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Some two thousand years ago Buddhism experienced a major reformation through a movement called the Mahayana, or "Great Vehicle," which dominated religious thought in much of Asia for many centuries and still exerts considerable influence. The basic Mahayana texts were sermons ascribed to the Buddha, called "sutras" in Sanskrit.
The earliest and most influential of these Mahayana sutras had the "perfection of wisdom" as its main subject matter. Of these texts, the famous "Diamond" and "Heart" sutras have been known in the West for many years, but they are merely condensations of the original "Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom" that took shape between 50 and 200 A.D.
In the present volume, Dr. Conze offers the result of thirty-five years of close study, and makes available this "Large Sutra," the key document for dealing with early Mahayana doctrine. This scripture has, through the centuries, been revered as "The great mother of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas" not only in India but in China, Tibet, Japan, Mongolia and Southeast Asia as well. It is now made available in its complete form for the first time in an annotated translation. | <urn:uuid:45c2127f-e890-4b16-8f96-298f6bb66eda> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.saujanyabooks.com/details.aspx?id=2122 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.970671 | 260 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Are you stressed about rising interest rates?
Or inflation? A recession? Property prices? All of the above? I’d be surprised if you weren’t. Our news feeds are full of frightening stories and dire predictions, and we can find ourselves drawn to these grim news stories again and again even though they increase our stress and worry. Why do we torment ourselves this way?
Negative news stories are simply more attention-grabbing – they sell more newspapers and get more clicks. This is because humans tend to have an inbuilt ‘negativity bias’, meaning that we’re drawn to negative/shocking information more than positive/happy information.
This negativity bias makes a lot of sense if you consider our evolutionary history – prioritising ‘negative’ information (like which animals were dangerous) helped early humans learn quickly about the dangers of their environment, and thus increased their chance of survival. And though our world has changed, we still carry those same adaptations of our ancestors, even though those adaptations may not be as useful as they once were.
What to do if you find yourself stuck in negative news gloom?
Practice noticing when you’re slipping into a cycle of reading negative news stories. Once you’re aware, your choices open up about what to do instead.
Remind yourself that the stories have been chosen to grab your attention, rather than being selected to create a balanced view of the whole situation. Be especially sceptical of predictions – it’s usually the most shocking ones that get published, not necessarily the most accurate.
Consider limiting how many times you check or watch the news each day. Be particularly wary of sites that allow endless scrolling – this feature is designed to be addictive.
If you decide to limit your exposure to news, plan for what you’ll do instead of reading/watching the news at those usual times. It’s much easier to change a habit if you’re substituting the old behaviour with something, rather than just sitting there feeling restless.
Try re-balancing the negativity bias by consciously seeking out more positive news stories. It’s easy to forget that there’s still good in the world.
I know that you will already have other ways of coping with stress and uncertainty. So I’d encourage you to be on the lookout for moments when the stress and worry bother you less. What are you doing in those moments that you want to keep doing?
As always, if you’re really struggling or feeling stuck, it’s probably a good idea to speak with a health professional.
Written by Ms Bridie James, clinical psychologist. | <urn:uuid:76637bd0-8f1c-439d-8fd1-ed28c02c4295> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.psyclinical.com/post/are-you-stressed-about-rising-interest-rates | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.93381 | 552 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Tool Monitoring Increases Productivity with 24/7 Lights- Out Machining
An aerospace manufacturing company specializing in 4&5 axis machining was being ultra conservative with speeds and feeds, programming for the worst material condition to avoid tool breakage. They were running parts approximately 12-18 hours per day, and always attended by a machine operator.
The customer installed TMAC on five (5) Okuma machining centers. TMAC has enabled them to get real data off the machines to show the programmers how the machines are reacting to their part programs. They have realized some very serious gains by implementing TMAC. To start, TMAC detects worn tooling during operation. Using the adaptive control feature, TMAC automatically slows the feed rate down during rough operations to keep the tool from breaking as it begins to deteriorate, allowing them to cut more parts per tool. These parts also contain a lot of air cutting. The TMAC adaptive control feature automatically increases the feed rate in these areas to reduce cycle time. They no longer need to be ultra conservative with their speeds and feeds, knowing TMAC will make the necessary adjustments for them.
TMAC has also given them the confidence to run their machines overnight and during weekends, at times when there are no operators present. They can load up their pallet system and tool carousels and then walk away for the weekend. If TMAC detects a tool is worn, it will automatically call a redundant tool if it’s available in the carousel. The TMAC interrupt program will shuttle out pallets if there is an alarm, to automatically move to the next workpiece, eliminating machine downtime. They return to the shop on Monday and everything has already been cut, or the machine has stopped if TMAC has detected issues or exhausted its tooling or pallet supply.
With TMAC, their machines run 24/7. They are running the proper feed rates which has reduced cycle time by 15% – 26%. Their productivity has significantly increased through unattended operation and proper tool life management. And, with the real-time data, they can analyze their cutting and optimize their part programs.
- Reduced cycle time up to 26%
- Increased productivity with 24/7 lights out machining
- Optimized cutting programs
- Maximized tool life with proper insights and management into their cutting operations | <urn:uuid:f475d440-acb7-4758-94ed-c391eb83ac25> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.caroneng.com/result/tool-monitoring-increases-productivity-with-24-7-lights-out-machining/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.948511 | 481 | 1.625 | 2 |
OPEC+ Boosts Output
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and ten allies including Russia, a grouping commonly known as OPEC+, have been increasing their output in order to unwind the production cuts that had been made during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Based on the 19th OPEC and non-OPEC Ministerial Meeting of July 2021, the group had agreed on a plan to increase its output by around 0.4 million barrels per day (bpd), starting from August of that year and endeavoring to end the adjustments by the end of September 2022.
At the 29th meeting yesterday, OPEC+ decided to ramp-up production by 648,000 barrels/day for July and August . This 216K bpd bump came by advancing the September adjustment and equally distributing it into those two months, thus bringing forward the expected end-date of the rises plan.
The US White House Press Secretary welcomed the "important decision", as the administration has a huge political headache due high inflation, caused in large part by the soaring energy prices.
President Biden is reported to visit OPEC's de facto leader, Saudi Arabia, despite the fallout after the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi back in 2018. Ms Jean-Pierre did not rule this out, saying that "the President is focused on, first and foremost, is how his engagements with foreign leaders advance American interests. That is — that's as true with Saudi Arabia as anywhere else".
Tight Oil Market
OPEC+ has often come under pressure to move with more generous output increases, in order to help bring prices down and finally gave in to them, with Thursday's decision.
This action however, may fail to make much of an impact, as it did not exclude Russia from those increases, which has seen it output fall significantly due the war in Ukraine and Western sanctions against it.
As per the International Energy Agency's (IEA) monthly report in May, Russia had shut in nearly one million barrel/day in April, driving down world oil supply by 710 kb/d to 98.1 million barrel/day , while European leaders reached an agreement to ban most oil imports from the country earlier in the week.
Saudi Arabia is probably one of few producers that can increase their supply, with a Financial Times report earlier in the week, suggesting the country is ready to boost its output to compensate for Russian production, if this was to fall substantially due to sanctions.
The oil market is very tight and the CEO of oil giant Saudi Aramco, alluded to this last month, warning of "very low spare capacity" on a Bloomberg interview. Mr Amir Nasser added that spare capacity is "2% or lower in a market of 100 million barrels".
The tightness is evident in US oil inventories which dropped again, as per Thursday's weekly data, by the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Commercial crude oil inventories decreased by 5.1 million barrels in the week ending in May 27, from the previous one. At 414.7 million barrels, U.S. crude oil inventories are about 15% below the five year average for this time of year.
The commodity had strenghtned on Thursday, as market probably were unimpressed by the decision and the rumors around it, beforehand. This was also fueled by the US Dollar's plunge, which reacted negatively to some poor economic releases from the United States, the world largest oil consumer.
USOil, which comes from six straight profitable months, is having a relatively good week, but trades with caution today. As such, it is vulnerable to further pressure that could test the upper border of the daily Ichimoku cloud (at around 113.00), but a catalyst would be required for a breach of the lower border and the EMA200 (110.40-109.40).
This area can support the commodity, but closes below it, could shift bias to the downside and bring the ascending trendline from the December lows into question.
However, momentum is clearly on the upside and bulls have the ability to push for new highs and 122.00, although tackling the multi-year highs from March, has a high degree of difficulty at this stage.
Markets will not turn to the US Jobs report, which can create volatility and impact oil prices.
Senior Market Specialist
Nikos Tzabouras is a graduate of the Department of International & European Economic Studies at the Athens University of Economics and Business. He has a long time presence at FXCM, as he joined the company in 2011. He has served from multiple positions, but specializes in financial market analysis and commentary.
With his educational background in international relations, he emphasizes not only on Technical Analysis but also in Fundamental Analysis and Geopolitics – which have been having increasing impact on financial markets. He has longtime experience in market analysis and as a host of educational trading courses via online and in-person sessions and conferences.
Retrieved 03 Jun 2022 https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/6512.htm
Retrieved 03 Jun 2022 https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/6882.htm
Retrieved 03 Jun 2022 https://www.iea.org/reports/oil-market-report-may-2022
Retrieved 03 Jun 2022 https://twitter.com/eucopresident/status/1531424785464320000
Retrieved 03 Jun 2022 https://www.ft.com/content/cf18ce69-e46a-4802-9058-1340c5a2c94d
Retrieved 03 Jun 2022 https://www.youtube.com/watch
Retrieved 19 Aug 2022 https://ir.eia.gov/wpsr/wpsrsummary.pdf | <urn:uuid:76df96f1-c42d-4f21-8e40-1422081f30d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fxcm.com/markets/insights/opec-accelerated-its-oil-output-increases-the-white-house-welcomed-the-decision-but-the-market-is-tight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.959763 | 1,259 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities
Michigan State University is committed to providing equal opportunity for participation in all programs, services and activities.
The sites of seminars and colloquia in the Biomedical & Physical Sciences Building have basic accessibility for persons with disabilities.
Most of the entrances are on grade or are accessible via wheelchair-friendly slopes. The main entrances at the north and south ends of the building have automatic doors. The elevators at both the north and south ends of the building have controls accommodating many disabilities (e.g., Braille labels, low and high button panels). The restrooms, off each elevator lobby on each floor where seminars are held, all have accessible stalls.
The Biomedical & Physical Sciences Building is not, however, currently fully furnished with automatic doors at all entrances, Braille or audible signs & maps, or other more advanced accessibility enhancements.
Special accommodations for persons with disabilities may be requested by calling the person in charge of a program at least a week in advance to ensure sufficient time to make arrangements. If the person in charge is not listed on the web page referring to a program, contact the P-A Department Chair's Office at (517) 353-8662. | <urn:uuid:0f36c299-fce7-416e-9a71-89f7d4e165e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pa.msu.edu/news-events/access-info/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.919616 | 244 | 1.523438 | 2 |
To reach this peaceful village 1,500 meters above sea level, it is popular for mountaineering, just take the road towards Baker. Mhaydsé, also known as the more poetic of Nezmet El-Sobeh, can be seen after walking for an hour and a half or about 80 kilometers. “Nezmet El-Sobeh or the Morning Star, the nickname given to our village by Alfred Nakache,” says Ayub Jamal proudly, who, like many residents of Mahidis, participates in his own way under the influence of village cooperatives. “It has this nickname for its strategic location that ignores all the surrounding villages like morning stars,” he continued. The village is famous for its old buildings of white stone and black basalt stone derived from the once volcanic soil of the region. It preserves in its mountain caves, according to some experts, the tombs of the Byzantine era, as well as the first inhabitants who lived there for centuries. 400 years ago, the ancestors of the inhabitants of Mhaydsé, of which 70% of the 14 km2 area is mountainous in nature, left their caves to settle in the foothills where the climate is milder and the land more exploitable for cultivation. Then they built a new village there, hence the name Mhaydsé which means new, modern.
First stop in front of the rural cooperative where, immediately and almost naturally, a sweet and delicate fragrance emerges and fills the air with a beautiful sweetness. Follow it to reach a room where thousands of rose petals rest on the ground, covering its entire surface on a white sheet. Several women smile and work to separate the rose petals. At the center of this festival of colors and smells is the face that strikes the heart of the village. Nezmet El-Sobeh Cooperative Hall is its social and economic center.
Launched in 1998, it offers a permanent job to 20 women and 3 men, but offers several fixed-term jobs according to demand and season. “Our goal is to improve the social and economic living standards of villagers in general and women in particular,” said Wafa Jamal, vice-president of the cooperative, which has grown exponentially over time. “No one will believe that we will be able to make it a successful organization. Thanks to the support of Fair Trade Lebanon and other contributors, we have benefited from numerous training courses that have enabled us to meet international standards today, ”he explained. However, in the early days of rural cooperatives, they did not benefit from the huge premises, machines, utensils or experience that exists today. “We started working at my grandfather’s old house and we each brought the necessary work equipment from home,” said Wafa Jamal. “Contributed 1,000 LL per month, which allowed us to buy basic products like sugar and gas and we received only an annual fee,” he explains, noting that the cooperative has increased and produced its production. Thanks to Fair Trade Lebanon and other organizations known in Lebanon itself and internationally, it greatly helps its members to meet the monthly expenses of their home during this crisis. “Farmers and herdsmen in the village and surrounding areas therefore benefit from cooperative work, which supports them and purchases their various seasonal products,” the vice-president added.
A beautiful community
Ragida Manna Mahmud, a permanent resident of Maheds and a mother of six, was a housewife before joining the cooperative full-time more than a decade ago. “This work has given me a sense of freedom and great confidence and has allowed me to explore different regions and different cultures of Lebanon within the framework of fairs and exhibitions where we have participated. Considering cooperatives as his “second home,” he insists there is no hierarchy within the organization. “We’re all equal, we work together, we live together, we eat together, we share everything,” he says. The relocated, Wafa Jamal, who has been involved with the cooperative since day one, has assured that the organization has opened him up to the world and allowed him to leave the village on the occasion of various exhibitions sponsored by Fair Trade Lebanon and other contributors. Seeing her proud, she shakes her salt-and-pepper hair and puts her hands on her hips. “We believe it! We have faced all the criticism from our men and from those who see this collaboration as a waste of time and an insult to our role as mothers and housewives. The cooperative has allowed me to educate my children and a large number of women like me today.” “Everyone who works there pays for most of their families. Now, everyone respects us and recognizes our efforts and our success,” he said with great confidence and a big smile.
Roses in all its forms
Nezmet El-Sobeh Cooperative offers a large selection of technical food products, a Lebanese Maun modeled on our mothers and grandmothers, including jams, syrups, juices as well as herbal teas and herbal essences. Roses and dairy products. It is especially famous for its essences made from jams, syrups, herbal teas and rose petals. Products that require long preparation, sometimes painful and require extreme caution A method of preparation that Nezmet El-Sobeh Cooperative wants to keep secret.
However, it is known that roses are harvested between April and July. After careful collection, the petals are gently peeled, then sugar syrup and a few roselle leaves (guinea sorrel or hibiscus sabdarifa, editor’s note) are added to get a natural color. Syrups, like all rose-based products, are made using a certain variety, the Damascus rose, which is famous for its incomparable finesse. Made according to traditional recipes, without dyes or preservatives, all these rose-based products have a preventive effect for brittle stomachs.
Recipe: Strawberry salad with rose syrup and poppy crumble
For 2 people
Preparation: 20 minutes
Cooking: 25 minutes.
For strawberry salad:
Strawberry 1 punnet
15 g rose syrup
“Terrace du Liban”
15 grams of golden sugar.
For Greek yogurt mousse:
1 Greek yogurt
60 grams of cold single cream.
80 grams of flour
1 c. s blonde sugar
50 grams of cold butter
2 tablespoons. s poppy seeds.
Preheat the oven to 180. To crush, combine the butter into the flour with your fingers to get a sandy mixture. Add sugar and poppy seeds. Spread crumbles on baking paper and bake in oven for 12 to 15 minutes. Let cool. In a saucepan, place half the chopped strawberries with the sugar. Melt over high heat, then simmer over medium heat for 10 minutes. Allow to cool before sifting. Then add the rose syrup, cut the remaining strawberries and set aside. To prepare the Greek yogurt mouse, beat the whipped cream in a food processor and gently fold in the Greek yogurt.
In a vermicelli, add strawberry salad, 1 tablespoon mousse, a few strawberries, 1 tablespoon (or depending on taste) rose syrup and sprinkle with poppy seed crumbs.
Note that it is also possible to present this recipe on a plate.
Stay in partnership
To reach this peaceful village 1,500 meters above sea level, it is popular for mountaineering, just take the road towards Baker. Mhaydsé, also known as the more poetic of Nezmet El-Sobeh, can be seen after walking for an hour and a half or about 80 kilometers. “Nezmet El-Sobeh or morning star, nickname … | <urn:uuid:776d51b6-12c4-4067-818d-30b37ef75212> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sildenafilandtadalafil.com/2022/06/30/mhaydse-in-the-name-of-roses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.960985 | 1,630 | 2 | 2 |
Colonialism, Colonization and Land Law in Mandate Palestine: The Zor Al-Zarqa and Barrat Qisarya Land Disputes in Historical Perspective
Theoretical Inquiries in Law, Forthcoming
51 Pages Posted: 12 Jan 2004
This article focuses on land rights, land law and land administration within a multilayered colonial setting by examining a major land dispute in British ruled Palestine (1917-1948). Our research reveals that the Mandate legal system extinguished indigenous rights to much land in the Zor al-Zarqa and Barrat Qisarya regions through its use of 'colonial law' - the interpretation of Ottoman law by colonial officials, the use of foreign legal concepts, and the transformation of Ottoman law through supplementary legislation. However, the colonial legal system was also the site of local resistance by some Palestinian Arabs attempting to remain on their land in the face the pressure of the Mandate authorities and Jewish colonization officials. This article sheds light on the dynamics of the Mandate legal system and colonial law in the realm of land tenure relations. It also suggests that the joint efforts of Mandate and Jewish colonization officials to appropriate land and undertake 'development' operations in the area were fueled by neither the interests of colonial rule nor those of Jewish colonization alone, but, rather, by the integrated impact of both forces.
Keywords: Israel, legal geography, legal history, Jewish Palestinian relations, Mandate Palestine
JEL Classification: K11
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation | <urn:uuid:5ee71505-44c8-452d-b8ca-ed2fb7daf620> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=456880 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.915549 | 309 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Contact: Cheyanne Neuffer
Inspections are required for powerboats, here is what is different about kayaks, paddleboards or electric surfboards
Lake Tahoe, CA/NV – As summer in the Tahoe Basin begins to ramp up, boating does as well. Most boaters know their vessel needs to be inspected at a watercraft inspection station prior to launching. The Clean, Drain, and Dry protocol is universally seen and understood throughout the region. The process ensures that no new aquatic invasive species are introduced to the lake — and none have since inspections began in 2008.
But, what about kayaks, paddle boards, sailboats, rafts, or even electric foil boards (Efoils) – do they need an inspection? Well, here is any easy guide to see if you need to come by a watercraft inspection station for a free, non-motorized inspection.
NON-TRAILERED AND NON-MOTORIZED
Non-trailered, non-motorized watercraft are not required to have an inspection but “may be subject to inspection prior to entering the waters of the Lake Tahoe region if determined necessary” (TRPA Code 63.4.2) depending on the posed risk.
In order to assess risk, be prepared to answer some questions about your boating history at state parks, kiosks, launching areas and public beaches. If you are coming from a water body that is deemed high-risk for the spread of invasive species, you will be directed to an inspection station to get a free inspection and possible decontamination.
For example, if you are coming from Lake Mead or Havasu, a free inspection and decontamination would help alleviate the risk of introducing Quagga or Zebra mussels into regional waters.
For pristine waters that have no invasive species, such as Echo Lakes, Angora, and Fallen Leaf lakes, even Lake Tahoe is considered a threat from the Eurasian watermilfoil, curlyleaf pondweed, and Asian clams currently found there. Decontaminations prior to using non-motorized watercraft in pristine waters help keep them pristine, and, as always, are prioritized and free at watercraft inspection stations.
If your non-motorized watercraft is covered in water or mud, or is just dirty, you may be asked by recreation officials to go to an inspection station and get a decontamination. If the watercraft is not coming from a high-risk waterbody and is completely Cleaned, Drained and Dry, you can launch wherever you like in Lake Tahoe.
If your watercraft is large enough that it needs to be on a trailer, then it will need to be inspected. This does not apply to basic utility trailers. After the inspection, watercraft will get a free non-motorized Tahoe In & Out sticker.
The official code states, all motorized watercraft need an inspection. Does your Efoil or electric surfboard have an electric or gas-powered motor? If so, then it needs to go to an inspection station. Luckily, inspections are free for most electric motors, so you won’t need to pay for the inspection.
BECOME A TAHOE KEEPER
Tahoe Keepers are people who actively use a non-motorized watercraft in the Tahoe Basin, have pledged their stewardship of the Tahoe Region and have shown their knowledge of Clean, Drain and Dry procedures. Tahoe Keepers are paddling stewards who protect the region’s waters and lead by example. To become a Tahoe Keeper, visit tahoekeepers.org, take the quiz and then you will receive your decal and certificate in the mail.
Remember, the best way to stop the spread of aquatic invasive species is to Clean, Drain and Dry all watercraft when leaving or entering another water body. Lake Tahoe’s regional waters remain crystal clear for a reason – we all work diligently to preserve the beauty and ecology of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Non-motorized boaters are welcome to stop by the inspection stations any time for free inspections to make sure they have no delays at the launching areas. For a list of inspection stations or to book an appointment for a motorized mandatory inspection, please visit our website.
The Lake Tahoe Aquatic Invasive Species Program is implemented by 40 public and private partner organizations, including federal, state, and local jurisdictions, research partners, public utility districts, and private marinas. The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency and the Tahoe Resource Conservation District lead the program in collaboration with the public and private partners. The program’s mission is to prevent, detect, and control aquatic invasive species in the Region so that future generations can enjoy Lake Tahoe. For additional information, contact email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:ede2347a-989e-4784-a325-bfbc04acf558> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tahoeboatinspections.com/non-motorized-watercraft-can-spread-invasive-species-into-lake-tahoe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.923417 | 1,049 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Ghostly figures coming back to life
During the winter months we wrap our outdoor sculptures up in their own special coats. So if you visit the gardens between October and March you are likely to wonder why there are ghostly shapes scattered throughout the grounds!
As we well know, the weather in this part of the world is not always idyllic. Many of these statues are hundreds of years old and are easily damaged by wind and rain.
During the summer months we run a rolling programme which ensures each statue receives conservation cleaning. Firstly, a bannister brush is used to sweep away debris (birds tend to be fond of leaving little presents on our lovely statues) and then we wet-clean them using a special kind of toothbrush, which we dip in water mixed with an eco-friendly washing liquid. Afterwards we rinse away any residue with water and leave the statues to dry in the sun. During the summer you might find our Conservation Assistants working hard to get them gleaming.
Therefore, to make the best of this hard work we cover the statues during the winter to protect them from the elements. With spring coming we are gradually de-robing all of them, so you can now see them in their full glory once again!
Posted by Emma Gilliland, Digital Producer | <urn:uuid:959ac2a2-ad5b-4751-b2d6-7399fb10144f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://waddesdon.org.uk/blog/ghostly-figures-coming-back-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.95638 | 261 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Many can debate the ethical use of Photoshop, but if you strip down its use to a core idea, the editing software is meant to enhance imagery and emphasize the features through ingenuity in each image.
The age old phrase, “beauty is in the eye of the beholder” comes to mind as I watch Glyn Dewis’ video that teaches viewers how to use Photoshop to give your portrait subjects amazing eyes in three simple steps.
Step 1: Make a Selection Around the eye
Pinpoint your area of focus by selecting the eye as a whole using the Elliptical Marquee Tool, making sure to stay within the outline of the eye. Any modification in color or contrast made to the eye shouldn’t alter the clarity of the dark outline or the pupil. By pressing Q, you can create a Quick Mask Overlay that shows your desired selection, where you can remove any areas you don’t want to affect.
The harsh outline of the selection won’t blend seamlessly into the outer edges of the eye, this is where we need to feather out the selection to gradually fade the effect out. Under the Filter menu, select Blur > Gaussian Blur and dial in the pixel radius of the extent you wish to soften or feather out the selection. Now that you have fine-tuned the selection radius, focus on adjustments that will enhance the eyes.
Step 2: Blending & Color Adjustment
Using a Selective Color Adjustment Layer and switch the blend mode from Normal to Linear Dodge (Add), immediately you will see a jump in brightness and contrast from the original image. Adjust the Opacity of the effect by viewing the image in full to get a realistic idea of what the eyes should look like. This adjustment layer can be used to not only brighten the eyes but to tweak and emphasize color. By selecting various Color options under the Layer Properties, you can adjust color and contrast using the sliders. The key to these modifications is to intensify the look of the eyes while still maintaining a sense of realism, always remember to make small incremental changes to avoid any drastic alterations.
Step 3: Sharpening
Add a blank layer and sharpen to bring the eyes out of the shot and emphasize the minute details within the eye. Don’t forget to select ‘Sample All Layers’ to work non-destructively, being sure to leave the other layers that you have created unaffected by the sharpening tool.
Adjust the opacity to toggle back and forth and find a balance to show precise details within the eye. | <urn:uuid:3a4a2250-2962-4450-a650-ce67e0d5875b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.slrlounge.com/3-step-photoshop-process-give-subjects-amazing-eyes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.899022 | 524 | 2.109375 | 2 |
The world’s most breathtaking landscapes
19th November 2019
Birds of Paradise are arguably the most beautiful birds to be found on this planet. Their colourful plumage and exotic calls combine with their rarity to make them utterly magical. The Victorian scientist and fellow of Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, said of the birds: “Nature seems to have taken every precaution that these, her choicest treasures, may not lose value by being too easily obtained.” This statement may not fill you with hope if your utmost dream is to see them. Indeed, it is probably healthiest to travel to their habitat without the expectation that you will spot them at all and simply enjoy the stunning areas they inhabit.
But you should never give up hope! BBC journalist Frank Gardner pursued his dream of seeing the birds in the wild despite being wheelchair-bound and Cornell University professor Ed Scholes travelled into the wild with photographer Tim Laman, their goal being to document every single bird of paradise. Both succeeded despite many obstacles, and provided you are willing to spend quite a bit of time looking, you will too.
To be in with a good chance, expect to hike for several hours along overgrown rainforest paths, fording bridgeless rivers and all the while wondering how on earth the Victorian naturalists like Wallace managed it when they came in their starched shirts and tightly laced leather boots all those years ago.
If you would like to plan a trip with the chance of seeing them, or at least hearing their call echo through the canopy, then here are the best places to find them.
The lush forests that coat West Papua are home to an enormous array of birdlife - enormous, pre-historic looking cassowaries, New Guinea Eagles with their haunting cries and exotically crowned pigeons that explode from the undergrowth when you’re least expecting them. But of course, every birdwatcher that travels here hopes beyond hope to catch a glimpse of the breath-taking birds of paradise.
It is here that you are most likely to see the Magnificent Bird of Paradise as it dances with its bright, curling tail feathers. The males of this species are a colourful mix of yellow, green and blue while the females are typically dull in colour. If you are incredibly lucky, you might catch one fellow clearing up a little before commencing his elaborate dance in an effort to win a mate. You could also chance upon the Wilson’s Bird of Paradise, which are endemic to West Papua. You would struggle to miss it, with the Bauhaus-esque colouring all along its back and its magnificent spiralling tail feathers (like the most elaborately curled moustache).
Of the 43 known species of bird of paradise, an astounding 38 can be found in the forests of Papua New Guinea. Naturally, this means that bird enthusiasts flock to the area, desperately hoping to catch a glimpse of a Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise, or perhaps a crowned Victoria Pigeon.
Head towards Tari Valley, which is not only home to a vast array of flora and fauna (and definitely a bird of paradise or two), but also the famous Huli Wigmen. They are known for their spectacular headdresses and their dances are all based on the mating ritual of birds of paradise – the next best thing to seeing the birds themselves!
There aren’t many varieties of birds of paradise to be found here, but it is still worth a visit if you want to see them but Papua New Guinea seems a little too remote and wild. To see the Paradise Riflebird, head to the subtropical forests of the Australian Great Dividing Range, south from Rockhampton, Queensland, to just north of Newcastle in New South Wales. Alternatively, venture to north-eastern Queensland to see the Victoria Riflebird. Both of these beautiful varieties were named for their colouring, the jet-black plumage with dashes of iridescent green, blue and bronze being similar to that of the British riflemen.
Make it happen
If you would like to venture into the wilds of Indonesia to seek the elusive birds of paradise, then look no further. Our local experts are only too happy to put together whatever itinerary fits your bill, they even have one that already includes a birding trip to inspire you. To speak to someone in the TravelLocal office, please call 0117 325 7898. | <urn:uuid:12d6d12d-3626-44e1-9023-e988a3e225f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.travellocal.com/en-gb/inspiration/blog/849/in-search-of-birds-of-paradise | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.959815 | 904 | 2.359375 | 2 |
This blog post is the first in the new “Smart Manufacturing” series. This focuses on the Fischer Technology Learning Factory at the Görlitzer site of ZEISS Digital Innovation, which simulates a networked production environment and is controlled by a self-developed cloud application.
