best ways to cook raw chicken in a casserole and how to avoid any potential health risks.
Can I cook raw chicken in a casserole?
You can use chicken breasts or thighs of chicken, or any other leftover chicken.
It is safe to cook raw chicken because all those bacteria are eliminated once the temperature reaches 160 degrees F.
But keep in mind that cooked chicken is more time-consuming to cook.
To ensure that your chicken is cooked evenly, cook it on a lower heat for a longer period of time.
This will also help to prevent the chicken from drying out.
Chicken casseroles can be a great way to use up any leftover chicken you have on hand.
Simply add the raw chicken to the casserole dish and cover with your favorite sauce or gravy.
The key is to make sure that the internal temperature of the chicken reaches 165 degrees F before serving.
Do you have to cook chicken before putting in casserole?
If you want to include chicken in the dish, typically the recipe requires cooked chicken.
That means that you need to cook the chicken before making the other ingredients of the casserole.
According to the Food Safety and Inspection Service suggests cooking the chicken until it is cooked to attained an internal temperature 165°F.
If you’re looking for a shortcut, some recipes do call for uncooked chicken.
In these cases, the casserole will cook long enough that the chicken will be cooked through by the end.
This is generally not recommended though, as it can make the dish more watery. Chicken should always be cooked before adding it to a casserole.
This is primarily to avoid any foodborne illness that could occur from undercooked chicken.
If you’re ever unsure, it’s better to err on the side of caution and cook the chicken before adding it to your dish.
Casseroles are a great way to use up leftover cooked chicken or turkey too!
Can you put raw chicken in stew?
It is safe to place the raw chicken in the stew pan along together with the other ingredients that are not cooked.
Because the bacteria have been killed after the dish is cooked to temperatures of 160 degree Fahrenheit.
If you place the raw chicken in the pot after it has been cooked, there is a chance that bacteria could have survived and will contaminate the dish.
When cooking chicken stew, all ingredients should be placed in the pot at the same time so that they can cook evenly.
If you are using frozen chicken, make sure that it is fully thawed before adding it to the stew.
Chicken that is not fully thawed can result in uneven cooking.
It is important to note that when cooking chicken stew, the dish should be brought to a boil and then simmered for best results.
Boiling chicken for too long can cause it to become tough and dry.
Can you cook raw chicken with other ingredients?
Raw meats can be cooked such as beef and chicken together. Both meats should be cooked until they’re no longer in raw.
This means that they have to be cooked at the right temperature, until they are safe to eat.
You can use a meat thermometer to check if the chicken is cooked all the way through.
The USDA recommends cooking chicken until it has an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit.
Another thing to keep in mind when cooking raw chicken with other ingredients is cross contamination.
This means that bacteria from the raw chicken can transfer onto other foods.
To avoid this, make sure to wash your hands thoroughly after handling raw chicken.
What temperature should you cook raw chicken casserole?
Pre-heat oven to 350 ° F 175 Degrees C. Cook chicken until it is cooked no more pink in the middle About 20-30 mins.
If you’re unsure, use a meat thermometer to check that it has reached an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit 74 degrees Celsius.
After the chicken is cooked, add in the broccoli and carrots.
Again, cooking times will vary based on the size of your vegetables. You want them to be cooked, but still crisp.
Once everything is cooked, stir in the cream of chicken soup and milk until well combined.
Pour into a baking dish and top with shredded cheese. Bake for 15-20 minutes or until cheese is melted and bubbly.
How long does it take raw chicken to cook in a casserole?
If you are using raw chicken, the form of a chicken casserole will take an additional 30-40 minutes to the cooking time.
If you choose to cook with raw chicken, make certain to take out any extra vegetables.
Also, cook the chicken until it is no longer pink in the center.
To check this, use a meat thermometer and insert it into the thickest part of the chicken.
The internal temperature should read at least 165° Fahrenheit.
After cooking, allow the casserole to rest for about ten minutes so that all of the flavors can meld together.
This will give you a chance to garnish the dish as well, if desired.
This is important to note because many people assume that since they are using raw chicken, they do not need to cook it as long.
However, doing this could result in sickness if the chicken is not cooked all the way through.
Can you overcook a casserole?
It is not possible to overcook a casserole so long as there’s still plenty of liquid in the dish.
But, the meat and other vegetables can begin to fall apart in the sauce as you let it sit.
You’ll need to ensure that the chicken is cooked through before serving.
Cooking times will vary depending on the size and density of your ingredients.
If you’re looking for an easy weeknight meal, consider making a casserole!
Just remember to check that your ingredients are cooked thoroughly before serving.
Do I need to brown chicken before slow cooking?
Although chicken is supposed to be cooked slowly from raw, some prefer to sear or brown it before cooking.
This will help keep moisture in and speed up cooking time or just to enhance the appearance of the final dish.
The process of draining and browning the liquids prior to slow cooking may help with as well.
You don’t necessarily need to brown chicken before slow cooking.
But it can help with moisture retention and speed up the overall cooking process.
Will raw chicken cook in sauce?
Make sure that the chicken is cooked properly prior to serving.
A temperature of 140°F is fine. I typically sauté chicken with onions prior to adding it to the mole and then the cooking.
