text stringlengths 160 608k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 2
values | url stringlengths 13 2.97k | file_path stringlengths 125 140 | language stringclasses 1
value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 48 145k | score float64 1.5 5 | int_score int64 2 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ukraine’s sinking of a Russian resupply ship bound for Snake Island last month helped Kyiv regain control over the island, a US Department of Defense official revealed.
Ukrainian forces reportedly sank the Spasatel Vasily Bekh with a Harpoon missile as the vessel attempted to deliver weapons and additional troops to the “barren” island.
“The Ukrainians were very successful at applying significant pressure on the Russians, including by using those Harpoon missiles that they recently acquired to attack a resupply ship, and when you realize how barren and deserted Snake Island is, you understand the importance of resupply,” USNI News quoted a senior DoD official as saying.
“So the Ukrainians made it very hard for the Russians to sustain their operations there, made them very vulnerable to Ukrainian strike.”
Ukraine deployed the Denmark-supplied anti-ship missile in May. It has a reported range of 187 miles (300 kilometers).
The Ukrainian military announced Thursday that the Russian military left the island it had captured early in the war after being “unable to withstand the fire of our artillery, missile and air strikes.”
However, the Russian Ministry of Defense described the withdrawal as a “goodwill gesture” to allow “the UN to organize a humanitarian corridor” to export Ukrainian grain.
— MFA of Ukraine 🇺🇦 (@MFA_Ukraine) July 4, 2022
‘Rocket Artillery Assault’
Ukrainian armed forces had been pounding the island 35 kilometers (22 miles) off the Ukrainian coast with “powerful rocket artillery assault” for some time, spokeswoman for the Ukrainian Military Southern Command Natalia HumenyukIt said.
“We can state that a powerful rocket artillery assault that we have been conducting for some time, during the entire military operation, on this small enemy outpost has achieved its goal,” CNN quoted her as saying to Ukrainian broadcaster Espresso TV.
She said the Russians fled in speedboats, setting their anti-air systems and radars on fire “to cover their tracks.”
“As soon as they understood all these systems were being targeted by us effectively and could not serve them anymore, they realized they had to fold their outpost and get out.” | <urn:uuid:a48f0507-1e39-43a8-b205-237ac25f7733> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/07/05/harpoons-russians-snake-island-dod/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.971115 | 486 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Originally formed as the Center for Aquatic Weeds, the UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants (CAIP) is a multidisciplinary research, teaching and extension unit established in 1978 by the Florida legislature. CAIP uses expertise from many departments within UF/IFAS and its Agricultural Research and Education Centers throughout Florida. Furthermore, CAIP faculty and staff are made up of several different disciplines including agronomy, botany, fisheries, and plant pathology, just to name a few. CAIP is a team of scientists and support staff working to turn science into solutions.
The UF/IFAS CAIP Mission
Above all, the mission of CAIP is to develop and disseminate strategies for addressing the impact of invasive plants. The vision for the center is to be the leading voice for invasive plant research and education in Florida and beyond. Moreover, research conducted by CAIP faculty includes management techniques, aquatic and terrestrial invasive plant research and so much more. Consequently, CAIP faculty and staff work to educate stakeholders about aquatic and invasive plants and their interactions with the environment through extension programing, new technology and formal education. For example, the CAIP website turns science into solutions by offering Invasive Plant Management Plans. CAIP also offers plant identification tools such as videos, recognition cards and one pagers.
The UF/IFAS Florida Invasive Plant Education Initiative
Additionally, The UF/IFAS Florida Invasive Plant Education Initiative (IPEI) is the education and outreach arm of CAIP. The education coordinator, Lara Colley works to provide formal and informal educators with the information and resources needed to educate students about the impacts of invasive plants. The staff at IPEI have developed core modules including lessons and hands-on activities regarding invasive plants. The mission of IPEI is to increase the public’s awareness of invasive plants and their understanding of the need for invasive plant management, while fostering environmental literacy and stewardship among the citizens of Florida. The vision of IPEI is to become the leader in invasive plant education and to promote science literacy throughout the state of Florida and beyond.
Together, CAIP and IPEI are working to inform and educate the public about aquatic and invasive plants in Florida. Through education and outreach the team hopes to bring awareness to the issues surrounding invasive plants. For more information about the UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants please visit https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu. Be sure to follow us on social @UFIFASCAIP. UF/IFAS CAIP, Turning Science Into Solutions.
By: Shelby Oesterreicher, 352-273-3667, firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:805d562d-ba22-4903-8043-dbce7fbdfa92> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/caip/2019/09/04/uf-ifas-center-for-aquatic-and-invasive-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.931192 | 564 | 2.5625 | 3 |
When You’re Building the Car of Tomorrow, You Need to Start with a Service Oriented Architecture
June 17, 2022
What will drivers expect from their vehicles in the not too distant future? A better driving experience, naturally. This might mean assistance or automation technology taking over some or most driving tasks. Which might leave room for a richer infotainment experience. For many, efficiency and sustainability will become increasingly important. This will all have to be underpinned by unimpeachable safety and security.
And all of this will be dynamic. Drivers will expect the freedom to add and consume new capabilities or content at will, just as they do with their mobile phone or tablet today. And automakers will increasingly fix vehicle defects, optimize performance, and even add new features and functions - that the vehicle’s original designers might never have envisioned – throughout vehicles’ lives.
This will all add up to a simpler, more frictionless driving experience. But none of that is achievable without tackling a tremendous amount of underlying complexity in the software and electronics tying modern vehicles together. Today, a low-end vehicle might have 30 or more electronic control units (ECUs), while luxury vehicles can pack up to 150 ECUs and over 100 million lines of code.
The problem is most of these ECUs are bespoke hardware, running custom code. In-vehicle software stacks have grown with little emphasis on openness, upgradability, security, or data sharing.
This means the need for software upgrades and fixes is inevitable throughout the life of the vehicle. And while the industry is making progress on Over the Air (OTA) software updates, for most vehicles in production, fixing software problems still typically means an expensive and slow detour to a dealership. Stout’s 2020 Automotive Defect and Recall Report showed that over half of recalls were related to software defects, with the proportion increasing further in 2021.
Meanwhile, the current supply chain crisis in the silicon industry means vehicle manufacturers are being forced to consider different chips – but this leaves them in a bind when their existing software stack is tightly tied to a specific hardware platform.
This all contributes to a growing technical debt that doesn’t just weigh down vehicle OEMs’ ability to innovate. It leaves them struggling to complete vehicles built on existing designs.
In our view, the answer to these problems has already been developed in the enterprise technology industry. And it is to make the vehicle “Software Defined”.
What is "Software Defined"?
Being Software Defined means the vehicle’s functionality and features are largely implemented in software. This software is abstracted from specific hardware or ECUs, and so becomes “portable” and reusable across different underlying components, vehicles and even manufacturers. And because the vehicle is almost always connected to the cloud, updates can be performed reliably Over the Air. This not only removes the friction users feel when having to visit dealerships for updates, but it also opens the way for the rapid delivery of new features and applications, and crucially for the security patches and updates which are inevitable with any complex software system.
This delivers clear advantages for users, manufacturers, and third parties. Not least of which is the liberation of data, which can be shared between applications and services both within the vehicle, and with the OEM’s backend or cloud, giving manufacturers vital up to date information on vehicle performance and health. This free flow of data can guide development and updates in the longer term, inform preventative maintenance in the short term, and enable AI-powered assistance technologies in real time.
Being Software Defined also means vehicles become dynamically configurable and programatically controllable. The ability to remotely configure and orchestrate functionality and features in the vehicle software in real time allows OEMs to optimize performance and address issues quickly – without requiring software updates.
This “Software Defined” approach might sound familiar to those with an enterprise technology background. It’s the same approach that evolved in the enterprise and cloud compute infrastructure over the last three decades.
And central to Software Defined is the concept of a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). This approach requires software to be broken down into distinct modules, or services, which perform specific functions, and which communicate with each other using common protocols and APIs.
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)
Overtime, SOA software development has evolved towards microservices, discrete services that perform highly specific functions, which can be combined dynamically to create sophisticated applications.
Upgrades or patches can be applied to the individual service, or microservice, without the need to update the entire codebase. New services – or features and applications – can be developed more easily and quickly distributed to vehicles over the air, and these protocols and APIs can be leveraged by “control layer” services to orchestrate and automate software already in the vehicle. This can all be informed by up to the second intelligence gleaned from vehicles in the field, putting user experience – and safety – at the forefront.
Moreover, this approach enables a more dynamic, agile development workflow for the auto industry’s rapidly expanding developer workforce, with highly-focused teams working on specific features and functions, which can be developed more rapidly, and subjected to more intensive testing before deployment.
This is why Sonatus recently joined the Scalable Open Architecture for Embedded Edge (SOAFEE) project – which brings together automakers, silicon vendors, software developers and cloud leaders, with the objective of developing a cloud-native architecture, and development and deployment framework, for automotive applications.
Why are we at Sonatus so sure that the SOA-based approach is the right model to follow for the Software-Defined Vehicle?
Because that is the engineering philosophy that my fellow founders and I used to transform enterprise IT and cloud solutions from rigid and siloed designs to the dynamic, scalable, cloud native platforms powering so much of today’s innovation.
It’s that journey that has delivered the cloud-based systems that enable consumer services such as Netflix, Uber, and countless others, and the B2B services that have enabled digital transformation in the enterprise. It has also made the underlying data infrastructure far more resilient, much more automated and manageable, and much more secure.
So just imagine where a similar journey will take us when the same principles are applied to Software-Defined Vehicles. | <urn:uuid:9a8bc1a9-a50f-4e4f-bbe9-75aeb7d53f87> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://embeddedcomputing.com/application/automotive/vehicle-networking/when-youre-building-the-car-of-tomorrow-you-need-to-start-with-a-service-oriented-architecture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.931342 | 1,316 | 1.65625 | 2 |
To get the most value from a new technology solution, you need your workers to start using it as soon as it is deployed. Regardless of the number of new features or the improved performance a new solution provides, it is worthless if no one is using it. “Who will use the solution and how will they use it?” are the fundamental questions that need to be answered to accelerate user adoption and ensure your users will get the most from any new technology solution. Creating user personas can help ascertain who the target audience is and developing user journey maps can reveal how the technology will be used to accomplish their day-to-day tasks. User personas and user journey maps foster a user-centric approach, which leads to better user experiences and faster adoption of your new solution.
Creating User Personas
A user persona is a detailed description of a prototypical user based on an amalgam of common characteristics, behaviors, and traits of users across your organization. They provide a realistic representation of your key user groups and enable a better understanding of your users’ motivation, goals, and capabilities. They help you develop empathy and compassion for the workers who will ultimately rely on the technology once it has been deployed. Using personas to evaluate your workforce can help you discover the optimal way to introduce a new technology solution and tailor user training to drive high adoption rates.
Basic Elements of a User Persona
Key pieces of information that you should incorporate into each of your personas include:
- Fictional Name: Giving your persona a name will make it feel more like a real person. Select a memorable name but avoid using generic names such as Jane Doe or Mike the Manager.
- Job Title: The title should describe the personas role and level within your organization
- Major Responsibilities: List the responsibilities your organization expects from an employee in this position. Include the roles, tasks, and activities required of the position.
- How Existing Technology is Used Today: If the new technology is replacing an existing solution, itemize the tasks users perform today with the existing technology solution and how they use the existing technology to perform them.
- Goals for the New Technology Solution: Identify the tasks users expect to perform with the new solution, along with the skills and knowledge required to perform those tasks well.
- Perceived Barriers to Adoption: Reservations users have about the new technology solution and the challenges they envision that might prevent them from adopting the new technology right away.
By focusing on the roles, responsibilities, and challenges your workers face, you can develop compelling personas that can be used to refine your adoption strategies and ensure your users will appreciate the value of the new solution.
Define User Groups
If your organization expects different types of workers to use the new technology you are rolling out, you should categorize your workforce into groups with similar responsibilities, performing similar tasks. Define at least one, but no more than four personas for each of your user groups. For example, you may have salespeople, engineers, and managers. You could create a persona named Juan to represent the sales team, a persona named Maya to represent engineering, and a persona named Nina to represent management. These personas will help you gain a specific and consistent awareness of each target group of users within your organization.
There are a variety of data collection methods you can use to construct a snapshot of your typical users. Don’t rely on just one data collection method, use as many as time and budget allow to ensure the personas you create accurately capture your users’ behaviors, assumptions, and expectations.
Data collection methods include:
- Interviews: Get valuable insight into your users straight from the horse’s mouth. In-depth interviews not only provide context into users’ thoughts and motivations, they often provide opportunities for follow-up questions that probe deeper into underlying factors. As your interview process unfolds, you should start noticing patterns that emerge and should be included in the personas you create.
- Surveys: Surveys and questionnaires don’t generally go as deep as an interview can; however, they can easily reach a broader audience. While they may not deliver the same qualitative results as an interview, surveys can provide quantitative results that have statistical significance.
- Day in the Life: Shadowing workers offers a unique opportunity to get a firsthand look at the tasks they perform and the methods they use to perform those tasks. Day in the life job shadowing enables you to observe and absorb user challenges and pain points.
- Review IT Support Requests: Analyze the history of support cases and calls to help desk dealing with your existing solutions. Incorporate feedback from support engineers on common problems users are experiencing and recurring issues they deal with into your persona.
The data collection process can also help with the overall user adoption effort by sending a message to stakeholders that their opinion matters, and they are a critical component of the new technology roll-out.
Analyze the Data and Build the Personas
Consolidate and organize the data you collected into the persona groups you defined. Scrutinize the data for common themes, characteristics, and patterns across each of the groups. Create a template that contains all the basic elements outlined above to ensure your personas are consistent and complete. Develop appropriate descriptions for each of the personas, including their goals, challenges, and typical daily activities. Include enough information for the reader to understand the motivations, expectations, and frustrations of the target persona, but keep your write-ups concise and succinct. Validate rough drafts of your personas with coworkers who match the profile you developed and use their feedback to refine and polish your work.
Mapping User Journeys
Once you have completed your personas, you should map out anticipated scenarios (user journey maps) for using the new technology solution. User journey maps enable you to visualize the interactions and touch-points your users will have with the new solution from their point of view. They help you uncover potential gaps and pain points, assess their impact, and address them before they can hinder or delay user adoption. Having a visual representation of expected user experiences can help you determine whether additional training will be required, or changes should be made to the solution before it is deployed.
Creating personas will help you build empathy for your users, and provide clarity around their motivation, goals, pain points, and desired outcomes. Personas are extremely useful for uncovering the diverse ways your users will interact with new technology and what will motivate them to adopt new solutions. They also provide you with valuable feedback from your users that can be incorporated into your communications, training, and education strategies for user adoption. | <urn:uuid:b68dd6e1-4971-4457-87d1-d3b837ccab31> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ceriumnetworks.com/developing-user-personas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.924246 | 1,366 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Summer Beach Advisories Have Arrived
on Friday, May 24, 2019
Water and Land News
Des Moines, Iowa – Summer beach season has arrived and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR) beach monitoring has begun. The DNR conducts weekly monitoring of 39 state park beaches for E. coli and microcystin.
In its first report of the season, the IDNR details there are four (4) swimming advisories due to E. coli contamination in Iowa State Park lakes.
Here are the beach advisories as of May 24, 2019:
- # of Beach Advisories Issued for E.coli = 4
- Beaches with an E.Coli-Related Warning/Advisory:
- Backbone Beach (Dundee, Delaware County, IA)
- Beed's Lake Beach (Hampton, Franklin County, IA)
- Lake Keomah Beach (Oskaloosa, Mahaska County, IA)
- Nine Eagles Beach (Davis City, Decatur County, IA)
- # of Beach Advisories Issued for Microcystin = 0
If you visit these beaches or parks this weekend, contact with the water is not advised. E. coli is can make you ill, and is also tracked as an indicator species, meaning other harmful bacteria may be present. E. coli can cause diarrhea or skin, ear, and respiratory infections. Learn more about the effects of bacteria and harmful algae blooms (HABs).
IEC will be tracking beach advisories all summer long. For updates to your inbox, sign up to review our Weekly Water Watch, an email sent each Friday with beach advisory updates and other important water news.
- beach advisories
- drinking water
- harmful algal blooms
- nitrate pollution
- public beaches
- public health
- toxic algae
- water quality | <urn:uuid:bafd7a7e-5da0-404d-b29b-529ab198ef6f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.iaenvironment.org/newsroom/water-and-land-news/summer-beach-advisories-have-arrived | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.919423 | 397 | 2.3125 | 2 |
By teaching their children the importance of systematic investing, parents can set them up for a prosperous life
23-Mar-2020 •Research Desk
Children are excellent learners. From the time they are born till they attain adulthood, they are in the constant process of learning. If they are given good education and guidance, they can develop into confident and prudent adults. Little surprise that many parents are especially concerned about their children's education.
But what about financial education? Not many parents can boast of equipping their children with that, at least for a significant part of their childhood. Financial education is generally postponed till a person starts earning. And then who provides it? Many of us have learnt simple financial lessons the hard way. Some of us may not realise the importance of saving and investing even after many years into adulthood. Even worse, by the time we grow up, we may have developed deep-rooted bad financial habits that prove to be an impediment to progress for the rest of life.
Unfortunately, financial education isn't a part of school curriculum. But, as a parent, you can start your child's financial education while your kid's world is all about toys, playtime and cartoon films. Start with educating your child about saving. Get your child a piggy bank or a gullak. Encourage him to regularly put money in it. A simple formula could be to give a `1 coin to your child daily and asking him to put it in his gullak. Over time, he will accumulate many coins and there will come a point when the gullak is full. Take out the coins at that time and show your child how his daily contributions have resulted in a 'large' corpus over time. Most likely, your kid is going to be amazed. This would be his first lesson on systematic investing.
As your child grows, introduce him to banking. The idea of systematic investing remains same here. Encourage your child to put some money in his account regularly. The difference this time will be the extra returns he can generate through interest income. Of course, the return isn't high, yet for a child that's almost magical - extra money by just keeping money in a bank account!
At an appropriate time, introduce your child to the stock market and investing in it through mutual funds. Tell him how he can build wealth by systematically investing in a good equity fund. Emphasise the need for staying invested through various phases of the market. Discuss how the market has created wealth over time. As your child turns 18, encourage him to start investing in equity funds through SIPs. Assist him for the next few years till he becomes a confident investor.
A few other things also go a long way in creating an environment of financial discipline at home. Talk about the importance of money. Emphasise how one has to work hard to earn it and that's why one should judiciously use it. Walk the talk. Act in the same way as you would want your child to act. Reward good financial behaviour.
Warren Buffett started investing when he was just 11. By providing your child the right financial guidance, you can also set him on the path of financial prosperity. What you teach him now will stay with him forever. Indeed, child is father of the man. | <urn:uuid:11d9005e-c326-4b53-a9f5-8cb6d6cbcc14> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.valueresearchonline.com/stories/47488/instil-the-sip-habit-in-your-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.976268 | 666 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Follow the exploits of a group of unicorns on the trail of Princess Petal’s missing birthday cake in this brightly coloured slice of rhyming and counting fun.
Join ten magical little unicorns for fairy tale fun in this enchanting rhyming adventure!
It's Princess Petal's birthday, but - oh no! - her cake is nowhere to be seen! Can ten brave little unicorns find the missing cake in time for the royal birthday party?
Follow the ten little unicorns as they venture through an enchanted land, meeting witches, wizards, dragons and fairies along the way.
Read the bouncy rhyming story and count from ten to one and back again, as the little unicorns disappear then reappear. Spot and count the details on each page, and join in with the magical read-aloud sounds.
Part traditional counting rhyme, part fun-filled story, Ten Little Unicorns is perfect for sharing.
Publisher: Hachette Children's Group
Number of pages: 32
Weight: 184 g
Dimensions: 248 x 274 x 6 mm
You may also be interested in...
Would you like to proceed to the App store to download the Waterstones App?
Alternatively, for multiple items you may find it easier to add to basket, then pay online and collect in as little as 2 hours, subject to availability. | <urn:uuid:3ac6f5e6-f554-4233-849b-15b550c489dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.waterstones.com/book/ten-little-unicorns/mike-brownlow/simon-rickerty/9781408355916 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.897849 | 291 | 1.78125 | 2 |
[permalink] [id link]
Conversely, any equation can take the canonical form f ( x ) = 0, so equation solving is the same thing as computing ( or finding ) a root of a function.
Some Related Sentences
Conversely and any
Conversely, a subset R defines a binary function if and only if, for any x in X and y in Y, there exists a unique z in Z such that ( x, y, z ) belongs to R.
Conversely the equilibrium position is said to be " far to the left " if hardly any product is formed from the reactants.
* The spectrum of any bounded linear operator on a Banach space is a nonempty compact subset of the complex numbers C. Conversely, any compact subset of C arises in this manner, as the spectrum of some bounded linear operator.
Conversely, there are other stars that never rise above the horizon, as seen from any given point on the Earth's surface ( except exactly on the equator ).
Conversely, any surjection between sets determines a partition on its domain, the set of preimages of singletons in the codomain.
Conversely, Derek Bickerton and others argue that the advent of abstract words provided a mental basis for analyzing higher-order relations, and that any communication system that remotely resembles human language utterly relies on cognitive architecture that co-evolved alongside language.
Conversely, a person may feel like he belongs to one state without having any legal relationship to it.
Conversely, the interior of the box has a constant, zero potential energy .< ref > Actually, any constant, finite potential can be specified within the box.
Conversely, extremely thin jewelry can cause the same tearing in what is commonly referred to as the " cheese cutter effect ", either during sudden torsion or over a long period of wearing, especially if the thin jewelry bears any weight.
Conversely, any Hermitian positive semidefinite matrix M can be written as M = A < sup >*</ sup > A ; this is the Cholesky decomposition.
Conversely, if a double sharp were added to any other note not containing a sharp or flat as indicated by the key signature then the note will be raised two semitones or a whole step with respect to the chromatic scale.
Conversely, supplementation with L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-DOPA, or any of the cofactors will increase their respective concentrations.
Conversely, any choice of μ, full rank matrix U, and positive diagonal entries Λ < sub > i </ sub > yields a non-singular multivariate normal distribution.
Conversely, the influence of the data at any given point on the initial line propagates with the finite velocity c: there is no effect outside a triangle through that point whose sides are characteristic curves.
Conversely, given any harmonic function in two dimensions, it is the real part of an analytic function, at least locally.
Conversely, if the Turing Machine is expected polynomial-time ( for any given x ), then a considerable fraction of the runs must be polynomial-time bounded, and the coin sequence used in such a run will be a witness.
It is a fact that the ring is a principal ideal ring ; that is, for any ideal I in, there exists an integer n in I such that every element of I is a multiple of n. Conversely, the set of all multiples of an arbitrary integer n is necessarily an ideal, and is usually denoted by ( n ).
Conversely and equation
Conversely, an algorithm to test for solvability in arbitrary integers could be used to test a given equation for solvability in natural numbers by applying that supposed algorithm to the equation obtained from the given equation by replacing each unknown by the sum of the squares of four new unknowns.
Conversely, when the population is large the value of approaches 1 effectively reducing the terms inside the brackets of equation 1. 2 to zero.
# Conversely if u is a solution of Laplace's equation, then there exist functions v which solve the Cauchy – Riemann equations together with u.
Conversely, starting with the Schrödinger equation and our < em > Ansatz </ em > for ', we arrive at
Conversely and can
Conversely, if a Boolean ring A is given, we can turn it into a Boolean algebra by defining x ∨ y := x + y + ( x · y ) and x ∧ y := x · y.
Conversely, in the English language as a whole, singular verb forms can often be used with nouns ending in "- s " that were once considered plural ( for example: " Physics is my favorite academic subject ").
Conversely, every point on the line can be interpreted as a number in an ordered continuum which includes the real numbers.
Conversely, non-spontaneous electrochemical reactions can be driven forward by the application of a current at sufficient voltage.
Conversely, badly managed food aid can create problems by disrupting local markets, depressing crop prices, and discouraging food production.
Conversely, if the data are sparse — that is, if only K out of N Fourier coefficients are nonzero — then the complexity can be reduced to O ( K log N log ( N / K )), and this has been demonstrated to lead to practical speedups compared to an ordinary FFT for N / K > 32 in a large-N example ( N = 2 < sup > 22 </ sup >) using a probabilistic approximate algorithm ( which estimates the largest K coefficients to several decimal places ).
Conversely, when one wants to compute an arbitrary number ( N ) of discrete samples of one cycle of a continuous DTFT, it can be done by computing the relatively simple DFT of s < sub > N </ sub >, as defined above.
Conversely, rifle bullets can pierce light armor and are easier to shoot accurately, but even a carbine such as the Colt M4 is larger and / or longer than a submachine gun, making it harder to maneuver in close quarters.
Conversely, one might expect that inertial motions, once identified by observing the actual motions of bodies and making allowances for the external forces ( such as electromagnetism or friction ), can be used to define the geometry of space, as well as a time coordinate.
Conversely, a high pH, low CO < sub > 2 </ sub >, or low 2, 3 BPG favors the relaxed form which can better bind oxygen.
Conversely, a very severe bit, in the right hands, can transmit subtle commands that cause no pain to the horse.
Given a field ordering ≤ as in Def 1, the elements such that x ≥ 0 forms a positive cone of F. Conversely, given a positive cone P of F as in Def 2, one can associate a total ordering ≤< sub > P </ sub > by setting x ≤ y to mean y − x ∈ P. This total ordering ≤< sub > P </ sub > satisfies the properties of Def 1.
Conversely, every formally real field can be equipped with a compatible total order, that will turn it into an ordered field.
Conversely, if the odds of drawing a winning card are numerically lower than the pot odds, the call has a negative expectation, and you can expect to win less money on average than it costs to call the bet.
Conversely, from a partial order on a partition of a set S one can construct a preorder on S. There is a 1-to-1 correspondence between preorders and pairs ( partition, partial order ).
Conversely we have a b if and only if a < b or a ~ b. This is the reason for using the notation ""; "≤" can be confusing for a preorder that is not anti-symmetric, it may suggest that a ≤ b implies that a < b or a
Conversely, though every president from Washington to John Quincy Adams can be definitely assigned membership in an Anglican or Unitarian body, the significance of these affiliations is often downplayed as unrepresentative of their true beliefs.
Conversely, specifying the symmetry can define the structure, or at least clarify what we mean by an invariant, geometric language in which to discuss it ; this is one way of looking at the Erlangen programme.
Conversely, water deep in the ocean near geothermal vents can reach temperatures of hundreds of degrees and remain liquid.
Conversely, AES is sensitive to the lighter elements, and unlike X-ray fluorescence, Auger peaks can be detected for elements as light as lithium ( Z = 3 ). | <urn:uuid:bde6614b-f2d2-4018-b03d-63a938e20b2b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.altsci.com/3/s/Conversely-any-equation-can-take-the-canonical-f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.905226 | 1,819 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Logicality and prudence play an important role in intangible asset intensive and dependent businesses…https://kpstrat.com/wp-admin/post.php?post=361
For business c-suites and management teams, either can be readily achieved…and can commence on behalf of – to benefit a business by, among other things, identifying and distinguishing intangible assets in one or multiples of the following contexts, i.e., their contributory role and value to/for…
1. pursing – developing a new (internal – external) venture or collaborative,
2. creating efficiencies within – throughout a business.
3. merging – leveraging existing intangible assets to create a new-complimentary service.
4. providing c-suites, management teams, and boards with tactical – strategic insights and ‘vital signs’ related to the (current) use – exploitation of a business’s (likely, already) embedded intangible assets.
5. favorably affecting the stability, fragility, defensibility, and risk exposures of designated (key) assets.
6. assessing – measuring (quantifying) performance of key-designated intangible assets, i.e., the how, when, what, where, and why related to their contributory role to either of the above.
7. ensuring the selection, acquisition, development, and exploitation of (certain, targeted, additional) intangible assets
a. align with – compliment business mission, strategic plan, and/or either of the above.
b. reflects the where, why, how, and when key intangible assets originate.
c. minimizes vulnerability, probability, and criticality of (intangible asset) materiality changes which may occur internally or externally.
8. exploring other-alternative business opportunities which can-should be logically considered by virtue of having achieved operational level familiarity with intangible assets, which include, among others…
a. creating strategic alliances or joint ventures, or other business arrangements- circumstances wherein designated intangible assets can be lucratively – competitively linked, shared, sold, transferred, or licensed internally or externally.
9. putting effective intangible asset safeguards in place to mitigate (potential) adverse cascading effects should certain risks materialize.
10. creating a business environment whereby control, use, and ownership of key intangible assets which are less likely to be challenged, ensnared, or entangled in costly, momentum stifling risks which have materialized including asset undermining events.
a. the latter often intended to adversely affect targeted – designated assets which deliver (higher) contributory roles and value to a business, i.e., revenues, competitiveness, resilience, and sustainability.
At this point, I suspect the following could be interpreted by some readers as an unnecessary reminder…that is, it remains a (globally) universal economic fact – business operating reality that intangible assets are indeed the dominant drivers of most company’s economic and competitive advantage health and value.
Unfortunately, intangible assets, not infrequently, still fall below (conventional) business school radar!
So, if – when any businesses intangible assets are overlooked, dismissed, or merely neglected…by whomever has the authority to do otherwise…https://kpstrat.com/wp-admin/post.php?post=142
- there is a substantial probability that such inaction and/or behavior will diminish – limit opportunities for achieving challenge free new project-product development and launches, competitive advantages which could be gleaned and exploited, among other circumstances which can adversely affect any businesses spirit of innovation.
- also, business modeling and strategic planning will surely be stifled, undermined, and otherwise compromised. When this occurs, one adverse outcome is both, will become more complicated, and costly, and elevate the probability-vulnerability-criticality that asset’s contributory roles and value will rapidly erode, or worse, ‘go to zero’!
Michael D. Moberly November 15, 2018 St. Louis firstname.lastname@example.org ‘The Business Intangible Asset Blog’ http://kpstrat.com/blog since May 2006 ‘where attention span, business realities, and solutions converge!
Readers are invited to examine other blog posts, papers, and books I have published at https://kpstrat.com/blog/papers | <urn:uuid:69f86906-d546-4a89-886c-5b9704bacff8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kpstrat.com/2018/11/16/intangible-asset-intensive-and-dependent-businesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.894084 | 905 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Christian movies have a great influence on people, because the world of religion moves the masses to change. Mostly the films are very similar, as they are based on well-known historical writings. Such a scenario implies divine figures, cognition, etc. However, there is one film that stands out from the rest. Tim Chey managed to tell a well-known story in a very unusual way. The focus is on responsibility for our own life and the people we care about. That’s why you should watch his best movie – Journey to Hell.
Is Journey to Hell based on a book?
Stories about hell are scary. It is huge, but also prudent. This claim is proven by the director of the film. Through very entertaining and high-quality content, he managed to convey an important message to his viewers. In the movie, you will really see the true nature of hell, but there is much more to come. Here you will see different historical figures like Hitler and many others. Don’t forget that this is a high-profile Christian film that will be distributed in 50 states. We believe that the plot of the film will intrigue all fans of this genre, because the story is based on the highly regarded novel by John Bunyan. The main actor appears right at the beginning of the film.
A very exciting story starts with an accident in which the main character almost drowned and all the time dreams of going to hell. There you will be able to see hell in its full darkness. It is filled with different profiles of people, but it still needs to be filled. Man has been warned and he must make changes in his life. After he wakes up, he realizes how lucky he is because he got a new chance. Now he realizes that he is saved.
What is the plot of the movie?
This is what we know about plot after watching trailer and reading Chey’s vision. Characteristic spirit of God pervades the entire plot. It shows one man’s journey to hell, but he doesn’t stay there. After he arrives and sees the condition of this horrible place, he gets a chance to avoid such a fate. It is already clear here that the path of change will be very challenging, but he quickly makes the decision that is best for him. Life returns to him again, and his view of the world changes forever. The main actor saw in hell evil, depravity and everything that contradicts the biblical standards of life.
That’s why he decided to turn to the path of life that leads to heaven. In this way, his life becomes more beautiful and he gets closer to God. This movie will cause different emotions in you because Tom explains godly life and hell in all situations. This includes work, family, home and everything else. This story somehow brings together the emotions of acceptance, shock, questioning, courage, love, self-honesty,
Actors and interesting characters from the beginning to the end of the film intrigue and attract the viewer, drawing him into their world. Although the story of the main character seems very simple now, prepare yourself for twists and moments to remember. | <urn:uuid:34d581a2-f471-4644-a2f8-f1b9867103d2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://papertapefilms.com/journey-to-hell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.971693 | 648 | 1.5625 | 2 |
News of the ban (Jamaica is the fifth country to have done so) broke via the change.org website on January 29, 2018. The petition to deny Anderson entry to the island, which was started by a Jamaican gay rights activist, had garnered 38,682 signatures by that date.
The petition website posted a video from Anderson, informing viewers that during a layover in the United States on his way to Jamaica, he learned that he would not be allowed to enter the country. In the video, Anderson expressed surprise, as he was under the impression that Jamaica was “the most homophobic country in the world” and that Jamaicans would therefore welcome him. “Obviously this was an outside influence,” he said, inferring that the Jamaican government was pressured to make the decision, against the wishes of its people.
Reactions to the ban were mixed. Given Anderson’s well-known views on homosexuality, LGBT organisations warmly welcomed the news:
Pastor Steven Anderson has called for homosexuality to be punishable by death. He was planning on spewing his #hatespeech in Jamaica, but those plans were canceled when the country barred his entry. #LoveWinshttps://t.co/923CROjy9o
— One Equal World (@everyone_equal) February 2, 2018
The influential Gleaner newspaper, while describing Anderson as “a holdover from the Stone Age,” contended in an editorial that — in the interests of freedom of speech and religion — he should have been allowed entry. The author of its Letter of the Day agreed, saying, “We are now witnessing Jamaica’s hypocritical conniving and a foreseeable acceptance of gay rights over biblical and moral stands.”
Unless the Jamaican Government is prepared to license the execution of those deemed gay, his banning, quite naturally, strikes a chord of sense and sanity, as well as advancing the Government’s interest of security of all citizens.
One can only wonder if said man were to advocate the fatal stoning of Gleaner journalists, whose ‘fake news’ would deem them irredeemably guilty, would this newspaper argue, with equal fervour, that all views must contend? I imagine not.
As any mature scholar of government would tell you, limits on democratic actions need not necessarily undermine the project of democracy itself.
The Jamaican Government has historically failed to protect the rights and dignity of countless gay Jamaicans. In one of the few notable moments that it has, as seen with the Anderson ban, can we not mar this occasion with mechanic logic and vacuous claims of free speech denial, but instead applaud the Government’s resolve to value all its citizens’ welfare?
Not everyone agreed with this perspective:
Dem fight out Pastor Steve. To block him from speaking in Jamaica is great injustice. His views may be different but he aint no terrorist. There is a space for contrasting views/opinions and we must encourage dialogue around differences. Sad state Jamaica is in.
— PREKI (@ThisisPreki) January 30, 2018
Sharing the Gleaner editorial, one blogger tweeted:
Editorial | Going too far on Anderson travel ban// Ban was bad decision; said so before. Jamaica now also the hypocrisy capital of the world? https://t.co/nWHKLLQpBF
— DGJmyideasaremyown (@dennisgjones) January 31, 2018
One domino effect of the Jamaica ban might be the enhancement of Anderson’s celebrity status among his followers — or at least, the pastor seems to be trying to steer the narrative in that direction. After booking another flight to a “different Caribbean country”, he began a contest on his blog: “Where in the world is Pastor Anderson???” He also posted a series of memes on his Facebook page, about being banned from Jamaica — including one quoting the government as saying, “Pastor Anderson’s comments are not conducive to the current climate”.
However, via the posts on Anderson’s Instagram page, it became clear that some of his followers had travelled to Jamaica ahead of his scheduled arrival, and had apparently done some preaching at a school. It was subsequently revealed that a venue at the University of the West Indies (UWI) campus had been booked — through an unnamed local church — for an Anderson-approved film screening scheduled for February 2. The university was at pains to disassociate itself from the event, and quickly withdrew its permission.
An Anglican priest with a strong human rights focus, Sean Major-Campbell, offered this perspective:
This man’s history of promoting stigma and discrimination, homophobia and misogyny, is an insult to the human dignity of our women and sexual minorities. If he were a Jamaican dancehall artiste, do you believe that his ‘work’ would be welcomed from a foreigner to his homeland? Should Jamaica remain spineless and silent? […]
The Caribbean region has had a long history of oppressive teachings in the name of church and evangelism. We now need to facilitate healing and protection from further division, pain, and tragedy that is often motivated by characters with a history of preaching hate.
One Jamaican summed up the views of many of his compatriots who were not necessarily part of the LGBT community:
Now there are some who are displeased that ‘Pastor’ Anderson was banned from Jamaica and speak about the powerful agents of the LGBTQ who have triumphed in stopping him with a petition signed by nearly 37,000. I am neither member of J-FLAG nor a powerful figure but I signed it out of the common humanity shared in the fact that we don’t facilitate someone who advocates for the death and murder of others they hate. Hell No! That should be a no-brainer. […] Free Speech does not give anyone the right to perpetuate evil and hate, especially in a state where crime, violence and hate is common among some people. Jamaica should be praised having shown signs of positive change from its days of ignorance!
On the basis of Anderson’s hateful rhetoric, many more applauded the government’s decision. One Facebook user shared:
Well at least the govt did a good thing blocking this Pastor Steven Anderson from landing here. What a scary backward trumpian person. […]
There is no doubt that the pastor’s aborted visit has sparked an interesting, well reasoned — and perhaps necessary — national online debate on democracy, freedom of speech and the limits of hate speech, and human rights. But Anderson is quickly falling off the radar as Jamaicans remain preoccupied with a range of security issues that shows no signs of going away as quickly as the American pastor did. | <urn:uuid:04b82959-2bd3-44a4-a002-bfc391616d57> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://bridgeagents.com/2018/02/04/it-is-not-only-lgbt-jamaicans-who-welcome-the-governments-ban-of-controversial-u-s-preacher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.975829 | 1,399 | 1.78125 | 2 |
- Open Access
RETINOBASE: a web database, data mining and analysis platform for gene expression data on retina
BMC Genomics volume 9, Article number: 208 (2008)
The retina is a multi-layered sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye and acts at the interface of input light and visual perception. Its main function is to capture photons and convert them into electrical impulses that travel along the optic nerve to the brain where they are turned into images. It consists of neurons, nourishing blood vessels and different cell types, of which neural cells predominate. Defects in any of these cells can lead to a variety of retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, Leber congenital amaurosis and glaucoma. Recent progress in genomics and microarray technology provides extensive opportunities to examine alterations in retinal gene expression profiles during development and diseases. However, there is no specific database that deals with retinal gene expression profiling. In this context we have built RETINOBASE, a dedicated microarray database for retina.
RETINOBASE is a microarray relational database, analysis and visualization system that allows simple yet powerful queries to retrieve information about gene expression in retina. It provides access to gene expression meta-data and offers significant insights into gene networks in retina, resulting in better hypothesis framing for biological problems that can subsequently be tested in the laboratory. Public and proprietary data are automatically analyzed with 3 distinct methods, RMA, dChip and MAS5, then clustered using 2 different K-means and 1 mixture models method. Thus, RETINOBASE provides a framework to compare these methods and to optimize the retinal data analysis. RETINOBASE has three different modules, "Gene Information", "Raw Data System Analysis" and "Fold change system Analysis" that are interconnected in a relational schema, allowing efficient retrieval and cross comparison of data. Currently, RETINOBASE contains datasets from 28 different microarray experiments performed in 5 different model systems: drosophila, zebrafish, rat, mouse and human. The database is supported by a platform that is designed to easily integrate new functionalities and is also frequently updated.
The results obtained from various biological scenarios can be visualized, compared and downloaded. The results of a case study are presented that highlight the utility of RETINOBASE. Overall, RETINOBASE provides efficient access to the global expression profiling of retinal genes from different organisms under various conditions.
The retina is a thin and highly structured layer of neuronal cells that lines the back of eye. Its main function is to convert light energy into an interpretable signal for cortical cells in the brain. The retina has two components – an inner neurosensory retina and an outer retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which together form the structural and functional basis for visual perception.
The retina consists of several cell types, of which neural cells predominate. Photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion cells are three principal neuron cell types whose activity is modulated by other groups of cells, such as horizontal and amacrine cells . Defects in any of the above-mentioned cell types can lead to a variety of retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and glaucoma. These diseases may cause partial visual loss or complete blindness, depending on the severity.
The recent progress in genomic approaches has now led to an increase in the number of transgenic and knockout animal models that can be used to investigate the role of specific genes in retinal function and related disorders in humans, e.g., rd1 is a mouse model for RP , Nr2e3 for the Human Enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS) , Rds for macular dystrophy and RPE65-/- for LCA . Experimental information from the above mentioned models, combined with high-throughput technologies, has led to an increase in the number of experiments related to retinal gene expression.
The recent development of high-throughput technologies has resulted in an enormous volume of gene expression data. General repositories such as GEO and ArrayExpress operate as central data distribution centres encompassing gene expression data from different organisms and from various conditions. In contrast, resources like CGED , SIEGE and GeneAtlas are specialized databases that address specific problems; CGED concentrates on gene expression in various human cancer tissues, SIEGE focuses on epithelial gene expression changes induced by smoking in humans and Gene Atlas provides the expression profiles of genes in various mouse and human tissues.
In order to address specific issues related to retina and to meet the needs of retinal biologists in their analysis of gene expression data, we have developed RETINOBASE, a microarray gene expression database for retina. RETINOBASE combines simplified querying, analysis and data visualization options, plus specifically developed meta analysis tools. The integration of gene expression data from various development stages of wild type retina and from diverse conditions and genetic backgrounds will hopefully, not only increase our understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in normal retinal tissue, but also facilitate studies of gene expression patterns under diverse conditions. Furthermore, RETINOBASE provides a platform for the comparison of different analysis scenarios based on various normalization methods, such as RMA , dChip , MAS5 , and clustering methods, such as the K-means and mixture models methods .
Construction and content
RETINOBASE is designed to store gene expression profiles from microarray experiments. We downloaded all publicly available retina-related expression profiles from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) yielding 21 experiments [17–32], GEO datasets (GSE 1816, 4756, 1835, 3791, 2868). In addition, 8 proprietary experiments have been incorporated that can be accessed with permission from the owner of the experiment. These experiments were performed under different conditions, including knockout models, treatments and time series experiments performed on different organisms such as drosophila, zebra fish, rat, mice and human. All experiments have complete data, except for one experiment that has partial data at the level of fold change, due to the unavailability of raw data (.CEL) or signal intensity data. Currently, RETINOBASE contains approximately 27 million gene expression values resulting from 509 hybridizations. In future releases of the database, we plan to include data from other studies associated with retina, including the SAGE , datasets from Diehn and coworkers who used cDNA array to study human eye tissues, and/or datasets from Blackshaw and coworkers who used SAGE to study mouse retinal development.
In RETINOBASE, the gene annotation information obtained from Affymetrix is linked to information about genes and loci causing inherited retinal diseases, obtained from the Retinal information network (RETNET) . RETINOBASE also provides information obtained from literature about expression of approximately 200 retinal genes specific to certain types of cell, such as photoreceptors, Muller cells or retinal sphere cells.
Raw data was obtained in two different formats, either as .CEL files (20 experiments) or at the level of signal intensities (8 experiments). Data obtained at the level of .CEL files are first analysed with three different normalization programs – RMA , dChip and MAS5 and then processed using the R statistical package and Bioconductor ; after preprocessing, the resulting background-corrected and normalized signal intensities are automatically uploaded to RETINOBASE using SQL scripts via pgAdminIII.
Identification of control samples in an experiment facilitated incorporation of data at the level of fold change in RETINOBASE. The fold-changes in gene expression were calculated as the ratio between the signal intensities of a given gene in the treated (or knockout) model and the control. In the case of experiments performed in replicate, signal intensities were averaged before calculation of the ratios. All the experiments in RETINOBASE were clustered using 3 independent methods: (i) the density of points clustering (DPC) method which is implemented in the in-house FASABI (Functional And Statistical Analysis of Biological Data) software, (ii) the dot product K-means method used in TM4 Multiexperiment Viewer (MeV) a free, open-source system for microarray data management and analysis , (iii) the mixture model method implemented in FASABI. Although cluster analyses often provide useful insights into the data, biological interpretation of the results is recommended, since alternative algorithms generally produce different cluster outputs and no single clustering algorithm is best suited for clustering genes into functional groups for all data sets . We chose the DPC, K-means and mixture models methods because of their robustness in clustering large datasets. Although the K-means method generally requires the user to choose the number of clusters to be calculated, the TMEV system uses figure of merit (FOM) graphs to make an appropriate suggestion. Other clustering algorithms, such as a graph-theoretic approach , and a neural network based method SOM , as well as different parameter options, will be incorporated in future releases of the database. Storing both the normalized and analyzed data in our relational model allows flexible comparisons across different chips at the level of individual genes.
Quality control reports are generated using affyQCReport – an R package that generates quality control reports for Affymetrix array data and RReportGenerator for all experiments, where .CEL files are available. In addition, we also calculate a coefficient of variation for individual Probe Sets between the replicates, which provides a direct estimate of the quality between replicates.
Experiment and sample details
The RETINOBASE home page presents a list of all experiments available to the user and also provides access to experimental details such as title, short description etc. The "Sample details" option (Figure 1) gives details about sample description, organism, tissue, treatment, strain specific information and the array used for hybridisation for a given experiment.
Querying the database
RETINOBASE has three different querying modules: "Gene Information", "Raw Data System Analysis" and "Fold change system Analysis".
Gene information module
The "Gene Information" module offers three different query options – "Gene Query", "Ortholog Query" and "Blast Query". Using these, one can access information such as chromosomal location, linked retinal diseases, cellular localization, and gene ontologies for a given gene. Furthermore, gene details returned from these queries are linked to external databases such as GeneCards , NCBI , specifically to UniGene , ADAPT mapping viewer and also to UCSC genome browser that would yield more information (Figure 2).
"Gene Query" and "Ortholog Query" accept as input the gene name, symbol, Affymetrix Probe Set ID, Refseq or Unigene IDs, whereas "Blast Query" accepts sequences in FASTA format. "Ortholog Query" is useful in cross-referencing probe sets between different Affymetrix GeneChip arrays. The data based on reference sequence similarity is taken from HomoloGene and cross-referenced. In addition, the raw data and cluster information for a given gene (cluster number, software used for clustering and information about other genes present in the same cluster) for all experiments can be obtained through the "Gene Query" (Figure 2).
Raw data system analysis module
This module has "Data and Cluster Query" options and "Data visualization" which is both a query and visualization option. "Data Query" (Figure 3) provides gene expression information at the level of signal intensities for single or multiple genes in all experiments. "Cluster Query" (Figure 3) – unique to RETINOBASE, provides information about expression patterns of related genes across various conditions and genetic backgrounds. It also identifies any two given genes in the same cluster in one or more experiments. Apart from the above mentioned query options, RETINOBASE also provides a user-friendly transcriptomic data visualization tool that was developed to allow retinal biologists to graphically analyse gene expression profiles across all the experiments. A user can choose the experiment, chip, gene and analysis software to be used in a step-by-step process, following which the related samples can be labelled and organized for an easy comparison through histograms or radar-graph representations (Figure 4). This step-by-step process effectively increases querying speed, which in turn allows faster retrieval of specific data from large volumes of gene expression information. Additional information concerning the number of Probe Sets for a gene on a given chip, the normalization software used to obtain the signal intensities and the quality control report of the experiment are also provided.
Fold change system analysis module
Gene expression information at the level of fold change is provided for single or multiple genes in one or more experiments. In addition, "Ratio Query" supports a specialized query that permits retrieval of all genes from one or more experiments having a fold change greater and/or less than a given criteria.
Downloading results and user manual
In order to allow users to further compare and interpret data, the results from all querying modules available in RETINOBASE can be downloaded in the comma separated value (.CSV) file format using the "Download results" option.
A user manual is also available on the home page of RETINOBASE and it would provide a detailed description of the utilities.
Case study: Use of meta-analysis tools in RETINOBASE
In order to demonstrate the utility of RETINOBASE, we undertook a case study to identify novel genes that may have a potential role in retinal function. In the experiment "Targeting of GFP to newborn rods by Nrl promoter and temporal expression profiling of flow-sorted photoreceptors" (experiment 7 in RETINOBASE) it was elegantly demonstrated that Nrl (neural retina leucine zipper) is a key regulator of photoreceptor differentiation in mammals . We first performed cluster analysis using the "Signal intensity or Cluster query" tool in RETINOBASE by providing Nrl as the gene symbol and then retrieved the resulting clusters. In agreement with the original study by Akimoto et al.,, our "cluster query" found Rho (rhodopsin), Nr2e3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 3) and Pde6b (phosphodiesterase 6B, cGMP-specific, rod, beta) in the same cluster as Nrl in 4 out of 5 possible combinations (1. RMA normalized data and K-means clustering with TMEV, 2. RMA normalized data, K-means clustering with FASABI, 3. dChip normalized data, K-means clustering with TMEV, 4. dChip normalized data, K-means clustering with FASABI and 5. dChip normalized data, clustering with mixture model), confirming that genes specific for rods are coregulated with Nrl. In addition, Gnat1 (guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha transducing activity polypeptide 1), a gene implicated in congenital stationary night blindness , was also found in the same cluster in all 5 cluster combinations mentioned above, confirming its role in retinal function. This suggests that Gnat1 is also coregulated with Nrl in retina. Based on the similar coexpression profiles in wild type mouse retina at time points corresponding to embryonic day 16, post natal day 2, 6, 10 and 28 (Figure 5), we further identified a novel gene that is likely to be implicated in regulating retinal differentiation, namely D6Wsu176e (DNA segment, Chr 6, Wayne State University 176, expressed), described as being expressed in the outer nuclear layer of neural retina . The RETINOBASE "Ortholog query" for D6Wsu176e points to the human ortholog, FAM3C, that is involved in cell differentiation and proliferation during inner ear embryogenesis . With its known function in cell differentiation and its presence in the same cluster as Nrl in 3 out of 5 of the above mentioned clustering combinations, D6Wsu176e may be an interesting candidate for studying rod differentiation. We further went on to check whether Nrl, Rho, Gnat1 and D6Wsu176e genes are coexpressed (present in the same cluster) in other experiments present in RETINOBASE, in particular checking experiment 12 (Gene expression patterns in the retina of rds mice treated with CNTF/rAAV virus and non-treated after 60 days of injection) (GEO: GSE4756) and experiment 14 (Biological characterization of gene response in Rpe65-/- mouse model of Leber's congenital amaurosis during progression of the disease) . In these two experiments the four genes mentioned above were present in the same cluster indicating that they might be coregulated. This case study illustrates how RETINOBASE facilitates hypothesis testing for the biologist, and demonstrates how to generate novel hypotheses regarding retinal function and finally, how to identify potential novel targets for human retinopathies.
RETINOBASE is under constant development, including addition of new experiments when available. In addition, data from proprietary experiments can be accessed on approval by individual researchers and will be made generally available after publication. Several functional enhancements are also planned for the future. We will continue to refine and update RETINOBASE with respect to data retrieval, mining and visualization options. Direct upload and meta-analysis options will also be provided.
RETINOBASE has been developed to store, analyse, visualize and compare retinal-related data in order to provide insights into retinal gene expression in various mouse models and other organisms under diverse conditions. Our database, with different types of query options and powerful visualization tools, allows comprehensive analysis of biological mechanisms/pathways of the retina in normal and diseased conditions. We demonstrated by means of a case study how novel genes such as D6Wsu176e (which potentially play an important role in retinal differentiation and development) can be identified using the meta analysis tools incorporated in RETINOBASE. With the addition of new experiments the variety of hypothesis testing options will continuously increase, providing biologists with a valuable tool to gain a better understanding of the retina.
Availability and requirements
The RETINOBASE can be accessed at . All users must register (name and email address) to obtain a username and password.
Masland RH: The fundamental plan of the retina. Nat Neurosci. 2001, 4 (9): 877-886. 10.1038/nn0901-877.
Pittler SJ, Baehr W: Identification of a nonsense mutation in the rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase beta-subunit gene of the rd mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991, 88 (19): 8322-8326. 10.1073/pnas.88.19.8322.
Akhmedov NB, Piriev NI, Chang B, Rapoport AL, Hawes NL, Nishina PM, Nusinowitz S, Heckenlively JR, Roderick TH, Kozak CA: A deletion in a photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor mRNA causes retinal degeneration in the rd7 mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97 (10): 5551-5556. 10.1073/pnas.97.10.5551.
Pang JJ, Chang B, Hawes NL, Hurd RE, Davisson MT, Li J, Noorwez SM, Malhotra R, McDowell JH, Kaushal S: Retinal degeneration 12 (rd12): a new, spontaneously arising mouse model for human Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). Mol Vis. 2005, 11: 152-162.
Barrett T, Troup DB, Wilhite SE, Ledoux P, Rudnev D, Evangelista C, Kim IF, Soboleva A, Tomashevsky M, Edgar R: NCBI GEO: mining tens of millions of expression profiles – database and tools update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007, D760-765. 10.1093/nar/gkl887. 35 Database
Parkinson H, Kapushesky M, Shojatalab M, Abeygunawardena N, Coulson R, Farne A, Holloway E, Kolesnykov N, Lilja P, Lukk M: ArrayExpress – a public database of microarray experiments and gene expression profiles. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007, D747-750. 10.1093/nar/gkl995. 35 Database
Kato K, Yamashita R, Matoba R, Monden M, Noguchi S, Takagi T, Nakai K: Cancer gene expression database (CGED): a database for gene expression profiling with accompanying clinical information of human cancer tissues. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005, D533-536. 33 Database
Shah V, Sridhar S, Beane J, Brody JS, Spira A: SIEGE: Smoking Induced Epithelial Gene Expression Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005, D573-579. 33 Database
Su AI, Cooke MP, Ching KA, Hakak Y, Walker JR, Wiltshire T, Orth AP, Vega RG, Sapinoso LM, Moqrich A: Large-scale analysis of the human and mouse transcriptomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002, 99 (7): 4465-4470. 10.1073/pnas.012025199.
Irizarry RA, Hobbs B, Collin F, Beazer-Barclay YD, Antonellis KJ, Scherf U, Speed TP: Exploration, normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array probe level data. Biostatistics. 2003, 4 (2): 249-264. 10.1093/biostatistics/4.2.249.
Li C, Wong WH: Model-based analysis of oligonucleotide arrays: expression index computation and outlier detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001, 98 (1): 31-36. 10.1073/pnas.011404098.
Hubbell E, Liu WM, Mei R: Robust estimators for expression analysis. Bioinformatics. 2002, 18 (12): 1585-1592. 10.1093/bioinformatics/18.12.1585.
Hartigan JAWM: A K-Means Clustering Algorithm. Applied Statistics. 1979, 28 (1): 100-108. 10.2307/2346830.
Medvedovic M, Sivaganesan S: Bayesian infinite mixture model based clustering of gene expression profiles. Bioinformatics. 2002, 18 (9): 1194-1206. 10.1093/bioinformatics/18.9.1194.
Saal LH, Troein C, Vallon-Christersson J, Gruvberger S, Borg A, Peterson C: BioArray Software Environment (BASE): a platform for comprehensive management and analysis of microarray data. Genome Biol. 2002, 3 (8): SOFTWARE0003-10.1186/gb-2002-3-8-software0003.
Brazma A, Hingamp P, Quackenbush J, Sherlock G, Spellman P, Stoeckert C, Aach J, Ansorge W, Ball CA, Causton HC: Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)-toward standards for microarray data. Nat Genet. 2001, 29 (4): 365-371. 10.1038/ng1201-365.
Akimoto M, Cheng H, Zhu D, Brzezinski JA, Khanna R, Filippova E, Oh EC, Jing Y, Linares JL, Brooks M: Targeting of GFP to newborn rods by Nrl promoter and temporal expression profiling of flow-sorted photoreceptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006, 103 (10): 3890-3895. 10.1073/pnas.0508214103.
Yoshida S, Mears AJ, Friedman JS, Carter T, He S, Oh E, Jing Y, Farjo R, Fleury G, Barlow C: Expression profiling of the developing and mature Nrl-/- mouse retina: identification of retinal disease candidates and transcriptional regulatory targets of Nrl. Hum Mol Genet. 2004, 13 (14): 1487-1503. 10.1093/hmg/ddh160.
Chen J, Rattner A, Nathans J: The rod photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor Nr2e3 represses transcription of multiple cone-specific genes. J Neurosci. 2005, 25 (1): 118-129. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3571-04.2005.
Liu J, Huang Q, Higdon J, Liu W, Xie T, Yamashita T, Cheon K, Cheng C, Zuo J: Distinct gene expression profiles and reduced JNK signaling in retinitis pigmentosa caused by RP1 mutations. Hum Mol Genet. 2005, 14 (19): 2945-2958. 10.1093/hmg/ddi325.
Cottet S, Michaut L, Boisset G, Schlecht U, Gehring W, Schorderet DF: Biological characterization of gene response in Rpe65-/- mouse model of Leber's congenital amaurosis during progression of the disease. Faseb J. 2006, 20 (12): 2036-2049. 10.1096/fj.06-6211com.
Vazquez-Chona F, Song BK, Geisert EE: Temporal changes in gene expression after injury in the rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004, 45 (8): 2737-2746. 10.1167/iovs.03-1047.
Cheng H, Aleman TS, Cideciyan AV, Khanna R, Jacobson SG, Swaroop A: In vivo function of the orphan nuclear receptor NR2E3 in establishing photoreceptor identity during mammalian retinal development. Hum Mol Genet. 2006, 15 (17): 2588-2602. 10.1093/hmg/ddl185.
Gerhardinger C, Costa MB, Coulombe MC, Toth I, Hoehn T, Grosu P: Expression of acute-phase response proteins in retinal Muller cells in diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005, 46 (1): 349-357. 10.1167/iovs.04-0860.
Steele MR, Inman DM, Calkins DJ, Horner PJ, Vetter ML: Microarray analysis of retinal gene expression in the DBA/2J model of glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006, 47 (3): 977-985. 10.1167/iovs.05-0865.
Cameron DA, Gentile KL, Middleton FA, Yurco P: Gene expression profiles of intact and regenerating zebrafish retina. Mol Vis. 2005, 11: 775-791.
Abou-Sleymane G, Chalmel F, Helmlinger D, Lardenois A, Thibault C, Weber C, Merienne K, Mandel JL, Poch O, Devys D: Polyglutamine expansion causes neurodegeneration by altering the neuronal differentiation program. Hum Mol Genet. 2006, 15 (5): 691-703. 10.1093/hmg/ddi483.
Kirwan RP, Leonard MO, Murphy M, Clark AF, O'Brien CJ: Transforming growth factor-beta-regulated gene transcription and protein expression in human GFAP-negative lamina cribrosa cells. Glia. 2005, 52 (4): 309-324. 10.1002/glia.20247.
Zhang J, Gray J, Wu L, Leone G, Rowan S, Cepko CL, Zhu X, Craft CM, Dyer MA: Rb regulates proliferation and rod photoreceptor development in the mouse retina. Nat Genet. 2004, 36 (4): 351-360. 10.1038/ng1318.
Leung YF, Ma P, Dowling JE: Gene expression profiling of zebrafish embryonic retinal pigment epithelium in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007, 48 (2): 881-890. 10.1167/iovs.06-0723.
Carter TA, Greenhall JA, Yoshida S, Fuchs S, Helton R, Swaroop A, Lockhart DJ, Barlow C: Mechanisms of aging in senescence-accelerated mice. Genome Biol. 2005, 6 (6): R48-10.1186/gb-2005-6-6-r48.
Michaut L, Flister S, Neeb M, White KP, Certa U, Gehring WJ: Analysis of the eye developmental pathway in Drosophila using DNA microarrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100 (7): 4024-4029. 10.1073/pnas.0630561100.
Velculescu VE, Zhang L, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: Serial analysis of gene expression. Science. 1995, 270 (5235): 484-487. 10.1126/science.270.5235.484.
Diehn JJ, Diehn M, Marmor MF, Brown PO: Differential gene expression in anatomical compartments of the human eye. Genome Biol. 2005, 6 (9): R74-10.1186/gb-2005-6-9-r74.
Blackshaw S, Harpavat S, Trimarchi J, Cai L, Huang H, Kuo WP, Weber G, Lee K, Fraioli RE, Cho SH: Genomic analysis of mouse retinal development. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2 (9): E247-10.1371/journal.pbio.0020247.
The Affymetrix website. [http://www.affymetrix.com/]
The Retinal information network. [http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/Retnet/]
The R statistical package. [http://www.r-project.org]
Gentleman RC, Carey VJ, Bates DM, Bolstad B, Dettling M, Dudoit S, Ellis B, Gautier L, Ge Y, Gentry J: Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics. Genome Biol. 2004, 5 (10): R80-10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r80.
Wicker N, Dembele D, Raffelsberger W, Poch O: Density of points clustering, application to transcriptomic data analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002, 30 (18): 3992-4000. 10.1093/nar/gkf511.
Soukas A, Cohen P, Socci ND, Friedman JM: Leptin-specific patterns of gene expression in white adipose tissue. Genes Dev. 2000, 14 (8): 963-980.