As the Industry 4.0 concepts mature, we will look at the Azure edition of Digital Twins. The definition of Digital Twins assumes the digital representation of real-world things’ (or people’s) properties, either in real time (for control and predictive maintenance) or in simulations to acquire and test behaviors before actual deployment. As such, Azure Digital Twins are closely related to Azure IoT services; however, they could do a bit more, as we will see in this blog article. | <urn:uuid:0f936353-6bb3-4909-87ad-57e5ab45556e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogs.zeiss.com/digital-innovation/en/category/manufacturing-solutions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.919127 | 163 | 2.203125 | 2 |
If you're looking to boost your earning power and job prospects in the construction industry, online utility construction training can help you accomplish your goals.
Here are some of the ways to get the most out of online utility construction training courses.
Safety and Compliance
Some of the most lucrative and competitive positions in the construction industry involve improving safety and compliance.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is responsible for making sure that workplaces are safe and abide by federal work safety laws. If a workplace doesn't comply with OSHA safety laws, it can be fined and/or shut down. Furthermore, violating OSHA safety laws can represent major liability risks on a construction site. Online utility construction training can give you the skills, knowledge, and certification(s) you need to oversee OSHA compliance on a job site. When you sign up for an online utility construction training course, it's critical to investigate the number of credits and/or tests you will need in the state(s) where you work. The best online utility construction courses are taught by instructors with years of experience and intimate knowledge of what you'll need to land the best jobs.
Some of the biggest costs of big construction projects are the insurance policies required to protect the builder, client, and workers. The insurance industry relies on construction professionals to help them enforce policies, investigate claims, and assess potential safety issues. Many online utility construction course providers offer specific training required by major insurance companies to help them manage construction policies. When you sign up for an online utility construction course for insurance-related training, it's important to choose a provider with connections in the insurance industry.
Management and Training
Major job sites can require many leadership positions for personal decisions and training. Online utility construction courses can prepare you to be a leader on a job site and give you the training you need to train others.
Figuring out the various phases of a major building project can be overwhelming. Online utility training courses can teach you how to put any build through a flowchart. By using construction flowcharts, you figure out how to plan out each phase of the build. The best online utility construction courses sometimes require basic computer skills, so be sure to check the prerequisites before committing to a class. When you enroll in a computer-based online utility training course, it's also important to verify you're learning on industry-standard programs and software.Share
16 December 2021
After I went back to school to finally get my degree, I realized that there were a few things I needed to master. First of all, I knew that I needed to improve my study skills so that I could manage my time, and that took a little bit of work. Second, I wanted to streamline my homework load so that I could keep things moving along. It took a little bit of effort on my part to make sure that things were going according to plan, but within no time, I was enjoying a happier, healthier college career. Check out this blog for more information. | <urn:uuid:4717ef3e-9eaa-4c88-a7e0-9ccc4dbead9f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://elpronat.com/2021/12/16/utility-construction-training-improving-your-earning-power/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.956787 | 619 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Finally, something we can all celebrate. Turns out drinking tequila can help you lose weight, according to science.
In a total frat move, the American Chemical Society conducted a study which found that the sugar in tequila has the ability to lower blood glucose levels. According to the research, agavins, a natural form of non-digestible sugar found in the agave plant acts as a dietary fibre which aid the the GLP-1 hormone that causes the stomach to empty out slower, hence making people feel fuller for longer.
Make no mistake though, a tequila diet might help you melt away the pounds but it will also kill you in the process, if you coolly pack away 20 shots of tequila a day to get ripped. Whether you toss it back with (or without) the traditional lime and salt, even the best tequila in the world won't go down without a fight. And if you've settled for anything less than the best in store, you're asking for a kick in the uvula rivalled only by these volcanic, tastebuds searing dishes.
ALSO READ: How to Lose Weight in 2 Weeks
But just in case you plan on drinking yourself silly this New Year's Eve, we've identified the alcohol options that do the least damage to your six-pack. Or quest for one. You're welcome. | <urn:uuid:a8f0926e-fd12-4e5e-9e44-d26a46ca234c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gqindia.com/content/you-could-lose-weight-by-drinking-tequila | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.930479 | 282 | 1.554688 | 2 |
If you were to make a gift of money or assets would you be aware of the inheritance tax rules that might apply?
HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) polled 2,090 people and found that only 25% of those who recently made a gift had a working knowledge of the rules. Less than half (45%) were aware of the rules or exemptions surrounding inheritance tax.
Inheritance tax will potentially apply on gifts where a donor dies within seven years of making the gift or on a chargeable lifetime transfer into a relevant trust or company.
Within these rules are exemptions, such as gifts to a spouse or civil partner, charity or a political party, while an annual exemption on gifts worth up to £3,000 applies.
Should the donor die within three years of making the gift, inheritance tax of 40% will apply if the estate is worth more than £325,000.
Gifts made between three and seven years before the donor’s death, are taxed on a sliding scale known as taper relief.
Among gifters who were aware of the rules, 18% said they were influenced by them when they made their largest gift.
Talk to a member of our Private Client Tax Team to understand the rules on gifts, or anything to with inheritance tax! | <urn:uuid:26fa8648-23e2-494b-a9b9-26239ebb31e3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.magma.co.uk/many-gifters-are-unclear-on-inheritance-tax-rules/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.981305 | 261 | 2.15625 | 2 |
The crime of Child Abduction, also known as “”child stealing”” is to take or conceal any child from their legal guardian when you have no right of custody over the child. Child stealing is similar to Kidnapping, however Child Abduction is considered a crime against the parent of the abducted child. The prosecution must prove that the child was maliciously taken. A parent with shared custody has the right to travel with their children even without consent from the other parent, as long as the children are not taken for an illegal purpose or with illegal intent. Deprivation of Child Custody statutes set punishments for an individual who interferes with another person’s right of visitation. Examples of Child Abduction include failure to return a child to the parent with lawful custody or to take the child to a location without the consent or knowledge of the parent with lawful custody.
What does the prosecutor have to prove?
1. Defendant took, detained, concealed, or enticed away a minor child.
2. Defendant did not have a right of custody of the child.
3. Defendant acted maliciously and with the intent to detain or conceal the child from a lawful custodian of that child. [PC 278]
Misdemeanor: 0-364 days | <urn:uuid:989c8745-6c4a-4352-bd06-40afb78469ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://patrickgriffinlaw.com/criminal-defense/assault-charges-attorney-san-diego/child-abduction/child-stealing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.955463 | 281 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Avanti Communications slashes superfast satellite broadband prices to less than £1 per day to help remote businesses get connected
An estimated 6,500 Cornish businesses are stuck in the economic slow lane without access to superfast broadband – it’s costing jobs and holding back new start-ups, says Avanti Communications. If the businesses based in the rural, under-served locations across Cornwall had been connected to superfast broadband over the past 12 months, it would have led to between 520 and 1170 new jobs.
To liberate the potential of businesses across the whole of Cornwall and enable the most remote to reap the same rewards as those already connected, Avanti has slashed the price of its ERDF business satellite superfast broadband scheme by an average of 63%.
Businesses can now have access to superfast download speeds of up to 40 Mbps and upload speeds of up to 6 Mbps from less than £1 per day by using the very latest satellite technology.
Belinda Silous, Chief Sales Officer at Avanti Communications, said: “These Cornish communities have been under-served and are missing out on being able to grow their businesses. They have not had access to the fundamental basics of being able to communicate with their customers and employees. We are enabling Cornish businesses and entrepreneurs to have access to our superfast satellite broadband service to encourage growth in the Cornish market by delivering access no matter where they are located”
Other business benefits of superfast broadband access include:
- 75% of businesses save time and/or money by being connected.
- 46% of businesses use it to help generate sales, win new business contracts and access new markets.
- 39% use it to develop new goods or services.
Details on the business impact of staying unconnected can be found in Avanti Communication’s new report Better Connected: The Business Impact of poor Broadband in Rural Cornwall.
Avanti Connect superfast broadband from less than £1 per day
Avanti Communications is a UK based satellite operator that has set a new standard in satellite communications with a fleet of satellites that covers the UK, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Under a scheme funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Avanti provides subsidised superfast connectivity to rural businesses across Cornwall and Isles of Scilly.
The scheme helps eligible rural businesses without access to superfast broadband, get a connection of up to 40 Mbps download, the fastest satellite broadband speeds available in Europe.
The aim of the project is to support the growth of Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) by increasing competitiveness and productivity, as well as promoting the use of online and digital marketing tools.
The scheme targets areas where there is no broadband connectivity or, where broadband access has speeds lower than 2 Mbps. The project has funding to provide high speed broadband connectivity of up to 40 Mbps to up to 1,000 businesses across the region. Avanti is running the project from its satellite operations base at the world famous Goonhilly site on the Cornwall Lizard peninsula.
The funding for the project includes free kit and subsidised installation, as well as the monthly tariffs offered on a subsidised rate. All packages offer the same speeds with the variance on price reflecting the data allowance per month; data packages start at 25 GB and go up to 150 GB for larger users.
The installation is carried out by a Certified Service Provider, and includes the installation of a satellite dish (installed on the outside of the premises), and a modem (installed inside the premises). Once this is installed, PCs, Wi-Fi routers and other equipment can be connected and businesses can benefit from significantly increased broadband speeds. | <urn:uuid:fc89d0f2-184c-4940-8dec-61f384378308> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.connecting-rural-cornwall.co.uk/avanti-communications-slashes-superfast-satellite-broadband-prices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.942234 | 756 | 1.648438 | 2 |
It might be a strange question, but shouldn’t we worry about the rest of the computations being done in the entire route, if this is “much more” than expected?
No, the accounts are good. The problem is the wording of the article:
Much less fuel is needed for track corrections than is expected On its way to its final orbit around the Earth, which will leave fuel for at least ten years.
The word “expected” is a misleading word, chosen by mistake, or whatever you want to call it.
It is simply not possible to calculate the exact amount of fuel required, this calculation is very complicated (see post multikoe for details). So they calculated two things: the mean and the expected deviation (for more information, search for “standard deviation” or “normal distribution”).
The point is, you don’t take in the amount of fuel you’ll need on average; In 50% of cases you will need less, but in the other 50% you will need more…so you have a 50% chance of running out of fuel. What they do is make sure, say, 99% *) Of the cases have sufficient fuel. This leaves 1% where they have a problem (not that the task is completely lost, but they are running out of fuel elsewhere; in other words, they are less than the required 5 years old), and a 99% chance that it is favorable.
*) I have no idea what percentage NASA is actually using, so “99%” is just an example.
That’s why I find the word “expected” embarrassing, which sounds like average. But the point is not that they require less fuel than the “average” scenario, but less than the “everything goes against” scenario. In other words, it was almost certain (you know, “expected”) that they would be left with the fuel: “Less fuel was used than expected…, just as expected.” But this seems very confusing. I would describe it like this: “They had enough fuel on board when everything goes wrong, and not everything goes wrong, so the fuel that was supposed to be a margin of safety can now be used for the mission itself.”
“Coffee buff. Twitter fanatic. Tv practitioner. Social media advocate. Pop culture ninja.” | <urn:uuid:56fa5f0d-158e-4f34-bfb0-d22539be0549> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thecherawchronicle.com/the-james-webb-space-telescope-may-remain-in-use-for-longer-than-expected-it-pro-news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.963254 | 507 | 2.625 | 3 |
On Page Audit Process
Keyword PlacementKeywords must be found in various sections of the document, including:
- Page title
- Content headings
- Content body
- Image Alt attributes
Frequency of KeywordsThe Keyword frequency formula is: the keyword instance divided by the total number of words in the body of the text. This typically refers to the content of a page.
Effective Use of KeywordsApart from appropriate placement and frequency, you can also use keywords in context. This is especially important for URLs and page titles. The general theme of the website can be seen in the keywords inside the URLs and page titles.
Keyword UpdatesKeyword research is a continuous process. Search habits shift from month to month, and you’ll need to update keywords, particularly if they’re no longer providing the desired results.
Alt AttributesEnable search engines to crawl images and multimedia content with concise names and keyword-infused alt tags.
Link BuildingLink Building is not unique to SEO off-page construction. By creating on-page links, you can create internal strong links that connect to other sites or sections of your website. This makes the exploration of content simpler.
Updated ContentDo you have a daily schedule to post content on your website? New content helps both the SERPs and the clients. Contents such as blog posts and web listing copies may be strongly rated in SERPs. Fresh and appropriate content can also add to the integrity of your website.
Site PerformanceSluggish website is what you want to stop at all costs. It’s not good all around, particularly for your bounce rate and search engine ranking.
Competitor ResearchChecking out your competition is another way to test the SEO strategies of your website. Objectively make observations on important aspects of optimization, particularly the keywords for which they are ranked, and how you can bid directly for such keywords or need to develop weaknesses in your SEO on-page.
LET'S GROW YOUR BUSINESS.
HAVE ANY QUESTIONS? USE OUR WEBFORM BELOW OR EMAIL firstname.lastname@example.org TO GET CONNECTED WITH OUR HIGHEST LEVEL OF CUSTOMER SERVICE. | <urn:uuid:3f0db805-834b-40fe-81bf-da05794b28d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.digitalboss.co.in/on-page-seo-services/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.855487 | 463 | 1.554688 | 2 |
One of the ways of achieving a balance between the audio frequencies in the audio feed is by using audio equalization. In the past, this was achieved using a piece of heavy equipment called the Equalizer. It is possible to employ a digital equivalent of the equalizer on the common PCs to sync with the Windows operating system. An audio enhancer for Windows 10 or 11 can be downloaded onto the system and used while playing audio files.
It must be noted that some of the options available on the web are free to use while others are paid choices. Listed out below are some of the better alternatives to Windows audio equalizers that are available to use.
Table of Contents
Audio Equalizer Windows 10 and Windows 11 Options
Adobe Audition is an equalizer that is simple to use yet very effective in its performance. It works with minimal effort and can be used to listen to a wide range of audio frequencies.
- An echo effect can be added to the sound being played back. This helps when using for stage performances.
- The user interface allows for multi-track compatibility.
- There is a fair bit of customization possible in the settings.
- It is possible to add remade sounds to the voice recordings on this audio equalizer for Windows.
2. Voice AutoEQ
If it is a convenient equalizer plugin that is being sought, then Voice AutoEQ would fit the bill. The system allows the user to speed up the audio processing while recording sound. It does help to remove noise from recordings.
- Allows seamless recording of audio files.
- The plugin can be used to automatically cancel out the sound of breathing on files.
- It is simple to use and even a layman can make the equalizer work.
- Supported over a range of platforms including Windows, Mac, etc.
This free Windows equalizer comes loaded with several customizations options and is simple to use. The software does not have the glitches that often freeware tends to have about them.
- It provides 3D support and has a feature-rich enhancement.
- By providing separate profiles, it is possible to keep the setting for the external speakers separate from the headphones.
- Using a modular graphics interface, it is possible to work on multiple channels simultaneously.
- The equalizer is lightweight and provides very low latency.
- Being freeware, there is no cost associated with the use of the application.
Viper4Windows is a free equalizer for Windows 10 and is compatible with other versions of the operating system as well. The application comes loaded with a number of features like an equalizer, convolver, surround, compressor, and a few more.
- The sound setting can be varied to match the size of the room with some simple maneuvers.
- With the Windows 10 equalizer free version, it is possible to access 18 bands and several preset levels which brings in an added convenience to its use.
- There is a bass boost feature that provides support at low-level frequencies.
- The Reverberation Settings permits the control of bandwidth, audio damping, density, decay, and so on.
- With the use of Distortion Control, it is possible to alter and effortlessly control the music bands in decibels.
This is a Windows 10 equalizer free version that is released on the Windows store. It can switch between different playing apps seamlessly.
- The controls are rather simple to use with most functions being accessed within a couple of clicks.
- Matches the look and feel of Windows operating system.
- Feedback Hub integrations possible with this free equalizer for Windows 10.
Built as an equalizer tool for Mac and Windows operating systems, Boom3D allows the user to calibrate the audio with the slide of a finger.
- On offer is a full volume control on the audio equalizer.
- Can safely increase the audio output to the maximum levels.
- Amazing and feature-rich audio effects.
- Cuts out ambient sound and hence provides great gaming experiences.
The found application boosts the quality of sound output on the PC. At the cost of a tenth of the price of a top-quality headphone or speaker, it is possible to have great value for money performance by this Windows 10 audio enhancer.
- Possible to restore sound quality with the 32-bit floating processing.
- Effectively boost audio.
- Fast performance allows quick control of the audio output.
This is one free equalizer for Windows 10 that is on most lists for its ability to work with WAV files. It works in real-time to provide some of the most enhanced sounds.
- The compressor and limiter feature allows for a sound that is neither too loud nor too low.
- The application can automatically tweak the sound system.
- Keeps tabs on the WAV audio files with the use of the MP3 player.
- It’s free to use and thus proves to be a cost-effective solution.
Adjusting the sound quality happens in the blink of an eye with this audio equalizer for Windows. It is possible to change the frequency composition of the sound in real-time with this application.
- It works effortlessly across audio file formats.
- The design is lightweight and easy to use.
- This is a real-time 31-band graphic equalizer.
This audio enhancer Windows 10 is built on open-source software and is compatible with the most popular audio file formats. More than just an equalizer software, this is a sound card that can be synchronized to the computer with the driver files.
- Supports multiple audio channels.
- At hand is a streamlined user interface that facilitates easy control.
- Has a power management interface that ensures the economical operation of the system.
Other Audio Enhancer Windows 10 Recommendations
With over 20+ presets on this free Windows equalizer, there is one bound for every possible situation. An easy switch on/off and the ability to boost low tones stand out in their performance.
12. Bongiovi DPS
This Windows 10 equalizer free version offers a bass range that is hard to beat on a free download product. There is more control fitted into such a small space that few users would complain on a lack of features.
The easy-to-use controls and virtual audio features make this one-of-a-kind audio equalizer for Windows. For a free-to-use application, the equalizer can pack in quite a punch and does suit every kind of user.
Graphic Equalizer Studio can offer the best choice that is suited for a live performance. The application can provide accurate digital settings that rival most paid and premium products.
15. WavePad Audio
This audio enhancer Windows 10 equalizer is one of the simplest available and is best suited for mono-phonic voice recordings. The software can be used to edit the audio component of a video presentation. Simple to use and no-frills application that has its own dedicated following.
An attempt has been made here to make sense of the equalizer app market with as little fanfare as possible. Some of the software is free to use and others are not, but they do provide value for money to the user far beyond the free nature or the cost of the product.
One of the features of the Windows 10 operating system is that it does not offer a fully operational equalizer. Thus, by using one of the applications that are provided by third-party vendors it is possible to overcome this limitation. | <urn:uuid:037d6910-5304-4d81-a3d7-977a0276edc8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://techrt.com/windows-audio-equalizers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.907688 | 1,592 | 1.609375 | 2 |
At Home: Canada’s aboriginal population has risen at an exceptional rate
A recent report released by Statistics Canada shows that the total number of Aboriginal Canadians has reached the one million mark?an increase of 45 per cent over the last ten years. Comparatively speaking, this means that the native population (this includes people grouped under Indian, Metis, or Inuit) is growing six times faster than other ethnic groups within Canada.
Rosemary Blender of Statistics Canada said that one of the reasons she believes this number has risen so sharply is that more and more Canadians are officially stating their native ancestry, where in recent years Aboriginals have neglected to take part in government surveys.
The survey results have also shown a shifting lifestyle for many Aboriginal families; fewer natives are living in crowded conditions with more than one person living in one room; more families and individuals are living in urban areas; and, in total, more than half of the Aboriginal population is living off-reserve.
Currently, 54 per cent of native people are living in urban areas, up from 50 per cent in 1996; 81 per cent of non-Aboriginal Canadians lived in urban areas in 2006. Also comparatively speaking, the median age of Aboriginal Canadians is 27; the non-Aboriginal median age is 40.
The Turtle Island Native Network has commented on the StatsCan findings, noting the high increase in the overall native population and the shift from reserves to urban centres.
In particular, the community highlighted the overwhelming explosion of the Metis population?between 1996 and 2001, this group experienced the greatest population gains, with an increase of 43 per cent.
Despite Blender’s assertion that more Aboriginals took part in the last survey than in recent years, the Network pointed out that ?22 reserve-based communities did not participate in the 2006 census.?
In Foreign News: Austrian chimp cannot gain ?person? status
A chimpanzee named Matthew is the subject of a legal battle in Austria because his home, an animal shelter, is closing down and leaving him homeless.
Determined that Matthew should not be given to a zoo or a medical testing facility, the animal rights group Association Against Animal Factories is trying to find an alternative home for the chimp, who was smuggled into Austria from Sierra Leone for use in animal testing before the illegal shipment was intercepted. At the time, Matthew was handed over to the shelter, where he has been living for 25 years. The animal rights group has decided to pursue legal action that would have Matthew declared a person under Austrian law so that they can effectively monitor his safety in the future.
Although independent groups and individual donors have offered to provide the funds necessary to sustain the chimp after he becomes homeless, under Austrian law no party can receive such donations unless they are legally a person. Thus, the Association Against Animal Factories wants to have Matthew declared a person and subsequently become his guardian.
The group has lost the battle in Austrian courts but will take the issue up with the European Court of Human Rights. If this case is ultimately lost, the chimp faces an uncertain future in which he may be sold outside the country.
Lowering the Bar suggests that this plan is not altogether farfetched; there is a precedent in European courts to offer a level of rights to animals that equate to basic human rights, and at least two countries have actually amended their constitutions to include such legislation.
The chimp in question, known officially as Matthew Hiasl Pan, may have a donation fund set up for him in the event that the Association Against Animal Factories is successful in its venture. But for now, his fate is in the hands of the European court. | <urn:uuid:c7c14f45-6c90-4679-9d76-49aa357e22c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.voicemagazine.org/2008/01/18/international-news-desk-at-home-canada-s-aboriginal-population-has-risen-at-an-exceptional-rate-in-foreign-news-austrian-chimp-cannot-gain-person-status/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.964701 | 752 | 2.875 | 3 |
Russian as a foreign language RU
“Now it’s clear!”
Our programme of Russian as a foreign language “Now it’s clear!” is designed not only for the Italians living in Moscow, but for all foreigners who would like to start — or continue — to study Russian in the capital.
The Russian language programme consists of scheduled classes, initial and final testing, and a variety of extracurricular activities.
Once enrolled in the Russian language programme students are tested (free of charge) on vocabulary and grammar, and have a short conversation with a teacher . According to the results, students are placed in small groups (3-6). In the absence of the required minimum of students (3 people) to create a specific level group, the students might be offered two-to-one or one-to-one lessons (the fees then to be discussed separately).
Depending on the level of language proficiency, we offer classes at elementary level (A1, A2), basic level (B1) and advanced level (B2-C1).
At elementary level the group lessons are mostly aimed at overcoming the initial language and culture shock from staying in a foreign country. Students learn basic communicative models to use in typical everyday situations: in the city, transport, shop, hotel, etc. This level is a thorough introduction to the system of the Russian language and its functioning. Having mastered the lexico-grammatical minimum, foreign students will be able to express their desires and requests, ask simple questions and to answer them, greet people and introduce themselves, express their attitude to facts or events, etc… Lessons will include practice of all the four language skills (speaking, listening, reading and writing) with special focus on conversational skills.
At the level B1 students will significantly deepen their knowledge about the grammar of the Russian language and its structure. The number of topics discussed in class will be considerably expanded and based on an increasing amount of text and multimedia materials. Significant lesson time is dedicated to speaking practice.
Students who have already achieved the advanced level (B2 and higher) normally are very competent in various areas of communication. Therefore, the topics of the sessions with those students will be developed depending on their specific requests or desires, and lexico-grammatical material will be determined in accordance with the state standard and the lexical minimum of the requested level.
The group classes do not prepare students purposefully for the state TORFL exams, but the Centre of Dante provides an opportunity to prepare for the test of any required level to those who need it, following a special program.
The Test of Russian as a Foreign Language (TORFL) is a standardised test supervised by the state with levels from A1 to C2. Students can pass the test and receive their certificates at the approved testing centers (information available at the Center). More about requirements for the test of a certain level, and the testing procedure, you can find here http://gct.msu.ru
In addition to the lessons at the center, we will continue to practise conversational skills and to deepen the knowledge of Russian culture and geography outside the classroom. There are plenty of interesting places in Moscow and its surroundings that the teacher will have a great pleasure to show you. The Center can also organise city tours or visits to the museums of Moscow with a licensed guide in Russian and English languages (the fees for these excursions vary and are paid separately).
The centre also organises Russian cuisine masterclasses. During the cooking classes, not only will you learn about the traditions of Russian cuisine and how to cook some Russian dishes, but also you will have to communicate only in Russian: our chef does not speak other languages! | <urn:uuid:ebb060a1-7559-4468-ac40-c80657c1671f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dante-msk.ru/russian-as-a-foreign-language/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.946081 | 761 | 2.015625 | 2 |
- Education - Maryland Seal of Biliteracy Act - Establishment
- Sponsored by
- Senators Rosapepe, Madaleno, Bates, Conway, Currie, Feldman, Ferguson, Kagan, Kelley, King, Lee, Manno, Mathias, McFadden, Montgomery, Nathan-Pulliam, Peters, Pinsky, Ramirez, Raskin, Reilly, Salling, Simonaire, Waugh, and Young
- In the House - Hearing 3/26 at 1:00 p.m.
- Fiscal and Policy Note
Establishing the Maryland Seal of Biliteracy Program; providing for the purpose of the Program; providing that participation in the Program by a local school system is voluntary; providing that, beginning with the graduating class of 2016, specified eligible students shall receive the Maryland Seal of Biliteracy affixed to a diploma or transcript under specified circumstances; requiring the State Board of Education to establish specified criteria and requirements on or before October 1, 2015; etc.
Bill File Type: Regular
Effective Date(s): July 1, 2015
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Last Updated: 2/3/2020 2:29 PM | <urn:uuid:3139c8ce-1dd2-456b-a087-f3425771b8ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/sb0310?ys=2015RS&search=True | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.760678 | 299 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Date published: March 25, 2021
April is Child Abuse Prevention Month, a time for communities to come together to build caring connections, supportive environments, and positive experiences for all children.
We know child maltreatment is a preventable problem. All adults play a role in building the safe, stable, nurturing homes and environments needed for the healthy development of our future generation of parents, leaders, and community member. North Carolina’s future prosperity depends on it.
Learn how you can be a connection for NC children and families during Child Abuse Prevention Month this April! | <urn:uuid:1887d51f-bc23-40dc-84fc-3c099407a82a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.preventchildabusenc.org/governor-cooper-proclaims-april-2021-child-abuse-prevention-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.91069 | 115 | 2.140625 | 2 |
課程講師 Ian MORLEY ((852) 3943 7116 / firstname.lastname@example.org)
HIST4400C offers an examination of the evolution of Philippine society from the onset of Spanish colonization in the mid-1500s to the start of World War Two in Asia (in 1941). Granting an opportunity to grasp the development of the Philippines under Spanish and American colonial rule, the course places attention upon the nation’s capital city, Manila, a place where life has also been historically shaped by Chinese, Japanese, and native cultural influences. Focusing on elements of cultural, political, and urban history the course endeavours to explain how ‘the Philippine nation’ has historically unfolded, and why Manila, today a metropolis with a population in excess of 13 million people, has come to play such a dominant role in determining the nature of Philippine society prior to the country being granted independence in the late-1940s. Utilizing innovative teaching methods to enable students to critically understand the physical as well as cultural character of the city, and so the nation at large, a multidisciplinary approach is fostered so as to encourage learners to recognize and explain factors that have influenced Philippines civilization as it progressed from the “traditional” to the “modern”. Encouraging learners too to identify connections between the country and places elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific region, ultimately the course places the evolution of life in the Philippine Archipelago within the greater Asia-Pacific region. Taught by two professors at Brown University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong the curriculum is cut into two distinct sections: The Philippines pre-1898; The Philippines post-1898. Where possible a comparative analysis with the colonial development of Hong Kong will be provided so as to demonstrate, and explain, the different types and natures of colonial rule, culture, and development that took place in East Asia prior to the end of World War Two.
The course is designed with a number of expected learning outcomes:
The principal teaching/learning situations are:
These classes are designed to not only be informative but to allow, where possible, for active student participation. Accordingly, once inside the classroom students will not be passive learners. Instead, where appropriate, lectures will include exercises to engage students with the topics being presented to them. The aim of such teaching practice is to promote learning motivation, to encourage debate, and the development of thinking and analysis processes. For some weeks, e.g. week 4, student will watch a video lecture, i.e. there is no class that week! Applying distance learning students will then bring newly acquired knowledge to the tutorials for discussion.