Sauce If you’re using a crock pot, cook the chicken on high for about four hours or until it’s cooked through.
You can also use boneless, skinless chicken breasts.
Just be sure to cut them into small pieces so that they’ll cook evenly.
If you want to add some vegetables to your dish! I typically add carrots, potatoes, and green beans.
Can you cook raw chicken in chicken broth?
The stock is first made and then add the raw chicken meat , which cooks near the conclusion of the soup-making process.
You can also make the breast and the thigh pieces, whole in the broth and then remove them after about 15 minutes.
If you do then, let them cool and then shred them for use. served at the time of service time.
You can also cook raw chicken in chicken broth by boiling it.
Boil the chicken in the broth for about 15 minutes or until cooked through.
Remove the chicken from the broth and let it cool.
Once cooled, shred the chicken and add it back to the broth. Serve at serving time.
Another option is to poach the raw chicken in the chicken broth.
Poaching is a gentle cooking method that involves simmering food in liquid.
Can I cook raw chicken with vegetables?
This is especially true when cooking chicken and vegetables together.
To be on the safe side, cook chicken thoroughly before adding any raw veggies to the pan.
It’s important to remember that chicken should always be cooked to an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit.
So, if you’re cooking a whole chicken or large pieces, it’s best to use a meat thermometer to ensure that it has reached the correct temperature.
Is it safe to cook raw chicken in a slow cooker?
The research done by USDA FSIS indicates it’s safe to cook large portions of poultry and meat in the slow cooker.
Follow the recipes of the manufacturer and safety guidelines. Start with clean hands.
Start with clean hands, clean surfaces for utensils and a dishwashing machine that is clean.
Be sure to cook poultry and meat to a safe internal temperature.
The cooking times indicated in most slow cooker recipes are based on the assumption that the food will be cooked on high.
If you want to cook your food on low, it will take approximately half as long as if you were cooking it on high.
Is raw chicken OK in the fridge for 5 days?
Based on the recommendations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Raw chicken can remain at room temperature for 2 to 3 days.
Same is true for turkey as well as other types of poultry.
When it comes to food safety, the main concern with raw chicken is bacteria.
Salmonella and campylobacter are the two most common types of bacteria that can be found on raw chicken.
These bacteria can cause food poisoning, and they can also spread to other foods in your fridge if the raw chicken touches them.
That’s why it’s important to store raw chicken in a separate container or bag in your fridge, and to make sure you wash your hands thoroughly after handling it.
You can cook raw chicken in a casserole.
However, it is important to make sure that the chicken is cooked thoroughly before serving.
You may also want to consider cooking the chicken separately from the other ingredients in the casserole to ensure that it is properly cooked. | <urn:uuid:af1a3c90-00e6-4ff6-bdcf-df571f7838bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://iforgotitswednesday.com/can-i-cook-raw-chicken-in-a-casserole/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.933954 | 2,177 | 2.125 | 2 |
Thomasia is a genus of about 32 species, all occurring in Western Australia with one (Thomasia petalocalyx) also extending to South Australia and Victoria. Thomasias are generally small to medium shrubs in which the calyx of the flower is more prominent than the petals. The genus is closely related to Guichenotia, Lasiopetalum and Lysiosepalum.
Thomasia grandiflora is a small shrub which may reach about 1 metre high by a similar width. Leaves are dark green with recurved margins and may vary from heart-shaped (the typical form) to narrowly elliptical (var. angustissima) and 15 – 25 mm long. The bright pink to purple flowers occur in late winter and spring and are very conspicuous. They are about 20 mm in diameter with a “papery”, crinkled appearance. The flowers are followed by capsules containing black seeds which are shed from the plant when ripe.
Large flowered thomasia is popular in cultivation although it is best suited to areas with a dry summer climate. It can be difficult to maintain for long periods in districts with a humid summer. It requires well drained soils and will grow in full sun or partial shade. This species has been successfully cultivated at Santa Cruz Arboretum in California, USA.
Propagation can be carried out from seed but germination can be unreliable. Cuttings of firm, current season’s growth usually strike reliably.
Photo: Murray Fagg – Australian National Botanic Gardens | <urn:uuid:9589d1a9-35ef-42ae-8fc9-0c8ae359e71a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://anpsa.org.au/plant_profiles/thomasia-grandiflora/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.943211 | 331 | 2.953125 | 3 |
I was reading two answers here on the site about the TLS versions compatibility:
The first one says:
Basically, for the handshake to succeed, there must be a protocol version that both client and server support. If the client supports only TLS 1.1, and the server supports only TLS 1.2 and SSL 3.0, then there is no common protocol version, and communications won't happen.
The second one says:
TLS is backward compatible, in the following sense: when the client connects, it sends a
ClientHellomessage that specifies the highest version that it supports; the server then responds with a
ServerHellothat defines the protocol version which will be used. That way, a TLS server can perfectly support TLS 1.2 and yet interoperate properly with clients who know only SSL 3.0, TLS 1.0 or TLS 1.1.
For me, there are differences between these 2 answers. The first says that if server and client don't have the same protocol version, no communication happens (regardless if one version is higher than the other), while the second says if the server has the highest protocol version, can interoperate with the client if the client has a lower version.