Saeed AI, Bhagabati NK, Braisted JC, Liang W, Sharov V, Howe EA, Li J, Thiagarajan M, White JA, Quackenbush J: TM4 microarray software suite. Methods Enzymol. 2006, 411: 134-193. 10.1016/S0076-6879(06)11009-5.
Datta S, Datta S: Evaluation of clustering algorithms for gene expression data. BMC Bioinformatics. 2006, 7 (Suppl 4): S17-10.1186/1471-2105-7-S4-S17.
Yeung KY, Haynor DR, Ruzzo WL: Validating clustering for gene expression data. Bioinformatics. 2001, 17 (4): 309-318. 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.4.309.
Sharan R, Maron-Katz A, Shamir R: CLICK and EXPANDER: a system for clustering and visualizing gene expression data. Bioinformatics. 2003, 19 (14): 1787-1799. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg232.
Kohonen T: Self-Organizing Maps. 2001, Springer-Verlag Berlin Hiedelberg New York, 3
Wilson CL, Miller CJ: Simpleaffy: a BioConductor package for Affymetrix Quality Control and data analysis. Bioinformatics. 2005, 21 (18): 3683-3685. 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti605.
Raffelsberger W, Krause Y, Moulinier L, Kieffer D, Morand AL, Brino L, Poch O: RReportGenerator: Automatic reports from routine statistical analysis using R. Bioinformatics. 2007
The GeneCards. [http://www.genecards.org]
The NCBI. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
The UniGene. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=unigene]
Leong HS, Yates T, Wilson C, Miller CJ: ADAPT: a database of affymetrix probesets and transcripts. Bioinformatics. 2005, 21 (10): 2552-2553. 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti359.
The UCSC genome browser. [http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway]
Szabo V, Kreienkamp HJ, Rosenberg T, Gal A: p.Gln200Glu, a putative constitutively active mutant of rod alpha-transducin (GNAT1) in autosomal dominant congenital stationary night blindness. Hum Mutat. 2007, 28 (7): 741-742. 10.1002/humu.9499.
Blackshaw S, Fraioli RE, Furukawa T, Cepko CL: Comprehensive analysis of photoreceptor gene expression and the identification of candidate retinal disease genes. Cell. 2001, 107 (5): 579-589. 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00574-8.
Pilipenko VV, Reece A, Choo DI, Greinwald JH: Genomic organization and expression analysis of the murine Fam3c gene. Gene. 2004, 335: 159-168. 10.1016/j.gene.2004.03.026.
We would like to thank Naomi Berdugo for valuable suggestions, as well as "beta tester" users of the RETINOBASE, for their valuable suggestions. We thank Julie Thompson for proofreading the manuscript. This work was supported by the European Retinal Research Training Network (RETNET) MRTN-CT-2003-504003, EVI-GENORET LSHG-CT-2005-512036, CNRS, INSERM and University of Louis Pasteur (ULP), Strasbourg, France.
RK is involved in database design and development, data analysis, design of the user interface and prepared the manuscript. NG, GB and RR developed the web services and database back end. LP is involved in testing various querying tools. WR is involved in data analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. TL participated in the design of the user interface. OP was involved in overall design of the project and in drafting the manuscript.
About this article
Cite this article
Kalathur, R.K.R., Gagniere, N., Berthommier, G. et al. RETINOBASE: a web database, data mining and analysis platform for gene expression data on retina. BMC Genomics 9, 208 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-208
- Retinitis Pigmentosa
- Gene Expression Information
- Congenital Stationary Night Blindness
- Query Option | <urn:uuid:f513704e-2040-428d-851f-474fe3a3841b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-9-208 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.809758 | 8,152 | 2.46875 | 2 |
By the 1960s, Slippery Rock State Teachers College began to offer students more opportunities than teaching future teachers. The name change to Slippery Rock State College reflects this, as SRSC began expanding its curriculum.
In 1961, a new women’s dormitory was built on campus. Rhoads Hall was dedicated to Dr. Margaret Rhoads, who served as the Dean of Women in 1948 and a professor of mathematics at Slippery Rock for 43 years. The financing for the naming of Margaret V. Rhoads Hall was completed by Dr. Matilda Bailey, who also developed a professor laureate award in Dr. Rhoads' honor.
(Photograph, black and white, c. 1980)
Weisenfluh Dining Hall
The campus dining hall, designed and built by the W. G. Eckles Architectural Company in 1962, is dedicated to Dr. Norman Weisenfluh, Slippery Rock President from 1956-1964.
(Photograph, black and white, c.1980)
Weisenfluh still operates as a dining hall today, providing students and employees with a food court experience for all its dining options.
(Photograph, color, c.2000)
Morrow Field House
Morrow Field House is one of the largest and most heavily used buildings on campus. Built in 1962, Morrow Field House was dedicated to James E. Morrow, the first principal of the Normal School from 1889-1890.
(Photograph, black and white, 1962)
Morrow Field House and Thompson Field
Morrow Field House, fully constructed.
(Photograph, color, 1973)
The Jack C. Dinger Special Education Building
Built in 1962 and physically connected to Morrow Field House, The Jack C. Dinger Special Education Building was the first home of the Special Education Department. The building is dedicated to Dr. Jack C. Dinger, the first chair and founder of the Special Education Department in 1989.
(Photograph, black and white, 1989)
Laboratory School: Training Special Education Teachers with Hands-on Experience
The Special Education Building used to have an annex that contained a model school for the area's students who needed their services. This allowed students to work with those children and develop the skills necessary to teach as Special Education teachers.
(Photograph, black and white, c. 1960s)
Vincent Science Hall
This round building is Vincent Science Hall. Built in 1968, it was designed by the architect, C. A. Lake. Vincent Science Hall contains classrooms, laboratories, offices, and the campus planetarium.
(Photograph, black and white, c.1980s)
Vincent Science Center Today
Today, Vincent Science Center is the home to the Biology, Psychology, Physics, and Nursing Departments. In 2011, the building was remodeled into a modern learning center.
(Photograph, color, c.2011)
Dr. Arthur P. Vincent
Dr. Arthur P. Vincent was a professor and the chair of the Science Department at Slippery Rock Normal School and State Teachers College from 1923-1940. Vincent Science Hall was dedicated to him for his years of service to the college.
(Photograph, black and white, c.1930)
Built in 1966 as a private dormitory and known initially as the Rivera Hall, Kraus Hall had a capacity for 340 residents and housed students until 2009. Stanley Kraus, a member of the SRU Foundation Board, donated the building to the University on July 1, 1984. Abandoned, the university had the building demolished in 2018.
(Photograph, black and white, c.1980)
Spotts World Culture Building
Built in 1969, the Spotts World Culture Building was dedicated to Dr. Carle Brooks Spotts in 1979.
(Photograph, black and white, c.1970)
Dr. Carle B. Spotts
Dr. Carle B. Spotts led the English Department for 25 years, founding English, Speech and Drama majors at Slippery Rock. Dr. Spotts was regarded as one of the most versatile and respected faculty members at the college.
(Photograph, black and white, c.1960)
Only the Beginning
The 1960s saw the beginning of a significant expansion to Slippery Rock State College that continued over the next three decades. The College continued to expand to meet the demands of its new role. | <urn:uuid:b931659a-1a5a-4555-a92e-6057d26e3458> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sru.libguides.com/buildingshistory/statecollege | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.950037 | 927 | 2.4375 | 2 |
As the fashion industry grapples with the thorny issue of how to become more sustainable while still selling clothes, the focus has often been on supply chains, recycling and vintage resale. But what would sustainability actually look like, if it were a fashion trend?
Perhaps a little like the latest collaboration between Adidas and Berlin-based magazine and apparel brand, 032c. The name of the capsule collaboration, released in mid-December, was Gear for Coming Storms. The multiple straps, metal loops and military-style hardware on black backpacks, duffel bags and other accessories look more survivalist than high style and a direct comment on an uncertain future, thanks to climate change.
But 032c creative director Maria Koch said there’s more to the idea behind the products, which sold out in just two hours. “It’s not quite that direct,” she told WWD. “[As the collection was being designed] we knew it must be something modern with a precise, clean aesthetic — but without being super minimalist, or too playful.
“The question we worked on was, when there is so much out there already, what do I actually need? And why do I need this? And then: How can I make it so it’s useful – because usefulness is connected to sustainability. Something that is not a just a one-season hit, where there’s a sense of timelessness and quality. But it should also look a little dangerous and sexy,” she noted, “and still somehow be connected to the idea of fashion,” Koch continued.
Many brands — particularly those catering to younger, climate-conscious and streetwear-savvy customers who may be feeling just a little anti-fashion these days — are grappling with a similar philosophical quandary: How to engineer apparel that’s useful in any situation, and unisex, but also fashionable — and without stumbling straight into a Navy Seals’ locker room.
A number of dedicated outerwear and what are known as techwear brands — such as Alyx, Arc’teryx’ Veilance line of urbanwear, Stone Island’s Shadow Project, the North Face’s Black Series, Riot Division from Ukraine and the more flamboyant Japanese label, White Mountaineering — have dabbled with answers to that question. Italian label, Nemen, combines technical fabrics with Made in Italy craftsmanship and special dying techniques. Shanghai-based label Rosen’s X range of techwear is “genderless,” customizable and only ever made to order while Copenhagen’s Tobias Birk Nielsen made his latest collection less weather dependent, a riposte to fashion’s seasonal cycles. British label A-Cold-Wall has included aspects of survivalist style on the runway and, in a collaboration with Nike in early 2019, went against the “box fresh” aesthetic so prized in streetwear by designing a sneaker that would age faster than usual.
Cult label Acronym, based in Germany and responsible for the look of Nike’s stylish ACG line (short for All Conditions Gear) until 2018, is often referred to the original “techwear” label, having made these kinds of essentially seasonless, high-tech garments for years. Clothes come with intense attention to detail that extends to re-designed pocket interiors and complicated names like the HD Cotton Articulated BDU Trouser or 3L Gore-Tex Pro-Tec Sys Interops Jacket. The garments usually sell for well over 1,000 euros to dedicated followers that include the likes of musicians Drake and A$AP Rocky and actors Henry Golding and Jason Statham. Working with Nike made Acronym famous. Yet in interviews, the brand’s cofounder, Errolson Hugh, has expressed skepticism about doing bigger business because he likes to think high-quality, high-tech clothing like his is “fundamentally about buying less stuff.” Basically you buy one very useful, technical jacket and hang onto it until the apocalypse is over.
It’s clear that the relationship between fashion and politics around the environment will only get more complicated this year, and this decade. In their year-end report on cultural trends, the London-based fashion search firm Lyst has already reported that searches for “survivalist” looks — like utility vests, belt bags, cargo pants and combat boots — had risen by a third. | <urn:uuid:6ce16dce-1904-4d8e-87c5-4df6df126ee2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-trends/where-streetwear-meets-sustainability-and-survives-1203409829/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.959457 | 936 | 1.539063 | 2 |
40% of millennials would invest in virtual currencies in case a recession hits the economy. This is according to a recent report released by eToro on September 10. This comes at a moment in which many analysts are forecasting an economic recession in the coming years.
Millennials Are Interested In Cryptocurrencies
eToro, the recognized investment platform, conducted a survey on how different generations manage their investments. 1,000 individuals participated in the survey that was conducted online between July 18 and July 31 in the United States.
According to this survey, more than 66% of U.S. investors are afraid of a recession in the economy. In order to reduce their exposure to it, they would move part of their stock portfolios to other hedge assets and investments. That includes commodities and real state, among other things.
40% of the millennials mentioned that they would prefer to invest in digital currencies in case of a recession. 50% of Gen Z individuals would purchase real estate rather than other assets. Meanwhile, 38% of Gen X said they would hedge with commodities.
Thus, there is expected to be a movement from stocks to other asset classes such as the ones we mentioned.
On the matter, Guy Hirsch, managing director of eToro U.S., explained:
“Historically, these investment opportunities have been limited to high net worth and institutional investors, but innovation is unlocking these opportunities for everyday investors and clearly, these results indicate that the demand is there.”
Although Bitcoin (BTC) has been more than ten years in the market, it has not been tested as a hedge asset during a global financial crisis or a recession. It is also worth taking into account that Bitcoin and digital assets may be too risky assets for a standard recession, but become a store of value in case a massive financial crisis hits the world.
Bitcoin is considered to be the digital gold for being the first digitally scarce asset in the world. At the same time, the network works in a decentralized way and it would be protected against a group of people taking the network over. Although Bitcoin is a non-correlated asset, there were some occasions in the last month in which Bitcoin and gold operated in tandem. This happened when trade tensions between the United States and China increased.
Although there may be no correlation between these two assets, it is highly possible for Bitcoin to become the gold of younger generations. | <urn:uuid:7275ac02-bc52-44e9-b1c9-2e4654403e6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://everestcrypto.com/millennials-could-purchase-cryptocurrencies-in-case-of-recession/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.971222 | 505 | 1.898438 | 2 |
1 In the UK, over-wintered stubbles are an important foraging habitat for farmland birds, many of which are of current conservation concern. Maximizing the value of stubbles for farmland birds has largely focused on increasing food abundance but has ignored other aspects of foraging behaviour, such as predator avoidance and vigilance. 2 In this study we investigated the effects of stubble height reduction on seed depletion and the within-field distribution of farmland birds. Stubble on one half of each of 20 fields was topped to lower vegetation height, while the other half was left untouched to act as a control area. 3 The abundance of granivorous passerines and invertebrate feeders was higher on treatment plots, which had undergone stubble height reduction, while the abundance of skylark and partridges was higher on control plots. Topping had no effect on the within-field distribution of either corvids or pigeons. 4 Seed densities on both plot types fell between November and March, but there was no significant difference in levels of depletion between treatment and control plots. 5 For many species, food accessibility and detectability are likely to have been higher, and thermo-energetic and mobility costs lower, on treatment plots. Stubble height reduction could have led to either an increase or a decrease in associated predation risk, depending on the predator escape strategy of a species. Granivorous passerines, which flee to cover, are likely to have benefited from the reduced visual obstruction on treatment plots, while partridges, which rely on crypsis, will have benefited from the greater protection offered by the longer vegetation in control plots. 6 Synthesis and applications. Increasing the structural heterogeneity of over-wintered stubble is likely to increase its value as a foraging habitat, making it better suited to the foraging requirements and predator escape strategies of a greater diversity of species. Incorporating explicit management options into agri-environment schemes, such as the new Environmental Stewardship Scheme, may represent a cost-effective strategy to achieve this. | <urn:uuid:d247375c-d6bb-4b3b-829a-cb79e330b4c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/publications/stubble-height-affects-the-use-of-stubble-fields-by-farmland-bird | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.960148 | 417 | 3.4375 | 3 |
It was based on the 2019 Lamborghini Sian FKP37.
When Lamborghini unveiled the Sian FKP37 coupe, it was a tribute for Ferdinand Piech, the Volkswagen group manager who made possible the Italian brand's acquisition. But that was in 2019. In 2020, Lamborghini unveiled the Roadster version in an online event due to the world pandemic.
The Y-shaped daytime running lights at the front was an extension for the carbon-fiber front splitters. The designers combined the flat and angular surfaces with the curved shape of the fenders. The Countach was their inspiration, and that could have been noticed in the back as well. Six hexagonal taillights ensured the rear visibility of the supercar. The aerodynamic engineers installed a special retractable wing in the back, ended in two fixed winglets.
The car's interior was Lamborghini's interpretation of luxury. The car-maker installed a different kind of leather on the slim, carbon-fiber seats. The door panels featured an aluminum handle and a carbon-fiber trim. All of the interior colors could have been custom made to suit the customer's taste.
The powertrain was a mix between a 6.5-liter V12 engine and a 48-volt electric motor offering a total of 807 hp, which leads to a 0-100 kph (0-62 mph) acceleration time of 2.8 seconds and a top speed of 350 kph (217 mph). The whole car is an homage to the Volkswagen group, which helped Lamborghini rise again from its ashes. | <urn:uuid:ec99e08d-0691-449c-8501-8ac5a97e59ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.autoevolution.com/cars/lamborghini-sian-roadster-2020.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.952758 | 332 | 1.507813 | 2 |
There is a great similarity between Eczema and Psoriasis in that they are conditions that make the skin become itchy and dry. When one itches for a long time, the skin becomes inflamed making it turn red and swollen. The skin later cracks. Even though these skin conditions are more common in little children, it may disappear only to return when one becomes an adult. One thing that you should understand is that these two skin conditions are caused by different things. Eczema can be caused by things such as cosmetics, detergents, chemicals and perfumes. On the other hand, Psoriasis is caused by something totally different since it is found in genes which makes it a genetic condition.
Even though no one knows the exact treatment for the two diseases, there are many things that are used to work on the symptoms so that the effects are reduced. It is important for you to know that even with the fact that eczema spreads quickly, doctors to not consider it to be a serious condition. Also, it is a good thing for you to be aware that Psoriasis condition can become serious and affect the joints in a serious manner, just like arthritis does. In case the part of the body that has been affected by Psoriasis is not big, treatment can be done using Psoriasis creams which are available in the market. When you buy any of the creams, you should apply it on the area that has been affected.
There are also the topical steroids which are recommended by most doctors for treatment of inflammation and itching caused by psoriasis. The topical steroids also help in reduction of the dead skin that may build up on the skin. You can find topical steroids in form of lotions, gels, ointments or creams and select the most suitable one for you. One thing that you need to factor is that steroid creams should only be taken when prescribed by a doctor because they can cause some side effects. During the time when one is treating eczema, they should soak the area that has been affected in warm water for a few minutes so that the skin can get some hydration. The skin should then be dried using a soft cloth by patting the area. You should never dry the area by rubbing.
After you have totally removed the moisture, you should then apply hydrocortisone cream, tropical steroids or elidel cream. In case the eczema skin condition is not serious, then you should apply topical steroids. You should ensure that you have applied tropical steroids not more than two times each day. The hydrocortisone cream is best used on children but adults can also apply it on skin folds. You should avoid using topical steroids in areas where you have a thin skin and that includes the neck, face and groin. Also, you can use Elidel and Protopic cream to treat eczema. The good thing about these creams is that they do not cause any side effects which is why they are good for children who are more than two years. | <urn:uuid:fd4cbe50-523d-4713-9673-f8ebf85670da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.ultimateprogrammingtutorials.info/2020/11/05/short-course-on-covering-the-basics-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.969227 | 619 | 2.5 | 2 |
The capital city of Spain is Madrid. Largest city of Spain by area is Madrid.
Type: Capital city and Municipality
Spain is known for Spain is known for is its architecture. Spanish architecture is some of the most beautiful and iconic in the world | <urn:uuid:5f1e1804-003c-4701-9d7c-e7b9b4a04248> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://symbolhunt.com/spain/capital-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.972519 | 67 | 2.625 | 3 |
For this Assignment, write a 3- to 5-page paper discussing the methods of establishing identity. In this scenario, the victim was found in the living room of a vacant house a week after they had died. Be sure to include at least four different ways to identify a victim and/or an offender in this given situation.
"Looking for a Similar Assignment? Get Expert Help at an Amazing Discount!" | <urn:uuid:c54ac353-81c8-47a0-930c-cb4e97c75454> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tutorfaith.com/2021/03/02/for-this-assignment-write-a-3-to-5-page-paper-discussing-the/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.957279 | 82 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Tags African American Historical and Cultural Society
Tag: African American Historical and Cultural Society
Carolyn Saulson (Feb. 24, 1948 – Jan. 14, 2019) passed away after a long battle with cancer at the age of 70. A resident of Berkeley, California, she was the board president and a founder of Iconoclast Productions, a Bay Area media arts non-profit serving the Black community. Homegoing services will be held at the Chapel of the Chimes, 4499 Piedmont Ave., Oakland, CA 94611 – quiet reflection on Monday, Feb. 4, 3-5 p.m., and funeral service Tuesday, Feb. 5, 2-4 p.m.
HELLO! BACK AT YOU in the year 2015; which promises to be busy – especially in Bayview Hunters Point, which will increase its population with opening of new housing, a phase of ALICE GRIFFITH, in the spring; later this year DR. GEORGE DAVIS SENIOR CAMPUS, on Third and Carroll; AND DEMOLITION of Candlestick Park Stadium, IN PROGRESS, to begin building a new community.
Whether it’s raining or sunny, warm or cold, the sun comes up and goes down with or without our approval. No day should go wasted, especially when there are so many exciting ways to spend time with your child or children. As anyone with grown children will tell you, those “growing up years” fly by. As a way of encouraging this time together, I thought I’d provide a brief list of some activities and resources that you might want to check out.
On July 11, from 6-9 p.m., the San Francisco Appreciation Society (SFAS) will honor artist Eugene E. White for 50 years of painting and community service with an exhibit, artist talk and reception at the African American Arts and Culture Complex (AAACC). Mr. White’s work is part of the AAACC’s Elders Project 2013, celebrating the creativity, strength, perseverance and beauty of older African Americans.
Fighting oppression will be much harder without Helen Jones. Whether fearlessly scolding the oppressor or tenderly encouraging the oppressed, she could always be counted on to volunteer for a good cause, no matter the sacrifice. She taught us and united us and befriended all who needed her. In everyone who challenges wrong and dares to right it, Helen’s great heart will forever beat for justice, and the stars in the sky will reflect the twinkle in her eye. | <urn:uuid:fb7aa022-9103-4a9b-8e71-07644ad2b21e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sfbayview.com/tag/african-american-historical-and-cultural-society/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.918136 | 528 | 1.8125 | 2 |
TYNGSBORO – Network problems that brought down WiFi access to the high school and middle school are being corrected, and School Superintendent Michael Flanagan hopes to have them fully resolved by mid-week.
A cyber attack launched against the schools disrupted remote learning in early October. The problem was first thought to be on Verizon’s side. Verizon is the service provider for the schools.
After several days of troubleshooting, the problem was identified as a Distributed Denial of Service (DDS) attack likely coming from within the schools’ shared network.
At the time of the cyber attack, Flanagan said, “The district’s IT professionals and cybersecurity provider have determined that the outages were not caused by an internal hardware issue or an issue with the district’s internet provider, but instead were the result of a Distributed Denial of Services (DDoS) cyberattack, apparently from a device being brought into the building each morning,” Flanagan said.
School administrators were criticized on social media at the time by frustrated parents who compared their experience of Tyngsboro’s school opening unfavorably to other schools, particularly parochial schools like Bishop Guertin in Nashua, N.H. A recent email sent from the middle school’s account claimed network issues persist.
But Flanagan said that the School Department took steps “so that we would not experience another disruption to our service. This enabled us to work with our internet provider to get the appropriate fiber and mitigation services for school. This information was communicated to staff last Monday morning and to parents last Monday after school by each building principal.
“Our goal was to ensure that our teachers had full, uninterrupted internet service all week so that they could connect with remote learners. We accomplished this. We will continue to keep the student WiFi off until we have fully transitioned to our new internet service. We believe this will happen by Wednesday of this week,” he said.
A denial-of service attack is accomplished when someone floods a target server or network with so much traffic that it cannot respond or simply crashes. This keeps legitimate users, including school children trying to do lessons, from accessing the network.
Cyber attacks against school systems are increasing in frequency. In Florida in September. Miami-Dade County schools were the target of a cyber attack. A teenager was arrested for the DDS scheme and several foreign actors were thought to be involved. | <urn:uuid:841f94fe-29ee-471b-9fa5-aa31489879b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lowellsun.com/2020/10/27/tyngsboro-public-schools-internet-issues-being-addressed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.978056 | 505 | 1.703125 | 2 |
In at present’s society computer systems are utilized in about each residence and type of business, together with the government. No matter the place they are used most have a whole lot of delicate data on the hard drive of the computer. When a pc has become obsolete or is beginning to malfunction, many instances instead of spending cash on repairing the pc they’ll use that money to buy a new upgraded one. With the old computer some will just throw it away but that is not an excellent solution to have it added to all of the garbage at a landfill. It’s best to donate it if the computer remains to be working or discover somebody that can use the workable components on the computer. Sadly, many do not think concerning the personal delicate data that’s nonetheless on the hard drive that a hacker can pull off it and probably use to nonetheless your identification. Before eliminating the old computer it’s best to take advantage of a data destruction service. For those who do not know about these services there are numerous benefits to utilizing the service.
The primary thing that you must do is discover a data destruction service that is reliable and will be trusted with this delicate task. Probably the greatest benefits of using this service is recycling. Electronic recycling is a trending subject if you find yourself dealing with obsolete electronic devices such as computers. These recycling corporations are normally those that will be doing the data destruction services. When they are done along with your pc they’ll guarantee that there is nothing left intact in your hard drive that may give a hack access to any of your delicate information. They may even recycle your laptop in a manner that it will protect the environment.
One other benefit is the data destruction itself. Many occasions companies and people who are getting rid of their old pc are involved concerning the safety of sensitive and personal data that is nonetheless on their hard drive after they hand over their laptop for recycling. In the event you just remember to are utilizing a licensed and reputable data destruction firm you should have the guarantee that each one of that delicate and personal data shall be destroyed utterly within forty-eight hours after they receive the computer. After the data is destroyed then it will be followed by complete hard drive shredding. One thing to note is that these corporations don’t really check to see what you will have on the hard drive because their job is just to make sure that nobody else could have access to any of your personal sensitive info it doesn’t matter what occurs to the computer.
Should you loved this article and you want to receive more information regarding hard drive punching please visit the web page.… | <urn:uuid:77ff2bb1-4291-4263-858f-31b0bf1b9158> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mainebluebird.com/tag/hard-drive-shredding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.95561 | 530 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Planning for a snowboarding adventure but wondering about where to go? Worry not! You can go skiing and snowboarding in India and enjoy your next adventurous vacation at some of the best snow mountains in the world. In this article on snowboarding, we will be sharing with you a list of the best place for snowboarding in India along with other related details like snowboard price, snowboard styles and types and so on.
Snowboarding is one of the most exciting winter sports that you can experience in India. This sport has its origins in the United States of America but is now played worldwide. There are different snowboard types and styles and you can also indulge in snow skiing when at the snow destinations in India. In the upcoming sections of this article, we will be discussing in detail this winter sport, its history and the types and styles of this sport to help you know more about the same before you plan your next vacation snowboarding in the snow mountains in India.
What Is Snowboarding?
Before we discuss snowboarding in India, destinations in the country for this sport and the other aspects related to the same, let us discuss what snowboarding is. Snowboarding is a winter sport where the person is supposed to be riding down a snow-covered mountain or any other snow-covered surface standing on a board. The board mentioned here should be a snowboard and you must stand such that your feet are positioned perpendicular to the snowboard and its direction. This is also one of the features that differentiates skiing and snowboarding. Poles, like in skiing, are also not used for snowboarding. You can easily go both snowboarding and snow skiing in India.
What Is The History Of Snowboarding?
Getting into more detail about skiing and snowboarding, let us discuss the history of this winter sport originated, where and when it all started and what other similar winter sports are played worldwide. Snowboarding has its roots in skiing, surfing and skateboarding. This winter sport was developed in the 1960s and the 1970s. It gained popularity among the common people in the 80s and was made a part of the Olympics in 1998. Snowboarding is said to have originated in the United States of America.
What Are The Snowboarding Types And Styles?
Now that we know about snowboarding, we can take a look at the various snow destinations in India where you can indulge in this sport. But before that, let us take a look at the snowboard types and styles to help you understand this sport in more detail and be all set before you hit up the snow mountains in India. The place where the snowboarding sport is taking place and the equipment that is used for the same help us in determining the different styles and different types of snowboarding. Here will be briefly discussing all the types and styles of snowboarding for your convenience.
The Snowboarding Types
The following are the 4 types of snowboarding:
One of the types of snowboarding is freeriding. This is also known as all-mountain snowboarding. In this type of snowboarding, you have the freedom to ride, carve and jump on different terrains.
The different types of snowboarding include freestyle, which is the most popular snowboarding type. This type of snowboarding focuses on the tricks like jumps, switch riding, rail slides, etc.
The snowboarding types and styles include freecarve, which is also known as Alpine Snowboarding. This type of riding is all about your speed and carving turns in snowboarding.
The last one of the types of snowboarding is splitboarding which lets you go skiing and snowboarding at the same time with the same equipment. The splitboard has a design like a snowboard but it can split and be used as skis.
These are the different types of snowboarding. We will now discuss the snowboarding styles.
The Snowboarding Styles
The following are the different snowboard riding styles:
Jibing is one of the technical snowboard styles that involves performing tricks. This style of riding is a snowboard is also performed in the urban setting.
This is one of the snowboard riding styles that involves performing tricks while going down a hill or a slope. The downhill course is filled with multiple obstacles.
In this style of snowboarding, the rider does tricks after launching off a man-made jump. The rider performs tricks mid-air while achieving height and aiming for a smooth landing.
Half-pipe is another one of the snowboard styles, where the rider performs in a semi-circular ditch dug in the mountains. The rider has to go from one side to the other while performing tricks.
This snowboard riding style is also known as Border X or Snowboard X. multiple riders have to race down a similar course which is full of multiple obstacles.
This snowboarding style takes place in powder snow conditions. The riders perform in an open terrain where the challenge is to find their way down the mountains. This is supposed to be done with the most style and difficulty.
Riders compete on a downhill course that is constructed with a series of indicators for turnings in form of gates. The riders should pass around the shorter side of the gates.
In the next section of this article, we will discuss more in detail the best place for skiing in India along with the snowboarding destination for the adventurist in you.
What Are The Best Snowboarding Destination In India?
India is home to the mighty Himalayas which are covered in snow for a large part of the year. This means that there is no dearth of locations where you can go snowboarding in India. Other than snowboarding, many other winter sports take place in the snow mountains of India. Many snow mountains receive snowfall for a major part of the years and the average snowfall rates are also high. A lot of these places are also popular tourist destinations and near hills stations commonly known among travellers. Here we have listed the 5 best snow destinations in India where you can indulge in winter sports like skiing, snowboarding and so on. Read ahead to find out more about snowboarding and snow skiing in India to choose the best place for skiing in India for you.
- Gulmarg, Jammu and Kashmir
Gulmarg is not just one of the popular tourist destinations in India but also the best place for skiing in India which is one of the best snowboarding destinations in Asia. this town is located in the Pir Panjal range and has an average annual snowfall of 45 ft. The gondola ride in Gulmarg drops you at the shoulder of Apharwat Peak and you can indulge in snowboarding and snow skiing from here. The snow season in Gulmarg is long and lasts from December to March. There are three different types of slopes for beginners, intermediate and advanced levels. Gulmarg has over three acres of terrain suitable for skiing and snowboarding. Worldclass facilities are offered here and there are all kinds of rescue systems so that every aspect is very well taken care of. Gulmarg is not only a favourite among the locals and Indian from the other parts of the country but is also visited by snowboarding and skiing enthusiasts from Europe and North America.
- Auli, Uttarakhand
Auli is one of the snow mountains in India which is in the state of Uttarakhand. Auli is located in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand and has emerged as a snowboarding hub in the state. This place is located at an altitude of 9,000 ft. The National Snowboarding Championships were held in Auli in 2017. Other than snowboarding, you can enjoy the scenic views of the Nanda Devi, Mana Parvat and Kamet Kamet. In Auli, the snowboarding season lasts for a month.
- Solang Valley, Himachal Pradesh
Solang valley is located very close to Manali which is one of India’s most popular tourist destinations and hill stations. Solang Valley is not only the best place for skiing in India but also popular for a large number of winter sports. There are different snowboarding slopes for beginners and experienced riders. To go on the slopes for beginners, you can take the elevator from the base station. To access the slopes for more experienced riders, you will have to take a 1.3 km ropeway that will drop you off at an elevation of over 10,000 ft. Solang valley is bustling with tourists during the snow season but snowboarding enthusiasts can surf the slopes of Patalsu Peak. The altitude here is around 13,800 ft. above sea level.
- Sethan, Himachal Pradesh
Sethan is another one of the destinations in Himachal Pradesh where you can indulge in snowboarding and snow skiing in India. Situated in the Hamta Valley surrounded by the mighty Dhauladhar ranges and on the banks of river Beas, Sethan is a small village. This place is only 15 kilometres away from Manali and situated at an altitude of 9,200 ft. Sethan is not only a favourite among off-beat travellers but also budding snowboarding enthusiasts. During the winter months from December to March, Sethan receives heavy snowfall and you can only reach this destination on foot which reduces traffic. Basic snowboarding courses are offered by adventure tourism companies near Sethan.
- Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir
Another one of the snow destinations in India in Jammu and Kashmir, Pahalgam has the Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports. Based in the Anantnag district, Pahalgam is one of India’s fastest-emerging snowboarding destinations. Pahalgam has the right kind of slopes for this winter sport and the tourism board of the state is putting in major work and efforts to make this region one of the premier skiing and snowboarding destinations in India. Pahalgam is situated at an altitude of 8,990 ft on the banks of the Lidder river. An annual winter festival is held in the months of January and February each year in Pahalgam which is a popular tourist destination.
These are the places with snow mountains in India where you can go snow skiing and snowboard for your next adventure. You must find all the relevant details regarding your snowboarding destination before you plan an adventure trip to experience the thrill of this winter sport. If you are a beginner, you must also look for information related to training and courses for the same.
As we conclude this article on snowboarding in India, we hope that you have not just found the places in the country where you can indulge in this winter sport but also learnt more about this sport along with things like the types and styles of snowboarding, snowboard price, skiing and snowboarding and their difference and much more.
For your convenience, we have answered a few frequently asked questions related to snowboarding and snow skiing in India.
1. How do you start snowboarding for beginners?
As a beginner in this sport, you will need some type of guidance and training from experienced professionals. If you are on a vacation and wish to do this sport, you cans eek training at most of the snowboarding spots in the country.
2. What fact about snowboarding did you find the most interesting?
Many people believe that to involve in sports like snowboarding, they will have to go abroad and spend a huge amount of money. This is a myth and the fact is that you can go snowboarding in India and if you check the snowboard price then you can easily find a good quality snowboard on Decathlon for a reasonable price too.
3. Which is safer, snowboarding or skiing?
When comparing skiing and snowboarding, we find that snowboarding is much more safe compared to skiing. While both of these are adventure sports and there is always some sort of risk involved with the same, it is safer to go snowboarding than go skiing. | <urn:uuid:38570021-202b-4aa3-82d2-8f7658e3bd9b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.decathlon.in/articles/best-snowboarding-destinations-in-india | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.945034 | 2,470 | 1.640625 | 2 |
The Al Urdun Al Jadid Research Center (UJRC)
and the Ntional Democratic Institte
CURRENT TRENDS IN ELECTORAL SYSTEMS BY PROFESSOR BERNARD OWEN
Thank you. My very brief intervention will be divided into three parts. The first part deals with what we call the Western World. The second part deals with what has been recently taking place in Eastern Europe, and the third is what we can say about the African continent.
First, the Western World: We have been working on elections for two centuries. So we should know things about elections. Well, there are things that we know and things that we do not know, and what is taking two centuries to develop is of course difficult to introduce in a swift manner to newcomers to the democratic process. We think that in the Western World everything is clear and that the voters have political parties to vote for and that they know perfectly well why they are voting for one party or another. That is true, but only in a certain way. Let us look at the question in a little more detail. You vote for a political party year after year (we have elections every four years). For example, let us say that a political party regularly gets around 12 percent of the vote. The year after, it might get 13 percent , just one percent more than the previous year. But we usually have a stable level for this party, which might be 12 percent of the votes. So if this political party is a socialist party for instance, we can say that 12 percent of the population is either socialist, or at least wishes for the socialists to come to power, or would like the country to become socialist. But it is not as simple as that.
As I am French, I will speak a little bit about France. In France, for example, we have a communist vote. From 1945 until 1958 the communist vote was about 25 percent of the votes. From 1958 to 1981, it was around 20 percent of the votes. And now, it is approximately 10 per cent of the votes. This does not signify a gradual drop. Rather, it has come down like steps, and each of the steps corresponds to a change in the institutions. We moved from the Fourth to the Fifth Republic, and we actually changed the electoral system. We had the PR system (the proportional list representation system) and then we had a two-round majority system. And here we should have the same. But what has changed is that the President of the Republic has become a socialist –Mitterrand– and this somehow had an effect on the communist vote.
So let us say that in 7978 we could say that people in the press and researchers said that 20 percent of the French population wished France to become as communist country. But before the elections in 1978, a series of monthly polls were taken. And in each of these polls people were asked: do you wish France to become a communist country? A communist country similar to Russia or to the satellite countries? And systematically, every month the same answer came: seven percent wished France to become a communist country, three percent of them said that they wanted France to become like Russia and four percent of them said they wanted France to become like the satellite states. Why does the difference between seven and 20 percent exist? What about the 14 percent who voted for the communist party? Why did they vote for the communist party and not wish France to become communist?
There is an international tendency in which, for example, that from 50 percent to 7() percent of the members of a trade union organization vote the way the trade union wishes them to vote. Now in France, in 1945, right at the beginning, the main trade union movement was taken over by the communist party. Thus, in an average political general election, we know that 70 percent of the whole membership of the trade union goes for the communist party. Membership in the trade unions can be small or can be very large. You can have millions of people joining the trade union movement. So when you look at the electoral results, you see that this can have quite an important effect on the way the results emerge. We can say that the trade union movement is not an ideological vote, because if it was a socialist party taking power in 1945 this factor would work for the socialist party as they do in the Scandinavian countries. So we could say that in Europe, we also have our tribal vote, our clan vote, but we do not call them the same thing. For us, our clans and tribes are the trade union movement, but that is not the only one. In Western Europe for example we also have another tribal vote — the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is very well organized at the social level. This gives it an advantage over other political parties, and we can see this especially in Western European countries that use the proportional list representation.
I will try and be very brief on this point. When we have proportional list systems, we usually see political parties at around 10 per cent of the votes, plus or minus. It can vary quite a lot. That is the general rule and they have a tendency to splinter. The people who draft the electoral laws will impose thresholds to stop this splintering, but it does not always work. This is the general rule. But there are two kinds of parties which did not act according to this rule: on the left the political party that holds the trade union well in hand, which can reach 40 percent; and those that have the Catholic Church, which is very well socially organized and which can also reach at times around 40 per cent of the votes. This is seen as proportional representation. In the Western World, we can say that this factor works every time. But when you use plurality voting, for example, which we call one round majority voting or two round majority voting, we have parties that easily reach 40 percent of the votes so that the trade union effect is not as evident as in the proportional list system.
That is all I wanted to say for Western Europe. So you see, we also have our clans and our tribes, but we do not call them that. They are, however, organizations that have a very strong effect on the political life of the country-
Now for Eastern Europe. You all know of course, that the communist regimes collapsed, and in Eastern Europe they have no para-structures remaining. While the communist regimes were in place, everyone was obliged to belong to some kind of association. You had the Young Men’s Leninist or Communist Association. You had the Women’s Association. You had all kinds of associations. But now that the communist regimes have collapsed, no one wants to belong to an association. They just want to breathe and be free about it. During the Communist regimes, there were, as you know, elections. Most of the Eastern European countries had electoral laws that were the same or very similar to those used in the communist regimes. And when you look at an electoral law of a communist regime, you find that it is very similar to ones that we have in the Western World. The main difference is the fact that you can only be a candidate if you are nominated by one of the associations, and these associations are also controlled by the communist party. There is also something which came aboout in practice, but which was not in the rule: that there was only one candidate. So you must be careful when you read. Rules and regulations are not always strictly applied.
The Russian system was a two-round majority system as we use in France. When the countries decided that they were not communist anymore, they did not want the same type of electoral system. They said, « We do not want it. It comes from the communist regime. It is bad. We want liberty. » And they adopted a system of proportional representation. Some countries mixed majority and proportional systems, like Hungary. And the first elections that were held in Eastern Europe must not be considered elections. They must be considered referendums: that is, people were not voting for different members of parliament. They were voting for or against communism. That was quite clear in all the countries, except for Hungary, because Hungary started liberalization movements before other countries. For example, they created a constitutional court beginning in 1989, and the elections were held a year later. So they were not afraid of communism anymore. The communists, any way, practised a very liberal communism. So they voted the same way a normal western country would vote. But in other countries, it was a referendum.
Two things are very interesting to see: one, the people were so used to a kind of terror, and they were afraid to do anything. They did not realize, they could not understand that the vote was secret. They thought that somehow there were spiit;iiks above, and that they would see how one voted. We also saw this in African countries. People were not quite convinced that everything was free now. You cannot go from one stage to another stage without intermediate phases. And what is interesting also is the way the voting went on in Eastern Europe. It was the countryside and the small villages that voted for the communists, and not the main cities. In the main cities, they knew democracy was there. They could do what they want. They could see it everywhere. But in the little villages, they were not quite so sure. They have seen it on television. They knew about it, but they were not so certain. So that is where the most communist votes were.
So, right away, in Eastern Europe, we find a unified democratic movement or party against the communists, who would change their names to socialists. They did not use the name communism anymore –not even the members of the communist party. As the second and the third elections came around, though, there was a surprise, because the democratic party just splintered. It broke up completely . In Poland, for example, in the first election there was a very strong and unified movement behind Solidarity, and it suddenly split up to the point where there were 29 political parties in Parliament. 29 political parties — just imagine what that means! There were no structures to which the people or the parties could attach themselves, and they just broke out into a huge ungovernorable country. They had a very short term of government in Eastern Europe wherethere is so much to be done. There was a social crisis and an economic crisis. They needed some kind of strong government and they were not getting it. So the Poles modified their electoral law. They chose a pure proportional list system. They changed it by implementing a threshold, so that only political parties that took five percent of the votes would be represented in Parliament. That has limited the number of parties, but they still have quite a few. However, it has still been difficult to have good, efficient government. That is the position that we are facing in Eastern Europe: First stage, referendum for or against communism. Second stage, that we breathe and be free and have as many political parties as we want, and now they are saying, well, we have to have an efficient government. It is the trouble which we see in Western Europe when we have coalition governments. With three, four, even five parties in goverrnment, they can deal with the problems arising in the country as long as there is no real crisis. But when the crisis occurs, you find that none of the political parties leads the government, and the country, when it needs the government, finds that it does not have one any more.
I have only two minutes left. So I will go quickly to Africa by Concorde. Now I am talking of the continent of Africa, and it seems to be the exact opposite of what we are finding in Eastern Europe. In Eastern Europe, there is no power structures remaining. It is a kind of a blind situation, whereas on the continent of Africa, you have habits of electing or nominating people in ethnic clans or tribes, and it is the elders that have power. They have notions of power structures which usually do not have anything to do with elections. So you have to try and see how these different elements can fit together. I have always been surprised.
There is another point that is really important. Let us say that in a country, which I will not name, you have about 90 percent of an ethnic population and 10 per cent of another ethnic population who have held power for centuries. Now let us say that we have election on the « one-man, one-vote » principle. The small 10 percent ethnic population that was in power suddenly loses power. So what does it do? It might go out, come back with weapons and start fighting. I mean it is a risk to change in just one quick operation the complete structure which came either from consensus or from old power structures. I think you have to be very careful whenever you go from one to another. But on a very optimistic note, the more I work the more I feel that people are very similar in regardless of the country. They have a different history, they have different groupings, they have different religions, but as far as human beings are concerned, they are very similar.
And to conclude: when we are moving towards democracy, it is not a question of having the latest type of electoral law or human rights regulations, but rather, I think, to chose something which will give democracy a chance to continue. The great thing to do is to try to develop democratic continuity . | <urn:uuid:473d19ab-bcb4-4869-a1dd-caf9481d33bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://cece-owen.net | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.983964 | 2,765 | 2.09375 | 2 |
In June, two educators from Athlos schools in Utah and Louisiana were chosen as recipients of the Athlos Distinguished Educator Award. Each was chosen based on their excellence in exemplifying the three Pillars of Performance at Athlos Academy: Prepared Mind, Healthy Body, and Performance Character. The two educators are: Stacy Tonozzi, Athlos Academy of Utah, Herriman, UT and Larry Bridges, Athlos Academy of Jefferson Parish, Terrytown, LA.
Mrs. Tonozzi is a fourth-grade teacher at Athlos Academy of Utah. She is known for creating fun and engaging hands-on classroom activities, including science experiments and “outside the box” activities that provide students with opportunities to think critically and creatively, which support the Prepared Mind Pillar at Athlos.
“Mrs. Tonozzi goes out of her way to make sure every student’s needs are met,” said one of her colleagues who nominated her for the award.
Mrs. Tonozzi has a varied educational background and has acquired many experiences over her last fifteen years of teaching. She has taught in special education, intervention, traditional, and community college classrooms. In addition, she has coached summer programs to help students explore, build, and innovate within environmental sciences. During these summer programs, Mrs. Tonozzi advised student-led projects to create ideas to better tomorrow’s problems.
Mrs. Tonozzi’s favorite quote is, “If you do nothing, nothing happens. So, explore now, create for tomorrow, and innovate for the future!
Mrs. Tonozzi’s favorite character trait is optimism. “Optimism is my most powerful tool. I can truly find the best of things out of each day to help make tomorrow better,” she said. “I strive for positivity and thrive on optimism. Optimism is an attitude and a choice. It involves context and focus. I am committed to finding things I can contribute to, work on, and improve.”
Athlos Academy provides a unique approach to teaching and learning in the Herriman area. Its mission is to provide high-quality educational opportunities for the whole child built on the three foundational pillars: Prepared Mind, Healthy Body, and Performance Character. Students participate in four scientifically developed physical activity sessions each week, Performance Character is integrated into the culture of the school, and high academic achievement is an expectation for all students. Athlos Academy is a free public charter school serving kindergarten-ninth grade. | <urn:uuid:52dd9c2d-c1b1-4208-8619-bd3c4c24ec43> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.athlosutah.org/stacy-tonozzi-honored-with-distinguished-educator-award/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.957764 | 524 | 1.703125 | 2 |
In the Face Book group:
In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the notion that the spatial distribution of matter in the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when viewed on a large enough scale, since the forces are expected to act uniformly throughout the universe, and should, therefore, produce no observable irregularities in the large-scale structuring over the course of evolution of the matter field that was initially laid down by the Big Bang.
The cosmological principle was possibly first asserted in the Philosophić Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) of Isaac Newton.
Karl Popper criticized the cosmological principle on the grounds that it makes "our lack of knowledge a principle of knowing something". He summarized his position as:
"the "cosmological principles" were, I fear, dogmas that should not have been proposed."
Many of the galactic super clusters were first being found in the 1980's.
The Huge-LQG, discovered in 2012, is three times longer than, and twice as wide as is predicted possible according to these current models, and so challenges our understanding of the universe on large scales.
In November 2013, a new structure 10 billion light years away measuring 2000-3000 Mpc (more than seven times that of the SGW) has been discovered, the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, putting further doubt on the validity of the cosmological principle.
In September 2016, however, studies of the expansion of the Universe that have used data taken by the Planck mission show it to be highly isotropical, reinforcing the cosmological principle.
I assume most have seen a picture of the intergalactic structures. A simple one is in the link below. I do not understand how this huge collection of large complex structures of galactic clusters can be called homogeneous, when viewed at this large scale.
The intergalactic medium is the hot, X-ray emitting gas that permeates the space between galaxies. With temperatures of millions of degrees Kelvin and containing less than one atom per cubic meter (a density less than 10-27 kg/m3), intergalactic space is one of the hottest and most rarefied environments in the Universe.
A hot X-ray emitting gas sounds like a birkelund current.
see wikipedia.org : Galaxy_filament
In physical cosmology, galaxy filaments (subtypes: supercluster complexes, galaxy walls, and galaxy sheets) are the largest known structures in the universe. They are massive, thread-like formations, with a typical length of 50 to 80 megaparsecs h-1 (163 to 261 million light-years) that form the boundaries between large voids in the universe. Filaments consist of gravitationally bound galaxies. Parts wherein many galaxies are very close to one another (in cosmic terms) are called superclusters.
Is it time to reconsider the validity of the cosmological principle?
Hit back to go to previous page in history.
Select Cosmology to see other posts and comments to that group. | <urn:uuid:1c6982d6-5d3a-4fb3-b8c8-ff4728eaba6f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.cultureandreligion.com/html/z2019-01-26-cp.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.927432 | 656 | 3.390625 | 3 |
17. Haworthia maculata (V.Poelln.) Bayer :130(1976). Bayer :43(1982). H. schuldtiana var. maculata V.Poelln., Feddes Repert.Spec.Nov.49:25(1940). Type: Cape, Worcester, Swellendam etc. H. Venter 6a. Not preserved. Lectotype (B&M): Worcester, Venter 6 (BOL).
Rosette stemless, proliferous, to 8cm φ. Leaves many, sub-erect to spreading, purplish-green, spotted, short spines on margins and keel. Inflorescence simple, slender. Flowers 15-20, few open, white, yellowish in throat, green veined.
1982 – The original locality for this species was not accurately recorded but it was collected by Major H. Venter, and so it is possible from Smith’s and Long’s records to trace it to the Brandvlei Dam south of Worcester. H. maculata flowers in October/November and the form of the flower is like that of H. herbacea and H. reticulata, rather than like that of H. magnifica (H. schuldtiana). There is a clear intergradation with H. herbacea in the area, and the plants are very similar to H. herbacea except that there are fewer and more turgid leaves. H. maculata also occurs further south in a similar quartzitic rock formation to that at Brandvlei Dam. A problem is the occurrence of populations apparently of H. maculata in the mountains to the north of Worcester (both high altitude ‑ Audenberg Peak, and low altitude ‑ at Sandhills). A similar element occurs eastward towards Robertson at Buitenstekloof, distinguished again from H. magnifica by an earlier flowering time and the wide spread of the tips of the upper perianth lobes.
1999 – It is difficult to know just what is present on the higher mountains. Few succulentophiles are also mountaineers, and besides the plants could be expected to be on rocky north faces which may not attract the conventional high altitude botanist. H. nortieri bears some resemblance to H. maculata and that species is found as far south as Opdieberg (Ceres). It is quite probable that populations may occur elsewhere in the area between Worcester and Citrusdal.
a. var. maculata
This variety seems to be linked to H. herbacea with possible ties to H. nortieri. The similarity to other high mountain forms (eg H. vlokii and H. turgida) cannot be overlooked and this has been repeated at several places in this book.
Distribution: 3319 (Worcester): Brandvlei Dam (‑CB), Bayer 164 (NBG), Smith 3912 (NBG); Bayer in KG669/69 (NBG); NE. Brandvlei Dam (-CB), Bayer 2591 (NBG); Audensberg Peak (-CB), Esterhuysen 16706 (BOL), Bayer 1119 (NBG); Moddergat (-CD), Bayer 1145 (NBG); Keeromsberg, Boskloof (-DA), BOL28719; S. Sandhills (-DA), Bayer 1120 (NBG).
b. var. intermedia (V.Poelln.) Bayer stat.nov.
H. intermedia V.Poelln., Kakteenkunde 9:133(1937). V.Poell., Feddes Repert.Spec.Nov. 44:233(1938). Type: Cape, Robertson, McGregor, G.J. Payne Not preserved. Lectotype (designated here): Epitype (designated here): CAPE-3319 (Worcester): Buitenstekloof (-DC), Bayer 4461 (NBG).
In the case of this variety, Payne (priv. comm.) did indicate the actual origin at Buitenstekloof west of Robertson. Von Poellnitz’ later citation for Scottburgh, Port Elizabeth, as well, is indicative of the close resemblance of even very different species and the difficulties which arise in trying to identify them consistently and correctly. In his discussion von Poellnitz concluded that while the plants had the long end-awn of H. mucronata, the reticulated patterning of the leaves was that of the H. reticulata group. The name suggests the difficulty in deciding just what to do with this element. It co-occurs with H. reticulata and with H. arachnoidea and bears a very close resemblance to the shale form of H. maraisii var. notabilis. As already noted it has a different flower and flowering time to that variety. Nevertheless it may be correct to place them together in one species as there is also a population recorded mid-way between the two at Agtervink. Possibly a more direct link with H. turgida should be sought as the plants do bear a close resemblance to the montane forms of that species. Certainly it is possible that there may be a connection somewhere in the mountains between Robertson and Swellendam.
Distribution: 3319 (Worcester): Buitenstekloof (-DC), Bayer 4461 (NBG). | <urn:uuid:8e3a4bf3-d97c-40c8-a284-0ce0080b21bb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://haworthia-updates.haworthia.org/1999/01/17/haworthia-revisited-17-haworthia-maculata/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.90216 | 1,163 | 2.640625 | 3 |
New Orleans, LA is known for its outdoor affairs. Jazz Fest, Mardi Gras parades, historic sites, and more offer something exciting for everyone just out in the streets. The fun extends all the way well beyond just the pavement. The city is home to some of the most picturesque parks in the country which are perfect for a get-together with your friends and family. Commons, plazas, and public squares can all be found across the city, but a number of parks in New Orleans, LA rise above the rest. Here are the must-see nature places for a scenic adventure in New Orleans.
Woldenberg Park is an important stop if you are looking to explore the French Quarter. It is situated right where the Quarter coincides with the mighty Mississippi and it runs along the water to St. Philip Street, starting at the Audubon Aquarium of the Americas. Gazebos, picnic spots, and benches by the waterfront are available to offer some of the city’s most breathtaking views of the river. You can also explore the park’s beautiful 16 acres of relaxation and view the steamboats floating by. There is even live music at the park’s outdoor amphitheater.
The park has a stunning archway that welcomes you from the edge of the French Quarter. It is a stunning sight that is perfect for social media. A grand entrance is what you cannot miss before you dwell further into the park’s rich history and beautiful grounds. Armstrong Park is named after Louis Armstrong, one of the city’s most distinguished native sons. Visitors get to enjoy celebrations, festivals, and concerts that honor the musical traditions of New Orleans. Congo Square sits at the south end of the park which is a historic open-air common space of slaves and free people of color during the 19th century that was contributory to the development of jazz.
The park features 1,300 acres in the heart of the city. It is one of the oldest parks that serves as the largest outdoor attraction in the city since 1854. This beloved landmark offers every shade of fun that ranges from fishing and gondola rides to bayous and lagoons. Take a walk along mature live oaks and bring the kids to Carousel Gardens Amusement Park or explore the New Orleans Museum of Art and Sculpture Garden. The attractions are all located within the expansive scenery of the beautiful City Park.
Join your fellow retirement community neighbors for an outdoor excursion to Audubon Park. Take a picturesque ride on the St. Charles Avenue streetcar line through Uptown headed for the entrance and enjoy stunning views of oak trees that are draped with Spanish moss, sprawling green laws, and tranquil lagoons. Exciting attractions like the Audubon Zoo and Audubon Trail Golf Course are also waiting to be explored. The Audubon Park dates back to 1898 and it draws visitors through its beautiful landscape along with plenty of spaces for walks, picnics, and lounging in the sun. | <urn:uuid:4c407cf6-bf86-4c0c-b99f-ba2c0acee44a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.summerhouseseniorliving.com/senior-living-blog/exploring-parks-in-new-orleans-la-for-your-outings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.945018 | 634 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Today we’re featuring Megan Linski, author of the Kingdom Saga, as she talks about the various motivations behind her characters in her newest novel, Prince of Fire, which you can find here: http://goo.gl/7mIt1b
Thief lord. Wanted criminal. College student.
Zayde Amirmoez is in his last year of college at Ashana University, and he couldn’t be more eager to leave. A talented thief, Zayde makes a living by robbing jewelry stores in order to care for his ailing mother, who grows sicker each passing day.
Then the dreams begin. Zayde’s nightmares echo memories of a land from another time, visions of a mysterious princess who lived two thousand years ago. At the insistence of his annoying history professor, Zayde becomes friends with the beautiful freshman who loves to dance…the girl who looks exactly like the princess in his dreams.
As a dangerous new Dean and his spiteful son take the helm at Ashana University, Zayde learns of the legends of Queen Bennua, which are eerily similar to his nightmares. Could Zayde’s dreams be a coincidence? Or is it possible that Bennua and Zahid have returned, to save Sahrahn once more?
How did it compare when writing Zayde’s voice as opposed to Bashira’s?
It was very different writing Zayde’s (Zahid’s reincarnation) rather than Bashira’s this time around (Bennua’s reincarnation). Bashira likes to think on things and use all these complicated words, and ponders each situation before she goes into it. Zayde gets straight to the point and doesn’t like describing anything or being fancy in any way. Even when something bad is going on, he’ll try to make the situation humorous, or shrug it off instead of taking it head-on like Bashira. Bashira also likes talking about her emotions a lot, while Zayde doesn’t reveal anything about how he feels, even to himself. Everything’s very cut and dry with him. He’ll tell you enough to move the story along and make it interesting, but you have to read between the lines with him because he has to conceal everything. He likes living in the shadows and being quiet, and that’s just how he is.
What are some of the main differences between Zahid/Zayde and Bennua/Bashira, and how are they going to be covered in Prince of Fire?
Bashira tends to be worried about everything, and Zayde takes everything in stride. As he sees it, bad things will happen when they happen, and he’ll deal with chaos when it comes, but not a second before. He doesn’t tend to get as riled up as she does. The world could be ending for Bashira, but for Zayde, it’s just another day. Something that did surprise me, though, was the dark side in him. It’s a lot bigger than I thought it was, and he hides it well, but sometimes his sadness and despair peeks out at the most surprising at times. It was a blast playing inside his head, because he’s so honest with you as a character. In the previous Kingdom novels, Bennua took so much more work because I had to cut through the layers and layers of her in order to discover who she really was. It took multiple drafts of Kingdom From Ashes to get her to open up, whereas Zayde in Prince of Fire was like, “Here it is, and this is as good as it’s gonna get, so you can take it or leave it.”
Who do you believe is your most complex character within the Kingdom Saga?
I believe, more so than any of my other characters, that Bennua is more misunderstood than all the rest. I can agree with readers when they write me and tell me Alora (from the novel of the same name) is too prideful, too arrogant, when they say Kiatana (from Kiatana’s Journey) is aggressive and bratty, because that is who they are and who I made them to be. Bennua, however, is vastly more complicated than either of these two. There is always a hidden meaning behind her actions that few see or understand. Even she has trouble comprehending her decisions at times. Bennua has been referred to as brave, sacrificial, a true leader and hero, but has also been called selfish, eco-centric, and immature by the same readers who adore her. There are reasons why Bennua does the things she is apt to, and none of them come from a feeling of selfishness. Rather, her entire focal point as a character is centered around other people, much like Zahid. She makes decisions not on how they’ll affect her, but everyone else.
So do you believe Bennua obtains undeserved criticism from readers?
I wouldn’t say undeserved, as she does make irrational choices. Many readers forget Bennua has had no easy journey; she has lost multiple friends and members of her family along the way to bring peace to Sahrahn, as well as has been subjected to some of the worst experiences mankind has to offer at the ages of seventeen, eighteen, and twenty-one. Not to mention she’s felt the repercussions of a repressive society and a judgmental (and sometimes abusive) family during her childhood. The mistakes she made, and continues to make, come from a place of fear within her. Her worst fear, ultimately, is to be abandoned, and so she will do what it takes to work around that fear and keep the people in her life safe and happy, even if it means making herself miserable. This fear leads her to quick and misplaced decisions that wreak more havoc than she realizes. She longs to help too much, in an effort to be loved, and so it leads to chaos.
What about Zahid?
Readers are more willing to let Zahid’s flaws go because he conceals them, and so, we hardly ever see them. His true feelings and desires are rarely revealed to anyone, even Bennua, so it is easy to understand the things he does. It can be hard to sympathize with Bennua at points, but what readers must understand is that she’s willing to share her true thoughts. Zahid’s not. Many readers haven’t yet noticed that Zahid can be rather distant in his relationship with Bennua, which I cover more in Prince of Fire. Zahid’s biggest issue is that he shuts others out, and has a tendency to continue on regardless of the problem at hand. You could have a knife to his throat, and he still won’t talk about how he really feels. In Prince of Fire, readers are going to see that Zahid does have a darker side to him, a flawed side, that Bennua loves just as much as all the other parts. His darkness makes him the man readers fell for.
Faith is a huge theme in The Kingdom Saga. Was this influenced by any personal beliefs of yours?
I’ll always tell people that if you want to know what my beliefs are about a higher power, go read the Kingdom Saga. My faith parallels Bennua’s, while my doubt rivals Zahid’s. Only together do they make up what makes my faith, my faith. In recent years, I’d say one can’t get by without the other, even though I’ve spent plenty of time in both camps. The entire series has been an evaluation from where I started with “Alshams” until now. It’s definitely not always pretty, and the answers are few and far between, but regardless of whatever happens that higher power is always a central part of my life. Even if I try to escape it, that faith seems to tie my story together, just like it ties together the story of Bennua and Zahid. | <urn:uuid:dd162329-225a-410c-9a08-6ed7ce6b48ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bookreviewvirginialee.com/2016/03/28/interview-prince-of-fire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.978931 | 1,711 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Large-scale parallel computing research on full three-dimensional PIC method based on difference equations. Electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation has been widely used in controlled thermonuclear fusion, space physics, free electron laser, high power microwave and the research of plasma. In this paper, basic algorithms and parallel algorithm used in the PIC simulation are studied respectively. And then a complete code implementation of the algorithms mentioned above, CHIPIC3D, is presented, which is written by the Fortran language to simulate the vacuum microwave source device. At last, several vacuum microwave source device simulation results acquired on the Milky Way high-performance platform are presented.
Keywords for this software
References in zbMATH (referenced in 1 article )
Showing result 1 of 1.