The tutorials grant students the chance to discuss the topics introduced in the lectures, and in addition they bestow opportunities to help resolve any problems in understanding course content that the students may have. To prepare for these classes materials will be given out beforehand. To provoke debate during the tutorials students will be asked to undertake short presentations, and participate in question and answer sessions. The purpose of this is straightforward: to allow for student involvement, active learning, and where possible deeper learning and thinking.
The key text for the course is Luis Francia, A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos (available at the CUHK Bookstore for approximately HK$140 with CUHK student ID)
Other texts of great relevance to particular parts of the curriculum will be available each week on Blackboard. All course reading materials will, therefore, be available online.
The curriculum is:
Lecture 01 (January 6 2020): Introductory Class
Lecture 02 (January 13 2020): The Philippines and the Arrival of the Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese and Spanish
Lecture 03 (January 20 2020): Building the State: Spanish Colonization and Ethnic Groups
(January 27 2020) Chinese New Year Holiday! No class!
Lecture 04 (February 3 2020): e-Learning Class – Spanish Manila: A Transpacific Maritime Enterprise and America’s First Chinatown
Lecture 05 (February 10 2020): The Rise and Ending of the Galleon Trade
Lecture 06 (February 17 2020): e-Learning Class – Understanding the Binondo, Manila’s Chinese Quarter
Lecture 07 (February 24 2020): Nationalism inside the Spanish Empire: All Change in 1898: The Spanish-American War, The Rise of American Imperialism and the US Purchase of the Philippines
Lecture 08 (March 2 2020): American Perceptions of the Philippines and the Building of the American Colonial State – with e-Lecture by Ms Nelly Fung
Lecture 09 (March 9 2020): Redesigning Manila: The Role of City Beautiful Urbanism
Lecture 10 (March 16 2020): Modernity in East Asia
Lecture 11 (March 23 2020): The Virtual Fieldtrip of Manila, and Filipinization and the Widening Structure of the Colonial Government
(March 30 2020) Reading Week! No class!
Lecture 12 (April 6 2020): The Road to Independence, and the Road to World War Two
(April 13 2020) Easter Monday Holiday! No class!
(April 14 2020) Supplementary e-Learning: The Post-Colonial and the Legacies of the Colonial Ages
Students shall be given a term score based on:
Participation – 30% of total term score. This grade is given in relation to:
Short paper (a review exercise of about 2000 words) – 30% of term grade.
Take-home examination (2500-3000 words) – 40% of term grade.
To supplement the students’ learning process all course materials will be available online, e.g. through CUHK’s Blackboard system. To access these materials registered students input their student number and password, and if they so wish, they can download materials. Materials accessible to students include chapters from books, journal papers, photos, virtual reality animation, maps, lecture PowerPoints, and voice recordings of the lectures. The use of online resources ensures that if for any reason a student is unable to attend a class that individual can still access all materials given out in the lecture, and so not fall behind in the course. Furthermore, texts pertinent to assignment questions can be uploaded by Profs Hu-Dehart and Morley if there are problems obtaining books or papers from the libraries at Brown University and CUHK. However, to also support student learning outside of the classroom, and so to offer a structured environment beyond the classroom, the courses uses a variety of interactive online instructional methods. These include:
(i) To provide a communicative tool where everyone can collectively learn from each other
rather than from just the traditional teacher-centred learning situation.
(ii) To build from knowledge acquired in the lecture hall. For example, by Prof. Morley
posting online questions it allows for the exercising of discussion, in turn extending
student learning beyond the foundation of the lecture.
(iii) Respects the fact that all students already have knowledge about history, and can
develop their own understanding of Asian history in light of their existing
know-how and experiences of the real world.
Accordingly, with the lecture, tutorials and online learning support mechanisms a coherent scholarly environment is provided for, one that is purposefully formed to provide for the extension of wisdom both inside and outside the classroom.
The Virtual Fieldtrip to Manila
As part of HIST4400C students will, via a website designed by Prof. Morley, undertake a fieldtrip to Manila. Offering a guided tour through two historic districts students will be given opportunity at first hand to see Spanish and American History in the capital city of the Philippines, Manila. Integrating videos, interactive 360-degree panoramic photos, primary sources, etc., the fieldtrip will supplement information taught within the classroom so as to expand historic knowledge (i.e. factual and skills). | <urn:uuid:57a2d6d3-cdb2-4a9d-8e6c-448f8847573f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.history.cuhk.edu.hk/sc/course/201920_hist4400c/?mode=grid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.87706 | 2,284 | 3.1875 | 3 |
“The Labor authorities has inherited a multitude round training and never solely are the outcomes unhealthy, as demonstrated by the newest Productiveness Fee report, however they’re feeding into different issues for our folks with different penalties.
“In case you’ve received a strong training, beginning with early childhood training which is totally important, you then’re sure to make better-informed selections and also you’re more likely to get a job that you just’re dedicated to and you may earn a good revenue for you and your loved ones.”
The fee report confirmed targets had been on monitor to be met within the areas of wholesome start weight, youth detention and land mass topic to rights and pursuits. They weren’t on monitor for youngsters developmentally prepared for varsity, grownup incarceration, kids in out-of-home care, suicide and sea nation topic to rights and pursuits.
Productiveness Fee chairman Michael Brennan stated it was solely the second yr of reporting below the Nationwide Settlement and it is perhaps years earlier than its success may very well be evaluated.
“This new info supplies some rising tales, however it’s nonetheless too early to say if lives are bettering below the settlement,” Brennan stated.
However Turner stated progress was transferring too slowly on the reforms to incorporate Aboriginal folks as shared decision-makers on insurance policies that affected them. This contrasted with the huge consideration given to establishing a Voice to Parliament since Labor got here to energy.
“The 4 precedence reforms are about altering the way in which governments work with our folks and that’s the place they’re dragging,” Turner stated.
The report famous that the events wanted to agree on the right way to measure the precedence reforms, which embrace creating formal partnerships, constructing the neighborhood managed sector, remodeling authorities organisations and sharing knowledge.
Aboriginal Affairs Minister Linda Burney stated the Productiveness Fee had supplied constant and clear knowledge to maintain authorities knowledgeable and accountable.
“For too a few years, First Nations knowledge assortment has been onerous to return by and as we construct these repositories, we seize the previous and set the long run,” Burney stated.
“There are some disappointing ends in the newest figures – it’s clear that extra work must be completed.”
Lower by way of the noise of federal politics with information, views and skilled evaluation from Jacqueline Maley. Subscribers can signal as much as our weekly Inside Politics publication right here. | <urn:uuid:f8b3f9cf-1657-4fc4-9a4e-7d06ce638d92> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://augustareview.com/education-as-important-as-voice-to-parliament-says-aboriginal-leader-pat-farmer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.957631 | 521 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Agroturismo Arkaia is a shining example of sustainability leadership in the Basque Country, excelling in accessible tourism. Just outside the city borders of Vitoria-Gasteiz and part of the city’s impressive Anillo Verde (Green Belt), the skillfully renovated farmhouse Agroturismo Arkaia is the work of Ángeles Arroyo Sánchez and her family. In this interview, Ángeles discusses their road to certification and why eco-certification should be a goal for all tourism businesses.
Las Casas de EA Astei is a rural home in the Basque Country that is taking energy efficiency to the next level. This is the success story of both Mertxe Begiristain, who manages the tourism business, and her son, whose architecture, design and engineering skills have led to the creation of the first home in Spain to produce more energy than it consumes. Built primarily out of biodegradable, renewable and ecological materials, this rural home seeks maximum integration with its surrounding environment.
For a view of sustainable tourism from an innovator in the private sector, we bring you this interview with Ignasi Uñó Pérez, CEO and Co-founder of Twentytú Hi-tech Hostel Barcelona, a hotel certified by Biosphere and part of the Barcelona Sustainable Tourism network.
Park Güell is a tourist attraction wandering and struggling between the benefits and issues brought by mass tourism in Barcelona. Mayra Nieto Magaldi, in this interview tells us about the sustainability strategies implemented at this popular tourist attraction.
Xavier Suñol Ferrer, Head of Strategic Projects at Barcelona City Council’s Tourism Department, in this interview explains the city’s vision and strategic plan for tourism development. | <urn:uuid:88cf3a79-d40d-44c2-994a-6d6f5b3e8127> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sustainability-leaders.com/tag/spain/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.897295 | 370 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Debate on memory in South East Europe in a global context, hosted by BISA on Thursday, September 24, 2020
The speakers are interpreting contemporary memory-related events and their impact on current South East Europe memory politics, but also their global interconnections. They are trying to answer the questions:
– In what ways have silence, denial and its contestation been manifest?
– How and why have particular actors shaped and influenced memory politics?
– In what ways are memories contested? And by whom?
– What global and/or transnational connections can we draw between memory politics and activism in the region?
Ana Milošević’s presentation is focusing on emphasizing the relationship between official and unofficial memory. Mentioning three different cases of bottom-up memory practices in three European countries within different political contexts, she is noticing the difference between the purposes of spontaneous, democratic memorials and those that are reflecting the official politics of memorialization.
Jelena Đureinović is presenting the topic of her ongoing research: memory politics created by state institutions and right-wing illiberal civil society memory activism. Recognizing anticommunism and ethnicization as the two dominant forms of historical interpretation of 20th century in Serbia, she is contextualizing Serbian memory politics withing global nationalism rising tendencies.
Jasmin Mujanović is talking about the issue of growing negationist and revisionist tendencies in the political West, at the example of Bosnian genocide. He recognizes these tendencies in both left and right-wing oriented political groups and intellectual circles, while warning about the intertwining between anti-imperialist and far-right narratives in the West and local nationalist revisionist narratives. | <urn:uuid:cbe3582b-1279-4e0a-b656-722680fceec3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.recom.link/en/memory-and-south-east-europe-debate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.937356 | 355 | 1.898438 | 2 |
There’s so many things happening in our day-to day-lives, it’s a challenge to find time to de-stress when there’s so much on your plate. When you’re pulled too far in one direction, it can start to feel like you don’t have time for anything else.
Many of our Contributors work from home and understand how incredibly important it is to maintain a work / life balance. That’s why we’re introducing these five steps you can follow to help you get started.
1. Take a break
It sounds pretty simple and that’s because it is! Whether it’s a quick five-minute break to take a stretch, or carving out time in your day for a non work-related activity, making time to step away from your computer can make a huge difference in your productivity.
“Taking screen breaks throughout your day will help you get more done with greater ease and enjoyment and will also lower stress on your body and mind, which will benefit your overall health,” says Krista-Lynn Landolfi, a master transformation coach.
2. Make your work area a peaceful place
If you have your own dedicated office space, there are some simple solutions to make it a more peaceful place to work. A couple of quick examples are making sure it’s free of distractions (like TV) or adding a sign to the door asking others not to disturb you. Decluttering your work space can also make a huge difference in improving your focus.
For those without a separate room to work in, you may consider investing in headphones to help block out any noise. If you work from a laptop or phone, try to designate one corner of your home that is specifically for work.
3. Take a walk
Getting steps in before or after work can not only help improve your health but also clear your mind. Walking for 30 minutes each day is recommended, but even just a quick walk outside is a great first step. After all, you have to start somewhere!
5. Identify your bad habits
Taking the time to understand your work habits may help you identify ones that need to change. In this video, Harvard Business School Professor Ashley Whillans discusses three rules for better work / life balance. | <urn:uuid:af11908b-e84c-4e6c-b5bf-ffadfbba6c96> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://appen.com/life_at_appen/5-ways-to-maintain-work-life-balance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.922748 | 482 | 1.6875 | 2 |
English Grammar Support
The following guides are a useful tool to help your child with the grammar and punctuation aspects of the English curriculum. There are suggestions of what questions you could ask based around activities you can do at home.
There is a booklet for each phase of the primary curriculum with objectives that most children should be able to achieve by the end of each year. Browse through the booklets for a variety of tasks, questions and activities.
In addition, there is an easy to use guide to the sort of grammar and punctuation conventions that your children will come across before they reach Year 6. | <urn:uuid:54e2629b-126f-452f-878b-631832d06405> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.glenfield.leics.sch.uk/page/?title=%26%23160%3BEnglish+Grammar+Support&pid=94 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.961777 | 122 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Millions of people rely on wearable fitness trackers -- FitBits, Apple Watches, Microsoft Bands, PulseOn, etc. -- to measure their heart rate and track the calories they burn.
In one way that's great, because all of them will do a fine job of measuring heart rate. But if you're using a fitness tracker to track the calories you burn... the data generated isn't even close.
According to a study performed by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, six out of seven devices evaluated -- Apple Watch, Basis Peak, Fitbit Surge, Microsoft Band, Mio Alpha 2, PulseOn and Samsung Gear S2 -- measured heart rate with an error rate of less than 5 percent. While not perfect, that level of accuracy is just fine; after all, the difference in, say, a reported 60 beats per minute and an actual 63 beats per minute is basically irrelevant.
Yet those same devices did a terrible job of measuring energy expended. The least accurate device, the Samsung Gear S2, was off by 93 percent, and the best-performing device, the FitBit Surge, was still off by 27 percent.
Why do fitness trackers do such a poor job of tracking the calories you burn? Unlike your heart rate, which is a directly measurable number, energy expenditure requires the use of an algorithm based on a set of broad assumptions.
As one of the researchers said, "My take on this is that it's very hard to train an algorithm that would be accurate across a wide variety of people because energy expenditure is variable based on someone's fitness level, height and weight, etc." (Or in simpler terms, your fitness watch will never truly know you.)
That sucks if you're trying to lose weight, since losing weight always comes down to consuming less calories than you burn. Determining how many calories you've consumed is easy; you simply have to track everything you eat -- and be honest about the portions you consume.
Knowing how many calories you burn is tougher. You can use an exercise calculator (here's one I like) to estimate the number of calories you burn from a wide variety of exercises. That will get you close -- again, as long as you accurately estimate the effort you've expended. Just as we tend to underestimate how much we eat, we also tend to overestimate how hard we work out.
So how can you know if you're burning more calories than you consume?
Easy. Weigh yourself, on a fairly regular basis and under the same basic conditions. (I typically weigh myself just after I get out of bed.) Granted, your weight will sometimes fluctuate from day to day for what seems like no reason... but over the course of a few weeks, you will definitely know how you need to adjust your diet or exercise in order to reach your weight loss goal.
And that's why the accuracy of fitness trackers for determining calories burned isn't really a problem after all. For one thing, studies show that people who use fitness trackers tend to lose less weight than those who don't.
And even if you aren't one of those people, it's still really hard to lose weight simply by burning more calories. Most people can't or don't want to work out that hard, for that long.
It's a lot easier to cut back by say, 300 calories per day. Do that for ten days or so and you will have lost a pound. Cut back by 600 per day and it will take you less than a week to lose a pound.
And that rate of weight loss is fast enough; for most of us, the quicker we lose weight, the quicker we gain it back. (But if you're looking for a proven way to lose weight fairly fast, here's how you can lose 10 pounds in 30 days. I know it works, because I've done it.)
So forget using a fitness tracker to measure the calories you burn. They aren't accurate, and even if they were, you don't need them.
Instead, start changing your lifestyle.
After all, the proof will never be found on your wrist. The proof will be found in the way you feel... and the way you feel about yourself. | <urn:uuid:401977d7-d42d-4f18-8ae0-9e1fa2ac7a0c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.inc.com/jeff-haden/want-to-lose-weight-dont-use-these-7-fitness-watches-to-track-the-calories-you-b.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962274 | 866 | 2.828125 | 3 |
We all want to be our best selves. But what if you could add almost anything to your body and mind? A camera here, an exoskeleton there. This is the world that some biohackers imagine — one in which humans can extend their abilities beyond the limits biology has set for us. But what does that world look like?
This week I talked to two people who are interested in the future of cyborgs. Tim Cannon is biohacker with Grindhouse Wetware, where he helps a team develop and implant a variety of devices. In 2013, Cannon had a box the size of a deck of cards implanted under his skin to read his body temperature and transmit that data to a computer. Swain is a journalist who’s tried his own hand at some biohacking projects as well. A few years ago he tried to implant the RFID chip from an Oyster card (the London metro’s payment system) into his hand, but ultimately failed to find the medical-grade silicon he needed. Last year he hacked his hearing aids to detect wifi signals.
Though they’re both fascinated by surpassing the limits of the human body, Cannon and Swain think about body upgrades very differently. Cannon wants to leave the human body behind entirely. He talks about the human brain as if it were a piece of defective hardware, something we should be working to replace. Swain on the other hand, thinks about augmentation as a way to get at the most human things about us.
Together, we talked about all the things that might happen in a world where human augmentation is a reality. The ball will probably start rolling in a medical context: implants that help diabetics monitor their blood sugar, for example. Then, when these kinds of implants are deemed safe and reliable, the rise of implants will likely get a nice boost from the quantified self movement. Imagine how powerful your FitBit or Apple Health app could be if it could get data from inside of you! From there come the regulatory structures, the training programs for those who might implant devices, and the commercial, non-medical uses.
Cannon, however, is quite clear that what he’s working on isn’t medicine. “I’m not trying to cure people,” he says. “It’s not medicine.” Think of it like plastic surgery — something that started as a medical expertise to help trauma victims, and that now is available in the form of elective procedures.
So what happens when augmentation becomes as popular as, say, tattoos? What limits might we set for augments — are cameras that record everything OK? Are super-strong exoskeletons ok? How will we deal with the fact that some countries might allow certain implants while others might not? What happens when people turn their implants into weapons? Nobody really knows, but we talk about some of these things in this week’s episode.
For more on the ethics of these questions, check out this basic overview from the Hastings Center. For more on what bodyhackers are doing right now, check out Grindhouse and the Biohack.me forums.
Illustration: Jim Cooke | <urn:uuid:6528f9ac-25a5-4dde-913f-0f8cd9d628fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2015/07/meanwhile-in-the-future-extreme-body-modification-with-tech/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962858 | 660 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Cash App is a digital payment app that’s used to transfer and receive money online. Cash App is a secure and popular program, and in 2017, it established its debit card known as the Cash App card activation.
A Cash App card is a customized card with a lot of benefits for consumers. The balance you’ve gotten in the Cash App account can be withdrawn from your Cash Card and utilized to cover your friends and family, transferred to your traditional bank account, and even bitcoins.
The cash card uses only the Cash App balance and isn’t connected to your bank or debit card.
Cash App is a mobile payment service app developed by Square, Inc., which allow users to transfer money to one another using a mobile phone app. As of February 18, 2018, the service recorded 7 million active users.
How to activate cash app card
To activate your Cash Card using the QR code that arrived with it:
- Click the Cash Card tab on your Cash App home screen
- Click the image of your Cash Card
- Click Activate Cash app Card
- Click OK when your Cash App asks to use your camera
- Line your camera up with the QR code until it comes into focus
How To activate your Cash App Card By QR Code:
You can easily activate your Cash App card using a QR code or the information found on your card.
- Tap the Cash Card tab on your Cash App home screen
- Then, click Activate
- Then, Help
- Select Use CVV Instead
- Enter the CVV code and expiration date of your new Cash Card
How to use a Cash App card after activating.
The Cash App Cash Card is a Visa debit card that allows you to use your Cash App balance to make purchases at retailers that accept Visa or to take money out of an ATM.
Yes, you can use your Cash App card at an ATM and withdraw money in just a few simple steps. And, users can withdraw money from any certified bank hassle-freely & 24*7. All the verified users are entitled to get Visa Debit Card. Cash App Visa Debit Card works the same way as any other normal bank debit card does. It is protected by a secret PIN, magnetic stripe & embedded Microchip. All the information remains encrypted in the chip. So, security and stress-free transaction are guaranteed. Another biggest advantage is that users can disable and enable Cash App ATM Card and change secret PIN code as well through Cash App application.
How to activate Cash App card without a card by scanning the QR code?
Unlike the other payment apps, Square Cash App lets the users activate their cash cards by scanning a code. This method is known as automatic or without a card method. Why? Because in this method users don’t require to have access to a cash card. What matters most is only a QR code. Moreover, it is also worth noting that a Cash App card always comes with an exclusive QR code with the delivery of the new cash card. If you have also got your brand new card, follow these steps to activate your Cash App Visa Debit in Cash App on phone.
- Navigate to the Cash App mobile application on your phone.
- Then, the next step is to select a cash-card icon available on the home screen from the left corner.
- Further, from the drop-down menu select “Activate cash app card” to add a life to it.
- Now Square Cash App might ask you to grant permission to access your phone’s camera.
- Allow Cash App to have access on your phone’s camera to scan a QR code.
- Now set your phone camera’s focus on your QR code and scan it.
- Upon successful scanning a QR code, your cash card will all set ready to spend money.
Important Note: This method of cash app card activation is only applicable on phone. In case, if you want to activate your cash card on your PC, you can’t scan a QR code. To activate your card in the Cash App, you can use card details.
How to request a Cash App Card?
1. Unlock your iPhone or Android and launch the Cash App. Then, tap the Cash Card icon second from the left at the bottom of the screen.
2. Tap the green “Order” button.
3. On the next page, select the color you want your Cash Card to sport. As of now, you can only choose between black or white.
4. On the next page, select whether or not you’d like your unique $Cashtag to appear on the front of your card. Tap the toggle for yes or no — if the toggle is green this means that your $Cashtag will be on the front of your card, and if white your $Cashtag will not be on your card.
On this screen, you can also add a signature or drawing to the front of your card by tapping the box that says “Tap to customize.” Draw whatever you’d like in the box using your finger, or tap the smiley face icon at the bottom of the screen to select an icon or pre-drawn letters.
5. On the next page, enter in where you would like to have your Cash Card mailed. Tap the green “Next” button to confirm.
6. On the following page, confirm your first and last name, which will be printed on your card. Tap “Next.”
7. Enter your date of birth. Note, that you have to be at least 18 to request a Cash Card. Tap “Next.”
8. Lastly, enter the last four digits of your social security number. Tap “Next.”
9. A page should pop up confirming that your card request went through. Tap “Continue.”
10. From here, you’ll be redirected to a page where you can add funds to your card. Enter in the amount that you’d like to add or tap the small grey “X” at the top-right of the screen to exit.
Once you place the order for your Cash Card, you will have to wait 10 business days for your card to arrive. Remember, that you need to be 18 or over to order a Cash App Card.
How to enable Cash App Cash Card manually or without QR code?
These are the quick steps to follow to enable the card manually:
- Launch the Square App on your mobile phone.
- Press the account balance tab.
- Move down to find the Cash App card activation option and tap it
- Choose “Use CVV Instead” to start the manual card activation process.
- Here comes a field where you have to type CVV number and expiration date of your cash app debit card.
- Now follow the simple instructions like entering the card number, expiration date and CVV code.
- Press the activate cash card tab.
What’s the number to activate your Cash App Visa Debit Card?
Cash App help for Cash Card Activation Available 24 hrs. If you can’t activate your cash card or facing any kind of problem, click here to reach out to the Cash App customer service. Quick solutions to all kinds of problems are available for free.
Can I activate my Cash App card before it arrives?
Cash App gives its users a free cash app card that works like any other debit or credit card. It is a customized debit card that can be used for a wide variety of purposes. Every customer of the Cash App can order the cash card freely without paying any charges.
If you order the Cash App card you will receive it within 5-7 days. However, you won’t be able to use the Cash App card immediately after receiving it. You will have to activate the Cash App card with the help of a few easy steps.
Many people wonder can I activate my Cash App card before it arrives. As of now, it is not possible to activate the Cash App card before it arrives. For cash app card activation you will have to wait for your card. Because for card activation it is required to scan the QR code of the cash app card so need to the card for it. Without this, you will not be able to activate it.
View the Steps to Activate Cash Card
The Cash App is known for its online money transfer services and Activate Cash App Card. The cash card can be used for all kinds of purposes as it is directly connected to the cash app account balance and it works like any other debit card. Cash App allows all the users to can get the cash card by ordering it from the app itself without paying any charges for this feature.
If you are a Cash App user then you must order a Cash App card and start using it for paying money digitally and also withdraw cash if you need it. You can easily get a Cash App card from the Cash App by ordering it and receiving it within 5-10 business days at your registered mailing address. You will get the card within the specified period, after this you need to activate Cash App card to use it and for making a payment with it.
In this blog we will explain the complete process for How to Activate Cash App Card. The process that we are going to state here is to activate the Cash App card with a QR code and you can also very easily activate your Cash App card with the help of a CVV. | <urn:uuid:1d5dd4a5-98e3-4bb6-a48b-8dedd8c05649> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://writeupcafe.com/how-to-activate-your-cash-app-card/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.919796 | 1,964 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Sudanese-made ammunition, mortars, rocket launchers, and their associated ammunition are increasingly appearing in conflict zones within and beyond Sudan and South Sudan.
Further research is required to verify the true extent of the manufacturing abilities of Sudan’s Military Industry Corporation (MIC), the Switzerland-based Small Arms Survey said in a report released on 2 July.
Sudan claims to be the third largest weapons manufacturer in Africa, after Egypt and South Africa. In 1959, El Shajara ammunition plant was established to produce small arms ammunition. Production was expanded in 1993, when President Omar Al Bashir opened the MIC. Very little information is publically available about the MIC, but according to its website and various product brochures, it has eight main production categories: ammunition, conventional weapons, armoured vehicles and main battle tanks, gear, outfits, and equipment, electronics, aviation, marine, and vehicles, the report states. […] | <urn:uuid:e4af2037-0aef-4bdb-a146-6b5987ebb1e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://militaryedge.org/articles/sudan-military-industry-expands-small-arms-survey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.942697 | 189 | 1.9375 | 2 |
The 18th Street Gang is a largely Central American and Mexican street gang that was founded in Los Angeles, California during the 1960s. The gang started near 18th Street and Union Avenue in Los Angeles, starting as a Mexican gang. However, it became mainly Central American as it started to recruit from other ethnic groups, and it would grow to have 50,000 members in 200 sets in the United States alone. When Central American gang members were arrested in the USA, they were then deported back to El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala, where crime rates rose to be out-of-control, and the gang became one of the most violent gangs in the region. The 18th Street Gang became arch-rivals with the MS-13 gang. The gang would later expand to Spain, Australia, Canada, England, France, Germany, Lebanon, Peru, the Philippines, Chile, and Ecuador, and it became one of the most violent and prolific gangs in the USA. The gang was allied with the Mexican Mafia and rivals with MS-13, the Nortenos, the Bloods, and certain sets of the Crips.
GTA: The Criminal Enterprises - The Loop
Do you like this video? | <urn:uuid:6cee756b-4868-4fbf-95c7-f60f237009a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/18th_Street_Gang | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.979638 | 253 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Advertising is a strategic way of communicating with an audience or potential customers about a product or service. Whether online or on billboards on top of the building, the aim is simple, to create awareness that’ll promote patronage. That said, if you’re new to organizing or managing advertising campaigns, not to worry. With this article, you’ll understand the basics of advertising, the various types, and the essential tips you need.
Importance of Advertising
Advertising isn’t just crucial to big firms or large companies that want to reach a large audience. It has become an essential part of every economy that its importance cuts across the producers, middlemen, end-users, and society. Here, we will define the importance of each one.
Today’s market is a competitive one. So, an organization can’t improve its revenue position unless it can significantly multiply sales turnover. Advertising comes in here to increase the awareness of a company’s product or services. Furthermore, manufacturers use adverts to control or maintain market prices, especially in the retail market.
Businesses use different platforms to showcase their brands, from large billboards on highways to social media platforms and even chan boards. Right now, you might be wondering: what are chan boards? They’re image boards/online forums that offer users a platform to share images and discuss topics. Examples include 8chan, 8kun, 4chan, and 2chan.
With only a few boundaries, rules, and of course, moderators to maintain sanity, it’s a platform of free speech or expression where people can create a thread in anonymity.
Middlemen are often sellers of products from different manufacturers, so advertising is key to driving quick sales of their different products. Unlike manufacturing companies with different strategies to drive sales, including sales and marketing teams, retailers most have only a few salespersons or none. Meaning, advertising has to do most of the selling and attracting of customers.
Whether you’re a retailer or manufacturer using large billboards or building signage to make your brand known, you’re likely an end-user as well. So, you’d probably agree how adverts have helped you make good purchase decisions or discover new options that are better and more cost-effective. Advertising also helps produce jobs since other businesses can emerge, knowing the products consumers need. What’s more, this can help break monopoly in markets.
Types of Advertising
In today’s modern market, the following are some types of adverts small and large businesses are taking advantage of to grow their profit and brand.
1. Outdoor Advertising
These are adverts used to reach an audience when they’re out in the open. Examples include billboard adverts, transit/sidewalk ads, outdoor LED digital signage, bus/train ads, subway ads, etc. Though this type of advertising is common with large companies, the small local businesses also jump in by adopting small banners or other small exterior signage.
2. Social Media Advertising
Relatively affordable and sometimes free, social media advertising is one of the most popular means of reaching different demography. Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn are excellent choices.
3. Mobile Advertising
This one is digital advertising served to audiences on their mobile devices, such as phones, tablets, etc. They include mobile display ads, broadcast messages, mobile videos game ads, and mobile app ads.