So, I'm on a situation where I need to implement that scenario: A server with TLSv1.2 and client with TLSv1.1. I need to know which one of those answers is the truth. | <urn:uuid:7edf19ab-049f-413c-8f26-881f2032d9b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/226698/is-really-tls-backward-compatible-independent-of-the-version | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.932568 | 296 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Every iteration of communications tools brings with it opportunity for those tools to be used to promote businesses, sell services, and raise awareness.
Twitter is one such tool. I love it. I was a relatively early adopter and have been a regular tweeter since 2009 (longer than many “social media consultants” I’ve met over the last few months). Recently I’ve begun receiving DMs from sole traders and small business owners who I follow promoting their services or with a call to action to go and look at a new product or service they are offering.
There is only one problem. That’s probably illegal.
In Ireland, the applicable law is SI336 of 2011, which gives effect to the 2009 Electronc Privacy Directive. That legislation covers all electronic marketing by phone, fax, sms, email, and other electronic means.
The rules relating to marketing using “electronic mail” are contained in Section 13(1) of the Regulation. It’s a pretty clear and unambiguous rule.
13. (1) Subject to paragraph (2), a person shall not use or cause to be used any publicly available electronic communications service to send to a subscriber or user who is a natural person an unsolicited communication for the purpose of direct marketing by means of— (a) an automated calling machine, (b) a facsimile machine, or (c) electronic mail, unless the person has been notified by that subscriber or user that he or she consents to the receipt of such a communication.
Section 13(4) deals with the question of communications to “non-natural persons” such as businesses:
A person shall not use or cause to be used any publicly available electronic communications service to send an unsolicited communication for the purpose of direct marketing by means of electronic mail, to a subscriber or user other than a natural person, where the subscriber or user has notified the person that the subscriber or user does not consent to the receipt of such a communication.
The key term in the legislation that relates to Twitter DMs is “Electronic Mesage”. It is defined as follows:
“electronic mail” means any text, voice, sound or image message including an SMS message sent over a public communications network which can be stored in the network or in the recipient’s terminal equipment until it is collected by the recipient;
(emphasis is added by me).
The Twitter Rules
It’s also worth bearing in mind that Twitter has some clearly set out rules about Spamming and the acceptable use of their platform by people and businesses. You can find those rules here: https://support.twitter.com/articles/18311-the-twitter-rules
If you send unsolicited Direct Marketing via a DM channel, you may be blocked by people for sending spam. If you are blocked by a large number of people, Twitter can (and will) suspend your account. Personally, I can’t wait to see that happen to some of the anti-social media consultants who’ve been DM spamming me on my personal twitter accounts and the company account recently.
A DM on Twitter is a text, voice, sound or image message. It is sent over a public communications network. It is stored on the network (twitter) or on the recipients terminal equipment (i.e. a computer, phone, tablet that is connected to a communications network) until it is collected (read) by the recipient.
So, a Twitter DM is an electronic message. Therefore the same rules as apply to email and SMS apply to DMs that are promoting products or services. You need to have prior, informed, opt-in consent when sending messages to natural people (i.e. human beings) and you need to have a mechanism for people to opt-out of recieving messages if they are businesses or other types of non-natural person. The penalty for getting this wrong is €3000 per instance of offence. While the Data Protection Commissioner hasn’t prosecuted for a spammy DM yet, their second largest area of enforcement action is in the area of unsolicited direct marketing. Given that a number of the team in the DPC’s offices read this blog (and my other one) I would be unsurprised if their analysis doesn’t match mine in this context. Get ready for the guidance note!
“But they followed me” is not the same as “they gave me permission to direct market to them” so is unlikely to be a defence. People follow people on Twitter to have their public broadcast tweets enter their timeline. This is like turning on the radio and having an advert for a particular brand of coffee popping into your ear every 45 minutes. It’s not direct marketing. It’s broadcast marketing. Once you target an individual with the message however that makes it a direct communication and the rules on electronic marketing apply. This means that organisations and businesses looking to use Direct Messaging on Twitter (or Private Messages on Facebook for that matter) as a way of promoting their businesses need to ensure that they are managing that on the basis of a clear opt-in consent.
How can this be achieved?
- Put it in your bio that if people follow you you will from time to time direct message them with offers or promotions that might be of interest to them (expect your followers to drop like a rock)
- Have a method for capturing an “opt-in” for DMs about products or services and DM only those people when you have a “sales pitch” message or call to action – an initial DM to followers inviting them to sign up for an opt-in list for DM marketing will get you a validated list. You need to ensure that people have a free and easy way of getting back off that list as well.
- For non-humans, remind them they can opt-out by unfollowing you
Having a separate opt-in list gives you something you can bring to the Twitter Police or the Data Protection Commissioner if your account is suspended or you are contacted about a DPC investigation. You have a strong argument that you were not engaging in spamming by DM because you had sought and obtained an additional level of permission over and above what Twitter’s default settings cater for. Just relying on the “They followed me” defence will hold very little water with the DPC and is unlikely to impress the Twitter Abuse team.