- Liu, Dagang; Song, Lijun; Nie, Liudong; Jin, Maozhu: Large-scale parallel computing research on full three-dimensional PIC method based on difference equations (2017) | <urn:uuid:9b39de7f-5eaa-4068-8483-327cc715cb92> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.swmath.org/software/21108 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.904733 | 219 | 2.265625 | 2 |
This Datacron unlocks the codex entry - Galactic History 79: The Conclave at Katarr
This datacron holds unheard of power and knowledge collected by an ancient race. You access its power and discover writings which are clearly only one small piece of a massive galactic history:
Dark times had come to the Republic. Reconstruction from the Jedi Civil War was still ongoing, and the Jedi Order's numbers were dwindling. Worse, many Jedi sensed a new Sith threat emerging but could not pinpoint the source.
Finally, the Jedi Council called a conclave on the Miraluka colony of Katarr. The order's Masters, including the legendary Vandar Tokare, gathered to discuss the possibility that the Sith had returned. They did not know that Darth Nihilus, a being of pure hunger and dark side power, was approaching the colony.
Drawn to the assembled Masters, Nihilus devoured the life energy of everything on Katarr. Millions of Miraluka died, along with most of the Jedi Order's senior members. Walking Katarr's lifeless surface later, Darth Nihilus came across the only survivor: the traumatized Miraluka Visas Marr, whom Nihilus took as his apprentice.
For this Datacron you will need to go to the Blastfield Shipyards in southern Corellia. Once you're here make your way down south to where I am in (Screenshots 1 & 2). The ledge directly in front of me in (Screenshot 2) is the ledge you'll have to follow around the side of this building towards the Datacron. Careful not to fall because down below is an Imperial base! While following this ledge you will need to jump over these steel beam things (Screenshot 3). The first two you will want to jump over but the third one you will want to run up.
At the top of this beam you will see another beam running horizontally (Screenshot 4). Jump from the one you're on to this one and follow it west. Make a right at the end of this beam when you're required to and follow it down to the end. The large brown pipe that is next to the ledge you're on is the next thing you are required to jump to. See (Screenshot 5) on how to get up it, it's pretty self explanatory from that visual. Once you're atop this brown pipe thing turn around and jump up onto the steel platform (Screenshot 6).
Once you're on the platform you will want to jump up ontop of the black Imperial Crates and then onto the big gray Imperial Crate (Screenshot 7). From this crate you will want to jump atop the wing of the fighter and then up onto the fighter itself (Screenshot 8). From this fighter you will see a large crate to the west, you will need to jump across to this crate (Screenshot 9). From this crate jump across to another one of those brown pipe things and continue west. At the end of this brown pipe there will be a large column with a platform circling it. Jump up onto this platform and follow it around to the southwest.
In the southwest corner of this platform you will see a set of small black pipes (Screenshot 10). Jump to these. Don't be afraid to over shoot them, I did and landed on a bigger pipe below which I could easily navigate back up. From these pipes you will want to jump to the solid ledge to the west. Once you make it to the ledge continue west, you can see the Datacron in the distance now. It's actually really easy to get to it from here as all of the jumping is over (except for the last jump) and the path is pretty basic that you got to follow.
Just continue west jumping over stuff and onto stuff until you find a roof below you. Jump down to it, run along it continuing west and up the steel beam at the end. From that beam hop onto the other that runs North/South, follow that north towards the Datacron and then you have the final jump which you have to take on an angle (Screenshot 11). | <urn:uuid:e7d670ce-efed-4137-acd7-4273da70b64f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.almarsguides.com/Computer/Games/StarWarsTheOldRepublic/Datacron/Corellia/WillpowerR.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.952425 | 833 | 1.75 | 2 |
December is the most festive month of the year for many countries all over the globe. Festivities, holidays, and plentiful good food belong to December. But also, December is equally the month of the year many people tend to overindulge in just about everything: the good, the bad and the spending. At the same time, just after Christmas, we all try to focus on picking up our healthy habits again and set some goals.
In this article we will try and highlight some things to think about which could help minimize the impact of overindulgence on your health and make the transition to a health habit goal setting month in January easier.
Some simple reminders can do part of the trick:
- Avoid ultra-processed foods
- Pay attention to additives and herbicides / pesticides
- Make it enjoyable
- Keep that body moving
Let’s go over them in detail.
Avoid ultra-processed foods
Christmas time is the symbol of togetherness and sharing good meals. Food shopping is important in our culture especially when it concerns foods that we do not usually eat during the year. Over the holiday season, shops and supermarkets have become genuine temptation islands. It is hard to resist all the beautiful and exquisitely displayed ingredients, foods, and drinks. Moreover, our busy and increasingly stressed lives often create the best pretext to turn ourselves to fully or partly prepared meals with the excuse of being able to spend more time with our friends and family instead of spending more time in the kitchen.
However, we need to be cautious of ultra-processed foods.
But what are ultra-processed foods?
The term means food that is not directly offered by Mother Nature but is artificially produced and includes (sometimes in excess) ingredients such as sugar, salt, fats, as well as additives such as colorings. A way to recognize this easily is by just having a look at the ingredient lists: the longer the list of ingredients, the more processed the product generally is. This processed and ultra-processed food can become detrimental to our health and is often listed as one of the major causes of cancers, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disease1.
While splashing out once-a-year might be acceptable, a lot of the time easy to go, easy to grab meals have become part of our way of life.
The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted – particularly during the first wave and the total lockdown period – in more home cooking. On the other hand, the availability of ultra-processed ingredients seems to have expanded equally, with manufacturers offering stacks of ready-to-use baking mixes, sweetener mixes, sauce mixes and other mixes of all kinds, which all are ultra-processed foods1. The result is that a lot of home cooking might not be as healthy as what it implies and might lack the health benefits offered by true wholesome cooking with pure ingredients2.
Organic foods or pesticide/herbicide free foods
A lot of controversy persists over the health benefits of organic foods. Even if, by definition, organic foods do not contain pesticide and herbicide residues, the reality on the ground may be quite different as some of these residues may still be found in tiny quantities in many fresh foods. These substances are potentially detrimental to our health and could lead to many medical problems. While organic food labeling may differ between countries, overall strict regulations apply.
Besides this, we have now the possibility to eat ‘local’. This means the meat or the vegetables and fruits you will consume are produced locally, in the same region or country as yours. Buying local and seasonal food might help to reduce the level of additives or pesticides used and, importantly, decreases the ecological footprint (no need to transport food from the other side of the planet).
Also, because this local food can be used directly by the consumer, this guarantees a high level of freshness and micronutrients3.
Enjoying the season
However, above all is the holiday season a period of happiness and joy: and that includes food and mealtimes. A traditional Christmas or New Year’s meal is usually appreciated by everyone: most of us like to skip the health food recommendations and just indulge at that time of the year. A bit of indulging over the festive season should be acceptable, within limits at least! We should avoid going overboard by binge eating and drinking using the excuse that it is holiday season. Instead, truly, and slowly enjoying and savoring well prepared wholesome meals can have beneficial effects without leaving us with feelings of guilt and the need of massive, though mostly improbable New Year’s resolutions. Remember: balance is key4.
Keep your body moving: Incorporate some physical activities
Enjoying holiday meals also equals sitting down at the table and lounging for many long hours. Studies show that sitting down for more than 10 hours a day altogether increases the risk for stroke and or heart attack5. So, it really is a good idea to incorporate a brisk walk or some light, playful physical activity with family members (or pets): it is an ideal way to compensate for that “little bit too much of everything”, be it sitting, eating, and drinking a bit too much of that mulled wine. Enjoying time in the outdoors, casting aside bad weather excuses by dressing appropriately and motivating each other clears the mind and keeps the fun spirit going! Even if your table members are not in for it: set the good example, keep moving and get the endorphins going. It will make your festive season all the merrier.
Idea for a slightly sinful treat:
These marzipan marbles are simply delicious, can be enjoyed with a cup of coffee, just as a sweet intermezzo, or to satisfy a sudden craving for something sweet and delicate. Make them very small, and savor them, just one or two of them is sufficient. They can equally be baked into biscuits in a medium oven for a couple of minutes (keeping a close watch as the mixture tends to burn rapidly with too hot temperatures).
100 g almonds (unsalted, organic)
About 1-2 tablespoons 100% pure honey
Grind the almonds as finely as possible until the mixture just begins to cling. Add the honey, 1 tablespoon at a time until the mixture clings together and a ball can be formed. A few drops of almond essence can be added to create the real marzipan taste. Form tiny little pearl-like balls: these sweet treats are full of goodness, and perfect to satisfy a sweet craving, just one at a time though…. Moderation required! | <urn:uuid:2051406c-8cb8-4b39-a203-d63ca85547ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://esperity.com/staying-well-over-christmas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.947939 | 1,595 | 2.421875 | 2 |
27 Feb 2009
What’s the difference between a concrete noun and an abstract noun? What’s that I hear you cry? Who cares? Stay with me. I’m attempting to perform a public service.
A concrete noun is a noun that can be seen, smelt, tasted, touched, heard. So,
I wore a nice watch to the party. Watch is a concrete noun.
Trickier to recognise, an abstract noun is an idea or feeling such as love, happiness, confidence, grief, boredom, frustration. So,
The crowd was amazed at his bravery in front of goal. Bravery is an abstract noun.
Now, aren’t you glad you know that? | <urn:uuid:ca79ff29-31df-4400-ae5d-1fdf3286dc86> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.turnerink.co.uk/grammar-tips/flying-noun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.954625 | 150 | 2.453125 | 2 |
MAT Exam Centres For Feb 2022
Table of Contents
The Management Aptitude Test (MAT) is an all India level entrance examination for admission into Master of Business Administration (MBA) and postgraduate (PG) diploma programs offered by different institutes in India and abroad. The Centre for Management Services (CMS) of the All India Management Association (AIMA) has been conducting the MAT since 1988.
Management Institutes that offer admission to postgraduate management courses are AICTE (All Indian Council for Technical Education) approved and affiliated to universities for the awarding of degrees and certificates. MAT has the unique distinction of being awarded with ISO 9001: 2000 certification.
MAT was approved by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India as a national level test in 2003.
Application Forms Now Also Available For Following Management Exams
MAT Feb 2022
Management Aptitude Test (MAT) is conducted on a quarterly basis by the All India Management Association; an association which has management colleges and B-schools affiliated to it. These colleges accept MAT scores and consider them valid for admission.
MAT Feb 2022 applicants are given seven options. A candidate can choose whether to attend MAT once or twice, India Education career experts strongly suggest giving it twice as it allows one to choose 7 colleges instead of 5. The first IBT based date out of the 5 dates is 26th Feb, 2022 and the last is 13th Mar, 2022. The PBT based MAT will be happening on 6 Mar, 2022 and CBT based MAT on 13th Mar, 2022.
While choosing your test city, it is important to ensure that the city offers the mode of exam you plan to take (i.e. paper based/ computer based) if you are not choosing IBT only.
MAT Test Centers for Feb 2022
AIMA has released the list of test centers across India and overseas, which will conduct the MAT Feb 2022 Exam. Candidates should go through the list carefully and select the appropriate center based on accessibility and mode of examination. The various states and cities with MAT test centers, their center codes, and modes available for examination are given here.
Dos and Don'ts at MAT Exam Centers:
Dos and Don’ts are important to remember before any examination. Candidates must understand what to do and what not to do else the consequences can be as dire as reduction in marks and even suspension from the examination process. Here is a compilation of some dos and don’ts that will help you be prepared for MAT.
- Remember to reach the test center at least 30 minutes before the exam. Being well before time boosts your confidence and ensures you don’t miss any instruction given in the examination hall
- Remember to carry the MAT admit card issued to you. Without the admit card, you will not be allowed to appear for the examination. You can find the soft copy of your admit card here
- Carry any one of the following as identity proof for verification at the exam center; you will not be allowed to enter the examination hall without it:
- Aadhaar card
- PAN Card
- Voter ID
- Follow all the instructions on the exam paper and given by the invigilator carefully
- Do not carry any external gadget (calculator, cell phone, digital watch) or paper of any form apart from your admit card and identity documents
- Do not reach the exam hall late. Candidates are not allowed to give the exam 30 minutes post the commencement of examination
- Do not scan the question while giving the answer, read it carefully and mark the answers completely and not partially. Remember to go through the complete paper again to avoid missing out on any questions
- Do not expect arrangements for your personal belongings or articles, the management at the test center will not be responsible for any loss of items so take as few articles as possible | <urn:uuid:9df3a9ff-f595-4333-84e9-3b058478772f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://indiaeducation.net/test-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.930655 | 840 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Kerosene Given Out To Villagers
The winter has been difficult for many Iraqi families. But there was many a smiling face as a joint team of Iraqi soldiers and Coalition troops worked together to pass out fuel, kerosene and supplies to needy families. This was the first time that fuel had been passed out since September 2007.
This was an important distribution because not only do most Iraqi families use kerosene for heat, they also use the fuel to burn for cooking. There were an estimated one hundred fifty families waiting for the fuel distribution. “You could tell that this was a precious resource that these families really need,” said Captain Benjamin Fielding. Fielding is the A company commander of the coalition soldiers who helped with this fuel distribution.
Local villagers lined up for many hours to wait for the fuel delivery. The Iraqi Troops mingled with the crowd waiting, and helped provide security. Everyone was in good spirits, and there were no problems during the fuel delivery.
Lieutenant Basher, the Iraqi National Police platoon leader talked with locals, and tried to help keep the spirit light and upbeat. Lt. Basher worked with local leaders, coalition forces and the crowd itself to help keep things orderly during the fuel project.
Iraqi Citizens also were volunteering their telephone numbers, and taking down the numbers that coalition soldiers provided. “Citizens have began to call and report when they notice any terrorist activity or extremists in their area, it’s a huge benefit,” said 1st Lieutenant Aaron Hall. Lieutenant Hall is the Coalition liaison officer working with the Iraqi National police. | <urn:uuid:759ce70e-0178-4f20-8800-e25a5d150eef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://usmilitary.com/fuels-distributed-to-iraqi-families/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.984407 | 331 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Repeaters work at the RS-485 electrical level to amplify the signal and nullify the effects of noise and distortion on the signal. In effect, they take a signal in, amplify it, and retransmit it almost perfectly with any distortion removed.
Like any electronic device repeaters can deteriorate with age. When you are doing an integration with the S4 Open appliance this is one of the things to check for. If you find a repeater in a N2 bus this may provide a perfect place to split the bus in two in order to improve performance.
bringing both segments into separate downstream N2 ports of a S4 Open appliance (OPC-N2 Router or BACnet-N2 Router) will lower the load on each segmant, improve error handling and resiliance of the bus, and somewhat improve performance.
bringing each segment into its own S4 Open appliance will do all the above and significantly improve overall preformance. In addition, it provides a more distributed solution that is less dependent on single points of failure.
You need to do a performance vs. cost vs. reliability and availability analysis to determine what is better for your customer's situation.
In general, the more de-centralized and distributed you can make the system the higher performance it becomes. | <urn:uuid:2fbeaf29-4519-4c49-a308-e88be600d060> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thes4group.com/faqs/what-should-i-do-when-i-find-repeaters-on-a-n2-bus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.909677 | 265 | 2.125 | 2 |
Tornado watches lifted, thunderstorm watches, warnings remain in effect in Interlake, Westman
Low pressure system sweeping east into Manitoba brings risk of heavy rain, strong winds
Tornado watches were lifted in western Manitoba Wednesday night, though severe thunderstorm watches and warnings persisted into the evening in the same area, as well as in the Interlake and parts of the east of the province.
Environment Canada issued the tornado watches just after 6 p.m. for Dauphin, Russell, Roblin, Winnipegosis, Swam River, and Duck Mountain and Porcupine provincial forests, then upgraded those to tornado warnings shortly after 9 p.m.
The warnings were then downgraded again to watches before being lifted entirely after 10 p.m.
A low pressure system sweeping east triggered at least two tornadoes in Saskatchewan, and that system caused the possibility of strong winds, hail and heavy rain in Manitoba
As of 10:45 p.m., thunderstorm warnings were also in effect for Grand Rapids, Waterhen, Arborg, Hecla, Fisher River, Gypsumville and Ashern, Ste. Rose, McCreary, Alonsa and Gladstone.
Severe thunderstorm watches remained in effect for:
- Berens River, Little Grand Rapids, Bloodvein and Atikaki.
- Brandon, Neepawa, Carberry and Treherne.
- Minnedosa and Riding Mountain National Park.
- Poplar River.
More from CBC Manitoba: | <urn:uuid:afd354d5-daff-4177-bf74-1bdaad4d81b7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/tornado-watch-western-manitoba-1.6506374?cmp=rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.927739 | 312 | 1.625 | 2 |
Homer (population 5,800) is located at the southwest end of the Kenai Peninsula, about 4 hours drive south of Anchorage. In Alaskan terms, this is a fairly large town. Homer’s tourism district is a funky collection of small wooden buildings, housing anything from restaurants to water taxi offices to bear viewing companies. This area is located on the far end of the Homer Spit, a natural elongated tongue of land that runs about 2 miles across Kachemak Bay. The Spit is also the location of the harbor, with the famed “Salty Dawg Saloon” next to it.
The west side of Cook Inlet, roughly an hour flight from Homer, is home to some of the densest bear populations in the state (and in the world). Two National Parks, Katmai and Lake Clark, cover much of this coastline; Homer, roughly an hour away using a small plane, is probably the most convenient entry point to this area. This makes Homer the default location for folks interested in bear viewing trips.
The south side of Kachemak Bay, accessible from Homer by floatplane or water taxi, is also worth a visit. Here you can find Kachemak Bay State Park, a relatively diverse park with fascinating beaches and intertidal lagoons (if you’re into starfish, this is the place to go), thick forests and an impressive mountain range. The views from Homer are especially pretty, with the Park’s skyline of glaciers and snowy peaks.
Also on the far side of Kachemak Bay are Halibut Cove and Seldovia, two cute little towns that are well worth the visit. Both town have a maritime character, with cute wooden houses, long wooden walkways along the shore, and a few galleries and restaurants.
Some random recommendations
The Salty Dawg
The Salty Dawg, located in a building at the edge of Homer Spit that looks like a lighthouse (but is not), is a bit of a local phenomenon and is certainly worth a peek. The walls are covered with dollar bills and many of the bar goers are as classic as the bar itself. It’s worth noting that although the Salty Dawg could be pretty touristy, their merchandise – and especially their hoodies – are very popular among the Alaskan crowd, making it an authentic gift to bring home to your loved ones.
A great restaurant, mainly serving Italian food (pizzas and pastas) and good beer. Excellent quality and reasonable prices. Don’t forget there’s usually some waiting time. Not on the Spit itself, but not far from it. Fat Olive’s
Two Sisters Bakery
Another particularly good restaurant / café / bakery in Homer. It is close to the Spit, and serves anything from bread and fresh baked goods to espressos, pies and some more complex dishes. A great spot to buy your breakfast before heading into the wild in Katmai National Park. Two Sisters Bakery
Another fine restaurant, perhaps one of the best in Alaska. Not in Homer but in the neighboring town of Halibut Cove. To get there you have to take a ferry across the bay, but it’s worth the effort: the food is exquisite, the view is amazing and of course Halibut Cove itself is a beautiful place. The ferry is called “Danny J.”, and it departs Homer twice a day, the first run is at noon and the second at 05:00 p.m. The afternoon ride is timed to the dinner schedule. Truth be told, the Danny J is a bit on the old side, but it’s a part of the experience. The Saltry | <urn:uuid:baccf4d4-10a8-482c-be0f-2a9ad8eca1ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ofergelmond.com/homer-alaska/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.953078 | 790 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Phos Activator delivers enhanced phosphate availability for increased root growth and a larger leaf area. Phos Activator is an inoculants containing the naturally occurring soil fungus Penicillium bilaiae (P. bilaiae), which grows along plant roots, releasing phosphate bound in the soil, making it more available for the crop to use. Penicillium bilaiae, the active ingredient in Phos Activator, does not eliminate the need for phosphate fertilizer, but provides crops access to more phosphate for higher yield potential.
Improves phosphate availability , enhances early vigor
Bolsters root and shoot growth
Earlier more uniform maturity
Supporting greater stress tolerance and earlier
Improves yield potential,
Improves plant nutrition enables plants to better handle enviro pressures,
Better Potential for winter wheat survival
Active in cool soil temperature when phosphate is less available
Freeing Phosphate - Penicillium bilaiae releases bound mineral forms of soil and fertilizer phosphate, making it more readily available for the plant to use. Up to 90% of applied phosphate fertilizer goes unused in the year of application as it gets tied (bound) to soil particles and other elements, making it unavailable to the crop. Some of this is used over subsequent years, but at least 25% never becomes available1. It is crucial to make the most efficient use of fertilizer phosphate to maximize yield potential.
Apply 1.5 gram / sqm if soil drench, as early as possible to the crop for optimal effect.
It can be applied utilizing commercial on seed application equipment. Applicators used previously for pesticides should be triple rinsed before using for Phos Activator.
Phos Activator can be used with all nitrogen-fixing rhizobial inoculants, To mix Phos Activator with a liquid inoculant, first suspend the entire contents of the Phos Activator in a small amount of the liquid inoculant for easier mixing. Pour the mixture into the remaining liquid Rhizobia inoculant and mix to suspend. No additional water is required. | <urn:uuid:c96f564b-b1ec-450c-a4dd-fee31cef59cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tangsonsbio.com/product-32-phosphate-solubilization.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.86739 | 455 | 2.359375 | 2 |
response, emotion, affect, community college, reflective practice
This article reports on a study focused on understanding the relationship between teachers’ emotional responses and the larger contextual factors that shape response practices. Drawing from response and emotion scholarship, this article proposes affective tensions as a way for understanding the tug and pull that teachers experience between what they feel they should do (mostly driven from a pedagogical perspective) and what they are expected to do (mostly driven by an institutional perspective) in a contextual moment. The case study of Kim, a community college instructor, offers an analysis of two affective tensions that emerged from her think-aloud protocol (TAP): responding to grammar/sentence errors over content and responding critically to students she likes. Kim’s case reveals the underlying affective tensions between individual emotions, cultural constructions, and institutional contexts that are negotiated while she responds to student writing. This article concludes with suggestions for identifying emotions and affective tensions that both influence and paralyze writing teachers’ response practices.
Caswell, Nicole I.
"Affective Tensions in Response,"
Journal of Response to Writing: Vol. 4:
2, Article 4.
Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/journalrw/vol4/iss2/4 | <urn:uuid:0a5ef2ed-6b65-4b0d-be87-da2b70f01dc5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/journalrw/vol4/iss2/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.915358 | 290 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Our core beliefs have the power to shape our very thoughts and behaviors, and so it’s crucial for us to ensure that our limiting beliefs do not limit our very potential.
In this episode, Joanna talks about how negative self-talk affects us and how to best deal with those harmful thought patterns. Uncover the consequences of failing to manage our negative self-talk and learn how to identify the 10 common types of distortions that we experience so that you can not only address but them avoid them if possible.
So, join Joanna as she guides you through overcoming your limiting beliefs and transforming your negative self-talk!
- The toxic effects of negative self-talk
- Reasons you need to call out your negative self-talk
- 10 common types of distortion
PRODUCTS / RESOURCES:
What Type of Introvert are you? Find out by taking this quiz: yourintroverttype.co.uk/
Visit Joanna’s website here: flourishingintroverts.com/
Join the Flourishing Introverts Facebook community of like-minded introverts here: web.facebook.com/groups/Introvertscorner/?_rdc=1&_rdr
Flourishing Introverts is edited by Instapodcasts (visit at instapodcasts.com) | <urn:uuid:4cee5eef-406e-42e6-bf08-ee6a1616a63e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://flourishingintroverts.com/podcast/ep-82-whether-you-think-you-can-or-think-you-cant-youre-right/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.902375 | 281 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Audits are necessary in project management. There are different types of audits that are involved in a project life cycle and one of them are quality audits. It is a structured and independent process that is used to determine if a project activity complies with the policies, procedures and processes of the organization or project. There are many reasons why organizations should observe this particular project management process. Below are the benefits of doing quality audits.
- It is used to identify the good and best practices being implemented in the organization or project.
- It is used to determine the non-conformities, shortcoming, and gaps of the project.
- It shares the good practices to the organization.
- Provides assistance positively to improve the implementation of different processes to raise the productivity of the team.
- Contributes to the repository of lessons learned of the organization.
Basically, the quality audits are aimed at correcting any deficiencies in the project that may result in the reduction of the cost of quality. It should be done randomly or at a specific schedule and should be conducted by either external or internal auditors.
This term is defined in the 5th edition of the PMBOK. | <urn:uuid:df0cd844-d433-4977-a1a5-ae4ec3dfb6a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://project-management-knowledge.com/definitions/q/quality-audits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.934412 | 237 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Archives of Feeling: Trauma, Knowledge, Empathy
The complex repercussions of traumatic experiences, whether collective or individual, are often feelings we navigate alone. Archives of Feeling imagines new ways of sharing the felt dimensions of trauma. In this exhibition, artists share personal connections, lived experiences and the impacts of trauma on themselves and their communities. Collectively, they form an archive of works that navigate the trauma of institutions, colonialism and isolation.
Combining creative practice with socially-engaged models of community collaboration, Archives of Feeling transforms the gallery into a living, growing and sensorial archive of feelings, encouraging us to explore, learn and unlearn. Spanning RMIT Gallery and Design Hub Gallery, this exhibition presents practical and thought-provoking resources for living with trauma, offering new ways of archiving experience and of experiencing archives.
Includes the following projects and artists: Rushdi Anwar, Peta Clancy, Maree Clarke, UNSW fEEL Lab, Julie Gough, Jenny Hickinbotham, Brian McKinnon, Dominic Redfern, Mariela Sancari, T Collective, Julie Watkins and more.
T Collective includes Simon Crosbie, Mig Dann, Yi-Won Park, and Jude Worters.
Collectively produced by: Kelly Hussey-Smith, Grace McQuilten, Helen Rayment and Andrew Tetzlaff, and with the support of Jill Bennett, Renata Kokanovic and a community advisory.
This exhibition is being presented at multiple venues:
- Archives of Feeling: Trauma, Knowledge, Empathy will run from Wednesday 21 September 2022 to Saturday 10 December 2022 at RMIT Gallery.
- Archives of Feeling: Sensation, Connection, Community will run from Friday 19 August 2022 to Saturday 8 October 2022 at RMIT Design Hub Gallery.
This exhibition is a part of The Big Anxiety. | <urn:uuid:77d1f25c-75b3-4fc4-af4b-224c3637a170> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rmitgallery.com/exhibitions/archives-of-feeling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.901186 | 382 | 1.585938 | 2 |
The multi-sport event, which commenced on September 7, 2016 and lasted until September 18, 2016 showcased the talent and hard work of several physically challenged athletes.
So what drives Devendra Jhajharia, the Paralympian who broke the javelin world record at Rio 2016? What are those things that whisper so loudly in the ears of these Paralympians that they not only diminish the thought of giving up, but gear themselves up to undertake something extraordinary, and beyond imagination
Though a coach is indispensable in one’s quest to win in Paralympics, the real motivation comes from inside. Just ask Deepa Malik, who overcame a spinal tumour, 31 surgeries and 183 stitches to win India a Silver medal at the Rio Paralympics 2016.
A para-athlete needs to be disciplined. A stringent routine for practice is essential to achieve a goal that is challenging and mentally exhausting.
Getting above all the difficulties and hurdles in life without any sense of purpose or achievement may put all your efforts in vain. A goal to achieve something plays a vital role in the life of a para-athlete. It not only motivates to excel, but also develops an interest to learn more.
There are many who are desperate to achieve a positive result without investing the necessary efforts. But look carefully at those who participate in Paralympics. Their patience and perseverance reflect on their faces. They are aware that hard work will pay off tomorrow.
When the para-athlete’s chest kisses that red ribbon and when a distance learner achieves what he/she desires, the proud feeling that they are wrapped with that time is something a bit tricky to explain in words. Apart from making their loved ones merry, they make their entire nation proud. For instance, Devendra Jhajharia, Mariyappan Thangavelu, Deepa Malik, Varun Singh Bhati and Amit Kumar Saroha from India gave the nation proud moments by winning gold, silver and bronze medals in the 2016 Paralympics.
Be it winning in Paralympics or turning your dream into a reality, nothing is impossible. It is about how truly you believe in yourself and how determined you are to reach your goal. | <urn:uuid:e99e1f4f-9043-48fd-808f-4cf3b41dd07b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://smude.edu.in/smude/blog/news-list/article/rio-2016-paralympics--an-epitome-of-willpower---determination.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.947413 | 458 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Planning on buying new tyres? Worried how’d they turn out? You are right to be concerned as new tyres might or might not be the most suitable ones. But if you purchase the appropriate tyers, similar to your previous ones, they might deliver great performance. Do you know? The average life of your tyers can be more than 5-6 years if you maintain them properly.
The one thing that can help you keep your tyres safe and increase their longevity is proper maintenance. Proper car maintenance helps extend the life of your vehicle and saves you money on service and repairs. When it comes to extending their length or lifespan, there are a variety of options to explore. However, for such a thing, you must purchase quality Michelin tyres. They are the greatest automotive tyres for keeping your vehicle in good working order. As a result, there are a number of advantages to purchasing high-quality car tyres.
Enhanced safety- It is critical to consider your safety if you choose to go on road trips. It is one of the most important factors to consider while driving. In such a situation, the quality of your tyres plays a significant role. As tyres are the most essential part for providing you safe while driving. If your tyres are well maintained, regardless of the tyre quality and type, new tyres will keep you and your passengers safe when driving for long distances. It is important that when you buy new tyres, you need to take good care of them, this way they will serve you and provide safety for a long time.
Provide better handling and improved traction- When you manage to purchase new tyres, they will offer your vehicle more traction while driving. Better traction and firm grip improve the handling. You must know that your tyres are produced to serve you for a long time and various materials are used for its manufacturing. That is why new tyres have a shorter stopping distance, having freshly designed tread that is very important for making better grip. As a result, new tyres will help you avoid slipping, skidding on wet road conditions. Not only on wet roads but also on a surface with water, mud, or dirt.
Provision of improved fuel mileage- When old tyres wear out, they start to lose their ability to sustain a strong grip on the road surface. This means the driver will need to put in more effort for accelerating, tuning, and even cornering. It can affect your fuel mileage in a long run. While with new tyres, there won’t be any need for putting extra work. Thus, they provide better fuel mileage. Getting your car and your car tyres Tamworth regularly repaired will improve the condition and functionality of various parts of your vehicle.
Better performance on the road- Your old and worn-out tyers cannot deliver satisfactory performance while driving. Therefore, for improved performance and a comfortable ride, you need quality tyres or a set of new tyres. When driving on different roads, it’s important to remember that safety is one of the most important considerations. And your worn-out tyres cannot provide you with enough safety because their ability to bite into the road reduces. Professional motorists suggest that your car tyres can improve driving performance. Because worn-out tyres have no or little tread, your car must exert more force on the road, especially when turning or braking.
Changing or replacing your tyres can cost you a handsome amount of money. Getting your car repaired time-to-time works as the best alternative. It will increase the lifespan and improve performance. | <urn:uuid:66fadd1d-d416-4142-9a9a-80d67b7900fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.allgarageuk.com/are-new-tyres-better-than-used-tyres/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.949942 | 712 | 2 | 2 |
Indonesia is an island country in Asia, close to Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Papua New Guinea and East Timor. As it is a large country, Indonesian cuisine can be different from one reagion to another. However, it is usually quite heavy in animal products, and due to predominanly muslim religion, there are almost no vegetarian or vegan traditions.
Rice is at the center of each meal and is accompanied by various side dishes. Animal products are also used as spices or condiments, such as fish sauce, shrimp paste, dried fish flakes, meat stock or condensed milk. Because of that, even vegetable soups, stews or curries can be non vegan. One the other hand, Indonesia is the home country of tempeh, and tofu is also can be easily found.
Big cities or towns popular among tourists usually have at least one vegan or vegan-friendly restaurant. Loving Hut is the most established network of 100% vegan restaurants in Indonesia and some cities have several of them. However, don't take for granted that people in non-veg places will understand what "vegetarian" or "vegan" means. It is better to tell what you can and can't eat in detail, listing all kinds of ingredients and especially the "secret" ones like fish sauce, meat stock, etc.
Dishes to try
- Tofu is caled tahu and is a common source of protein. It can be fried whole or mashed with spices, cut into cubes and added to other dishes, stuffed with vegetables, etc.
- Tempeh mostly comes fried but is also prepared in many other ways.
- Gado-gado is a dish of tofu and vegetables in a peanut sauce. There are many kinds of it and some are vegan. However, beware of shrimp paste or other "secret" ingredients.
- Nasi goreng or "fried rice" is one of those add-what-you-have dishes where all kinds of ingredients are fried with rice. Usually it is made with meat, eggs or other animal products but some places can make it vegan.
Many people in big cities or touristic places speak English. At the same time, many don't, so it's a good idea to know at least some food-related words. They also help if you want to decipher list of ingredients on products. These days there are also many free or inexpensive apps (Indonesian-English dictionaries, etc.) that are also very helpful.
- Tanpa... - without...
- Saya tidak makan... - I don't eat...
- Air dadih - whey
- Daging – meat (comes with other words to describe pig's meat, cow's meat, etc.)
- Ikan – fish (comes with other words to describe types of fish)
- Krim – cream
- Madu – honey
- Mentega – butter
- Peti – fermented shrimp paste
- Susu - milk
- Telur – egg
- Terasi – shrimp paste
- Udang – shrimp | <urn:uuid:32ae6d96-81c9-4311-80c0-64d33baf09fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://veganwiki.info/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&oldid=2324 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.958428 | 643 | 2.21875 | 2 |
New players from New Zealand need to learn about card counting before playing live blackjack in Betiton online casino. In this situation, a free blackjack guide becomes very helpful. You will find an equal number of low-value and high-value cards in the deck after the dealer shuffles the cards. The high-value to low-value cards ratio in the remaining undealt cards will change depending on the cards dealt in the initial rounds.
Moreover, if the undealt cards include a higher number of low-value cards, the dealer gets benefitted. If the dealer exhibits a low card, he breaks more repeatedly when hitting his hand. As per rules, the dealers need to hit their 12 by using 16 hands. The extra low cards will decrease the dealers’ chances of busting.
The low-value cards, such as twos through sixes benefit the dealers than the blackjack players, while the high-value cards, such as 10s, aces and picture cards are more beneficial to the players. The other cards, such as sevens, eights and nines are neutral.
What’s the history of card counting?
In 1949, a nuclear physicist Jess Marcum created the card counting method for blackjack. He quit his corporate job and became a professional player. His counting system was the first completely developed points-counting method.
After that, the first precise book about card-counting strategies was published in 1957. The name was “Playing Blackjack to Win”. The book had 16 tips about the blackjack card-counting rules. But there was no clue to tell when and how to change the player’s bets. In 1962, Edward Thorp published the book “Beat the Dealer”. He was the author of the first card-counting strategies. In his book, he explained the main principles with all the basic blackjack strategies in detail. The book offered numerically right card-counting methods used to win blackjack.
The Top-Ten count, invented by Thorp was very easy to learn and apply when playing blackjack. The method offered all players a big chance to learn the game and win big. “Beat the Dealer” began to be very popular and became a New York Times bestseller in 1963.
What is card counting?
Blackjack card counting system is a procedure that teaches all New Zealander players how to play blackjack in the Betiton online casino. When the advantage turns to the players’ favour, the card counters raise their bets.
When the advantage changes in favour of the dealer, the counter doesn’t make a bet at all by not playing or makes a small bet. Counters can change bets in this way to gain a positive advantage over the casino.
Card counting is a technique to keep records of the number of high and low-value cards left in a dealer’s deck in blackjack online. Count cards properly and you can increase your bet when you know the odds are stacked in your favour.
Always remember, card counting is not only for learning how to repeatedly win cash at blackjack, nor should it be used to cheat in the game. It is simply a playing method to give you a clear idea of the available cards left in the deck.
How does card counting work?
To count cards accurately, in an online blackjack game all you need to do is to learn the basic strategy. For that, you need to keep a running score based on the face value of any cards revealed. You can assign a (+1) tag to every second to sixth-ranked cards and a (-1) tag to every 10-A. Always shuffle the cards before you start your count and add up the tags to each card pulled from the deck.
When the undealt cards contain a rich concentration of large cards after any round and the running count is positive, you need to raise your bet size. You should decrease your bet size after any round when the running count is negative. In this situation, the undealt cards have a high accumulation of small cards.
When you are playing blackjack in New Zealand accurately, the house edge is about 0.5%. If you can master the card counting technique, you can play with a 1% advantage. No doubt, the chances to win big are there.
How to start counting cards?
The blackjack strategy of card-counting is undoubtedly tough to master, but with continuous practice at the Betiton free blackjack, you can become better. Counting cards is a technique of keeping track of the ratio of high-value cards to low-value cards.
The first step of assigning an individual value for each card will help you to remember your cards in the long term. The strategy is very beneficial for colour-blind individuals who can’t keep track of the cards easily. The second step is to keep counting the cards continuously by subtracting or adding every card you see in each deck.
In addition to that, when the running counts increase, the odds shift to the player’s advantage. But when the counts become negative, the dealer has the highest probability of winning. In step three, you can use the odds calculator or any other tool to calculate the true count or count per deck. Step four involves keeping your bet value change as your true count rises and falls to make an informed decision.
Basic card counting strategy
The most basic strategy for beginners is called high-low card counting. Players from New Zealand can practice the concept by using the available simulator in Betiton online casino. The free simulator helps the players to teach themselves the card-counting technique and to get better odds to become successful. In this technique, you need to assign a particular value of (-1) to the high-value cards (10-Ace, including face cards).
Assign a (+1) value to the low-value cards (2-6 in any suit). The cards (7 – 9) left in the deck are neutral. The strategy is quite easy to follow for a new blackjack player. When the dealer deals a card simply remember the card’s assigned value. For example, if the card is a 10, your count will be as -1. If the second card dealt is a three, the assigned value is +1. Now your increasing sum adds up to 0.
The rule is you follow the above method repeatedly for each new card dealt, without breaking your total until you shuffle the deck again.
Advanced card counting strategy
Card counting in blackjack increases the advantage of players over the casino. The strategy helps players to decide what their next bet will be by keeping track of the cards dealt during the game. Through the card counting method, players stand in a better position in predicting what the next card will be.
Once the players have mastered the basic card counting tips and have practised in a few games to gain experience, they have become ready to learn the advanced strategy. The blackjack advanced strategy is complex and you have multiple options to select from. They are: Omega II, Wong Halves, Group Play, and Multiple Decks. Developed by Bryce Carlson, the Omega II method is a system, where the players have 0 as the base.
Created by Stanford Wong, Wong Halves is a balanced method where your count needs to be 0. Some of the assigned card values can be fractions. Group Play is a team effort. The advantage is, multiple decks can be counted at the same time. Multiple Decks was created by a student group to win big in casinos.
Can you count cards in online blackjack?
Yes, it is possible to count cards when playing blackjack online at Betiton. When you play online, nobody can monitor you anyway. Counting cards is a skill and is a gaming strategy which you need to learn.
However, counting cards can become a bit tricky as the online casinos use software to rearrange cards each time a new hand is dispensed. To increase accuracy, there are certain programs, you can use to count cards though they are not allowed. A great way to practice counting cards is through the free blackjack trainer. The platform will teach you the basic rules of card counting in a user-friendly way. When you first begin to practice card counting, use the Easy mode and play at slow speed. You can make mistakes, but don’t worry.
The trainer will correct your every move. Free games help you perfect your card counting skills without risking real money. Avoid practising while playing with real money as most casino websites use programs to shuffle cards frequently.
So that’s blackjack counting cards for you. The whole method and skill behind it is probably not as daunting as you might’ve expected. In this guide, we have explained to you the basic rules of card counting, where the method originates from and how you can use it to your advantage.
While blackjack is mainly a game of luck, there are things you can do to improve your skills and sway the luck your way. If you would like to practice what you have learned using this blackjack guide today, remember, you can always head over to blackjack simulator at the Betiton online casino and practise your card counting skills or other strategies related to blackjack without risking any money.
It’s important that you master your skills before you start playing blackjack for real money so that you can be confident when you head over to the real game. Below, you will find a short FAQ with the most popular questions we get regarding counting cards in blackjack.
Card counting is more difficult when playing using multiple card decks. But with constant practice, players can get good at it.
Blackjack players can get good at counting cards when they practice more often. We recommend that player should try card counting with free online blackjack or with your friends before playing with real money. Also, you can make use of our great blackjack simulator to get better at card counting.
We would like to base this on individual preference and we will advise that you choose the strategy that best works for you.
Blackjack related articles
Blackjack is one of the oldest cards games in the online gambling world. The game is a result of several variations of the French card game Vingt-et-Un that was brought into the Americas by French colonists. Over time the game grew in popularity spreading to every part of the continent and to the rest of […]
New to blackjack? If yes, sit back and read our Betiton blackjack guide. This guide will give you first-hand information about what this exciting online card game is all about and how blackjack is played in New Zealand. We know that there are some aspiring blackjack players in New Zealand who may want to make […]
Blackjack is the most player-friendly game in the world because it involves a variety of players and secure procedures. It is easy to win play you follow all the rules. There is a large volume of rules that people do not know, but all of them make a difference between a winner and loser in […] | <urn:uuid:33142b1f-256c-4d24-a3c1-92e1827d8348> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.betiton.com/en-nz/guide/03-blackjack/31-counting-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.962566 | 2,289 | 1.78125 | 2 |
39 Timeless Tips From The “Madmen”
9 Set-Their-Minds-At-Ease Risk Reducers
15 Rules For Writing A Press Release
Press Releases must follow the rules set out by media. Why? Because free (or earned) media can pick up your story or "circular file" it at their whim. All you can do to help with their decision is to follow these 15 Rules. | <urn:uuid:e995863f-c8f6-42a6-9b43-677126fc4efc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wlamu.writelikeamadman.com/alan-b4-b6/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.915792 | 99 | 1.539063 | 2 |
This item is only available as the following downloads:
THE GERMAN INFLUENCE ON THE ENGLISH MONARCHY DURING THE REIGNS OF KING WILLIAM IV AND QUEEN VICTORIA BY MARIE VAN CAMP A THESIS Submitted to the Division of Social Sciences New College of Florida in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the de gree Bachelor of Arts SARASOTA, FLORIDA MAY 2011
ii Contents List of Figures iii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Family 13 Chapter 2: Virtue 30 Chapter 3: Work Ethic 48 Conclusion 62 Appendix 1: Hanoverian Family Tree 69 Appendix 2: Saxe Coburg Family Tree 70 Appendix 3: Meiningen Family Tree 72 Bibliography 72
iii List of Figures 1. Windsor Castle in Modern Times by Edwin Landseer (1841 1845) 2. The Prince of Wales and the Duke of York by Johan Zoffany (1764)
1 Introduction The wedding of Prince William and Miss Catherine Middleton on April 29, 2011, is a matter of great public interest in Britain and the United States. A t the top of the official website of the British monarchy is a picture of the couple that links to the official wedding website about their wedding. Under another picture of the two, the first thing on the official website is a link about the Royal Wedding Charitable Gift Fund. In lieu of a gift registry, Prince William and Miss Middleto n have created a fund benefiting five charities through the Foundation of Prince William and Prince Henry. The website assures readers that the charities have been personally chosen by the couple : Prince William and Miss Catherine Middleton have created a charitable gift fund to help celebrate their wedding. The fund will focus on assisting charities which support the five causes chosen by the couple. These causes are close to their hearts and reflect the experiences, passions and values of their lives so far. Having been touched by the goodwill shown to them since their engagement, they have asked that anyone wishing to send them a wedding gift consider doing so in the form of a donation to the fund. 1 This is only one recent example of the emphasis that the modern day British royal family puts on charity. In fact, c harity is one of the major ways that the British monarchy demonstrates its usefulness to society. According to the official website of the British monarchy abo ut 3,000 organisations list a member of the Royal Family as patron or 1 The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry, The Prince William & Miss Catherine Middleton Charitable Gift Fund, n.d., http://www.royalweddingcharityfund.org/ (accessed April 13, 2011).
2 president. 2 The queen alone is the official patron of over six hundred charities The emphasis on the charitable work of the royal family suggests that charity is one of the unofficial ways that the British royal family legitimizes their position in Britain today The question of the relevance of the British monarchy is an interesting one. A monarchy is officially a form of government, yet the British sovereign has very litt le governmental power. The official website for the British monarchy claims that the sovereign is both the head of state for Britain and the head of nation. As the head of state, the sovereign is required to sign acts of Parliament, meet with the Prime M inister, and entertain visiting heads of state. As the head of the nation, the sovereign provides a focus for national identity, unity and pride; giving a sense of stability and continuity; recognizing success, achievement and excellence; and supporting service to others, particularly through public service and the voluntary sector. 3 T he sovereign s more symbolic role as the head of the nation has become far more important in legitimizing his or her position in today s society than his or her role as th e head of state. In fact, the sovereign s role as head of state has become almost entirely symbolic. By British law, the sovereign is required to give his or her assent to any bills passed by Parliament and the sovereign must remain neutral in all politics. 4 It is remarkable that the monarchy should have lasted into the present day when the political power of the 2 The Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, The Official Website of the British Monarchy, Charities and Patronages, 2008, http://www.royal.gov.uk/CharitiesandPatronages/Overview.aspx (accessed April 14, 2011). 3 The Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, The Official Website of the British Monarchy, The role of the Sovereign, 2008, http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/TheroleoftheSovereign.aspx (accessed April 14, 2011). 4 The Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, The Official Website of the Br itish Monarchy, Queen in Parliament, 2008, http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandGovernment/QueeninParliament.aspx (accessed, April 14, 2011).
3 sovereign has been almost completely stripped away. It is only because of the sovereign s role as the head of the nation that the monarc hy has survived. The image of the monarchy as a representation of national unity rests on its ability to provide both a ceremonial mystique and a domestic image to which people can easily relate. The need for an image that subjects can easily relate to has persisted from the early nineteenth century through the present Specifically, t he evolution of the monarchy from the primary agent of government into a more symbolic national figurehead experienced its most drastic moment of change in the early nineteenth century during the reigns of King William IV (r. 1830 1837) and Queen Victoria (r. 1837 1901) During this period, the monarchy had to revise its image in order to ensure its continuance. One of the aspects contributing to this change were the Germans who intermarried with the royal family Members of the English royal family often married Germans because they had to marry Protestant members of the nobility, and because the House of Hanover had originally been German. Although these Germans integrated themselves into English society, they retained some of their own cultural ideas and practices which had an influence on the changing image of the monarchy. Although other factors certainly contributed to the change in the monarchy s image and role, Adelaide (wife King William IV) Leopold (uncle of both Queen Victoria and her husband) and Albert (husband of Queen Victoria) helped the English royal family form a more domestic image, a revitalized se nse of virtue, and a new sense of work ethic ; all of these were more in line with the values of England s rising bourgeois class than with the landed aristocracy. Prior to the nineteenth century, the aristocracy had dominated the power structure of English politics and society wi thout question However, that began to
4 change as advances in technology revolutionized the manufacture of goods. The politics and social values of the aristocracy during the eighteenth century were dictated in large part by the Whig party, who did not ch erish values governed by self control like the English middle classes. Traditional aristocratic activities such as g ambling large sums of money, drinking to excess, and indulging in extramarital affairs soon gave way as more middle class values became dominant. Norman Gash describes the qualities of the middle classes, in particular the industrial class, as materialistic, selfish, snobbish, and having the disposition to look above for leadership, jealousy and sectaria nism at their own level, and an excessive emphasis on outward morality. 5 These values were born out of a competitive culture in which status depended on the success of business rather than on birth and a changing social structure in which the spheres of home and work divided into separate entities which changed the relationships between men and women, particularly husbands and wives. T hus values of hard work, deferring to a higher power, and an emphasis on family life as distinct from business life came to dominate English culture during the reigns of William and Victoria. As the culture of England changed in response to the Industrial Revolution the monarchy was forced to change with it to ensure that its subjects did not try to depose it and set up a more republican form of government. By adopting an image similar to its bourgeois subjects, the monarchy made itself less foreign to its subjects. If the monarchy had rejected the changing nature of their subjects, it would have distanced t hem from those subjects in such a way that could have prompted their subjects to revolt against them. Even in the 1990s, directly after Princess Diana s death, when the queen did not 5 Norman Gash, Aristocracy and People: Britain, 1815 1865 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1979), 24.
5 produce the sort of response that the populace thought was appropriate, the monarchy s public image suffered. According to the Chicago Tribune, more than half of the British population, after Diana s death, thought that the country would be better off, or at least no worse off, as a republic. 6 This is just one example of h ow the monarchy s image today is still required to reflect the culture and values of the British populace in order to maintain its position. During the nineteenth century, this meant that the British monarchy had to adapt to the bourgeois values of hard w ork, living virtuously, and depicting itself as having the same sort of familial structure as that of its subjects. The three ways in which German spouses helped the monarchy changed their image to reflect a lifestyle more in tune with those of their sub jects were brought about mainly through Adelaide, Leopold, and Albert. However, their contributions were not a concerted effort. There was no master plan in creating this new image ; rather changes were made piece by piece. The change in the monarchy s image was not limited to the German influence, but the German influence played a definite role in way in which the monarchy developed its new image. Likewise, t he evolution of the monarchy s image extends before and after Adelaide, Leopold, and Albert ; ho wever the most drastic moment of change occurred during the reigns of William and Victoria. Most historians of the British monarchy pass over William and Adelaide as having any part in changing the image of the monarchy. Rather, m ost attribute the proj ection of a more bourgeois lifes tyle to Victoria. However, she was one monarch removed from the regency and reign of George IV (r. 1820 1830) whose lifestyle 6 Ray Moseley, Remaking Old Image is Key to Kingdom, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997 09 03/news/9709030090_1_death of princess diana charles and diana saint diana (acce ssed April 28, 2011), 1.
6 embodied the seeming lack of values from which subsequent monarchs sought to distance themselves. This was done to ensure the survival of the monarchy Thus even before Victoria, William and Adelaide began the process of changing the monarchy s image. Philip Ziegler and Mary Hopkirk disagree regarding the extent of Adelaide s influence on William. In his biography, King William IV (1973), Ziegler mostly mentions Adelaide s influence on William as minor in comparison to William s experiences in the Royal Navy and his position as the third son of King George III in causing Wi lliam to change the projected image of the monarchy from that of his brother 7 By contrast, Hopkirk s biography of Queen Adelaide posits that Adelaide s marriage to William fundamentally changed William s lifestyle and in doing so, changed the public imag e of the court. 8 Although many authors pass over Adelaide as having anything to do with the changing image of the monarchy, some argue that there are overarching trends which go back farther in history than King William IV. Simon Schama and David Craig have analyzed the image and position of the monarchy during Victoria and Albert s reign with reference to the reigns of George III, George IV, and William IV. Schama discusses Victoria and Albert particularly in terms of royal portraiture. He focuses on how presenting themselves as a normal couple helped Albert and Victoria to relate to their ever more powerful bourgeois subjects. He analyzes the shift in royal portraiture in depicting the source of a sovereign s power, noting that when the Hanoverian dy nasty took power in England in 1714 they were not depicted as absolute monarchs, but as monarchs whose power was intrinsically linked to Parliament 9 The reason that the 7 Philip Ziegler, King William IV ( Trowbridge: Redwood, 1973). 8 Mary Hopkirk, Queen Adelaide ( London: Lowe and Brydone, 1950). 9 Simon Schama, The Domestication of Majesty: Royal Family Portraiture, 1500 1850, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17, no. 1 (Summer, 1986): 155 183.
7 power of the Hanoverian dynasty was linked to the Parliament was first because Georg e I (r. 1714 1727) became king because of the Act of Settlement passed by Parliament in 1701 which decreed that only Protestant heirs could take the crown. This demonstrated the power of Parliament in determining the succession. When his predecessor Que en Anne (r. 1702 1714) died without children the crown went to George I because he was the first Protestant in the line of succession. George I would never have become the king of England if Parliament had not passed the law that favored George over Cath olic heirs with stronger claims to the throne. Secondly, George was personally dependent on Parliament for all matters of government in England because he did not speak flue nt English ; this set a further precedent for parliamentary power. 10 Craig on the other hand, focuses more on the political climate in England during Victoria s reign and how the changing social climate relative to the changing political climate necessitated a change in the way the monarchy presented itself than on the transformation of the English monarchy s demonstrations of power 11 Instead, he analyzes the rise of republicanism during the first half of the nineteenth century and what effect it had on the monarchy. He discusses the power of the monarchy in terms of its limitations, s pecifically during Victoria s reign. In fact, t he major change in the image of the monarchy during the nineteenth century is often attributed to Victoria s gender and society s gender roles of the time Authors such as Margaret Homans attribute the domes tication of the monarchy to Queen 10 The Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, The Official Website of the British Monarchy, The Hanoverians: George I, 2008, http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheHanoverians/G eorgeI.aspx (accessed April 23, 2011). 11 D avid M. Craig, The Crowned Republic? Monarchy and Anti Monarchy in Britain, 1760 1901, The Historical Journal 46, no. 1 (2003): 167 185.
8 Victoria focusing on Victoria s gender and the strict gender roles of the period. 12 In Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837 1876 (1998), Homans discusses the role of the monarchy and particularly the role of a female monarch. She explores the question of whether a reigning queen has a passive ( traditionally female ) or an active ( traditionally male ) position. David Cecil also writes about Victor ia in terms of her gender in his biography of Lord Melbourne entitled simply Melbourne (1954). 13 In the sections pertaining to Victoria, Cecil argues that her home life growing up, the tyranny of her mother, John Conroy s position in her mother s househ old, and her virtual seclusion from society all had a great effect on her court and her reign. However, he also writes about Victoria s need for someone the implication is a male to guide her in her position, and his own gender bias is evident throughout his work. 14 More recently, Gillian Gill s book We Two (2009) has a n interesting interpretation of the part that gender roles played in the transformation of the monarchy. She argues that Albert s understanding of gender roles and his position as both a husband and as the spouse of the British sovereign were two of the major factors contributing to the monarchy s increasing emphasis on philanthropic work. 15 Although some authors claim, sometimes indirectly, that their respective German background s affected the influence that Albert and Adelaide had over their spouses, most focus on a specific sovereign and thus do not consider German influence as an overarching trend. Craig and Schama observe broader social tren ds that factor into the monarchy s change in purpose, such as a changing class structure and the rise of 12 Margaret Homans, Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837 1876 (Chicago: University of Chica go Press, 1998). 13 David Cecil, Melbourne (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1954). 14 Ibid 309 and 316. 15 Gillian Gill, We Two: Victoria and Albert: Rulers, Partners, Rivals (New York: Ballentine Books, 2009).
9 republicanism in government. John Raymond, the editor of Queen Victoria s Early Letters (1963) clearly demonstrates th r ough his selection of correspondence between Victoria and Leopold, the influence that Leopold had over Victoria while David Duff in Victoria and Albert (1972), establishes Albert s determination to remain culturally German and to assert his influence over Victoria. 16 Hopkirk most clearly demonstrates Adelaide s influence over William and her determination to fit into English society, while still helping William reform his lifestyle according to her notions of propriety. To be sure, the influence of the ir German spouses on British monarchs was not the only factor in the change of the monarchy s role in the early nineteenth century The evolution of the middle classes, the Industrial Revolution and parliamentary politics were also significant in the evolution of the monarchy s image from the reign of George IV to that of Victoria. This thesis therefore engages in a larger argument about the chang ing role of the British monarchy during the nineteenth century, but it is limited to the effect that the German nobles who married into the royal family had on the monarchy s appearance and actions during the reigns of William IV and Victoria. To that end, the thesis focuses on three themes and is divided into three chapters: Family, Virtue, and Work Ethic. Chapter one discusses the familial image displayed by the English royal family in the first half of the nineteenth century It discusses how cultural influences such as P ietism, cameralism, and traditional theories of virtue may have affected the behavior and habits of German nobles who married into the English royal family These cultural influences of the Germans helped form an image of the monarchy to which English subjects could more easily relate The values that were 16 John Raymond, ed., Queen Victoria s Early Letters (London: B. T. Batsford, 1963) ; David Duff, Victoria and Albert (New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1972).
10 projected by the royal family had a significant effect in the rising importance of the sovereign s role as head of nation rather than head of state. T he lifestyle changes that William made as a resu lt of his marriage to Adelaide prior to becoming king and Albert and Victoria s determination to demonstrate a traditional marital dynamic despite the political realities were major factors in changing the values that were projected by monarchy during th e early nineteenth century. Chapter two, Virtue, discusses the importance of the moral values that Germans such as King Leopold of Belgium Queen Adelaide, and Prince Albert brought with them from Germany. Germany has had a long history regarding the manife station of virtue in human beings ; for example t he idea that nobles gained their position in society by way of their inherent virtue was a popular philosophy in Germany prior to the eighteenth century 17 It meant that virtue was effectively limited to nobility and thus created a powerful and lasting link between virtue and the nobility in Germany However, as ideas originating from the Protestant Reformation gave rise to other Christian reforming movements in conjunction with rise in the belief that the nobility held power because they were the landowning class and not because they had an inbred sense of virtue ideas about virtue and its manifestation changed dramatically. This had a major effect on many Germans relationship with virtue and piety. Pietism and cameralism were two movements in Germany that had an effect on the way that German nobles were taught to view the society. Pietism was one of the Christian reforming movements that rose out of the Protesta nt Reformation because its proponents did not believe that the Reformation went far enough. They believed that the Reformation had not succeeded in changing the 17 William D. Godsey, Nobles and Nation in Central Europe: Free Imperial K nights in the Age of Revolution, 1750 1850 (New York: Cambridge University, 2004) 49.
11 way people lived their daily lives, and advocated a stronger sense of inner piety and strict adherence to a Lutheran code of morality 18 Cameralism was an economic theory that centered around the idea that the state existed for the prince, and that therefore the subjects and their achievements existed to strengthen the prince s wealth. This theor y extended into the idea that the best way to ensure prosperity for the prince was to ensure prosperity for the people. 19 The values and virtues that Adelaide Leopold, and Albert may have extracted from these movements had a definite influence in bringing the monarchy into a position to which their middle class subjects, who were rising in power during this period could more easily relate Chapter three discusses a sense of royal work et hic that was funneled more into the social rather than the political domain during the reigns of William IV and Victoria. The sense of social and personal responsibility that the royal family developed during this period is crucial to the current royal fa mily s position in Britain A monarch s purpose can either be the head of the government like a head of state, a cultural figurehead more like how the British monarchs today are called the head of nation, or a combination of both. As the English sovereign became less the primary agent of government and more a unifying cultural figurehead, one of the most important ways that the royal family justified and manifested its relevance to the nation was through public patronage and charity. 18 George Becker, Pietism s Confrontation with Enlightenment Rationalism: An Examination of the Relation between Ascetic Protestantism and Science, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30, no. 2 (1991): 148. 19 Albion W. Sma ll, Some Contributions to the History of Sociology. Section VIII Approaches to Objective Economic and Political Science in Germany: Cameralism, The American Journal of Sociology 29, no. 2 (1923): 158 165 See also Keith Tribe, Cameralism and the Scienc e of Government The Journal of Modern History 56 no. 2 (1984): 263 284.
12 The domestication of the image of the monarchy, its revitalized sense of virtue, and especially the royal family s new work ethic were major factors in ensuring the continua tion of the monarchy in England, especially during a period of revolution and drast ic changes of government throughout the western world. These changes were brought about in part by Germans who married into the English royal family in the early nineteenth century. This thesis thus contributes to the broader understanding of how the British monarchy adapted in order to survive the changes of European society in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The changes in focus for the British monarchy that occurred during the reigns of William IV and Victoria from primary agent of go vernment to unifying cultural figurehead help to explain the role and continuance of the British monarchy today.
13 Family As Parliament gained more and more control over policy making and increasingly overshadowed the sovereign in terms of the day to day running of the country, the English monarchy became more focused on creating a domestic setting for itself. As mentioned i n the introduction the Act of Settlement Parliament passed in 1701 put restrictions on who could inherit the crown but also required consent from Parliament for the monarch to leave the country or wage war By British law, the sovereign is required to g ive Royal a ssent to any bills passed by Parliament; and the A ct of Settlement reinforced the principle that government was undertaken by the Sovereign and his or her constitutional advisers (i.e. his or her Ministers), not by the Sovereign and any personal advisers whom he or she happened to choose. 1 The fact that the monarchy is an inheritable position may help explain, in part, why it became increasingly family oriented as the prominence of the nuclear family blossomed 2 ; during the nineteenth ce ntury, however, the English monarchy became more outwardly domestic as a way to relate to its ever more powerful bourgeois subjects. The monarchy cultivated a closer relation to the bourgeoisie than it had before William and Victoria to encourage bourgeo is compliance during an era full of revolution and republican sympathies. The bourgeois lifestyle became more important to the social atmosphere in England as increasing industry brought wealth and power to the English middle classes The reigns of King George IV (r. 1820 1830) King William IV (r. 1830 1837) and 1 The Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, The Official Website of the British Monarchy, The Act of Settlement, 2008. http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheStuarts/Ma ryII WilliamIIIandTheActofSettlement/TheActofSettlement.aspx (accessed April 25, 2011). 2 158.