Vital Advertising Tips
1. Target an Audience
To maximize your advertising budget, you need to identify your target audience before designing your ad—research what catches their attention, including where you can find them. You also want to keep in mind that an authority or local law exists to guide advertising. So, your ad must not be misleading, false, contain illegal content, or even be unfair to competitors.
2. Track Your Success
Another important thing is knowing how to measure the success of an advertising campaign or effort. This way, you can make informed decisions, especially on how to improve on future ad campaigns. | <urn:uuid:3d8e676e-5e9b-4c69-b15c-8e304b1d54b6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.elmens.com/business/what-are-the-basics-of-advertising/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.941157 | 845 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What Exactly Is Acupuncture? This holistic treatment is part of a system of medicine that has been practiced in the Far East for 3000 years. Its focus encompasses the whole person, including their symptoms, to ascertain the root of the illness and reduces any possibility of recurrence.
How Does it Work? Qi is a fundamental concept in acupuncture. This vital energy is instrumental in stimulating and determining our emotional and physical well being. It is when the equilibrium of this energy has been disturbed that disease may begin to develop.
Qi flows through the body along pathways known as meridians and at certain points on each meridian the energy can be accessed and rebalanced.
Acupuncturists rebalance the body's energy by inserting needles into points varies according to the patient and their condition. The body can begin to heal itself when its energy has been rebalanced.
Acupuncture practitioners also encourage patients to actively participate in their own healing by addressing lifestyle issues which may be contributing to their condition.
What Conditions can Benefit? Acupuncture effectively alleviates the symptoms of many conditions, including anxiety and stress-related illnesses; arthritis, rheumatism and joint pain; asthma; tinnitus, headaches, neuralgia and migraine; irritable bowel syndrome, constipation and hemorrhoids; menstrual problems, morning sickness and post natal illness; frozen shoulder, sciatica and other back pains;
What is the Treatment Like? Almost half the treatment involves detailed questioning of the patient about their lifestyle and health issues. The patient's pulse will be taken and his tongue observed to aid the practitioner's assessment of his condition. A diagnosis is then made, before appropriate points are selected and treated with acupuncture.
What Does It Feel Like? Insertion of the needles is painless, but patients usually experience a sensation when the needle makes contact with the energy at the point. This can feel different for each patient, but may be a numbness, tingling or heaviness. This initial sensation lasts a few seconds and indicates to the practitioner that the Qi has been affected.
Needles are usually left in for up to twenty minutes, during which time most patients experience a feeling of calm and relaxation. It is quite common to feel very tired after the treatment has finished, particularly if it is the first session.
This is usually followed over the next few days by the beginnings of change in the patient's condition as the energy starts to rebalance. After the treatment, feelings of general relaxation or increased energy can be experienced.
About Your Acupuncturist. Practitioners are required to be members of the British Acupuncture Council to ensure that insurance liabilities are covered and codes of practice, ethics and conduct followed.
Only sterile disposable needles are used and these are properly discarded after use. | <urn:uuid:3557b086-d0e9-4868-88dd-b0b4432c96ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mediv.dp.ua/an-acupuncture-article-for-beginners.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.950028 | 568 | 2.390625 | 2 |
As if the recent staggering surge of COVID-19 cases from the Delta variant hasn’t been enough to worry about, in late November came word of yet another variant, called Omicron.
First identified in South Africa, the first case of the Omicron variant in the U.S. was officially noted in California on Dec. 1.
According to The New York Times, the patient, who returned to the state from South Africa on Nov. 22, is in isolation with aggressive contact tracing underway.
The individual was fully vaccinated, not hospitalized and had mild symptoms that were improving. People in close contact with the individual have tested negative.
California Gov. Gavin Newsom said the patient had received two doses of the Moderna vaccine but was within the six-month window and had thus not received a booster.
On Dec. 2, another case was confirmed, this time in Minnesota, after a man returned from New York, where he attended a convention with 53,000 others. His symptoms were also described as mild; he had also been immunized.
As of Dec. 1, Omicron hasn’t been detected in New Mexico. Doctors say it’s more contagious than the Delta variant.
Dr. Jason Mitchell, chief medical officer for Presbyterian Healthcare Services, said in a Zoom media availability Tuesday morning that if all New Mexicans ages 5 and older were to soon get vaccinated, the pandemic here would end in six to seven weeks.
Mitchell said 85 percent of COVID patients in Presbyterian hospitals are unvaccinated, and those facilities are operating at 120 percent of capacity, with 220 COVID-19 patients. As of the state’s Department of Health update Tuesday, the state had 648 COVID hospitalizations — the most since reporting 670 such hospitalizations Jan. 15.
University of New Mexico Hospital tops that, running at 140 percent of capacity.
Dr. Rohini McKee, chief quality and safety officer at UNMH, said it’s important to get vaccinated against COVID, get a flu shot, have your eligible children vaccinated, maintain good hygiene measures, wear masks and avoid indoor settings if you know unvaccinated people will be there.
Also important is getting a booster shot, because, Mitchell said, “Over time, immunity wanes,” and getting a booster vaccination “helps keep you very, very protected.”
Although the new Omicron variant has yet to officially surface in the state, Mitchell and McKee believe it’s already here, yet not detected.
“But most of all, ” she said, “we need to remain calm.”
The state has brought in more than 500 traveling nurses to deal with its current crisis standards of care and COVID-19.
On Dec. 1, in a New Mexico Department of Health update, officials noted the daily case rates in the U.S. and Mexico are on the rise — pending a possible surge from recent Thanksgiving travel and gatherings, which could make those numbers worse.
No age groups have been successful in avoiding COVID, as Dr. Christine Ross, the DOH epidemiologist, said the 5-17 age group has had a distressing case rate, followed by those in the 17-34 age group.
Dr. David Scrase, acting cabinet secretary of the NMDOG, said there has been some misinformation, with 25 percent of adults in a recent survey saying the cost of a vaccination has kept them from getting a shot. The shots are administered free, Scrase said, with 20,500 appointment time slots available specifically for kids.
In that 5-11 age group, he added, the state is “about a sixth of the way there” in vaccinations.
The average age of people dying from COVID-19 who had been immunized was 79, he said, and the average age of those unvaccinated and dying from COVID-19 was 55.
“You can add 14 years to your life by being vaccinated,” Scrase reasoned.
Updated public health order requires boosters for some vaccinated workers
An amended emergency public health order issued Thursday by the state of New Mexico will requires many workers to receive a booster shot when eligible.
The change comes as the World Health Organization and governments across the globe express serious concern about a newly identified variant, omicron, according to a state press release.
New Mexico had already mandated that workers in higher-risk environments – including health care and congregate-care settings – be vaccinated. Public school workers and state employees must get weekly COVID-19 tests if they aren’t vaccinated.
The amended public-health order, issued by Scrase, will require those categories of workers to receive a booster shot no later than Jan. 17, or within four weeks of becoming eligible.
“New Mexico is doing well with boosters, better than the national average, but we still must do better,” said Scrase. “Our hospitals are overfull, and the spread of the virus continues to exacerbate the issue. New Mexico isn’t an island, and we can’t prevent the new variant from arriving here.”
New Mexicans can schedule their COVID-19 booster shot at vaccinenm.org/boosters.
Numbers from a year ago and last week:
Dec. 1, 2020: 2,330 new state cases, with 178 in Sandoval County; 19 deaths statewide, none in Sandoval County; 909 hospitalized.
Dec. 1, 2021: 1,887 new state cases, with 116 in Sandoval County; 12 deaths statewide, none in Sandoval County; 643 hospitalized. | <urn:uuid:358fab43-1796-4183-8a09-ab36ee32dc54> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rrobserver.com/mandates-boosters-for-some/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.965497 | 1,175 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Reflexology Brewood Staffordshire (ST19): There are occasions it seems like a paracetamol or what ever it is that you've been swallowing all these years for your aches and pains just doesn't seem to solve the problem anymore. Possibly a better solution could be to try out reflexology or one of the alternative therapies that are readily available. A complimentary therapy that's being employed all around the world, reflexology helps millions of folks alleviate their medical problems.
Even though there are countless health benefits which can be acquired through reflexology therapy, it shouldn't be deemed as a replacement for conventional medicine. Rather, it should be utilized as a supplementary remedy to be used in combination with regular National Health treatment options. The initial step will be to look for a nearbywho you can speak to about your medical concerns and see if they might be able to assist you and make you .
A Brief Guide to Reflexology
Although the precise origins of reflexology are uncertain, very similar treatments were used across the globe in places such as Egypt, China, Japan and India since ancient times. Achieving pain relief by the application of pressure to certain parts of the human body (particularly the hands and feet), is a concept of reflexology which has been followed through the ages by several peoples and civilizations. An ENT doctor called William Fitzgerald was responsible for the contemporary incarnation of reflexology, which was outlined in his highly regarded book "Zone Therapy for Relieving Pain in the Home" in 1917. During the 1930's a physiotherapist called Eunice Ingham expanded on his theories.
A holistic complementary and alternative therapy which aims to achieve increased wellness, balance and subsequently help in the healing processes through the management of the natural energy pathways in the body, reflexology has grown to be quite popular in recent years. It is usually believed that reflexologists work exclusively on the feet of their patients, but in fact they often also concentrate on other parts of the body wherever theare joined with the energy pathways, such as the ears, lower leg, hands and face. Pressure is put on these parts of the body during a reflexology session to reposition the body's energy pathways and thus accomplish the required results.
Reflexologists use their magic to help with a number of complaints for instance: insomnia, pain in the joints, menopausal symptoms, bad digestion, bladder complaints, anxiety, maternity ailments, lower back pain, sinusitis and migraines. However you need to talk to your local reflexology practitioner to discover precisely what they can do for you, since this is not a comprehensive list.
Before initiating any course of treatments a trained Brewood reflexologist will need your complete medical history and ask you questions with regards to lifestyle, health and diet. The aim is to provide a treatment solution that is recommended specifically for you, and these details will allow them do this. The treatment procedure will be explained to the client to make them aware of howwill help with their health problems and also to respond to any queries that the client may have.
It needs to be stressed that your Brewood reflexologist will not diagnose conditions or provide you with professional medical advice since this is outside of their remit and terms of service. Proper medical advice must always come from a G.P concerning your underlying medical condition before you even consider seeking treatment by a reflexologist, or in fact any other alternative therapist. If possible you ought to continue to see your G.P as the reflexology therapy moves along.
When in search of a reflexologist in the UK you must always make sure they're members of one of the appropriate professional reflexology associations like the Association of Reflexologists (AOR) or the British Reflexology Association (BRA). Internationally, they may also be members of the IIR and the IFR. Also, it is essential that they're protected by the appropriate public liability insurance. The acknowledged qualification required to practice reflexology professionally is a Diploma (Level 3) in Reflexology and Complementary Therapies, past practical experience in healthcare, beauty therapy, counselling and massage would be an additional benefit. The treatment of patients in Great Britain is not allowed unless they've received this Diploma.
Reflexology treatments are offered in Brewood and also nearby in: Bishops Wood, Wedges Mills, Pillaton, Coven, Fordhouses, Penkridge, Albrighton, Wheaton Aston, Featherstone, Four Ashes, Ivetsey Bank, Horsebrook, Shareshill, Codsall, and in these postcodes ST19 9HP, ST19 9HR, ST19 9AT, WV8 1QQ, ST19 9EJ, ST19 9BD, ST19 5PZ, ST19 9DY, ST19 9LU, ST19 9LS. Local Brewood reflexologists will probably have the phone code 01902 and the postcode ST19. Checking this out should ensure you access locally based providers of reflexology. Brewood residents are able to utilise these and lots of other related services.
Even though it's not so well known in the United Kingdom, hand reflexology is equally effective as foot reflexology. As with the feet, the hands have got reflex zones that connect with the glands and organs, working on them will enhance blood flow and relax and rebalance your body. A hand reflexology treatment could be very beneficial even though the reflex zones are far deeper and the hands are not as sensitive as the feet. This form of treatment may be employed independently or in conjuction with a regular foot reflexology procedure.
Regular Tasks for a Reflexologist
- Applying pressure to sufferer's feet and sometimes to their ears and hands
- Referring patients to their doctor if necessary
- Examining a client's hands and feet for problem areas
- Where possible, teach the client simple reflexology techniques to use at home between reflexology treatments
- Setting out a treatment plan
- Writing down treatment records
- Collating a medical history, including things like lifestyle, diet and health
- Explaining to patients the concepts and techniques of reflexology
The Conditions That Reflexology Help With
- Low immunity
- Tension migraines
- Back pain
- Sleep apnea
- Muscle pain
- Sinus disorders
- Stress and anxiety
- Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
- Hormone imbalances
- Sporting injuries
- Chemotherapy and cancer induced nausea
- Digestive problems
Reflexology Pregnancy Brewood
Reflexology is a complimentary therapy where a person's feet, hands and occasionally ears are massaged to create a beneficial effect on other parts of the body. The main benefits of reflexology treatments for a mother-to-be in Brewood include a reduction in the severity of pelvic pain, insomnia, morning sickness and back pain. It is also highly effective during labour contractions to control the stress and pain experienced in childbirth.
For ladies who are experiencing pregnancy for the very first time, reflexology is an incredibly calming alternative treatment which can help in pacifying the strong emotions brought on by hormonal changes, and mitigate panic and stress levels. Additionally reflexology is a safe and drug free treatment that can be employed at any trimester of pregnancy. Before the commencement of any reflexology treatment, it is recommended that you seek advice from your GP and midwife, in particular if you've been informed you have placenta previa, have recently had vaginal bleeding or have a history of hypertension.
Facial Reflexology Brewood
Though reflexology in one form or another has been in existence since ancient Egyptian times, the more modern adaptation of facial reflexology as only developed in Vietnam during the 1980's. Facial reflexology is a holistic, non-invasive treatment which uses pressure points in the face to send messages to other areas of the body.
Facial reflexology treatments use light, calming and smooth massaging movements that reach up towards the hairline and ears. The facial massage is also used to focus on the visual effects of the therapy, with some patients in Brewood treating it as an organic, massage based facelift.
Scientific research has demonstrated that facial reflexology is an effective procedure to treat sleeping disorders and insomnia in some people. Improvements in sleep patterns are closely associated with the reduction in stress, release of tension and improved head and scalp blood circulation, achieved with facial reflexology. (Tags: Facial Reflexology Brewood, Facial Reflexology for Insomnia Brewood, Facelift Reflexology Brewood, Facial Reflexology Treatments Brewood).
How Long Till I Feel Better?
Patients will feel an improvement in their condition instantly, if not within just a few moments of having the treatment. Headaches and migraines frequently disappear at once and sinuses also often drain as the treatment is being undertaken. Edema sufferers who experience fluid retention are likely to become aware of improvements immediately and may even need to pop to the toilet during the treatment.
Your nearby Brewood reflexologist should be able to provide a wide range of procedures and treatments to help with a multitude of health issues. A good one should be able to help with whole body reflexology Brewood, foot reflexology for pcos, reflexology for men, face reflexology Brewood, baby, pregnancy reflexology Brewood, for lymph drainage, headache reflexology Brewood, reflexology for back pain, reflexology for menstrual cramps, reflexology for dizziness, palm reflexology Brewood, reflexology for vertigo, , for snoring in Brewood, in Brewood, reflexology for women, toddler reflexology Brewood, traditional foot , reflexology for depression, reflexology for allergies Brewood, reflexology facelift, reflexology for heartburn, reflexology for , for sciatica, reflexology exercises, reflexology and acupuncture, , , for children, reflexology for , reflexology to help in Brewood, reflexology for miscarriage in Brewood, in Brewood, reflexology for stress, and numerous other reflexology related treatments. Listed are just a small portion of the activities that are conducted by people specialising in reflexology. Brewood therapists will be happy to tell you about their full range of services.
Staffordshire Reflexology Enquiries
Current Staffordshire reflexology customer enquiries: William O connor in Fenton was looking to book some reflexology sessions for anxiety. Laiba Watson from Uttoxeter, Staffordshire wanted to try maternity reflexology. Catherine Partington from Caverswall wanted to try maternity reflexology. Annabella Barrett in Longton was asking about scheduling some reflexology treatments for dizziness. Megan Tomlinson in Perton wanted to schedule some reflexology treatments for menstrual cramps. Remi Friend in Anglesey, Staffordshire was asking about arranging some reflexology treatments for dizziness. Archibald Gregory in Baldwins Gate was looking to book some reflexology sessions for depression. Kyle French from Silverdale needed to schedule some reflexology treatments for heartburn.
Also here.: Four Ashes reflexology, Featherstone reflexology, Penkridge reflexology, Codsall reflexology, Bishops Wood reflexology, Shareshill reflexology, Horsebrook reflexology, Albrighton reflexology, Pillaton reflexology, Coven reflexology, Wedges Mills reflexology, Wheaton Aston reflexology, Ivetsey Bank reflexology, Fordhouses and more. All these towns and villages are covered by those who do reflexology. Brewood residents can get estimates by clicking
In the Staffordshire area you can additionally get: Lower Penn reflexologists, High Offley reflexology, Denstone reflexology, Norton Canes reflexology sessions, Endon reflexology treatments, Marchington reflexology sessions, Stone reflexology sessions, Caverswall reflexology treatments, Brocton reflexology sessions, Loggerheads reflexologists, Mayfield reflexology sessions, Draycott in the Moors reflexologists, Perton reflexologists, Marchington reflexologists, Brizlincote reflexology sessions, Stapenhill reflexology, Uttoxeter reflexologists, Madeley reflexology sessions, Rugeley reflexology treatments, Draycott in the Clay reflexologists, Acton Trussell reflexology treatments, Uttoxeter reflexology treatments, Fazeley reflexology treatments, Silverdale reflexology sessions.
More Advice and Guidance
If you happen to be on the lookout for a reflexologist in Brewood and want to locate a craftsman who's qualified and approved you could head off to the Association of Reflexology website. To read about the health benefits of reflexology check this out. The dedicated Wikipedia "reflexology" page is the place to head over to for specifics on UK regulations concerning reflexology, an explanation of reflexology, the history of reflexology, the success of reflexology as a treatment and the claimed mechanics of reflexology. To view the type of social media marketing that's done on reflexology check this out. Get the essentials on precisely what reflexology is by watching You Tube here If you're serious about a career in reflexology you are able to read about the day-to-day activities of reflexologists, working environment, existing reflexologist job opportunities in Brewood, what skills are essential to be a reflexologist in Brewood, how to get a trainee reflexologist position in Brewood, the regular working hours for a reflexologist, the professional associations overseeing reflexologists, the ways by which become a reflexologist in Brewood, restrictions and requirements to becoming a reflexologist, career prospects and pathways for reflexologists in Brewood and the qualification requirements for college or university courses, by going to the National Careers website.
People in the following Brewood areas recently asked about reflexology treatments: Johnsgate, Laches Close, Cedarwood Close, New Road, Chillington Street, Timber Grove, Clay Gates Road, Shop Lane, Pendryl Close, The Meadows, Market Place, Old Coach Road, Sandy Lane, Paradise Lane, Stafford Street, Marysgate, Dark Lane, Hallfarm Close, Somerford Lane, The Nurseries, Pendeford Hall Lane, Stafford Road, Old Stafford Road, Riverside Way, Tong Road, as well as folks with the following postcodes: ST19 9HP, ST19 9HR, ST19 9AT, WV8 1QQ, ST19 9EJ, ST19 9BD, ST19 5PZ, ST19 9DY, ST19 9LU, ST19 9LS. Folks in these streets recently required reflexology. Brewood residents were given reliable and professional reflexology services on every occasion.
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- Brewood Reflexology for Neck Pain
- Brewood Zone Therapy
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- Brewood Reiki Treatments
- Brewood Allergy Reflexology
- Brewood Pain Relief
- Brewood Reflexology for Back Pain
- Brewood Reflexology for Dizziness
- Brewood Ear Reflexology
- Brewood Hand Reflexology
In this short article we've wanted to answer three or four questions for example "exactly what is reflexology?", "what can be helped with reflexology?", "where can I find a reflexologist near Brewood?" and "what certifications does a reflexologist need?". We've done our very best to deal with as many of those questions as we can, and hopefully eased any other fears or concerns that you may have regarding reflexology.
When seeking a reflexologist in Brewood, Staffordshire, you could also need to track down shiatsu therapy in Brewood, indian head massage in Brewood, crystal healing in Brewood, an acupuncturist in Brewood, cognitive behavioural therapy in Brewood, a chiropractic in Brewood, alternative healing in Brewood, a dietician in Brewood, addiction therapy in Brewood, ear candling in Brewood, reiki healing in Brewood, a nutritionist in Brewood, a homeopathist in Brewood, an osteopath in Brewood, hot stone massage in Brewood.
More Uttoxeter, Hanley, Stone, Stafford, Hednesford, Silverdale, Brewood, Tunstall, Penkridge, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Forsbrook, Cheslyn Hay, Burton-upon-Trent, Leek, Kidsgrove, Tamworth, Burslem, Audley, Perton, Branston, Eccleshall, Codsall, Wombourne, Rugeley, Essington, Fazeley, Longton, Great Wyrley, Biddulph, Winshill, Burntwood, Kinver, Cheadle, Shenstone, Norton Canes, Stapenhill, Gnosall, Cheddleton, Cannock, Stoke-on-Trent, Heath Hayes, Fenton and Lichfield.:
If you want local Brewood info go here
Reflexology in ST19 area, phone code 01902.
Weight Loss Reflexology Brewood - Reflexology Treatments Brewood - Maternity Reflexology Brewood - Reflexology Sessions Brewood - Reflexology Brewood - 01902 - Foot Reflexology Brewood - Zone Therapy Brewood - Reflexologists Brewood | <urn:uuid:58bf8358-b044-4f41-beb8-c79562f26ae9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.reflexos.uk/brewood.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.932962 | 3,608 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Kent is a big town situated in Litchfield County in the northwestern portion of the US State of Connecticut. The town is located along the border with New York and is home to former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Incorporated in 1739, Kent was once a flourishing iron ore manufacturer and farming community. Today, the town is an urban residential community with many small neighborhoods, including Flanders, Macedonia, and Bulls Bridge.
Geography And Climate Of Kent
The town covers a total area of 128.4 sq. km, of which 125.7 sq. km is occupied by land, and 2.7 sq. km is covered by water. The town hosts Bulls Bridge, which is one of two covered bridges in the state that is open to vehicles. The town is divided by the Housatonic River, where the western half includes Macedonia Brook State Park, the Schaghticoke Indian Reservation, as well as a section of the Appalachian Trail. Kent is surrounded by Sherman and New Milford from the south, Washington and Warren from the east, Cornwall from the northeast, Sharon from the north, and a border with New York through Dover and Amenia from the west.
The climate in Kent is continental, with warm wet summers and freezing snowy winters, with partly cloudy around the year. The temperatures seasonally vary between -9 °C and 27 °C and are hardly below -17°C or above 31°C. For tourists, the best time to visit Kent for warm-weather recreational activities is between June and September.
Brief History Of Kent
Incorporated in 1739, Kent has been a farming society and an iron ore manufacturing center. It is now a modern community that hosts 3,000 residents with many small communities, including Bulls Bridge, Kent Hollow, South Kent, and Cobble. Initially, the town contained Warren and a part of Washington. Then in 1784, the current borders were founded, with Warren and Washington being separate towns. Land speculation was widespread during the early colonization of Connecticut's "Western Lands," including the town of Kent.
The Population And Economy Of Kent
As per the latest US Census, Kent has a population of 3,019 residents. The US-born citizens make up a total of 92.43% of the Kent residents, while 1.11% of the population is represented by non-citizens.
Other than farming and iron ore manufacturing, which were the primary sectors in the town since ever, tourism and education started interfering and have become the major sectors in the town currently. Today, the economic structure in Kent is basically relying on educational services covering more than 25% of the job market. In addition to education, other sectors like retail trade, healthcare, and social assistance services contribute to the town’s economic activities. The average annual income of a Kent resident is $38,504, undergoing a 6.4% sales tax and 5.5% income tax.
Top Attractions In Kent
Macedonia Brook State Park
Macedonia Brook State Park stretches over 2,300 acres and is used for outdoor recreation throughout the year. In addition to the scenic beauty of Appalachia, the park also hosts widespread trails, campgrounds, a picnic venue, a small lake, and the famous Macedonia Brook. Moreover, visitors can make use of the many grills that are set up around the park. Furthermore, hikers can experience the fantastic views of the Catskill Mountains and the Taconic Mountains, overlooking views on the Blue Trail. This public recreation area was first opened in 1918.
Kent Falls State Park
Often named "The Jewel of the Inland Parks," Kent Falls State Park hosts a scenic view of 17 charming waterfalls. These falls are fed by swamps that are situated in Warren and drain immediately into the Housatonic River, which lies across the street from the park. A steep trail covers a quarter of a mile up along the falls, rising about 250 feet in just a quarter-mile. The trail was renovated in 2006, which provided new viewing platforms and a redesigned trail. The park is recognized as a Trout Park and is supplied with trout from the state's hatcheries.
In addition to the above attractions, Kent hosts a variety of other points of interest like the Bulls Bridge, Sloane-Stanley Museum, and the Connecticut Machinery Association. From the museum grounds in the middle of old Kent, a visitor can peek across the Housatonic River to the contentious Western Lands and then head south to walk down the Main Street of an ideal New England town. | <urn:uuid:f05ed0fa-4b39-4a8a-82e0-1802ba772d7f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.worldatlas.com/cities/kent-connecticut.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968388 | 934 | 2.484375 | 2 |
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Standard sheet sizes are 665mm x 1220mm, though custom sizes and gauge ranges are available on request. The material is surface treated and offers excellent ink adhesion for screen, offset and digital printing. It can be die-cut, creased and thermoformed. | <urn:uuid:a168f24e-6ac7-4ebc-8e1c-e15c6f307e14> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://materialdistrict.com/material/ecologia-fluido/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.921138 | 291 | 1.71875 | 2 |
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This wiki gives Montessori teachers a way to look up lessons online without having to lug out their albums in those giant binders, and as a place to share extensions, variations, and original lessons that they have come up with. This site is also for those who are not Montessori trained to learn more about the lessons that are taught in a Montessori classroom, such as parents who wish to use Montessori elements in a home-school environment. Click on one of the subject areas at the top of the page to see what we have so far.
From correcting a single typo, to adding a photo you've taken, to writing a full article, we need people like you to help build this site. We could especially use help filling in the step-by-step instructions for the lessons, and summaries and reviews of Montessori books and other materials. Please be sure that the information you enter is in your own words, don't copy information from training program handouts or from a book without permission. Check out the Example Lesson to see the format used on this website. If you've never edited a wiki before, you can check our tips on how to edit a page.
We are anxious to know what people think of this wiki so far. If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions about anything on the site please let us know at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Consult the User's Guide for information on using the wiki software. | <urn:uuid:d68e9042-d305-4a04-910e-8ad64ff6e32c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.montessorialbum.com/montessori/index.php/Main_Page | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.935983 | 341 | 2.640625 | 3 |
August 1, 2019
The NEMAR project to build a neuroelectromagnetic data portal to the NIMH OpenNeuro human neuroimaging data archive funded by the National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH)
UCSD scientists Scott Makeig and Arnaud Delorme at the Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience (SCCN) of the Institute for Neural Computation (INC), together with co-PIs Amitava Majumdar from the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC), UCSD, and Russ Poldrack of Stanford University, have received a five-year , nearly $5M grant from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) to create a portal (‘NEMAR’) for human electrophysiological data to the OpenNeuro data archive and tools resource (OpenNeuro.org) developed by Poldrack and colleagues. OpenNeuro has been designated by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) as a repository for NIH-funded and other human neuroimaging data. Currently it mainly hosts data acquired using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), but will over time accumulate data acquired using other brain imaging modalities. The new project will add a web and data processing front door to OpenNeuro specifically designed to archive, combine, and further analyze human electrophysiological data – scalp EEG, its magnetic counterpart, MEG, and, eventually, intracranial iEEG and ECoG data sometimes recorded to plan brain surgeries for epilepsy or other brain pathologies.
Previous neuroimaging data archives were designed primarily for use only as data libraries and required users to use a complex query language to find and copy data. Typically, these served the few users who were prepared explore the downloaded data using their own tools and devices. The title, of the new project, NEMAR, stands for ‘NeuroElectroMagnetic data Archive and tools Resource.’ The new data archive and tools resource (DATR) concept integrates an archive of sufficiently annotated data, stored in compatible formats, with an easily extended resource of data analysis tools built to efficiently explore the archived data, all housed in a widely accessible and computationally powerful cloud computing environment – the latter becoming necessary to allow new machine learning tools to be applied across archived studies that together constitute a very large corpus of archived data, one that in toto could not be quickly copied to another computing resource.
To build a working DATR requires that the included datasets be well organized and described in a way suitable for machine search and comparison. Over the last few years, a new set of neuroimaging data archiving standards, extensions of the Brain Imaging Data Standard (BIDS) for fMRI data, have been created by neuroimaging research communities to organize EEG, MEG, and ECoG or iEEG, and other types of data, an effort spearheaded in part by Dr. Poldrack and colleagues, with contributions by Delorme, Makeig, NEMAR project consultants Cyril Pernet (University of Edinborough) and Robert Oostenveld (Nijmegan University), and many others. ‘BIDS-app’ tools efficiently read and process BIDS data; else, BIDS data sets may be readily exported to other formats for further analysis.