To learn more about how Data Protection rules can affect Direct Marketing strategy for small businesses and social media, why not register your interest in our Data Protection for SMEs course taking place in August. Places are limited and we will be confirming venues based on where in the country we get the most interest from. | <urn:uuid:28bc6035-6702-4f10-9706-3d87b32d3d44> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://castlebridge.ie/2015/06/10/new-tools-old-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.942022 | 1,409 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Paperback: 110 pages
Publisher: Test Mate Learning Resources Australia (April 27, 2018)
Product Dimensions: 8 x 0.2 x 10 inches
Format: PDF Text djvu book
This quiz book will develop all the language skills that students need for the NAPLAN tests. It includes 25 revising and editing exercises that require students to apply language skills, as well as over 30 quizzes that focus on individual language, grammar, spelling, and punctuation skills.This quiz book will give students the skills and experience needed to perform well on the NAPLAN Conventions of Language test, and will also improve performanc...
Read Oomsay clock #2 release ate ebook allliodonak.wordpress.com All saints church smyrna tn Here The headspace guide toa mindful pregnancy pdf link Download Tyler bramlett 27 habits pdf at cavangashiril.wordpress.com Read Cinder edna ebook allziggshihaster.wordpress.com Read Mrs aines garage ebook allunhosaiz.wordpress.com | <urn:uuid:ca2eeb30-21ae-4984-a589-cde4ff77b7c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://pharyngopalatinus.duckdns.org/page/naplan-literacy-skills-conventions-of-language-quiz-book-year-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.775235 | 253 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Rail Safety Week 12th-18th August 2019
Travelling to and from work on trains? It’s Rail Safety Week from the 12th to the 18th of August. The Rail Safety effort is an initiative to improve education and raise awareness of rail safety throughout Australia and New Zealand, so make sure to follow these safety tips!
- Always stay behind the yellow line and be aware of the gap between the train and the platform
- Always hold the handrail when walking down the stairs to the platform
- Put your phone away and stay alert on train platforms
- Always apply breaks to prams and position them parallel to the train while keeping a good hold on to them
- Report any safety issues to the nearest Sydney Trains staff member
Take the fun and interactive rail safety quiz https://railsafetyweek.com.au/ to test your knowledge of rail safety and have a great week focused on your safety while travelling on trains and light rail. | <urn:uuid:7bb37710-8b33-433c-a938-e6438d5718c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://interisk.com.au/2019/08/13/rail-safety-week-12th-18th-august-2019/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.935297 | 198 | 1.90625 | 2 |
At Loatlands Primary School British values are promoted in much of what we do, during school assemblies, Religious Education, Philosophy 4 Children and Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE) sessions. The values are also integral to our vision and values.
In addition to actively promoting British values, we also actively challenge pupils, staff or parents expressing opinions contrary to fundamental British values, including ‘extremist’ views.
The British values we espouse are not unique to Britain. We acknowledge that they differ in no way from the values of the many countries and the cultural backgrounds represented by families at Loatlands Primary School.
Below are a few examples of the ways in which we promote British Values in our teaching and throughout the school
Being part of Britain
We value and celebrate being part of Britain. In general terms, this means that we celebrate traditions and customs in the course of the year; for example, Harvest Festival during the autumn term. We also value and celebrate national events, an example Remembrance Day in November.
Further, children learn about being part of Britain from different perspectives. Two specific examples of when we teach about being part of Britain are:
In History lessons our children learn about key moments and significant figures in British history are studied in the topics such as ‘The Fire of London’ while in Geography lessons they learn about the coasts, rivers and mountains and where Britain is in relation to other countries in the world.
At Loatlands Primary School democracy is central to how we operate.
The annual election of the School Council members and House Captains reflects our British electoral system and demonstrates democracy in action: candidates make speeches, pupils consider characteristics important for an elected representative, pupils vote in secret etc. Made up of two representatives from each class, the School Council meets regularly to discuss issues raised by the different classes. The council is able to effect change within the school.
Pupils are always listened to by adults and are taught to respect the right of every individual to have their opinions and voices heard.
Rules and Laws
The importance of rules and laws, whether they be those that govern our school or our country, are referred to and reinforced often, such as in assemblies and when reflecting on behaviour choices. At the start of the school year, each class discusses the school expectations of behaviour and class routines.
Pupils are taught the value and reasons behind laws, that they govern and protect us, the responsibilities that this involves, and the consequences when laws are broken.
Alongside rules and laws, we promote freedom of choice and the right to respectfully express views and beliefs. Through the provision of a safe, supportive environment, we provide boundaries for our pupils to make choices safely.
Our pupils are encouraged to know, understand and exercise their rights and personal freedoms and are taught how to exercise these safely, such as in our PSHE lessons.
Mutual respect and tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs
Loatlands Primary Schools serves an area, which is not very culturally diverse, but we are proud to promote and celebrate all different backgrounds and beliefs. Tolerance, politeness and mutual respect are at the heart of our aims and ethos.