14 Queen Victoria (r. 1837 1901) coincided with the Industrial Revolution. 3 As the methods of production changed, relationships between employers and employees, and merchants and customers change d. F amily owned and operated businesses were in decline and were being replaced with manufacturing companies. Just as a family business is generally kept in the family, a monarchy functions similarly in that the next monarch is the closest descendent to the previous monarch. For example, when a monarch has no children, the crown will pass first to his or her next living male sibling 4 as it did when William inherited the throne from George IV. The n ext in line for the throne is usually educated from birth to take over the role of his or her predecessor, in the same way that a parent would teach a child to be able to take over a family business after the parent is no longer capable of running it. As the business of government increasingly became the responsibility of Parliament the royal family had to revise its role. In order for the royal family not to seem redundant, it was expedient that they present a domestic image separate from government. However, it is important to note that the sovereigns of the time were not merely figureheads, but maintained a governmental role separate from the Parliament similar in that a business owner is not part of the labor force in his factories, yet cannot be s aid to be useless to the business. 5 English monarchs in the nineteenth century wielded two kinds of power: formal political power and informal political influence. Due to the nature of an unwritten 3 The Industrial Revolution can be defined as the period of time during which industry expanded due to new inventions of machinery to such an extent as to fundamentally change the structure of society. This is the first period of time during which the midd le classes in England were able to control the means of production. 4 During the nineteenth century, some countries such as Hanover prohibited women from inheriting the throne, whereas others, such as England, only stipulated that males had primacy over fe males in the line of succession. Victoria inherited her position because she was the only child of the Duke of Kent, the fourth son of George III (William was the third son). 5 157.
15 constitution, these distinctions often changed with th e prime minister of the day. The role of the monarch during this period was a complex and fluid one. He or she had to support whatever party was in power in Parliament manifested in the selection of a prime minister, regardless of his or her personal po litical opinions. Although Parliament was the government body that created policy for the monarch to make into law, some prime ministers such as Sir Robert Peel believed that the king or queen had the right to choose their own ministers which gave the monarch a lot of power over how legislation should be created and interpreted. 6 In this period, most members of the English royal family found their spouses in German noble families. English law prevented sovereigns from marrying commone rs and Catholics. Royal marriages were also a matter of dynasty building, and required the approval of the reigning monarch or regent. Th us the English theory was that the more familial connections a royal family had with members of other royal families, the more political connections it had with other royal families. However, the little German states provided more potential spouses that fit the requirements of being both Protestant and nobility, than other, more advantageous dynastic connections. In G ermany, t he traditional concept of nobility was that virtue could be passed down from parent to child, like certain physical traits, thus both parents had to be noble to ensure the theoretical continuation of a virtuous line. As a result, the nobility had been a rather closed caste because, in order to maintain pure bloodlines, the nobility had to be passed down from both the mother and the father. Throughout the nineteenth century, the German nobility was facing a rising nationalism, which caused many no bles to have to rethink how the nobility could continue to hold the elevated place in society that they had 6 Craig, 176.
16 enjoyed for centuries. German nationalism grew tremendously during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Those involved most heavily with the movement, namely intellectuals and the upper middle classes, called for a Germany that was united politically through a sense of cultural unity instead of a Germany divided by politics which had little to do with ordinary Germans. The shift in s ocio political philosophy meant that the German nobility had to find a way to fit themselves into the new nationalistic ideology. The rising nationalism in Germany threatened to make the nobility obsolete. In Nobles and Nation in Central Europe William D. Godsey argues that the German nobility shifted from being based on class based bloodlines to nationally based bloodlines. He marks two great shifts in the conceptualization of nobility. The first was that a disconnection developed between the assumed virtue passed down through the generations and the reality of the situation. This is when the nobility became seen primarily as a landowning class instead of a class distinguished by inherited virtue and moral superiority. The second shift came a s the idea of a pure lineage came to depend on nationality rather than on rank. 7 Thus, it became better for a German noble to be able to trace his or her lineage without having any foreign relatives than to have a family that never married outside of its family s socio political status. Both conservative and liberal nobles came to this conclusion, although they differed in their views of why the nobility ought to occupy an elevated status relative to the common people. The liberal view was that the Germa n nobility was nothing more than the wealthier landed class of families of the people, of the free and wellborn. 8 The conservative viewpoint took the old idea of 7 Godsey, Nobles and Nation in Central Europe 64 8 Godsey quotes Johann Christian Maier, 63.
17 nobility and updated it; Carl Ludwig von Haller, a conservative German aristocrate wrote t hat the nobility [is] not a privileged caste, not a separate people ( Volk rather the most excellent, outstanding part of the people ( Volk ), its adornment, its glory. 9 German conservative aristocrats asserted their Germanness over their elevated ran k in order to remain legitimate Germans. Prince Albert for example, demonstrated his commitment to his nationality several times over before and after marrying Queen Victoria. He described himself as ein treuer Deutscher, Coburger, Gothaner zu sein in a letter to his family express ing his determination always remain a loyal German, despite being married to the English q ueen. 10 Likewise, David Duff devotes several pages to Albert s resistance to becoming Anglicized in his book Victoria and Albert, c oncluding that in the way that he dressed and talked, rode and shot, even in the way that he shook hands, he remained foreign. 11 German nobles had to increasingly emphasize their Germanness over their nobility to maintain a sense of legitimacy for their social position. Whether their parents were conscious of it or not, Adelaide and Albert would have been exposed to these ideas about what it means to be a German noble. The need to reassert national relevance carried over to England during this time as members of the German nobility intermarried with members of the English royal family. The allure of the nobility in the new German sense came from the idea that the nobility was the best of the people. It was this idea that was infused into the education of the German nobles in the nineteenth century. This philosophy was at complete odds with the behavior of several prominent members of the English royal family in the same period. Before marrying Princess 9 Godsey quotes Carl Ludwig von Haller, 61. 10 David Duff, Victoria and Albert (New York: Taplinger 1972 ), 22. 11 Ibid, 23.
18 Caroline, in 1785 the future King George IV had married Maria Fitzherbert, a wealthy English woman from a Roman Catholic family who had been widowed twice. He was forced to abandon her, however, and declare their marriage void because she was a Catholic and because his father had not given his approval for the match before it had taken place. Ten years later, George III persuaded his son to marry Caroline of Brunswick, but the two quickly became estranged. They were completely unsuited for each other in terms of personality and George had no interest in his marriage to Caroline beyond the money that his father gave him for it. Perhaps Caroline did not fit into the English court culture because, as Mary Hopkirk writes: Frances, Lady Jersey, a bishop s daughter and a grandmother to wit, accompanied the ill matched couple on their honeymoon as sole lady in waiting upon the bride; malicious and ruthless as she was, she made it her business to ensure that it was not a success. She encouraged poor, trusting Caroline to make every kind of mistake. She advi sed her how to dress, making sure that the suggestions offered were inappropriate or unbecoming; she arranged that she should ride badly broken horses; and even put spirits in her tea. 12 George IV increasingly tried to prevent Caroline from seeing their da ughter Charlotte as their daughter grew older. Perhaps in order to spite him for his cruelty, she went gallivanting around Europe without seeming to care if she flouted propriety, and gave a bad impression of the English royal family on the Continent While his wife was abroad, the king publicly took mistresses. The English royal family became notorious for their behavior which affected their image with other royal families abroad. For example, 12 Hopkirk, Queen Adelaide 20
19 Hopkirk notes how the Duchess of Meini n gen and her daugh ter Adelaide were aware of the unfortunate treatment to which the wives of George III s sons had been subjected when she married her daughter Adelaide into the Hanoverian family, but the marriage had the advantage of possibly placing Adelaide s children in to the line of succession and Adelaide was already in her mid twenties with few political advantages to attract a better match. 13 For the majority of British subjects, official appearances were the only contact that they ever had with their sovereign oth er than what they heard about them in the newspapers or via rumor. The press often discussed the sexual adventures and gambling habits of George III s sons, which did not go over well with the majority of ordinary citizens. 14 Royal appearances or function s were envisioned as increas ing the perceived splendor of the monarch, and thus more emphasis went into the demonstrations of power and glory that occurred in the southern and eastern areas of London because there was couraged social cohesion among the poorer classes, but that the upper classes were impervious to it. 15 Most members of the aristocracy and upper middle classes neither required nor desired the expense and extravagance of the sovereign required by state ap pearances and events, especially when the expense that went into maintaining the majesty of the monarchy was undermined by its reputation in the press. In his extensive journals, Lord Greville (1794 1865) periodically took the time to describe important or influential people of the time. Lord Greville actually wrote in his journal about King William IV s funeral: 13 Ibid 13 14 Craig, 179. 15 Ibid, 171.
20 [It] is a wretched mockery after all, and if I were king, the first thing I would do should be to provide for being committed to the earth wit h more decency and less pomp. A host of persons of all ranks and stations were congregated, who loitered through the lofty halls, chattering and laughing, and with nothing of hu ng with black and adorned with scutcheons and every sort of funeral finery, was like a scene in a play, and as we passed through it and looked at the scaffolding and rough work behind, wit was just like a goring behind the scenes of a theatre. A soldier s funeral, which I met in the morning the plain coffin slowly borne along by his comrades, with the cap and helmet and sword of the dead placed upon it was more impressive, more decent, more affecting than all this pomp with pasteboard crowns, and heral ds scampering bout, while idleness and indifference were gazing or gossiping round about the royal remains. 16 In this passage, Greville complains about the obvious lack of sincerity in the court s mourning of William s death. At this point a sovereign s fu neral was still a ceremony designed to proclaim the magnificence of the deceased sovereign and the royal family in general, instead of an opportunity for the family and friends of the deceased to sincerely mourn the passing of their friend or family member and hopefully gain some sort of closure. Greville even describes the sort of funeral that he would prefer to see for sovereigns L ike other members of his class according to David Cr aig, he did not appreciate the ceremonial splendor and did not believe that it enhanced the dignity or importance of the monarchy. This passage demonstrates that at least some members of 16 Lord Charles Greville, The Greville Memoirs e d. Henry Reeve Vol. I, II vols (New York: D. Appelton and Co, 1885 7 ), 5.
21 the aristocracy were in favor of a more domestic image for the monarchy, or at least a more pri vate and dignified one. William and Victoria and their respective spouses found that, in this period, creating and demonstrating a more familial image allowed their subjects to identify with them rather than allowing ceremony and scandal to be the only wa y for the people to connect to the sovereign, which could create a distance that might encourage revolutionary tendencies. Victoria and Albert often used paintings, photographs (a relatively new technology), and the press to manipulate the public s image of themselves and their family. 17 There were still grand ceremonies to proclaim and reaffirm the power and glory of the royal family in Britain; however, a twofold presentation of the royal family through ritual and through familial depictions allowed Engl ish subjects to see their sovereigns both as people they could relate to and as figureheads they could respect. Emphasizing the familial element in the royal family made them seem less foreign; maintaining distance between themselves and their subjects vi a ceremony upheld their majesty. There was a delicate balance between portraying the royal family as a normal, private family who m people could relate to and portraying the sovereign as a figurehead of the state and thus not an ordinary citizen. People such as Queen Adelaide introduced the concepts of living simply and within one s means as well as an emphasis on familial love to the English court which appealed to the bourgeois standards of living of non noble English subjects. Adelaide brought over her understated style of living from Meinigen and reformed her husband to match it. For example, as Philip Ziegler relates, she was raised 17 Craig, 173.
22 in a small provincial German duchy in the middle of what is now modern day Germany west of the Th u ringian Forest, and had a clear vision of how life ought to be run and no idea of modifying her view to suit an alien land. 18 Once William s elder brothers had both died, Greville wrote that Queen Adelaide was by no means delighted at her elevation. She likes quiet and retirement and Bushy [the Duke of Clarence s private 19 He contrasts William with the previous sovereign George IV : his attention to business, his frank and good humored familiarity, and his general hosp itality, were advantageously compared with the luxurious and selfish indolence and habits of seclusion in the society of dull and grasping favorites. 20 William s upbringing had been very different from that of his elder brothers because when he was thirte en, he was put into the Royal Navy, and thus grew up with men from all different backgrounds far less prestigious than his own. 21 William and Adelaide preferred to live simple lives more in tune with the middle classes than the rank they inherited. Prior to his marriage to Adelaide, for example, William had had ten illegitimate children with an actress named Dorothea Jordan. When Adelaide accepted William s marriage proposal, there was some interest about how she would interact with William s childr en. William and Mrs. Jordan had lived together with the children for a while, and their children resided at Bushy, William s estate. Adelaide came into the marriage expecting to accept William s illegitimate children as part of William s family, although many people, including William s mother, did not approve of her intention. Queen 18 Ziegler, King William IV 123. 19 Greville, The Greville Memoirs Vol. II 361. 20 Ibid, 3. 21 Ziegler King William IV Chapters two and three
23 Charlotte told her in their first interview that she was not to recognize William s children as stepchildren at all. Adelaide disregarded this advice entirely and accepted William s children into her household as her stepchildren. 22 Adelaide s actions promoted the idea that members of the royal family could try to have a semblance of a normal family dynamic. In Adelaide s view, if William treated his children like ordinary family without any discrimination against them for their parents unofficial union, then she would accept them as her step children. Queen Charlotte and the Duchess of Kent felt otherwise. They both considered William s children as mere byproducts of his affair with Dorothea Jordan. Prior to becoming king and queen, William and Adelaide lived a very subdued, domestic life as the duke and duchess of Clarence and continued to do so as much as possible after their accession to the throne Greville says o f William that, the custom he introduced of giving toasts and making speeches at all his dinners was more suitable to a tavern than to a palace. He was totally deficient in dignity or refinement, and neither his elevation to the throne nor his associatio n with people of the most distinguished manners could give him any tincture of the one or the other. 23 It seems as though William viewed the dinners he hosted more as gatherings of friends and acquaintances rather than as excuses for members of the aristo cracy to see their king. Later, Greville claims that William had no desire to throw off the habits and manners of a country gentleman to become king. 24 Most historians mention that Adelaide was the one to reform his life style by encouraging him paying off and preventing debt so that they could live peaceably and respectably at home. Hopkirk quotes Colonel Wilbraham, a friend of William s when he 22 Hopkirk, 28. 23 Grevill, Greville Memoirs Vol I 4. 24 Grevill, Greville Memoirs Vol I, 361.
24 was still just the Duke of Clarence, as saying, wife has entirely re formed him, and instead of the polisson [naughty] manner of which he used to be celebrated, he is now quiet and well behaved as anybody else. 25 William clearly had a reputation for impolite and raucous behavior that he had earned prior to marriage and which disappeared for the most part after his marriage to Adelaide Although the Duchess of Kent and Adelaide were both German, and had a similar religious education, they did not necessarily agree when it came to familial matters. Adelaide believed that it was her duty to accept William s family as her own, and, as he thought of his illegitimate children as his family, she sought to do the same. However, according to Henry Fox of Holland House, the issue of William s illegitimate children was the sp ark of the lifetime feud between the Duchess of Kent and King William because she would not recognize them as the King s children as Adelaide did 26 The Duchess of Kent behaved as though William s children did not merit her attention because they were livi ng proof of William s immoral ways and could not inherit the crown. In fact, she would not let Victoria play with William s grandchildren because they were children of William s illegitimate children 27 When Adelaide gave a ball for Victoria s birthday, the Duchess of Kent refused at the last minute, to let her attend, giving as a reason that since her brother Leopold, King of Belgium, had just lost an infant ,s that they were in too deep a mourning to attend. 28 Although David Cecil claims that the Duchess of Kent did not want her daughter to fall under the influence of King William, it is hard to tell whether she thought of him as a bad influence on her daughter, 25 Hopkirk, Queen Adelaide 43 26 Abraham D. Kriegel ed., The Holland House Diaries 1831 1840 (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977) 53. 27 Hopkirk, Queen Adelaide, 123. 28 Ibid, 137.
25 or whether she was afraid that he would prejudice her daughter against her and thus ruin any i nfluence she might have whenever her daughter took possession of the throne. 29 It is probable that she justified one with the other. The Duchess of Kent and King William had a nearly lifetime active animosity towards each other. The Duchess of Kent woul d take her daughter out and about in public places and insist on her right to have the Royal Standard saluted for her because she was the mother of the next Queen of England. 30 William eventually forbade her from doing that At one of his birthday dinners he took the opportunity to express his feelings regarding the Duchess publicly and candidly in a speech at the dinner table: I trust in God that my life may be spared for nine months longer, after which period, in the event of my death, no regency would take place. I should then have the satisfaction of leaving the royal authority to the personal exercise of that young lady [pointing towards Victoria] the heiress of the Crown, and not in the hands of a person now near me [implicating the Duchess of Kent] who is herself incompetent to act with propriety in the station in which she would be placed. 31 This speech was, understandably, very embarrassing to the Duchess who, Hopkirk assures us, would have left the castle immediately if not for the intervention of the queen. William s impetuous temper was the main reason why Adelaide s efforts in pursuit of domestic harmony were frequently thwarted. Adelaide had tried to create a tra nquil familial setting for the royal family because it was the sort of environment she felt most comfortable in, but Victoria and Albert took it a step farther and tried to use that image to their advantage in public relations. Queen 29 Cecil, Melbourne, 11. 30 Hopkirk, Queen Adelaide, 134. 31 Ibid, 156
26 Victoria and Prince A lbert actively cultivated a domestic aura around the royal family. Victoria certainly did not try to cultivate the picture of monarchi c majesty projected by monarchs such as George IV and Louis XIV of France (whose court was full of such strict etiquette that there was no privacy for the royal family), or even try to cling to it as had her grandfather, George III of England. By Victoria s time, monarchic majesty manifested itself a little differently than the absolutism of the past. There were still para des and processions to proclaim the glory of the monarch, but most of the portraits they had painted of themselves were designed to emphasize their familial bond rather than their monarchic glory. The familial structure was more pronounced under Victoria s reign because she was the sovereign, and thus sovereign over Albert, while at the same time she was his wife, which, during the time period, dictated that she ought to occupy a secondary role in relation to her husband. S he balanced the two by cultivati ng a very domestic setting for her family, rather than portraying her position merely as a seat of power. For example, Victoria preferred royal funerals and weddings to be as private and family oriented as possible. 32 In 1841 to 1845, Edwin Landseer pain ted a portrait of Albert and Victoria which depicts them, not as royals, but as a married couple (see figure 1) Albert sits more towards the middle of the painting with his face towards the viewer. Victoria stands in profile to the viewer speaking to Albert and in front of the couple are Albert s hunting dogs, game, and their eldest child Victoria, usually called Vicky, who stands at the edge of the painting As Simon Schama points out, this vision of the domestic virtues, and of family piety, is completed by the distant prospect of the queen s mother, the Duchess of 32 Craig, 172.
27 Kent, being solicitously wheeled about the park in a bath chair. 33 The painting is more about Albert as a husband and provider than it is about Victoria at all. It seems t o capture a moment in married life completely unrelated to their royal station. This painting demonstrates the family simplicity that the royal family assumed in the mid nineteenth century as opposed to the sort of paintings popular the century before, su ch as Johan Zoffany s The Prince of Wales and the Duke of York ( 1764 ) (see figure 2) This painting of the prince and the duke as children was both an affirmation of the royal family s dynastic lineage and an attempt to show the children as normal aristocrat ic children Zoffany s painting of Victoria s uncle King George IV and his brother as children has two very clear portraits of King George III and Queen Caroline in the background to remind the viewer of the children s lineage despite the more r elaxed setting. Although Landseer s painting has some semblance of truth to it because Victoria and Albert were sincerely fond of each other, the addition of Duchess of Kent in her wheelchair suggests that either the painter was appealing to some ideal th at he or Queen Victoria held regarding family or that it was a conscious decision to complete the domestic felicity with the q ueen s mother despite the tension between them. 34 For most of Victoria s childhood, the Duchess of Kent used her daughter s positi on as heir to the throne as leverage to boost her own position in society and the court. If the painting had been intended to convey the majesty or lineage of Victoria as queen Landseer might have included a figure such as King George III in some way. A s it stands, the only lineage the painting promotes is Victoria s connection to the Saxe Coburgs her husband s family 35 33 156. 34 Cecil, Melbourne, 314 315. 35 See Appendix 2, Saxe Coburg family tree.
28 Although one cannot doubt the sincerity of affection between Albert and Victoria, at least in the beginning of their marriage, it is hard to ignore the fact that almost all images of the pair depict them as an ordinary married couple instead of a royal couple with an uneven political and social relationship. Victoria s and Albert s marriage existed totally counter to the gender norms a t the time. Traditionally, the husband was supposed to occupy the position of power while the wife remained within the domestic sphere. Despite the fact that Victoria and Albert did not have a normal marital power structure, they commissioned images that emphasized a power structure that would be deemed acceptable to the middle class or gentry at the time, which made it easier for ordinary subjects to relate to the royal couple. However, although Albert and Victoria may be the most obvious example of th e familial bonds that were emphasized, they were not the first. George III enabled a transformation of monarchi c al popularity by serving as a focus of ritual splendor and a model of ordinary domesticity. 36 A s more representative forms of government came into fashion t he politics of the nation no longer revolved around the nobility. The monarchy, therefore, had to adapt against the threat of nationalism and republicanism that was sweeping across Europe. There was a delicate balance between preserving t he majesty of the royal family and creating such a spectacle of splendor that it alienated the ordinary people, encouraging them to seek alternative forms of government. Therefore the ostentation of the early eighteenth century became outmoded and a new e ra of domesticity was ushered in as the monarchs slowly became more national figureheads than political entities. 36 Craig, 172.
29 The image of the English royal family became more domestically focused as the times necessitated and as the German influence throu gh marriage persisted. The changing nature of the nobility and its place in society in Germany influenced the English monarchy with which it intermarried. A setting of domestic felicity and the depiction of the sovereigns and their spouses as living live s similar to their own gave the royal family a new human element. When a monarch is presented in a more domestic setting, less attention tends to be paid to the governmental side of monarchy. A royal family that appears to live in the same style and adhe re to the same behavioral code as their subjects may make for a less salacious read in the gossip columns, but also reduces a potentially antagonistic us versus them mentality. The caution and culture of the German spouses of the English royal family he lped usher in a new era of family oriented domesticity and royal family popularity.
30 Virtue The shifting image of the English royal family to a more bourgeois domesticated image brought with it a renewed emphasis on virtue rooted in the Protestant faith. As mentioned in the previous chapter, Leopold, Adelaide, and Albert all came from German lines of nobility, where it had been believed for centuries that nobles were noble, and therefore deserving of their place in society because of an inherent sense of virtue. Although that idea became outmoded during the eighteenth century, the fact that it had been a part of German history pervaded the discourse surrounding the role of nobility in Germany. 1 When political and philosophical theories began to challenge the established social order, the nobility had to defend their privileged position, especially as republican and nationalistic theories became more popular. As William D. Godsey reminds us, Nobles, after all, had traditional claims to being the nation and the government. 2 Nobles then had to hinge their claim to status on being the best example of a German, rather than belonging to a separate caste that nobles from all countries belonged to in opposition to all commoners from all countries; according to Carl Ludwig von Haller (1768 1854) : the nobility [is] not a privileged caste, not a separate people ( Volk rather the most excellent, outstanding part of the people ( Volk ), its adornmen t, its glory. 3 Virtue can be measured in various ways by different cultures and societies and is often taught through religious practices and beliefs. The most commonly accepted virtues of the Christian religion are chastity, temperance, charity, dilige nce, patience, kindness, and humility; though many denominations of Christianity may differ on which 1 Godsey, Nobles and Nation in Central Europe 49 2 Ibid, 2. 3 Ibid, 61.
31 ones ought to be emphasized over others, and some have a much more comprehensive list. These are the kinds of values that the Germans who married into t he English monarchy tried to embody due to their Lutheran upbringing. On the surface, of course the English royal family had the same values, but rather their practice or manifestation of these values in their actions was not always clear, and often decid edly obscure Further, although both England and most of the German states were Protestant, their religious histories were very different. The Protestant Reformation in Germany gave birth to Lutheranism, which became the state church in many German stat es, including Prussia. England became a Protestant country in the sixteenth century when Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church to achieve his own ends, and declared himself the head of the Church in England, giving birth to the Anglican Church. 4 In both countries, similar religious movements formed in order to reform their respective state churches in the seventeenth century : the Puritans in England and the Pietists in Germany. Both sought to bring religious observance down to a very personal, emotional connection with God campaigning against adherence to ritual without sincerity of conviction, which they believed rampant throughout their state churches. Puritanism however, embraced the Enlightenment philosophy of rationalism, whereas Pietism saw it as a threat to religious conviction. Another difference was in the political stances of the two movements: Puritanism developed an anti absolutist attitude, whereas Pietism supported absolutism, which naturally made Pietism more acceptable to to German rulers than 4 Henry sought an annulment of his marria ge to Catherine of Aragon, but was denied by the pope. Henry s justification for the annulment was that she had been married to his elder brother before becoming a widow, which was against church law. The pope sided with Catherine, who claimed that the m arriage to his brother had never been consummated partly for political reasons. Under the short reign of Henry s son Edward, the Anglican Church persisted as the recognized church in England. Few sovereigns after Edward were Catholic, and eventually Prot estantism was made a requirement for a sovereign of England.
32 Puritanism was to English ones 5 Thus Pietism or at least Pietist cultural norms became more mainstream in Germany whereas Puritanism was marginalized in England. Most Pietists believed that the purpose of education was to further religious understanding, and that therefore, knowledge had to display a distinctly religious connection or else be given a false and dangerous independence. 6 Any education that did not have a clear connection to theology or religious conviction was considered dangerous and likely to lead students down the path of sin. At the same time, Pietists sought to implement a practical sort of Christianity, meaning that they desired people to put their religious lessons into practice; they believed that the Reformation did not extend far enough because it had not spark ed a revolution in how people structured their daily lives 7 They advocated Bible readings in small groups and the renunciation of sinful diversions, by which they meant that all divers ions ought to reaffirm and uphold religious conviction and maintain a sober demeanor. 8 Pietists believed that orthodox Lutheranism was too dogmatic and intellectual. Instead, the Pietists promoted the idea of Herzensreligion translated as religion of t he heart which was an inward and intensely emotional state of mind, as well as an engaged or practical religiosity. 9 Herzen s religion encouraged a rational orientation toward social problems and the conception of good works 10 Charity or service to one s neighbor was a virtue that was strongly emphasized in the Pietist movement. 11 5 Becker, 140. 6 Ibid, 144. 7 Ibid, 148. 8 Richard L. Gawthrop, Lutheran Pietism and the Weber Thesis, German Studies Review 12, no. 2 (1989), 241; Becker, 145 9 Becker, 148 10 Ibid 11 Gawthrop, 241; Becker 148
33 Although Pietism is generally considered to have occurred in Germany in the seventeenth century and waned in the eighteenth century, many scholars expand the movement int o the nineteenth and even the twentieth centuries. The justification for this is that Pietism in a much broader sense continued to influence modern Protestantism, culture, and society 12 This justification situates Pietism into an international climate of Protestant reform alongside English Puritans and the Dutch nadere Reformatie or further Reformation 13 Given the emphasis on charity and sobriety, it is probable that the court of Meiningen in which Adelaide grew up was influenced by Piestist philosop hies. However, Pietism was not the only social movement in Germany during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is probable that cameralism had much to do with the German nobles sense of social welfare. Cameralism is an economic theory that was most popular between 1555 and 1765. 14 Cameralism is the theory that a government is strong enough to function when it has the means to pay its expenses, and that the best way to ensure that it can keep up its treasury in order to do is maintain the welfar e of its people. Cameralist theory revolves around the idea that the point of government is to maintain the prince, but that the best way to do so is to maintain the people, because if the people are rich, then money will flow into the coffers of the prin ce. 15 Cameralism was particularly popular in the smaller German states where rulers were close to the people they ruled, and thus felt more of interdependence with each other than in larger states like Prussia One side effect of cameralism is state philanthropy. Albert s philanthropic measures were probably more motivated by this theory than by religious considerations. 12 Jonathon Strom, Problems and Promises of Pietism Research, Church History 71, no. 3 (2002), 542. 13 Ibid, 538. 14 Small, 159. 15 Ibid, 160 164, see also Tribe.
34 As important as education and cultural values are, personality is a major factor in what cultural values are absorbed a nd transferred. Adelaide had a rather reserved nature, as we can infer from some of Greville s journal entries about her. 16 Adelaide did not like entertaining or large parties, especially for people she did not consider immediate friends or family. In a book written about thirty years after her death, Agnes Strickland wrote that from her earliest childhood Adelaide was remarkable for sedate deportment 17 Adelaide s reser ved nature and tendency to prefer intimate company most likely made her more prone to adhere to such Pietist values as maintaining a sober lifestyle, devoid of heavy drinking, lechery, and heavy spending. The amount of influence that a person can have on their spouse often has more to do with how receptive their spouse is to being influenced ; this may partly explain why the German Lutheran influence did not manifest itself in the English monarchy prior to William IV. Although George IV married Princess Ca roline of Brunswick who came from the same German background as Adelaide, Leopold, and Albert George IV was not receptive to the idea that he might need to change his behavior to reflect his wife s cultural values, nor was he welcoming to his wife in g eneral. In fact, he was notorious for having mistresses, and refused to live with his wife. As regent he not only forbad e her from attending state functions but discouraged others from accepting her company by making it clear to them that to call upon her would be regarded as a personal insult by the Regent. 18 16 Greville, Greville Memoirs Vol. I, 362. 17 Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England From the Norman Conquest, e d. Caroline G. Parker. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1881), 667. 18 Hopkirk, Queen Adelaide, 21
35 The small court in the duchy of Meiningen had a much different atmosphere than the morally indifferent atmosphere with the English aristocracy After her husband died in 1803, the Duchess of M einingen, Adelaide s mother, ruled over the duchy as a regent for her young son. According to the Imperial Magazine of 1832, Queen Charlotte the wife of King George III, was so impressed with the way the Duchess of Meiningen handled the French Revolution and Napoleon s consequent invasion into what is now Germany, that she: could not help signifying her admiration of it in a letter which opened a correspondence that was continued for some years with increasing satisfaction on both sides. But what gave p eculiar pleasure to her Majesty was, the accounts she received from various sources, of the moral character of the little court of Meiningen. 19 The accounts of the court of Meiningen circulating in Europe in the early to mid nineteenth century describe it as a very small, liberal court with a heavy emphasis on a strong Protestant morality that guided the actions of the ducal family there. Thus Adelaide grew up to exhibit, a strong repugnance to the laxity of morals and contempt of religious feeling with w hich the French Revolution had infected all the German courts. 20 Napoleon s invasion of Germany brought with it the ideology of the French Revolution, which challenged the established social order and religious observance Its ideas stressed the Enlight enment idea of reason, and denounced much of Christianity as superstition. The court of Meiningen was never invaded by Napoleon and thus the people of 19 Samuel Drew, ed. The Imperial Magazine; and, Monthly Record of Religious, Philosophical, Historical, Biographical, Topographical, and General Knowledge; embracing Literature, Science, and Art Vol. II (London: Fisher, Fisher, and Jackson, 1832) 10. 20 Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, 667.
36 Meiningen were never drafted into Napoleon s service. In this way, the court of Meiningen probably reta ined much of its Pietist infused culture such as the very strong religious feelings of its members ; and because of its small size, it probably retained many aspects of cameralism such as an emphasis on charity Prior to her marriage to the Duke of Clarence and moving to England Adelaide was very active in forming and superintending schools for the education of the children of the lower orders; and in providing raiment for the aged and destitute. 21 In Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800 1914 Ann Taylor Allen provides a philosophical connection between motherhood and the female exhibition of virtue. 22 Motherhood was considered a virtue in and of itself that gave a sense of value to women, and she argues that public charity was seen as a form of public motherhood. Public charity was one way that upper class women could appropriately manifest their virtue. 23 As seen in the previous chapter, virtue was, for centuries, linked to nobility, first because it was believed that nobles maintained their position because they were inherently virtuous, then as one form that conservative nobles could work for to re legitimize their position in society. Whether or not Adelaide s public charity in her home court was genuine, probably religiously based, goodw ill, a method for legitimizing her elevated social position if only for herself, or a little of both, she brought that sense of morality to England with her when she married the Duke of Clarence. When she became queen, areas in economic distress would wr ite to her for her assistance after they learned what she had done for the Spitalfield weavers Adelaide and 21 Drew, The Imperial Magazine, 11. 22 Ann Taylor Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800 1914 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991), 6. 23 Ibid, 1.
37 William often gave money to the Anglican Church for charity work because most charities of the time were organized and promoted through it. While investigating the situation of the clergy in the east end of London, Adelaide found out about the economic difficulties faced by the Spitalfield silk weavers. 24 Due to the Spitalfield Acts passed by Parliament in the previous century, the silk trade in London was a severe disadvantage compared to silk weavers in other parts of the country and abroad. The Spitalfield Acts passed in 1773, 1792, and 1811 were intended to solve disputes between journeymen and master silk weavers regarding wages; instead, t hey effectively prevented the London silk weaving industry from being able to adapt to the demands of the market. Fixed wages meant that weavers were hired while there was demand and fired when the demand dropped, thus resulting in widespread unemployment 25 The Acts were repealed in 1823, but their effects on the stagnation of the industry persisted long after. When she discovered the economic difficulties of the Spitalfield weavers, a major silk manufacturing area in London, she hosted a ball where the dress code stipulated that all costumes had to be made from Spitalfield silk. 26 Adelaide is often credited with causing her husband, the Duke of Clarence, to change his behavior to accord more with her own quiet ways. Prior to his marriage to Adelaide, Wi lliam, the Duke of Clarence, had been famous for his unrestrained lifestyle. He ran up debts with his creditors, and was far from discre et regarding his love affairs. The wife of the Russian Ambassador to the English court found his manners and 24 Adelaide was concerned that there were neither enough clergy there, nor enough resources for the clergy to adequately do their jobs. 25 Page, William, ed., Industries: Silk weaving, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 2: General; Ashford, East Bedfont with Hatton, Feltham, Hampton with Hampton Wick, Hanworth, Laleham, Littleton, British History Online. n.d. http://www.british history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22161 (accessed April 5, 2011). 26 Hopkirk, Queen Adelaide 153
38 conversat ion quite vulgar. He was also more liberal in his drinking and swearing than most of his social peers possibly due to his service in the Royal Navy, which started when he was only thirteen 27 Greville describes the Duke of Clarence as living in miserabl e poverty with a numerous progeny of bastards who was ridiculous from his grotesque ways and little, meddling curiosity. He notes that most people meaning people of the aristocracy or gentry did not find it necessary to honor him with [a] mark of attention or respect before the Duke of York died, making William, the Duke of Clarence, the next in line to the throne. Greville points out that the Duke of Clarence received more notice after Lord Canning made him the Lord High Admiral of the Royal Navy, but that he only distinguished his position by making absurd speeches, by a morbid official activity, and by a general wildness which was thought to indicate incipient insanity 28 These were the types of obstacles that Adelaide had to overcome in o rder to make William into a respectable husband and to improve his standing in the eyes of society As Hopkirk relates Mr. Lyttelton after having dined with William describes William s behavior as contrary to what he had expected to find: to our aston ishment, [he] behaved perfectly well, was civil to everybody, even gentlemanlike in his manner, did not say a single indecent or improper thing. 29 It is clear from the statement that Mr. Lyttelton either knew William before he reformed his behavior or had been led to expect him to exhibit wild or improper behavior. As seen in the previous chapter, t he Duchess of Kent tried to use the history of William s bad behavior as an excuse to keep his influence away from her daughter, the heir to his throne, as much as she could. In doing so, Adelaide and William, as well as 27 Greville, Greville Memoirs, Vol. I, 358. 28 Ibid, 357 358. 29 Ibid, 43 and 51.
39 many other English relatives, were kept as distant from Victoria as possible. In consequence, most of the people that Victoria was able to see or have contact with were her German relatives, most notably her Uncle Leopold, who became the King of the Belgians in 1831 Leopold was the Duchess of Kent s brother and the widower of Princess Charlotte, the only daughter of King George IV. Victoria and Leopold kept up a regular correspondence throughout her childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. He advised and encouraged her about her studies giving recommendations on what books were appropriate, and suggesting where she ought t o focus her energies. In his letters, he is very sensitive to Victoria s moral education as well: I must, however, say that I have given orders to send you Sully s Memoirs. As they have not been written exclusively for young ladies, it will be well to h ave Lehzen [Victoria s German governess] to read it with you, and to judge what ought to be left for some future time. 30 Although he is recommending a book for her to read for her historical education, he is concerned that there might be some information contained in it that is not appropriate for her age or gender. His main focus in her education, however, was the development of her moral character and its particular importance for a sovereign. When Victoria was just thirteen, Leopold wrote to her, By the dispensation of Providence you are destined to fill a most eminent station; to fill it well must now become your study. A good heart and a trusty and honourable character are amongst the most indispensable qualifications for that position. 31 The the me that an honorable character is essential for a monarch comes up quite often in Leopold s letters to Victoria. He is writing from a very Lutheran point of 30 Raymond, 10. 31 Ibid, 8.
40 view in that a good person will produce good works and will not have to try to appear good. The h onorable character that Leopold wrote about corresponds to the idea of a good person who has cultivated an innate sense of right and wrong, rather than having an external third party acting as his moral compass. Indeed, four years later Leopold wrote to Victoria about King William inviting the Prince of Orange and his sons to court. William hoped to persuade Victoria to marry one of the sons of the Prince of Orange, while Leopold s first choice for her husband was his own nephew Albert one of the tw o princes of Saxe Coburg In his letter to Victoria, Leopold tries to use this circumstance to convince Victoria that the Prince of Orange is not a respectable person and expresses his indignation at the conduct of your old Uncle the King; this invitation of the Prince of Orange and his sons, this forcing him upon others, is very extraordinary. It is so, because persons in political stations and champions of great political passions cannot put aside their known character as you would lay your ha t upon a table. 32 Here Leopold is simultaneously prejudicing Victoria against William s first choice of a husband for her by making the Prince of Orange sound like undesirable company, and making a lesson in behavior out of his depiction of the Prince of Orange. He is teaching her that once one s character is publicly established, it is very difficult to set that character aside and behave differently. Thus if you are a genuinely bad person, it is much harder to make it seem as if you are a good person; whereas if you are a genuinely good person, that inherent goodness will come out. Leopold makes a very long argument about the sin of hypocrisy and the importance of being true to your character in a letter to Victoria just after her confirmation: 32 Ibid, 12.
41 There i s one virtue which is particularly Christian; this is the knowledge of our own heart in real humility Hypocrisy is a besetting sin of all times, but particularly of the present and many are the wolves in sheep s clothes. I am sorry to say, with all my affection for old England, the very state of its Society and politics renders many in that country essentially humbugs and deceivers ; the appearance of the thing is generally more considered than the reality ; provided matters go off well, and opinion may b e gained, the real good is matter of the most perfect indifference Defend yourself, my dear love, against this system; let your dear character always be true and loyal; this does not exclude prudence worldly concerns are now unfortunately so organised that you must be cautious or you may injure yourself and others but it does not prevent the being sterling and true. From your earliest childhood I was anxious to see in you this important virtue saved and developed and Lehzen when others may tremble to have at last their real character found out, and to meet all the contempt which they deserve, your mind and heart will be still and happy, because it will know that it acts honestly, that truth and goodness are the motives of its actions. 33 Here Leopold warns Victoria about the dangers of being false to her character assuming she has developed a virtuous character. He is making the argument that if she never does anything that can cause re proach, she will never have to fear having her reputation being ruined. Thus, if she is careful to cultivate a respectable, good character from the outset, she will be able to trust her own judgment to make decisions that will not cause reproach. He part icularly mentions England as a place where hypocrisy is rife, and where it was 33 Ibid, 11.
42 more important to appear good than to actually be good. He claims that this attempt is doomed to failure because people who practice this sort of behavior must constantly ensur e that they are upholding a faade. In a letter to Victoria regarding William s imminent death in 1837, Leopold reminds her again that she must cultivate always a genuine feeling of right and wrong, and be very true and honourable in your dealings; this gives great strength. 34 Leopold s insistence that Victoria demonstrate genuine honor and goodness is meant to teach her to become a monarch without unsavory secrets to hide. He wants her to cultivate a truly Lutheran perception of goodness in that peopl e who have an innate virtue will do virtuous things, because making the right choices will come naturally from their instincts Advice from older relatives often goes unheeded by the young, yet Victoria wr ote back to her uncle with thanks and reques ts for further advice or commentary on current social events. At age 15, she wrote, you cannot conceive how happy you have made me, by your very kind letter, which, instead of tiring, delights me beyond everything. I must likewise say how very grateful I feel for the kind and excellent advice you gave me in it. 35 In a letter to Leopold in 1837, Victoria wrote to Leopold about an incident between Whigs and Tories, I think that great violence and striving such a pity, on both sides, don t you dear Uncle? They irritate one another so uselessly by calling one another fools, blockheads, liars, and so forth for no purpose. I think violence so bad in everything. They should imitate you, and be calm, for you have had, God knows! enough caus e for irritation from your worthy Dutch neighbors and others. You will, I fear laugh at my politics but I like telling you my feelings, for you alone can put me right on such 34 Ibid, 19. 35 Ibid, 8.
43 subjects. 36 Throughout their correspondence, Victoria seems to embrace Leopold s advice to the point that she claims that only he can direct her in politics and morality. In fact, these two subjects are intrinsically linked throughout their correspondence. Leopold concerned himself with Victoria s moral development because of the Lutheran belief that a virtuous person will naturally make virtuous decisions without difficulty, and the assumption that quality in a sovereign will make him or her a successful ruler. Leopold and the Duchess of Kent had planned on uniting Victoria and Al bert in marriage from the time that they were children and the Duchess of Kent under Conroy s influence, had trained [Victoria] to prize moral purity. 37 Therefore, in order to ensure that Victoria would choose their candidate for her hand in marriage ove r William s (who favored the Prince of Orange), they had to ensure that that Albert would demonstrate a sense of morality compatible with that of Victoria. Albert and virtue have often been connected, especially after his death. David Duff claims that Albert s legendary goodness was based on four platforms: he was moderate in his drinking habits ; he never cheated on his wife ; he had a very strong work ethic ; and he died full of faith and prepared to meet his Maker at the end of a race well run. 38 Duf f then goes on to explain how the legend of Albert s goodness is based on false principles; however, this image of Albert is what was presented to the public both before and after his death. The two virtues that modern authors tend to focus on when discus sing Albert s virtuousness are his his faithfulness to Victoria and his work ethic 36 Ibid, 14. The great violence that Victoria was writing about specifically was an incident in which Mr. Hume referred to Sir Robert Peel and s ome other Tories as the cloven foot 37 Gill, We Two, 130. 38 Duff, Victoria and Albert, 18.
44 Gillian Gill has several theories as to the source of Albert s fidelity. First she claims that Prince Albert was the avowed heir and disciple of three native Coburgers: his father, his uncle Leopold, and Christian Stockmar and that Albert would be their man, a man in their own image in all things but one. Albert would be virtuous, he would be clean, and he would be monogamous ; that would require him to create an idealized memory of Coburg without the vices of his three mentors. 39 There is an extensive discussion in Gill s book about how morally corrupt Leopold and Albert s father were mainly because of their various extramarital aff airs. Extramarital affairs for men were quite common during this era, because there weren t really an y consequences when a man had extramarital affairs. Arguably, t he relationship between a husband and his wife was more unequal in Germany than in England during this period because women had fewer rights in Germany than they had in England. In Germany, women could not inherit property or s eats of power the same way as women could in England. 40 Gill argues that this formed the way in which Albert related to women, and caused him to feel useless in relation to his wife or that he was occupying the female role instead of the male role as he existed as a part of Victoria s household than she existed as a part of his household. Gill also frequently claims tha t the reason that Albert was faithful to his wife was because he was a misogynist, and therefore felt that women were beneath his notice. 41 However, this theory seems to be entirely unfounded. Albert came from a highly patriarchal culture where men were prized over women. This does not necessarily mean that he therefore hated women. Gill then posits the idea that Albert never cheated 39 Gill, We Two, 109. 40 The kings of England, from George I onwards were also kings of Hanover; however, Victoria could not inherit the Hanoverian throne in Germany because she was a woman ; thus it went to her uncle, the Duke of Cumberland. 41 Gill, We Two, 96.
45 on his wife because he was secretly a homosexual and therefore had no desire to pursue woman outside of his marriage. 42 S peculation aside, the most likely source of Albert s fidelity was probably a combination of personality and training by Leopold to become the perfect spouse for Victoria. The second virtue that modern authors tend to focus on is Albert s work ethic, whic h probably stems from two sources: the remnants of cameralism and the effect of a reversal of gender roles when he married the sovereign of a powerful country. Although cameralism was fast becoming old fashioned by the time Albert married Victoria, Alber t exhibited the sort of paternalistic behavior that seems consistent with its basic principles. As will be discussed in greater detail in the next chapter, Albert involved himself in many societies that existed to make conditions better for the working class in England. Part of his work ethi c probably stemmed from his displacement as the head of the royal family. He was relegated to what was typically a female role, being married to a reigning sovereign, and thus occupying a lower status than his spouse. The English Whigs and Albert came f rom very different political and moral perspectives. Not only had the Whig supremacy worked to limit the powers of the royal sovereign over the past century, t he typical English Whig gentleman exhibited the sort of vices that are born out of a lack of s elf control. It was not out of the ordinary for them to gamble with enormous sums of money, drink themselves under the table, or to have mistress upon they lavished expensive gifts and a luxurious lifestyle. 43 It was so usual for Whig gentleman to have mi stress in fact, that an unmarried man was thought unpleasantly quer if he did not keep under his protection some sprightly full bosomed 42 Ibid, 136. 43 C ecil, Melbourne, 20.
46 Kitty Clive or Mrs. Bellamy, whose embraces he repaid with a house in Montpelier Square, a box at the opera and a smart cabriolet in which to drive her down to Brighthelmstone for a week s amorous relation. 44 Albert on the other hand, came from the same German noble family as Leopold, the Saxe Coburgs, and had been given a moral education by Leopold that would be deemed acceptable by Victoria. The beliefs of both Albert and Adelaide sharply contrasted with Lord Melbourne, a prime example of the typical Whig aristocrat : Queen Adelaide found his views on religion lax and his conversation disagreeably paradoxical. Many of her subjects agreed with her 45 Albert appears to have asserted his morality more strongly than Adelaide : not only did the Prince s views strike him [Melbourne] as intolerant, but, considering the free and easy morals of the Englis h aristocracy, they seemed likely to get the Queen into disfavor with some of her most influential subjects. 46 These influential subjects were the powerful Whig aristocrats. Albert and King George IV thus serve as the bookends to the process of change r egarding the relative importance of morality and virtue at the English court. King George represents one end of the continuum with Albert at the other. King George s extramarital affairs were common knowledge and he was often described as a rake or a c ad He was estranged from his lawful wife and took not one, but many mistresses over the course of his life. By contrast, Albert is described as a highly virtuous person, whose legendary virtue was probably bolstered by Victoria after his premature death After William succeeded his brother George IV and the image of the court began to change, the regency and reign of George IV was contrasted in a negative fasion to William s reign. 44 Ibid, 21. 45 Ibid 262. 46 Ibid, 386.
47 Cecil claims that Lord Melbourne was still associated with the image the monarchy had during George IV s regency and reign in that he had a disquieting whiff of the R egency about him 47 Having been brought up in Germany where the Protestant faith was quite strong among the nobility, a nd where for centuries it had been believed that nobles were nobles because of an inherited virtue that placed them above the rest of the German people, Adelaide, Leopold, and Albert helped usher in a new appreciation of morality and virtue to the English court. People like King Leopold, Queen Adelaide, and Prince Albert helped to shape William s and Victoria s world view, and thus the character of the English court. It is this shift in attitude that makes the Victorian era so distinct from the Regency. 47 Ibid 262.
48 Work Ethic As the English monarchy exhibited a more domestic image and the royal family moderated their behavior with Lutheran principles, the royal family s reputation shifted from idle dissipation to assiduous industry. The ways in which members of the royal family passed their time became less centered on self gratification and more focused on the idea that the sovereign and his or her immediate family ou ght to demonstrate their usefulness in other ways as the monarch was no longer the primary agent of government. This shift did not start out with grand social programs, but with small changes in the ways royal family members employed their time, slowly ev olving into using their position more explicitly for the betterment of society. As seen in the previous chapter, Adelaide came from a very strong religious background, and did not approve of excessive drinking or the gambling of large amounts of money. She believed that being idle was an opportunity for misconduct. Unlike previous q ueens, Adelaide was often seen occupied with needlework and Bishop Burnet was quoted in the Imperial Magazine in 1832 as saying that it was a new thing, and looked like a spectacle, to see a queen work so many hours a day on needlework because she consi dered idleness as the great corrupter of human nature. 1 Burnet claims that the example of the Queen s work ethic motivated people to copy her, so that it became in her time as much the fashion to work, as it had been to sit idle 2 This is one of the rare instances in which Adelaide had a direct influence on the monarchy s public image that was not the result of her influence on her husband. 1 Drew, The Imperial Magazine, 14. 2 Ibid.
49 Adelaide happened to have a rather reserved personality by nature and so did not take pleasure in hosting la rge social events, as was a usual pastime for wealthy or prominent members of the royal family or the aristocracy in general. Greville recounts a gathering in which the wives of William s ministers were presented to her: The Queen came to Lady Bathurst s to see the review and hold a sort of drawing good manners, and did all this (which she hated) very well. She said the part as if she was acting, and wished the green curtain to drop. 3 It is clear from this account that Adelaide found the task of hosting parties onerous, and it was obvious to Greville that she had such a dislike of hostess duties that she was not able to be very sincere in her pleasantries. However, despite her dislike of hosting large parties, she sometimes did so for charitable causes such as benefit events to promote the business of certain manufacturing areas like the Spitalfield silkweavers in London. As discussed in the previous chapter, Adelaide sought to decrease their economic difficulties by promoting their business through organizing a ball with a dress code of Spitalfield silk Adelaide generally sought to wear clothes made of English materials, and she established a trend among upper class ladies to do the same. 4 Queen Adelaide s charity work was not re stricted exclusively to the British. She also revitalized a fund for distressed Germans and other foreigners of character by organizing a bazaar for their benefit in 1833. Greville recorded in his journal that the Queen s stall was held by Ladies Howe and Denbigh, with her three prettiest Maids of Honour. They sold all sorts of trash at enormous prices and made four or five thousand 3 Greville, Greville Memoirs Vol. I, 362. 4 Hopkirk, Queen Adelaide 153.
50 pounds. 5 Adelaide s charitable work was important to her and was treated seriously as part of her social position. Ro yal charity was not new to the monarchs of England ; however, the practice of royal patronage began with early, German Hanoverians; the first recorded official royal patronage of a charity was King George II (r. 1727 1760). 6 The renewed work ethic demonstrated by the royal family during William s reign was not entirely Adelaide s doing. William was accustomed to treating his position as a career due to his previous experience in the Royal Navy. Because William was King George III s third son and di d not expect to inherit, he had been made an officer in the Navy in his youth to give him something to do. William was accordingly placed on a royal naval ship around the age of thirteen in order to learn the profession. His father specifically requested that he ought to be treated as any other midshipman would have been, and he consequently had chores and commands that he was required to obey just like any other midshipman. 7 The one difference between his routine and any other naval boy s routine was tha t his father had assigned him a personal tutor, the Reverend Henry Majendie, who was responsible for teaching him religious studies, Latin, English composition, history, and French which he learned in addition to the lessons usually taught on naval ships such as cooking, rigging, and any other jobs an officer could assign a young boy while he learned about navigation and commanding a ship by experience. 8 William became a lieutenant in 1785, eight years after his father had first sent him to a ship to be a midshipman, which was a relatively long time for a gentleman s son to 5 Ibid, 134. 6 The Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, The Official Website of the British Monarchy, Charities and Patronages, 2008, http://www.royal.gov.uk/Charit iesandPatronages/Royal%20involvement%20with%20charities/Royal%20in volvement%20with%20charities.aspx accessed April 25, 2011. 7 Ziegler, King William IV, 28 30. 8 Ibid, 27.
51 remain a midshipman before being promoted. He had spent two of those years on land with various members of his family. He was assigned to the ship Hebe which had been a French war s hip before it was captured. William was in the habit of providing charity to those he encountered personally long before he became king. He was inclined to give money to unemployed sailors; and he even took in poor children who had few options before the m and trained them on his ships as midshipman and eventually got them commissions in the Royal Navy. 9 William was made a captain in 1786 and given the command of the ship Pegasus which was bound for America. Ziegler quotes both Lord Nelson, who was favor ably disposed towards William, and Joseph Yorke, a future admiral who was not a friend of the prince, as implying that William was a competent naval officer. 10 As a captain, William was highly demanding. He required the hammocks the men slept in to be com pletely taken down and put away by six in the morning; and, al though midshipmen were not allowed to leave his ship, officers were required to sign a leave book with their name and reason for going ashore. 11 William went on his last cruise as an active sailor in 1788 to Jamaica. In 1827, William was made the Lord High Admiral of the Royal Navy, the same year that his brother the Duke of York died without children. King George IV s only legitimate daughter had died in childbirth with her child in 1817, and since George was estranged from his wife Caroline, William became the next in line on the Duke of York s death. The post of Lord High Admiral was revived for William as a way to replace Lord Melville as cabinet representative of the Adm iralty without firing Lord Melville from the 9 Ibid, 55. 10 Ibid, 59. For a full account of William s naval career, see Ziegler s biography of William chapters two, three, four, and eleven. 11 Ibid, 60.
52 Admiralty because he refused to work with Lord Canning who had just become the prime minister. 12 Ziegler claims that the post of Lord High Admiral was a crucial one for William because it served as a dress rehe arsal for the monarchy. It allowed him to make forget. 13 Lord Canning, the prime minister, had intended for the position to be nominal; William s experience in the Royal Navy h owever, had left him with some very strong opinions regarding real changes that he felt would benefit real sailors. Far from simply authorizing papers drawn up by the council created to do the work for him, William proved his determination to investigate the state of the royal navy himself: at yard early the next morning, inspecting the offices, examining the books, visiting every part of the storehouses and keeping an elaborate record of all h is criticism. One of his main aims was to improve the standard of naval gunnery. 14 William had lived his life in relative obscurity prior to becoming the heir presumptive 15 and therefore was not as accustomed to a leisurely court life as George IV and hi s court. Although he only reigned from 1830 to 1837, William brought the sense of duty that he learned as a professional sailor to his role as king. Once he became king, he rose at six every morning and expected any messengers from the government to att end him at 12 Ibid, 133. Canning became prime minister when Lord Liverpool died because, as Ziegler claims, a new government could not have been set up without Canning, but Canning refused to w ork under anyone. Therefore the only option was to make him the prime minister. However, many people refused to work for Canning, including Melville. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid, 134 and 136 15 The heir presumptive is the person who is next in line to the throne, but whose accession to the throne could be prevented by the birth of a nearer heir. In this case, if George IV had married again and fathered another child, or if the Duke of York s wife had given birth to a child up to nine months after his death, William wo uld no longer have been the next in line for the throne.
53 that hour; Wellington, Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury 16 claimed that he had done more business with him in ten minutes than with [King George] in as many days. 17 William set the tone of a monarch who treated his position as a ca reer and Adelaide set the precedent of a queen who refused to be idle. Like William, Albert was more inclined to treat his position as a career. Like Adelaide Albert was not the sovereign, but the spouse of the sovereign. During a time when husbands we re supposed to be the dominant figure in a marriage, being the husband of a sovereign could have an emasculating effect. In order to retain his sense of masculine duty, Albert had to find a purpose for himself in his new position. In German states women could not inherit positions of power at all. Although the kings of England from George I to William IV had been both kings of England and Hanover, Victoria had to give up the Hanoverian seat of power to her uncle, Ernest Augustus, the Duke of Cumberland. Growing up in an environment where women had no power outside of their home and little, if any, power inside th eir home, and then being married to the most powerful woman in the British Empire put Albert in an awkward position. H e had been raised with the idea that men took the lead and women followed, but he was then thrust into a position that was absolutely con trary to that notion. Leopold and Albert came from the same highly sexist background, and doubtless Leopold may have thought that Albert would basically be able to rule through Victoria Leopold s name is often connected to Albert s in discussions regard ing Albert s political background or influences. Craig states that, it has been argued that the major influences on Albert were his uncle 16 Lundy, Darryl, ed, Person Page 10256, October 28, 2010, http://www.thepeerage.com/p10256.htm#i102559 (accessed March 25, 2011). 17 Hopkirk, Queen Adelaide, 85.
54 Leopold, king of the Belgians, and their mutual adviser Baron Stockmar. 18 It is reasonable to assume that Leopold th ough that he would be able to use his relationship with the both of Albert and Victoria to his political benefit. In addition to encountering a reversal of gender roles, Albert had grown up after the Napoleonic wars and married Victoria eight years befo re the 1848 revolutions in Germany, Hungary, and France. These revolutions were a symptom of nationalistic and republican trends that grew out of the French Revolution. Nationalism and republicanism were threats to the monarchic system of government. Mi chael Hughes claims that the predominant form of government in Germany became reforming absolutism after the Seven Years war. 19 Reforming absolutism is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exists for the benefit of the people. There is an implied contract between the sovereign and the people in which the sovereign s responsibility is to promote the happiness, security, and or der of their subjects. 20 This is very similar in effect to cameralism. As previously discussed, cameralism is the economic theory that the definition of a strong state is one with a wealthy prince. This eventually came to mean that steps should be taken by the prince to ensure the wealth or happiness of his or her subjects in order to increase the wealth of the prince. The only difference is that reforming absolutism does not necessarily center around the treasury of the prince. Regardless of whether or not Albert s father Ernest I, the Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha and the brother of King Leopold and the Duchess of Kent practiced reforming absolutism within his domain, this theory combined with the push to unify Germany along cultural lines and the pr ecarious 18 Craig, 176. 19 Michael Hughes, Early Modern Germany, 1477 1808, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1992), 145. 20 Ibid, 146.
55 position the revolution in France had placed all sovereigns may explain why Albert chose to try to improve standards of living and promote cultural achievements in England as the husband of the queen. Albert came to his marriage to Victoria wit h definite ideas about how he thought the monarchy ought to function and what it ought to be; Leopold and Baron Stockmar agreed with him. They hoped to turn the monarch s position into a permanent president of the cabinet of ministers who would take preced ence over the prime minister. Albert believed that the monarch should be above party politics and should function as a mediating force rather than backing whichever party had won the most recent election. He thought that the monarch should have a say in all government decisions, recommend and veto appointments, and make dismissals when necessary. 21 His vision for the role of a sovereign was one that would be very involved in the day to day business of government. However, al though he was not able to ma ke his vision for the monarchy come true, he was able to find a way to make himself useful in England. Albert manifested a desire to be useful throughout his married life. In a memorandum, Mr. Anson, Prince Albert s private secretary, quoted Lord Melbour ne as saying that the Prince is bored with the sameness of his chess every evening. He would like to bring literary and scientific people about the Court, vary the society, and infuse a more useful tendency to it. 22 Although the court had become more family oriented and domestic replacing a court full of courtesans and heavy drinkers Albert wished to take it one step further and discuss topics that he felt could be beneficial to public policy or society. 21 Craig, 176. 22 Raymond, Early Letters, 45.
56 The problem was t hat Victoria was very reluctant to include him in discussions about policy publicly because she feared domestic disturbance if they should disagree about something; and because she was the sovereign, it would disturb her ideal of marriage in which the wife ought to take direction from the husband. Anson recorded a conversation he had with Melbourne regarding the issue in which Melbourne reported that he had : spoken to the Queen, who says the Prince complains of a want of confidence on trivial matters, and know it was wrong, but when she was with the Prince she preferred talking upon s mind is the fear of difference of opinio n, and she thinks that domestic harmony is more likely to follow from avoiding subjects likely to create difference. 23 In the beginning of her marriage to Albert, Victoria was very reluctant to seek his advice on any political matters. Albert resented that she seemed to distrust his opinion and did not allow him to be of use to her in that regard. Eventually Albert found projects in which he could channel his desire to be productive In 1847, for example, h e became the president of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. 24 The society organized competitions and prizes for various industrial designs. He also became the president of the Society for Improving the Conditions of the Labouring Classes; and as such was heavily involved with coming up with a design for apartments that working class families could afford. Each had two small bedrooms and one larger one, a living room, a water 23 Ibid, 43. 24 Liza Picard, The Tale of a City 1840 1870: Victorian London (New York: St. Martin s Griffin, 2005), 214.
57 closet, and a scullery. The real genius of the plan was that they were designed to be ea sily adapted to repeat in a building either side by side or up and down. 25 In 1852, Victoria wrote in her letters to Leopold and her half sister Feodora about how busy Albert was with his work : It will give some idea of the multifarious nature of the Prin ce s pursuits, if we mention briefly a few of the subjects that engaged his attention within a few days of his return to Windsor Castle on the 14th of October. The next day he distributed the prizes of the Windsor Royal association. On the 16th he meets Lord Derby [the Prime Minister], Lord Hardinge, Lord John Manners, the Duke of Norfolk, the Dean of St Paul s, the Garter King at Arms, and the Secretary of the Office of Works, to settle the complicated arrangements for the funeral of the Duke of Wellingt on. On the 19th he is busy with negotiations for the purchase by the Exhibition Commissioners of land at Kensington. Next day finds him engaged with Mr. Edgar Bowring in making the final corrections in the Report of the Committee of Commissioners, as to the disposal of the Exhibition Surplus, a very elaborate and masterly document. The same day he had to master the general results of the Cambridge University Commission s report and to communicate them in his capacity of Chancellor to the authorities of t he University. On the 22nd he settles with Mr. Henry Cole and Mr. Redgrave the design of the Duke of Wellington s funeral car. Two days afterwards, in a personal interview with Lord Derby, he goes into the details of the Government measures, which are to consist of an acknowledgement of Fee Trade, Lightening 25 Ibid, 46.