A specific need for research using human electrophysiological data has been a system for carefully describing the nature of experimental events experienced or produced by the subject during the data recording. For this purpose, BIDS incorporates the Hierarchical Event Descriptor (HED) system and tools first developed in SCCN by project consultant Nima Bigdely-Shamlo during his Ph.D. studies at UCSD. HED tagging, also an extensible standard under continuing development by the electrophysiology research community, allows researchers to use new statistical approaches to uncover hidden patterns visible only when viewed across a large enough amount of data, a new data analysis approach termed data mining. Data mining using machine learning approaches, essential tools in the new science of neuroinformatics, present exciting new horizons for researchers in human electrophysiology, who for decades could only could only compare results of their studies to those of past studies by visually comparing their plotted results against similar plots in previously published journal articles by themselves and others.
The NEMAR project has a second goal of linking the OpenNeuro data archive to high-performance computing (HPC) resources of the NSF-supported XSEDE network of supercomputers including Comet (and its planned successor) at SDSC. The NEMAR researchers at INC and SDSC are already collaborating on an NIH project to include the world-leading EEGLAB software environment for electrophysiological data analysis of Drs. Delorme and Makeig (sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab) in the suite of neuroscience software made freely available to researchers for computing on the XSEDE network by the Neuroscience Gateway (NSG) project of Drs. Majumdar, Sivagnanam, and Yoshimoto at SDSC and Carnevale at Yale, funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation. NSG (nsgportal.org) currently provides neuroscience simulation and data processing tools and pipelines on multiple XSEDE HPC resources freely and openly for neuroscience researchers.
The NSG facility will support the development of NEMAR project data quality evaluation and visualization tools that will allow electrophysiology researchers using OpenNeuro to visualize and compute on archived data --- both raw data as recorded by the sensors themselves, and transformed data identified as generated in part by brain and in part by non-brain (‘artifact’) processes. Computing on data portions associated with cortical sources will allow data from multiple studies, recorded with different numbers, placements, and even types of sensors to be aggregated and compared within a common brain space. Brain sources of NEMAR-processed data accompanied by subject magnetic resonance (MR) head images can be localized using advanced individual electromagnetic head models. In future, NSG users may also be able to work on OpenNeuro data ported to UCSD XSEDE resources via a high-bandwidth pipe between SDSC and commercial cloud providers such as Amazon, where the OpenNeuro data will reside.
For more information contact: Ms. Rhonda McCoy (email@example.com) or Scott Makeig (firstname.lastname@example.org) Institute for Neural Computation; Mr. Jan Zverina (email@example.com) or Amitava Majumdar (firstname.lastname@example.org), San Diego Supercomputer Center | <urn:uuid:fa42d23a-b9a5-4f86-8ba5-7082a9eedb41> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sccn.ucsd.edu/news/2019-08-01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.901709 | 1,404 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Muscat: Drowning claimed the lives of more than double the number of people in 2016 compared to the year before, officials have revealed.
According to statistics from the General Authority for Civil Defence and Ambulance (PACDA) related to drowning incidents, there were 286 incidents in 2016, compared to 113 in 2015, showing a dramatic increase. In 2014, 150 drowning incidents were recorded, which is still relatively low compared to 2016.
PACDA noted that most of the victims drowned in wadis.
"Drowning is one of the most painful and recurring incidents, especially in the summer, which often occurs around the water bodies people frequent to escape the heat, and enjoy the beautiful nature that God bestowed upon the Sultanate. Drowning incidents include adults who cannot swim, as well as children," PACDA said.
The authority explained that the main causes of drowning include a lack of swimming proficiency, as well as swimming in non-designated areas, such as agricultural ponds, dams, water channels and hazardous water pools.
"Inexperienced, random rescue attempts can also result in more than one person drowning at the same time. Not observing children during trips and picnics near the water can result in harmful consequences. Non-compliance with the regulations prohibiting swimming in certain areas, as well as crossing wadis without taking into account the power of currents can be dire," PACDA said.
PACDA recommended several steps this summer in order to reduce drowning risks.
"We recommend that you follow the safety procedures, including swimming in the designated areas. Swimming pools should be equipped with fixed stairs and metal handles spread around the perimeter of the pool, and there must be life jackets provided. Swimming pools should not be entirely filled if they are used by children.
"An adult must watch the children while swimming, and needs to ensure that the pool is empty of individuals when leaving."
In all cases and if such incidents occur, direct contact should be made with PACDA at the emergency telephone numbers (9999) or (24343666). | <urn:uuid:bbebdba9-9807-4fbd-bd98-ccd3b7640a12> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://timesofoman.com/article/33473-drowning-cases-spike-in-oman | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.969051 | 423 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Moses led Israel from the Red Sea on to the Wilderness of Shur. They traveled for three days through the wilderness without finding any water. They got to Marah, but they couldn’t drink the water at Marah; it was bitter. That’s why they called the place Marah (Bitter). Exodus 15:22-24 The Message
The “Why’s” of Marah?
For the next few weeks I want to explore the questions below:
- Why does God lead us to a place called Marah?
- Why does God allow our suffering?
- Why is He silent– doesn’t He care?
- Will He bring blessing from all this bitter?
How Can “Marah Be Better Than Elim”?
Taken from Marah Better Than Elim by Charles Spurgeon (Part One)
After I had fallen down at Mentone, and was grievously ill, a brother in Christ called upon me, and said, “My dear friend, you have now come to Marah.” I replied, “Yes, and the waters are bitter.” He then said, “But Marah is better than Elim, for in Elim the Israelites only drank of the water and ate of the fruit of the palm trees, and that was soon over; but at Marah we read that God ‘made for them a statute and an ordinance,’ and that was never over. That statute and ordinance stood fast, and will stand fast for Israel as long as they are a nation. There is much more benefit to be reaped from Marah than from Elim.” I thanked my friend for that good word. I had found it true aforetime; I have found it true since then; and you and I, if we are indeed the people of God, will find it true to the end, that Marah, though it be bitter, is also better; and albeit that we do not like it, yet in the end there shall be no bitterness in it, but an unutterable sweetness which shall be ours through time and eternity.
We have a long record about Marah, have we not? I have read you four verses concerning Marah. How many verses have we about Elim? Only one. Does Marah deserve to be talked about four times as much as Elim? Perhaps it does; perhaps there is four times as much fruit to be obtained from the bitter waters of Marah than from the twelve springs of water, and threescore and ten palm trees at Elim. Who knows? This I know, however, that we are very apt to talk more about our bitters than about our sweets; and that is a serious fault. It were well if we had fewer murmuring words for our sorrows, and more songs of thanksgiving for our blessings. Yet Holy Writ seems here to speak after the manner of men, and to let us have the four verses for the trial, and the one verse for the delight. Still, as it speaks also after the manner of God, I gather that Marah is, after all, more noteworthy than Elim; and truly, there does come to God’s people something better out of their troubles than out of their joys.
Certainly one thing is clear, Israel had no miracle at Elim. Wells and palm trees they had; but they had no miracle there, no miraculous change of the bitter into the sweet; and they had no statute, and no ordinance, and no promise, and no new revelation of God, and no new name for Jehovah there. All that belonged to Marah, “for there he made them a statute and an ordinance,” and there he promised, if they were faithful and obedient, that he would put none of the diseases of Egypt upon them, and there he revealed himself as Jehovah Rophi, “the Lord that healeth thee.” Oh, yes, there are many virtues and many blessings in the bitter waters of Marah! Often have we found it true that “Sweet are the uses of adversity.”
I hope that nobody here thinks that these Israelites experienced a small trial. We are not accustomed to travelling in the desert; but those who are, tell us that thirst in the wilderness is something awful to endure. For all that great host to go three days without water, must have been a very trying experience. You would not like to try that even in this country; but what must it be to go three days in the wilderness, beneath a burning sky, without a drop of water to drink? Then came the bitter disappointment at Marah. Probably the people knew that there were water-springs ahead, so they hurried up to the place to drink; but when they stooped to taste the waters, they found that they were bitter. They could not drink of them; and there they stood, in their desperation, with the long thirst parching their throats, and bitter disappointment adding to their agony; and they murmured against Moses, saying, “What shall we drink?” I say not this to excuse them, but lest you should think that they had only a small trial to bear.
Remember, also, that this was a new form of trial. They never lacked for water in Egypt; there were plenty of rivers and canals there, and they could drink as much as they chose. This was an experience to which they were quite unaccustomed, and I should not wonder if they were greatly surprised at it, for they knew that they were the people of God. They had just seen the Lord divide the Red Sea, and drown their enemies; and now has he brought them out of Egypt to let them perish of thirst in the wilderness? They fancied that they were going to have one long triumphant march right into the promised land, or to be always dandled upon the lap of Providence, and indulged in every way, like spoilt children. They must have stood aghast at finding that, when the earth yielded water to slake their thirst, it was such water as they could not drink.
Well, now, this kind of surprise happens to many who have set out on the way to heaven. God has been very gracious to them; their sins are washed away, and they think that the great joy which they have lately experienced will never be taken away from them, and will never be even diminished. They reckon upon a long day without a cloud. God has favoured them so much that they cannot imagine that they shall have any trial or any bitterness. It is not so, beloved; a Christian man is seldom long at ease, no sooner does he start out on pilgrimage to heaven than he meets with a difficulty, and as he goes on he finds out that the way to heaven is not a rolled pathway, it is up hill and down dale, through the mire and through the slough, over mount and through the sea. It is by their trials and afflictions that the people of God are proved to be his children. They cannot escape the rod, whoever may; yet this experience does at first come as a very great surprise to them, so I want to talk to-night to some who have been lately brought to rejoice in the Lord’s pardoning mercy, but are now staggered because they have come to an encampment in the wilderness where their thirsty mouths are filled with bitterness.
(To be continued next week.)
Moses led Israel from the Red Sea on to the Wilderness of Shur. They traveled for three days through the wilderness without finding any water. They got to Marah, but they couldn’t drink the water at Marah; it was bitter. That’s why they called the place Marah (Bitter). And the people complained to Moses, “So what are we supposed to drink?” So Moses cried out in prayer to God. God pointed him to a stick of wood. Moses threw it into the water and the water turned sweet. That’s the place where God set up rules and procedures; that’s where he started testing them. God said, “If you listen, listen obediently to how God tells you to live in his presence, obeying his commandments and keeping all his laws, then I won’t strike you with all the diseases that I inflicted on the Egyptians; I am God your healer.” They came to Elim where there were twelve springs of water and seventy palm trees. They set up camp there by the water.exodus 15:22-24 the message | <urn:uuid:9e3ff0d4-455d-454f-882f-80963b52fb55> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://womenwithdestiny.blog/2022/07/25/god-will-work-it-out/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.985091 | 1,775 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Santarem old view, Brazil, at confluence of Tapajos river with Amazon. Created by Riou and Hildibrand, published on Le Tour du Monde, Paris, 1867
This is the Estação da Luz, in the center of the city of São Paulo, a few months before its inauguration in the year 1900. The original station was inaugurated in 1867 by the com-pany The São Paulo Railway , then Santos-Jundiaí Railroad. Yes, it was the golden days of the coffee, and the railroad shipped the product to the port of Santos. Likewise, the railroad brought European immigrants to the interior and to the large farms of the Paulista West, allowing the settlement and opening of a huge consumer market later supplied by the capital industry. As a result, to better meet passenger demand and rail traffic, the station was expanded, giving way to the imposing English-style building, officially opened in 1901 at the turn of the 20th century.
Estação da Luz, in the center of the city of São Paulo 1900
The Bairro da Luz was one of the most elegant of the capital of São Paulo, very different from the current times where abandonment predominates and the known cracolândia established in its vicinity. In the photo above, we can see, on the right side, practically in front of the station, the current building of the State Pinacoteca, desig-ned by the well-known engineer and architect Ramos de Azevedo. Behind this building you can see part of Jardim da Luz, the oldest public park in the city of São Paulo. It was a place of leisure and walking for the residents of the city, in that early twentieth century.
As it is known, the Estação da Luz building was recently hit by a fire and currently houses the Museum of the Portuguese Language. The photo above was taken by the photographer Guilherme Gaensly (1843-1928) and today is part of the collection of the Public Archive of the State of São Paulo.
Dr. Josiah H. Pitts -Tennessee
A fact little known to Brazilians and probably even to Americans! A consequence for Brazil of the American Civil War or War of Secession (1861-1865). Hundreds of confederate Southerners decided to come to our country after the end of the war and some of them to the city of Santarém, located at the confluence of the Amazonas and Tapajós rivers, in the State of Pará. Families that had men who served in this conflict and who were victims of the destruction of the southern United States economy. The family of Dr. Josiah H. Pitts (photo left, 1866) was one of them. A native of Nashville, Tennessee, he served in the Confederate Army as an officer. Pitts and other Americans accepted the challenge of living in the Amazonian rain forest in order to establish themselves as owners,Dixieland (Southern United States).
As is well known, the Civil War was the result of the disruption between the States of the North and those of the South of the United States, as a result of divergences regarding the direction the United States should take in the economic and social field For example, the North pleaded for a protectionist policy while the South sought free trade; greater investment in railroads was an interest also of the northerners; a more devalued dollar against the pound sterling favored the interests of the southern cotton planters who received for this product in pounds and, above all, the question of the continuity of slave labor, something that was in the interest of these same farmers.The expansion of slavery to the newly conquered West, was also the target of misunderstandings, since it could generate an imbalance in the representation of the US Congress between abolitionists and slaveholders. In the end, the most urbanized and industrialized society of the North was in confrontation with the rural and patriarchal organization of the South.
Such divergences eventually led to the war (in the photo above, confederate soldiers from Virginia, at the beginning of the conflict), which ended with the Yankees' victory over the Confederates (South). Many scholars and writers, including the German philosopher Karl Marx (1818-1883), saw in this result the victory of the most progressive and bourgeois positions of the North over the conservative aristocracy of the South. In a letter sent to President Abraham Lincoln in 1865, through the International Workers' Association (also known as the First International), Marx celebrated the end of slavery in the United States as an important chapter in the struggle of the workers against exploitation.
After the conflict, the southern states remained under a military administration imposed by the winning Yankees and many government positions were under the control of the northerners . Such intervention lasted until the year 1877, when occupying troops were withdrawn after the Congress of the United States passed a General Amnesty Law. The emancipation of slaves, proposed by President Lincoln and passed in Congress (13th Amendment), was evidently not well accepted by the southern elite. Moreover, in the view of the same represented an expropriation, since the owners of the slaves were not indemnified. Violence and excesses have occurred, including the emergence of the well-known Ku Klux Klan racist organization. On the part of the military administration there were also authoritarian excesses and measures, which made it difficult for the southern population to be reintegrated into the Union. As a result, many of the former inhabitants of the South decided to leave the region, even leaving the country.
Well, it's this chapter that interests us, the fate of some of these families.Mexico would be a natural option, due to the proximity. But, the political instability in that country (in 1867 the emperor Maximiliano was executed) made difficult the process. On the other hand, many Americans had already established contact with Brazil. Since the opening of the Brazilian ports established by the decree of the prince-regent D. João, in 1808, ships from North America established commercial connections with the ports of Brazil, including in the Amazon. Brazil nuts became known as well as rubber (rubber) and even our tapioca could be found in the English and North American market since the beginning of the 19th century.
Matthew Fontaine Maury
A USP researcher, Maria Clara Sales Carneiro Sampaio, based on new documentation, revealed other intentions by the US government in the Amazon. President Lincoln intended to establish agreements with the Brazilian government to send freed slaves here, since there was a fear of a serious racial conflict after the end of the Civil War. Blacks or Afrodescen-dants were viewed as culturally inferior and unable to fully integrate into the American nation. Yes, Abraham Lincoln thought that way! Let us remember that a similar experience had already been made in Liberia, West Africa, when a colon-izing society acquired territory to be occupied by Africans sent back to the continent.However, the polls with Brazil did not go ahead, since the Brazilian government wanted to bring in white settlers of European origin and not more Africans. The idea was to promote the gradual waxing of the Brazilian popu-lation! Dear reader, do not miss these visions and points of view, after all we are in the nineteenth century.
In turn, even before the Civil War, many English and American naturalists had already been to the Amazon, describing the region as favorable to settlement, fertile and despite the hot weather, the same would be softened by the shadows of the forest and the breeze of the rivers. In the opinion of men like Louis Agassiz, Henry Walter Bates, Alfred Russel Wallace (friend of Charles Darwin), and principally Lieutenant of the American Navy Matthew Fontaine Maury, the region presented conditions favorable to the settlement and the establishment of colonies.
In addition, these same explorers bragged about the natural wealth of the Amazon, especially the abundance of wood of the most varied types, the fishy rivers and the diversity of fauna, through which no individual would be left without the means of subsistence. Through these reports, the interest on the part of the United States in the opening of the navigation of the Amazon river grew. Matthew Fontaine Maury (photo above) was one of the great advocates of this measure in articles published in the American newspapers. In 1851, Maury sent his cousin Lieutenant William Lewis Herndon and a former US Naval Observatory collaborator, Lieutenant Lar-dner Gibbon, to explore the Amazon River Valley and collect information on the possibilities of occupation of the region. Subsequently, Maury published a book,The Amazon and the Atlantic Slopes of South America , 1853. Other American travelers who traveled throughout the region predicted that Belém do Pará could become a kind of "New Orleans" of South America, since occupied by settlers southern countries, including slave labor. On the part of the Brazilian government there were distrusts regarding the intentions of Maury, due to the policy of annexations of the North American government in relation to Mexico. In fact, there seemed to be a desire to establish a kind of "slave-like imperialism" on the part of the American Southerners in the Caribbean and in the Amazon. Some years later, in 1867, the imperial government opened the Amazon River to international shipping, although with some restrictions.
Unsuccessful in the proposal of southern expansion and sending freed slaves to South America, Brazil emerged as an alternative to defeated Confederates. Many of these went to the interior of the Province of São Paulo, in the present municipalities of Santa Bárbara D'Oeste and Americana. The occupation in these places was stable and generated a descent until now settled in these cities of São Paulo. Many of them dedicated themselves to the production of cotton and fruits, among which the watermelon was outstanding.
But let us return to the Confederates who came to settle in Santarem. As we said, the descriptions made about the Amazon were favorable, which made the region a possible alternative for the arrival of these immigrants. The initiative for this undertaking was assigned to Major Warren Lans-ford Hastings (1818-1868). A native of the American state of Ohio, he gained notoriety as a young man, leading a group of American settlers who traveled from Oregon to California to occupy the latter territory, then belonging to Mexico. Hast-ings (in the image right) published a book about this adven-ture: The Emigrants' Guide to Oregon and California. There are those who believe that Hastings thought of the possi-bility of leading a movement in California to make it an independent country, an idea that would have fallen to the ground after the war between the United States and Mexico in 1846, when the region was finally annexed to the feder-ation North-American. In any case, the Pathfinder helped to expand the population of Americans relative to that of Mexicans in that territory. After marrying Charlotte Toler, whose mother was Venezuelan, Hastings moved to Arizona.
During this period he also acted as a lawyer specializing in land titles. Perhaps his interest in South America came at this time.
Aligned with the Southerners during the Civil War, Hastings devised a plan to take Southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico to the Confederates, to which he also fought.
With the defeat of the Southerners, Hastings traveled to Mexico and then to Brazil, checking places to establish colonies of confederates such as São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. But at that moment, as we have already observed, the prestige of the Amazon as a region to be ex-plored, with availability of natural resources and lands, prevailed.
Santarem - 1858
In 1866, Major Hastings arrived in Belém do Pará and soon afterwards he crossed the Amazon River in a steamboat of the Navigation Company of the Amazon River (belonging to Barão de Mauá), with the purpose of knowing the region. Hastings was thrilled with what he saw, the high-value woods and agricultural produce produced in the riverside towns: coffee, cocoa, sugar, rice, cotton, beans, and tropical fruits. In return, Hastings and his entourage had an excellent impression of Santarem (in the above picture, the city in 1858), considering the place in good condition to receive American immigrants.
Colonel Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães,
Baron de Santarém
In Santarém, the delegation of Hastings was well received by Colonel Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, Baron de Santarém, who was vice-president of the Province of Pará (in the time of the Empire, local governors were appointed as presidents). The Baron (image left has become a great incentive for the arrival of American immigrants.
After his stay in Pará, Hastings went to the Court in Rio de Janeiro, where he was received by authorities and ministers. Back in Pará, the Americans went to check the lands that were granted them near San-tarém. They were located between the Amazonas, Curuá and Tapajós rivers.
Ready! Now it was only to return to the United States and bring together families interested in coming to a new country. Three members of Has-tings' entourage began preparing the land and building houses. The major asked for subsidies of 44 dollars from the imperial government and 56 dollars from the Parana government for each immigrant who was brought to the region. Despite not having obtained this last value of the government of Pará, it granted $ 13,000 of aid for the coming of the Americans. In total, each adult received $ 70 for travel expenses to Brazil. A proposal by Hastings was rejected by the Brazilian government, that settlers should be governed by their own laws and regulations!
Hastings returned to his hometown, Mobile, in the state of Alabama, in order to get settlers in the jungles of the Amazon and published a guide for them: An Emmigrant's Guide to Brazil, in 1867. In July of that same year, a steam ship with 109 immigrants left the port of Mobile towards Brazil. However, a breakdown in the middle of the road forced the pas-sengers to have to change ships and, finally, to reach Belém.
Claiming expenses and problems during the trip, Hastings demanded an extraordinary payment and that he be appointed director of the colony with the right to salary. However, it had not been able to comply with the six-month deadline for the colony's implementation. Anyway, a new contract was being arranged between Hastings and the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, where the North American would be named director of the center in Santarém and receive a good annual bonus. But an unexpected fact prevented the implementation of this new agreement. On the return trip to Alabama, in 1868, to bring in new settlers, Major Hastings passed away!
At the same time, difficulties arose for those already established in Santarém (in the photo below, Santarém at the time of the North American presence). The promised government aid was not always fulfilled, access to the plots was difficult due to distance, inadequate transport and constant rains, which are common in Amazonia. Groceries and provisions were difficult to obtain and expensive. The settlers requested support from the US Consul in Belém. He sent reports to the United States about the colony's implantation, pointing out several problems, including the fact that many immigrants are not familiar with agricultural work and exist among them thugs, adventurers from the Confederate Army and even criminals. Also, the choice of location would not have been well made.
Santarém at the time of the North American presence
According to the report of the President of the Province of Pará, Jose Bento da Cunha Figueiredo, made to the imperial government in 1869, of the 112 immigrants brought by Major Hastings, added to those already in San-tarém, a total of 192 colonists arrived. However, a few months later, only 87 remained. Many returned to the country of origin and others dispersed, some searching for the cities of Belém, Manaus and Santarém itself. Approximately 9 families remained on the land granted to Major Hastings.
From the descriptions left later by other American travelers who visited Santarém, it is possible to perceive that the settlers had diverse social origins. Many had no resources of their own, others without experience in agri-cultural work and of proletarian origin, leading the Baron de Santarém, Coronel Pinto Guimarães, to affirm that they were not well chosen. On the other hand, the departure of a good part of the adventurous and surly im-migrants was good for those who remained, as they became more respected within the community of Santarém, so much so that others came to the region between 1868 and 1874, on their own, like the Rikers of South Car-olina; the Rhome, from Texas; the Wallace and the Hennington of the Mississippi, who left offspring in San-tarem and other parts of the Amazon. Some English families also joined the nucleus in 1871, as was the case with the Wickham.Researcher Norma Guilhon, in her book "The Confederates in Santarém", where most of the information in this post was extracted, mentions something about a hundred settlers living in the municipality, in the year 1874.
The North American settlers settled in the highest area of the municipality of Santarém, known as Serra do Diamantino. Initially, they lived in houses made of wood and covered with straw, very rudimentary (like the one that appears in the drawing below, a housing of the Wickham family). They had no machines or equipment, which could only later be brought from the United States by those who remained in the colony. Many were dedicated to the cultivation of sugar cane and the production of brandy (cachaça). In order to get money they mortgaged the crops as an advance in order to buy groceries and tools. The difficulties with the local labor were great, for the slaves were expensive and the free caboclo was not accustomed to systematic work. Generally, these workers stayed for a few days and then suddenly left the service. In the early years, settlers also resented the lack of fellowship with other families and the absence of institutions that were part of their lives in the United States: the Protestant Church and the schools. The most successful families had a decade of great effort to establish themselves effectively in the region.
Drawing Of The Wickham Family House
From 1873, roads were opened linking Santarém to the colonial nuclei with the help of the provincial government of Pará and the settlers themselves. Two roads, Ipanema and Diamantino, connected the colonies to Santarém, in a distance of approximately 16 kilometers (as it appears on the map above, with the same route in 1901).
A Reverend named Richard Hennington (photo right) ended up establishing himself in the nucleus. The same maintained religious services in his farm and later in the own city of San-tarém, in the commercial house of mr. Rhome. Initially, edu-cation was provided within the families themselves or when one of them was entrusted with the task of bringing together young people and children.
Hennington came in 1868 with his wife, Mary Elisabeth and the three children of the couple: Thomaz, Edwin and Eliza, the youngest (photo below left). Thomaz and Edwin married wo-men from Para.
Edwin married Estefânia Bentes (photo below center) and remained living in Brazil, unlike Thomaz who returned with his Brazilian wife to the United States.
The couple Edwin and Estefânia had three children: Carmem, Eduardo and Eula (respectively in the photo below right). As for the Reverend Hennington, he remained in Brazil and ini-tially devoted himself to his small farm, where he set up a sawmill, a hardware store and a sugar cane mill. His establish-ment was regarded as the most important of the Confederate colony.
In 1894, when he began a visit to the United States, Reverend Hennington died in the city of Belém do Pará, where he was buried.
Mrs. Edwin Hennington
Carmen, Eduardo and Eula Hennington
Many North American settlers contri-buted to spread the use of the iron plow. In addition to producing sugar and brandy (cachaça), they set up sawmills, water powered mills and specialized in the construction of wagons to transport the products. Later, the children of the aforemen-tioned Reverend Hennington devoted themselves to the construction of vessels. The engines and engines were brought from the United States. The first steamboat built in Santarém left the Reverend's workshops and was named "Mississipi" (the larger vessel shown in the photo above). Already the first steamship built in the Amazon left the establishment of Baron de Sant-arém and its American partner Rom-ulus Rhome. The boat was called "Taperinha". The settlers also culti-vated agricultural products such as tomato, beans, rice, cassava, cashew, pepper, tobacco, corn and also brought a new variety of small beans, later known as "bean from Santarém", from the State of Massachusetts.
Steamship "Mississippi" Larger in center
Rev. Hennington's House
According to information from the researcher Norma Guilhon, in 1872 there were 49 families scattered in the mountains south of Santarém, whose members numbered 77 Am-ericans and 44 English, for a total of 121 individuals. It seems that in the following years the number of Englishmen declined considerably.
After the 1890s, many of these immigrants moved into the city, where they began to have business and most of these farms disap-peared. Many dedicated themselves to the trade and exploitation of rubber. Reverend Hennington's own family did this (in the photo left, the Reverend's house in Santarem with eight windows).
In 1871 Robert Henry Riker (pictured below left, 1866) arrived in Santarem and bought land from the govern-ment of Pará. Riker, together with his brother Herbert, made the first rubber plantations in the Amazon. A curious detail is that decades later, the American industrialist Henry Ford tried to cultivate the plant in the same area, on the banks of the Tapajós river.
Robert Henry Riker was a railway entrepreneur in the United States and was in Fort Sumter, near the city of Charleston, South Carolina, when the first shot of the Southerners who started the Civil War was fired.Riker came to Brazil accompanied by his wife and 5 children (a nine-month-old baby died on the trip). For the aristocratic family, and a member of the high society of Charleston, living in a rustic area and where the neighbors were distant was undoubtedly difficult. The couple Riker still had a son here in Brazil, baptized Marlin Amazonas. However, the boy was born with deficiencies and had to be supported by the other brothers until the adult age.
Mrs. Sarah Riker (pictured below right) and her children made trips to visit their homeland. According to Odete Guilhon tells us, Mrs. Riker never got used to the change of country and lived sadly her years in Brazil, dying, still new, in 1877. Four years later, Robert H. Riker lost his eldest son , Robert, only 29 years old. The older daughter Lilla married Charles Vaughan from another immigrant family and returned to the United States. The other sister, Virginia, followed the same path. The patriarch Robert H. Riker passed away in 1883.
However, his two sons David and Herbert continued the family business in the city. The farm in the Diamantino was sold by David in 1910 (in the photo below, the farm headquarters when still in the power of the family).
David and his brother Herbert Riker eventually became the administrators of the family assets after the death of their parents. After being widowed, David married a 19-year-old Santarém girl named Raimunda or Dona Mundica, with whom she remained until her death (in the photo right, David Riker is already old). The couple had 14 children.