Our pupils know and understand that it is expected that respect is shown to everyone and to everything, whatever differences we may have. All members of the school community are encouraged to treat each other with respect. | <urn:uuid:1c129e97-c726-4d27-b9da-86e60ac9e126> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.loatlandsprimary.net/information/british-values | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.953667 | 698 | 3.734375 | 4 |
SAN FRANCISCO, May 30, 2018 /PRNewswire/ --
Global Grain and High Fiber Foods Market is expected to grow at a significant CAGR in the upcoming years as the scope, Product Types, and its applications are increasing across the globe. Grains are a wholesome source of dietary fiber and nutrients. They aid in weight management, controlling heart diseases, lowering the risk of stroke, blood cholesterol, and asthma. To improve the functioning of the immune system, daily intake of grains is imperative. They also help in prevention of the gastrointestinal diseases and the other diseases.
The grain and high fiber foods market is witnessing the highest growth owing to the cumulative demand for dietary food, development of practical food industry, and increasing awareness amongst people regarding nutritional diet. Furthermore, high consumption of grain and high fiber food among youngsters and checking on weight are expected to drive the market in the years to come. Grain and High Fiber Foods Market is segmented, By product type into Cereals, Baked Foods, Flours, Seeds & Nuts, Others. Grain and High Fiber Foods Market is segmented, By Price range into Premium, Mid, Low. Grain and High Fiber Foods Market is segmented, By Fiber into Soluble Foods, High Fiber Foods, and Insoluble Foods. Grain and High Fiber Foods Market is segmented, By Price range into Online/e-Commerce, Independent Retail Outlets, Supermarkets/hypermarkets, Others.
Grain and High Fiber Foods Market is segmented, By Geographical Region into Asia Pacific (China, India, ASEAN, Australia & New Zealand), Japan, Middle East and Africa (GCC countries, S. Africa, Rest Of MEA), North America (U.S., Canada), Latin America (Brazil, Rest of Latin America), Western Europe (Germany, Italy, France, England, Spain, Rest of Western Europe), and Eastern Europe (Poland, Russia, Rest of Eastern Europe). North America is expected to dominate the market and continue being so in the next few years. Furthermore, Asia-Pacific is anticipated to witness demand for health and dietary food due to the demand for healthy food and increasing awareness among people and benefits of the grains and high fiber ingredients.
Grain and High Fiber Foods Market Key Players include Cargill, Inc., Kellogg Corporation, Cereal Ingredients, Inc., Ardent Mills Corporate, International Fiber Corporation, Creafill Fibers Corporation, Hodgson Mill Inc., Nestlé S.A.,BENEO GmbH, Quaker Oats Company, Mondelz International, Grain Millers Inc., Flowers Foods Inc., PepsiCo Inc.
Access 108 page research report with TOC on "Grain and High Fiber Foods Market" available with Radiant Insights, Inc. @ https://www.radiantinsights.com/research/global-grain-and-high-fiber-foods-2016
This report studies Grain and High Fiber Foods in Global market, especially in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India, focuses on top manufacturers in global market, with Production, price, revenue and market share for each manufacturer, covering
• Ardent Mills
• Cereal Ingredients
Market Segment by Regions, this report splits Global into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate of Grain and High Fiber Foods in these regions, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast), like
• North America
• Southeast Asia
Split by product type, with production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into
• Type I
• Type II
• Type III
Split by application, this report focuses on consumption, market share and growth rate of Grain and High Fiber Foods in each application, can be divided into
• Application 1
• Application 2
• Application 3
Browse reports of similar category available with Radiant Insights, Inc.:
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SOURCE Radiant Insights, Inc. | <urn:uuid:1f64d6c6-a73d-46b7-897e-295bcf3c9aab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/grain-and-high-fiber-foods-market-to-grow-owing-to-increasing-demand-for-dietary-food-and-development-684042361.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.896845 | 951 | 1.539063 | 2 |
WASHINGTON (RNS) A small band of Jews and Muslims marched through one of the city’s busiest squares Tuesday (Oct. 14) shouting “Spread Hummus! Not Hate!” and trying to draw the attention of an otherwise blase group of workers lined up at food trucks.
Many in the lunchtime crowd kept their earbuds firmly in their ears or continued chatting with their co-workers. But a few people joined in to sing “Salaam, Shalom,” a tune with the words for peace in Arabic and Hebrew, or to pen a comment on the side of the “#SpreadHummusNotHate” bus.
The one-day bus tour began at the University of Maryland, traveled to a mosque in D.C. and ended at a private residence in Virginia. It was designed to counter anti-Islam ads that appeared months ago on D.C. city buses. Similar ads still circulate on New York City buses.
Organized by the newly formed Greater Washington Muslim-Jewish Forum, the “#Spreadhummusnothate” bus tour served up pita bread and hummus — a chick pea dip savored by Jews and Muslims alike — at most of its six stops.
“Muslims and Jews have a common moral imperative to better the world,” said Juman Khweis, a Muslim member of the group who took a microphone and stood on a wooden crate labeled “soap box” to deliver her message in Washington’s Farragut Square.
The ads that inspired the hummus campaign were bought by the American Freedom Defense Initiative, a group led by Pamela Geller. Those ads, which many Jews and Muslims found offensive, read: “In any war between the civilized man and the savage, support the civilized man. Support Israel. Defeat Jihad.”