58 of the burdens of Manufacture and Agriculture, Reduction of the Malt Tax, of the 26 Albert involved himself in as many committees as he could, and sought to do as much as he was allowed to do to influence politics without a crown of his own. In his appeal to Lord John Russell justifying his request for a larger financial allowance, the Prime Minister in 1849, Albert wrote that, the calls which are made upon a lady (as the Queen Consort) by the Public are only of two kinds: Religion & Charity. These two paramount duties are equally binding upon the Consort of the Queen, but upon him are very fairly made in addition the claims of Literature, Science, Art & Industry, which ought to find a pr otector & Patron in the Husband of the Sovereign, the more so as the Sovereign, being a Lady, cannot give the same attention to them which a King could, whilst the fostering Patronage of the throne is almost a necessity to the 3 first at least. 27 Presumably, Albert meant that Victoria could not give the same attention to the patronage of the arts as a king could because she was not only the sovereign with all the responsibilities of that role, but also the means by which the next generation would b e born and thus often pregnant 28 and becau se Albert assumed that he, as a man, would be more capable of understanding the intellectual pursuits of literature, science, and art. As president of the Society for Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, Albert was heavily involved in the organization of the Great Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in 1851. There is some dispute as to whether Prince Albert or Henry Cole, a 26 Gill, We Two 282. 27 W. Menzies Whitelaw, ed. The Financial Plight of a Queen s Consort, The American Historical Review 42, no. 4 (1937), 693. 28 During this period, women during the last stages of pregnancy went into a pseudo isolation called a lying in period. During this time, they were usually from doing many of their usual day to day acti vities.
59 member of the Royal Society of Arts (The abbreviated name for the Society for Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce), was the one to come up with the idea for the Great Exhibition but both generated the initiative which produced it. 29 The Great Exhibition was an enorm ous exhibition in Hyde Park of raw materials, industrial design and new inventions which in turn would lead to improvements in public taste and in technical education. 30 The exhibit was supposed to demonstrate the transition of raw materials into finishe d products, and in so doing demonstrate the genius of industrial design. Prince Albert was the president of the Royal Commission responsible for organizing the project. The Great Exhibition was a huge success, and was arguably the cultural event of the century. Throughout his marriage to Victoria, Albert always had a desire to feel useful, particularly in a way that would distinguish him from one of his wife s lad ies in waiting. Because of the reversal of the traditional gender roles in Albert s and Victoria s marriage, Albert found it difficult to be happy without something to do. Gillian Gill writes in her dual biography of the couple that Victoria, while prof essing to idolize him, treated him more like a gigolo than a husband. 31 While this statement goes perhaps a little too far in demonizing Victoria, it does hint at one of their main problems as newlyweds. Albert had been taught from childhood that men wer e the ones who were politically and economically active, and that men were supposed to conduct matters of business whereas women were supposed to remain in the domestic sphere. It is no wonder then that Albert was bored and craved something to do rather t han be forced into what he considered a female role because his wife had to fulfill a typically male role as part of her birthright. 29 Picard, The Tale of a City, 214. 30 Ibid, 215. 31 Gill, We Two, 163.
60 Thus, Albert became heavily involved in philanthropy work which gave him a purpose and something to do beyond his marriage to Victoria. Victoria exhibited the same desire to be useful and was consequently heavily involved in the day to day business of government ; she even expected not just to be informed, but to be debated with, to express an opinion, and even to reject a dvice. 32 Like her aunt Adelaide Victoria believed that public charity was very important. If charity was one way that women could publicly demonstrate their motherly virtue, then philanthropy was a way for monarchs to publicly demonstrate their sovereig n interest in their subjects. Victoria and Albert were diligent in their philanthropic endeavors, which were essential to the transformation of the monarchy into a popular institution. 33 Victoria and Albert continued her Aunt Adelaide s custom of giving royal support to the Spitalfield silk weavers by promoting the sale of English silk, when Victoria and Albert gave a fancy dress ball, it was not just for fun, but to encourage the London silk weavers, because everyone had to wear English silk, and Engli sh silk became a popular fabric for the interiors of carriages. 34 In the 1850s, Albert and Victoria worked with the prime minister of the day, Lord Derby to set up a school for orphaned children of military officers. Wellington College was given a royal charter in 1853, and opened in 1859. 35 Victoria valued her charit able works over her ceremonial duties, and Albert came into the public eye in large part because of his philanthropic work. 36 Under William and Victoria, the English monarchy demonstrated a much more prominent work ethic than during the regency and reign of King George IV. Their 32 Raymond, 177. 33 Craig, 173. 34 Picard, The Tale of a City, 86. 35 Wellington College, History, n.d., http://www.wellingtoncollege.org.uk/history (accessed April 4, 2011). 36 Craig, 173.
61 subjects embraced this quality in their new sovereigns because it helped legitimize their position in society. As republican philosophies permeated intellectual discourses all over Europe, the image of the royal family as demons trating bourgeois standards and values and a willingness to use their position to improve social welfare kept the monarchy from being reviled by the people. During Victoria s reign, the monarchy was sometimes criticized for how much money went into mainta ining it. Victoria and Albert countered this criticism by claiming that critics deliberately ignored the range of public activities that they were engaged in. 37 Adelaide, William, Victoria, and Albert all demonstrated a desire to use their positions po sitively for the good of society. They occupied much of their time in ways that made them feel and seem productive. In addition to encouraging productive pastimes for ladies such as needlework, Adelaide continued to practice the same sort of charity that she had practiced in Germany, which may have stemmed from a combination of the remnants of cameralism and Pietism. Albert came from a very German perspective regarding government. Absolutism was more popular among the German states than constitutional m onarchy. In an absolutist state, the head of state would have far more control over the government than the British sovereigns did. Thus, it is not surprising that Albert sought out projects to work on after marrying into a relatively powerless position Adelaide and Albert reinforced the burgeoning work ethic of the English monarchy as a result of their German background and together with their spouses, sought to use their positions to affect social welfare 37 Ibid, 180.
62 Conclusion During the first half of the nineteenth century, the English monarchy experienced a period of drastic change in its function and role in society. This change occurred as a result of a number of factors including, but not limited to, a quickly changing social structu re, domestic and foreign politics, and new medi a in news and entertainment mediums As so many members of the English royal family married Germans, there was a definite German presence in the English royal family, particularly from the House of Saxe Cobur g. The German nobles who married into the English monarchy had had to combat similar problems in their own states, and they transferred those solutions, either by design or by habit, to the English monarchy. The three ways in which Adelaide, Leopold, an d Albert helped facilitate the continuance of the English monarchy during this period of time were through cultivating a domestic, familial image for the English royal family, projecting a revitalized sense of virtue, and applying a work ethic in the socia l sphere rather than the political sphere. Adelaide and Albert, in very different ways, helped the monarchy take on a more domestic or familial image. Throughout her marriage to William, Adelaide reformed her husband s lifestyle to conform to her idea of acceptable behavior, and she accepted William s illegitimate children as though he had been married to their mother. Albert, on the other hand, helped bring about a more domestic image for the monarchy because of his frustration about his position at cou rt relative to his wife s. H aving been raised in a country where women could not inherit land or titles, Albert s marriage to Victoria forced him into a position that was the reverse of how he had been raised. He even had to wait
63 for Victoria to propose marriage to him instead of the other way around. In order to balance out the political structure of power in their relationship, Victoria and Albert intentionally depicted themselves in the traditional gendered roles of husband and wife. The traditional gender roles Albert and Victoria projected fell in line with the revitalized sense of virtue that infused the English monarchy during this time. The traditional familial structure that they projected enhanced the sense of virtue that Adelaide, Leopold, a nd Albert brought with them to England. Adelaide, who had been raised in the small Meiningen court, had been raised with values that were more closely aligned more with the bourgeoisie in England than with the aristocracy. She persuaded her husband Willi am to act with more decorum and put aside some of the wild behavior he had learned as a teenager in the Royal Navy. She convinced him to start living less extravagantly in order to avoid debt. Similarly, Leopold kept up a regular correspondence with his niece Victoria in which he advised her about the virtues that a person, but more specifically a sovereign ought to have to be successful. Many of these virtues stem from a Lutheran point of view, and may have had a Pietist influence. Leopold strongly adv ocated the union between his niece Victoria and his nephew Albert. To ensure this union, he made sure that Albert would be virtuous enough to be appealing to Victoria. The two virtues that modern authors comment most on are Albert s fidelity to his wife and his very strong work ethic. During the mid nineteenth century, a sense of work ethic manifested itself in the royal family. However, this work ethic was applied primarily in the social sphere, rather than solely in the political sphere. Adelaide ch anged the way that the court society thought about idleness and leisure; as we see from Bishop Burnet s assertion that she
6 4 brought working on needlework into fashion. 1 Adelaide s actions in conjunction with the sense of work ethic her husband practiced as a result of his experiences in the Royal Navy changed the image of the monarchy. D uring Victoria s reign, Albert took this image of a non idle monarchy further. I n his need for action and the relative powerlessness he felt in relation to his wife, Albert focused his energy on social issues or projects. It is under Albert that the strong emphasis on charity that the monarchy still demonstrates today emerged. In fact, t he mona rchy today owes its continua tion and sense of purpose in large part to the German influence s it experienced during the first half of the nineteenth century. This period was crucial for many European governments due to the enormous ramifications of the Fre nch Revolution. The issue of republicanism and the possibility of revolution forced the English monarchy to reassert its value to its subjects. However, the German influence on the monarchy during William and Victoria s reigns was not the only factor tha t had an effect in helping the monarchy survive. The familial image, revitalized virtue, and work ethic that Adelaide, Leopold, and Albert brought to the monarchy helped them forge this revised image and contributed to the continuance of the English monar chy. The nineteenth century was a crucial point of change for European society. It is during this time period that the Industrial Revolution swept across Europe, changing the very structure of society. It can be argued that during this century, the que stion of whether monarchies all over Europe should give way to more republican forms of government came to the forefront of international politics and social movements. With other monarchies facing similar issues, it might be argued that there was an evol ution in 1 Drew, The Imperial Magazine, 14.
65 purpose for monarchies around Europe. It seems as though many societies were questioning whether people exist for the government or whether the government exists for the people. The answer to this question determined the style of monarchy that a country would have. The British sovereigns have become a monarchy that exists for the people, and justifies that existence through charity and the claim that as the head of nation, the sovereign represents the culture of the British people. Further re search into the survival of the British monarchy throughout the nineteenth century would provide a more thorough understanding of why a monarchy still persists in Britain today. Over centuries, England s constitutional monarchy has a history that far predates the restraints on William and Victoria s power. England s Parliament has demonstrated an enormous amount of government power in relation to the sovereigns that many other countries similar governing bodies did not have. It is probable that havi ng this sort of check on the monarchy s powers shaped the way the English people envisage their sovereigns. Factors such as the spread of education and religious reform movements in England might give insight into how or why the way English subjects envisa ged their sovereigns changed. The evolution of public relations between sovereigns and the ir people and the dissemination of information regarding political and national leaders should not be underestimated. The evolution of informational technologies su ch as photography, printed material, and now the internet and social networking websites have certainly had an effect in organizing information and creating public opinion regarding government and other public figures. Since the nineteenth century, the q uestion of relevance has pervaded the discussion about how the monarchy functions. The fact that the British Parliament is the
66 primary agent of government challenges whether the monarchy really is essential to the British government. Even today, people a rgue about whether the English monarchy ought to continue or whether it has become a living anachronism. The study of the ways in which the monarchy survived political and social movements that challenged its existence gives new understanding to the curre nt British monarchy and its purpose. It creates a starting point for discussing the relevance of having a monarchy continue into and through the twenty first century.
67 Figures Figure 1 Edwin Landseer, Windsor Castle in Modern Times (1841 1845). Royal Collection, United Kingdom
68 Figure 2 Johan Zoffany, The Prince of Wales and the Duke of York (1764). Royal Collection (Buckingham Palace, London, UK?).
69 Appendix 1: The Hanoverian Family Tree
70 Appendix 2: The Saxe Coburg Family Tree
71 Appendix 3: The Saxe Meiningen Family Tree
72 Bibliography Allen, Ann Taylor. Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 180 1914. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991. Becker, George. Pietism s Confrontation with Enlightenment Rationalism: An Examination of the Relation between Ascetic Protestantism and Science. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30, no. 2 1991: 139 158. Cecil, David. Melbourne Indianapolis : Bobbs Merrill, 1954. Craig, David M. The Crowned Republic? Monarchy and Anti Monarchy in Britain, 1760 1901. The Historical Journal 46, no. 1 2003: 167 185. Drew, Samuel, ed. The Imperial Magazine; and, Monthly Record of Religious, Philosophical, Hist orical, Biographical, Topographical, and General Knowledge; embracing Literature, Science, and Art. Vol. II. London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher, and P. Jackson, 1832. Duff, David. Victoria and Albert. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1972. Gash, Norman. A ristocracy and People, Britain 1815 1865. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979. Gawthrop, Richard L. Lutheran Pietism and the Weber Thesis. German Studies Review 12, no. 2, 1989: 237 247. Gill, Gillian. We Two: Victoria and Albert: Ru lers, Partners, Rivals. New York: Ballentine Books, 2009. Godsey, William D. Nobles and Nation in Central Europe: F ree I mperial K nights in the Age of Revolution, 1750 1850. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Greville, Lord Charles. The Greville Memoirs Edited by Henry Reeve. II vols. New York: D. Appelton and Co, 1885 7 Homans, Margaret. Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837 1876. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Hopkirk, Mary. Queen Adelaide. London: Lowe and Bryd one Printers, 1950.
73 Huges, Michael. Early Modern Germany, 1477 1808. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992. Page, William, ed. Industries: Silk weaving, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 2: General; Ashford, East Bedfont with Hat ton, Feltham, Hampton with Hampton Wick, Hanworth, Laleham, Littleton. British History Online. n.d. http://www.british history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22161 (accessed April 5, 2011). Kriegel, Abraham D., ed. The Holland House Diaries 1831 1840. Boston: R outledge & Kegan Paul, 1977. Moseley, Ray. Remaking Old Image is Key to Kingdom. Chicago Tribune. September 3, 1997. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997 09 03/news/9709030090_1_death of princess diana charles and diana saint diana (accessed April 28, 2011). Lundy, Darryl, ed. Person Page 10256. October 28, 2010. http://www.thepeerage.com/p10256.htm#i102559 (accessed March 25, 2011). Raymond, John, ed. Queen Victoria s Early Letters. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd, 1963. Schama, Simon. The Domestication of Majesty: Royal Family Portraiture, 1500 1850 Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17, no.1 Summer, 1986: 155 183. Small, Albion W. Some Contributions to the History of Sociology. Section VIII Approaches to Objective Economic and Political Science in Germany: Cameralism. The American Journal of Sociology 29, no. 2 1923: 158 165. Strickland, Agnes. Lives of the Queens of England From the Norman Conquest. Edited by Caroline G. Parker. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1881. Strom, Jonathon. Problems a nd Promises of Pietism Research. Church History 71, no. 3 2002: 536 554. The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry. The Prince William & Miss Catherine Middleton Charitable Gift Fund. n.d. http://www.royalweddingcharityfund.org/ (accessed April 13, 2011). ` The Royal Household at Buckingham Palace. The Official Website of the British Monarchy. 2008. http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK (accessed April 14 25, 2011). Tribe, Keith. Cameralis m and the Science of Government. The Journal of Modern History 56, no. 2 1984: 263 284.
74 Victoria, and George Earle Buckle. The Letters of Queen Victoria. Second Series. A Selection from Her Majesty s Correspondence and Journal between the Years 1862 and 1878. London: J. Murray, 1926. Wellington College. History. n.d. http://www.wellingtoncollege.org.uk/history (accessed April 4, 2011). Whitelaw, W. Menzies, ed. The Financial Plight of a Queen s Consort. The American Historical Review 42, no. 4 1937: 691 699. Ziegler, Philip. King William IV. Trowbr i dge: Redwood Press 1973. | <urn:uuid:36a61a92-5e78-4d70-9000-4442a9d01ffb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ncf.sobek.ufl.edu/NCFE004465/00001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.974019 | 26,406 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Discover Canary Islands
These islands are known for being the sunshine centre of Europe, and offer mild temperatures and a range of outstanding natural attractions. In fact, five of its seven islands have been declared a Biosphere Reserve, and the archipelago has four national parks.
Its beaches are its most outstanding attractions, and are perfect for relaxing in the sun or enjoying water sports such as windsurfing and scuba diving. In the interior you'll find amazing landscapes which are ideal for hiking, cycle touring, climbing and even caving. Some of the most spectacular include the volcanic scenery of Lanzarote, the beaches of Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria with their sand dunes, or the green forests of La Palma and La Gomera. | <urn:uuid:0dd6e1bc-5a6b-451a-85ce-3f1623623ccd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://perfectplacespain.com/turismo-canary-islands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.95917 | 154 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Death Valley Race Track
By Mark Flippo
The Racetrack is a part of Death Valley which is a parched cracked lake basin. On it are what is known as the Sliding Stones with long trails showing that they do move and they are going slightly uphill. Some of these rocks weigh 700 lbs and the trails are 3000 feet long behind them. One geologist has been studying this phenomenon since 1966 using GPS to measure the movement.
The surface of the lake bed is usually so hard you can file your nails down on them but after it rains it becomes a slick smooth clay like Teflon. The racetrack is a natural wind tunnel which funnels the wind from the south of up to speeds of 90 MPH. The combination of clay, water and wind act upon the rocks. They move about 3 to 4 MPH. With GOD even the heaviest, seemingly impossible burden can be moved!! Trust HIM! Turn everything over to JESUS and watch what happens! | <urn:uuid:9d5efcae-d314-43b4-b97a-9b3cc8892df3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://moderndayparablesparttwo.weebly.com/can-these-rocks-move.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.954567 | 211 | 1.820313 | 2 |
The Cathedral is still the second-highest building in Cologne after the telecommunications tower. Its footprint is no less impressive, with the full length of the Cathedral measuring 145 m and the cross nave 86 m. In comparison, a football pitch is "only" around 100 by 70 m. The total area of the Cathedral measures almost 8000 square metres and has room for more than 20,000 people.
The foundation stone of the Gothic Cathedral was laid on 15 August 1248 on the celebration of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. In the early 16th century, the building was stopped - partly due to lack of money, partly due to lack of interest.
Around the turn of the 19th century, the supporters of the German Romantic movement reawakened public interest in the completion of the Cathedral thanks to their enthusiasm for the Middle Ages. Continuation and completion of the building now became a matter of national interest to the Germans. In 1842 King Friedrich Wilhelm IV laid the foundation stone marking the continuation of building work. The Cathedral was completed in 1880 - in accordance with the plan originating from the Middle Ages - in a record time of just 38 years.
The stone mass seems to rise, almost weightlessly, up to the 43m-high baldachin-style arches. The narrow main nave that leads to the chancel is accompanied by two side naves. In the northern side nave, the light shines through five spectacular glass windows, which stem from the later years of Cologne glass painting.
According to cologne.de | <urn:uuid:125f4563-3776-4819-9aa9-86a8da8c2278> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://worldkings.org/news/world-top/unique-architectural-constructions-around-the-world-p-68-cologne-cathedral-germany-one-of-europe-s-gothic-architectural-marvels | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.961889 | 313 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The use of replication-selective tumor-specific viruses represents a novel approach for the treatment of neoplastic disease. We constructed an attenuated adenovirus, telomerase-specific replication-selective adenovirus (TRAD), in which the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter element drives the expression of the E1A and E1B genes linked with an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Forty-eight hours after TRAD infection at a multiplicity of infection of 1.0, the cell viability of H1299 human lung cancer cells was consistently less than 50% and therefore this procedure could be used as a potency assay to assess the biological activity of TRAD. We also established a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with consensus primers for either the adenovirus E1A or IRES sequence. The linear ranges of quantitation with E1A and IRES primers were 103 -108 and 102-108 plaque-forming units/ mL in the plasma, respectively. The PCR analysis demonstrated that the levels of E1A in normal tissues were more than 103 lower than in the tumors of A549 human lung tumor xenografts in nu/nμ mice at 28 days after intratumoral injection. Our results suggest that the cell-killing assay against H1299 cells and real-time PCR can be used to assess the biological activity and biodistribution of TRAD in clinical trials.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cancer Research | <urn:uuid:e6dc9f37-fa31-4813-96fb-4082b0e1cf87> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/establishment-of-biological-and-pharmacokinetic-assays-of-telomer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.9106 | 320 | 1.78125 | 2 |
The United States fails to enforce human rights conditions imposed on aid to Colombia, Human Rights Watch (HRW) said Sunday.
In its World Report 2012, the human rights organization stated that Washington “provided approximately US$562 million in aid, about 61 percent of which was military and police aid. Thirty percent of US military aid is subject to human rights conditions, which the US Department of State has not enforced.”
The report also criticized the U.S. for failing to “address the paramilitary successor groups believed to be responsible for a large portion of anti-union violence,” as promised in the April 2011 Labor Action Plan. Improving the situation of labor rights for Colombian workers was a condition for the Democrats to ratify the free trade agreement with the South American country.
While stressing Colombia remains the most dangerous country for labor rights workers, HRW did recognize a sharp drop in the killing of unionists in 2011.
“51 trade unionists were murdered in 2008, 47 in 2009, 51 in 2010, and 26 from January to November 15, 2011, according to the National Labor School (ENS), Colombia’s leading NGO monitoring labor rights,” said the human rights organization.
Colombian authorities failed to successfully prosecute the perpetrators of threats and violence against labor rights workers, said HRW.
The Prosecutor General’s Office unit created to decrease impunity for labor rights-related crimes “has made virtually no progress in obtaining convictions for recent killings. Of the more than 195 trade unionist killings that have occurred since the sub-unit started operating in 2007, the special office had obtained convictions in only six cases as of May 2011. It had not obtained a single conviction for the more than 60 homicide attempts, 1,500 threats, and 420 forced displacements reported by the ENS during this period,” said the report.
“The FARC especially is often involved in killings, threats, forced displacement, and recruiting and using child soldiers,” said the human rights group, adding, “However, paramilitary successor groups continue to grow, maintain extensive ties with public security force members and local officials, and commit widespread atrocities. | <urn:uuid:9faad7cf-9186-411c-99d9-389060b7c167> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://colombiareports.com/us-not-enforcing-human-rights-conditions-tied-to-aid-to-colombia-hrw/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.96754 | 445 | 1.953125 | 2 |
At its height, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Middle East and much of northern Africa and eastern Europe, but by the late 1800s, the Empire was in decline. Increasing instability had taken its toll, aided by ethnic and regional groups across the Empire who sought independence. Unsuccessful wars had weakened the Ottoman military, driving them out of Egypt and North Africa. Modernization brought about by the Edict of Tazimat (1839) and political reform through short-lived revolution had failed to rebuild the former superpower’s strength. The economy was failing – the Empire owed more than two million pounds to European banks – and trade had fallen behind powers such as Britain and France. The Ottomans did, however, retain geographical strength, with their territories encompassing many strategic coastlines and waterways. These territories were attractive to other great European powers and, eventually, it was Germany whose offers of help were accepted by the Ottomans.
— OR —
Call 0113 4577 990 | <urn:uuid:10f0b081-e911-44fd-9a71-0ac410ff9031> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.themaparchive.com/product/the-ottoman-empire-c-1900/?add-to-cart=10493 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.984863 | 220 | 3.875 | 4 |
So it appears to be that the web has at long last surpass all media stages in the present business special techniques. Individuals’ reliance in socialization systems has opened up an a lot looser and pleasurable channel for SEOs to seek after and for individuals to pick up mindfulness about items, brand business and administrations. With these critical experiences, one can have a few thoughts on what the current publicity has coming up. A mutual intelligent zone where individuals and associations flourish Tiktok comes in both on the web and versatile innovations. A plenty of fundamental projects are increasing such inclinations of late. Socialization systems like Twitter, Google Profile, Facebook, Plax and LinkedIn are only a portion of these destinations that helpfully and generously associate one individual to another. Here, gatherings, web recordings, microblogs and websites, wikis, labeling, tweeting, bookmarking and different structures toss in some degree of fervor to the standard online limited time strategies today.
Nonetheless, the need to quantify such stages is significant. With this comparing estimation devices are conceived to monitor the substance on these stages. Websites, microblogs socialization systems, video and photograph sharing locales, message sheets and discussion destinations are said something altogether utilizing these projects. Through this, advertisers can without much of a stretch find out the level of mindfulness is being stood to specific organizations, items, brands or administrations. Bookmarking or labeling, has consistently picked up importance among the numerous online limited time strategies used by quickfamous organizations. With much forceful socialization locales, the utilization of such practice typically dives for site improvement. It is very clear that successfully utilizing this method can bring about perceivability of sites.
The utilization of a social system aggregator additionally gives incredible chance to organizations. Arrangement of gadgets likewise permits message combination, monitoring companions and exercises bookmark joining, RSS channel readings on socialization systems and other pertinent strategies that attempt to streamline the standard conventions. The utilization of a total strategy helps accumulate all data into a solitary area. Examination is likewise compelling apparatuses that assist advertisers with recognizing impact and opinions in different collective systems. These apparatuses normally gather estimations from genuine clients utilizing different socialization destinations and help perceive patterns that can satisfy clients’ needs better. From that point forward, sites are manuals of most shoppers who wish to find out about an item, business or administration. Blogging has picked up its unmistakable quality and impact for a long while attaching on their capacity to give a lot of complete data and criticism. Its impact is much more elevated with the current assault of labeling and sharing capacities that social systems administration destinations can bring. This builds the practicality of sites to ensure increment in level of mindfulness. | <urn:uuid:f3b9e4e4-6ba5-4933-8f4f-4a52edde6fc6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gutsywomen.net/2020/social-media/tiktok-marketing-tools-importance-analyzed-to-know-more/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.915791 | 546 | 2.015625 | 2 |
This Nigerian Navy Aptitude Test Prep questions and answers has been updated for the 2020 test. This test pack also comes with an online practice companion which will help you learn what to expect, and help you prepare well for the test thereby ensuring you pass successfully.
About Nigerian Navy Aptitude Tests
The Nigerian Navy is a government agency that oversees the Navy. It carries out military as well as diplomacy services with respect to the Navy. Graduates who seek employment in this agency are expected to take an aptitude tests before getting to the interview stage.
What you should expect on Nigerian Navy Aptitude tests (The test format)
Nigerian Navy Aptitude tests format often vary from time to time according to your subject area. But the pattern and test difficulty basically does not change.
It usually involves
- Numerical ability test,
- Verbal ability test and
- Diagrammatic reasoning ability,
- Current Affairs and more.
Why prepare with this Nigerian Navy Aptitude Test Prep pack
With this book, you get an idea of what to expect using practice questions.
This test pack comes bundled with:
Compiled questions ebook: Instant offline access to the same practice questions, available in an easy to download PDF format.
Comprehensive online practice: Approach your Nigerian Navy test preparation as though you’re sitting down to the actual exam. Boost your preparation with even more full-length practice tests.
Ready to get started with your preparation? Click the BUY NOW button above
Want to learn more? See our FAQ Section. | <urn:uuid:b8bca30b-bbef-4087-9b6b-ed6ef685e0b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://myjobtests.com/test/nigerian-navy-recruitment-test-prep-pack/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.91339 | 323 | 1.640625 | 2 |
- Model development and assessments of renewable energy integration into electricity grids; studies on solar and wind fluctuations and synergies
- Critical energy materials; resource assessment
- Establishing the environmental profile of photovoltaic technologies through independent, data-based analyses in collaboration with recognized life-cycle professionals in Europe.
- Risk and LCA based comparisons of solar electric and conventional energy technologies in collaboration with several European and Latin American institutions.
Renewable Energy Grid Integration: Technical & Environmental Systems Analyses
Optimization of Energy Storage Units (ESU) for PV Ramp-rate Control Based on Actual PV Performance
Overview of a Software Tool under development
The Life Cycle of PV Systems
(Fthenakis and Kim, MRS Symposium G: Life Cycle Analysis Tools for 'Green" Materials and Process Selection, Nov. 2005, Boston, MS).
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Life Cycles: GHG estimates
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Life Cycles: Land Use Estimates
Recycling of Photovoltaics
- Experimental research on recovery of Cd, Te, Se and In from photovoltaic and electronic spent products.
- Collaborating with PV companies in designing pilot plant operations for the recovery of Cd, Te, Cu, In, Ge, Ag and glass from PV manufacturing scrap and spent modules. | <urn:uuid:51821163-373a-437e-8987-c33118f91dd3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.clca.columbia.edu/research.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.833841 | 284 | 2.359375 | 2 |
- Sort by:
- Results layout:
Sienese, active 1393/1434
Martino di Bartolomeo di Biagio
Copy-and-paste citation text:
Miklós Boskovits (1935–2011), “Martino di Bartolomeo,” NGA Online Editions, https://purl.org/nga/collection/constituent/1687 (accessed August 11, 2022).
Export as PDF
|Mar 21, 2016 Version|
Sienese painter and miniaturist, Martino probably was born around 1365 and must have been trained in his hometown, perhaps in the bottega of Jacopo di Mino del Pellicciaio. It is likely, too, that at the beginning of his career he was also in contact with a painter from Lucca, Angelo Puccinelli, who is known to have been working in Siena around 1380. According to a document of 1393, Martino resided in Pisa in that year, and he continued to dwell there until the early years of the new century. At the same time he was also working in Lucca, where he illuminated the choir-books of the cathedral in the mid-1390s. The frescoes signed by the artist with stories of the Old Testament in the church of San Giovanni at Cascina (Pisa) date to 1398. In 1402, Martino produced a polyptych, commissioned from him together with Giovanni di Pietro, a painter from Naples, for the Pisan church of Santa Chiara. In the following year, another polyptych was signed by Martino alone, for the Spedale dei Trovatelli, the Pisan foundlings’ hospital (both works are now in the Museo Nazionale in Pisa). With their figures of ponderous physique who pose with solemn but rather wooden composure in clearly defined spaces, Martino’s works during this period reveal that he was influenced by some artists then active in Lucca and Pisa, such as Spinello Aretino, Antonio Veneziano, and the Orvietan painter Piero di Puccio.
In 1405, Martino was once again back in his hometown, where he painted the now lost frescoes in the chapel of San Crescenzio in Siena Cathedral. He was also entrusted with other commissions of great prestige, such as the decoration of the ceilings of some rooms in the Palazzo Pubblico and perhaps also the laterals of a polyptych that still remain in the seat of Sienese government. Another polyptych, now dismantled and dispersed, comes from Asciano; its central panel, a Madonna and Child bearing the date 1408, is now in a private collection, while the lateral saints are in the Pinacoteca Nazionale in Siena (no. 120). Dating to a slightly later phase are the panels with stories of Saint Stephen in the Städelsches Kunstinstitut in Frankfurt, perhaps with a provenance from the Sienese church of Sant’Agostino, and two additional dispersed polyptychs: the main panels of one are now in the Pinacoteca in Siena (no. 160), and those of the other are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Dating to 1425 is the great polyptych that originally adorned the altar of the butchers’ guild in the church of Sant’Antonio Abate a Fontebranda, again in Siena; it too is dispersed among various museums and private collections.
Working side by side with Taddeo di Bartolo after his return to Siena, at the time they were both decorating rooms in the Palazzo Pubblico, Martino developed a more graceful style and his compositions became more animated; they were enriched with observations taken from everyday life and lightened by a more fluid linear style. Yet in principle Martino preferred an imposing classicizing manner to the more ornamental complexities of the late-Gothic style that enchanted his colleagues of the younger generation. It would be this characteristic that would distinguish in an ever more decisive way his rather repetitive works in the final decades of his life. Still active in 1432, two years later the artist made his last will and testament. By April 1435, he was dead.
On Angelo Puccinelli, cf. Andrea De Marchi, in Sumptuosa tabula picta: Pittori a Lucca tra gotico e rinascimento, ed. Maria Teresa Filieri (Livorno, 1998), 148 – 159; Stefan Weppelmann, in Maestri senesi e toscani nel Lindenau-Museum di Altenburg, ed. Miklós Boskovits and Johannes Tripps (Siena, 2008), 226 – 229.
See Miria Fanucci Lovitch, Artisti attivi a Pisa fra xiii e xviii secolo (Pisa, 1991), 205.
See Ada Labriola, in Sumptuosa tabula picta: Pittori a Lucca tra gotico e rinascimento, ed. Maria Teresa Filieri (Livorno, 1998), 208 – 214.
Rudolf Hiller von Gaertringen, “Seven Scenes of the Life of Saint Stephen by Martino di Bartolomeo in Frankfurt,” in Italian Panel Painting of the Duecento and Trecento, ed. Victor M. Schmidt (Washington, DC, 2002), 314 – 339.
The Sienese polyptych, generally dated c. 1410, has been recognized as part of the same altarpiece to which belongs the predella now divided between the El Paso Museum of Art and the Johnson Collection in the Philadelphia Museum of Art; cf. Carl Brandon Strehlke, Italian Paintings, 1250 – 1450, in the John G. Johnson Collection and the Philadelphia Museum of Art (Philadelphia, 2004), 242 – 247. The four lateral panels of a polyptych, apparently with a provenance from Orvieto and now in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, are presumably of similar date; see Federico Zeri and Elizabeth E. Gardner, Italian Paintings: Sienese and Central Italian Schools; A Catalogue of the Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, 1980), 33 – 35.
See Enrica Neri Lusanna, in Die Kirchen von Siena, ed. Peter Anselm Riedl and Max Seidel, 3 vols. (Munich, 1985 – 2006), 1, pt. 1: 282 – 283; Ada Labriola, in Maestri senesi e toscani nel Lindenau-Museum di Altenburg, ed. Miklós Boskovits and Johannes Tripps (Siena, 2008), 95 – 101.
Miklós Boskovits (1935–2011)
March 21, 2016 | <urn:uuid:082e0e57-b41c-46cf-b86e-14f4b248c9b6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1687.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.924035 | 1,528 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Porphyria refers to a rare group of genetic (inherited) ailments that occur due to porphyrin (natural chemicals) buildup in the body. Porphyrins play a crucial role in the functioning of hemoglobin in your body. Hemoglobin is a red blood cell protein that attaches iron, links to porphyrin, and supplies oxygen all over your body. When the level of porphyrins goes higher, it can lead to many problems, including porphyria.
Porphyria affects the skin and nervous systems. Based on the site or organ that it affects, porphyria is of two types- acute porphyria involving the nervous system and cutaneous porphyria involving the skin. Abdominal pain, high blood pressure, chest pain are common symptoms that last for days to weeks. One of the most common forms of acute porphyria is acute intermittent porphyria.
Alcohol, smoking, and certain medications triggers porphyria. Hence, expert healthcare recommendations will be useful in the treatment of porphyria.
What Are the Types of Porphyria?
There are two categories of porphyria found in humans. These types determine the treatment for porphyria.
Some of the classifications are defined based on the system that becomes overactive. In erythropoietic porphyria, the bone marrow produces porphyrin in higher levels than required, and in hepatic porphyria, the liver produces high porphyrin.
The two broad types of porphyria are:
- Acute porphyria: Acute porphyria affects the nervous system. Symptoms do not last long but can come back over time. When attacks occur, it causes nerve damage and weakness in the muscles that take a long time to get better. It occurs due to deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase enzyme leading to the accumulation of toxic porphyrin in the body.
- Cutaneous porphyria: This form of the disease causes skin symptoms when exposed to sunlight. Areas commonly affected are the face and back of hands, ears, neck, and forearm. Porphyria cutaneous tarda is one of the acquired forms characterized by painful skin lesions due to light sensitivity.
Most types of porphyria are genetic disorders, it is inherited from parents when they pass an abnormal gene to their child. This can be a defective gene from one of the parents (autosomal dominant pattern) or defective genes from both parents (autosomal recessive pattern)
What Are the Symptoms of Porphyria?
Few individuals might develop symptoms of both the types of porphyria.
Symptoms of acute porphyria are:
- Chest pain
- Reddish-brown colored urine
- Fast heartbeat that causes high blood pressure
- Pain in the back and limb
- Abdominal pain
- Constipation and nausea
- Urinary retention meaning the bladder does not clear out urine completely
- Mental health instability
- A perception of something seen, heard, touched, smelled, or tasted that did not happen in reality or hallucination
- An uncontrolled disturbance which arises in the brain and results in involuntary movement of body parts
Symptoms of cutaneous porphyria include:
- Extreme sensitivity to sunlight
- Itching and swelling of the affected part
- Formation of a blister on the skin when exposed to light
- Skin darkening
- The outer layer or epidermis of skin comes off, leaving a denuded surface
When to See a Doctor?
Porphyria is a rare disorder; hence communicating with your doctors can help in deciding the treatment of the disease. As the condition gets triggered by many external factors, doctors will advise you to take certain precautions to prevent the attacks.
Patients suffering from porphyria need to consult a team of doctors to get cured. This team of doctors includes:
- Genetic counselor – To understand the origin and chances of passing this mutated gene to your offspring and future generations.
- Hematologists – To diagnose and treat blood-related symptoms.
- Dermatologists – For treating skin related diseases.
- Hepatologists – For treating liver disorders.
- Neurologists – For controlling neurological symptoms
What Are the Causes of Porphyria?
All porphyrias, regardless of their type, can lead to a problem in heme production.
The accumulation of porphyrin in the body is because of the shortage of the enzymes involved in heme production. Production of heme protein takes place in the bone marrow and liver and involves eight types of enzymes. During the synthesis of heme protein, porphyrins and its precursors are formed. If any of these eight enzymes occur in lower levels during the process, the porphyrin compounds build up in the skin, liver, and other body organs that can be seen when symptoms occur at those sites.
Porphyria is caused due to transfer of mutated genes. If porphyria is inherited, the cause is:
- Autosomal dominant pattern. In this case, the defective gene comes from one of our parents.
- Autosomal recessive pattern. When the mutated genes are inherited from both the parents.
Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) typically is acquired rather than inherited, although the enzyme deficiency may be inherited.
Apart from genetic factors, various environmental factors (triggers) can also put you at the risk of developing porphyria. When you are exposed to these factors, the demand of your body for the production of heme happens to increase. This demand overwhelms the enzyme (deficient) while establishing a process in motion that leads to porphyrins buildup. Some of the triggers include the following:
- Certain types of medicines, such as hormonal drugs
- Exposure to sunlight
- Consuming recreational drugs
- Drinking alcohol
- Physical and emotional stress
- Menstrual hormones (the occurrences of porphyria attacks after menopause and before puberty are rare)
How is Porphyria diagnosed ?
As porphyria has common symptoms similar to other diseases, lab tests are required to make a complete diagnosis. The tests are performed after identifying the type of porphyria affecting the patient.
Your doctor will recommend you to complete the following tests:
- Blood, Urine, and Stool Test: These tests measure the level of porphyrins in the body via blood, urine, or stool. When the symptoms outbreak, undergoing these tests will give the best results.
- Genetic Tests: Diagnostic procedures are performed to identify if the disease is due to gene mutation or due to abnormal genes transferred from the parents.
What is the Treatment for Porphyria?
There is no cure available until now for eliminating porphyria, and so the medications focus on managing the symptoms of the disorder.
- Acute porphyria attacks are treated in the hospital, and the treatment lasts for 3 to 4 days.
- Cutaneous porphyria is treated with phlebotomy, in which the patient’s blood is removed every two weeks to maintain the level of iron in their body. Regular blood and porphyrin tests are performed to keep a check on the iron levels. Dietary supplement to replace vitamin D deficiency is given as the patient cannot go out in sunlight.
- Opioids or anesthetic medications help in managing pain.
- Gene Therapies. FDA has approved a drug sold under the name Givosiran for the treatment of porphyria in adults.
What Are the Complications of Porphyria?
Listed below are few complications that occur in affected individuals:
- In Acute Porphyria: There is a greater risk of liver cancer. Alcohol consumption and infections of hepatitis A and C trigger cancer forming cells in such cases.
- Chronic kidney failure: The patient can experience loss of kidney function when kidneys become unable to filter and excrete waste from the body. In advanced stages of kidney failure, toxic wastes, fluid, electrolytes accumulate in the body.
- Anemia In Erythropoietic Porphyria: The patients develop severe anemia. Sometimes removal of an enlarged spleen will help in curing anemia.
- High blood pressure
What Are the Precautions Taken in Cases of Porphyria?
There is no cure for the disease, but eliminating triggers can prevent attacks and life-threatening conditions.
- Drugs, alcohol, and smoking needs to be avoided .
- In cases of cutaneous porphyria, staying out of sunlight is necessary.
- Wearing long sleeves, hats, coats, and other protective clothing to prevent sunlight falling on your skin.
- Diet plays a vital role in the prevention of porphyria. Lowering the consumption that increase blood pressure and following a dietician -recommended diet plan will help in maintaining good health.
Although porphyria does not have a permanent cure, medical treatment, encouragement, motivation, and few precautions can help the individual lead a normal life.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Can I Have More Than One Type of Porphyria?
There are rare cases of patients reporting more than one type of porphyria.
Does the Use of Sunscreen Helps in Preventing Cutaneous Porphyria in Affected Individuals?
Stepping out in sunlight can lead to cutaneous porphyria despite sunscreen application.
How Does Porphyria Affect Pregnancy?
Women with acute porphyria might have attacks during pregnancy that require special care. | <urn:uuid:443ae193-64ab-4f5e-a314-e9d077e65e49> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://healthlibrary.askapollo.com/porphyria-types-symptoms-and-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.911145 | 1,997 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Definition for the word Japans.
- a constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago; a world leader in electronics and automobile manufacture and ship building (noun)
- a string of more than 3,000 islands to the east of Asia extending 1,300 miles between the Sea of Japan and the western Pacific Ocean (noun)
- coat with a lacquer, as done in Japan (verb)
- lacquerware decorated and varnished in the Japanese manner with a glossy durable black lacquer (noun)
- lacquer with a durable glossy black finish, originally from the orient (noun)
Is Japans a Valid Scrabble Word?
Yes Japans is a valid Scrabble word.
We hope this answered your question of "is Japans a valid Scrabble word?". Included is the definition, examples of the Japans in a sentence, and the Scrabble word values of Japans. If you have any suggestions for WordFinderPro let us know on our contact page. Scrabble words are referenced with the 2020 NASPA Word List. | <urn:uuid:63acbf6e-1884-4605-9cba-ccbcc6906346> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wordfinderpro.com/dictionary/japans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.860621 | 233 | 2.15625 | 2 |
AIDA stands for Attention, Interest, Desire and Action; the four steps belonging to the process of selling according to E. St. Elmo Lewis, the man behind this school of thought. AIDA can be applied to different situations which involve selling products or services, but in this article we'll focus on how we can achieve each step through web design.
AIDA principles are especially relevant to the design of landing pages, where typically marketing and web design meet online. Landing pages generally aim to sell either a product, service or a subscription.
Attention is the first step of the AIDA principles, and the one upon which all the others rely. After all, how can you get a user to take action if you haven't caught their eye to begin with?
Attracting attention is discussed a lot within web design; clients want their site to be noticed. Concepts such as Above The Fold and The Thee Second Rule are regularly discussed, both of which focus on the need to grab users’ attention quickly.
The web as a platform is an excellent way to attract attention; good or unique design by itself will get noticed. However, individual elements of a design can be utilized to draw the focus of the user and lead them to particular areas on the page.
It's worth noting, however, the negative connotations of having too many page elements vying for the attention of the user. If everything is emphasized, no sense of hierarchy will be established and the user may feel intimidated and overwhelmed.
Methods of attracting attention generally change over time as trends and technology evolve, but here are a few popular methods currently in use.
Really big text has been around for a while now within web design. It is generally used to make a bold statement upfront such as welcoming the user or explaining the nature of the site (e.g. We make websites). The sheer size of the text relative to the rest of the page places it firmly at the top of the visual hierarchy.
To create elaborate, detailed animation on the web, one would have traditionally had to rely on Flash - this is no longer the case however. CSS3 animations are becoming increasingly more advanced and browser support is increasing along with it.
Animation, if used correctly, is an excellent way to distinguish your site and attract the attention of the user.
Next comes Interest, the second of the AIDA principles. We've already grabbed the user’s attention, now we need to get them interested in what we are offering. How do we do this?
It is suggested that instead of communicating the features of our product or service, we explain the benefits and advantages of it. This approach shifts the focus back to the user rather than the product or service and enables the user to identify with it on a personal level.
In terms of how we can approach this through design, it is all about clearly and succinctly presenting these benefits. Users will not want to read through paragraphs of a sales pitch in order to find what is in it for them. Chunks of information, steps, lists, bullet points, icons and more can all be utilized to quickly communicate information.
Evernote displays three large benefits, coupled with images, as soon as you load the page.
The landing page for Basecamp by 37signals gets straight to the point by listing three key benefits.
The webpage for Sparrow uses clearly defined sections to display the benefits of their app.
OK, so we’ve attracted their attention, got them interested, now we need to get users to want what we are offering. We have to generate desire.
Generating desire is a broad topic, businesses employ whole marketing divisions to create elaborate and engaging campaigns in order to accomplish this. We will focus however, on how we can do this through web design.
At this stage, you have the user’s attention and interest and they will be willing to invest more time on the site. This patience allows for more detailed information to be presented, whether in the form of images, video or text. There is no need to rush this step.
Show it Off
It goes without saying that you need to present your product in the best light. People will make judgments purely based on aesthetics and will associate good design with a higher level of overall quality. Not only then, must the design the website be up to par, but the actual product (if there is one) must look good as well.
The short video for Clear is excellent and really shows off the app.
High quality, enticing imagery and well produced videos can be extremely powerful in making your product look good. The Apple website does an exceptional job of showcasing all of their products using large imagery combined with animation.
Consider the best way to present your product or service. Those who sell digital products, such as apps or web design, often display them on devices such as monitors, laptops and phones.
Social proof is one of the most powerful and common ways to generate desire. It can take many forms and you will often come across it multiple times in your day-to-day life.
Social proof can be a complex psychological concept, but on a basic level it describes that people take their cues from other people. If others find something acceptable, an individual is more likely to think that way themselves.
Testimonials and reviews are an excellent example of this, as they will demonstrate that others have already had a good experience with a service or product. Knowing that others have used a product and recommend it removes the feeling of risk and in turn increases desire.
Better still is to feature the opinions and views of experts or celebrities. These types of people have a large following and their opinion has a lot of value and trust behind it.
The same concept can be seen when a design studio displays big, successful companies as clients, or when an author proudly presents where their work has been featured.
As well as using quality to your advantage, quantity can work just as well. This can be seen when high numbers of Twitter Followers, Facebook Likes or RSS Subscribers are displayed for all to see.
We’ve done all of the hard work and have made it this far, it now comes down to the final step – action. The ultimate goal for a landing page is to convert someone to a buyer or a subscriber and the last thing we would want is to fail at this final stage.
Call to Action
A ‘Call to Action’ element is pretty self-explanatory. They are elements, usually in the form of buttons, which invite the user to take some type of action such as ‘Buy Now’ or ‘Sign Up’. They sound pretty simple, but there are some considerations to be made when designing.
First and foremost, with any call to action element, it needs to be absolutely clear and obvious that the user can interact with it. Buttons are expected to have certain styling, such as a clearly defined area or a feeling of depth.
We can further help distinguish call to action elements using various methods. Use color, size, detail and plenty of white space to your advantage and to further highlight the element.
Make use of direct wording on the buttons to encourage action and create a sense of urgency. Clear, concise language will not only promote action but it will be obvious to the user what to expect upon interacting with the element.
We also need to make it as easy as possible for the user to take action by providing multiple opportunities for them to do so. A prominent call to action element should be included early in the design, with further instances throughout the page.
It is important however, to maintain a good balance. We do not want to overwhelm the user and make them feel pressured in any way. Too many call to action elements will seem pushy and may have the opposite effect of what we want. Two to three is probably a good number to aim for.
The Z Layout
The ‘Z Layout’ has been discussed on Webdesigntuts+ previously, but it is worth mentioning again as it applies perfectly to landing pages for leading users to action.
The ‘Z Layout’ is a simple, but effective web page layout that directs the user through various points on a page and eventually leads to a call to action element. This layout is a perfect way to implement AIDA principles, leading the user through each step in turn and finally presenting the call to action at the end.
An advantage of this layout is that it is very adaptable and can be utilized in many different ways. The structure of the ‘Z’ shape is not rigid and is able to expand and contract to encompass different forms of content. Therefore, you'll often see examples of this layout that can look markedly different from each other.
Here are some examples of the ‘Z’ layout in action. See if you can spot the intended path.
Knowing the theory behind AIDA principles and how to execute each step through design can be very valuable knowledge for a web designer.
The individual techniques discussed above are all relatively simple and commonplace within web design, but it is a different skill entirely to be able to combine them in such a way to create effective, goal-orientated web pages.
If this article has sparked interest in AIDA, check out the accompanying Premium tutorial Designing a Landing Page Using AIDA Principles..
Thanks for reading! | <urn:uuid:0636809e-e456-496e-a8e4-35507b5f50fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://webdesign.tutsplus.com/articles/employing-aida-principles-in-web-design--webdesign-6997 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.954527 | 2,054 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Throughout the duration of the pandemic the number of individuals registering a business in the United States increased dramatically, with 3.2 million individuals registering a business in 2020, up by more than half a million from 2019. Although many economists believe this was fueled solely by the pandemic, a number of factors are responsible. A growing dissatisfaction with worker’s rights, the rising disparity between living expenses and wages, and a shifting culture that champions grassroots businesses and owner-operated enterprises are among the factors driving people away from the traditional workforce and into the world of building their own businesses.
While this shift can be seen as a positive, with many individuals taking their future into their own hands, and at the same time presenting the potential for resurgence of unique culture as the pool of large corporations that dominate both service and FMCG industries becomes diluted, a number of challenges exist. Namely, with such a sharp uptick in the number of entrepreneurs attempting to build something for themselves, how can one hope to stand out and ultimately find long-term success?
Although there is a myriad of resources available around entrepreneurship, the most valuable guidance comes from those who have first-hand experience. To help this growing wave of fresh-faced entrepreneurs, I’ve pulled from my own experiences to provide advice around strategy, risk-assessment, execution, influencing others, trusting your gut, and working with challenges instead of letting them drag your business down through negative thinking. Read on to learn more.
Be Patient with Strategy and Impatient with Execution
There are only so many hours in a day, and unfortunately that means there’s a limited amount of time to get things done. Competing priorities when building your own business make this challenge more cogent, and for many, making the decision around which tasks are priorities, which can be rushed and those that require more time is not always simple.
Luckily, the theory behind mastering this skill is quite simple. To accurately assess which decisions and tasks require more time, and which can be rushed through, all that is needed is simple reflection. Ask yourself “Is this decision irreversible or will it have a large impact on the future of my business?” If it will, slow down and take your time. If the decision is low stakes, this is a task which can be rushed through and revisited later if necessary.
Always Have a One-Minute Overview of your Business Ready
When it comes to securing an investor or finalizing a partnership with another business, being prepared for the unexpected is vital. More often than not, chance opportunities that appear out of the blue can mean the difference between long-term success and struggle. As such, it’s vital to have a short overview, also known as an ‘elevator pitch’, prepared. This elevator pitch should include a short recap of who you are, your business, the problem it solves, it’s potential, and how the investment or partnership could be mutually beneficial in the long-term. It’s important to keep in mind that this pitch is designed to open up a conversation, so the nitty gritty details of what you’ve worked on, or how exactly the business or product works, will generally be requested by the other party if they’re interested.
Influence with a Combination of Ethos, Pathos and Logos Based on the Audience
Influencing others as a practice is equal parts of science and art. Some people are easily influenced by logos, which are numbers and data; others prefer pathos, an emotional argument that tugs the heartstrings. Some are more convinced by ethos, a desire to do the most ethical, “right” thing. When trying to showcase your business, or in any outreach that involves the public, it’s important to assess which will resonate more with the individuals you are attempting to influence and tailor your interactions based on that assessment.
Listen to the Soft Voice of your Intuition
Logic and data are loud and decisive. They are easy to defend, and they provide people with a sense of safety when it comes to making a point or arguing a counterpoint. Intuition, on the other hand, speaks softly. It whispers through sensation and emotion based on perception and past experience. Because of this, intuition often provides guidance based on unconscious logic before we have consciously rationalized it. As such, it’s imperative to slow down and listen to this soft voice at every stage of building your business. While it may not always be correct, it allows for time to reflect on points you may have not previously considered and make decisions in line with what feels right for you and your businesses’ future.
Move from ‘No, but…’ to ‘Yes, and…’
We’ve all experienced situations with contrarians, where no matter the proposition they always have a “No, but…” to add. Unfortunately, this isn’t a specific personality trait and at one time or another all of us have been guilty of doing this. If you find yourself falling into that habit, or are surrounded by partners or investors who do this, propose switching the “no, but…” to “yes, and…”
“Yes, and…” is a foundational construct of collaborative communication and improvisational comedy. It creates an atmosphere of innovation where all involved parties are free to share their ideas, no matter how obscure they might seem. This type of atmosphere builds business resilience, as the culture shifts from one that catastrophizes challenges into one that draws on proactivity and collaboration to solve problems before the negative impacts are felt.
Although the arena of entrepreneurship is becoming more saturated and thus more competitive, it shouldn’t be a deterrent. By putting in extra effort, educating yourself around strategy, execution, problem solving, communication, and of course, listening to your intuition, even those with minimal experience can find progression, growth, and success in the long-term. | <urn:uuid:ddfd7316-b8ef-42fa-b714-544ec6f00580> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rescue.ceoblognation.com/2021/12/08/entrepreneurship-is-on-the-rise-heres-how-to-stand-out-and-find-long-term-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.954472 | 1,235 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Iran Offers To Limit Uranium Enrichment
Iran would negotiate on halting higher-grade uranium enrichment if given fuel for a research reactor, senior officials said, reviving a previous offer in a possible attempt to show flexibility in stalled nuclear talks with world powers.
The talks have made scant progress since resuming in April, leading to harsher Western sanctions against Iran and increasing talk of Israeli air strikes on its arch-adversary over concerns Tehran is covertly seeking the means to develop nuclear weapons.
The Islamic Republic’s economy is suffering from the tightened noose of sanctions, with the rial currency losing nearly two-thirds of its value to the dollar over the past year.
“If a guarantee is provided to supply the 20 percent (enriched) fuel for the Tehran Research Reactor, our officials are ready to enter talks about 20 percent enrichment,” Foreign Ministry spokesman Ramin Mehmanparast said at a Eurasian media forum in Kazakhstan on Friday, according to Iran’s Press TV.
Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi told the German newsmagazine Der Spiegel e arlier in the week: “If our right to enrichment is recognised, we are prepared to offer an exchange. We would voluntarily limit the extent of our enrichment program, but in return we would need a guaranteed supply of the relevant fuels from abroad.”
At the heart of Iran’s dispute with world powers is its insistence on the right to enrich uranium and that economic sanctions should be lifted before it stops activities that could lead to its achieving the capability to produce nuclear weapons.
The United States and European allies reject such conditions. They say Iran forfeited a right to enrich by having concealed sensitive nuclear work from U.N. inspectors and blocking their inquiry into suspected bomb research.
They also believe that dropping sanctions first would remove any incentive for Iran to come clean and negotiate seriously.
EU WIDENS SANCTIONS
Mehmanparast, the Foreign Ministry spokesman, spoke on the same day the European Union provisionally approved yet wider economic sanctions complementing U.S. plans for further financial penalties.
Mehmanparast said any flexibility shown by Iran should be matched by reciprocal measures from world powers, including full recognition of Iran’s right to enrich uranium, according to Saturday’s Press TV report.
There is no sign Iran’s readiness to discuss its enrichment of uranium to a fissile concentration of 20 percent would go anywhere near enough to satisfy the demands of the West.
World powers want Iran to stop 20 percent enrichment, shut down the Fordow underground centrifuge plant where this work is carried out and ship out its stockpile of this material.
Western officials say such gestures would serve to raise confidence in Iranian intentions but more would be needed to obtain any significant relief from sanctions.
Iran says it needs uranium enriched to a fissile purity of 20 percent for a medical research reactor in Tehran, but this would also overcome most of the hurdles in terms of technology and time to the 90 percent level suitable for nuclear weapons.
According to the latest International Atomic Energy Agency watchdog report, issued in August, Iran has a stockpile of 20 percent uranium of just over 90 kilograms (200 pounds).
Traditionally experts say 200-250 kg would be required for one nuclear device, if it is refined further to weapons grade, but some say less would do. Iran is believed to be producing about 15 kg per month.
A U.S.-based think tank earlier this week said Iran would currently need at least two to four months to refine enough uranium for one bomb but that considerably more time would be required to assemble a deliverable nuclear weapon. | <urn:uuid:2413aa4e-b31a-42d3-8ef5-183584e31276> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forward.com/news/breaking-news/164220/iran-offers-to-limit-uranium-enrichment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.950646 | 753 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Pink Floyd The Wall (1982) - (Pink Floyd) one-sheet F, NM $65 *
Size: 27" x 41"
Condition: Folded, Near Mint
Watch on YouTube
This is a US one-sheet poster derived from one of the animated
sequences in the 1982 Alan Parker Film Pink Floyd The Wall,
screenplay by Roger Waters and starring Bob Geldof as Pink. This is a
psychedelic horror musical rich in symbolic imagery with songs,
animation by Gerald Scarfe and minimal dialogue. Plot summary: Pink
is a rock star who has gotten into a depressed and detached state.
His father was killed in the fighting at the Anzio Bridgehead during
his infancy; Pink has always longed for a father and has a bad
relationship with an overprotective mother. As a rock performer he has
bad relationships with women and fantasizes himself as a neo-Nazi.
The titular wall is a metaphorical device Pink has built around
himself; it represents the wall of alienation between Pink Floyd and
Put It in the Cart Add to, See Cart
See Cart Now
If you are looking for specific film posters please send email to firstname.lastname@example.org.
Back to the Main Movie Poster List | <urn:uuid:7dd7840f-8f4a-4b58-92d1-cfc38df93565> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.musicman.com/00pic/5595.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.92115 | 277 | 1.773438 | 2 |
- All Categories
- i4 Neuroleader Methodology
It seems almost everyone knows someone who has committed suicide. Even if the act seemingly came from nowhere, or as a spur of the moment decision, many people who commit suicide are affected by brain health disorders. Their often silent pleas for help may have gone unnoticed in health care systems which are ill-equipped to handle mental challenges. Suicide is rapidly becoming a leading cause of death, particularly in certain age groups. What are we going to do as a society to help people when they are suffering?
We often look to celebrities as role models, and we are shocked when these people (who are, after all, normal human beings, too) commit suicide. Kate Spade, Anthony Bourdain, Robin Williams, Chester Bennington, Kurt Cobain, Pratusha Banerjee, Charlotte Dawson, Malik Bendjelloul, Avicii. Around 1,000,000 die by suicide around the world each year. Every 40 seconds another person takes their own life.1
The recent show on Netflix “13 Reasons Why” may have had an impact on suicide numbers. Boys between ten and seventeen seemed most at risk in the nine-month period following the show’s airing, with an increase in the suicide rate by nearly 30%. The show’s creators were questioned as to whether they were doing enough to prevent suicides, and if the discussions were harmful or helpful to youths.2
While the answers aren’t immediately clear, it is clear we must as humans embrace the idea that brain health matters and the conversation about suicide can no longer be taboo.
I think suicide is sort of like cancer was 50 years ago. People don't want to talk about it, they don't want to know about it. People are frightened of it, and they don't understand when actually these issues are medically treatable.
Statistics from around the world are sobering. We can no longer poke our heads in the sand and refuse to talk about brain health and the effects of poor health on our wellbeing. Rates of suicide vary greatly by country and region (suicides per 100K people):3
For the world population between 15 and 29 years of age, suicide is the second leading cause of death. Over 79% of suicides in 2016 occurred in low and middle-income countries. 20% of worldwide suicides are caused by self-poisoning, usually with pesticides. Hanging and firearms are also common methods.4
Everyone with depression doesn’t automatically want to commit suicide, and everyone who commits suicide isn’t necessarily depressed. But, there is a link between suicide and brain health disorders such as depression. A study followed 207 patients who were being treated for suicide ideation, and after a 5-10 year follow-up period, 14 had committed suicide. The Hopelessness Scale and the pessimistic part of the Beck Depression Inventory (two tools used by therapists) predicted 91% of the eventual suicides.5
It isn’t normal to suffer from depression during any part of our life cycles. It’s not a given in young adulthood, it’s not typical when we age, and we don’t have to suffer quietly any longer. Nearly 90% of people with clinical depression can be treated6, but they have to seek treatment first. If you know of someone struggling with depression or know of someone facing challenging and stressful conditions in their life, reach out to them. A kind word can be what they need to take that first courageous step.