David Riker (photo left) left a written account where he refers to the Wickham family, of English origin, who maintained a school in the city of Santarém. One of its members was Henry Wickham, known for taking the rubber tree seeds to the Kew Botanical Garden in London. They were then transplanted to Malaysia, where they were domesticated. This fact led to the collapse of rubber production in the Amazon in the early twentieth century.
David Riker was approached by American journalists interested in knowing the fate of the Confederates who came to Brazil. In 1941, James E. Edmonds of The Saturday Evening Post came to Santarem and met David Riker, living in a good house, which could easily be recognized by the American eagle trapped in the front holding the United States' America (photo below).
Inside a large family, described as friendly and cheerful. David introduced his wife and proudly said that she had given him 14 children, 11 of whom were alive. He recalled the old confederates who remained and were buried in the region, as in the case of David's parents and his elder brother.
David Rilker referred to the venture of the Henry Ford (Fordlandia) indus-trialist, where he worked as an interpreter and also directed the meat supply sector. David criticized the inadequate practices adopted by the famous entrepreneur and intended to change the life of the Amazonian caboclo, as well as the way the rubber plantation business was being remot-ely directed remotely.
Realizing that the reporter was going to ask the question "Was it worth it?", David Riker replied, "I am glad to have stayed here.God has been kind to me.My children are considerate.Wife is kind and loyal.Nothing is missing How many can say the same. " David Riker passed away in 1954, at the age of 93. His wife, Dona Mundica, died in 1975, also at age 93! Other Con-federate families remained, such as the Jennings-Vaughan family, who came in Major Hastings's group in 1867 and was originally from Ten-nessee. James Vaughan initially devoted himself to agriculture and later to shipbuilding.
One of Jennings-Vaugham's children, Jorge Clemente Jennings, remained in Santarém and perpetuated the family's name in the local community, dedicating himself to the exploitation of the rubber as a rubber stamp worker (pictured below, sitting with Jorge Jennings and his wife).
Elisio Sevier Wallace and his wife Mary came to Brazil in 1867 or 1868 and probably had their children here in Brazil. Wallace came to own some sites, helped open roads in the area and returned to the United States in 1912 to buy equipment and machines. All the daughters of the Wallace couple were married to Brazilians.
Elisio Wallace lived in Santarém until his death in 1912, at the age of 73, and left descendants in Belém, Man-aus and Santarém (in the photo below, on the right, Mr. Wallace and just behind, his grandson). Jennings,
Hennington, Riker, Wallace, Vaughan ... anyone aware of the historical facts would notice the presence of these names in a city in the interior of Pará. This was the case with Norma Guilhon, the wife of the former governor of Pará, Fernando José de Leão Guilhon (with mandate from 1971 to 1975). While accompanying her husband on her trips through the interior of the state, she noticed in that detail when she visited Santarém, which led her to research and write a book entitled "The Confederates in Santarém", published by the State Council of Culture of that State in 1979. For what is known , remains the most complete study of this episode of Amazonian History.
Did Scarlett O'Hara, the well-known character in the novel "... And the Wind Took It," wondered about coming to the Amazon, as did many Confederate families? In the book written by Margaret Mitchell, South America appeared as a possibility for the Confederates to take refuge.Would Rhett Buttler join you? Well, there it would be to imagine ...
Photo by Matthew Fontaine Maury: http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8835
Photo of the Confederate Soldiers Group: Sirs colonial period 1850-1900. Collection History in Magazine. April Books / Time Life, 1992, p. 141.
Photo of Major Warren Lansford Hastings: Wikipedia
Engraving of Santarém in 1858: Urgent Amazon: Five Centuries of History and Ecologies by Berta G. Ribeiro. Editora Itatiaia Limitada, Belo Horizonte, 1990, p. 51.
Photo by Robert Henry Riker: http://thiegoriker.blogspot.com.br/2011/09/historia-e-geneologia-da-familia-riker.html
Photo of David B. Riker Already Old:
All other photos were taken from the aforementioned book by Norma Guilhon.
THE LAST THREE CONFEDERADOS IN SANTEREM
A Tale of Two Brothers: When in Rhome, Do as the Brazilians Do
In our cemeteries every tombstone tells a story. And Oakwood Cemetery is a vast anthology of such stories written on pages of marble. One story in Oakwood begins with the name on this modest tombstone:
Surely Mr. and Mrs. Rhome named their baby boy “Romulus” in reference to the myth that the city of Rome was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus, who were suckled by a she-wolf and fed by a woodpecker. (Hey, I don’t make up this stuff.) Did this local Romulus Rhome indeed have a brother named “Remus”? Did they found a city?
The answers are “no” and “sorta.”
Let’s back up to 1835, when Romulus John Rhome was born in New York to Peter and Nancy Rhome. In 1855 the family moved to Cherokee County, Texas, and in 1857 Romulus married Missouri Robertson. In 1861 Romulus enlisted in the 1st Texas Infantry in the Confederate army and served in Hood’s brigade. Romulus fought in the first Battle of Manassas, but his health began to fail, and he was mustered out of the army.
When the war ended, for Romulus John Rhome the South was not south enough. In 1866 Romulus Rhome, his family, and possibly some former slaves moved to Santarem, Brazil. This is Romulus Rhome’s passport application.
The Rhomes were not alone in their southern migration. After the South lost the Civil War, an estimated 10,000-20,000 southerners, unwilling to live under Union rule, migrated to Brazil, many of them to Santarem on the Amazon River. Many returned to the United States after Reconstruction ended, but even today in Brazil their descendants, the Confederados, are an ethnic subgroup.
In Brazil Rhome became a successful sugarcane and tobacco farmer. He also distilled rum from his sugarcane and collected archeological artifacts of local indigenous cultures. Scribner’s magazine in 1879 printed fourteen pages on Rhome’s Taperinha plantation.
Romulus Rhome’s children, such as daughter Gita, were sent back to the States only for education. His wife, Missouri, died on the plantation in 1884. Romulus died there in 1892. One account says he was shot by rebels after the overthrow of emperor Pedro II, who had offered U.S. citizens—especially farmers—subsidies and tax breaks to immigrate.
Romulus Rhome had a brother named not “Remus” but rather . . .
Byron Crandall Rhome in 1864 married Ella Elizabeth Loftin in Cherokee County. When the Civil War began Byron, like his brother, joined the Confederate army. He enlisted in the 18th Texas Infantry in 1862 and served in General Walker’s division. Byron fought in the battles of Mansfield, Opelousas, and Pleasant Hill in Louisiana and in the Battle of Jenkins’ Ferry in Arkansas. In 1879 Byron and Ella moved to Wise County, near the settlement of Prairie Point. Prairie Point, located at the crossroads of two stagecoach routes, had been settled in the late 1850s by migrants from Missouri. By the early 1860s Prairie Point had a hotel, a school, and a post office and was the second-largest town in Wise County. But during the Civil War the area, defended only by the very young and very old, had been left vulnerable to attacks by Indians and outlaws.
By the end of the war Prairie Point was flirting with ghost town status. This Clarksville Standard article is from 1865.
But then Byron Rhome arrived in Wise County and began to breed Hereford cattle on his ranch, Hereford Park. His ranching operation was successful. And his success was Prairie Point’s success. Then came more good news for the community: In 1882 Rhome convinced the Fort Worth & Denver City Railway to lay tracks nearby. Soon the dying town of Prairie Point was back on the map. In 1883 the rejuvenated Prairie Point was renamed “Rhome” to honor the man who helped bring the railroad to town and whom the Star-Telegram called the “best-known breeder of pure Hereford cattle in the Southwest.”
A former ranch hand recalled that after the railroad came to town, Byron Rhome decided that his namesake town also needed a post office. But Byron could not convince the postmaster in Decatur to relocate to Rhome. So, finally, after a few drinks one night, Byron and some of his ranch hands drove a large wagon to Decatur, loaded the small post office building onto the wagon, and hauled it, lock, stock, and stamps, back to their town. The people of Decatur, of course, soon reclaimed their post office, but the town of Rhome got its own post office soon after.
ROMULUS JOHN RHOME
MISSOURI E. ROBERTSON
A colony site, at the town of Santerem on the Amazon River in northern Brazil, was to be long-lived. It was pioneered by Lansford Warren Hastings, a remarkable man whose exciting career reads more like fiction than truth, born in Ohio, Hastings was elected leader in 1842, of one of the first wagon trains that journeyed to Oregon. He traveled from there to California, where he saw an opportunity for leadership and power. In quest of the presidency of a California Republic, Hastings sought to bring immigrants to the West Coast of North America and then overthrow Mexican rule and establish a Republic. Hastings yearned to in the late Texas Sam Houston and to become the leader of the new nation. In a book entitled The Emigrants Guide to Oregon and California, Hastings extolled the virtues of the region and was successful in attracting hundreds of families and action he believed to be essential to his sign of independence from Mexico. Hastings are fell, however, when one group immigrants, the Donner party, was trapped by a winter storm on the way to California after following the Hastings cutoff, a shortcut recommended in the Emigrants Guide. It was said that one survivor had to be physically restrained from killing Hastings after the rescue of the remains of the wagon train. Without question the tragedy was the end of Hastings dream for political power in the American West. After serving in the Confederate Army until the end of the Civil War Hastings them to renew his stated dreams of Empire in a new colony on the Amazon.
Hastings was not long in assembling a group of 42 disaffected Alabamians, and to sail to New Orleans for Brazil on December 27, 1865, on board the schooner Neptune. Bad luck continued to talk the California entrepreneur, however, and on January 4, 1866, the ship went aground during Gail 26 miles from Havana on the coast of Cuba. After making their way to event of, the colonists dispersed with some going to Mexico, some to Florida, and some taking the guiding Star back to New Orleans, hence the Alabama. Hastings according to the newspaper account in the mobile advertiser, although feeling this calamity very sensibly, still resolute and hopefully his enterprise, and informs us that the colonists with whom he has come first, about their intentions to review the effort, after a visit to their old home friends.
Unlike other entrepreneurs who spent months planning the trip to Brazil and made every possible arrangement with the government before venturing for South America, Hastings was in no mood to delay fervor his exit from the United States. Undaunted by the wreck of the Neptune, Hastings assembly can 35 Alabamians, boarded these steamship marker, and set sail for mobile on March 26, 1866, for the Amazon. Within days of departure, however, smallpox appeared on board. Hastings ordered the return of the ship to Mobile where he immediately was placed in quantity. The sickness took the lives of 11 of the would-be immigrants, and Hastings second expedition into before her to attend.
Not to be deterred, Hastings was soon we to Brazil once more, but this time without a father. By way of you are, where he had arrived on April 28, Hastings confirmed that the Brazilian consul, pro-fighters of California’s senators introduction to persons in the province power. Hastings with New York on North America on April 30 arrived in paragraph on may 16. Provided with an interpreter, and American identified by Hastings only as Mr. Colyer, Hastings left on the steamer and Alice that same evening. Four days later, the ship docked at Santerre him, and locations which showed great promise as the side of the colonial venture. Hastings was not content to look at the countryside only around Santerre, however, and he continued his trip up the Amazon River to the analysis on may 23rd. From there, he went back down the River to Santerre and eventually to Paris.
From para, Hastings sailed for Rio de Janeiro on June 28, arriving at the capital city on July 16. There, he presented letters of introduction from government officials and parents to the Brazilian Sec. of agriculture. His business in Rio complete, Hastings sailed again for para where he was to finalize agreements of the president of the province. Once negotiations with satisfactory completed, Hastings sailed again for Santerre on the steamer Ideas along with three passengers from the Margaret named bar, Chafee, and sparks, along with Felix Demarest, from Louisiana and Texas. The men made a thorough survey of the region around Santerre. Following a dinner in honor of the prospective immigrants, one Brazilian woman expressed her heartfelt sympathy for the Americans he felt themselves constrained to abandon the homes of their fathers, and who trusted in God that they may find a home of peace and quiet to in this prosperous and happy country. At the limb, the capital of the province of para, on November 7, 1866, Hastings signed a contract with the president of para, Dr. Pedro video fellow so, validating the establishment of the colony on the Amazon. Hastings sailed for United States on November 12 arriving in New York on November 30 and mobile on December 15. Hastings claim to have traveled over 19,000 miles on the trip over 10,000 being in the Empire of Brazil.
Hastings agents were busy while he was making final provisions for his grant 60 weeks of land in Santerre, and on July 12, 1867, a total of 109 colonists boarded the steamer read complex bound for Brazil. However, upon arrival at the first port of call, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, a hint of Hastings former problems returned with adequate money was not available to pay the crew. According to one account, the United States consul at St. Thomas refused to allow the red, to continue, ordered the vessel sold to pay wages. As a result, the colonists were stranded Pattillo Hastings made arrangements with the Brazilian government for transportation to the colony site at Santerre him. Although Hastings died during this trip or on a subsequent voyage, the colony remained in place even though life there was dimmed by some as being very harsh. In 1940, however one writer was able to locate three of the original Hastings immigrants.
The Americans from the south immigrated to Brazil were no doubt sincere in their belief that it was to their best interest to the United States. Some persons that to their new surroundings almost immediately and he would have been reluctant to return to their old homes for any reason. It was quickly recognized that their decision had been a mistake and begin assembling means to return as soon as they were able to do so. Perhaps the most excellent reasons for dissatisfactions were expressed by the physician George Burns to the official Dr. of McMullen colonists. Barnsley noted the principal problems were this familiarity of language and customs, difficulties of transportation, low price for skilled labor, differences in religion, inability to vote in the sovereign, the disgust for the Brazilian idea that a man who switch from work is not a gentleman, and finally the most potent of all, that this country Brazil offers and gives nothing for the American, which he cannot get in his own country nothing worth the sacrifice of exile from his native soil and kindred. Yet Barnsley’s return to Georgia and could have remained there, but he elected to return to his adopted country. Nate McMullen, Frank McMullen’s younger brother, went back to Texas in 1872 but returned to Brazil for good with his family in 1895. There was no door to the South American nation at many former some Southerners simply cannot ignore. ------
Litoral de Santarém at the end of the 19th century.
View of part of the santareno coast at the end of the 19th century, in a photo of the Fidanza Photo. You can see, besides the beach, the houses on Commerce Street, the Municipal Market, the "caisinho" (in the dry season) and, in the background, "Morro da Fortaleza", where the ruins of the old fort the forest cover.
Located in the Ituqui area (80 km from Santarém), it is accessible by river. From Santarém, one navigates by the Tapajós river until the entrance of Lake Maicá, traveling all the way until arriving in Paraná Ayayá, where the farm is located.
Natural reserve and historical-scientific monument, the farm belonged to Barão de Santarém, An-tônio Pinto Guimarães, in the nineteenth century, who took as partner the American immigrant Romulus J. Rhome. Under the administration of Mr. Rhome, who came to reside there with his family, the property has progressed significantly, standing out among the existing ones in the mun-icipality. Frontier to the house was the mill, with steam-powered mills, novelty at the time. It was in Taperinha that the first steam boat was built in the Amazon region, which received the same name from the Fazenda.
Mr. Rhome devoted himself to doing archaeological research and, it is well known, was the first to be interested in this type of activity in Santarém. He collected the strange clay figures he found or ordered to be unearthed, such as buzzard heads, crested roosters and deer, stone axes, etc., and several exotically ornamented urns containing calcined human bones. The Rhome collection was incorporated into the Museum of Rio de Janeiro, through the American professor Charles Frederic Hartt who traveled the region on field trips.
In 1882, the Baron of Santarem died. The following year the society between the Baron and Mr. Rhome is undone, and the heirs of the Baron were in possession of the half of the sugar mill that belonged to Mr. Rhome, as well as the slaves of the property.
In 1917 the German scientist Godofredo Hagmann settled in the estate, where he installed and managed, along with his wife Júlia Hagmann and later, his daughter Érica, the first meteorological station in the Amazon, whose operation lasted until the decade of 70. To the main house, with large rooms, bedrooms and kitchen, Mr. Hagmann attached a library.
The sambaquis found on the site are quite extensive and are up to 6.5m thick. Associated with the deposits of sambaquis are ceramics, whose dating, carried out by the researcher Ana C. Roosevelt, of the Field Museum of Chicago, revealed ages approximately of 8,000 years, being one of the most important archaeological discoveries of the Amazon, since represents the oldest pottery ever found in the Americas.
Just as the Portuguese government decided to establish hereditary captaincies in the Northeast. There are indications that in the North region there were also sugar mills (only Taperinha will be approached) focused on large-scale production of spirits for marketing purposes with Europe. The real proof of these indications is that in Santarém Baron Miguel Pinto acquired from D. Pedro II the title of possession of a vast property of 42 km of area called Taperinha that means ruin, old house or quality of life according to the silvícolas. With an entrepreneurial vision, Mr. Romulus J. Rhome, one of the immigrants from the advent of American immigration, who had the capital to construct the plantation, became the partner.The property is managed by Graziela Hagmann, one of the heirs of the estate. In fact, knowing the place depends on the approval of the family, who lives in Santarém.
The studies of the archaeologist Anna Roosevelt attest that the city of Santarém was born in Taperinha. For Anna Roosevelt apud Funari (2006, 80), the Mongols arrived in the Lower Amazon between 8 and 11 thousand years ago by the Bering Strait and later gave birth to the main Amazon tribes such as the Tapajó (No Nhengatu is not pronounced plural with s). During the expeditions of Anna Roosevelt's property in 1986 and 1993, she launched as theory the fact that Taperinha is the oldest South American archaeological site due to having found monteiroeros of sambaquis, traces of ceramicstapajônica dating from 8 to 11 thousand years and mainly "tierra black "that characterizes the presence of the prehistoric man, since this one is fruit of the decomposition of organic residues deposited by the own hominids. However, the following questions remain in locus; What are the similarities and differences between taperinha and other engenhos? Was sugarcane production invested only in cachaça or also in molasses? What end did the slaves have? What is Taperinha's relationship with the cabanagem? What is the scenario of Taperinha's economic relationship with Europe? Nonetheless, we have noted the architectural and structural similarities between the Nordestinos and Taperinha mills, which, in the midst of variations, resembled: A mansion, a complex encompassed by an ingenuity, a chapel, a What are the similarities and differences between taperinha and other engenhos? Was sugarcane production invested only in cachaça or also in molasses? What end did the slaves have? What is Taperinha's relationship with the cabanagem? What is the scenario of Taperinha's economic relationship with Europe? Nonetheless, we have noted the architectural and structural similarities between the Nordestinos and Taperinha mills, which, in the midst of variations, resembled: A mansion, a complex encompassed by an ingenuity, a chapel, a What are the similarities and differences between taperinha and other engenhos? Was sugarcane production invested only in cachaça or also in molasses? What end did the slaves have? What is Taperinha's relationship with the cabanagem? What is the scenario of Taperinha's economic relationship with Europe? Nonetheless, we have noted the architectural and structural similarities between the Nordestinos and Taperinha mills, which, in the midst of variations, resembled: A mansion, a complex encompassed by an ingenuity, a chapel, a
The economic activity in Taperinha in the middle of the nineteenth century was linked to the exploitation of sugar cane for the purpose of producing the brandy, tobacco production for the specific use of the Barão de Santarém family, logging, cocoa plantation, the production of orange, cashew and cupuaçu wines, the cultivation of vegetables and legumes coated in the consumption of farm animals, as well as the cultivation of curauá, where their fibers were invested in the production of ropes and marketed in the region and elsewhere. In Taperinha the muscular blacks fed all day the great sugar mill. The plantations were in the upper part of the land, where they were cut by hand and taken to be thrown in the zinc channel that led them near the mill, which would later apply the broth in large-scale production of spirits and small-scale molasses. The fiery water was boxed and exported to Europe, already molasses, mainly to Amsterdam in Holland where it was refined and whitish in the so-called "Purgatory houses".
In addition to the Engenho there was a rustic sawmill where the most varied kinds of hardwood were explored, such as the Jacaranda, the Muiraquatiara, the Muirapixuna, and the rich Pau D'arco brown. As far as the Cabanagem in Santarém is concerned, the small passage accurately transcribes this movement in Santarém:
In early 1835 the situation was already bleak. The seditious were scattered in armed groups that assaulted settlements, farms, places, killing, devastating, plundering, ... Who could escape, flee, burying their possessions, jewels and valuables, hoping to recover them later, when the end of the civil war ... (SANTOS, 1999. p.197-198).
The historian, like any scientist, works with evidence and assumptions. [...] If he does not risk hypothesizing from assumptions, he risks repeating the already known, reaffirming the obvious, ... If, on the other hand, he abandons the evidence and allows himself to "delirious" at will, can create an interesting work of fiction [...], compromised only with the creative imagination of the author. From this we infer that in fact Taperinha was influenced by Cabanagem, where the Tupaiulândia section affirms that at the time of the revolt many farmers and elitist hid their wealth so as not to be plundered by the cabins, in the mill there was no difference other than in Alcova da mansion there was a hole that was supposedly used for such purposes of prevention against the rebels. There is striking evidence - at least verbal - that the Engenho served as a strategic point for interception of food and communications between the huts of the interior of the Tapajós, where the military garrison was sent to the region by the 1st judge of the Comarca de Santarém, Dr. Joaquim Rodrigues de Sousa. It can not be said exactly whether the garrison suffered defeat, but it can be inferred that it succeeded at the end of the "popular" movement, where it succeeded in repressing the rebels. It is noteworthy that in 1883, the society between Rhome and the Baron was undone, because of his death, and the planters and slaves were divided by their descendants. From this, many of Taperinha's slaves were brought and sold in Santarém, others offered the festivities of N. Sra. of Conceição,
When there is previous contact, groups, especially students, usually explore the property. The place has all the characteristics for the development of scientific tourism, but also the adventure. After a walk of several minutes you can reach a very high point, seen as a gazebo, which provides a privileged view of the entire region of Ituqui, as well as nearby lakes and even the Amazon River. With a little physical conditioning and the help of a tour guide gives you to know part of the forest. The walk can be arranged in an igarapé bath, which serves to refresh the body and prepare the trip back.
The boat is the most used means of transport to reach the place, but during the summer the access is also by car, facing, of course, the difficulties of the road of beaten ground. It is, without doubt, a must-see.
Traces of the Mill of Taperinha Engenho
THE COMPANY OF THE BARON OF SANTARÉM WITH ROMNIUS 1 RHOME AND THE FARM TAPERÍNHA
THE SOCIETY OF BARÃO DE SANTARÉM COM
ROMULUS J. RHOME AND THE TAPERINHA FARM.
Source: Taperinha: history of natural history research carried out on a farm in the region of Santa-rém, Pará, in the XIX and XX centuries / Nelson Papavero;William L. Overal, organizers - Belém: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 2011, p.43.44, 45.46, 47, 48, 49, 50 and 51.
National, Commander and Dignitary of the Imperial Order of the Rose [cf. Fig. 4.31; 4, 3 'and 20 (from July 31, 1855 to July 1856, May 16 to November 8, 1869, and November 5 from 1872 to 18 April 1873) Vice-President of the Province, and in 1871 he was awarded the title of Baron de Santarém ... As a politician, he always militated in the ranks of the Conservative Party, taking over the leadership from 1848 ... This illustrious vario succumbed in the dawn of August 16 of this year, the same day in which was completed 19 months after the death of her shaken consort. He leaves eight children, three of whom are still younger. "He has four reports published (Guimarães (MAP), 1855, 1869a, 1869b, 1873).
According to Meira. (1976: 7), "Having begun his life poorly, fishing to survive, and then becoming the owner of many fishing vessels, and later as owner of farms in Prainha [cf. Sánchez 1998: 226, note 541 , in Monte Alegre in Alenquer, cacauais, sugar plantations [Taperinha], rubber plantations and native and wild rubber plantations, became an absolutely rich man, to the point of leaving for the children of the wife who had Baroness, a good beginning of life, apart from the jewels of his wife who were count-less gems that touched the six legitimate daughters. "
He had a brother, Manoel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, who had died before him. In the cemetery of Santarém this is his tomb, next to the tombs of the Baron and the Baroness of Santarém [photo in 4ª. of pages of unnumbered figures, between pp. 320 and 321 of Meira's book, 1976].
Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães married, on January 16, 1845, with D. Maria Luíza Pereira [born on January 6, 1828] [Fig. 4.4], daughter of Pedro José de Bastos and D. Maria Francisca Pereira, orig-inally from the Vila de Viana, Freguezia do Monte, Archbishopric of Braga, Portugal, then deceased, in the Church of Our Lady of Conception, in the town of Santarém.
The famous naturalist Henry Walter Bates, who met him in 1851, on his second visit to Santarem, on which occasion he took three and a half years, thus referred to him (1863, 1944: 10): to the small crimes of his fellow citizens, but he is very respected. A nation can not be despised, whose best men can rise to positions of trust and command. "
Avé-Lallemant (1860,1980: 76) also praised the Baron, who came to know in 1859: "The arrival of the steam boat was the main event in Santarém, and everyone was looking at the Marajó. Upon landing, I was able to give the recipients the letters that would facilitate access to Santarém, one for the comp-any's agent, Mr. Joaquim Rodrigues dos Santos, another for the lieutenant colonel and commander, Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, one of the men of great prestige in the province and the first in Santarém.
They would gladly have filled me with every possible kindness, but our fleeting permanence did not give me time for this. Both were very pleasing to me by the frank obsequiousness.
I was particularly interested in the old commander, Portuguese by birth [two inaccuracies: Pinto Guimarães was 50 or 51 years old at the time, but, as Bates had said, he was early gray; and he was a native of Santarém], a man who made himself and who, as I was told, had begun his career in the Tapajós, driving his own canoe, in which his personal tapuia gave himself to fishing. He had accum-ulated a fortune of 300,000 thalers, with such a simple industry which is certainly not easy. Its beginning and its end honors the old [sic], which seemed to me envied by many. "
Avé-Lalleman then devotes a few lines to the site of the future Barão de Santarém (Figs 4.5 and 4.6), currently located in the center of the city of Santarém, on the street Senador Lameira Bittencourt (former merchants' street):
"The house, on the banks of the Tapajós [sic: of Amazonas], is magnificent, with seven front windows on the ground floor, the rooms are clean and well-furnished, and in the living room you can see a vertical piano. very well arranged, and without the fagot staff in the house, it would be considered not to be in Brazil, not to mention the Tapajós. "
The three-storey house had the ground-level facilities for trade and / or the quarters of servants, slaves, and travelers, whose access to the street is through six single, wide doors, as well as a main door. The second and third floors were intended for the owner's and his family's quarters. Amorim (2000: 1581-59) gives more details of the diverse destinies that had this splendid building after the death of the Baron.
If the "mill" referred to by Bates (see above) is really the Taperinha Engenho, then we have here the minimum date (1850) in which he passed from the hands of José Joaquim Pereira do Lago, or his heirs, to the Manuel Antônio Pinto Guimarães. As for the name "Taperinha", it will only appear in literature in 1870, in the work of Hartt (see chapter 7).
After the arrival of the confederates in Santarém, Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães formed a partner-ship with Mr. Romulus John Rhome, for the development of Taperinha Mill. Romulus John Rhome was born on March 7, 183 in Frankfort, Herkimer, New York, the second son of Peter Gremps and Nancy Almira Crandall Rhome (whose first daughter, Elizabeth Clarinda Rhome, was also born in Frankfort, Heridmer, NY , on March 15, 1833 and died on February 28, 1920). By the year 1837 his family had settled in Richmond, Virginia, where, on November 22, 1837, his brother Byron Crandall Rhomne was born. The Rhome family, in the year 1840, was in Camak, Warren, Georgia, where their daughter Almira Georgia Rhome was born (August 3, 1840: died March 13, 1863). After the death of Mrs. Rhome, on August 25, 1840, in Camak, the family moved to Jacksonville, Cherokee County, in the Chartered, in the early 1850s.
Peter G. Rhome was very successful economically and became a large landowner and operated a mer-chant company in Jacksonville.
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Peter was the representative of Cherokee County at the Secession Convention. Romulus J. Rhome enlisted in the 1st Texas Infantry in the spring of 1861 as Second Lieutenant, and served in General Lee's "Hood's Brigade." He participated in the first Battle of Man-assas. For being sick, she had to return to Texas. Byron enlisted in the 18th Texas Infantry, Company K, of Jacksonville (Cherokee County, Texas), in July, 1862. He served in the General Walker Division in the Trans Mississippi Department, spending the war years in Louisiana and in Arkansas: began his service as First Sergeant, then was elected Second Lieutenant and then promoted to First Lieute-nant. He was injured at the Battle of Opelousas but continued on active duty until the 18th was dispersed in Hempstead, Texas,
Romulus was married at an unknown date to Missouri Robertson Rhome, and the two decided to emigrate to Brazil in 1865, to settle in Santarém, Pará.
Byron Crandall Rhome married Ella Elizabeth Loftin on August 31, 1864, in Cherokee County. In 1876 he moved to Wise County, where he started to raise Hereford cattle at his ranch. His wife passed away in 1879, probably from a typhoid fever. Byron Crandall Rhome died on November 10, 1919, in Fort Worth, Tarrant, Texas.