“We must do everything in our power to counter fear and mistrust and must not allow negative feelings to fester between our communities,” said Symi Rom-Rymer, a Jewish member of the group who spoke out in the square.
This was the first public event for the Greater Washington Muslim-Jewish Forum, created under the auspices of the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding, a national group of Muslims and Jews.
Walter Ruby, Muslim-Jewish program director for the FFEU, said the aim is to teach Muslims and Jews about each other’s faith so they could come to each other’s defense when incidents of anti-Semitism or Islamophobia erupt in greater Washington, D.C.
YS/MG END MARKOE | <urn:uuid:f36436a0-d733-4e75-9b61-f11932bae755> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://religionnews.com/2014/10/14/spread-hummus-hate-campaign-bonds-muslims-jews/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.955999 | 546 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Australia and Japan in clean hydrogen trade collaboration
The first round of the Australian Clean Hydrogen Trade Program (ACHTP) will focus on the export of clean hydrogen to Japan under the Japan-Australia Partnership on Decarbonisation through Technology.
The current Australian government, led by Scott Morrison, wants to grow the country’s clean H2 export industry. Thus, they set a new initiative aimed at attracting overseas investment into hydrogen supply chains originating in Australia.
Clean hydrogen is one of the priority technologies in the government’s long-term emissions reduction plan.
The AUD 150 million ($107m) ACHTP will support Australian-based hydrogen supply chain projects that secure overseas investment.
The first round of the program will focus on the export of clean H2 to Japan under the Japan-Australia partnership.
Moreover, Morrison said the $150 million program would help Australia to reduce emissions. It will do it by working with other countries to get the cost of clean energy technologies down.
“Clean hydrogen is central to both AU’s and JP’s plans to achieve net-zero emissions while growing our economies and jobs,” he said.
The ACHTP will support projects to develop export supply chains and commercialise the production of clean H2. It will also support derivative clean hydrogen-based compounds, such as ammonia.
“Establishing clean H2 supply chains will facilitate investment into Australia,” minister Angus Taylor said.
The program will be funded over five years from the AUD 565.8 million ($397m) committed for low emissions technology international partnerships in the 2021-22 budget.
Australian H2 production could also generate more than AUD 50 billion ($35.7b) in additional GDP by 2050. | <urn:uuid:26324956-a241-41d9-be1c-8ddea0900427> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.offshore-energy.biz/australia-and-japan-in-clean-hydrogen-trade-collaboration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.911897 | 361 | 1.875 | 2 |
Patient-initiated brief admission an important complement to psychiatric outpatient care
Patient-initiated brief admission as a complement to outpatient psychiatric care is appreciated by nurses and patients, and can reduce levels of anxiety in people with emotional instability and self-harm, a new thesis from Karolinska Institutet reports.
Self-harming behavior is a serious societal problem, especially among the young. Around half of psychiatric patients and a third of Swedish upper-secondary school students have harmed themselves at least once. Self-harm is common in patients with emotional instability, often diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, and there is now a novel form of outpatient care called patient-initiated brief admission (PIBA) for this group.
PIBA enables the patients themselves to call the psychiatric ward to initiate a brief period of inpatient psychiatric care of one to three days up to three times a month. The method was introduced in Stockholm in 2015 as a research project financed by the Swedish Research Council and led by Lena Flyckt, associate professor and psychiatrist and co-supervisor to Joachim Eckerström who has written the thesis.
Today it has spread to 18 of Sweden's 21 regions, albeit with certain variations in implementation and structure. The Center for Psychiatry Research in 2019 was tasked with developing a generic model for PIBA within the Stockholm region. The Swedish government recently instructed the National Board of Health and Welfare to draw up a set of standardized recommendations for the method nationally.
"Our focus has been to develop an intervention that can provide care at the right time, and thereby prevent patients only receiving psychiatric care once they have attempted suicide or harmed themselves in a way that requires emergency care," says Joachim Eckerström, who recently completed his doctoral thesis under supervisor and researcher Nitya Jayaram-Lindström at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet.
Appreciated by patients and nurses
In his thesis, Joachim Eckerström shows that nurses and patients with emotional instability were both favorably disposed to PIBA. Amongst other responses, the nurses said that the method fosters caring relationships, while the patients reported increased health-related quality of life.
"PIBA gives patients an opportunity to take time out in a secure environment when going through an unmanageable life crisis," says Eckerström. "What we find is that PIBA has a clear anxiety-mitigating effect that reduces the anxiety level of patients with emotional instability from severe to moderate after admission, and significantly increases life quality."
One of thesis' four studies also shows that PIBA seems to reduce the need for inpatient care, but the effect was not statistically significant and requires further investigation.
The diagnosis borderline personality disorder affects around 1–2% of the Swedish population; 75% of this group are women. Those affected present with a pattern of unstable relationships, severe emotional swings and uncertain self-image and identity. Some 70% of the patients with emotional instability have attempted suicide at least once in their life.
PIBA requires patients to have a previous relationship with inpatient psychiatric care and is based on an agreement between the patient and the outpatient and inpatient psychiatric services. Patient independence is encouraged, and many patients have continued to study or work in the meantime. The thesis shows that two of the challenges of PIBA are access to inpatient beds and the knowledge level of the nursing staff.