Depression can be treated, and it doesn’t have to result in suicide. People who make suicide attempts have an opportunity to seek treatment, but only if treatment options are readily available, affordable, and convenient. 40% of people who eventually die by suicide made an earlier attempt.7
As leaders, we can have an active role in the brain health of our employees. We can set policies that support and encourage healthy brains and bodies. We can be the force of change, but only if we have the courage and determination to do so.
We all have a duty to society to support our citizens, and especially our young people who are most at risk for suicide. Suicide does not respect race, religion, ethnicity, where you live, what you do, or who you love. It’s time we opened the conversation, and by speaking about suicide we can hopefully help save lives. Stay tuned for my next article as we explore anxiety disorders.
About my Brain Institute
In 2009, Relmi Damiano co-founded the About my Brain Institute alongside scientist and leadership expert Silvia Damiano. Their vision is to democratise leadership & neuroscience by shaking up how we develop the human, the leader and the creative we all carry within. | <urn:uuid:9c1b67d0-984b-4d30-b4ac-55abdb29e3d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aboutmybrain.com/blog/the-modern-health-crisis-suicide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.960906 | 1,010 | 3.03125 | 3 |
It is said that the character of a man can often be judged by the company he keeps. This article takes a hard look at the company US presidential front-runners keep with regard to their top aides. What can they tell us about the prospect of peace and stability in the Middle East or elsewhere?
Written by Daniel Newby exclusively for SouthFront
Painted as anti-establishment and friendly toward Russia, Republican front-runner Donald Trump nevertheless embraced Michael Glassner as his Political Director . Glassner was a senior advisor to former presidential candidates Bob Dole and John McCain, both notorious military interventionists. He was also a Regional Political Director for the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) , a highly-influential organization with a long track record of lobbying for military invasions and aggressive sanctions against Israel’s neighbors .
Though publicly-distanced by Israel’s Netanyahoo regime over his views on restricting Muslims from immigrating to the US, Trump did campaign for Netanyahoo’s narrow re-election , and has claimed:
“The only [candidate] that’s going to give real support to Israel is me. The rest of them are all talk, no action. They’re politicians. I’ve been loyal to Israel from the day I was born. My father, Fred Trump, was loyal to Israel before me. The only one that’s going to give Israel the kind of support it needs is Donald Trump.”
How will this “loyalty” and “support” for Israel translate into action? Trump irked many in the US Jewish community with some of his comments at a recent Republican Jewish Coalition forum . Since then, however, he has set a provocative tone for future Middle East relations by publicly-recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel . In another snub to Palestinians contesting Israel’s territorial claims, Trump announced plans to move the US embassy to Jerusalem .
Another more ominous signal came last August, when Trump, who has frequently touted his opposition to the US invasion of Iraq, named former top US State Department official John Bolton as one of his top foreign policy advisors, stating: “He’s, you know, a tough cookie, knows what he’s talking about.” Part of the Bush-Cheney regime, Bolton was a staunch advocate for military invasions of Iraq and Iran.
Does Trump naively assume that an old guard antagonist like Bolton will change his ways and begin recommending more constructive and respectful US foreign policy paths? Or do war vultures like John Bolton fit with Trump’s political agenda?
Struggling to overtake Trump’s meteoric rise, Republican Ted Cruz is marketed as a limited-government conservative who carries a big stick for beating America’s enemies with. In language that typically evokes visions of nuclear war, Cruz recently made the following statement during a debate:
“We will carpet bomb [ISIS] into oblivion. I don’t know if sand can glow in the dark, but we’re going to find out.”
Consistent with his inflammatory rhetoric, Cruz has chosen Chad Sweet as his Campaign Chairman. Sweet is a former US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director of Operations, former Chief of Staff for the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and co-founder of The Chertoff Group with Michael Chertoff (himself a former DHS Secretary and Sweet’s former boss). For his National Security Advisor, Cruz selected Victoria Coates, an advocate of military intervention in Iraq and Syria, and the former Director of Research for war-happy US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. Cruz’s campaign also features policy advisors like spin-doctor James Woolsey, CIA Director under the Clinton regime, Elliot Abrams of Iran-Contra scandal infamy, and the aforementioned John Bolton who was cited by Trump as one of his top advisors.
Neck-and-neck with Cruz is Marco Rubio, whose campaign page features the provocative article, “While Russian Prime Minister Is Declaring a New Cold War, Marco Has a Plan to Counter Russian Aggression”.
Rubio brags: “While Obama and Clinton were trying to appease Russia, Marco has consistently laid out a plan to counter Vladimir Putin’s aggression and prevent increased interference in Europe.”
Rubio intends to, “Develop a plan to oust Bashar al-Assad from power, including ramping up training of Syrian rebels to fight both Assad and ISIS and to establish safe zones within Syria…”, and to, “…coordinate with regional allies to plan for Assad’s fall….”
Rubio’s foreign policy advisors have included former National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley, who advocated that the CIA should covertly arm Ukraine against Russian interests, Cruz campaign moonlighter Elliott Abrams, and Weekly Standard bird-of-prey William Kristol, who has vigorously promoted US military invasions and other aggression in the Middle East.
Across the aisle, Democrat Hillary Clinton is no stranger to inciting foreign conflict. As a US senator, she voted for the Iraq invasion in 2002, and as Secretary of State for the Obama regime, she urged the US-orchestrated overthrow of the government of Libya. In a recent debate, Clinton defended her actions:
“We had a murderous dictator, Gadhafi, who had American blood on his hands … threatening to massacre large numbers of the Libyan people. We had our closest allies in Europe burning up the phone lines begging us to help them try to prevent what they saw as a mass genocide, in their words. And we had the Arabs standing by our side saying, ‘We want you to help us deal with Gadhafi.’”
Clinton’s long roster of advisors includes Lee Feinstein, former senior advisor to Madeleine Albright and proponent of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Feinstein co-authored a 2004 article claiming, “…The biggest problem with the Bush preemption strategy may be that it does not go far enough.” He later defended “a duty to prevent” doctrine that rationalized preemptive strikes on foreign nations.
Clinton’s other top foreign policy advisors include her husband, Bill Clinton, and Feinstein’s former boss Madeleine Albright, both renowned for their support of aggressive NATO expansion and aggression, to include the carpet bombing campaign in Yugoslavia.
In addition to their incestuously-chummy pool of advisors, Clinton, Cruz, and Rubio all reportedly share at least one private consulting firm, Beacon Global Strategies (BGS). This outfit is comprised of a who’s-who of war-keen former US State Department, Department of Defense, and CIA officials like Philippe Reines, Andrew Shapiro, Eric Edelman, Jeremy Bash, and Leon Panetta.
BGS loyalty to the military-industrial cabal is clear: “Drawing on our decades of service in the international security arena, we develop strategies and provide services that enable companies to achieve their business objectives, both in the United States and around the world.”
Fighting tooth-and-nail against the Clinton machine, Bernie Sanders claims to be a peace-loving social progressive. Unlike the other front-runners, Sanders has yet to clearly identify his foreign policy advisors. In a recent interview, he mentioned two individuals, but in a subsequent interview mentioned only one, Larry Korb, who denied any involvement with Sanders’ campaign.
As a US senator, Sanders voted occasionally to oppose aggressive warfare. However, someone must have encouraged him to vote twice in 1998 for the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s Iraq regime, vote in favor of granting then-president Bill Clinton the power to wage war against Serbia, and finally vote to give then-president George Bush near-blanket authority to wage war against “terrorists” anywhere in the world.
One of his top congressional aides resigned in frustration, citing Sanders’ unethical support for the US bombing campaign in Yugoslavia. From his resignation notice to Sanders:
“The House Resolution (S Con Res 21) of 4/29/99 which ‘authorizes the president of the United States to conduct military air operations and missile strikes in cooperation with the United States NATO allies against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia’ supports not only the current air war but also its unlimited escalation. It thereby authorizes the commission of war crimes, even of genocide. Indeed, the very day after that vote, the Pentagon announced that it would begin ‘area bombing,’ which the Washington Post (4/30/99) characterized as ‘dropping unguided weapons from B-52 bombers in an imprecise technique that resulted in large-scale civilian casualties in World War II and the Vietnam War.’ It was your vote in support of this resolution that precipitated my decision that my conscience required me to resign from your staff.”
If only Sanders had listened to this particular aide’s concerns more closely. Better yet, if only this aide were running instead of Sanders.
Sanders also co-sponsored senate resolution 85 in 2011 which, “…Urges the United Nations Security Council to take such further action as may be necessary to protect civilians in Libya from attack, including the possible imposition of a no-fly zone over Libyan territory…” More recently, Sanders voted to fund military budgets for the Iraq and Afghanistan occupations, as well as $1 billion in aid to the Ukrainian regime — antagonistically propped up by the US and NATO.
Conclusion: Red Skies Ahead
While carcass candidates dance around life-and-death issues, the familiar flock of war vultures circle coolly overhead. Campaign promises notwithstanding, those who whisper in the ears of America’s front-runners are overwhelmingly united in further destabilizing and exploiting the Middle East.
Nation-states seeking sovereignty, independence, and equitable relationships with their neighbors may need to look to themselves for the leadership, strategy, and means to effectively resist a militaristic global tyranny. When looking to the US, it is prudent to consider what an unidentified Irishman purportedly observed decades ago: “…You can depend on Americans to do the right thing when they have exhausted every other possibility.” | <urn:uuid:9ff0417f-f123-4bbe-8882-72beae4d05f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://southfront.org/opinion-the-war-vultures-circling-us-presidential-front-runners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.956084 | 2,218 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Supporters of a public plan, such as Washington Post columnist E. J. Dionne, argue that many places in the United States have monopolies in which one company, or a small set of companies, control the local market for health insurance. Economist and New York Times columnist Paul Krugman also wrote that local insurance monopolies exist in many of the smaller states, accusing those who oppose the idea of a public insurance plan as defenders of local monopolies. He also argued that traditional ideas of beneficial market competition do not apply to the insurance industry given that insurers mainly compete by risk selection, claiming that "[t]he most successful companies are those that do the best job of denying coverage to those who need it most."
Critics said that "Exemptions would lead to market instability and higher premiums in the traditional small-group market. AHPs exempt from state regulation and oversight would enable them to be more selective about who they cover. They will be less likely to cover higher-risk populations, which would cause an imbalance in the risk pool for other small business health plans that are part of the state small group risk pool. Adverse selection would likely abound and Association Health Plans would be selling an unregulated product alongside small group plans, which creates an unlevel playing field." According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), "[p]remiums would go up for those buying in the traditional small-group market." competing against AHPs that offer less expensive and less comprehensive plans.
Network-based plans may be either closed or open. With a closed network, enrollees' expenses are generally only covered when they go to network providers. Only limited services are covered outside the network—typically only emergency and out-of-area care. Most traditional HMOs were closed network plans. Open network plans provide some coverage when an enrollee uses non-network provider, generally at a lower benefit level to encourage the use of network providers. Most preferred provider organization plans are open-network (those that are not are often described as exclusive provider organizations, or EPOs), as are point of service (POS) plans.
Insurance plans with higher out-of-pocket costs generally have smaller monthly premiums than plans with low deductibles. When shopping for plans, individuals must weigh the benefits of lower monthly costs against the potential risk of large out-of-pocket expenses in the case of a major illness or accident. Health insurance has many cousins, such as disability insurance, critical (catastrophic) illness insurance, and long-term care (LTC) insurance.
Over time, the operations of many Blue Cross and Blue Shield operations have become more similar to those of commercial health insurance companies. However, some Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans continue to serve as insurers of last resort. Similarly, the benefits offered by Blues plans, commercial insurers, and HMOs are converging in many respects because of market pressures. One example is the convergence of preferred provider organization (PPO) plans offered by Blues and commercial insurers and the point of service plans offered by HMOs. Historically, commercial insurers, Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans, and HMOs might be subject to different regulatory oversight in a state (e.g., the Department of Insurance for insurance companies, versus the Department of Health for HMOs). Today, it is common for commercial insurance companies to have HMOs as subsidiaries, and for HMOs to have insurers as subsidiaries (the state license for an HMO is typically different from that for an insurance company). At one time the distinctions between traditional indemnity insurance, HMOs and PPOs were very clear; today, it can be difficult to distinguish between the products offered by the various types of organization operating in the market.
The terms "open panel" and "closed panel" are sometimes used to describe which health care providers in a community have the opportunity to participate in a plan. In a "closed panel" HMO, the network providers are either HMO employees (staff model) or members of large group practices with which the HMO has a contract. In an "open panel" plan the HMO or PPO contracts with independent practitioners, opening participation in the network to any provider in the community that meets the plan's credential requirements and is willing to accept the terms of the plan's contract.
An individual with Cerebral Palsy will likely require specialized medical services throughout his or her lifetime. The expense for a chronic disability can greatly exceed the expense for standard care an individual without the condition incurs. Cerebral Palsy results in a chronic, physical impairment, which typically involves routine doctor visits, extended hospital stays, a range of therapies, planned surgeries, drug therapy, and adaptive equipment. Depending on the level of impairment, Cerebral Palsy usually requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary health care team that may include any combination of the following: pediatrician, neurologist, radiologist, orthopedic surgeon, physical therapist, occupational therapist, and vocational therapist. Some individuals also require the assistance of a registered dietician, a speech pathologist, ophthalmologist, urologist, and a cosmetic dentist, amongst others.
Susan Heathfield makes every effort to offer accurate, common-sense, ethical Human Resources management, employer, and workplace advice both on this website, and linked to from this website, but she is not an attorney, and the content on the site, while authoritative, is not guaranteed for accuracy and legality, and is not to be construed as legal advice.
Medicare Advantage plans expand the health insurance options for people with Medicare. Medicare Advantage was created under the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, with the intent to better control the rapid growth in Medicare spending, as well as to provide Medicare beneficiaries more choices. But on average, Medicare Advantage plans cost 12% more than traditional Medicare. The ACA took steps to align payments to Medicare Advantage plans with the cost of traditional Medicare.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), the National Governors' Association and "several insurance and consumer groups" opposed the AHP legislation. The NAIC issued a Consumer Alert regarding AHPs, as proposed in Developing the Next Generation of Small Businesses Act of 2017. H.R. 1774. Their statement said that AHP's "[t]hreaten the stability of the small group market" and provide "inadequate benefits and insufficient protection to consumers." Under AHPs, "[f]ewer consumers would have their rights protected, "AHPs would also be exempt from state solvency requirements, putting consumers at serious risk of incurring medical claims that cannot be paid by their Association Health Plan."
Employer-sponsored health insurance plans dramatically expanded as a direct result of wage controls imposed by the federal government during World War II. The labor market was tight because of the increased demand for goods and decreased supply of workers during the war. Federally imposed wage and price controls prohibited manufacturers and other employers from raising wages enough to attract workers. When the War Labor Board declared that fringe benefits, such as sick leave and health insurance, did not count as wages for the purpose of wage controls, employers responded with significantly increased offers of fringe benefits, especially health care coverage, to attract workers.
Hospital and medical expense policies were introduced during the first half of the 20th century. During the 1920s, individual hospitals began offering services to individuals on a pre-paid basis, eventually leading to the development of Blue Cross organizations. The predecessors of today's Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) originated beginning in 1929, through the 1930s and on during World War II.
Public insurance cover increased from 2000–2010 in part because of an aging population and an economic downturn in the latter part of the decade. Funding for Medicaid and CHIP expanded significantly under the 2010 health reform bill. The proportion of individuals covered by Medicaid increased from 10.5% in 2000 to 14.5% in 2010 and 20% in 2015. The proportion covered by Medicare increased from 13.5% in 2000 to 15.9% in 2010, then decreased to 14% in 2015. | <urn:uuid:3ce5d925-e627-4e56-98fb-d55ecec3040c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://soeasyhealthinsurance.com/boisecity/how-health-insurance-premiums-are-determined-boise-city-find-out-more-here.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.964096 | 1,691 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Volvo Trucks Malaysia has two road safety campaigns running i.e. “Stop, Look and Wave” and “See and Be Seen”, with the objective of increasing road safety awareness particularly for children and cyclists. But while professional truck drivers have the responsibility to drive in a safe manner, other road users should also be aware of the limitations and challenges of driving a behemoth of a vehicle.
A fine example would be the enormous areas of blind spots a truck driver has to contend with, as well as its wide turning radius, especially when the truck is hauling load. The “See and Be Seen” initiative is aimed at increasing this awareness for other road users that share the road with a truck (or bus). Armed with the knowledge that most accidents are due to human factors such as lack of attention, poor understanding and misjudgement, Volvo Trucks took the lead in designing fun activities that demonstrate how safety can be improved in the interactions between cyclists, motorcylists and truck drivers that will help to reduce the risk of accidents.
As part of the “See and Be Seen” campaign, Volvo Trucks also organised a Festive Season Safe Drive campaign, in collaboration with Petronas Carigali in Kerteh, to help educate the public, especially motorcyclists, on road safety. A large number of road deaths in Malaysia involve motorcyclists and Volvo Trucks, with the help of its professional driver trainers, highlighted the risk of riding in a truck’s blind spots.
“81% of road accidents in Malaysia are due to human errors,” said Mitch Peden, the Managing Director of Volvo Trucks Malaysia. “It is not enough for us to make our trucks safer, we play an important role in making sure the world’s roads are safer too. Safety talks with our partners and the communities that we operate in are part of Volvo Trucks’ on-going efforts to make our roads safer for everyone.”
Meanwhile, the “Stop, Look and Wave” campaign was pioneered by Volvo Trucks in Sweden and is designed to help children understand how to act safely near traffic. With three simple steps, “to first stop, to then look and notice their surroundings and finally, to wave at the driver and make sure they have been seen,” the campaign offers simple yet important advice to children that may ultimately save lives.
It is hoped that through these two campaigns, Volvo Trucks can have a positive impact on reducing road accidents and make a difference to the lives of road users, not just in Malaysia but around the globe.
Volvo Trucks actively supports and collaborates with communities and organisations across Malaysia to help promote road safety. If you are interested in inviting Volvo Trucks to talk about the “Stop, Look and Wave” or “See and Be Seen”, please reach out to: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:4f5ebbc5-2e36-438a-8b3e-193cd3a508e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://autoworld.com.my/news/2019/01/07/volvo-trucks-malaysia-puts-safety-first-with-two-road-safety-campaigns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.966772 | 612 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Main Article Content
It has been widely recognized that Information Technology (IT) and Computer- Assisted Instruction (CAI) are currently used in most schools in Thailand to support classroom teaching. Whilst the secondary school students have access to information technology and are capable of using computers at a relatively high level, their teachers should possess both IT literacy and computer skills in addition to their general academic qualifications. This study aims to assess IT literacy of secondary school teachers, to study their attitudes toward the use of IT in their school context, and to assess their basic computer competency. The researcher developed three instruments to collect data: (1) structured interview for IT literacy of the subjects, (2) questionnaire on their attitudes toward IT and computer use, (3) and task-based assessment of computer skills generally required in their teaching. The researcher collected data from fifteen secondary school teachers in three demonstration schools in Bangkok. An analysis of obtained qualitative and quantitative data pointed to (1) the subjects’ good to very good level of IT literacy level, (2) their positive attitudes toward the use of IT in their school context, and (3) their good level of basic computer competency. As for pedagogic implications of the study, the research tools can be used by secondary schools for basic computer skill assessment or for teaching staff training as part of the school’s professional development. | <urn:uuid:6884b6c4-6b6f-4f65-b6cc-0690caaf3a30> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rsujournals.rsu.ac.th/index.php/jla/article/view/230 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.965856 | 278 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Fresh oranges, grapefruits and tangerines boast vibrant orange and yellow colors that remind us sunshine isn’t far away during the long, sometimes dreary winter months. These citrus fruit are packed with vitamin C, fiber, folic acid and potassium, plus they are a great way to include a refreshing sweet snack in your diet with no fat. We need plenty of vitamin C for growth and repair of tissues in the body. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, which means it is a nutrient that can block some of the damage caused by free radicals and ward off chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Fiber, also known as bulk or roughage in the diet includes parts of plant foods that the body does not digest or absorb. A diet high in fiber lowers cholesterol, aids in controlling blood sugar levels, and can help in achieving a healthy weight. Depending on your age and gender, the average adult needs between 21-38 grams of fiber per day.
Folic acid is a B vitamin that is extremely important for pregnant women because is aids in the production of genetic materials/DNA, but it is also very important for many other bodily functions. Folic acid is added to many foods that we eat and is sometimes used in supplement form to treat/prevent certain types of cancer and memory loss. Potassium is both a mineral and an electrolyte that is crucial to heart function. It also plays a key role in skeletal and smooth muscle contraction, which make it very important for normal digestive and muscular function. The very best way to obtain these vitamins and minerals is by consuming foods that are rich in these nutrients.
Oranges and grapefruits are in grocery stores all year long, but they taste the best and are more reasonably priced during the winter months of December through March. Choose fruits that feel heavy and have no bruising. Heavy fruits are full of juice and sweetness! Citrus fruits are best stored in the refrigerator, but be careful they do not freeze because they can become bitter and spoil.
Tangerines are another plentiful and special treat during the winter months. They taste wonderful this time of year. A very popular type of tangerine is the Clementine, which is easy to peel and separate into slices. At this time of year, tangerines are often sold in a bag of about 24 small fruit–if you pay $5.00 for the bag, then you are only paying about 21 cents per fruit. What a great deal!
Here are few ideas for including these tasty citrus fruits into your diet each day:
- Pack a couple of tangerines in your purse or school bag for an afternoon snack.
- Peel and dip tangerines, oranges, and/or grapefruit in flavored low-fat yogurt.
- Add citrus fruit slices to coleslaw, green salads or even chicken salad.
- Sprinkle a grapefruit half with brown sugar and cinnamon. Broil the grapefruit until sugar starts to bubble then enjoy!
The possibilities are endless, so be sure to take advantage of these healthy choices for meals and snacks! For more information on this or any other nutrition topic, please contact your local Cooperative Extension Office of the LSU AgCenter or visit our website at www.lsuagcenter.com/rapides. | <urn:uuid:5c7e481b-9557-4f22-ae38-ccc68143deb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cenlafocus.com/winter-time-blues-set-in-eat-citrus-for-a-pick-me-up/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.94977 | 666 | 2.859375 | 3 |
IMS UPSC Maths Optional Books PDF Free Download with Math Study Material and Syllabus Hindi and English
Hello friends, welcome to our new post and today, I will share with you all IMS UPSC Math’s Optional Books PDF If you pass the UPSC Prelims Exam then you should prepare for Mains Exam, we are going to share his Here, so you can get it easily with the help of the download given below.
Similarly, stay with us to get UPSC Math’s Books and UPSC because we provide here with you many such types notes. so stay tuned with us and our website, where you all can easily get any exam and can clear upsc exam by reading from us for more information. Stay connected with us.
All the material provide here only for educational purpose only don’t sell these for commercial purpose use them grow your knowledge and you all can buy these from its official sites. not any fake websites.
Get Here IMS 18 Booklet Mathematics
this is an educational website where you all can get any exam for upsc and other exams if you are beginners we will recommend you read Upsc Prelims and upsc notes and other important notes we will not charge any cost for any service here
For any question Contact us Via Contact Form and You all can join Our Telegram which is Telegram and for any study material you can comment us Thanks You all.
- Last 5 Year Mathematics Optional Previous Papers Solved
- Upsc Optional Linear Algebra by Seymour Lipschutz | <urn:uuid:25d4b839-6131-4b78-92a5-33bc872152af> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pdfnotes.co/upsc-maths-optional-books-pdf-free-download/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.91339 | 314 | 2.0625 | 2 |
It is so easy to fall into worry. And there is no shortage of subject matter to worry about, especially in trying times like these. People worry about dying, about living, about money, about what to eat and wear, about children that are gradually getting out of control, about partners that are slowly and surely drifting away, about so many things. Jesus knew how much of a problem this was to humanity, and He addressed it in His Sermon on the Mount.
“Therefore I tell you, stop being worried or anxious (perpetually uneasy, distracted) about your life, as to what you will eat or what you will drink; nor about your body, as to what you will wear. Is life not more than food, and the body more than clothing?”
“So do not worry about tomorrow; for tomorrow will worry about itself. Each day has enough trouble of its own.” Matthew 6:25, 34. (AMP)
Worrying about an issue does nothing to solve the problem. It’s as good as hitting your head against a concrete wall that stands in your way. Unless you’re so directed to bring down the wall that way, It is more likely that you will be incapacitated before the wall even thinks about cracking. Worry achieves nothing.
Furthermore, reading Matthew 6:25-34 (especially in context of the previous verse, i.e verse 24), it is implied that worrying over material and ephemeral wants signifies that our heart is not in the right place. God has promised to provide for our every need so far the needs of the Kingdom are our top priority, and our lives are lived how God wants it to be lived. Choosing to live in worry means that we do not take God by His word, it means we are not living by Faith, it means our lives can not please God.
Of course, “Don’t worry!!” is easier said (or sang) than done. Still, we have to do it because it is not God’s will for us to be dominated by worry. Instead of worrying about it, pray about it.
Do not be anxious or worried about anything, but in everything [every circumstance and situation] by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, continue to make your [specific] requests known to God. Philippians 4:6 (AMP)
Don’t let worry take the place of God in your life. | <urn:uuid:4c9584ea-ed3c-4410-a5ef-f699b9670e12> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://abaykells.wordpress.com/2020/05/18/really-dont-worry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.975043 | 508 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Binary Platinum Metal Alloys
Binary Platinum Metal Alloys
A Broad Survey of Structural Features
A most interesting attempt to provide a broad survey of the whole field of platinum metal binary alloys and to get some glimpse of underlying common patterns was presented in a review by Professor Ernst Raub entitled “Metals and Alloys of the Platinum Group”, read at a Symposium on the Study of Metals and Alloys above 1200°C held at Oxford and now published in the first issue of a new periodical, Journal of the Less Common Metals.
Professor Raub has for very many years been in charge of the Forschunginstitut für Edelmetalle und Metallchemie at Schwäbisch Gmünd. Here he has been engaged in a long series of systematic investigations of the constitutional characteristics of alloys of the platinum metals with one another and with other metals, in particular with those of high melting point.
Professor Raub has found it possible to distinguish six groups of binary platinum metal alloys:
1 Alloys of the f.c.c. platinum metals with one another
2 Alloys of the platinum metals with one close packed hexagonal component
3 Alloys of the f.c.c. platinum metals with the f.c.c. modifications of iron, cobalt and nickel
4 Alloys of the platinum metals with manganese
5 Alloys of the platinum metals with metals of Group VIA
6 Alloys of the platinum metals with metals of Groups VA and IVA
From all this work certain general principles can be seen to be emerging. The four face-centred cubic platinum metals—platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium—undoubtedly form, as has long been believed, binary alloys having an unbroken series of solid solutions at high temperatures. It has now been well established, however, that at lower temperatures in several alloys the platinum metals will no longer take each other into solid solution. Very wide immiscibility gaps have definitely been found in the palladium-iridium system (below about 1500°C), the platinum-iridium (below about 980°C) and the palladium-rhodium (below about 850°C) systems. In all these alloys, the exact limits of the miscibility gap are still uncertain, since even at temperatures around 600°C structural changes in these alloys are extremely sluggish and annealing periods of as long as one year are insufficient to allow true equilibrium to be reached. This sluggishness is especially found in the platinum-iridium system. Professor Raub remarks that it seems certain that miscibility gaps also exist in the platinum-rhodium, platinum-palladium and rhodium-iridium alloy systems at lower temperatures, even though they have not yet been observed. He presents an interesting discussion of the factors that give rise to miscibility gaps and considers that their occurrence is related to the difference between the melting points of the face-centred cubic platinum metals concerned.
Alloys between face-centred cubic platinum metals and one of the close packed hexagonal platinum metals—ruthenium and osmium—have been only incompletely studied, and exact measurements of the limits of solid solubility are again very difficult to make owing to the sluggishness shown by the alloys in reaching equilibrium.
At high temperatures the alloys of the face-centred cubic platinum metals with face-centred cubic modifications of iron, cobalt and nickel call for no special comments since, as far as is known at present, they all form unbroken solid solutions. At lower temperatures, ordered structures of the CuAu and Cu3Au type occur in many of these alloys and some of these give rise to interesting magnetic properties, in particular in the platinum-cobalt series. Considerable interest has, in fact, been shown recently in this system since some of the alloys can develop higher values of coercive force and can produce more powerful magnets than any other known permanent magnet material.
The alloys of the platinum metals with manganese are, as may be expected in view of the many modifications of manganese, extremely complex. The face-centred cubic gamma phase of manganese is retained down to room temperature by addition of the platinum metals, except in palladium-manganese alloys where the gamma manganese solid solution decomposes eutectoidally. The platinum-manganese alloys have an ordered structure which is ferromagnetic and it is possible that further studies of the alloys of manganese with the platinum metals might yield materials with interesting magnetic properties.
When it comes to alloys of platinum metals with Group VIA metals conditions become very complicated. Sigma phases are found in all alloys of the close packed hexagonal platinum metals with these metals and in some of the alloys ferromagnetism is observed. Particular attention has been given to the magnetic properties of the chromium-iridium and chromium-rhodium alloys.
Finally, the alloys of the platinum metals with metals of Groups VA and IVA can be shown to exhibit several systematic relationships. The principal intermediate phases formed can show the structures of caesium chloride, sigma, Laves and β-W phases. It is considered remarkable, however, that sigma phases of alloys in this group are comparatively rare and in particular that only two cases of sigma structure, osmium-tantalum and osmium-niobium, have been found in the alloys of the close packed hexagonal metals with metals of the VA Group. | <urn:uuid:4f168570-14c8-46d6-9234-13dc0db2fa08> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://technology.matthey.com/article/3/3/92-93/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.917436 | 1,182 | 2.5 | 2 |
Injuries are the leading cause of death for individuals under 45 years of age, and are a significant public health problem in the USA1. Specifically, traumatic brain injury accounts for almost one-third of all injury deaths2. This problem is even more pronounced when looking specifically at the pediatric population3, where traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality4-15 . Further, a myriad of problems exist when looking specifically at accessing the necessary medical care to treat traumatic brain injuries in rural-area children.
Access to healthcare services in rural areas is a well known problem, and includes limited availability of health services through the remote location, the isolation of rural areas as injury sites, difficulties with transportation, extended travel distances to healthcare facilities, lack of health insurance, and additional access problems associated with lower socioeconomic status16. This becomes even more problematic when looking at the pediatric populations in rural areas. With isolation and access to care already problematic for rural areas, rural children may be more isolated than their adult counterparts when considering the level of care needed to treat pediatric traumatic injuries. In interviews conducted by Robertson in 2009, Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers indicated that while time and distance are known problems plaguing rural areas, children sustaining traumatic brain injury are generally best served at high-level trauma centers specializing in pediatric care17. Additionally, pediatric traumatic brain injuries require direct transport to these high-level trauma centers, receiving little to no benefit from being treated at local lower-level hospitals. Where adults can be treated for similar injuries at these lower-level hospitals, such centers are generally not equipped or staffed to effectively manage severe brain trauma in children18,19. While high-level pediatric trauma hospitals are better equipped to treat the severity and unique presentation of a pediatric injury, they are generally located in urban centers. As a result, fewer appropriately equipped hospitals are available to rural children who, because of this, may need to endure extended travel time to access an appropriate level of care.
While many health service studies examine differences at the rural and urban county levels, relatively few studies exist that compare resources and service provision according to town size. It stands to reason that larger towns will have better access to funds, are closer in proximity to the higher levels of health services found in the urban centers, and that individuals injured in such towns may benefit from these two factors. Henderson and Taylor posited that technological advances in healthcare delivery further divide the delivery of care between rural and urban areas due to resource differences at the town level20.
This report is a follow-up to Robertson's 2009 study of severe traumatic brain injury in children admitted to the Children's Medical Center Dallas17, one of several level I trauma centers in North Texas, and the only trauma center in the region specializing in children during the time of the data collection. Data collected and analyzed at the county level for a previous study were re-analyzed here to examine injury severity and outcome between town sizes and determine if significant differences can be established at this finer geo-demographic level. Given that rural areas are more isolated, have limited funds, and limited resources, it is assumed that these problems are compounded at the town level. It is then hypothesized that comparisons between town sizes will yield more significant differences in injury severity and outcome than comparisons between county designations.
Following Institutional Review Board approval at both UT Southwestern Medical Center and the University of Texas at Dallas, data were collected on all patients seen at the Children's Medical Center Dallas for severe traumatic brain injury. The Children's Medical Center Dallas trauma census was utilized to collect data over a five-year period. Inclusion criteria were based on a previous study17, using ICD-9 codes 800, 801, 802, 804, 850-854, and 959.01. Medical charts were reviewed to gather data on patient age, sex, county of injury, designation of the county as either rural or urban, the Rural-Urban Commuting Area 2 (RUCA 2) code for the patient's residence, the type of injury as accidental or non-accidental, whether the patient had a localized head injury or if the injury affected other body systems, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at the scene of injury, GCS on admission, Injury Severity Score (ISS) on admission, the Trauma Score and Injury Severity Score (TRISS), Trauma Score, length of hospital stay (LOS), and outcome mortality (defined as whether the patient recovered to discharge from the hospital or died during the hospital stay). Patients were excluded if they did not have an accidental injury, or were identified as any form of abuse, assault, or injury through other purposeful means.
The GCS is a clinical measure of neurological functioning ranging from 3 to 15 and is based on eye movement, motor movement, and verbal appropriateness6. Severe traumatic brain injury is associated with GCS scores of less than 84,8. The ISS is another clinical measure of injury severity based on an examination of six different body systems17,21, where higher ISS scores signal worse injuries. The TRISS is a third clinical measure predicting survivability of a particular injury22,23, and Trauma Scores are the final clinical measure. Trauma Scores were collected and recorded by Trauma Services at Children's Medical Center Dallas. The calculation was reported previously17, but is a summed value of scores ranging from -1 to +2 on 6 additional physiological variables (patient size, airway, level of consciousness, blood pressure, fractures, and cutaneous examination). These values were added to a revised GCS score where points were assigned to a specific GCS range, where four points were assigned to a GCS range of 13-15, three were assigned to a GCS range of 9-12, two points were assigned to a GCS range of 6-8, one point assigned to a GCS range of 4 or 5, and no points assigned to a GCS of 3. Lower Trauma Scores are associated with worse injuries.
Urban-rural differences are often analyzed using county-level data, typically out of either convenience afforded by readily available and widely used Department of Agriculture Urban Rural Continuum codes24, the unambiguous boundaries that identify its spatial characteristics, or the abundant supply of socio-economic data that can be accessed and used in an analysis of the types of differences of interest. A major confounding factor in the use of counties, however, is the frequent existence of urban centers within officially designated rural counties and rural fringe in otherwise urbanized counties. As an alternative to a county-level analysis employing problematic urban/rural designations, this analysis adopts an alternative geographic coding system, also a product of the Department of Agriculture, the RUCA225, a coding system that allows the identification and codification of towns according to size and activity patterns. Using the stratification methods previously employed by Robertson17, RUCA2 codes were broken down in the following manner to determine town sizes:
- Urban: 1, 1.2, 2.1, 3
- Large town: 4, 4.1, 4.2, 5, 5.2, 6, 6.1
- Small town: 7, 7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 8, 8.3, 9, 9.2
- Isolated town: 10, 10.2, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6.
Groups were then stratified by the size of the town into either small or large towns, and were compared for severity and outcome for accidental injuries. Urban and large towns were designated 'Larger Towns', and small and isolated towns were classified as 'Smaller Towns'. Data were analyzed using χ2 for nominal data, and t-tests for continuous variables. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS v15.0 (SPSS; Chicago, IL, USA; www.spss.com) with p-values <0.05 considered statistically significant.
In all, 444 patients of the original sample of 545 met the 'accidental injury' inclusion criterion for patients admitted to the Children's Medical Center Dallas with severe traumatic brain injuries. A significant majority of the injuries occurred in Texas, but patients injured in Oklahoma and Arkansas were also seen at the Children's Medical Center Dallas and were included in the analysis. Demographic information by city size is presented (Table 1). Smaller-town patients accounted for 8.6% (n = 38) of the study sample, while larger-town patients accounted for 91.4% (n = 406). The average age at presentation was 5.67 years, with smaller-town patients presenting almost a full year older than larger-town patients. No statistical differences between town sizes were found for age, the type of injury, sex, or discharge status.
Severity comparisons are shown for smaller and larger towns (Table 2) and rural and urban counties (Table 3). As hypothesized, comparisons between town sizes for GCS on admission, ISS, and LOS become even greater compared with observed differences between urban and rural counties; however, only LOS showed statistically significant differences at the 0.05 p-value for these variables. Conversely, Trauma Scores, GCS on scene and TRISS scores become less diverse when comparing town sizes, rather than for county type comparisons. Interestingly, while TRISS and LOS comparisons between county designations have p-values of 0.055, the p-values for these measures drop below the 0.05 significance level when drawing comparisons between town sizes. The ISS, however, are not statistically significant despite expanding from a difference of 1.72 between rural and urban counties to an almost 3 point difference in town-size comparisons.
Table 1: Demographic information
Table 2: Severity measures' comparison of small and large towns
Table 3: County severity measures according to rural and urban locationz17
Access to healthcare in rural populations is a serious public health problem in the USA. The authors report that while 20% of the American population currently resides in a rural area, only 10% of physicians practice in these areas26. Access to basic healthcare in rural areas is a problem, and several factors contribute to the actual use of these services, including convenience, cost, and time27. Additionally, rural environments differ from urban environments not only in location and socioeconomic status, but also in the nature of work dynamics and the environmental conditions found in rural areas. Rural areas typically have more labor-intensive jobs that expose individuals to environmental and chemical hazards28-30 , and these problems often extend to children, particularly concerning agricultural work31-33 . It is estimated that 100 childhood deaths, and 23 000 childhood injuries are related to agriculture annually33. Traumatic brain injury, accounts for almost 90% of all pediatric injury deaths6.
Rural areas also have the added problem of lower levels of funding and available resources compared to more urbanized areas. This results in limited funds to training EMS personnel, fewer resources to treat traumatic injuries, and a heavier reliance on lower-trained emergency medical staff and volunteer emergency workers34,35. This is not to ignore the value of the contribution of volunteers in the rural health workforce, but as stated by Rogers et al35, volunteers are by definition secondary EMS personnel. However, some authors dispute the benefit of being treated by a highly-trained paramedic due to delays in obtaining hospital care because of a paramedic's ability to treat emergencies and the subsequent increased time spent at the scene of the injury36. Despite these arguments, the limited availability of funds and resources in view of the pressing healthcare needs in rural areas cannot be ignored.
Many existing studies compare rural and urban areas for injury severity, and many studies collect data on zip (postal) codes. However, few studies stratify the zip codes to draw direct comparisons between town sizes. One study compaing rural and urban differences collected zip code data for firearm deaths37, but used county-level designations as the primary means of determining rurality. Additionally, some studies collected and compared zip codes directly for cases such as unintentional injuries38, and violence associated with social deprivation39. Likewise, the RUCA codes have been used in a number of studies, often broken down into the four classes previously mentioned (urban, large town, small town, and isolated town). These RUCA code classes have been examined for rural hospital outcomes16, nursing homes40, EMS41,42, and in comparing severity and outcome of pediatric traumatic brain injuries17.
Similarly, some authors have used RUCA codes to identify and compare differences between rural and urban areas in terms of seat-belt usage43, outcome of injury in Medicare patients44, quality of life studies45, healthcare utilization46, and mental health47. Weeks et al went so far as to use RUCA codes to determine three levels of rurality: urban, suburban, and rural45. Despite the use of RUCA codes to define rural and urban areas or to compare among zip code levels, an extensive review of the literature indicates that this is the first study using RUCA2 codes to compare the severity of injury outcome between small and large towns for traumatic brain injury.
One of the problems with this study is the selection bias from looking at only one hospital system, and the limited number of patients living in small and isolated towns in the North Texas area. Whereas Robertson found 18% of the study population was injured in a rural county17, this study finds only 9% of the study sample residing in small or isolated towns. While only having 9% of a study population fall into one comparison group leads to unequal groups, the key problem here may be related to the high number of urban counties in the Dallas area and the general size of the cities within those counties. For example, rural counties may contain large towns and urban cities, but urban counties rarely contain small or isolated towns. As Robertson noted, 59% of the patients residing in rural counties who suffered a severe traumatic brain injury lived in urban or large towns17. However, only 2% of the patients living in urban counties lived in rural or isolated towns, once again suggesting the problematic use of a simple urban-rural continuum. Additionally, the urban concentration of the Dallas area causes many of the towns anecdotally considered 'small' to be classified as larger towns, based solely on commutable distance to an urban center. More research using a larger sample size that encompasses more patients residing in small and isolated towns is necessary.
The urban makeup and spatial dimensions of the Dallas metropolitan area means that many of the patients from isolated or small towns must travel a substantial distance to high-level trauma centers should these emergencies arise. Additionally, because many local hospitals are not staffed or equipped to manage severe brain injuries in children, this equates to extended response times for EMS workers, longer traveling distances, and further isolation for the pediatric population17. As noted, while the severity of such injuries dictates that these patients are best served at specialized pediatric trauma centers, many of these patients may have difficulty reaching these hospitals, or may never reach them at all. Patients who need immediate emergency life-saving care, such as in the case of loss of airway or those who sustain cardiac arrest during transport, are immediately taken to the nearest hospital to preserve vital signs. Despite the injury or the ability to treat these injuries at lower-level trauma centers, these are two instances in which the patient's condition is best served at a the nearest medical center, as opposed to a Mobile Intensive Care Unit en route to a pediatric trauma center17.
The retrospective study design of this research does not allow for cause-and-effect analysis or a greater direction on establishing any public health programs geared toward injury prevention. Additionally, the retrospective nature of the study limits the availability to obtain certain information. Whereas Robertson drew comparisons between county of injury17, the specific zip code of injury occurrence could not be identified in this study. Consequently, questions can be raised regarding the geographic location of where the injury was actually sustained in relation to residence. Given the differences in service availability and resources afforded to different town sizes, the exact zip code of injury may be highly valuable as injuries may not always be sustained in the same zip code as the person's residence. Resource differences at the town level are key constraints in the need for town-level comparisons, and the inability to determine the exact location of injury may inadvertently affect the outcome.
The results of this study indicate that town-size comparisons may be an effective means to define demographic groups because of the similarity and continuity between small and isolated towns. Rural counties may include large and urban towns, while small and isolated towns are rarely found in urban counties. Injury severity comparisons at the county level may be inadvertently affected by the size of the town because of the resources available at the town level. Research on the severity of rural-county injuries and patient outcomes may show improved outcomes due to those injuries being sustained in urban towns located in rural counties. Likewise, data on urban-county injury severities may appear worse because of the injuries sustained in those smaller and less-equipped towns found within urban counties. However, a larger sample size is needed to better gauge the efficacy of these comparisons, and more research is needed to better understand the differences in the actual services available to the individual towns, and the nature of injuries in smaller towns and rural counties, particularly in terms of mechanism and cause of injury.
When it comes to improving service delivery and reducing heath disparities in rural and underserved areas, understanding the differences between towns and counties can help practitioners better create effective public health programs and interventions geared toward reducing the health problems that plague certain concentrated areas. Specifically, this differentiation in geographic designation is required because with respect to rural/urban designations, congruence is not assured between town and county experiences in types or causes of injuries. Additionally, the resources available to individual towns may not reflect the resources available at the county level, and understanding these differences is necessary to improve the delivery of healthcare services in these areas.
The Trauma Registry of Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, Texas was the source of the data. This work was supported by a grant from the Perot Family Center for the Care of Brain and Nerve Injuries at Children's Medical Center Dallas.
1. Peek-Asa C, Zwerling C, Stallones L. Acute traumatic injuries in rural populations. American Journal of Public Health 2004; 94(10): 1689-1693.
2. Thurman D, Guerrero J. Trends in hospitalization associated with traumatic brain injury. JAMA 1999; 282(10): 954-957.
3. Pertidou E, Anastasiou A, Katsiardanis K, Dessypris N, Spyridopolous T, Trichopoulos D. A prospective population based study of childhood injuries: the Velestino town study. European Journal of Public Health 2005; 15(1): 9-14.
4. Calvert S, Miller H, Curran A, Hameed B, McCarter R, Edwards R et al. The King's Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury and injury severity and outcome measures in children with traumatic brain injury. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2008; 50: 426-431.
5. Halldorsson J, Flekkoy K, Gudmundsson K, Arnkelsson G, Arnarson E. Urban-rural differences in pediatric traumatic head injuries: a prospective nationwide study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2007; 3(6): 935-941.
6. Atabaki S. Pediatric head injury. Pediatrics in Review 2007; 28(6): 215-224.
7. Da Dalt L, Marchi A, Laudizi L, Crichiutti G, Messi G, Pavanello L et al. Predictors of intracranial injuries in children after blunt head trauma. European Journal of Pediatrics 2006; 165: 142-148.
8. Ducrocq S, Meyer P, Orliaguet G, Blanot S, Laurent-Vannier A, Renier D et al. Epidemiology and early predictive factors of mortality and outcome in children with traumatic severe brain injury: experience of a French pediatric trauma center. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2006; 7(5): 461-467.
9. Keenan H, Bratton S. Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric traumatic brain injury. Developmental Neuroscience 2006; 28: 256-263.
10. Ciurea A, Coman T, Ro?u L, Ciurea J, B?i?u S. Severe brain injuries in children. Acta Neurochirurgica 2005; 93(Suppl): 209-212.
11. Reid S, Roesler J, Gaichas A, Tsai A. The epidemiology of pediatric traumatic brain injury in Minnesota. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2001; 155: 784-789.
12. Arnarson E, Halldorsson J. Head trauma among children in Reyjkavik. Acta Pædiatrica 1995; 84: 96-99.
13. Jennett B. Epidemiology of head injury. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 1998; 78: 403-406.
14. Brooke O. Delayed effects of head injuries in children. BMJ 1988; 296: 948.
15. Kraus J, Fife D, Cox P, Ramstein K, Conroy C. Incidence, severity, external causes of pediatric brain injury. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1986; 140: 687-693.
16. Bowman S, Zimmerman F, Sharar S, Baker M, Martin D. Rural trauma: is hospital designation associated with better hospital outcomes? Journal of Rural Health 2008; 24(3): 263-268.
17. Robertson B. Differences in service delivery and patient outcome between rural and urban areas: the case of traumatic brain injury at a level I pediatric trauma center in North Texas. Ann Arbor, MI. UMI/ProQuest, 2010.
18. Rogers F, Osler T, Shackford S, Martin F, Healey M, Pilcher D. Population-based study of hospital trauma care in a rural state without a formal trauma system. Journal of Trauma 2001; 50(3): 409-414.
19. Edge W, Kanter R, Weigle C, Walsh R. Reduction of morbidity in interhospital transport by specialized pediatric staff. Critical Care Medicine 1994; 22(7): 1186-1191.
20. Henderson J, Taylor B. Rural isolation and the availability of hospital services. Journal of Rural Studies 2003; 19: 363-372.
22. Davis D, Serrano J, Vilke G, Sise M, Kennedy F, Eastman A et al. The predictive value of field versus arrival Glasgow Coma Score and TRISS calculations in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Trauma 2006; 60(5): 985-990.
23. Chawda M, Hildebrand F, Pape H, Giannoudis P. Predicting outcome after multiple trauma: which scoring system? Injury: International Journal of the Care of the Injured 2004; 35: 347-358.
24. US Department of Agriculture. Measuring rurality: rural-urban continuum codes. (Online) 2004. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Rurality/RuralUrbCon (Accessed 24 February 2010).
25. US Department of Agriculture. Measuring rurality: rural-urban commuting area codes. (Online) 2005. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/Rurality/RuralUrbanCommutingAreas/ (Accessed 24 February 2010).
26. Arcury T, Gesler W, Preisser J, Sherman J, Spencer J, Spencer J et al. The effects of geography and special behavior on healthcare utilization among residents of a rural region. Health Services Research 2005; 40(1): 135-155.
27. Kennedy V. Locational aspects of medical care-seeking in a rural population, with some implications for public policy research. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 1980; 5(1): 142-151.
28. Ruhm C. Are recessions good for your health? Quarterly Journal of Economics 2000; 115(2): 617-650.
29. Findeis J, Snyder A, Jayaraman A. The well-being of U.S. farm worker employee benefits, public assistance, and long-term effects. Review of Agricultural Economics 2005; 27(3): 361-368.
30. Variyam J, Mishra A. The well-being of U.S. farm workers: a look at health. Review of Agricultural Economics 2005; 27(3): 369-376.
31. Zietlow S, Swanson J. Childhood farm injuries. The American Surgeon 1999; 65(7): 693-698.
32. Gerberich S, Gibson R, French L, Renier C, Lee T, Carr W et al. Injuries among children and youth in farm households: Regional Rural Injury Study I. Injury Prevention 2001; 7: 117-122.
33. Cherry D, Huggins B, Gilmore K. Children's health in the rural environment. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2007; 54: 121-133.
34. Rogers F, Osler T, Shackford S, Cohen M, Camp L, Lesage M. Study of the outcome of patients transferred to a Level I hospital after stabilization at an outlying hospital in a rural setting. Journal of Trauma 1999; 46(2): 328-333.
35. Rogers F, Shackford S, Osler T, Vane D, Davis J. Rural trauma: the challenge of the next decade. Journal of Trauma 1999; 47(4): 802-821.
36. Gonzalez R, Cummings G, Phelan H, Mulekar M, Rodning C. On-scene intravenous line insertion adversely impacts prehospital time in rural vehicular trauma. American Surgeon 2008; 74(11): 1083-1087.
37. Dresang L. Gun deaths in rural and urban settings: recommendations for prevention. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 2001; 14(2): 107-115.
38. Tarrant County Community Health Report. Monitoring & Assessment Project. (Online) 2003. Available: http://www.tarrantcounty.com/ehealth/lib/ehealth/Injuries.pdf (Accessed 22 February 2010).
39. Gruenewald P, Freisthler B, Remer L, LaScala E, Treno A. Ecological models of alcohol outlets and violent assaults: crime potentials and geospatial analysis. Addiction 2006; 101: 666-667.
40. Phillips C, Hawes C, Williams M. Nursing Homes in Rural and Urban Areas, 2000. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Health Science Center, School of Rural Public Health, Southwest Rural Health Research Center, 2003.
41. Rural Health Resource Center. An alternative approach to defining rural for the purposes of providing Emergency Medical Services (EMS). (Online) 2004. Available: http://www.ruralcenter.org/sites/default/files/EMS_Definition_Of_Rural_Complete_0.pdf (Accessed 16 November 2009).
42. Murdock T, Knapp J, Dowd M, Campbell J. Bridging the emergency medical services children information gap. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 1999; 153: 281-285
43. Chang B, Ebel B, Rivara F. Child passenger safety: potential impact of the Washington State booster seat law on childcare centers. Injury Prevention 2002; 8: 284-288.
44. Gorra A, Clark D, Mullins R, MDeLorenzo M. Regional variation in hospital mortality and 30-day mortality for injured Medicare patients. World Journal of Surgery 2008; 38: 954-959.
45. Weeks W , Kazis L, Shen Y, Cong Z, Ren X, Miller D et al. Differences in health-related quality of life in rural and urban veterans. American Journal of Public Health 2004; 94(10): 1762-1767.
46. Weeks W, Lee R, Wallace A, West A, Baglan J. Do older rural and urban veterans experience different rates of unplanned readmission to VA and non-VA hospitals? Journal of Rural Health 2009; 25(1): 62-69.
47. Uphold C, Rane D, Reid K, Tomar S. Mental health differences between rural and urban men living with HIV infection in various age groups. Journal of Community Health 2005; 30(5): 355-375. | <urn:uuid:ce1959b5-4354-46f3-b7c7-0776a9096ec1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/1521 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.914462 | 5,986 | 3.265625 | 3 |
What means mediation
Mediation refers to amicably process through mediation between two parties involved in a conflict.
You are visiting the homepage of mediator Angela Susann Bollweg.
I am grateful for your Interest.
This website provides you with important informations about my work and the scope I can fulfill as well as it gives you information about myself. You are very welcome to contact me. Additional requests or special questions are often easier solved in a personal conversation.
Very kind of you to visit my website,
Take your time to think about it &
Take care of yourself.
Mediations is a process whereby one person moderates between to parties involved in a conflict.
Coaching comprises different methods and techniques of counselling (Singel-Coaching, Team - Coaching, Project- Coaching)
What means mediation within sign language
As a special service provide mediation in sign language . (DGS) | <urn:uuid:bfd19459-a543-4f76-9e5e-b239b01c885c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bollweg-mediation.de/bollweg-mediation-eng.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.949555 | 205 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Many cattle keepers baffle about the causes of sudden death in cows as they cannot figure out the actual causes and reasons for the same. If you are also facing confusion about the increasing mortality rate due to shocking reasons, the below write up can prove helpful to you. As these creatures cannot express their discomfort and inconvenience, it is tricky to find exact issues. However, a brief idea of their sickness probabilities and deficiencies can help in determining the reasons. For detailed findings, an autopsy test might prove helpful.
A good pet owner should observe frequent changes in the behavior of their pet and noted it carefully. If the common symptoms of cancer in pets is ignored, one day it could lead to the death of innocent pets who were unable to express the pain they suffer from daily.
Common causes of sudden death in cows are as follows:
Causes of sudden death in cows
In this disease, the parasites infect the cattle’s red blood cells, making them anemic. As a result, they even get high-grade fever leading to death. Suppose you notice that your cow is feeling lots of fatigue and unusual restlessness, see a vet. Check out if they have pale mucous membranes. Mostly adult cows face this problem, but an instant blood test followed by a veterinarian consultation can control its spread.
2. Blue-Green Algae Toxicity-
While sneaking on causes of sudden deaths in cows, this is the second evident one. It is mainly an environmental disease that is prominent when there is low rainfall, and blue-green algae flourish in water. Algae are toxin producers that can harm and attack the environment. Consumption of this toxin water can be the reason for immediate death in livestock. If you spot sudden death of cattle near the water area, this might be a big probability. Algae or Cyanobactors can prove harmful to other pets and humans as well. A small test can help in ascertaining the cause.
3. Perilla Mint-
At the end of summer, you can find the perilla mint plants all around. Cows enjoy munching on these plants that lead to a sudden attack. Consuming Perilla mint in more than average quantity can also result in asthma or other respiratory diseases. Suffocation while breathing might be a major reason that results in a low supply of oxygen to them. As a result, their mucous membranes start turning blue, and they get unable to face the problem. Timely diagnosis, including steroids and anti-inflammatory, helps in regulating respiratory track.
Several plants comprise of nitrates composition to it. If you are maintaining livestock near you, it is vital to refrain from keeping such plants around the area. Farmers do Fertilization to enhance the efficiency of soil, which results in the accumulation of nitrates. Most animals, including your innocent cows, succumb to nitrates, as a result of which they might get a fatal stroke after consuming it.
5. Prussic Acid-
Next amongst the causes of sudden death in cows is the Prussic Acid. You can have heard of cattle poisoning due to nitrates, and Prussic acid is another addition. The herbicide spray on plants to prevent drought leaves prussic acid on their stem and leaves. But the animals might die after feeding on these leaves, but a timely and immediate visit to the veterinarian might save you from the horror. Even if you notice the smallest abnormality in your cow, ensure a quick visit for prevention purposes.
These being the primary causes of sudden death in cows, there are multiple other reasons that caretakers of cattle often neglect. Some type of disease or infection in cows might not be very prominent, but you can always look out for alternate symptoms. Diagnosing the problem on a timely basis can save their lives. Stocker cattle might suffer adversely in various circumstances, which leads to health issues. In animals, sudden death syndrome prevails due to numerous factors, and the major one is they cannot express their distress. As per research, multiple small signs and alarms are noticing which you can save your cow from this problem.
List of other causes of sudden death in cows include:
6. Blackleg and bloating-
If you notice that your cow’s leg is turning black or their stomach is bloating, it is suggestive of seeking assistance from the right vet.
7. Perforated stomach ulcer-
Along with feeding on some grass and plants, cows might consume some harmful substances which cause stomach ulcers leading to inconvenience. If you notice any difference in their eating patterns, look out if this problem persists.
Rabbits are often considered to be same as hares, but they are quite different and it is important to know about these Most Common Causes of Sudden Death in Rabbits before you think of bringing one home.
8. Fatal Haemorrhage-
Sometimes, there is a rupture of large blood vessels inside cows that causes blockage known as hemorrhage. If the infection spreads further, it can lead to a sudden cause of death in them.
9. Nutritional deficiency-
If you are fetching the cow’s milk and cannot provide them enough nutrition, they might suffer a prolonged deficiency leading to sudden death syndrome.
10. Other injuries and diseases-
Sometimes, the causes of sudden death in cows is even surprising for the doctors as they are also unable to find the causes.
we bring you some of the most common Causes of Sudden Death in Guinea Pig. Please make a note of these, and try to keep your adorable pet away from these factors, so that you are lessening the risk of sudden death among this animal breed.
Hence, now you know the probable causes of sudden death in cows that surprise their masters and are often overlooked. Check regularly for the symptoms and abnormalities in your cows to ensure that they are completely healthy. If any animal dies and stays unattended for more than 8 hours, even the after reports might not spot the exact causes. Hence, take them for a monthly vet visit to assure a disease-free and healthy cow! | <urn:uuid:51ac55a8-2910-499d-bd55-c8f0638582f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fourpawsquare.com/2020/12/10/causes-of-sudden-death-in-cows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.952636 | 1,256 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Neighborhood community bankers are taking aim at the U.S. Postal Service Office of Inspector General. The backlash concerns a proposal to significantly expand the number of financial products offered. Expanding post-office services to include banking was examined last year in a report by the USPS inspector general, and is backed by Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D.-Mass.) as a way to bring affordable, basic banking services to low-income neighborhoods. According to the report, these neighborhoods are often ignored by banks, forcing residents to receive services from check cashers and payday lenders with high fees.
However, Independent Community Bankers of America disagrees with Warren’s statements, arguing that USPS is only attempting to enter the banking industry to help fix its own operational, management, and financial troubles.
The trade group represents more than 6,000 community banks of all sizes and charter types.
In a recently released statement, ICBA President and CEO, Camden R. Fine, said that USPS has rung up billions of dollars in losses, is defaulting on required payments to its retiree healthcare plan, and can’t borrow another dime from the U.S. ICBA Treasury. Moreover, it receives an estimated $18 billion annually in taxpayer subsidies and special privileges.
“The Postal Service’s role in delivering the mail does not make it a good fit for handling credit or lending to consumers,†Fine said. “Financial services are being provided competitively in the private sector. The last thing we need is more government intervention in Americans’ personal finances–one that would further put taxpayers on the hook for the Postal Service’s mounting losses. The Office of Inspector General’s proposal would be a disaster waiting to happen.â€
Despite the banking community’s opposition, many Americans say they would support the U.S. Postal Service expanding into basic banking and financial services, as indicated by a HuffPost/YouGov poll.
According to the poll, 44% of Americans said they wouldn’t mind the Postal Service offering basic financial services, such as bill paying services, check-cashing, and small loans; 37% said they were opposed to the idea; and 19% said they weren’t sure. | <urn:uuid:a0c1abfb-757d-4cb8-8e40-9ab6fa1f6d24> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dev.blackenterprise.com/why-the-post-office-wants-to-be-your-banker/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.963611 | 460 | 1.8125 | 2 |
When someone battles with habits, it can has major negative effects on the relationships with group, friends, and function peers. Once you learn or think that somebody into your life is afflicted with alcoholic beverages or medicine dependency, you’ll probably wish assist the the one that you love, but this is came across with hostility or denial. Addiction try a chronic, relapsing head infection, therefore the path to rescue for an individual that is addicted is oftentimes an extended and difficult any. This inevitably influences those nearest to them, and professional help may be required to get them to treatment and into healing.
Signs and symptoms of Addiction
It is important for family members and company to recognise the signs or symptoms of dependency. These may differ according to the https://datingranking.net/grindr-review/ kind of addictions these are typically coping with, whether medicines, alcoholic drinks or playing habits. So many people are in a position to keep hidden their own habits actually from those closest to them, and it can be appealing to disregard the challenge when that seems simpler. Some of the most typical indications that a person are suffering from addiction include:
- Establishing problems of working or class
- Sleeping about the substance or simply how much they use
- Becoming aggravated when inquired about their particular usage
- Changing pals organizations
- Secretive behavior, lying, taking
- Adjustment to normal behaviors or swift changes in moods
- Quitting social strategies
- Criminal behaviour
- Being intoxicated more frequently
- Difficulties with mind or cognition
- Unusual tiredness
- Bloodshot attention
- Rapid pounds fluctuations
- Bad hygiene and brushing
Barriers to Helping An Addicted Individual
Approximately you want to let your beloved, extremely common for people who are afflicted with obsession with display adverse behaviors and attitudes when confronted about their utilizing. A lot of people will respond in the soon after ways:
The main reason that addiction is indeed hard to regulate and treat is simply because anyone affected will not believe that they usually have problematic. It may be annoying and complicated people across individual influenced to carry on enjoying all of them act in damaging approaches and stay in denial when confronted.
When challenged, anyone influenced will reject they’ve got an issue, and will typically respond in outrage, at first or if perhaps pressed throughout the concern. People with addiction will normally be experience protective, and certainly will rotate aggressive, if the issue of their unique utilizing are brought up. Even “nicest” means are fulfilled with outrage.