Undoubtedly the most successful of the Confederate settlers, Romulus John Rhome dedicated himself at the Taperinha Farm to various activities. Of him said Guilhon (1979: 181-185): "At the root of the Taperinha mountain range, on the banks of the Ayayá River, the Baron de Santarém had a large settle-ment situated on a vast expanse of land that measured for square miles.With the advent of American immigration, he took him as a partner to one of the immigrants under the dynamic and efficient administration of Mr. Rhome, who came to reside there with his small family, the property knew its most flourishing days and progressed, surpassing, after some time, all other existing in the muni-cipality.
The large dwelling house was covered with tiles and frontier to it was the mill. The taperinha mills were steam powered. At that time there were several mills scattered in the region, but this type was novelty and was the most powerful of all. It moved with the waters of weir, brought by a long artificial channel [cf. Fig. 20.361. As in other American plantations, most sugarcane juice was distilled in cach-aça. Mr. Rhome soon improved the sugar evaporators by predicting that this production would become quite profitable.
Muscled blacks fed all day the great mill of letter [Cf. Fig. 9.31 and carrying the bagasse. The planta-tions were on the high ground. The cane was cut by hand and taken up in b0 car. There she was thrown into the gutter that led to the mill. This large wooden gutter descended in the shape of a half horseshoe and ended near the. mill house It was about 400 feet tall.
Beyond the mill there was a sawmill. The most splendid woods grew in the neighborhood. There was the jacaranda, the muirapixuna that looked like iron, and the rich brown duck. Of all the muiraqua-tiara stood out, striped black and yellow. All were polished exceptionally, and some were so hard and tough that they were advantageously used in place of iron and copper. In the sawmill, even the roof was set in fine hardwood, just as all the machinery was mounted on marvelous woods rich in color.
In Taperinha, besides the own products of the mill, also excellent wines of orange, cacao, cane, cashew, etc. were manufactured. The corn, the rice, the beans, the tobacco, the cassava, the cacao were also grown there. Under the direction of Mr. Rhome the plantations were developed with the aid of the plow. It was very beautiful the view of the sugar cane stretching for more than half a mile on all sides.
Everything that was consumed in Taperinha was produced there. Fish and turtles abounded in the lakes. The hunt was full and varied. The fruit was made of various kinds of wine, and to top it all, even the cigarettes were made from the fragrant Taperinha tobacco. In fact, there were about fifteen or twenty men on the estate who were exclusively engaged in the preparation of tobacco by local proces-ses [Cf. FIGS. 9.4 and 9.5].
Mr. Rhome built a bathhouse where one could swim in the cemented pool and take a shower bath with one hundred gallons per minute.
Mr. Rhome's greatest distraction was to collect the strange clay figures he encountered or ordered to be unearthed.They were easily found throughout the region. For years he was dedicated to do arch-aeological research and, it is known, was the first to be interested in this type of activity in Santa-rém. So he was able to gather buzzard heads, crested and barked roosters, stone axes, etc., and several exotically ornamented urns containing calcined human bones. For a long time, the tribe of the Tapajos had inhabited the ravines that border the river and which were intensely populated. The sophisticated pottery, however, say the experts, is more than certain to have belonged to another people, of superior culture, much older than the Tapajós and until today unknown.
The American professor Charles Frederic Hartt [see Chapter 71, who toured the region on a study tour], became deeply interested in that taperinha dish, soon recognizing the importance of the disco-very. Later, the Rhome collection was incorporated into the collection of the National Museum, through Prof. Hartt. Many years later, as a result of strong floods, in the city of Santarém, much more valuable and beautiful pieces were unearthed, resembling the Mayan and Inca ceramics: idols, vases and urns, which until today are challenging deciphering as to their origin and history of the people who produced them.
In 1882, the Baron of Santarem died, of whom Mr. Rhome was a partner. A few days after this fact, Mr. Rhome had the following denial published in the newspaper of Santarém, probably because of some news circulating in the small town:
"It is utterly false that there was never the slightest disagreement between my very mournful friend the venerable Mr. Barão de Santarém and the undersigned, referring to our society at Engenho Taperinha.
It is equally false and slanderous, that I have demanded the large sums from which it was proclaimed, as the balance of accounts of the social form; for which, they say, I have asked for the intervention of my consul and adjusted lawyer in the capital.
It is finally false that there were never any motives during the years of my residence in Santarém to complain to me of the lightest of any member of the illustrious family of that meritorious elder, for whom I have only expressions of grateful acknowledgment and high appreciation.
Serve, therefore, these lines of denial to the vis slanderers. "(Jornal" O Baixo Amazonas ", No. 36, 16.ix.1882).
Finally, in April 1883, the inventor of the late Baron made public by the same newspaper that he had liquidated the industrial society that the deceased had signed with Mr. Rhome at the Taperinha mill, at the rate of Pinto & Rhome, acquiring by purchase for the heirs of the Baron was the domain of half of the estate belonging to Mr. Rhome, as well as the slaves of the estate.
Missouri Robertson Rhome, wife of Romulus John Rhome, died in Santarem on February 23, 1884. The couple had only two children, Romulus John Rhome Jr. and Byron Rhome. The former was perhaps married, for there are references to 'probably daughters of one of them, in Pastor Henning-ton's diary. Romulus Jr. died tragically in a firearm accident in 1887. Mr. Rhome also died in Santarém on July 9, 1892. The following year, his son Byron went to the United States, probably for ever , since all his family in Brazil was extinct. As with others, the name Rhome disappeared from Santarem be-cause of the lack of male descendants.
Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, the future Baron of Santarém (Figs 4.2 and 4.3) (Vasconcelos & Vasconc-elos, 1918; Meira, 1976) was born in Vila de Santarém (Fig. 4.11, in Pará, on June 8, 1808, with his parents Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães (whom we have already seen in chapter 2, receiving in sesmaria the island of Ituqui) and D. Tereza Joaquina de Jesus. Of small stature (perhaps a meter and a half, and no more), it was endowed with extraordinary energy and great work capacity. The first time he heard of his name, according to Meira (1976: 9), when he was only 23, he attended a meeting called by the military com-mander, João Batista da Silva, sergeant-general of the 4th Infantry Regiment of the 2nd Line of the Army, on September 16, 1831, to deal with the defense of Santa-rém, still a village, against the factious partisans of canon Batista Campos who had revolted. This advice was from all the official garrison authorities, merchants and farmers, who were truly threatened in their life and in their patrimony. According to his obituary, publish-ed in the newspaper Baixo Amazonas, year XI, no. 33, dated August 17, 1882 (in Meira, 1976: 11): "Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães [was] invested in the com-mand of the corps of workers, who was later exting-uished, and thereafter served collectively Provincial Legislative Assembly, in the legislatures of 1852 and 1868, Deputy to the General Assembly in the legislature of 1855, Colonel Commander Superior of the Guard
Figura 4.2. Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, Barão de Santarém.
Figura 4.3. Miguel Antônio Pinto Guimarães, Barão de Santarém, em idade mais provecta.
Figura 4.4. A Baronesa de Santarém (Maria Luíza Pereira)
Figura 4.6. Vista do Solar do Barão de Santarém, em 1932.
Figura 4.5. Vista do solar do Barão de Santarém (com três andares), em Santarém.
AN AMERICAN COLONY IN BRAZIL
What Newspaper published this? When? Was the Brazilian Reflector and English Language paper in Rio or somewhere in the U.S?
Letter from the Southerner to the Brazilian Paper - Personally Interesting to the Home Friends of the Colonials.
The following letter we take from the Brazilian Reflector, a journal published at Rio Janeiro in the interests of the Confederate Colonists. It could be found exceedingly interesting.
SANTAREM, ON THE AMAZON, August, 1868
To the Editor of the Brazilian Reflector:
Dear Sir – I take the liberty of writing to you, on the ground that your paper is benevolently inclined, and I believed it to be an act of charity to help us poor Southerners in giving publications to our appeals to brother exiles. I supposed, too, that you would like yourself to know something of us, so far away on the banks of Amazon, outside, almost of the pale of civilization, buried in the deep recesses of the Amazonian wilds. Our means of communication with Rio de Janeiro, and other parts of Brazil south of Rio are so devious and uncertain that we seldom endeavor to give our scattered countrymen in the south any news of ourselves.
Reports, too, from your part of Brazil to ours are so very unfavorable; that we fear almost, that you would consider us as exulting and triumphant should we inform you of our success. True, this success has not been very great, still, to most of us, it must been sufficient, and we are satisfied. We had succeeded in an humble way, and have barely supported ourselves as yet we have not had time to do more. We have all done the work ourselves - none of us had the money to hire workmen.
As the matter of course, men who were never accustomed to hard bodily labor could not be expected to open large plantations in a new months, but as much as could have been rationally expected as been done. Some are now being as well as they lived in the United States before the War. Dr. Pitts, a Tennessean, for example, leaps a first-rate table, and buys nothing but carne secca.
Only last Sunday I visited him. I found him well, and in high spirits, but his wife was not perfectly satisfied. She told me, what I think explains her slight dissatisfaction, that it had been seven weeks since she had seen an American lady’s face. The doctor had planted sweet potatoes, several varieties of beans, and peas, pumpkins, green corn, cucumber, (illegible), and a kind of squash that was very delicious.
He had also plenty of tomatoes and water melons.
The doctor’s garden is not an exception; others have better. Mr. Rhome, at the place called “Taperinha,” can add to the doctor’s behalf far by giving real hot “syrup de batons” just taken from the kettle, and good battered (illegible – probably chicken), butter and milk, and all the different ripened fruits for dessert.
Messrs. Vaughn, [original spelling] Riker, and Weatherly are doing well, have good crops growing, and are very hopeful. Mr. Vaughn has a great deal of tobacco growing, and is very busy just now in putting it up in salable shape.
Notwithstanding the stampede made by the large portion of Major Hasting’s colonies, we are welcoming, by almost every steamer, every new addition to our colony. But a shot had been, the Rev. R. T Hennington and family, Mr. B. Spurlock and family, Dr. S. F. Stroope and family arrived here, accompanied by Messrs. P. Norman and John P. Massey.
Mr. Hennington is from Mississippi; Mr. Spurlock is lately from Texas, Dr. Stroope of Arkansas, and the two young men from Mississippi.
Mr. Hennington has bought out Mr. xxxx, (ILLEGIBLE) an old settler, and is now living at his place. Dr. Stroope, too, has already settled within the colonial limits.
Judge J. B. Mendenhall from Alabama, with his family, are close neighbors to Mr. Hennington [original spelling] and are well satisfied. The Judge has great faith in his tobacco crop, and I think has reason for it. His little son George brought a cartload of vegetables to town some how days ago and sold them to the steamers.
Mr. E. S. Wallace came to town last Saturday with a large canoe load of corn for all, and made arrangements for selling some 2000 hands of corn he had still remaining from his first crop. He sold it, I believe, for one Real, or sixteen cents a hand of fifty ears. And American cotton grows well here, but none of us have the means to operate extensively in that article. If some capitalist were to come here he could make money raising cotton. Tobacco paid luxuriantly, and large proceeds will be realized from it even in this year.
General Dobbins, Col. Menefee, Dr. Jones and family, Dr. Carter and family, and Col. Charles M. Broome, are all settled up on the Tapajos, two or three days trip from Santarem. Dr. Carter told me he had a stock of American cotton with 250 bolls on it. Cotton (American) does not grow here any taller than in the States, but grows much more luxuriantly. They are comfortable settled and, I believe, determined to stay. Mr. P. O. Chaffier has, they say, 16,000 tobacco plants, which he himself tends, and which bid fair to yield him good returns.
My father, Captain S. L. McGee, bought an Eugenio de assucar (sugar mill) near the city of Para. I visited him but shortly since and found him busy in distilling cachaca. My mother and sister were well satisfied and no course lecturing can induce them to return to their “Vaterland”.
There are some Americans living in town. Rev. Mr. Harvey has a school here and is teaching English. He has thirty or forty scholars, and I believe, is an flourishing circumstances.
We are expecting a good many persons from the States here, Captain Mathews from Mobile is daily expected and many others. Our colony (and we wish to be distinctly understood), is not “played out”. On the contrary, it faded, but to bloom again with more enticing fairness. So we think.
We are here and not in deplorable circumstances, and we will be glad to welcome here any brother in misfortune who may see fit to visit our shores.
And allow me, until another occasion to bid you “au revoir”.
Jos. L. McGee | <urn:uuid:77f1afc1-78c6-4e7e-aa9e-68f61f6928ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.os-confederados.com/sub-santerem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.974768 | 16,794 | 3 | 3 |
About Trimbakeshwar Temple
Trambakeshwar (Trimbakeshwar) is an ancient Hindu temple in the town of Trimbak, in the Nashik District of Maharashtra, India, 28 km from the city of Nashik. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is one of the twelve Jyotirlingaas. There is a mountain named “Bramhagiri”, which is the part of Sahyadri mountain ranges. Trimbakeshwar is situated in the valley of Bramhagiri. Bramhagiri is the origin of sacred river Godavari. This is a beautiful natural place with cold weather as it is situated 3000 ft. above sea level.
It is located at the source of the Godavari River, the longest river in peninsular India. The Godavari River, which is considered sacred within Hinduism, originates from Bramhagiri mountains and meets the sea near Rajahmudry. Kushavarta, a kund is considered the symbolic origin of the river Godavari, and revered by Hindus as a sacred bathing place.
Read More > | <urn:uuid:acbd1fc7-c02a-4391-8ac9-9a62d8846803> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://kalsarpapooja.in/english/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.955127 | 237 | 2.546875 | 3 |
You Can Listen to This Article Here
Basic G-Code Programming for CNC Routers
CNC routers are widely used in the industry for precision cutting and carving various materials. To program these machines to create the desired shapes and patterns, G-Code must be used.
Learning the ins and outs of G-code can be daunting, but it’s a necessary skill for anyone using a CNC router. This blog post will cover the basics of CNC programming in G-code, from creating simple shapes to more complex ones. By the end, you’ll know enough to start building your projects!
G-Code is a programming language that controls computerized machine tools, such as lathes, mills, and routers. Machines that can read G-Code instructions are able to perform a wide variety of tasks, such as cutting and shaping metal or plastic parts.
It is used mainly in computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and 3D printing to create simple and complex shapes. G-code consists of commands understood by CNC (computer numerical control) machines or 3D printers. These commands tell the machine what movements to make, speed, and tool to use.
G-code can be generated by engineers or CNC (computer numerical control) programmers or used in conjunction with CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) software to create parts with precise dimensions.
When using a CAM program, the user inputs the desired task into the software, and the software generates the corresponding G-code. The G-code is then loaded onto the machine, which reads and executes the commands. The benefit of using G-code is that it allows devices to be controlled automatically, increasing efficiency and accuracy.
While G-Code is mainly used in industrial applications, it is also increasingly being used by hobbyists and DIY enthusiasts to create everything from simple signs and engravings to complex three-dimensional sculptures.
A G-Code program has three main parts: the header, the body, and the footer.
The header contains information about the program, such as the author, date, and machine type. This information is not essential for the execution of the code, but it can be helpful for reference purposes.
The body is where the actual commands are written. Each order must be on its line and must start with a capital letter. The most common commands are G (for motion), M (for miscellaneous), and T (for the tool).
the letter “G” instructs the machine to move in a straight line, while the letter “M” instructs it to act such as turning on a spindle. The number following the letter indicates the speed at which the machine should move or the specific action that it should perform.
For example, G01 would be used for linear motion, while M03 would turn on the spindle motor. In addition to letters and numbers, G-code programs can also contain symbols that tell the machine how to interpret the instructions. For example, a character might say to the device whether to move in inches or millimeters. By combining these different elements, G-code programs can be used to control a wide variety of CNC machines.
The footer contains information about how the program should end. This can include stopping the spindle, returning to the home position, or ejecting the finished part from the machine. As with the header, this information is not essential for executing the code.
Although there are many different variants of G-Code, most CNC routers use a subset of commands based on the original EIA RS-274 specification. If you’re new to CNC programming, creating a basic G-Code program can seem daunting. However, with a bit of practice, it’s not difficult to get the hang of the basics.
The first step is to decide what tool you’ll use and what motion you want it to follow. For example, if you’re using a drill bit, you’ll need to specify the drill bit diameter, feed rate, and spindle speed. Once you’ve decided on the tool and motion, you can start writing your G-Code program.
Each line of code consists of a letter (which indicates the command type) followed by a number (which specifies the value). For example, the “G” code for drilling is “G05,” which tells the machine to move in a straight line at a constant speed. The “F” code defines the feed rate, which determines how fast the tool moves; a lower feed rate results in a slower movement.
Creating a G-code program for a CNC router is relatively simple once you understand the basic concepts. Next, you need to determine the size and placement of the object on the material you’ll be machining. Once you figure out those two things, you can start creating your G-code program.
When creating a G-code program, the most important thing to remember is correctly to specify each tool movement’s X, Y, and Z axis coordinates. If you do not properly specify the coordinates, the router will not be able to create the desired shape. | <urn:uuid:e888a3f2-c063-4296-b7ad-deb9006aa1e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.internetvibes.net/2022/07/20/basic-g-code-programming-for-cnc-routers-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.904348 | 1,070 | 3.953125 | 4 |
“... what humankind will ever know is but a small island among a vast sea of unknowing and mystery, The edges of the island will shift as new things are learnt and old things are forgotten, but mystery remains huge and overwhelming and touches us everywhere, wherever we look.”
"I don’t even know very much about God. God by definition is beyond our knowing: a vast, silent emptiness. We may sense God’s presence from time to time. We may believe that Jesus has shown us something of his nature, sufficient of God’s nature, even. But, in another sense, however true that may be, God will always remain beyond our knowing.”
“So, maybe we could usefully learn to approach all of life with a sense of mystery, wonder and reverence. It might usefully teach us a little humility.”
[The God You Already Know, pp95-96]
The two previous blogs about the Bishop of Durham have attracted a lot of interest – 1,650 hits yesterday, a variety of comments here, a Fulcrum Forum thread. Some TEC members are relieved to discover an English group prepared to be openly critical of a bishop whose views are problematic for them. Some conservatives have leapt to Durham’s defence and attacked CA. One person thinks +Tom Wright and the Archbishop of Canterbury are friends and +Tom must therefore be accurately expressing what the Archbishop truly thinks. Some have accused us of attacking +Tom Wright.
I very carefully referred to the Bishop of Durham and never to +Tom Wright. I know that in naming and writing about individuals, I risk causing them emotional hurt, much as I am hurt by what some people write about me. I distinguish between criticism of me and Changing Attitude, and between the writings of +Durham and +Canterbury (which articulate what the person thinks and feels in the role of bishop) and Tom Wright and Rowan Williams, people inhabiting roles who may have different personal thoughts and feelings.
I am not a friend of +Tom Wright. We met just once, at a Fulcrum Conference two years ago. He wasn’t very interested in me. I thought of various reasons why he might not have responded as I would have liked: he was preoccupied with other thoughts; I’m small fry compared with him; I represent a view and a reality he disapproves of; I’m not worth talking with. Whatever the reason, I was disappointed. Personal conversations are nearly always beneficial and often change perceptions on both sides.
I do count myself a friend of +Rowan Williams. We have known each other for 30 years. Not a pop-round-for-tea friend but a friend who always greets me warmly and communicates pleasure when we meet.
Personal relationships and encounter are at the heart of God and should be at the heart of the Anglican Communion. I am primarily a heart, not a head person. +Tom Wright comes across as a head person, +Rowan Williams much more as a heart person. Human bodies need hearts as well as heads, and so does the Anglican Communion.
Head people feel more comfortable living inside an intellectual, rational framework, one in which there can be correct and incorrect, accurate and less accurate, interpretations of scripture. Heart people are more likely to be living on a small island surrounded by mystery and emotions, sometimes huge and overwhelming, touching us wherever we are and wherever we look.
I fear that the campaign being waged by the self-proclaimed majority in the Anglican Communion – ACNA, FOCA, GAFCON, Anglican Mainstream, Reform, VirtueOnline, Stand Firm etc. - is being organised and driven primarily by head people. I know it isn’t as easy as a simple division between head and heart Christians – we are all a combination of both – but how else to explain the judgmental attitudes and adherence to rules that characterises those driving towards schism?
In my ideal world, we would all be better off if we allowed more space for the heart, for mystery, humility and unknowing. There would be a greater reluctance to make concrete judgments about people or over-define our experience of God.
I wonder whether the Archbishop of Canterbury’s Reflections on GC09 with which I feel very unhappy, are a reflection of the potential breaking apart of the Communion, a prospect about which +Rowan Williams feels very unhappy. The more critical stance may reflect the difficulty the person inhabiting the role of Archbishop and the person of +Rowan Williams have in holding inner conflicts together, a break down between head and heart in which head seems to have taken greater control.
To resolve these tensions, the Archbishop opts for the needs of the Communion expressed so forcibly by the conservative faction over and above the needs of the Church of God that lives in the mystery of unknowing and dares to model radical justice, inclusive love and an unconditional welcome for LGBT people and The Episcopal Church.
I would experience such inner conflicts as intolerable. Dr Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury, is charged with holding these conflicts together and steering us through choppy, turbulent waters to a new, yet-to-be-imagined place where all are welcomed, respected and honoured, whatever our differences. This is the place to which the Holy God is calling ALL OF US. If only we could learn to approach all of life with a sense of mystery, wonder and reverence. It might indeed usefully teach us a little humility. | <urn:uuid:a7fa1271-b95b-47a2-b6da-200a08d08773> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://changingattitude-england.blogspot.com/2009/08/cloud-of-unknowing-living-with-mystery.html?showComment=1250095130157 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962692 | 1,141 | 1.539063 | 2 |
What Is Woodworking?
Woodworking suggests a great deal of points, yet here’s fairly dull definition I generated that most hobbyists will probably agree with
Woodworking is a productive craft that involves cutting, shaping, as well as signing up with wood to develop ornamental and/or beneficial boat bookcase woodworking plans things.
There is nothing literally requiring concerning woodworking and also you can develop at your very own pace. The fundamental principles are easy to find out, yet it’s a pastime that will always continue to be fresh and also tough as your skills progress. If you enjoy problem-solving, you will love woodworking. I have actually been at this for over 40 years and face brand-new obstacles with every task I develop.
It becomes part of the procedure. It’s also compensating to generate truly cool stuff for your residence utilizing your hands as well as brain. Generally, woodworking is a really solitary experience: if you are a bit shy as well as love handling jobs throughout, you will like woodworking.
That Are Woodworkers?
There made use of to be two stereotypes of woodworkers. The cranky shop educator that taught an actually dull class to children who didn’t want to exist, and also the retired grandpa that puttered about in his garage with a lot of time to develop a periodic birdhouse.
Thankfully, those stereotypes are no more real. There is more diversity in woodworking currently than in the past, thanks to online areas and the price of devices as well as products.
In the past 10 years there has been a massive surge in two teams of people making woodworking a leisure activity. Initially, women. It wasn’t that long ago when a female woodworker was uncommon. Today, females woodworkers are prevalent. There is nothing regarding woodworking that anybody can not do.
The second big demographic spike has been amongst millennials, people in their 20s as well as 30s. I learn through people constantly that work in silicon valley or simply have some kind of office job and feel the requirement to make things with their hands.
What’s The Distinction Between A “Maker” And A “WoodWorker”?
A manufacturer is a relatively brand-new term that has surfaced in the past decade approximately. It’s an all-encompassing term for people who like to meddle different crafts. This can suggest a little woodworking, metalworking, epoxying, concreting, computer system programming, electronic devices, 3D printing, cooking, embroidery, knitting, precious jewelry making, sculpting, ceramics, robotics, also having fun with Legos. So basically, we are all makers.
A woodworker is a manufacturer that is mostly thinking about finding out and also fine-tuning the craft of producing things out of wood. Often we bring other materials into our jobs, yet the emphasis gets on the timber. It’s an economical, ageless material that’s easy to construct with.
Ted’s 16,000 Woodworking Plans
I have actually had my eye on Ted’s 16,000 woodworking plans for a long time.
It seemed also excellent to be true. Despite the fact that I’m not a serious woodworker, I figured if I made one or a few of the projects from the set it would be money well invested.
My interest got the very best of me. I bit the bullet as well as bought it. They supply a reimbursement so I figured if it was totally pointless I might request my refund.
Is is also excellent to be true?
Not actually. It’s respectable. It’s not excellent, but it’s great.
Several of the plans are so poor yet are consisted of just to intensify the sales pitch of “16,000” plans.
And then several of the plans are terrific. Some are all right. I’m not amazed it’s not ideal. It’s a large collection and also mishmash of various plans for all kinds of products.
Below’s the attitude you must have if you get Ted’s Woodworking. Approve the fact you will not such as every strategy. Actually, accept you will most likely not do 90% or more of them for any type of variety of factors such as the plans are bad and/or they aren’t tasks you want to construct.
BUT, minority plans that you do like which are suitable top quality, if you construct them, will certainly be make the price of this electronic collection of woodworking plans worth it.
That should purchase Ted’s Woodworking?
This is for individuals that such as DIY jobs. Most of the plans are classified “novice”, “intermediate” or “sophisticated” which is useful.
Even if you’ve never constructed anything or done any type of woodworking, this is a pretty good set of plans to get going with due to the fact that there are novice projects consisted of.
You can build all sort of stuff for your home. See the listing of plan classifications listed below.
At the end of the day, if you do the strange do it yourself task or dabble in woodworking, this is a suitable set of strategies to have in your supply.
Concerning the Product
I have not counted to see if there are 16,000 plans, but I validate there are a lot of them.
Fortunately they are well arranged so you can discover specifically what you’re looking for.
Ted’s Woodworking is provided as a PDF download. It’s really a series of PDF downloads (see plan categories over).
However, you can also buy the DVD edition however it sets you back an additional $19.95 (I really did not pay $19.95 for the DVD version).
Some great woodworking strategies: Undoubtedly if a strategy is something you wish to develop as well as the plan is outlined sufficient to make sure that you can finish the project it’s excellent.
Nonetheless, several of the tasks are old and the plans are poor high quality … so bad you’ll possibly simply ignore them.
On the and also side, there are lots of superb tasks worth structure. As an example, the loft bed strategy above is excellent (one of lots of).
Well Organized: I was eliminated after buying Ted’s Woodworking that I really did not have to look through hundreds of PDF pages. Rather, Ted at least place some initiative into arranging the strategies in several groups. This made locating some respectable plans extremely easy.
Actually, the participants’ area is truly easy to use and also well arranged.
Good value for money: One or two completed jobs from this item makes it worth the money. I have no doubt I’ll get my cash’s well worth over time as well as I’ve yet to have a look at every single plan consisted of. I’ve located enough quality projects that I recommend the product value provided it’s relatively affordable.
Cost: It’s not very costly. Given that it’s an electronic download, you do not have to pay for an expensive book, which is wonderful.
Motivation: One advantage of there being so many strategies is just by combing with the plans I generated brand-new task concepts I had not considered previously.
Some awful plans: Regrettably a few of the plans are terrible which implies you need to invest time filtering through the negative strategies. I would certainly favor an item with less plans with every one be excellent quality.
Woodworking Video clips: These are a joke. Thankfully it’s just an incentive so I didn’t care. I think these weaken the product. The video clips are primarily from YouTube. Ted merely combed with YouTube searching for woodworking video clips and put them in the members’ location. I looked into a few of the videos and also they weren’t worth viewing.
In general, I’m satisfied. I found a number of tasks worth doing and also the plans were adequately described that I ‘d be able to build them.
It’s a wonderful supply to have on hand even though I have no prompt requirement. If ever I wish to develop something, I have an excellent set of strategies to have a look at. | <urn:uuid:a13c5be8-192d-48c3-8808-86212317539e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.redfoxcountryinn.com/boat-bookcase-woodworking-plans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.96731 | 1,778 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Nagpur: Ganesh Chaturthi is round the corner, and like every year Green Vigil Foundation, has geared up for the preparation of Ganesh Visarjan to fight for the conservation of city lakes. To start with, Green Vigil monitored the condition of lakes namely Sonegaon, Gandhisagar and Futala by conducting Pre- Ganpati Visarjan water monitoring program, in association with World Water Federation, an NGO undertaking water monitoring program of surface water bodies to analyze its quality across the Globe.
Green Vigil Foundation has been surveying water quality of lakes of the city since 2012.The survey consists of monitoring of lake water throughout the year including Pre & Post Ganpati visarjan , Post Devi visarjan. The water monitoring program aims to analyze the impact of Ganesh & Devi visarjan on lakes and subsequent rejuvenating capacity of lakes.
The test consisted of monitoring of basic parameters like Dissolved Oxygen (DO), turbidity and pH levels to analyze the quality of water. Dissolved oxygen, the most important parameter refers to the presence of oxygen in dissolved form to the aquatic organisms, indicating good health of the water body. The Dissolved oxygen ( DO) level was found to be 5, 4 and 4-4.5 mg / L at Sonegaon, Gandhisagar and Futala Lake respectively. The lowest DO level is observed at Futala , which is already low and Ganpati Visarjan will lead to further dip in DO level. DO level going down below 2 mg/ L might result in collapse of aquatic ecosystem including death of fishes.