In Region Stockholm, PIBA has also been used for patients with psychosis and eating disorders, and is currently being upscaled to all patients in psychiatric care. Researchers are monitoring developments and a health-economic study on the use of PIBA for patients with emotional instability is being conducted.
"We might eventually find that the number of emergency beds can be reduced in favor of patient-initiated beds," says Eckerström. "There's a misconception that psychiatric care is stuck in a rut, but here we've developed a structured form of care that directly helps people in inpatient psychiatric care." | <urn:uuid:30ceccf5-70ae-4093-96b5-9fd357221980> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-06-patient-initiated-admission-important-complement-psychiatric.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.960421 | 832 | 1.789063 | 2 |
The preliminary requirement for the successful completion of any project is to build a qualified and competent team. Software development projects need a team of experienced IT professionals with diverse expertise in their respective fields.
Competent software development teams are composed of product managers, designers, developers, and SQA engineers. You must ensure that all your team members possess the desired expertise and skills to meet the client’s expectations. You can also acquire IT outsourcing services from reliable firms to augment your software development teams. Besides, regular interaction with your team is also necessary to accomplish the desired objectives.
This article presents a 4-step process to build a competent software development team.
Step 1: Define the Kind of Team
First of all, you need to understand your project requirements and build the kind of team accordingly. There are three main categories of software development teams: Generalists, specialists, and hybrid.
Generalists possess diverse knowledge and expertise and can effectively handle end-to-end solutions. Specialists are highly skilled and experienced professionals like that of Khired Networks who are capable of addressing complex problems using their advanced knowledge and expertise. A hybrid team comprises both generalists and specialists.
Your choice of a particular team depends on the complexity of the development project and the desired expertise.
Step 2: Define the Size of Team
Once you have defined the kind of team required, the next step is to decide its size. Four factors need to be considered while establishing the size of your team: Project complexity, available resources, budget, and deadline.
Ideally, an ideal software development team consists of 3-9 members, but the size may vary according to the project type and desired outcomes. You can then acquire cost-efficient outsourcing services as per your project requirements and desired outcomes.
Step 3: Establish Team Roles
In the next step, you need to establish the roles and goals of each team member to ensure smooth communication and achieve desired objectives.
A product owner is responsible for checking the product as an end-user, while the project manager leads the whole team. Similarly, a software architect makes high-level design choices and sets technical standards to be used.
Developers from reliable BPO outsourcing agencies employ advanced software development tools and techniques while designers make the product pleasant to use. QA testers check product quality and ensure that the software is ready to use.
Step 4: Adopt Agile
Lastly, using an agile approach allows your team to identify potential problems that might negatively impact the development process. Two agile methodologies are commonly used in software development: Kanban and Scrum.
Moreover, effective communication along with advanced technology can help your team deliver high-quality products and meet the client’s requirements.
The above discussion presented a brief overview of the process that can be used to build qualified, skilled, and competent teams in software development.
For this purpose, you need to understand your project requirements and define your team type and size. Next, establish team roles and finally, adopt an agile approach.
You may also hire skilled software development teams from reliable business outsourcing services providers like Khired Networks to fulfill your organizational needs and accomplish your desired objectives. | <urn:uuid:c7877f71-0480-4137-b113-264892266281> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.funtimetech.com/how-to-build-a-competent-software-development-team/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.93191 | 652 | 1.859375 | 2 |
The goal of cattle breeding is to raise healthy animals that can achieve maximum genetic productivity potential at a lower cost. Animal health depends not only on diseases caused by pathogens or metabolic/physical abnormalities, but also on stress factors.
Stress (tension) is a non-specific reaction of the body developed in the process of evolution, aimed at the formation of increased resistance and adaptation in response to changing conditions and adverse effects of the external environment.
External stress is defined as “the result of exposure to environmental factors that are not normal for the animal.”
The World Organization for Animal Health estimates that morbidity and mortality from diseases results in the loss of at least 20% of livestock production worldwide.
“The Five Freedoms,” according to the World Organization for Animal Health
As developed in 1965 and widely practised, the Five Freedoms described society’s expectations of the terms under which an animal should be under the control of a human being.
- Liberty from starvation, undernutrition, and thirst.
- Liberty from fright and distress.
- Liberty from physical stress or discomfort.
- Liberty from the pain, injuries, and sickness.
- Liberty from normality of behaviour patterns.
The World Organization for Animal Health has also developed international standards for the keeping of farmed fish (except ornamental species).
Animal welfare is when an animal can behave naturally in its breeding environment and express the ethology of its species’ behaviour to the maximum extent possible | <urn:uuid:0320bb13-d835-437a-aaf3-e7e4a918f18f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://arborglivestock.com/animal-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.916993 | 304 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Curt Smith’s knowledge of presidential history is deeper than dead center field in the old Polo Grounds. And yes, his love for baseball stimulated him to pen a book on stadiums, Baseball’s History through its Ballparks. His hands-on experience in the White House as a speechwriter for former President George H. W. Bush reinforced his love for profiling those who’ve manned the Oval Office.