Anyone affected may start in order to avoid you, or stay away from speaking about their own troubles, when they start to feel “attacked”. Individuals with habits will frequently use as a coping way to avoid dilemmas and might continue carefully with this avoidance actions, beginning to closed by themselves from the you and additional family members that face them.
How You Can Help Anybody with A Dependency
Whether you are wanting to assist somebody who has never been accepted to medication, or a person that was at recuperation and is also now relapsing, listed here are 6 what to remember that will:
1. do not enable
It could be really hard to look at some body spiral into dependency, particularly when they’ve got achieved the stage where they can no further regulate daily applications which they accustomed. In such cases, family could be inclined to part of and help, such as overpowering their particular duties, going for funds, undertaking even more house chores and childcare or apologising some other men and women for habits.
It may be hard to bring the range between supporting a loved one and making it possible for all of them. Although this is completed from someplace of like, or sense of obligation, it will help to protect the individual influenced from their truth. In many cases, it isn’t till the person is facing the outcomes of the steps and actions that they can comprehend their particular addiction and agree to medication and healing.
2. Need Compassion
The existing wisdom is the fact that anyone with addiction need addressed with “tough appreciate” by those around these to provide them with the inducement to alter. But this can be counterproductive. Without service, the one who is actually hooked can seem to be much more alone and stop, that may drive these to utilizing most. Bad personal help is one of the ultimate obstacles to entry to treatment, while the people fears they will be ostracised from their relatives and buddies.
But compassion can be one of the maximum motivators that family and friends are able to use, as they enable the hooked individual seek assist. By revealing compassion, the person suffering will think more content and capable create, along with understand how their behavior include affecting you. Top experts today genuinely believe that concern and social support is key to getting individuals into cures, and remaining in healing. But is essential in order to comprehend the essential difference between providing and boosting, that may indicate the real difference obtaining treatment or otherwise not. Some tactics to exercises compassion integrate:
- Start issues
- Family inclusion in therapies
- Hearing and acknowledging pain
- Working on recognition habits
- Emphasising practices and worry | <urn:uuid:c5d654ee-d46f-4009-acba-042d8de1004b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rafaelchristiano.com.br/this-area-will-show-you-in-simple-tips-to-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.959448 | 1,084 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is widely used for the detection and analysis of ionizable compounds. However, the method has less potential for the analysis of neutral compounds, such as polyphenols, owing to their lack of favorable proton-attachment or -removal groups. In this study, we reported for the first time that nifedipine (2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine), which is a strong photobase generator commonly used in polymerization, can abstract protons from neutral compounds in negative mode-MALDI experiments. When nifedipine (5 mg/ml) was used as a matrix reagent, the limit of detection (LOD) for epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) was determined to be 100 fmol/spot, which constitutes >50-fold improvement compared to the LOD obtained when trans-3-indoleacrylic acid, a matrix reagent previously reported for polyphenol detection, was used. Of the dihydropyridines investigated, only nifedipine facilitated the detection of EGCG, suggesting that the nitrosophenyl pyridine derivative of nifedipine formed by photoreduction under laser irradiation at 355 nm plays a crucial role in detecting polyphenols in negative mode. Reduced MS detection of 5-O-methylnaringenin indicated that nifedipine may preferably remove a proton from the 5-position OH group in the A ring of the flavonoid skeleton. The significant MS detection by nifedipine was extensively observed for polyphenols including flavones, flavonones, chalcones, stilbenoids and phenolic acids. In conclusion, nifedipine can act as a novel matrix for improving polyphenol detection by MALDI-MS in negative mode.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes | <urn:uuid:5647c951-61de-44f6-bf54-fc0f978c776b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-photobase-generator-nifedipine-as-a-novel-matrix-for-the-dete | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.912802 | 442 | 1.648438 | 2 |
2 edition of American roulette, the history and dilemma of the Vice Presidency. found in the catalog.
American roulette, the history and dilemma of the Vice Presidency.
Bibliography: p. 339-352.
|Statement||Introd. by Paul Douglas.|
|LC Classifications||JK609.5 .Y67|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xiv, 367 p.|
|Number of Pages||367|
|LC Control Number||65014436|
In volume four of this multi-part biography, the author, a Pulitzer Prize winner, follows Lyndon Johnson through both the most frustrating and the most triumphant periods of his career, describing Johnson's volatile relationship with John Kennedy and Robert Kennedy during the fight they waged for the Democratic nomination for president, through Johnson's unhappy vice presidency, his ?g=&p= Vice‐presidential comedy and the traditional female role: An examination of the rhetorical characteristics of the vice presidency Article in Western journal of speech communication: WJSC 55(1
What does Walter Mondale's career reveal about the dilemma of the modern Democtratic party and the crisis of postwar American liberalism? Steven M. Gillon 's answer is that Mondale's frustration as Jimmy Carter's vice president and his failure to unseat the immensely popular President Reagan in reveal the beleaguered state of a party torn apart by generational and ideological :// But what this book really focuses on is the relationship between the intelligence service and each president-elect. In every presidency, dueling pressures of domestic unrest and international statecraft create a trade-off dilemma. Afghanistan african american history al Qaeda American history armed forces army black history black
1. in the 70s, nixon took the american economy off the gold standard. after that, american money was kind of an abstraction - backed by futures. backed by nothing. a friend of mine came up with this scenario: a guy walks into a deli and tosses some beer on the counter. the clerk asks for payment and the guy takes out a gun: "fuck you." the guy leaves with whatever he wants. the american money Hence, on Febru , Salvador H. Laurel assumed the vice presidency with Corazon C. Aquino as president. President Aquino designated Laurel as a prime minister until the position was abolished with the promulgation of the Freedom Constitution on Ma This new constitution reinstated the position of vice president and outlined its roles and qualifications:
study of the micro-organisms found in merchantable canned foods
1981 world butadiene analysis.
Ecology of populations
Through the postern gate
The early Christian church in Leicester and its region
KJV Adult Bible Class
Materials Science of Microelectromechanical Systems (Mems) Devices IV (Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings, V. 687.)
Britons awake, and look about you
Last on Grant
Exercises in epidemiology
An illustration of an open book. Books. An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video. An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio An illustration of a " floppy disk. American roulette: the history and dilemma of the Vice Presidency Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This :// American Roulette, the History and Dilemma of the Vice Presidency [Young, Donald] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
American Roulette, the History and Dilemma of the Vice Presidency Get this from a library. American roulette: the history and dilemma of the Vice Presidency. [Donald Young] -- Informal account of the duties and problems surrounding the Vice-Presidency of the United States, including biographical notes on the men who have held the :// Get this from a library.
American roulette: the history and dilemma of the Vice Presidency. [Donald Young] American roulette: the history and dilemma of the Vice Presidency by Donald Young ; introd. by Birch Bayh Holt, Rinehart and Winston, The Rise of the Vice Presidency. Public Affairs Press. Jules Witcover.
Crapshoot: Rolling the Dice on the Vice Presidency: From Adams and Jefferson to Truman and Quayle. Crown. Donald Young.
American Roulette: The History and Dilemma of the Vice Presidency. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Klyde Young; Lamar Papers:10 letters.
Letters sent by John Adams to Mercy Otis Warren, July-August, In the letters, John Adams discusses the portrayal of him in Mercy Warren's published work titled History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution ().
John Adams details factual errors and responds to comments on his character in the ://?ret=True. 2 days ago The ridicule of the vice presidency got even worse when vice presidential candidates debated.
A Gallup poll measured the impact of VP debates between and Following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in NovemberVice President Lyndon B.
Johnson became President, and the office of Vice President sat vacant for more than a year until the next election. The Twenty-fifth Amendment was then passed to allow the President to appoint a Vice President if that office becomes vacant, subject to a vote of approval by the House and :// Letters sent by John Adams to Mercy Otis Warren, July-August, In the letters, John Adams discusses the portrayal of him in Mercy Warren's published work titled History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution ().
John Adams details factual errors and responds to comments on his character in the ://?memIndex=A 2 days ago Article: Why Vice Presidents in the Past Didn't Matter, But This One Does - A Presidential candidate's pick for his vice-presidential running mate has been the butt of endless jokes, ribs, and The American Presidency: Origins and Development Sidney M.
Milkis, Michael Nelson / Paperback Out of Print - Try Used Books. American Presidents and the Middle East George Lenczowski / Paperback / Published Out of Print - Try Used Books. The White House (Places in American History) Paula Guzzetti / Library Binding / Published The Paradoxes of the American Presidency, 2/e, suggests that Americans want the president to be both a leader and a follower, partisan and bipartisan, and innovative and conservative.
In the second edition of this acclaimed book, Cronin and Genovese explore the complex institution of the American presidency by presenting a series of paradoxes ?DBID=6.
His new vice president was former New York Governor and Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt. But when an assassin shot and killed President McKinley in (Figure ) at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became the youngest president in the nation’s :// A Presidential candidate’s pick for his vice-presidential running mate has been the butt of endless jokes, ribs, and wisecracks.
The ridicule of the vice presidency got even worse when vice presidential candidates debated. A Gallup poll measured the impact of VP debates between and 2/23 C. The Judicial Presidency. Reading: E & W, chap 2/28 Examination I. The Presidency and Public Relations. 3/2 A.
The President as Party Leader. Reading: Sidney Milkis, “Executive Power and Political Parties: The Dilemma of Scale in American Democracy,” in Aberbach and Peterson, * 3/14 Web view.
THE PRESIDENCY OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. Secretary of State Clay championed what was known as the American System of high tariffs, a national bank, and federally sponsored internal improvements of canals and roads.
Once in office, President Adams embraced Clay’s American System and proposed a national university and naval academy to train future leaders of the :// When looking back at the history of the media’s role in the American Presidency, it is easy to see many comparisons to today.
President Donald Trump’s dilemma with the media is not much different than that two of his predecessors faced, John Adams and Andrew Jackson. & The day after Hafiz al-Asad's death, a nine-man interim committee, made up exclusively of top government, party, and military figures, nominated Bashshar as the sole candidate for the presidency.
A constitutional amendment was quickly passed, lowering the minimum age of the presidency from 40 to 34 years of age—precisely Bashshar's :// The Warren Commission, created by the newly inaugurated President Lyndon Johnson, was designed to alleviate many of these fears as well as provide the public with answers as to how and why the assassination occurred.
The conclusions of this commission, which were presented in the Warren Report, were met with a variety of reactions and have continued to be heavily scrutinized over ://. 8 The Biggest Upset in American History 9 Moving into the White House 10 Blowing It Up 11 Russian Roulette 12 Sunday Evening at Jared and Ivanka's House 13 The Greatest Jobs President God Ever Created 14 The ISIS Horror Story 15 America's Shameful Secret 16 The Foreign Policy President 17 The Monroe The vice presidency is the second highest office to which an American can be elected.
This office should be an ideal place to launch a campaign to capture the presidency, yet only two incumbent vice presidents have thus far been able to win the ultimate prize. Vance Kincade analyzes this dilemma and offers some answers to why vice presidents have difficulties gaining credibility to pursue the ?id=fcSZ36rcC.The Paradoxes of the American Presidency book.
Read 2 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. What exactly do Americans want from their p | <urn:uuid:d3379358-1211-439b-9087-cf8f66bf2ce9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bevurihytuc.virtuosobs.com/american-roulette-the-history-and-dilemma-of-the-vice-presidency-book-22725zp.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.924886 | 2,048 | 1.648438 | 2 |
The Financial Conduct Authority has again said online financial adverts should be regulated, alongside a warning against the need to regulate the promotion of crypto tokens.
Speaking at the Cambridge International Symposium on Economic Crime today (September 6), FCA chairman Charles Randell outlined the need for a permanent and consistent solution to the problem of online fraud from paid-for advertising.
He said: “People used to think of the internet as a free space, outside the law, impossible to regulate. And while there’s no doubt that it has enabled businesses to innovate and grow in ways that serve us well, their awesome power must be matched with responsibility.
“As we live more and more of our lives online, we can’t allow online businesses to operate in ways we wouldn’t tolerate with any other business. The tide of regulation is turning all over the world, and online platforms should expect a future where regulation addresses the significant risks they pose in the same way as other businesses. Same risk, same regulation.
“That includes rules which protect people from investment fraud and scams.”
When he last spoke at the Symposium in 2019, he urged search and social media giants to step up and stop publishing and profiting from fraudulent content.
“Since then, we have seen some progress,” he said. “Google has committed to stop promoting advertisements for financial products unless an FCA authorised firm has cleared them. Google is doing the right thing and we will monitor the impact of its changes closely.
“We now need other online platforms – Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, TikTok - to do the right thing too. And we think that a permanent and consistent solution requires legislation.”
His speech comes last month, FCA chief executive officer Nikhil Rathi, reiterated in a podcast that the regulator was keen for ads to be included in the Online Safety bill, which is currently going through parliament, in line with calls from the industry.
The government’s proposed legislation about online harms covers some financial harms but paid-for advertising, one of the main sources of online investment scams, is still not covered.
Randell emphasised the FCA considers it should be.
He said: “Even with better targeted laws, the internet will continue to be a very challenging space for regulators. Hercules rerouted two rivers to wash the stables out, and we’ll need two streams to tackle the problem of online financial scams: appropriate regulation, including self-regulation by online platforms and robust enforcement by the authorities; and greater consumer awareness about online scams.
“Enforcement must be a team effort, involving the National Crime Agency, the Serious Fraud Office, police forces and sectoral regulators like the FCA, coordinating with international partners. All these players need to have the right focus and resources.”
Since the government has stopped short of including fraud via advertising in its bill, industry members and MPs have hit back urging it to include these amendments in the bill. | <urn:uuid:5c46f529-f88a-45e1-b5e9-88dc1a2a8f5f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ftadviser.com/regulation/2021/09/06/fca-in-renewed-push-for-regulation-of-online-ads/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.944769 | 620 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Eastside extension phase II – 3.2km
DC third rail (underground) overhead catenary on Light Rail Routes
Second generation of mass transit in Los Angeles
One short underground line
First line opened in 1991
New Exposition Line is the latest to be started
In the 1950s and early 1960s Los Angeles had an extensive network of surface tramways, but all were at the mercy of the private car and were closed by 1963. The city went through two decades without a major public transport system, but recognised its shortcomings, and eventually chose to reintroduce a new mass transit system to the west coast US city.
Today, there is one underground metro route and three operational light rail transit lines, with a fourth under construction. The first to open was the Metro Light Rail Blue Line, followed in 1993 by the first section of the Metro Red Line underground subway.
The introduction of mass transit orientated transportation has reduced the number of private cars on the road and the city has also introduced high-speed bus routes, which use dedicated lanes to negotiate traffic.
At present, the population of Los Angeles has a 150km (93.1 mile) light rail and subway system, following the opening of the Metro Gold Line Eastside Extension from Union Station south to Atlantic in 2009.
As part of the current programme of works, the Metro Gold Line was extended south from Union Station with eight stops to Pomona/Atlantic in the south east of the city. The six-mile extension, opened in November 2009, brought the total metro rail system’s length to 79 miles of rail.
On the opposite side of Los Angeles is the fourth LRT route, the Exposition Line, which is being constructed in two phases.
The first phase, scheduled for completion in 2012, will run from Downtown Los Angeles to Culver City, serving ten stations along a 13.6km (8.5 miles) stretch. It is currently under construction and is scheduled for completion in 2012.
Phase 2 will extend the line to Santa Monica. Construction is scheduled to begin in the end of 2010 and is expected to be completed by 2015.
The Alternatives Analysis study for the Phase 2 Eastside Extension (Foothill Extension) of Metro Gold Line has also been completed. The 11.5-mile route will extend from Pasadena to Azusa. The project, estimated to cost $450m, requires new track to be laid along the the entire stretch and construction of six new railway stations. The project also includes installation of crossing and utilities system.
The Metro Gold Line Foothill Extension Construction Authority opened the bidding process in September 2010. Shortlisted firms will be sending in their proposals in January 2011. The winning bidder will design, finance and build the project through a public-private partnership. The project will create a 3.2km transit link between the Metro Gold and Metro Blue lines.
Combined, the two projects equate to a $1,538m investment, with a budget of $898m for the Metro Gold extension and $640m for the Exposition Line.
The rail transit system in Los Angeles consists of the Metro Red Line – the 28km underground route from Union Station to North Hollywood, the 35km Metro Blue Line heading south from the city centre, the 32km Metro Green Line running east–west in the south of the city, and the Metro Gold Line, 32km long and the latest to be opened.
With 13 stations on its northern route, Metro Gold Line was extended south with another eight stations on a six-mile alignment from Union Station. It forms a continuation of the existing Gold Line, and the estimated ride time from Union Station to the southern terminus at Atlantic is 17 minutes.
Two of the new stations are underground, and construction includes boring twin tunnels under Boyle Heights for a distance of 2.9km (1.8 miles).
Groundworks began in 2004 with the aim of passenger services beginning before the end of 2009. A park-and-ride site was provided at Atlantic station. It was opened in November 2009.
The first section of the Exposition Line entered a four-year construction phase at the end of September 2006, following completion of final design work by the Exposition Metro Line Construction Authority (Expo). Until complete, the line will be owned by Expo, and will later be transferred to the Los Angeles Metro.
The majority of the route is being built at grade, but the stations at La Cienega Boulevard. and La Brea Avenue will be on elevation.
The underground line is worked by a fleet of trains built by Ansaldo Breda of Italy. The vehicles are similar to those in service on the New York Subway, with stainless steel bodies and typical underground high-density seating inside.
On the light rail routes, a fleet of modern LRVs are in service, running as two-car sets, usually in pairs. These trains form the backbone of an intensive service which can run at five-minute intervals during peak times; a reduced service operates during the day.
Signalling and communications
All trains on both the underground and light rail routes are governed by colour light signals. The light rail system has the benefit of running mainly on an alignment segregated from neighbouring roads, allowing reliable journey times.
The first section of the Exposition light rail line is due to open in 2010, but a future proposed extension will take it to the City of Santa Monica. There are also plans to extend the underground route towards the Pacific Ocean, following a feasibility study into tunnelling.
The Alternatives Analysis study has been completed for the second phase of the Metro Gold Line Eastside Extension (Foothill Extension). The construction is expected to begin in 2010. The environmental review of the Regional Connector Transit Corridor is also being conducted. The project will create a 3.2km transit link between the Metro Gold and Metro Blue lines. | <urn:uuid:fc4f2372-3b48-4fb1-9b6b-5d0737d19034> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/los-angeles-lrt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.943973 | 1,309 | 2.46875 | 2 |
The UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021-2030 presents a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to deliver scientific knowledge, foster technological innovation, and build capacity to achieve the 2030 Agenda and reverse the decline of ocean health. This will be a truly global effort based on inclusive partnerships flourishing in a global research and innovation ecosystem. Following the First Global Planning Meeting held last May in Denmark, a North Atlantic Workshop will be convened 6-10 January 2020, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. This event, hosted by Ocean Frontier Institute, is made possible by the financial contribution from Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and co-organized with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) as coordinating body for the Decade. The workshop is aligned with the activities of the trilateral Canada-EU-USA Galway Statement and its Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance that will help support the UN Decade.
This event will provide a forum to gather approximately 100 ocean leaders/champions/key stakeholders to further discuss and prioritize the issues identified at the First Global Planning Meeting. Plenary and working groups will facilitate regional, interdisciplinary discussions across sectors, such as ocean science and technology, ocean policy and sustainable development, business and industry, NGOs and civil society, and donors and foundations, to identify concrete deliverables and partnerships to meet the Decade's six societal objectives:
The North Atlantic Workshop offers a crucial opportunity to co-design mission-oriented research strategies in line with the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Plan of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas in the North Atlantic, focusing on the needs and priorities of Northern Atlantic countries in terms of transforming knowledge systems; accelerating transfer of technology; enabling training and education; and fostering science-policy dialogues.
The North Atlantic Workshop will aim to identify:
The Expression of Interest process is now closed. | <urn:uuid:3205d747-1c25-4fe5-85af-fb4dac6b5fa4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ofi.ca/event/un-decade-2020 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.89472 | 382 | 2.328125 | 2 |
“Over the weekend, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the monkeypox outbreak spreading globally is a ‘public health emergency of international concern’ (PHEIC). Researchers hope that the declaration — the agency’s highest alarm — might serve as a wake-up call for countries as they struggle to contain the spread of the virus that causes monkeypox.
Since the first cases were detected outside Africa in May, more than 16,500 people have been confirmed infected in nearly 80 countries that don’t typically see cases. Monkeypox has been circulating in parts of Africa for decades.
This is the seventh time since the alarm system originated in 2005 that the WHO has declared a PHEIC — a step it reserves for events that pose a risk to multiple countries, and that require a coordinated international response (see ‘The highest alarm’). Two of those warnings, for COVID-19 and polio, are still in place.”
More on Monkeypox declared a global emergency: will it help contain the outbreak? via Nature. | <urn:uuid:35915808-f329-47d2-92a7-6647a63347dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://abbotsfordfamilymed.com/2022/07/26/monkeypox-declared-a-global-emergency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.943084 | 218 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis around the world, especially in developing countries. Recently, HEV has also been recognized as important cause of hepatitis in Europe and Japan, however, there is a paucity of clinical data from the United States. The overall seroprevalence of HEV antibodies is around 10% in the United States, but considerable variation is seen based on geographic location, year, and assay used. In this study, 63 adults and 417 children from New York State were tested for anti-HEV IgG antibodies using the commercially available Wantai IgG assay. The overall seroprevalence of HEV antibodies among adult participants was 9.52% (95% CI: 3.58-19.59%). Positive adults tended to be older than HEV negative adults, all positive adults were female. Only 3 (0.7%, 95% CI:: 0.15-2.09%) of the children were positive, all positive children were male. These results are consistent with global and United States trends in HEV seroprevalence. | <urn:uuid:82951970-df29-4dca-b61b-73e3e1321dcd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://experts.syr.edu/en/publications/seroprevalence-of-hepatitis-e-virus-antibodies-in-adults-and-chil | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.964104 | 231 | 2.4375 | 2 |
If you're a Codeception user, you'll find Matthew Turland's latest post interesting. In it he shares a way to customize database cleanup between the tests. Codeception handles it a bit differently that how PHPUnit's Db module does.
Recently, I was looking into ways to speed up the runtime of the test suite at Blopboard. We use the Codeception framework to write functional tests for our REST API, part of which entails putting the database into a known state using Codeception’s Db module. The behavior of this module is similar to that of the PHPUnit Database extension with one exception: where PHPUnit only truncates tables and leaves their schemas intact, Codeception removes the database structure and expects the SQL dump it uses to recreate it between tests. I must admit to not understanding this design decision of Codeception, nor attempts to clarify it.
He admits that his solution is "a bit hacky" but it does work to truncate the table rather than drop the entire schema and wait for a rebuild. His "DbHelper" class is used in place of the Db module. He traced through the execution path of the Db module and found a "hook" where he could override the "cleanup" method to prevent the schema drop and replace it with a truncate. He also includes code for a suggested addition to Codception that would handle the same thing in a more integrated way. | <urn:uuid:b205958e-177c-413c-a373-6e5f28adb06e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.phpdeveloper.org/news/21158 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.934883 | 292 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Adhering to the preferences specified in a patient’s advance directive may be difficult if the document has not been updated recently, that is, within the last two or three years. For example, a family member may insist that the patient had changed his mind and the previously stated preferences are no longer valid.
1. Based on your reading of Chapter 8, discuss one or two other sets of circumstances that might justify overriding the instructions detailed in a patient’s advance directive.
2. Provide an ethical analysis supporting the decision to override the patient’s right of autonomy or discuss why such a course of action would not be supported from the perspective of biomedical ethics.
one reference required | <urn:uuid:c303e0bd-843b-4f18-865f-50e6a1ce59c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.essaymill.net/2022/2-discussion-28906-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.931836 | 141 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Here are last weekend’s top headlines on startups, entrepreneurship, innovation and tech around Africa.
No more PINs? This should be interesting. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is reportedly planning to replace ATM PINs with biometric IDs (fingerprints, perhaps iris scans?) because apparently, too many “illiterate people” are posing a security risk by giving out their PINs to third parties.
If you ask me, I’d say maybe we need to figure out our National ID scheme first before moving on to such logistically challenging things. But then again, seeing as the BVN project was a relative (debatable) success, maybe I am being unfair. Read more on Nigeria Communications Week
MTN Ghana. MTN Ghana has announced a $113 million syndicated loan facility, arranged jointly by Ecobank Ghana Limited and Ecobank Development Corporation (EDC), that will be used to finance infrastructure expansion and working capital needs across the country. Read more on IT News Africa.
Regulating Bitcoin. The South African Revenue Service (SARS) is in discussions with some of the top technology companies in the world to enable it to track cryptocurrency trades more efficiently in the country. Read more on TechCentral.
Oromo protests. Ethiopia’s government has blocked the internet following days of protests and unease that resulted in deaths and injuries in universities and towns across the country. Read more on Quartz Africa.
Featured image: African Business Magazine | <urn:uuid:98061044-bff1-404d-ab02-646ea2380559> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://techpoint.africa/2017/12/18/africa-news-roundup-atm-pins-biometrics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.951291 | 308 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Most investors will want to have some idea of how their portfolio is progressing over the year. I try not to get too complicated - I just want an easily maintained method to give me a reasonably accurate figure for my gains or losses from my investments.
When I make a new purchase of shares or investment trusts, I will make a note of the basics - date of purchase, the purchase price, total cost and number of shares purchased. All of this information is entered into my simple spreadsheet using a separate line for each holding.
I use a simple Microsoft Works spreadsheet package that was installed on my old computer when purchased. Here’s how it looks using the same sipp portfolio used for the dividend article -
|(click to enlarge)|
The column headings are fairly self explanatory. I use simple formulas to calculate the total at the foot of the columns e.g. column E is =SUM(E7:E17). For the percentage calculation in F it is =SUM(E7-D7) /D7*100 (copy and paste for the lines following).
This first method is fine so long as your portfolio is fairly well established and you do little trading or regular top ups or top slicing. This is the case with my SIPP portfolio as it is now converted to drawdown.
However, if your portfolio is still in the build phase then most years you will be making regular contributions, and/or lump sum additions or withdrawals. If you have done nothing all year except make a few additions and withdrawals, it's possible that you could estimate what your returns have been with a simple calculation:
Work out the net additions or withdrawals you made during the year.
Add one half of this to the beginning value of your portfolio and deduct half from the end value.
Now divide that adjusted end value by your adjusted beginning value.
Subtract one from your answer and multiply by 100.
So let's say you start the year with a portfolio valued at £10,000, you invest a net £2,000 over the 12 months and by the end of the year your portfolio is valued at £15,000. £15,000 less £1,000 (£14K) divided by £10,000 plus £1,000 (£11K)gives you 1.27. Take one away, multiply by 100 and you get 27%.
A final method of keeping track of portfolio gains is unitisation.
Many investors will be building a portfolio over time, often many years - either by regular monthly additions or by ad hoc lump sum additions. From time to time, capital sums may be withdrawn for various reasons - planned or otherwise. One way to keep track of portfolio performance is to create ‘units’ in the same way as a unit trust fund or OEICs.
For example, when purchasing your first investment - shares or collective fund/trust/ETF, convert the total purchase price into, say £1 units (it could just as easily be £5 or £10 units).
Lets assume you buy 500 Vodafone shares @ 210p - total cost including dealing costs is £1,065 - you will have 1,065 units.
Each time you intend to inject further cash, you will need to ascertain the current value of each unit. Just ahead of the next intended purchase, the value of Vodafone shares has risen to £1,086 so each unit is now worth 102p (£1,086/1,065).
The next purchase is, say, 50 Unilever shares @ 2350p - total cost is £1,190. This will create a further 1,166.7 units (£1190/1.02). The total number of units is now 2,231.7 (1,065 + 1,166.7).
By the time of the 3rd purchase, the value of the portfolio has risen to £2,300 and each unit will therefore be worth 103p. The next purchase is 60 BHP Billiton @ 1825p - total cost £1,110. This creates a further 1,077.7 units (1,110/1.03). The total number of units has now increased to 3,309.4 (2,231.7 + 1,077.7).
Sale of Units
If money is to be permanently withdrawn, it is simply a matter of cancelling or subtracting units. So, for example, if you sold £500 worth of shares, first calculate the current price of each unit according to the value of the portfolio immediately prior to the sale/withdrawal. Lets assume it was £3,600, this would give a unit value of £1.088 - so £500 would equate to 459.5 units. The new total for remaining units is 2,849.9 (3,309.4 - 459.5)
Once the portfolio is unitised, it is simple to compare your performance to your chosen benchmark e.g. a FTSE All Share tracker fund/ETF.
As ever, slow & steady steps…. | <urn:uuid:3c9c37ec-fdfd-476c-aba0-64b8d2c25758> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://diyinvestoruk.blogspot.com/2013/10/keeping-track-of-capital.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.930026 | 1,065 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Readers of this blog might recognize the Schoolfield name from a previous post on one of Lovick’s cousins, Kate.
Danville locals have stronger ties to the family through its affiliation with Dan River Mills, once one of the city’s largest employers.
When I hear the name “Schoolfield” I usually associate it with a crumbling economy and factory buildings being dismantled brick-by-brick.
But I also think about one of the Schoolfields who died tragically while out catching a movie in the winter of 1922.
William “Lovick” Schoolfield was the son of James E. and Lucy France Schoolfield. James was a prominent businessman and later an evangelist. Lovick grew up in the family home at 750 Main Street with his siblings and parents. His obituary states that he was well-liked in town and had a reputation for living a “clean, manly life.”2
After graduating from St. Paul’s School in Long Island, NY he was employed at New York’s United Rubber Company. The first job of his business career was cut short by his enlistment in the Navy in 1917, where he served until after the war and was honorably discharged. He returned to Danville to recuperate from influenza, an illness which also sent him to Baltimore for treatment.
Just a few weeks before his death he went to Washington, DC on business. Three of his siblings (Sue, Samuel, and Lucille) and their mother were in DC at that time.
While his siblings were residents of that area, his mother may have been visiting for the winter. Later she also moved nearer to her surviving family.2 (James E. had passed away by this time.)
|Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photos Division|
The blizzard of January 1922, often called the Great Knickerbocker Snowstorm, had already dropped over two feet of snow on DC by the evening of January 28.
Inclement weather didn’t prevent nearly 300 people from attending a screening of the comedic film “Get-Rick-Quick Wallingford” at the Knickerbocker Theater, a building which had a flat roof. Shortly after 9 p.m. the roof began to collapse under the heavy snow as the orchestra played after the end of the movie.
Florida Representative John Smithwick, who survived the disaster, said that he could see and hear the ceiling begin to crack just before plaster began to fall. As pieces of the roof caved in on the people still inside the theater, he described a scene of absolute chaos: the sounds of women and children screaming, men yelling, and people crying out in agony along with the roaring avalanche of falling beams, steel, concrete, other debris, and snow.1 (A silent news reel of the aftermath can be seen here.)
By 11 p.m. nearly 3,000 people had converged upon the scene, making rescue efforts difficult. Marines were called in to restore order and assist police and firemen free people pinned underneath the rubble and retrieve the bodies of those who had died. Nearby shops were opened as temporary hospitals and locals supplied the fatigued rescue workers with food and hot drinks. There were accounts of peoples’ limbs having to be amputated in order to remove them from the debris. Other victims who survived the initial collapse laid pinned in the wreckage up to twelve hours waiting to be extracted with the bodies of those who had attended the film with in sight. How long Lovick’s suffering lasted is not known.
The death toll was initially believed to be as high as 104 but was eventually listed as 98 dead and 133 injured. Manslaughter indictments were brought against several contractors and architects who had designed and built the Knickerbocker, but those charges were dismissed because no one could determine who was actually liable.3
As of the morning of January 31, Lovick’s body had not arrived back in Danville but was expected to be shipped in on a train that evening. His mother was reported to be too prostrated to come back to Danville for the services.2
Lovick was buried in Green Hill Cemetery among other members of his family, his marker not even giving so much as a hint as to the terror he probably felt during the last moments of his life, on a night when he had only expected to escape the boredom of being snowed in to watch a moving picture.
*Originally published in 2016. | <urn:uuid:f34b753e-5488-43b0-9fc0-301c7b0a2b49> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://deadbell.com/2018/05/02/lovick-schoolfield-the-knickerbocker-theater-disaster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.990134 | 930 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Volume 454, Number 2, August I 2006
APEX Special Booklet
|Page(s)||437 - 445|
|Published online||11 July 2006|
Cold molecular gas in the Perseus cluster core
Association with X-ray cavity, Hα filaments and cooling flow
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 St. Martin d'Hères, France e-mail: email@example.com
2 Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, 61 Av. de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
3 Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK e-mail: email@example.com
4 Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OHA, UK
Accepted: 15 February 2006
Cold molecular gas has recently been detected in several cooling flow clusters of galaxies containing huge optical nebula. These optical filaments are tightly linked to cooling flows and related phenomena, such as rising bubbles of relativistic plasma fed by radio jets. We present here a map, in the CO(2–1) rotational line, of the cold molecular gas associated with some of the Hα filaments surrounding the central galaxy of the Perseus cluster: NGC 1275. The map, extending to about 50 kpc (135 arcsec) from the center of the galaxy, has been made with the 18-receiver array HERA at the focus of the IRAM 30 m telescope. Although most of the cold gas is concentrated to the center of the galaxy, the CO emission is also clearly associated with the extended filaments conspicuous in ionised gas, and could trace a possible reservoir fueling the star formation there. Some of the CO emission is also found where the X-ray gas could cool down more efficiently at the rims of the central X-ray cavities (where the hot gas is thought to have been pushed out and compressed by the expanding radio lobes of the central AGN). The CO global kinematics do not show any rotation in NGC 1275. The cold gas is probably a mixture of gas falling down on the central galaxy and of uplifted gas dragged out by a rising bubble in the intracluster medium. As recently suggested in other cluster cores, the cold gas peculiar morphology and kinematics argue for the picture of an intermittent cooling flow scenario where the central AGN plays an important role.
Key words: galaxies: cooling flows / intergalactic medium / galaxies: clusters: individual: NGC 1275 / galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD
© ESO, 2006
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while. | <urn:uuid:71498fbd-5a0c-41c2-a0b8-957125e12cfd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2006/29/aa4745-05/aa4745-05.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.841944 | 730 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Breathe Well Brazil
Project 1: What are the most cost effective screening strategies for identifying undiagnosed COPD amongst patients (≥40 years) with systemic arterial hypertension?
Study design: Cross sectional (screening test accuracy)
Progress update: The team has recruited 1,201 subjects in Nine Basic Health Units (BHUs) sites which is over the target of 1080. Data collection ended in October 2019. The team are in the analysis and write-up phase of this project, with an aim for publication and dissemination of the results in August 2020. The project began in January 2019. Ethical approval for the study is registered on ISRTCN. Each BHU received training in the study procedures and required equipment.
Project 2: To explore the barriers and enablers to physical activity and exercise programmes amongst COPD patients in Brazil with and without anxiety or depression
Study design: Data collection: 6 Focus Groups. Data analysis will use the Framework method.
Population: Established or newly diagnosed COPD patients, registered at participating BHUs in São Bernardo de Campo. Eligibility criteria: COPD diagnosis, with/without signs of anxiety or depression.
Progress update: In December 2019 all of the research sites were recruited. The focus groups start in February 2020.
Brazil has a population of 200 million. Average life expectancy is 74 (1). Brazil has a community-based system of primary care, known as the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Introduced on a small scale in the 1990s, by 2014 it encompassed 62% of the population. FHS provision is handled by teams consisting of a family physician, a nurse, a nurse assistant, and four to six community health agents. Each team has primary care responsibility for up to 1,000 households, including some disease prevention. Each community agent is responsible for approximately 150 households and lives in the area. The agent visits every household at least once per month, checking for signs of ill-health and keeps track of appointments. As such, the concept has proven effective in increasing coverage and utilisation of health care, especially among lower socioeconomic and rural populations (2).
Secondary and tertiary care is provided by a mix of public and private providers, with private providers both being subcontracted by the state system and available through out-of-pocket spending (3).
COPD burden and management
COPD prevalence is 4,242 per 100,000 (4). It accounts for about 2% of all morbidity in Brazil, measured in DALYs (disease adjusted life-years). Compared to the other partner countries, smoking is responsible for a high amount of COPD burden, with occupational exposure and outdoor air particulates coming in second (4).
COPD is generally diagnosed and treated by pulmonologists in hospital. Patients either get referred through primary care, or seek hospital care from the start. Spirometry with reversibility testing is the adopted standard of diagnosis, and is usually performed by trained technicians at public health facilities to where the patients are referred by pulmonologists. There is usually one unit performing spirometry per administrative area (e.g. city). Pulmonologists also hold exclusive right to prescribe COPD inhalers such as LABA and ICS, as well as home oxygen and pulmonary rehabilitation.
Whilst the role of diagnosing COPD is thus put on secondary care, general practitioners maintain close contact with the patient and are generally responsible for long term continuity. They also refer patients to smoking-cessation CBT and prescribe nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).
- GBD 2016. Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
- World Health Organization(2015) Brazil: WHO statistical profile. World Health Organization.
- Macinko, J., & Harris, M. J. (2015) Brazil's family health strategy—delivering community-based primary care in a universal health system. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(23), 2177-2181.
- Paim, J., Travassos, C., Almeida, C., Bahia, L., & Macinko, J. (2011) The Brazilian health system: history, advances, and challenges. The Lancet, 377(9779), 1778-1797
- Global Burden of Disease Study (2016) | <urn:uuid:a462a4e1-4b76-4271-ae36-242a759de6ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ipcrg.org/breathewell/breathe-well-brazil | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.934528 | 899 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Earth Day is coming up this week on Friday, April 22nd. To help honor this important global event, I’ve put together a list of tips to help make family vacations more eco-friendly.
Solage Calistoga eco-friendly resort in Napa Valley, CA
Carry Portable Water Bottles
Admittedly, I’m bad about drinking tap water when I travel. Clearly, it’s not an option in some destinations, but amazingly, in places where the tap water is perfectly fine, we seek bottled water. Sometimes it’s a matter of taste, but more often this is simply a bad habit.
Hotels contribute to the problem by leaving bottled water around the room. Those bedside bottles make you wonder what they know that you don’t. Regardless, sightseeing is one of those times when everyone gets thirsty, so why not be better about carrying around lightweight, reusable bottles. For a family of four, this will save 4-8 bottles a day!
Recycle on the Road
Every hotel room should have a recycling waste basket in guest rooms, but few do in practice. I never throw bottles in the general garbage in hotels. If I have to, I’ll leave it sitting on the side of the waste basket in hopes that the housekeeping staff will find it easy to recycle the bottles.
Given time, it’s best to carrying the bottles to the nearest recycling trash can, even if you have to leave the hotel to do so. We should all fill out hotel comment cards noting the lack of recycling when this is the case.
What do airlines do with all those little bottles consumed on flights? I don’t know the answer but until we can be sure airlines recycle, bring bottles off the flight with you (many terminals are good about recycling bins).
Take a Train Instead of Flying or Driving
Skyrocketing gas prices will help encourage families to opt for public transportation on vacation. The reality is train travel is not a viable option in many destinations. In places like Europe, it’s readily available and in many cases, much easier than driving anyway!
Do the math before you make final decisions about getting from place to place. Once you add in driving time to the airport, waiting around time, and transportation back into a city — you’ll find that taking the train is nearly equal to flying for those shorter trips.
Unfortunately, train travel in Europe can be very expensive for multiple travelers. Be sure and read my interview with Rail Europe about tips for finding the best deals for families.
Do Laundry Less
Clearly, when you have a crawling baby and toddler who is into everything, it’s much more difficult to have kids wear clothes two times before washing them. For older kids, however, things like dark pants and jeans can easily make it through a few wearings. Pajamas also fall into this category.
If my son is an example, he finds it much easier to throw everything that comes off his body into the laundry basket instead of folding them and putting them back in the drawer. Being on vacation is an excellent opportunity to enforce better habits.
Hotels make it easy to reuse towels. Engage kids in the process of reading those little cards in the bathroom and on the pillow to actively opt out of extra laundry.
El Capitan Canyon Eco-Friendly Resort in Santa Barbara, CA
Choose Eco-Friendly Accommodations
More and more hotels are engaging in eco-friendly practices around the world. Even if you’re not traveling to Costa Rica or Africa where an eco-lodging is plentiful, you can find properties who focus on caring for the environment.
We don’t have a way to search for eco-friendly hotels, but writing this post is a reminder that we should add this. All things being equal, if you had an easy way to identify a hotel with eco-friendly best practices, you’d make decisions accordingly.
As much as I’m a fan of kid-friendly luxury hotels, I also love camping. Even if you are not a camper, your kids will love it! There is a huge variety of campgrounds with facilities to make it a little less dirty (showers for one thing) and properties like El Capitan Canyon outside of Santa Barbara where you can have a camp-like experience with hotel amenities.
Google Green and Eco Activities for Kids
More and more destinations have green activities for kids. I did a quick “kids green activities” Google query of Chicago and immediately pulled this site for the Chicago Botanic Garden … in San Francisco pulled the Living Roof on Go City Kids and so on. These are just little examples, but the bottom line is that with minimal work, you can easily come up with lists of eco-friendly yet interesting things to do.
Want to save all the great intel and tips you are finding on Ciao Bambino? My Trip Planner allows you to bookmark articles, family-friendly hotel reviews, and family vacation packages. Simply click the heart icon on anything you want to save. Site registration is required to get started. Happy planning!
Please fillout the form below to create your free My Trip Planner account.
This is a challenging time for our clients given the uncertainty around the spread of coronavirus, particularly for those with near-term travel plans in impacted areas. We’re working with our suppliers on being flexible with their booking conditions, and enabling families to postpone travel to a later date without a penalty, when possible. Likewise, given the unpredictability around destinations that may be impacted in the future, we’re helping clients planning new trips and understand ways that they can protect themselves until the situation improves. We are ready to help our clients work through questions and concerns. | <urn:uuid:c04cdedc-cb5e-444b-b00b-7936b4808807> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ciaobambino.com/travel-green-with-kids-family-vacation-eco-friendly-travel-tips | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.929147 | 1,199 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Kingbol, now 25, appears much younger than his age. His tzitzit (ritual fringes) hang conspicuously from his pants and he wears a knitted kipa on his head. He is married to Hodaya and has a 2-year-old daughter named Rachel. They live in an apartment at the Shavei Israel organization’s Hebrew Center in the city of Aizawl, capital of the Indian state of Mizoram, which straddles Bangladesh and Myanmar (formerly Burma.)
- Bnei Menashe celebrate Sukkot
7,300 Bnei Menashe to make aliyah
1st ever Bnei Menashe officer in IDF makes history
As members of the Bnei Menashe, Harel and Hodaya belong to a community comprising approximately 7,200 people who identify deeply with Judaism and the State of Israel, observe the commandments of the Torah and long to move to the Jewish state. They all introduce themselves with Jewish names. They view their residence at the “Shavei Israel” center in Aizawl as temporary, until they move to Israel; a move that has been delayed for years but has now seen renewed hope.
The Kingbol family belongs to the Mizo tribe which lives in Mizoram, the land of the Mizos. Out of its 1 million people, only 1,000-1,500 residents of Mizoram count themselves as Bnei Menashe. The rest are Christian. The majority of the Bnei Menashe – about 5,000 people – belong to the Kuki tribe that lives in the adjacent Indian state of Manipur. About 250 Bnei Menashe live in Nagaland and a similar number in Myanmar. The Bnei Menashe insist, based on ancient traditions that have been passed from generation to generation, that they are the direct descendants of the tribe of Manasseh, one of the 10 Tribes which comprised the Kingdom of Israel. In the year 722 BCE, the Assyrian empire captured part of the land of Israel and cast the 10 Tribes into exile.
A store named ShalomHarel Kingbol’s father taught his four children the Hebrew alphabet, their home had a Bible in the Mizo language, and the parents and children read it at every opportunity. Yet Kingbol studied in a Christian school along with the majority of students in Mizoram.
“On Sunday all my friends went to a Christian school to study religion. I didn’t go, and when the teacher asked why, I replied that I am Jewish and do not want to learn a different religion,” he says.
“I believe that the majority of the Mizo people are descendants of Menashe but they want to remain Christian,” Kingbol says. “Only our small Jewish group wants to return to Jerusalem. Nevertheless, the entire Mizo people have a strong connection to Israel. Whenever Israel was at war, with Lebanon or Hamas, the Mizo people supported her,“ he says. Walking through the Aizawl, I notice there is a street called "Zion" and the stores carry names such as "Shalom" or "Israel."
Kingbol has dreamt about moving to Israel for as far back as he can remember. “As kids, we would sit on a bench, in one long row, and the first one would make a roar like the sound of an engine on a plane and we would shout- ‘goodbye- see you in Israel’”, he recalls.
Kingbol excelled at soccer and played on a professional team from Calcutta, part of the second Indian league. But he left the team because as a professional soccer player he could not observe the Sabbath. Since 2007 he has been studying Hebrew and Judaism at the Shavei Israel center in Aizawl, where he is responsible for the computer system. Most of his family is already in Israel. His older sister, Hila, moved to Israel in 2000 and she is married to an immigrant from Russia. His brother, Aviv, enlisted in the Givati combat unit in the Israeli army, completed basic training and was killed in an army accident two years ago.
Edmond Kingbol, (52) Harel’s father, said that his attraction to Judaism began in 1988 and since then he has been observing the commandments and praying every day. “When my son was killed we went to his funeral in Israel and last year we went again, for the first year memorial service. As parents of an army casualty we have the right to remain in Israel but we want to come as new immigrants, based on the Law of Return. But the Government requires us to undergo conversion. We understand this. After all, 2700 years passed from the time our forefathers were exiled, we were cut off the Jewish nation and in order for us to return and be Jews in every aspect we must undergo conversion."
"However, the conversion process in Israel is very difficult. Therefore we have returned to India. We want to return to Israel after all of the issues are taken care of," he said.
Edmond’s eyes then fill up with tears and his voice breaks as he tells me, “Sometimes I want to cry out of longing for the land of Israel. When I read the Psalms, I cry when I reach chapter 136.” He then quotes it in the original Hebrew, “By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat and we wept, when we remembered Zion.”
“I want to send a message through you to the entire people of Israel”, his son Harel tells me. “I know that there are people in Israel that think that we want to move there in order to improve our economic situation. Yes, in relation to Israelis we are poor but trust me, that is not what is guiding us. We want to live as Jews together with our people in our homeland, Eretz Yisrael. We are industrious and know how to work. When we arrive in Israel we will work hard, progress and we will not be different from the rest of the Israelis.
All of the Bnei Menashe in India hope that it will not be long before they can move to the Jewish state. Azriel Hamar (44), married to Maayan and father of two, served in a senior position in the educational system of Mizoram and later opened a successful human resources company. He sold it four years ago because he thought that he was soon moving to Israel. His living room is almost empty – he even sold his furniture. “I know that great efforts are being made to renew our Aliyah,” he said. “There are strong rumors that there has been a recent breakthrough and I deeply hope that this time we will not be disappointed."
Are they Jewish?Historians and anthropologists who have researched the Bnei Menashe are divided in their opinions. There are those who claim that the story of them being descendants from the tribe of Manasseh has no basis. According to their version, Christian missionaries began to arrive in northeast India and Burma in the second half of the 19th century and succeeded in converting the entire population. They say the local religion was Animism (which attributes a soul and spirit to every living being and also to inanimate objects like streams, hills and rocks.)
According to this theory, it was from the Christian education and mainly the reading of the Bible that there arose the yearning and the desire to belong to the Jewish people. Ostensibly, they took ancient myths where the name Menasia appeared and convinced themselves that they are the descendents of Manasseh, the son of the Biblical Joseph.
In contrast to their opinion, other researchers relate seriously to the claims of the Bnei Menashe. The destruction of the kingdom of Israel and the exile of the 10 tribes are historical facts that are not disputed, and are supported not only in the Bible stories but in ancient Aramaic and Assyrian documents. The Second Book of Kings relates that the 10 tribes, including the tribe of Manasseh, were exiled to Halach, Gozen, Habor and Medi; areas that tend to be identified as being located in eastern Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan of today.
From there, according to the tradition of the Bnei Menashe, their ancestors continued to wander eastward, until they came to China and then later continued on to India. They called themselves “Bnei Menasia.”
Then there are the traditions and customs that were passed down from generation to generation, including the song that the Bnei Menashe sing during a springtime festival where they mention motifs from the Exodus from Egypt – the splitting of the sea, the pillar of fire and the clouds of glory and the manna that fell from Heaven. All this when we are speaking of people who live hundreds of miles away from the sea.
After the founding of the state of Israel in 1948, the movement to return to Judaism gained momentum and its followers slowly began to intensify their level of observance of Judaism. Some of them wrote letters to Israeli officials to request recognition as descendants of the 10 Lost Tribes and to be brought to Israel. Until 1997 they did not receive any reply, perhaps because the letters seemed odd, or the government of Israel did not want to have any complications with the government of India.
In 1989, the first few individual Bnei Menashe began arriving in Israel. Subsequently they started to arrive in groups. From 1989 to 2007, about 1,700 Bnei Menashe moved to the Jewish state. All of them underwent formal conversion and were recognized as new immigrants. Their absorption was considered very successful. The largest concentrations of the Bnei Menashe are in Kiryat Arba, Jerusalem, Maalot and Sderot. In 2007, their Aliyah was halted because of a variety of political reasons.
Many of the Bnei Menashe are young and educated. The level of education in northeast India is very high; amongst other reasons, because of the school system established by the missionaries. English is a required field in the Indian educational system and many of the Bnei Menashe have an excellent command of the language.
Independence Day celebrationIf anyone in Israel doubts the dedication of the Bnei Menashe to Judaism and to the state of Israel, they should have been present at the recent celebration of Israel’s Independence Day that took place at the Shavei Israel center in Churachandpur, in the state of Manipur.
More than 2,000 people came, mainly from Manipur, along with a number from Nagaland, and even some from the distant state of Assam. They came by bus (some sat on the roofs,) in trucks, in private cars, on scooters, motorcycles and bikes. More than 200 who live far from the center made sure to arrive on the previous Friday in order not to desecrate the Sabbath.
On Friday night, they held a moving service to welcome the Sabbath, singing traditional songs and pounding on the table with delight, just like Hasidim. On Sabbath morning they prayed and read the weekly portion from the Torah scroll, which they took out of the Holy Ark with great joy. Naturally, the Ark was placed on the left side of the synagogue facing Jerusalem.
At the Independence Day ceremony, about 500 of those in attendance managed to pack themselves into the only hall in Churachandpur. The rest sat outside, watching the ceremony and listening to the speeches via TV cameras and loudspeakers.
Tzvi Khaute, one of the Bnei Menashe who made Aliyah and now works as a teacher and coordinator for Shavei Israel, served as translator. Hundreds came in the colorful national dress of the Kuki nation. Most of the children and youth dressed in blue and white shirts embroidered with the Star of David, and many passionately waved small Israeli flags.
The ceremony opened with the raising of the Israeli flag and the recitation of Israel’s national anthem “Hatikva,” which they sang in perfect Hebrew. Two female choirs sang chapters from Psalms. The Herzliya troupe from Manipur performed a rhythmic and rousing dance to lyrics such as “the children of Israel are passing through the Red Sea.” Another troupe performed an enrapturing performance of the Hebrew song, “Our Father still lives.”
The main speaker was Michael Freund, the founder and chairman of Shavei Israel. Freund has made bringing the Bnei Menashe to Israel his life’s work. Freund (43), who was greeted with hugs and kisses by community members, is a native of New York who moved to Israel in 1995. He established Shavei Israel in 2001 and serves as the chairman of the organization in a volunteer capacity, foregoing a salary.
In his speech, Freund informed those present that all the obstacles that have been delaying their Aliyah have been removed. His words were greeted with great excitement and roaring applause. Many of those in the audience hugged and kissed each other with tears in their eyes. “I have a very good feeling,” Freund said, “that with G-d’s help, soon enough we will blessed to see the first plane carrying a group of Bnei Menashe immigrants landing at Israel’s Ben-Gurion Airport.”
The romance between him and the Bnei Menashe began when he worked in the Communications Department of the Prime Minister’s Office. One day a letter landed on his desk addressed to “His Excellency Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu, prime minister of our beloved state of Israel.” Inside was written: “We, the Bnei Menashe have wandered for hundreds and thousands of years in the Diaspora, far away from the land of our forefathers. Our ancestors taught us that we are natives of Zion and the day will come when we will return to her. They cultivated this dream and passed it on from father to son. This is our holy heritage. We turn to you, as a leader of the nation of Israel, to answer our request and allow us to make the long journey home to Jerusalem.”
The letter ended with a moving appeal: “You are our older brother, the son of the tribe of Judah. The time has come to return and be united. Despite the separation forced upon us, we have not forgotten you. Please do not forget us.”
“When I first read the letter I thought it was strange," says Freund. “After all, whoever heard of a lost tribe of Israel in India? But there was something in the letter that intrigued me. Something genuine that touched my heart.” After a few moments of indecision, Freund took a piece paper bearing the official logo of the Prime Minister’s Office and wrote a quick response in the name of the premier, thanking the community for their letter, requesting additional information about their history and customs and wishing them a happy and Kosher Passover holiday.
'This year in Jerusalem'What Freund did not know then was that the leaders of the community had been writing to Israeli prime ministers since at least Golda Meir, and probably going back even to the days of Ben-Gurion. But for decades, no one had ever responded to their pleas until Freund. Therefore, Freund’s letter was received by the Bnei Menashe with great joy and surprise. Finally, after so many years, someone in the government of Israel had responded. “They just didn’t know”, said Freund with a smile, “how little authority I actually possessed."
The letter gave Freund the push to establish Shavei Israel. Until today, the Bnei Menashe continue to be a main focus of the organization’s activities but over the course of time, it has expanded to work with Jewish descendants from all over the world – from Poland to China – who want to strengthen their connection to Judaism.
“Let me make something absolutely clear: we are not a missionary organization trying to put a kipa on the head of every person with Jewish ancestry,” says Freund. “We simply want to help people who have rediscovered their Jewish roots to create a cultural or national or spiritual connection to the Jewish people. If they choose to formally rejoin the Jewish people, then of course we will help them to do so. But the agenda is far broader than just conversion and Aliyah. Some descendants of Jews will choose to become Jewish, but others will be happy to simply develop some sort of connection to Israel and to Jews.”
Freund is aware of the concerns in Israel, and that by giving a green light to the Aliyah of the Bnei Menashe there will be a wave of requests to move to Israel from all over India. “There is no cause for concern. In 2010 we took a census of the Bnei Menashe communities in northeast India and we prepared an official list of 7,232 people,” he says. “This is a closed list that only changes when there are deaths and births. When the last individual on the current list will board a flight to Israel, Shavei Israel will close its operations in India.”
Freund’s passionate commitment to the Bnei Menashe is clear. “I believe that the Bnei Menashe are a blessing for Israel and the Jewish people,” he says. “They are talented and wonderful people – infused with faith and committed Zionists who somehow succeeded in maintaining their identity in Exile. Their longing and yearning for Zion never ceased, and now they are reaching out to us in an effort to return and be reunited with our people. We must reach back out to them with outstretched arms and bring them to Jerusalem. This we will do,” he says.
After pausing for a moment, Freund looks me straight in the eye and says, “I have dedicated my life to helping the Bnei Menashe because I see them as being part of the extended Jewish family. They deserve to fulfill their dream of return and I will not rest until that occurs.”
At the Independence Day celebration in Churachandpur, the Bnei Menashe spoke about their deep sense of identification with the Jewish people and with Judaism, their great love for Israel and their hope to move there as soon as possible.
“It is common for Jews to say ‘next year in Jerusalem’,” said one of the speakers. “But we, the Bnei Menashe say, ‘this year in Jerusalem.’”
Story originally published by Yedioth Ahronoth
- Receive Ynetnews updates
directly to your desktop | <urn:uuid:fc40c668-ca46-4dfa-9d18-8b254dd14370> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4228015,00.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.974161 | 3,982 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Previous page, here Next page, here
Atlantic Monthly | January 1975
The Difficult Grandeur of Robert Lowell
Why should such grim books give such pleasure?
by Helen Vendler
In 1973, Robert Lowell, our greatest
contemporary poet, published three volumes at once—History, For Lizzie
and Harriet, and The Dolphin—and by that decisive self-presentation
made us all once again confront his tumultuous and vexed career. The books were
prudishly ignored by the National Book Award judges, who refused even to
nominate the entirely new one, The Dolphin, for an award, but it later
won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry, and reviews mirrored the mixed feelings
reflected in the award-giving. History is a recasting, in chronological
order and revised form, of the poems which appeared in Notebook;
bracketing it are For Lizzie and Harriet, about Lowell's former wife and
child, and The Dolphin, about his new wife and child. Personal history
and the history of the race are Lowell's subjects, and the brutal force of the
three books taken at once forced energetic postures of repudiation or
championship from all his readers.
Lowell, though born of the Winslows, the Starks, and the Lowells, and perhaps our last intellectual New England poet, is nonetheless not a parochial Boston voice. He is now fifty-seven, and world-famous, but the eccentricity of his life began, we may think, with his expulsion, for throwing stones, from the Boston Public Garden; it continued with his leaving Harvard for Kenyon College; it was marked by a conversion, though temporary, to Roman Catholicism, followed by imprisonment during World War II as a conscientious objector; it has included successive periods of mental illness and successive marriages; and in its combination of reclusiveness and public action, it embodies its own contradictions. The books that have issued from this life trace, at first obscurely and then candidly (some have said exhibitionistically), the contours of Lowell's experience, and offer us a poetry of difficult grandeur.
In Lowell, the "mill of the mind" (as Yeats called it) grinds a diverse grain with a stony force. Perhaps the first and only question put to us by its incessant activity is why the grim books that make up his collected works should give us, in any sense, pleasure. Lowell's dramatic power has an edge of malice and, in his tragic moments, cruelty: Both malice and cruelty are countered by a quietism which took its extreme form in the early portrait of the shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham in "The Quaker Graveyard at Nantucket"—the face of the statue "expressionless, expresses God." This quietism has recently taken the form of an expressionless, if biting, historical impartiality. But behind cruelty, malice, and deadly observation lies a covert idealism, sometimes self-indulgent and knowingly sentimental, sometimes pure. His commonest fantasies are of "tyrannizers and the tyrannized," whether Jonathan Edwards terrifying his congregation, or Stalin executing his friends; in our putatively democratic America, Lowell speculates on the use and abuse of power and kingship.
His most recent manner throws up nearly indigestible fragments of experience, unprefaced by explanation, unexplained by cause or result; sudden soliloquies of figures ranging from Biblical times to contemporary history; translations; diary jottings; stately imitations of known forms; the whole litter and debris and detritus of a mind absorptive for fifty years. His free association, irritating at first, hovering always dangerously toward the point where unpleasure replaces pleasure, nonetheless becomes bearable, and then even deeply satisfying, on repeated rereading. And if Verdun or Thomas More or Frank Parker is not in our sphere of reference, we can slide off to poems on the march on Washington, or private walks, or Emerson, or a Cambridge blizzard, or New York taxi drivers. The presence of the familiar, and the genuineness of its note, act to assure the genuineness of the rest.
Lowell is one of our most learned and widely read poets, liking encyclopedic reference for its own sake: He tells us that when he was a boy, he "skulked in the attic, / and got two hundred French generals by name, / from A to V—from Augereau to Vandamme." Any one of the two hundred might put in an appearance in History, and other, more private allusions to a family past jostle the large and casual mention of historical figures. Lowell has a formidable genius for the details of life, those details which made Life Studies an unrivaled family history in verse, and which now, filling the pages of History, constitute an unspeakably dense poetic or secondary world. It is a world where, even after the publication of Life Studies, the Lowell ancestors refuse to disappear:
They won't stay gone, and stare with triumphant torpor, as if held in my fieldglasses' fog and enlargement.
Like some crowded Tiergarten, Lowell's poetry exhausts all species. Since everything is here, we cannot exactly define the poet as a selective collector; he is rather the curator of the world, and it is only in the tone of regard with which this curator presents his specimens, whether alive or fossilized, that we can catch his likeness. That tone, though fierce, is measured. For him, the monuments of culture are not, as they were for Rilke, inexhaustible proof of the ecstatic potential of man; history has not for Lowell, as it had for Tennyson, a teleological shape; and family and home are not finally, as they are to Allen Ginsberg's monstrous piety, sacred. The disloyalty of Lowell-as-grandson in Life Studies, where we see him doodling moustaches on the last Russian Czar, plays a decisive role in Lowell's historical perspective. Though his poetry has been seen, with some truth in respect to the early books, as one rising out of disgust, preoccupied with the grotesque, and violent in its sensibility, these qualities are not its determining ones. He has learned, partly through the fitful tenderness first manifested in Life Studies, to tame the apocalyptic to the eternal dailiness of life. It is not that his Miltonic avidity for omnipotence has disappeared; but its direction has altered, and the temporal has obscured the prophetic. In fact, History and its companion volumes, with their tenderness toward the earth and its offerings, contain the first legitimate continuance of Shakespeare's sonnets since Keats, full of "Any clear thing that blinds us with surprise / ...wandering silences and bright trouvailles." The closing poem in For Lizzie and Harriet demands quotation in any writing about Lowell's recent work: In it he puts transcendence—all that demands aspiration, vengeance, order, justice, law, salvation—to rest, and chooses instead a Shakespearean recurrence:
Before the final coming to rest, comes
of all transcendence in a mode of being, hushing
all becoming. I'm for and with myself in my otherness,
in the eternal return of earth's fairer children,
the lily, the rose, the sun on brick at dusk,
the loved, the lover, and their fear of life,
their unconquered flux, insensate oneness...
"My breath," says Lowell, "is life, the
rough, the smooth, the bright, the drear."
Into his infernal scenarios enter the odd domestications of the universe, like the turtle discovered on the road, kept in the bathtub, then in the sink, where he refuses to eat:
raw hamburger mossing in the watery
the room drenched with musk like kerosene—
no one shaved, and only the turtle washed.
He was so beautiful when we flipped him over:
greens, reds, yellows, fringe of the faded savage,
the last Sioux, old and worn...
Lowell and his wife drive the turtle to the river, watch him "rush for water like rushing into marriage." The "uncontaminated joy" of the turtle finding his proper food and element at last transforms the river for Lowell:
lovely the flies that fed that sleazy
a turtle looking back at us, and blinking.
The turtle has some of the staunchness of the skunks in "Skunk Hour" (from Life Studies), but in that poem the poet cannot share in the cheerful animal life; his "ill-spirit sob[s] in each blood cell." In the vistas of the newer poems, however, the human species performs generic acts, like the lizard:
The lizard rusty as a leaf rubbed rough
does nothing for days but puff his throat
on oxygen, and tongue up passing flies,
loves only identical rusty lizards panting:
harems worthy this lord of the universe—
each thing he does generic, and not the best.
In his recent poetry, Lowell embodies his maxims in fine-drawn descriptions, and views himself as not distinct from the lizard: "I, fifty, humbled with the years' gold garbage, / dead laurel grizzling my back like spines of hay." He moves ahead, "drawn on by my unlimited desire, / like a bull with a ring in his nose, a chain in the ring..." The cause of our will to direction is only language: If seals should suddenly learn to write, "Then all seals, preternatural like us, / would take direction, head north—their haven / green ice in a greenland never grass." "The fish, the shining fish, they go in circles, / not one of them will make it to the Pole— / this isn't the point though, this is not the point." The "horrifying mortmain of ephemera" becomes in another view our only night on stage, as Lowell says in his poem about his ten-year-old daughter:
Spring moved to summer—the rude cold rain
hurries the ambitious, flowers and youth....
Child of ten, three quarters animal,
three years from Juliet, half Juliet,
already ripened for the night on stage—
beautiful petals, what shall we hope for....?
If I quote such poems, it is because the
inexhaustibility of the world, the eternal return of earth's fairer children,
seems to have become Lowell's new subject, expressed with full knowledge of the
fragile in the inexhaustible. This poetry has no need of invitation or seduction
to win us: It beckons by the comprehension of its atlas, historical and
geographical, its representation of all we know.
It does not abandon its previous myths, but it subjects them to a relentless modernizing. Genesis is thrust into Darwinian time, as we see the beginning of the world:
The virus crawling on its belly like a
an inch an aeon; the tyrannosaur,
first carnivore to stand on his two feet,
the neanderthal, first anthropoid to laugh—
we lack staying power, though we will to live.
Abel learned this falling among the jellied
creepers and morning-glories of the saurian sunset.
Lowell believes equally in Abel and the dinosaurs; and he decides, in a bold throw of the dice, to give twentieth-century speeches to all his characters, even those lost in antiquity. So Clytemnestra becomes Lowell's mother, complaining about her husband:
"After my marriage, I found myself in
companionship with this almost stranger I found
neither agreeable, interesting, nor admirable,
though he was always kind and irresponsible...."
Lowell himself appears as the young Orestes, in Clytemnestra's Christmas poem:
"O Christmas tree, how green thy
could only be the most conventional,
the hardwood smile, the Persian rug's abstraction,
the firelight dancing in the Christmas candles,
my unusual offspring with his usual scowl,
spelling the fifty feuding kings of Greece,
with a red, blue and yellow pencil....I
am seasick with marital unhappiness—"
The compulsion to rewrite history, to
afford privileged glimpses of the hidden moments of intimacy in public lives, to
insert in the book of history the commentaries of poets—Horace, Du Bellay,
Góngora, Heine, Baudelaire, Becquer, Leopardi, Rilke, Rimbaud—to modernize
relentlessly in laconic colloquialisms, to assume familiarity, to impute
motive—all this rules more of History than perhaps it should.
Yet what fixes us in admiration of this recent poetry is the continual presence of Lowell himself. He is at the shore, has eaten lobster, watches his dying fire, and thinks how we still discover the dead fires of druidic Stone Age men and quasimythical Celtic kings:
The fires men build live
this night, this night, I elfking, I stonehands sit
feeding the wildfire wildrose of the fire
clouding the cottage window with my lust's
alluring emptiness. I hear the moon
simmer the mildew on a pile of shells,
the fruits of my banquet...a boiled lobster,
red shell and hollow foreclaw, cracked, sucked dry,
flung on the ash-heap of a soggy carton—
it eyes me, two pinhead, burnt-out popping eyes.
This is the quintessential beauty of the appalling exactly drawn. It stands in counterpoint to the equal beauty of the beautiful exactly drawn, in this "imitation" from Bécquer:
The thick lemony
climbing from the earthroot to your window,
will open more beautiful blossoms to the evening;
but these...like dewdrops, trembling, shining, falling,
the tears of day—they'll not come back....
The vignettes of history spoken in Lowell's voice strike even more sharply than the resurrected voices of history left to speak for themselves. Here are the Pilgrims in New England:
The Puritan shone
lord of self-inflicted desiccation,
roaming for outlet through the virgin forest,
stalking the less mechanically angered savage—
the warpath to three wives and twenty children.
As History moves to the modern era, Lowell speaks to his contemporaries, the dead poets—Eliot, Pound, Schwartz, MacNeice, Frost, Williams, Jarrell, Roethke—and to the then still living Berryman. He speaks as well to the other admired dead, from F. O. Matthiessen to Harpo Marx to Che Guevara. Each is allowed a remark, an epigram, a moment of appearance, before the spurt of life dies out: "The passage from lower to upper middle age / is quicker than the sigh of a match in the water." Interspersed are other sighs of aging, this one adapted from a letter by Mary McCarthy:
Exhaust and airconditioning klir in the
The real motive for my trip is dentistry,
a descending scale: long ago, I used to drive
to New York to see a lover, next the analyst,
an editor, then a lawyer...time's dwindling choice.
It was not to be expected that Lowell should forsake his autobiographical vein, but it is tempered often, in History, with episodes of pure and detached observation, as an immortal eye, indifferent to its own decay, makes notations of the disordered wonders of the earth—the panorama, for instance, of Cambridge in a blizzard:
Risen from the blindness of teaching to
everything mechanical stopped dead,
taxis no-fares...the wheels grow hot from driving—
ice-eyelashes, in my spring coat; the subway
too jammed and late to stop for passengers;
snow-trekking the mile from subway end to airport...
to all-flights-canceled, fighting queues congealed
to telephones out of order, stamping buses,
rich, stranded New Yorkers staring with the wild, mild eyes
of steers at the foreign subway—then the train home,
jolting with stately grumbling.
Such a passage rests in the present, in the isolation of perfect registering of sense, and prevents the worse isolation of the mind withdrawn from sense:
Sometimes, my mind is a rocked and
I climb the spiral stairs to my own music,
each step more poignantly oracular,
something inhuman always rising in me—
Lowell works, in his poems of sense, like
those "star-nosed moles, [in] their catatonic tunnels / and earthworks...only in
touch with what they touch."
There are morals that can be quoted or deduced from the poems in History and its companion volumes, but they are not what vivifies the new work. These poems live neither on ideology nor on logic—props thought to be the mainstays of an earlier Lowell; instead, they yield to the lawless free associations of the rocked and dangerous mind. The worst one can say of Lowell's recent verse is that its connections are often at first sight baffling and its use of slang sometimes uncertain; but the awed formality of the early verse was a young man's evasion of his own language. Repudiating the "monotony of vision" inherent in unending attachment to the child he was, and yet knowing that child alive in himself till death, Lowell feels the thread of self as perpetual clue while following the labyrinths of change, forcing works into shape, dismayed by the recalcitrance of words, wishing a real, not artificial, flame on the hearth:
I want words meat-hooked from the living
but a cold flame of tinfoil licks the metal log,
beautiful unchanging fire of childhood
betraying a monotony of vision....
Life by definition breeds on change,
each season we scrap new cars and wars and women.
But sometimes when I am ill or delicate,
the pinched flame of my match turns unchanging green,
a cornstalk in green tails and seeded tassel....
A nihilist has to live in the world as is,
gazing the impassable summit to rubble.
Of all styles, description is the most
difficult to describe. Lowell has freed himself from his large early
abstractions, even from the categories of the individual soul that once seemed
so natural. Taking on history as a discipline, Lowell refuses to be less than
the world is.
Have we had a nihilist poet before this recent Robert Lowell? Not a nihilist who is a disappointed idealist, but a philosophical nihilist, incorporating within truth both instinctual hope and equable resignation? How Lowell came to this nihilism is not clear; political and marital discouragement, the weariness of twenty years of cyclical mania and depression, and repeated, inevitable hospitalization would suffice, even without the blighting of Lowell's own generation by insanity, suicide, and tragedy. But the weariness is allowed to remain weariness, tending toward but never reaching that death whose "sweetness none will ever taste." "Life, hope, they conquer death, generally, always."
The comparative lack of fertility in Lowell's two weaker volumes, For the Union Dead and Near the Ocean—after their exquisite predecessor, the original Life Studies—warned us that Lowell had to find a new impulse of energy or die as a poet. It seemed impossible that he should go beyond Life Studies, with its finely modulated satiric memoir, "91 Revere Street," and its subsequent collection of family portraits. Though there were many beautiful poems in Life Studies, it was Part IV of that book, with its quality of sporadic memoir from a son not detached enough to be all-forgiving, but old enough to permit himself detachment, that immediately gained Lowell a new fame, a fame as misplaced in the adjective "confessional" as it was, in itself, deserved. It was not the confessions that made Life Studies so memorable; it was rather the quality of memory indelibly imprinted, a brilliance of detail almost unconsciously preserved in a store of words perpetually refreshed.
In Life Studies, a deliberate sparseness of syntax enhanced minute details, as daguerrotype succeeded daguerrotype, rendering the furniture, the cuckoo clocks, the lamps with doily shades, the hot water bottle, the golf-cap, the ivory slide rule, the Pierce Arrow, the billiards-table, the decor "manly, comfortable, / overbearing, disproportioned." If we believed in the confessions, it was because we were made to believe in their ambience. And all the forceful particularity of Life Studies reappears in Lowell's latest work.
It is astonishing that anyone confronted with Lowell's three new volumes should still be praising Lord Weary's Castle over History. And yet it is done, for example, by a fellow poet who accuses Lowell of "self-exploitation" in History: "One senses the life lived in order to provide material for poems; one sees with horror the cannibal-poet who dines off portions of his own body, and the bodies of his family." There are flaws in History, of course, since there are no flawless books of poetry, but flaws die of themselves, in silence, and need no criticism for their extinction. A poet's necessary conversion of experience into art can hardly be called cannibalism, and if the accusation that "the life is lived in order to provide material for poems" is to be convincing, it must be proved. These poems are Lowell's life as much as his life is; perhaps more.
convinces me I am not writing my life;
life never assures which part of ourself is life.
Lowell is not at his best in describing the chaos of present relation; Life Studies benefited from the haze, the selective screens of memory, which refined the dramatis personae into effigies of themselves, sepulchral statues fixed in eternally characteristic positions. The slip and flow of changing personal give-and-take is apparently not yet available to Lowell, and that truth is more damaging to his recent poetry than any moral criticism. The lapses in these three recent books spring from two sources—the cruel brevity of a fourteen-line form used for encyclopedic material, and the attempt to write of immediate personal interchange. When we lack Lowell's penumbra of information about Rome or the Enlightenment or the Chicago Convention, we miss his point; wishing for intimacy in the personal sonnets, we find sometimes simply the rags and tatters of conversation. "I am learning to live in history," says Lowell in For Lizzie and Harriet, and adds his definition: "What is history? What you cannot touch." Once it is irremediably past, and only then, does life give itself to the epiphanies of Lowell's verse, without losing itself as plight, and without divesting itself of dailiness. The shame of wrongdoing, the bitterness of the wronged, the claims of fidelity and the claims of change, must in life clash to a standstill, but nothing in the art of poetry serves justice as justice might urge in life. The extreme power, even of an apparently unjust position, cannot be gainsaid when it occurs. Here is Lowell, for instance, on the eternal problem of the subjection of women: In youth they were swallows, beautiful, capricious, full of movement and gaiety; they asked to be domesticated, to be put into nests, to be fed; now, oppressed by the drudgery of life, they metamorphose into stinging wasps: What are they but prostitutes? I quote the earlier version, called "Das ewig Weibliche":
Serfs with a finer body and tinier brain—
who asks the swallows to do drudgery,
clean, cook, peck up their ton of dust per diem?
Knock on their homes, they go up tight with fear,
farting about all morning past their young,
small as wasps fuming in their ash-leaf ball.
Nature lives off the life that comes to hand;
yet if we knew and softly felt their being,
wasp, bee and bird might live with us on air;
the boiling yellow-jacket in her sack
of zebra-stripe cut short above the knee
escape...the nerve-wrung creatures, wasp, bee and bird,
felons for life or keepers of the cell,
wives in their wooden cribs of seed and feed.
Whatever our judgment of the social view of the poem, who can dismiss its powerful metamorphoses, its fuming wasps and boiling yellow-jackets, its lethal conjunction of seed and feed? Finally, the only test of the poem is that it be unforgettable, the natural held in the grip of vision. We know Lowell's vision, a powerful one that has forgone the comforts of nostalgia, of religion, seemingly of politics. In the sterner poems, he even forgoes love, though The Dolphin lingers in a forlorn hope for that subject even yet. Love itself bows to the eternal phenomenon of recurrence and fate:
I too maneuvered on a guiding string
as I execute my written plot.
I feel how Hamlet, stuck with the Revenge Play
his father wrote him, went scatological
under this clotted London sky.
But even within the rigid confines of the plot, still declaiming words fed by the prompter, the poet finds some liberties of choice and action hovering in possibility: To waver is to be counted among the living, he says, and "survival is talking on the phone." While death becomes "an ingredient of [his] being," he nonetheless watches, from night to morning, "the black rose-leaves / return to inconstant greenness." Writing and writing and writing, with an urgency showing no diminution, Lowell places himself, myopic and abashed, below his former epic assaults on heaven:
I watch a feverish huddle of shivering
you sit making a fishspine from a chestnut leaf.
We are at our crossroads, we are astigmatic
and stop uncomfortable, we are humanly low.
Though this is not a comfortable poetry, it has the solace of truth in its picture of the misery, sense of stoppage, and perplexed desultoriness of middle age. "They told us," says Lowell, remembering the old motto, "by harshness to win the stars." That was, for a long time, his mode, the Luciferian embattled ascent, accompanied by an orchestration of clashing arms and wars in heaven. Now, making a net, as he says, to catch like the Quaker fishermen all the fish in the sea of life and history, even up to Leviathan, he works with no props but the mood of the occasion, with no sure guide but the inexplicable distinctiveness of personal taste. Foretelling the mixed extinction and perpetuity of his own poetic accomplishment, Lowell hangs up his nets in perpetuity. They are the equivocal nets woven and unraveled by a Penelope:
I've gladdened a
knotting, undoing a fishnet of tarred rope;
the net will hang on the wall when the fish are eaten,
nailed like illegible bronze on the futureless future.
The self-epitaph is premature, but not on that account false. The subjects of these poems will eventually become extinct, like all other natural species devoured by time, but the indelible mark of their impression on a single sensibility will remain, in Lowell's votive sculpture, bronzed to imperishability.
The Atlantic Monthly | November 1960
the Union Dead
by Robert Lowell
Relinquunt omnia servare rem publicam.
The old South Boston Aquarium stands
in a Sahara of snow now. Its broken windows are boarded.
The bronze weathervane cod has lost half its scales.
The airy tanks are dry.
Once my nose crawled like a snail on the glass;
my hand tingled
to burst the bubbles,
drifting from the noses of the cowed, compliant fish.
My hand draws back. I often sigh still
for the dark downward and vegetating kingdom
of the fish and reptile. One morning last March,
I pressed against the new barbed and galvanized
fence on the Boston Common. Behind their cage,
yellow dinosaur steam shovels were grunting
as they cropped up tons of mush and grass
to gouge their underworld garage.
Parking lots luxuriate like civic
sand piles in the heart of Boston.
A girdle of orange, Puritan-pumpkin-colored girders
braces the tingling Statehouse, shaking
over the excavations, as it faces Colonel Shaw
and his bell-cheeked Negro infantry
on St. Gaudens' shaking Civil War relief,
propped by a plank splint against the garage's earthquake.
Two months after marching through Boston,
half the regiment was dead;
at the dedication,
William James could almost hear the bronze Negroes breathe.
The monument sticks like a fishbone
in the city's throat.
Its colonel is as lean
as a compass needle.
He has an angry wrenlike vigilance,
a greyhound's gentle tautness;
he seems to wince at pleasure
and suffocate for privacy.
He is out of bounds. He rejoices in man's lovely,
peculiar power to choose life and die—
when he leads his black soldiers to death,
he cannot bend his back.
On a thousand small-town New England greens,
the old white churches hold their air
of sparse, sincere rebellion; frayed flags
quilt the graveyards of the Grand Army of the Republic.
The stone statues of the abstract Union Soldier
grow slimmer and younger each year—
wasp-waisted, they doze over muskets,
and muse through their sideburns.
Shaw's father wanted no monument
except the ditch,
where his son's body was thrown
and lost with his "niggers."
The ditch is nearer.
There are no statues for the last war here;
on Boylston Street, a commercial photograph
showed Hiroshima boiling
over a Mosler Safe, "the Rock of Ages,"
that survived the blast. Space is nearer.
When I crouch to my television set,
the drained faces of Negro school children rise like balloons.
is riding on his bubble,
for the blessed break.
The Aquarium is gone. Everywhere,
giant finned cars nose forward like fish;
a savage servility
slides by on grease.
The Atlantic Monthly | August 1961
From Baudelaire: Le Voyage
by Robert Lowell
For T. S. Eliot
For the boy playing with his globe and
the world is equal to his appetite—
how grand the world in the blaze of the lamps,
how petty in tomorrow's small dry light!
One morning we lift anchor, full of brave
prejudices, prospects, ingenuity—
we swing with the velvet swell of the wave,
our infinite is rocked by the fixed sea.
Some wish to fly a cheapness they detest,
others, their cradles' terror—others stand
with their binoculars on a woman's breast,
reptilian Circe with her junk and wand.
Not to be turned to reptiles, such men daze
themselves with spaces, light, the burning sky;
cold toughens them, they bronze in the sun's blaze
and dry the sores of their debauchery.
But the true voyagers are those who move
simply to move—like lost balloons! Their heart
is some old motor thudding in one groove.
It says its single phrase, "Let us depart!"
They are like conscripts lusting for the guns;
our sciences have never learned to tag
their projects and designs—enormous, vague
hopes grease the wheels of these automatons!
We imitate, oh horror! tops and bowls
in their eternal waltzing marathon;
even in sleep, our fever whips and rolls
us, like an angel flogging the brute sun.
Strange sport! where destination has no place
or name, and may be anywhere we choose—
where man, committed to his endless race,
runs like a madman diving for repose!
Our soul is a three-master seeking port:
a voice from starboard shouts, "We're at the dock!"
Another, more elated, cries from port,
"Here's dancing, gin, and girls!" Balls! It's a rock!
The islands sighted by the lookout seem
the El Dorados promised us last night;
imagination wakes from its drugged dream,
sees only ledges in the morning light.
What dragged these patients from their German spas?
Shall we throw them in chains, or in the sea?
Sailors discovering new Americas,
who drown in a mirage of agony!
The worn-out sponge, who scuffles through our slums,
sees whisky, paradise, and liberty
wherever oil lamps shine in furnished rooms—
we see Blue Grottoes, Caesars, and Capri.
Stunningly simple tourists, your pursuit
is written in the teardrops in your eyes!
Spread out the packing cases of your loot,
your azure sapphires made of seas and skies!
We want to break the boredom of our jails
and cross the oceans without oars or steam—
give us visions to stretch our minds like sails,
the blue, exotic shore line of your dream!
Tell us, what have you seen?
"We've seen the stars,
a wave or two—we've also seen some sand;
although we peer through telescopes and spars,
we're often deadly bored as you on land.
The shine of sunlight on the violet sea,
the roar of cities when the sun goes down:
these stir our hearts with restless energy;
we ride on the Indian Ocean, where we drown!
No old château or shrine besieged by crowds
of crippled pilgrims sets our souls on fire,
as these chance countries gathered from the clouds.
Our hearts are always anxious with desire.
Desire, that great elm fertilized by lust,
gives its old body, whenever heaven warms
its bark that winters and old age encrust;
green branches draw the sun into its arms.
Why are you always growing taller, Tree—
Oh longer-lived than cypress! Yet we took
one or two sketches for your picture book,
Brothers who sell your souls for novelty!
We have salaamed to pagan gods with horns,
entered shrines peopled by a galaxy
of Buddhas, Slavic saints, and unicorns,
so rich Rothschild must dream of bankruptcy!
Priests' robes that scattered solid golden flakes,
dancers with tattooed bellies and behinds,
charmers supported by braziers of snakes..."
Yes, and what else?
Oh trivial, childish minds!
You've missed the more important things that we
were forced to learn against our will. We've been
from top to bottom of the ladder, and see
only the pageant of immortal sin:
there women, servile, peacock-tailed, and coarse,
marry for money, and love without disgust
horny, potbellied tyrants stuffed on lust,
slaves' slaves—the sewer in which their gutter pours!
old maids who weep, playboys who live each hour,
state banquets loaded with hot sauces, blood and trash,
ministers sterilized by dreams of power,
workers who love their brutalizing lash;
and everywhere religions like our own
all storming heaven, propped with saints who reign
like sybarites on beds of nails and frown—
all searching for some orgiastic pain!
Many, self-drunk, are lying in the mud—
mad now, as they have always been, they roll
in torment screaming to the throne of God:
"My image and my lord, I hate your soul!"
And others, dedicated without hope,
flee the dull herd—each locked in his own world
hides in his ivory tower of art and dope—
this is the daily news from the whole world!
How sour the knowledge travelers bring away.
The world's monotonous and small; we see
ourselves today, tomorrow, yesterday,
an oasis of horror in sands of ennui!
The Atlantic Monthly | March 1966
Fourth of July in Maine
(For Harriet Winslow)
by Robert Lowell
Another summer! Our Independence
Day Parade, all innocence
of children's costumes, helps resist
the communist and socialist.
Five nations: Dutch, French, Englishmen,
Indians, and we, who held Castine,
rise from their graves in combat gear—
world-losers elsewhere, conquerors here!
Civil Rights clergy face again
the scions of the good old strain,
the poor who always must remain
poor and Republicans in Maine,
upholders of the American Dream,
who will not sink and cannot swim—
O Emersonian self-reliance,
O lethargy of Russian peasants!
High noon. Each child has won his blue,
red, yellow ribbon, and our statue,
a dandyish Union Soldier, sees
his fields reclaimed by views and spruce—
he seems a convert to old age,
small, callous, elbowed off the stage,
while the canned martial music fades
from scene and green—no more parades!
Blue twinges of mortality
remind us the theocracy
drove in its stakes here to command
the infinite, and gave this land
a ministry that would have made
short work of Christ, the Son of God,
and then exchanged His crucifix,
hardly our sign, for politics.
This white Colonial frame house,
willed downward, Dear, from you to us,
still matters, the Americas'
best artifact produced en masse.
The founders' faith was in decay,
and yet their building seems to say:
"O every time I take a breath,
My God you are the air I breathe."
New England, everywhere I look,
old letters crumble from the Book,
China trade rubble, one more line
unraveling from the dark design
spun by God and Cotton Mather—
our bel età dell' oro, another
bright thing thinner than a cobweb,
caught in Calvinism's ebb.
Dear Cousin, life is much the same,
though only fossils know your name
here since you left this solitude,
gone, as the Christians say, for good.
Your house, still outwardly in form
lasts, though no emissary come
to watch the garden running down,
or photograph the propped-up barn.
If memory is genius, you
had Homer's, enough gossip to
repeople Trollope's Barchester,
nurse, negro, diplomat, down-easter,
cousins kept up with, nipped, corrected,
kindly, majorfully directed,
though family furniture, decor,
and rooms redone meant almost more.
How often when the telephone
brought you to us from Washington,
we had to look around the room
to find the objects you would name—
lying there, ten years paralyzed,
half blind, no voice unrecognized,
not trusting in the afterlife,
teasing us for a carving knife.
O high New England summer, warm
and fortified against the storm
by nightly nips you once adored,
though never going overboard,
Harriet, when you used to play
your chosen Nadia Boulanger
Monteverdi, Purcell, and Bach's
precursors on the Magnavox.
Blue-ribboned, blue-jeaned, named for you,
our daughter cartwheels on the blue—
may your proportion strengthen her
to live through the millennial year
Two Thousand, and like you possess
friends, independence, and a house,
herself God's plenty, mistress of
your tireless sedentary love.
Her two angora guinea pigs
are nibbling seed, the news, and twigs—
untroubled, petrified, atremble,
a mother and her daughter, humble,
giving, idle and sensitive.
Few animals will let them live.
Only a vegetarian God
could look on them and call them good.
Man's poorest cousins, harmonies
of lust and appetite and ease,
little pacific things, who graze
the grass about their box, they praise
whatever stupor gave them breath
to multiply before their death—
Evolution's snails, by birth,
outrunning man who runs the earth.
And now the frosted summer night-dew
brightens, the north wind rushes through
your ailing cedars, finds the gaps;
thumbtacks rattle from the white maps,
food's lost sight of, dinner waits,
in the cold oven, icy plates—
repeating and repeating, one
Joan Baez on the gramophone.
And here in your converted barn,
we burn our hands a moment, borne
by energies that never tire
of piling fuel on the fire;
monologue that will not hear,
logic turning its deaf ear,
wild spirits and old sores in league
with inexhaustible fatigue.
Far off that time of gentleness,
when man, still licensed to increase,
unfallen and unmated, heard
only the uncreated Word—
when God the Logos still had wit
to hide his bloody hands, and sit
in silence, while His peace was sung.
Then the universe was young.
We watch the logs fall. Fire once gone,
we're done for: we escape the sun,
rising and setting, a red coal,
until it cinders like the soul.
Great ash and sun of freedom, give
us this day the warmth to live,
and face the household fire. We turn
our backs, and feel the whiskey burn.
Memories of West Street and Lepke Robert Lowell
Only teaching on Tuesdays, book-worming
in pajamas fresh from the washer each morning,
I hog a whole house on Boston's
"hardly passionate Marlborough Street,"
where even the man
scavenging filth in the back alley trash cans,
has two children, a beach wagon, a helpmate,
and is "a young Republican."
I have a nine months' daughter,
young enough to be my granddaughter.
Like the sun she rises in her flame-flamingo infants' wear.
These are the tranquilized Fifties,
and I am forty. Ought I to regret my seedtime?
I was a fire-breathing Catholic C.O.,
and made my manic statement,
telling off the state and president, and then
sat waiting sentence in the bull pen
beside a negro boy with curlicues
of marijuana in his hair.
Given a year,
I walked on the roof of the West Street Jail, a short
enclosure like my school soccer court,
and saw the Hudson River once a day
through sooty clothesline entanglements
and bleaching khaki tenements.
Strolling, I yammered metaphysics with Abramowitz,
a jaundice-yellow ("it's really tan")
and fly-weight pacifist,
he wore rope shoes and preferred fallen fruit.
He tried to convert Bioff and Brown,
the Hollywood pimps, to his diet.
Hairy, muscular, suburban,
wearing chocolate double-breasted suits,
they blew their tops and beat him black and blue.
I was so out of things, I'd never heard
of the Jehovah's Witnesses.
"Are you a C.O.?" I asked a fellow jailbird.
"No," he answered, "I'm a J.W."
He taught me the "hospital tuck,"
and pointed out the T-shirted back
of Murder Incorporated's Czar Lepke,
there piling towels on a rack,
or dawdling off to his little segregated cell full
of things forbidden to the common man:
a portable radio, a dresser, two toy American
flags tied together with a ribbon of Easter palm.
Flabby, bald, lobotomized,
he drifted in a sheepish calm,
where no agonizing reappraisal
jarred his concentration on the electric chair
hanging like an oasis in his air
of lost connections. . . .
From Selected Poems by Robert Lowell, published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc. Copyright © 1976, 1977 by Robert Lowell.
Poet's Choice: By Edward Hirsch
Sunday, July 13, 2003; Page BW12
Rainer Maria Rilke was 31 years old and living in Paris when he wrote his searching, off-balance sonnet "Self-Portrait in the Year 1906." My favorite translation, if that is the right word, is Robert Lowell's version in Imitations, a book that can now be reread in Frank Bidart and David Gewanter's magnificent new edition of Lowell's Collected Poems.
Lowell took his idea of "imitation" from Dryden, who in turn borrowed the term from Crowley. "I take imitation of an author . . . to be an endeavour of a later poet to write like one who has written before him, on the same subject," Dryden declared in "Ovid and the Art of Translation" (1680); "that is, not to translate his words, or be confined to his sense, but only to set him as a pattern, and to write as he supposes the author would have done, had he lived in our age, and in our country."
Lowell could be so free with his texts that they become virtually unrecognizable -- "I have been reckless with literal meaning," he confessed -- but I find his rhyming version of Rilke's self-portrait utterly convincing. Here, Rilke's seriousness finds a formal American idiom that also feels natural.
The bone-build of the eyebrows has a mule's
or Pole's noble and narrow steadfastness.
A scared blue child is peering through the eyes,
and there's a kind of weakness, not a fool's,
yet womanish -- the gaze of one who serves.
The mouth is just a mouth . . . untidy curves,
quite unpersuasive, yet it says its yes,
when forced to act. The forehead cannot frown
and likes the shade of dumbly looking down.
A still life, nature morte -- hardly a whole!
It has done nothing worked through or alive,
in spite of pain, in spite of comforting . . .
Out of this distant and disordered thing
something in earnest labors to unroll.
Lowell captures Rilke's playful and anguished tone, the ruthless self-critical gaze of a young artist who feels unfinished, incomplete, haunted by his own weakness. Rilke used the occasion not only to recognize but also to declare his own inner conviction, his deep sense of artistic mission. He had already apprenticed himself to Rodin when he wrote this poem, and he had taken from the master an unshakable sense of "the great work."
Lowell's version of Rilke's sonnet stands behind Frank Bidart's poem "Self-Portrait, 1969," which appeared in his breakthrough first book, Golden State (1973). Bidart adds something more open and hesitant, something more radically self-questioning to the form. His complex, original mode of punctuation gives the sense of a man brooding, of consciousness at work. It nails down the way the poet hears phrases coming to him. He stares at himself in the mirror; he responds intensely to what he has just written. Bidart brings to the self-portrait a Yeatsian sense of lyric as a form of arguing with oneself.
He's still young -- ; thirty, but looks younger --
or does he? . . . In the eyes and cheeks, tonight,
turning in the mirror, he saw his mother, --
puffy; angry; bewildered . . . Many nights
now, when he stares there, he gets angry: --
something unfulfilled there, something dead
to what he once thought he surely could be --
Now, just the glamour of habits . . .
he thought insight would remake him, he'd reach
-- what? The thrill, the exhilaration
unraveling disaster, that seemed to teach
necessary knowledge . . . became just jargon.
Sick of being decent, he craves another
crash. What reaches him except disaster?
(Robert Lowell's version of Rilke's self-portrait appears in his "Collected Poems," edited by Frank Bidart and David Gewanter. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Copyright © 2003 by Harriet Lowell and Sheridan Lowell. Frank Bidart's "Self-Portrait, 1969" appears in his book "In the Western Night: Collected Poems 1965-1990." Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Copyright © 1990 by Frank Bidart.)
The Exile's Return
There mounts in squalls a sort
of rusty mire,
Not ice, not snow, to leaguer the Hôtel
De Ville, where braced pig-iron dragons grip
The blizzard to their rigor mortis. A bell
Grumbles when the reverberations strip
The thatching from its spire,
The search-guns click and spit and split up timber
And nick the slate roofs on the Holstenwall
Where torn-up tilestones crown the victor. Fall
And winter, spring and summer, guns unlimber
And lumber down the narrow gabled street
Past your gray, sorry and ancestral house
Where the dynamited walnut tree
Shadows a squat, old, wind-torn gate and cows
The Yankee commandant. You will not see
Strutting children or meet
The peg-leg and reproachful chancellor
With a forget-me-not in his button-hole
When the unseasoned liberators roll
Into the Market Square, ground arms before
The Rathaus; but already lily-stands
Burgeon the risen Rhineland, and a rough
Cathedral lifts its eye. Pleasant enough,
Voi ch'entrate, and your life is in your hands.
The Holy Innocents
Listen, the hay-bells tinkle as the cart
Wavers on rubber tires along the tar
And cindered ice below the burlap mill
And ale-wife run. The oxen drool and start
In wonder at the fenders of a car,
And blunder hugely up St. Peter's hill.
These are the undefiled by woman-their
Sorrow is not the sorrow of this world:
King Herod shrieking vengeance at the curled
Up knees of Jesus choking in the air,
A king of speechless clods and infants. Still
The world out-Herods Herod; and the year,
The nineteen-hundred forty-fifth of grace,
Lumbers with losses up the clinkered hill
Of our purgation; and the oxen near
The worn foundations of their resting-place,
The holy manger where their bed is corn
And holly torn for Christmas. If they die,
As Jesus, in the harness, who will mourn?
Lamb of the shepherds, Child, how still you lie.
Colloquy in Black Rock
Here the jack-hammer jabs into the ocean;
My heart, you race and stagger and demand
More blood-gangs for your nigger-brass percussions,
Till I, the stunned machine of your devotion,
Clanging upon this cymbal of a hand,
Am rattled screw and footloose. All discussions
End in the mud-flat detritus of death.
My heart, beat faster, faster. In Black Mud
Hungarian workmen give their blood
For the martyre Stephen, who was stoned to death.
Black Mud, a name to conjure with: O mud
For watermelons gutted to the crust,
Mud for the mole-tide harbor, mud for mouse,
Mud for the armored Diesel fishing tubs that thud
A year and a day to wind and tide; the dust
Is on this skipping heart that shakes my house,
House of our Savior who was hanged till death.
My heart, beat faster, faster. In Black Mud
Stephen the martyre was broken down to blood:
Our ransom is the rubble of his death.
Christ walks on the black water. In Black Mud
Darts the kingfisher. On Corpus Christi, heart,
Over the drum-beat of St. Stephen's choir
I hear him, Stupor Mundi, and the mud
Flies from his hunching wings and beak-my heart,
The blue kingfisher dives on you in fire.
Christmas in Black Rock
Christ God's red shadow hangs upon the wall
The dead leaf's echo on these hours
Whose burden spindles to no breath at all;
Hard at our heels the huntress moonlight towers
And the green needles bristle at the glass
Tiers of defense-plants where the treadmill night
Churns up Long Island Sound with piston-fist.
Tonight, my child, the lifeless leaves will mass,
Heaving and heaping, as the swivelled light
Burns on the bell-spar in the fruitless mist.
Christ Child, your lips are lean and evergreen
Tonight in Black Rock, and the moon
Sidles outside into the needle-screen
And strikes the hand that feeds you with a spoon
Tonight, as drunken Polish night-shifts walk
Over the causeway and their juke-box booms
Hosannah in excelsis Domino.
Tonight, my child, the foot-loose hallows stalk
Us down in the blind alleys of our rooms;
By the mined root the leaves will overflow.
December, old leech, has leafed through Autumn's store
Where Poland has unleashed its dogs
To bay the moon upon the Black Rock shore:
Under our windows, on the rotten logs
The moonbeam, bobbing like an apple, snags
The undertow. O Christ, the spiralling years
Slither with child and manger to a ball
Of ice; and what is man? We tear our rags
To hang the Furies by their itching ears,
And the green needles nail us to the wall.
New Year's Day
Again and then again ... the year is born
To ice and death, and it will never do
To skulk behind storm-windows by the stove
To hear the postgirl sounding her French horn
When the thin tidal ice is wearing through.
Here is the understanding not to love
Our neighbor, or tomorrow that will sieve
Our resolutions. While we live, we live
To snuff the smoke of victims. In the snow
The kitten heaved its hindlegs, as if fouled,
And died. We bent it in a Christmas box
And scattered blazing weeds to scare the crow
Until the snake-tailed sea-winds coughed and howled
For alms outside the church whose double locks
Wait for St. Peter, the distorted key.
Under St. Peter's bell the parish sea
Swells with its smelt into the burlap shack
Where Joseph plucks his hand-lines like a harp,
And hears the fearful Puer natus est
Of Circumcision, and relives the wrack
And howls of Jesus whom he holds. How sharp
The burden of the Law before the beast:
Time and the grindstone and the knife of God.
The Child is born in blood, O child of blood.
The Quaker Graveyard in Nantucket
(FOR WARREN WINSLOW, DEAD AT SEA)
Let man have dominion over the fishes of the sea and the fowls of the air and the beasts and
the whole earth, and every creeping creature that moveth upon the earth.
A brackish reach of shoal off Madaket,-
The sea was still breaking violently and night
Had steamed into our North Atlantic Fleet,
When the drowned sailor clutched the drag-net. Light
Flashed from his matted head and marble leer,
He grappled at the net
With the coiled, hurdling muscles of his thighs:
The corpse was bloodless, a botch of reds and whites,
Its open, staring eyes
Were lustreless dead-lights
Or cabin-windows on a stranded hulk
Heavy with sand. We weight the body, close
Its eyes and heave it seaward whence it came,
Where the heel-headed dogfish barks its nose
On Ahab's void and forehead; and the name
Is blocked in yellow chalk.
Sailors, who pitch this portent at the sea
Where dreadnaughts shall confess
Its hell-bent deity,
When you are powerless
To sand-bag this Atlantic bulwark, faced
By the earth-shaker, green, unwearied, chaste
In his steel scales: ask for no Orphean lute
To pluck life back. The guns of the steeled fleet
Recoil and then repeat
The hoarse salute.
Whenever winds are moving and their breath
Heaves at the roped-in bulwarks of this pier,
The terns and sea-gulls tremble at your death
In these home waters. Sailor, can you hear
The Pequod's sea wings, beating landward, fall
Headlong and break on our Atlantic wall
Off 'Sconset, where the yawing S-boats splash
The bellbuoy, with ballooning spinnakers,
As the entangled, screeching mainsheet clears
The blocks: off Madaket, where lubbers lash
The heavy surf and throw their long lead squids
For blue-fish? Sea-gulls blink their heavy lids
Seaward. The winds' wings beat upon the stones,
Cousin, and scream for you and the claws rush
At the sea's throat and wring it in the slush
Of this old Quaker graveyard where the bones
Cry out in the long night for the hurt beast
Bobbing by Ahab's whaleboats in the East.
All you recovered from Poseidon died
With you, my cousin, and the harrowed brine
Is fruitless on the blue beard of the god,
Stretching beyond us to the castles in Spain,
Nantucket's westward haven. To Cape Cod
Guns, cradled on the tide,
Blast the eelgrass about a waterclock
Of bilge and backwash, roil the salt and sand
Lashing earth's scaffold, rock
Our warships in the hand
Of the great God, where time's contrition blues
Whatever it was these Quaker sailors lost
In the mad scramble of their lives. They died
When time was open-eyed,
Wooden and childish; only bones abide
There, in the nowhere, where their boats were tossed
Sky-high, where mariners had fabled news
Of IS, the whited monster. What it cost
Them is their secret. In the sperm-whale's slick
I see the Quakers drown and hear their cry:
"If God himself had not been on our side,
If God himself had not been on our side,
When the Atlantic rose against us, why,
Then it had swallowed us up quick."
This is the end of the whaleroad and the whale
Who spewed Nantucket bones on the thrashed swell
And stirred the troubled waters to whirlpools
To send the Pequod packing off to hell:
This is the end of them, three-quarters fools,
Snatching at straws to sail
Seaward and seaward on the turntail whale,
Spouting out blood and water as it rolls,
Sick as a dog to these Atlantic shoals:
Clamavimus, 0 depths. Let the sea-gulls wail
For water, for the deep where the high tide
Mutters to its hurt self, mutters and ebbs.
Waves wallow in their wash, go out and out,
Leave only the death-rattle of the crabs,
The beach increasing, its enormous snout
Sucking the ocean's side.
This is the end of running on the waves;
We are poured out like water. Who will dance
The mast-lashed master of Leviathans
Up from this field of Quakers in their unstoned graves?
When the whale's viscera go and the roll
Of its corruption overruns this world
Beyond tree-swept Nantucket and Woods Hole
And Martha's Vineyard, Sailor, will your sword
Whistle and fall and sink into the fat?
In the great ash-pit of Jehoshaphat
The bones cry for the blood of the white whale,
The fat flukes arch and whack about its ears,
The death-lance churns into the sanctuary, tears
The gun-blue swingle, heaving like a flail,
And hacks the coiling life out: it works and drags
And rips the sperm-whale's midriff into rags,
Gobbets of blubber spill to wind and weather,
Sailor, and gulls go round the stoven timbers
Where the morning stars sing out together
And thunder shakes the white surf and dismembers
The red flag hammered in the mast-head. Hide
Our steel, Jonas Messias, in Thy side.
OUR LADY OF WALSINGHAM
There once the penitents took off their shoes
And then walked barefoot the remaining mile;
And the small trees, a stream and hedgerows file
Slowly along the munching English lane,
Like cows to the old shrine, until you lose
Track of your dragging pain.
The stream flows down under the druid tree,
Shiloah's whirlpools gurgle and make glad
The castle of God. Sailor, you were glad
And whistled Sion by that stream. But see:
Our Lady, too small for her canopy,
Sits near the altar. There's no comeliness
At all or charm in that expressionless
Face with its heavy eyelids. As before,
This face, for centuries a memory,
Non est species, neque decor,
Expressionless, expresses God: it goes
Past castled Sion. She knows what God knows,
Not Calvary's Cross nor crib at Bethlehem
Now, and the world shall come to Walsingham.
The empty winds are creaking and the oak
Splatters and splatters on the cenotaph,
The boughs are trembling and a gaff
Bobs on the untimely stroke
Of the greased wash exploding on a shoal-bell
In the old mouth of the Atlantic. It's well;
Atlantic, you are fouled with the blue sailors,
Sea-monsters, upward angel, downward fish:
Unmarried and corroding, spare of flesh
Mart once of supercilious, wing'd clippers,
Atlantic, where your bell-trap guts its spoil
You could cut the brackish winds with a knife
Here in Nantucket, and cast up the time
When the Lord God formed man from the sea's slime
And breathed into his face the breath of life,
And blue-lung'd combers lumbered to the kill.
The Lord survives the rainbow of His will.
The First Sunday in Lent
IN THE ATTIC
The crooked family chestnut sighs, for March,
Time's fool, is storming up and down the town;
The gray snow squelches and the well-born stamp
From sermons in a scolded, sober mob
That wears away the Sabbath with a frown,
A world below my window. What will clamp
The weak-kneed roots together when the damp
Aches like a conscience, and they grope to rob
The hero under his triumphal arch?
This is the fifth floor attic where I hid
My stolen agates and the cannister
Preserved from Bunker Hill-feathers and guns,
Matchlock and flintlock and percussion-cap;
Gettysburg etched upon the cylinder
Of Father's Colt. A Lüger of a Hun,
Once blue as Satan, breaks Napoleon,
My china pitcher. Cartridge boxes trap
A chipmunk on the saber where they slid.
On Troy's last day, alas, the populous
Shrines held carnival, and girls and boys
Flung garlands to the wooden horse; so we
Burrow into the lion's mouth to die.
Lord, from the lust and dust thy will destroys
Raise an unblemished Adam who will see
The limbs of the tormented chestnut tree
Tingle, and hear the March-winds lift and cry:
"The Lord of Hosts will overshadow us."
THE FERRIS WHEEL
This world, this ferris wheel, is tired and strains
Its townsman's humorous and bulging eye,
As he ascends and lurches from his seat
And dangles by a shoe-string overhead
To tell the racing world that it must die.
Who can remember what his father said?
The little wheel is turning on the great
In the white water of Christ's blood. The red
Eagle of Ares swings along the lanes
Of camp-stools where the many watch the sky:
The townsman hangs, the eagle swings. It stoops
And lifts the ferris wheel into the tent
Pitched for the devil. But the man works loose,
He drags and zigzags through the circus hoops,
And lion-taming Satan bows and loops
His cracking tail into a hangman's noose;
He is the only happy man in Lent.
He laughs into my face until I cry.
Next page, here | <urn:uuid:cd3f1cb8-cfea-44df-b134-07f92eb9159e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://arlindo-correia.com/100104.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.935496 | 14,499 | 2.0625 | 2 |
The group who gathered this morning on the 28th floor of the Deutsche Bank building, with spectacular views over Sydney harbour, were almost gender balanced. The conversation about Feminine Leadership was aimed at men so it was refreshing to have over half the group representing the male gender. Everyone was open-minded and the consensus at the end was: how do we get some of the other guys who don’t “get this” or are not as tuned in to their feminine side, to show up for a conversation about the changing role of women and the rise of feminine values in society?
Breakfast pre-working meetings always have to be quick so we honour that little gap we have to give some new ideas between people getting up extra early and being at their desks for their normal routine. With just over an hour I jumped straight in with a 40-minute slideshow and talk which I so wished we could have expanded into at least double the time. We made time for small group discussion and report back afterwards but both segments, equally valuable, could have gone on for much longer.
After sharing my passion and interest in the domain of women’s empowerment, feminine leadership and more balanced decision-making, I highlighted recent press coverage about the lack of women at the top of corporations and on boards. It’s a big conversation in Australia since the numbers seem to be going down, plus the just-released Global Gender Gap (GGG) report published by the World Economic Forum shows that Australia has dropped down nine positions in the rankings from within the top twenty down to 24.
This is an unusual move in a developed nation expected to maintain its leadership. When I asked if this was a concern the men in the room said Yes… quite clearly they do appreciate the important role women play at the highest levels and the positive impact which their influence has.
Despite girls and women having very equitable access to education and opportunities (Australia is number 1 in the GGG’s report category for education) this does not translate into women moving through the ranks of work and getting to the top. Somehow they are getting lost in the pipeline. A Sydney Morning Herald article highlighted this in an article last week called “Ahead at School but behind in the Workforce”. My talk addressed the reasons why women disappear from, and take themselves out of, the pipeline that supplies the top jobs.
I wanted to share three main areas of data with a few insights into why the feminine mindset, values and characteristics can change the reality for women.
1 Brain Difference:
The gender equality conversation has been stuck in talk about “sameness” and now desperately needs to move on to address “difference”. Equal but not the same. And we must respect those differences and leverage them.
I referenced the recent discoveries made in the new field of brain science and particularly the work of Dr Louann Brizendine and Dr Daniel Amen. Very clearly, little girls grow up differently to little boys and it’s not any old family programming and cultural stereotyping being played out. A girl baby has an exceptional ability to read faces while little boys are interested in activities and things. Girls are wired for connection. Dr Brizendine points out that the centre in female brain which processes emotions can be likened to an 8-lane super highway. Meanwhile in the male brain that same centre is, relatively speaking, a narrow country lane. (see the slide)
Dr Amen says that his study of 45,000 brain scans show that female brains are radically more active that male brains in 85% of the brains. With dramatically more activity in the front of the brain Dr Amen asserts that women are actually wired for leadership since their brain structure pre-disposes them for:
- self control
- appropriate worry
All of these traits and qualities, which women find much easier than men because they are more naturally embedded in their brain structure, are qualities increasingly being required of a modern leader in our turbulent, uncertain times. Latest research also shows the ‘plastic’ and flexible nature of the human brain (common thinking was that it was fixed and unchangeable) which means that we can learn and take on new skills and traits, with conscious practice. So we are not trapped in old circuitry that was developed there for a purpose millennia ago.
2 Why bringing Caring into the Economics conversation is a game-changer
I quoted the work of Dr Riane Eisler, social scientist, attorney and bestselling author of a number of paradigm shifting books. Her work on Caring Economics in her latest book “The Real Wealth of Nations” shines some light on how most of humanity has a tendency to hierarchical thinking from a culture of a Dominator mindset. This leads people within the system to believe that one party/group/individual is either superior or inferior. We have ended up with a hierarchy of races, ethnicities and religions etc (the basis of all conflicts) and a clear belief in the superiority of the masculine gender over the feminine. This hierarchy of belief is held in place by control and fear and expresses itself to greater or lesser degrees in societies, organisations and governments around the world.
Dr Eisler talks about how this way of seeing the world is sitting on a continuum where at the other end of the spectrum, the Partnership mindset is one where there is greater equality. Here a more collaborative culture exists where power is used in relationships to empower each other through mutual respect and mutual benefit. She cites the Nordic countries as all being examples of this ‘advanced’ cultural thinking. All those countries have emerged as prosperous economies and happier places to live (OECD reports.)
What happens where the Dominator culture prevails or still has influence is that inequality remains. Equal rights laws may be in place but there still exists within the conscious and sub-conscious mindset, deeply embedded codes which play out as the subjugation of the female gender and anything associated with feminine values, roles and work. We end up with a world where all work and money making endeavours are held as significantly more valuable than the daily human work of caring, care-giving, household, home-focussed nurturing tasks and roles largely provided by women at no or little cost.
That is what makes the value system associated with the word “feminine” loaded with often negative meaning and being worth ‘less-than’. Dr Eisler is a huge advocate of establishing the work of caring and care-giving as valuable work that should be respected and valued in the economy in a way it is not now. In her book she gives numerous examples of companies that have realised the value of caring for people, as a priority over money and other stakeholders, and have found it the most effective route to profit. Caring pays dividends. Watch my video interview with Dr Riane Eisler
3 Feminine Traits are needed for the new leadership paradigm
Another brilliant book is called “The Athena Doctrine: How Women (& the Men Who Think Like Them) Will Rule the Future by John Gerzema and Michael D’Antonio. Their research involved 64,000 people and the authors travelling 150,000 miles for interviews.
The authors made a long list of human traits and characteristics and asked half their participants to rate these as being masculine, feminine or neutral. The other half were then asked which human traits are now important for modern leaders to be successful in these times, which traits were important for success and which for happiness. In summary, some of the skills that people felt were required to thrive in today’s world were honesty, empathy, communication, collaboration, most of which come more naturally to women and were seen as feminine traits by the group. Their extensive data showed them that feminine qualities were now being more highly valued, whether these are expressed in women or men.
Two thirds of the 64,000 people surveyed in thirteen nations, feel the world would be a better place if men thought more like women. This marks a global trend away from the winner-takes-all, masculine approach to getting things done. Drawing from interviews at innovative organizations in eighteen nations and at Fortune 500 boardrooms, the authors reveal how men and women alike are recognizing significant value in traits commonly associated with women, such as nurturing, cooperation, communication, and sharing. The Athena Doctrine shows why femininity is the operating system of 21st century prosperity. Book Link.
Andrew Sinclair also tweeted this link after the event which is a very succinct 2-minute summary of the book.
Action is needed to correct the imbalances which unconsciously and unwittingly penalises one gender that has a different way of operating, different needs that can revolve around caring and different drivers and motivations.
A summary of suggested actions follows:
- Be better at really listening – create structures where people can be heard. Women often hold back in their verbal contributions in a mixed group.
- Change the way promotion is done: reach out to support women who hold back in putting themselves forward. Men more naturally step forward and women can tend hold back, they are culturally supported and conditioned to do so.
- Look at the values that underpin the organisation culture – note the importance & impact of caring. Where is it in the culture.
- Acknowledge, celebrate & leverage difference. Each individual has a contribution to make and will do so in a different way. Diversity is crucial for businesses to innovate and be more creative with problem solving. Once the gender gap is fully closed the increased participation of women with inclusive thinking will help reduce the gaps that exists for older people, other ethic groups and social class etc
- Understand the differences in communication for both genders: training would be helpful so people could really get what is invisible and unspoken yet which influences and pervades everything creating misunderstanding and disengagement.
- Men: consult the women in their life more. Female mentors for men would open them up to new thinking and also help them express their emotions more, if they are not already doing so.
- Men: can think like fathers. Daughters help men be more empathetic, generous and other-directed.
- Consider: what is the new masculine? The old thinking of the male provider and the man’s identity wrapped up in achievement, financial success and sometimes aggressiveness no longer works or has value. It is a massive conversation about men and women now want and expect from each other.
- Create a women’s community. Women’s circles of mutual support inside organisations will be hugely beneficial in helping women become more empowered.
- Better mentor structure for women. Create champions for women.
Resources referred to:
Link to blog post re daughters needing Fathers
Recommended video: good for fathers to understand what their daughters take on board consciously and unconsciously from their parents. Called: “Watch A Student Totally Nail Something About Women That I’ve Been Trying To Articulate For 37 Years”. | <urn:uuid:fdfde08a-4647-4a63-8093-3850bc410b4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://feminineleadershiptoday.wordpress.com/category/men/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.959205 | 2,257 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Today, EFF announced that it was making a formal objection to including consideration of digital rights management (DRM) in the First Public Working Draft from the HTML working group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). This is part of EFF's long-running involvement in standards processes, fighting the entertainment companies and DRM vendors that want permanent control over disruptive technologies.
In this case, EFF's concerns focus on the proposed Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) document. Despite its innocuous name, EME only exists to hard-wire the requirements of DRM vendors onto the emerging web standard. So last week, EFF increased its involvement in the W3C from being a regular participant and invited expert to a full member, to challenge DRM in the group's future work. We feel that this is the best way to broaden the discussion within the W3C of the consequences of accepting DRM-based proposals like EME for the future of the Web and the W3C as a whole.
EFF is not the only group concerned here. When EME was finally ultimately declared in-scope for the HTML working group, the decision was made by W3C’s executive team, despite discontent among key standards developers and the subsequent protest of more than twenty thousand technologists and groups, including EFF. While disappointment at that decision outside the W3C has been widespread, the debate on the problems of DRM for that the web platform within the consortium has been muted. Its strategic advisory committee of W3C members has until now not spoken on the decision, despite many of that community having privately expressed concern.
EFF has a lot of experience working within these kinds of standards processes in an attempt to combat the effects of DRM. In 2002, we joined the activities of Broadcast Protection Discussion Group to highlight the dangers of its proposed digital TV DRM standard, which briefly became the government-mandated Broadcast Flag before being struck down in the courts. Subsequently we participated in Europe’s Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) project, as they considered implementing imposing similar controls on European consumers. This new W3C standard comes from exactly same roots: Hollywood's desire to supress innovation and quash othe wishes of individual computer owners.
The entertainment industry's threats to impose control remain the same: if you don’t do as we say, you won’t get our premium content, and your technology will be rendered irrelevant. As we’ve seen with both music, and digital TV, the threat is empty. Commercial content goes where the users are. And users go where their rights and desires are best respected. We think that the guardian of those rights on the Web should be the W3C, and we’re happy to be help it ensure that remains the case. | <urn:uuid:f64a9090-2447-4a16-b768-0e4386b4777d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/05/eff-joins-w3c-fight-drm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.953664 | 563 | 1.65625 | 2 |
BCQ arquitectura barcelona works to make cities more human, sustainable and efficient. The studio also aims to allow the natural environment to change in the most sensible and intelligent way. To achieve these objectives, BCQ creates architectural and urban projects that combine sensitivity and intelligence with the environment and aims for excellence in the financial organization of real-estate initiatives. The final goal of creating projects is to make them real. For this reason, BCQ considers the quality of their construction techniques, materials and buildings to be of utmost importance.
BCQ arquitectura Barcelona is a studio created in 1991 that develops architectural, landscape and urban projects in all its scales and dimensions and as a result of the combination of aspects such as the quality of design, functionality and technical feasibility in creative design. Nowadays, with 30 years of experience, architect David Baena leads the studio with the associated architects Manel Peribáñez, Maria Taltavull and Jordi Sánchez, bringing together a solid team of professionals and collaborators in all disciplines.
In 2015 BCQ has won the First prize Ciutat de Barcelona and the First prize Catalunya Construcció awards for the work St.Gervasi-Joan Maragall Library, and in 2013 the First prize MIPIM Best Industrial & Logistics Development for the Wastewater Treatment Plant in North Maresme, Barcelona.
From the beginning, BCQ members have combined their experience in design and construction projects with teaching at some of the major architecture schools in Catalonia and abroad such as, the Faculty of Architecture in Alghero (Sardinia, Italy) and Symposium- Workshop ‘Beyond Sustainable Architecture and Smart City: Re-Humanization of Urban Space’ at Keiyo University in Tokyo (Japan).
BCQ environmental policy is based on the following objectives and principles:
– Inform its customers and partners the benefits of Eco-Design.
– Offer its customers the adoption of contemporary and sustainable materials and construction systems.
– Encourage the adoption of eco-efficient measures regarding energy consumption expenditure in buildings.
– Reduce pollution by analyzing the environmental aspects of the life cycle of the building or urban development.
– Meet and go beyond current legislation on environmental matters required in the building and urbanization.
– Reduce pollution by encouraging the firm’s environmental policy from recycling and reuse.
The projects of BCQ arquitectura barcelona have been widely published and presented at lecture venues both nationally and internationally. In 2008 BCQ published the monograph Reflejos · Reflections, and their more recent works have been issued in the monography TC CUADERNOS nº 105 BCQ BAENA CASAMOR in 2012. Library of Light (2014) is the last publication of the studio about the St Gervasi-Joan Maragall LIbrary in Barcelona.
David Baena | CEO, founding partner
Architect graduated from UPC ETSAV in 1989, co-founder of BCQ in 1995. Professor of Construction at the Catalonia International University School of Architecture (ESARQ-UIC) since 1999, he has also been invited to give lectures and participate as guest professor in main Catalonia Schools of Architecture and abroad such as the South Anahuac University in Mexico City and the Facoltà di Architettura di Alghero, Università degli Studi di Sassari in Sardinia (Italy). David Baena is currently co-Director of the Technical Area and Member of Faculty Council at the ESARQ-UIC in Barcelona.
Manel Peribáñez | Partner
Architect graduated from Catalonia International University School of Architecture (ESARQ-UIC, 2002) and internal Auditor of Integrated Management Systems for Quality, Environment and Ecodesign (Qualineo, 2010). Founding partner of the digital graphic arts ARTNEV Group, he is also author of the DOCOMOP blog, specialized in architectural construction details. Collaborator architect in BCQ since 2002, he became associated partner in 2006 working as Architecture department Leader. Manel Peribáñez has been visiting professor at the EPSEB-UPC, and since January 2016 he is Professor of Construction at the ESARQ-UIC in Barcelona.
Maria Taltavull | Partner
Architect specialized in restoration graduated from Barcelona School of Architecture (ETSAB-UPC) (2004). Maria Taltavull started her collaboration in BCQ in 2002, and in 2008 she became associated partner. Currently she is Architecture department leader. During 2006-2007 she was associate professor of architectural projects at the Facoltà di Architettura di Alghero, Università degli Studi di Sassari (Sardinia, Italy).
Jordi Sánchez | Partner
Architect graduated from the Vallès School of Architecture, UPC-Barcelona in 2008. After a year of collaboration in Estudio 05AM Arquitectes he started collaborating in BCQ in 2008. In 2015 Jordi Sanchez combined his experience at BCQ studio with the work as architect at the Barcelona City Council Technical services department. In 2020 he became associated partner in 2020.
Manuel Romero | Architecture
Architect from the Vallès School of Architecture, UPC-Barcelona Tech (2010). In 2011 he participates in the Yuzz Entrepreneurship Program (Banesto) for the development of the business model of Clima Arquitectes cooperative. From 2013 he has combined his work as an independent architect collaborating with the Catalonia Architect’s Chamber Barcelona as Coordinator in the International Service and Communication Departments until 2017, joining BCQ as a Project Head architect. From 2014-2015 he worked as an architect for Atelier Barda in Montreal, Canada.
Lorenzo De Nicola | Architecture and BIM
Architect graduated from Florence School of Architecture, UNIFI (Italy) in 2016. Master graduated in BIM Manager in MSI Academy (Barcelona) in 2020, and Revit Certified Professional. After an experience en Pieters Bouwtechniek Amsterdam, and collaborations with architecture studios in Italy, he joined BCQ in 2017 as an Architect and BIM Specialist.
Mika Iitomi | Landscape architecture and city planning
Landscaping Master graduated from the University of Pennsylvania (EEUU) in 2002.
After several collaborations in international landscape and architecture studios, Mika Iitomi joined BCQ in 2003 as landscape architect, where she is at present project leader.
David Baena, Carles Casamor, Toni Casamor and Josep Mª Quera set up BCQ in 1991. Between 1993 and 2020 Carles Casamor, Josep Mª Quera and Toni Casamor left the company subsequently. Manel Peribáñez in 2007, Maria Taltavull in 2008 and Jordi Sánchez in 2020 joined as partners. | <urn:uuid:eed6ff10-7bf6-4995-8c58-8ce1ce170641> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://bcq.es/profile/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.922324 | 1,431 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.