In the sports world, Curt Smith is well known for his breakthrough work on the history of Major League Baseball broadcasting. In an even bigger sphere, he’s known for his expertise on American presidents. Through the years, he’s written prolifically on both topics and more.
Mention a president or anything baseball and Smith delights with unrestrained vibrancy, whether sharing an emotional anecdote about a Commander-in-Chief or a longtime play-by-play announcer. If you want to hit a hot button, just ask him about the 1950s version of the Voice of the Game of the Week, Hall of Famer turned broadcaster, Dizzy Dean. Smith will wonder aloud till blue in the face, why Dean hasn’t been honored yet with the Ford Frick Award.
When it comes to the presidency and baseball, it’s not a matter of 1 and 1A. Smith is equally passionate about both. His latest book, The Presidents and the Pastime intertwines the two subjects beautifully and is being released today by University of Nebraska Press.
Before Curt shares snippets of what he covers in the text, allow me to mention an intersecting story of Vin Scully and Barack Obama. In 2016, when the ex-president awarded the popular baseball announcer and other civilians with Medals of Freedom, he quipped, “I thought about him (Scully) doing all of these citations, which would have been very cool, but I thought we shouldn’t let him sing for his supper like that.”
At one point when Scully played golf with President George H. W. Bush, the two men recollected that they were on the same baseball field in a game between their respective colleges, Vin for Fordham and the former president for Yale.
Author Curt Smith talks about The Presidents and the Pastime:
All my life, I’ve loved the great institutions of baseball and the Presidency of the United States. Lots of other Americans do, too. A Dad may not know the color of his daughter’s eyes but can explain why he feels a certain president was a boom or bust. Aunt Maude long ago forgot her favorite nephew’s birthday, but not what Yaz hit in 1967. Yet improbably, no one had etched their kinship in detail. So, in 2014, having written on baseball and speeches for President George H. W. Bush, I began to research this only-in-America twinning-of-the-heart. On June 1, The Presidents and the Pastime: The History of Baseball and the White House, will be released. (University of Nebraska Press, 466 pp, photos, index, $29.95.)
The book begins in the Revolutionary War, each side playing a form of baseball, then segues to presidents like Lincoln and Johnson playing “town ball” or giving workers time off to watch. Next, it tracks each president from Theodore Roosevelt, who had to hide his dislike of baseball due to its appeal, to Donald Trump, a big-league prospect who declined to sign a pro contract, spurning “baseball money” for “real [business] money.” Each chapter depicts a different baseball relationship. Among others, William Howard Taft coined the rite of throwing the Opening Day “first pitch” in 1910. Woodrow Wilson found baseball a refuge from strokes that later took his life. Franklin Roosevelt saved baseball in World War II—this book urges the Baseball Hall of Fame to posthumously induct him. Harry Truman tossed the ball left-, right-, and both-handed; “the real fan,” wife Bess, he said, cheering the Senators by radio on the Truman Balcony. Dwight Eisenhower sent a poignant letter to Don Newcombe after Yogi Berra thrashed him in the 1956 World Series.
Ike left office in 1960, at 70. That year John F. Kennedy, 43, met Stan Musial, 39: “They tell me you’re too old to play baseball and I’m too young to be president, but maybe we’ll fool ’em.” Richard Nixon inhaled baseball as would a lifelong Walter Mitty, in 1965 offered a post as both commissioner and director of the players union. Jimmy Carter learned the game from his mother and baseball savant, “Miss Lillian,” who with her husband drove each year to a different city to see up to a 10-day big-league homestand. Ronald Reagan aired baseball on radio that he never saw—by “re-creation”—later playing Hall of Famer Grover Cleveland Alexander on film.
Bill Clinton grew up in Arkansas listening to Cardinals voice Harry Caray; George W. Bush’s sweet spot came the night he threw a perfect strike in the World Series at Yankee Stadium in the wake of 9/11; Barack Obama took the mound at the Nationals’ D.C. park to throw out the first ball, revealing in his glove a hometown White Sox cap he put on to show how all politics is local. Before becoming president, Trump often performed the first-pitch rite. Possibly afraid of being booed, he has not done so on Opening Day in office.
George H. W. Bush explains, “Baseball has everything.” It was a thought, he said, that came to him not long after he first picked up a bat at five. From Taft as the first president to throw the “first pitch” on Opening Day to Obama’s “Go [White] Sox!” scrawled in the guest register at the Hall of Fame in 2014, U.S. presidents have helped light baseball’s torch. The last chapter etches what baseball needs now to carry that torch to the larger culture and a new generation, the Great American Game tied to the Great American Dream. | <urn:uuid:38b1c21c-527b-4f4a-b131-34929738874e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sportsbroadcastjournal.com/baseball-broadcast-historian-curt-smith-previews-his-new-book-the-presidents-and-the-pastime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.964529 | 1,312 | 1.703125 | 2 |
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PYG exchange rate was last updated on August 12, 2022 23:22:52 UTC. | <urn:uuid:aebab62b-5429-442d-9193-db0152e609a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://freecurrencyrates.com/en/convert-BTC-PYG | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.852805 | 211 | 1.5625 | 2 |
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