Another parameter accountable to study water quality is turbidity, which refers to the presence of suspended solids in water. The study showed 50-55, 70 and 50-70 JTU turbidity at Sonegaon, Gandhisagar and Futala Lake respectively. Sonegaon lake though seems fairly comfortable with 5 mg/l Dissolved Oxygen but present water availability in lake is too less. Incase, the water capacity of the lake does not increase, which is directly proportional to availability of rains, idol immersion in Sonegaon lake need to be completely banned. The artificial tank made of RCC Structure can be used for immersion of household idols like every year.
Surbhi Jaiswal, Co-ordinator Programs of Green Vigil while talking to Nagpur Today, pointed out, our lakes are not in a position to absorb the shock load of Ganpati & Devi Visarjan. We sincerely need to think of immersion of big idols in water bodies other than city lakes. May be some abundant quarry outside city limit is a better option, if it suits citizens as well as administration, she added.
Kaustav Chatterjee, Founder, GVF pointed out, in Nagpur lakes, the only way of oxygen transfer is by atmospheric diffusion. It can be observed, half of the Futala Lake has been covered by weeds. DO level too going down. There is an urgent need of cleaning Futala lake and restart the installed fountains, which will help in oxygen transfer. | <urn:uuid:63a702a0-70a8-4de9-884d-2d0f2ae5b122> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nagpurtoday.in/water-monitoring-campaign-by-green-vigil-foundation/08221100 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.92806 | 639 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Are there any of you who don’t know about Load Balancing? If not, then it’s time for you to visit this website. Because of what? Because this time Matob will review a little about The Importance of Load Balancing on the Network . Keep on reading until it’s finished..!
Understanding Load Balancing
Load Balancing is a technique to distribute the traffic load on two or more connection lines in a balanced way, avoiding overload on one connection line so that traffic can run optimally.
An overloaded website server makes the page load process slow, or even not connecting at all.
In simple terms, the following is the working principle of load balancing:
- Distribute client requests or network load efficiently across multiple servers. With equal distribution, websites or applications become more responsive and stable when accessed by users.
- Ensure availability by sending requests only to servers that are online
- Provides flexibility to add or remove servers on demand
Why is Load Balancing Important ?
There are two reasons why to use load balancing:
- Response Time
The benefit is to increase the speed of website access when opened. With two or more servers sharing the web traffic load, it will be faster because the load is not only on one server .
If our website is running balanced on several servers and one of the servers is problematic, then we still have another server. The access process was not hampered and web visitors did not realize that one of the servers was experiencing problems.
Advantages and disadvantages of Load Balancing
Advantages of Load Balancing:
- Can divide the work evenly to the main service server.
- As a gateway to existing services.
- Minimize downtime from service.
- Speeds up service access because it can direct service requests to servers that choose fast responses.
Weaknesses of Load Balancing:
- Increases the cost of requiring two or more servers.
- If the host server has a problem then all the virtual systems on it cannot be used.
- Placement of all data in one server will be the target of a virus attack or a hacker.
How Load Balancing Works
Regardless of the form, load balancing tools distribute traffic across multiple servers to ensure that no single server is overloaded. Effectively, load balancing minimizes server response time.
The load balancing function is the same as the traffic police whose job is to prevent traffic jams and unwanted road incidents. The load balancer must be able to ensure the smooth flow of network traffic while providing a sense of security in complex network work systems.
In simple terms, here’s how load balancing works:
- User requests website/application server login access
- Load balancer receives and distributes traffic to multiple servers
- If one server is down, this device redirects traffic to another available server
Load balancing is becoming the most scalable method of handling multiple access requests from multi-application and multi-device workflows. With today’s digital world seamless access, load balancing ensures a better user experience.
Hardware Load Balancing vs Software Load Balancing
Hardware load balancing and software load balancing are clearly different. Hardware load balancing requires space to arrange and place equipment. While load balancing software is enough to be installed on a server or virtual machine .
Apart from the shape, here’s a comparison between hardware and software load balancing:
Hardware Load Balancing
|Work faster because programs run on a dedicated processor||Requires physical care|
|More secure because only companies can access||Cannot be changed flexibly|
|The price is more expensive than software|
Software Load Balancing
|You can adjust the size according to your needs||There may be a delay when configuring the load balancing program|
|More cost-effective because you don’t have to buy physical equipment|
|Can be applied to cloud computing|
Thus the explanation of this article about load balancing on the server, from understanding to advantages and disadvantages.
Using load balancing is important so that the website is always online even though it is flooded with many visitors. Even distribution of data requests to each server also prevents overload on your server.
Having a business website requires that your website is always ready to be accessed at any time. So to avoid overload, make sure you use load balancing, yes. | <urn:uuid:4e7a98aa-88c3-4c01-9ef5-4be20c174e37> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://matob.web.id/news/what-is-load-balancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.884301 | 913 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Keeping an eye out for concerning posts could be crucial to stopping mass attacks, Secret Service says
The Secret Service outlined several key factors that contributed to many of the mass attacks in 2018 and one particular theme that threaded through the majority of the incidents revolved around mental health.
The assessment outlined how certain stressors and mental health symptoms played a part in the attacks. Around 67% of those involved had a history of mental illness and 44% had a history of violence, according to the report.
Certain fixations also played a part in the attacks, according to the report. For instance, 30% of the attacks involved an issue with some type of belief system.
Overall, two-fifths of the attackers exhibited signs of having a fixation, which could be about a person, activity or belief. For example, the man who shot and killed five employees at the Capital Gazette on June 28, 2018, sued the paper 6 years prior for defamation. He became fixated on the case and stated in 2013 that it had “become [his] life.”
Targeting was another factor. In eleven of the cases, or 41%, the attacker had a predetermined target in mind. On October 27, 2018, a man entered a synagogue, opened fire and killed 11 people. Before the attack, the man accused a Jewish-founded refugee advocacy group of helping transport refugees and called the refugees “invaders.”
But one factor that appeared to connect almost all of the attacks in 2018, 93%, centered on social media or some form of communication. These attackers each engaged in communication that was concerning and might have been a clue.
One-third of the attackers threatened someone directly before the attack and all but four attackers in 2018 made some type of communication that “should have elicited concern.”
Because of these findings, the Secret Service is urging U.S. citizens to be on the alert for concerning social media posts and communications. But more so, they are asking the public to be more proactive in reporting these incidents before it escalates.
While not everyone dealing with mental health issues has a risk factor of violence, the study shows that two-thirds of the attackers in 2018 had previously displayed symptoms of mental illness.
Because of that fact, the Secret Service is promoting programs that would offer assistance to anyone struggling with mental health issues. | <urn:uuid:7a953147-dae1-4048-afbb-2ee788f1fb5a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wpbf.com/article/keeping-an-eye-out-for-concerning-posts-could-be-crucial-to-stopping-mass-attacks-secret-service-says/28338057 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.973774 | 481 | 2.09375 | 2 |
عنوان مقاله [English]
Using an analytical approach and proposing the question: How is the convergence of social policy and social work possible? this study aims to investigate the role of social work in social policy development and the effect of welfare ideologies, and consequently social policies on social work. This paper identifies and conceptualizes the areas of interest to express this relationship in two axial roles: 1) the minimalist role in which the social worker is only the executor of social policy. In this situation, the social worker appears in the role of social policy executor in organizations and centers that provide social services, and 2) the extremist role in which the social worker acts as the social policy reformer. In this situation, the social worker embarks on a plan to analyze the existing problem, to present a research proposal, and even approve the policy at the same time with implementing the social policies to determine the agenda for implementing or preventing the implementation of a policy. In this role, the social worker both helps with developing the effective social work in a two-way interaction with social policy and help with the dynamicity and evolution of the social policy in an organic connection; the synergy interaction which is considered as a necessity for up-to-date social work and applied social policy in Iran. | <urn:uuid:11ad79f1-b82f-414f-8579-50cf7fc36e1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rjsw.atu.ac.ir/article_12178.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.905867 | 313 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Originally published by VOX
People are dying because of United States immigration policy.
Over the weekend, the Washington Post’s Nick Miroff uncovered the case of Marco Antonio Muñoz, a Honduran man who died by suicide less than a day after being separated from his wife and 3-year-old child by Border Patrol agents. Earlier in the week, Des Moines Register columnist Rekha Basu brought news of the death of Manuel Antonio Cano Pacheco, a former Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipient who’d been escorted back to Mexico after being stripped of his deportation protections by the Trump administration. Pacheco, who would have graduated from high school this month, instead had his throat slit in Mexico three weeks after returning to the country he’d left as a child.
These deaths were avoidable. They would not have happened if different policy choices had been made. But the Trump administration has made its choices, and the consequences should be known.
Marco Antonio Muñoz: the father who died after being split from his son
The Muñoz family crossed into the US on May 12. By the morning of May 13, as the Post reported, Marco Antonio Muñoz was found dead in his cell:
Soon after Muñoz and his family were taken into custody, they arrived at a processing station in nearby McAllen and said they wanted to apply for asylum. Border Patrol agents told the family they would be separated. That’s when Muñoz lost it, according to one agent, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss the incident.
The guy lost his s—, the agent said. They had to use physical force to take the child out of his hands.
Under any previous administration – or even in the first months of this administration – a family with a 3-year-old child, presenting themselves to a Border Patrol officer and requesting asylum, would not have been considered a priority for detention. Most likely, they would have been interviewed to determine if their fear of returning to Honduras was credible, and then released (perhaps with an ankle bracelet) while their asylum cases were pending before a judge.
At worst, Muñoz might have been detained separately while his wife and child were held in a family immigration detention facility – which are for women and children only – for a few weeks and gotten released afterward; Muñoz himself would have presented a strong case before an immigration judge to be released on bond and reunited with them.
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) officials told the Post that they’re working on communicating the family separation policy better, implying that Muñoz simply hadn’t understood that he might be reunited with his family eventually. That’s possible, though getting government agents to communicate better will be an uphill battle: Border Patrol agents have reportedly lied to parents when taking away their children, telling some parents that the children would be returned after questioning and others that the children were simply being taken for baths – only to whisk them away indefinitely.
But DHS can’t guarantee, in good faith, that families will be reunited once separated. They don’t have the infrastructure in place to do that. Muñoz might have thought he would never see his child again, but he might not have been wrong.
Manuel Antonio Cano Pacheco: the ex-DACA student killed in Mexico
Manuel Antonio Cano Pacheco spent 16 years in the US. He arrived when he was 3 and returned to Mexico – voluntarily, but escorted by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents – when he was 19.
That was April 20. Three weeks later, as the Register writes, he was dead:
Manuel was passionate for car mechanics and was attending a course on that at Des Moines’ Central Campus. He told me he had a scholarship to a college in Chicago for mechanics, Verduzco said.
Instead, a Go Fund Me account recently helped pay for his funeral in Mexico.
In Zacatecas, Manuel had gone out to get food with an acquaintance of his cousin’s, who apparently was known to the killers, Verduzco said. He was in the wrong place at the wrong time. Both were killed. Manuel’s throat was slit.
Pacheco lost his DACA protections because he had a criminal record – but the revocation wasn’t automatic. At the time that US Citizenship and Immigration Services revoked Pacheco’s DACA, he had been convicted of two misdemeanors – one a minor drug offense and the other an unspecified crime. That isn’t enough to make someone ineligible for DACA, which requires a significant misdemeanor or three other misdemeanors. (Pacheco was ultimately convicted of two more misdemeanors, including driving under the influence, after he lost his protections under DACA – as part of what friends described to the Register as a downward spiral.)
ICE decided, based on the first convictions, to issue a notice for Pacheco to appear in immigration court for removal proceedings. According to the American Civil Liberties Union’s Katrina Eiland, who’s working on a lawsuit accusing the federal government of illegally terminating some immigrants’ DACA protections, that’s happened much more under Trump than Obama: The big change seems to be a major uptick in ICE placing DACA recipients who are still eligible for DACA in removal proceedings. That’s what happened here.
And once ICE places an immigrant in removal proceedings, USCIS typically decides to revoke their DACA permits – as they did here. But that, too, isn’t an automatic requirement; it’s a decision the agency made.
Pacheco is almost certainly not the first person to be killed shortly after his return to the country of his birth. In 2017, the Dallas News wrote that deportees have become easy prey for violent criminal groups desperate for money, who hold them for ransom that relatives still in the US are pressured to pay. The deportee profiled in the Dallas News story was released after several days (and after threats of death and torture) because his US-born girlfriend paid the $4,000 ransom. Not all deportees have such fortunate connections.
We only know about Pacheco’s death because of the Des Moines Register story – which was compelling because he had lived in the US for so long, and because he would have graduated from high school last month had he not returned to Mexico. We don’t know how many people who were denied asylum in the United States as the Trump administration attempts to tighten the process, or who decided to drop their asylum cases rather than stay in detention for months on end (in some cases, separated from their children), returned to their home countries to be killed.
It’s always impossible to accurately measure the death toll of a policy; it’s difficult to determine whether a death would have happened had the policy not been in effect, and it’s impossible to measure whether the policy has saved lives in addition to taking them.
What we do know is that people are dead who did not have to be, who would not have been.
They weren’t American citizens. Maybe an America Firster would say that meant America bore no responsibility for their lives. But America absolutely bears responsibility for their deaths. | <urn:uuid:c24d8fe5-08fb-4b79-9fc2-4e970e230ea7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://move.unitedwestay.org/people-are-dying-because-of-the-trump-administrations-immigration-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.983671 | 1,553 | 1.976563 | 2 |
This past winter, voices from across social media platforms called for more diversity within young adult literature. Peregrine is adding its voice to the chorus. We believe our art form can be stronger, more relevant, and more expressive by expanding the conversation to include a diversity of creative perspectives. That's where our Creative Youth Development projects come in. We believe our young people have something to say about the world we live in; through these collaborative performance projects, Peregrine amplifies the natural creativity of young people from across San Diego County. Stay tuned for our inaugural program, #PeregrineWaterProject, in spring of 2016. | <urn:uuid:68e0e217-e72d-47d3-977a-906ca0eef5cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.peregrinemusic.org/blog/weneeddiversechoralmusic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.935237 | 127 | 1.515625 | 2 |
DDoS attacks disrupt business. Be ready.
Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks are malicious, complex and costly to address—and they’re on the rise. They come in the form of multiple cyberattack attempts to take down the online services your organization depends on, and that downtime will affect your bottom line. That’s why your business needs a cost-effective internet protection service to proactively monitor and protect before there’s an outage. | <urn:uuid:a8c16844-3c6d-45e5-a4fd-2d90dc810eb7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://business.windstream.com/ddos-mitigation-services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.912843 | 100 | 1.773438 | 2 |
iRobot on Wednesday unveiled its latest robotic vacuum cleaning system, the Roomba 980.
The device combines adaptive navigation with visual localization, cloud-connected app control and increased cleaning power. It is the most capable model to date, according to the company, which has been a pioneer in robotic cleaning tools.
The Roomba 980 includes new sensors that allow it to create a map of its environment, keeping track of where it’s been and where it needs to go.
“Roomba 980 is the next big step, as it marks iRobot’s first cloud-connected product with mapping capabilities for the consumer market,” iRobot CEO Colin Angle said.
“Leveraging the cloud and mapping technologies, robots gain a better understanding of their environment, and customers are provided with more control,” he added. “Looking ahead, these technologies will also enable expanded capabilities for connected robots in the smart home.”
The Roomba 980 became available Thursday in the United States and Canada for US$899; it will launch in Japan and Europe later this year.
Users can connect the 980 to a home WiFi network and schedule its chores to avoid interference with other activities. They can control it via an Android or iOS app that provides updates on cleaning status, tips for using the device, and direct access to customer support.
“Since it was introduced, [the Roomba] has been increasingly packed with some cool technology,” said Susan Schreiner, senior analyst with C4 Trends.
“The Roomba is a good solution for those who need a cleaning service or something that helps users maintain their homes. If you can afford it, the Roomba is a great assistant,” she told TechNewsWorld.
The Market for Robot Assistants
In addition to robotic vacuums, iRobot also has developed the Looj gutter cleaner. Other companies, including Husqvarna and John Deere, have introduced autonomous lawn mowers.
The Mowbot actually was developed in the 1960s. It failed to catch on, but the market now may be catching up with the vision.
“Robots do seem to be getting more common,” said Roger Kay, principal analyst at Endpoint Technologies Associates.
There are now “unmanned lawn mowers patrolling neighborhood lawns, and indoor robots tidying up the floors,” he told TechNewsWorld. “They’re not for everyone, but a certain slice of technophiles like them, especially as a conversation piece.”
Robots for the Masses
The success of robots that can tackle mundane tasks could depend on managing expectations.
“There are cultural differences in what a robot should look like and do,” noted C4 Trends’ Schreiner, “and the American and Japanese views are still different. As a result, robots are entering our lives in different ways and with different form factors. Right now, these are for the cutting-edge gadget lover, but eventually there could be a robot to handle our daily tasks.” | <urn:uuid:11e7b143-96b9-4d10-b754-b1780e6415d5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.linuxinsider.com/story/new-roomba-knows-its-way-around-82504.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.945521 | 654 | 1.765625 | 2 |
We create shows for primary aged children that are entertaining, engaging and educations. We are
keen to make all our shows with elements of curriculum enrichment at their core, all our productions have links to topics that can be further discussed in the classroom and we offer wrap around workshops, schools packs and post show Q&A sessions.
Over the past few years we have created a collection of shows that can tour easily to schools and
routinely offer substantial discounts to Cornish schools. We recognise that while the impact of having a high quality, tailor made and education show come to school is immeasurable for the children, schools are always up against tight budget constraints. This is why we fundraise when we make new shows to offer at least 10 heavily discounted, or sometimes free, shows to local schools. We also keep the full cost of our shows as low as possible to make sure the work is as accessible
as possible to a wide range of budgets.
We create work for everyone and as a company we have worked with SEND audiences and workshop participants on many occasions and are very happy to tailor our work to a schools
As well as full scale productions we can also offer stand alone workshops, shorter storytelling pop-up performances and play creation days. We are always happy to work with schools and community groups to create something new and would love to hear from you if you have an idea
that you need support in realising.
To find out more, book a show or workshop, discuss a project idea or anything else education
related please contact us at email@example.com | <urn:uuid:775e594d-ca9b-4414-94d6-ddb7759d295c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.coppicetheatre.co.uk/schools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.97129 | 337 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Editor's note: This article originally appeared in the October 2015 issue of Food Manufacturing
It’s probably happened to you. You buy a package of deli meat at the supermarket. You open the package the next day to pack a lunch and press together the open film ends to reseal the package. It looks like it can reseal itself, but it just won’t. You might have had the same experience in trying to reclose the lid of a clear PET container of lettuce. It looks like you can close it, but there’s no adhesive to create a seal, and reclosure just doesn’t happen. After several attempts, you end up taking the remaining contents and toss them into a reusable, re-sealable plastic storage bag. The original packaging goes into the trash.
That’s a real waste — in more ways than one. It’s a missed opportunity for the manufacturer, whose packaging — which had the potential to build brand awareness every time it was taken out of the fridge — had little to no positive impact on the consumer beyond the purchase. In fact, it may have had a negative impact due to the annoyance factor involved. Plus it adds a second package — the storage bag — into the waste stream once the product is used up. That’s another cost to not only the consumer, but also the environment.
Flexible packaging — still evolving
Plastic and flexible packaging has come a long way in the food arena. It’s the packaging of choice. It offers major advantages over traditional, rigid packaging, using less material (which translates into less solid waste), weight savings, reduced shipping costs and reduced shelf space requirements.
Reclose/reseal solutions are used with packaging on products such as deli meats, cheese, snacks and cereals. But the reclose/reseal function hasn’t always been so simple. Zippers, sliders, pressure-sensitive seals have their fans — and their detractors — among manufacturers and consumers.
Recently, a reclose/reseal solution that had its origin in the wet wipes arena nearly a quarter century ago is making headway into the food packaging space. The packaging employs a pressure-sensitive adhesive label that combines with an easy-open lift tab. The tab is used to open the package. The label, which contains the resealing adhesive, is used to reclose the package to the die cut film with a dependable, hermetic seal. It can be used again and again, delivering reliable closure for freshness and convenience to the consumer and repeated brand messaging for the manufacturer.
Because it is somewhat early in the game for this food packaging technique, brands that adopt early can leave a lasting impression. Consumers may think of the brand that kept their cheese slices from becoming dried out as one of the good guys — an innovator that saved them from using yet another storage bag on top of the original packaging. There are added benefits. A second tab can be built into the first that provides evidence of tampering, allowing the consumer to pass on the purchase of a package that looks like someone has tried to open it.
And for the manufacturer, the label and packaging combination is robust. It provides barrier properties that offer shelf stability through resistance to moisture, oxygen and CO2 transmission. It’s compliant to FDA 175.105 for food adhesives.
Building the label directly into the packaging
The resealable label option may actually save a manufacturer time in terms of package filling; there’s no need to add the primary label to the front of the packaging. The label can incorporate different shapes and sizes. It includes primary graphics and is affixed to the film during the converting process. The packer receives pre-labeled film into its facility, making the resealable film a drop-in process.
Formats include hang-hole or shelved packaging. The preprinted resealable label may also be used for produce packaging on PET thermal form lids. In this instance, the label is pre-applied to the film, easing application in the packing process.
No heat, water or other substance is required to seal the adhesive; simple pressure is all it takes.
The resealable market in flexible packaging is growing rapidly among food manufacturers for several reasons:
- Extremely user-friendly
- Provides a branding opportunity
- Offers ease of use for the customer and consumer
- Reduces overall packaging; there’s no overwrap or secondary packaging required
Some manufacturers have also switched to the new film for food safety reasons, as the reclose/reseal process provides a more reliable package. But, in the process, some manufacturers started to realize they were getting a more consistent, reliable product that actually reduced total cost of ownership. The pre-applied label method significantly decreases defects in the film or labels such as delamination, buckles or bubbles. In essence, this process adds a quality control function for manufacturers, significantly enhancing the quality of finished roll material.
It can also eliminate the use of die cutting equipment and label applicators in the packaging process. One manufacturer — as soon as they put the first roll on the packaging machine — realized “they were never going back; it was the first time the machine ran at the rate at which it was supposed to run.” They decommissioned the label applicators and die cutting equipment from the machines. Their new “super plant” doesn’t even have die cut and label capability.
Sealing the deal
There are several variables to consider when thinking about pressure-sensitive reclosure packaging. These include:
- Peel Feel: Ensuring label, film and tray compatibility for the proper bond strength and transmission rates can play a role in providing the right “feel” or peel force for opening the package. Different “peel feels” or levels of resistance can be achieved. Some manufacturers opt for a more secure seal to make tampering difficult; others want a smooth, easy peel.
- Film Sourcing: Similarly, the right film has to be sourced for the proper oxygen and CO2 transmission rates, depending on the product being packaged.
- Creativity: How creative do you want to be? Building the label into the packaging gives the manufacturer an opportunity to brand the product in a unique way. It’s not just about clear trays and lidstock anymore. Dark trays, printed films and matte finishes have all been used recently to help brands stand out from the pack. Label shapes and colors can also mean the difference between just another package and one that sticks in a consumer’s mind as it is used time after time.
The good news is manufacturers need not go it alone. Consulting with flexible packaging and labeling experts should be the first step in terms of partnering for success.
Who’s using it and what’s really in it for me?
Pressure-sensitive reclosure packaging is being employed for products such as processed meats, bacon, snack food, pasta, cheese, produce and cereal — but the sky is the limit.
From a cost standpoint, the label/film converting process costs no more to produce. But depending on the application, a cost savings may be achieved in the actual packaging/filling process.
In terms of product differentiation, the only real limit is your creativity. Pressure-sensitive reclosure packaging is an opportunity to brand a package that will be used and reused throughout a product’s life cycle. Certainly, the opportunity exists to promote to consumers you’ve added a packaging feature that will allow them to receive the full value for the price paid and keep the packaged contents fresh for their enjoyment, plus let them know your brand is committed to sustainability goals through this innovative step (and most of that should fit on the label!).
Finally, consumers may also consider purchasing a product in larger sizes with assurances that pressure-sensitive labels will maintain the product’s quality and freshness.
Customer convenience. Foods that remain fresher for a longer period of time. Pressure-sensitive reclosure options can differentiate a brand and build customer loyalty while adding to the bottom line. And isn’t that the ultimate seal of approval? | <urn:uuid:80f9d42c-4a50-41d3-a426-f76ed349b1e8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.manufacturing.net/home/article/13184888/reclosereseal-a-growing-trend-for-plastic-packaging-in-food-applications | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.946006 | 1,689 | 2.265625 | 2 |
As a part-time stay-at-home mother of a toddler, two questions I often ask myself are:
- Well, what should we do today?; and
- Hmm, what should we have for dinner?
(Other common questions include: What the h*** am I doing?, What’s that smell?, What’s in your mouth?, and Do you think anyone can tell that these are my pajama pants? But I digress…)
Anyway, if you’re like me, next time you ask yourself those two questions, here are a couple of ideas.
1. Something to Do: Make an Astronaut Costume for your Child!
Although we did this specifically for Halloween, making a simple costume like this would be fun on any occasion. It works for boys and girls alike, and almost any age (seriously, my husband wanted one).
Here are the supplies that you will need:
1 jumpsuit-type sleeper, preferably with just one or two plain colors (blue, black, white, gray, red) as opposed to a pattern (about $8 at Target)
2 coasters and/or 1 piece of thin cardboard
4-6 pieces of printer paper
8-12 small safety pins
Instructions: Google the phrase “NASA logos” in Google Images. Find a few images of NASA logos that you like, and print them onto your printer paper. Cut out the logos with the scissors. Tape the round logos onto the coasters. Tape the other logos on the thin cardboard, which should be cut to fit the shape of the logo. Using the safety pins, pin the cardboard-backed logos onto the sleeper. Put on, zip up, and enjoy! (Optional: Cut off the feet of the sleeper if your child would prefer to wear shoes and socks, or plans to run around it in outside.)
Now, if you are feeling really creative and want to make a space capsule to go with the jumpsuit, you will also need aluminum foil and more printer paper and tape. You can also use glow-in-the-dark stars if you wish. For the space capsule, simply cover an existing car or wagon with aluminum foil. (A large box could work, too.) Use tape to hold the foil in place. Then print out more NASA logos, and tape them onto the foil. Do the same with glow-in-the-dark stars, if you wish.
Then, put your child (with astronaut jumpsuit) in the capsule and the fun begins! As you play, point out the moon or sun and sky, and talk about rockets, airplanes, astronauts, space, planets … and whatever else comes to mind. Yes, this activity is both fun and educational!
Do you have other suggestions for easy, affordable, enjoyable things-to-do with young children? I would love to hear them!
2. Something for Dinner: Make White Bean, Poblano & Chicken Chili!
I created this recipe back when I was about seven months pregnant. You know, back when — in between re-runs of Top Chef, Project Runway, or Millionaire Matchmaker — I actually had time to experiment with new recipes. It was football season at the time, and starting to get cold, so I really wanted something warm and comforting. I also wanted something that would be easy to eat at a tailgate or while watching the game on TV. Here is what I came up with:
White Bean, Poblano & Chicken Chili
Serves 6 to 8
When it’s cold outside, not much sounds better than a warm bowl of chili. This recipe provides a welcome variation to the usual beef-and-pinto bean combo. Even better, you don’t have to spend all day in the kitchen to enjoy this dish! For one thing, the precooked Rotisserie chicken makes things quick and easy. And, although I use dried beans and roast my own peppers, you could use canned beans and diced green chilies in a pinch. Best of all, instead of weighing you down like some chili can, this version is light, spicy, and refreshing, similar to a soothing Mexican soup.
½ lb. dried navy beans, picked over
3 teaspoons salt, divided, plus more for extra seasoning
3 or 4 Poblano peppers
1 or 2 jalapeno peppers, depending on desired heat
2 tablespoons unsalted butter
1 large yellow onion, diced
4 cloves garlic, minced
1 quart low-sodium chicken broth
1 teaspoon ground cumin
1 teaspoon ground coriander
Juice of 1 lime
¼ cup light sour cream
Meat from 1 cooked Rotisserie chicken, shredded (about 3 to 4 cups)
2 to 4 cups water or liquid from the pot of beans
For Garnish: light sour cream; grated cheese; avocado chunks; chopped cilantro
Rinse the beans. Place in a large pot, cover with 3 inches water, and bring to a boil over high heat. Reduce heat to medium. Cook, uncovered, over medium heat until beans are soft, for about 1 ½ to 2 hours. (Water will evaporate as beans are cooking; add additional water as needed.) Season with 2 teaspoons salt.
While beans are cooking, line a baking sheet with aluminum foil. Place the Poblano and jalapeno peppers on the foil.
Broil in the oven, turning once, until peppers are charred. Remove from oven.
Wrap foil tightly around the peppers and set aside for 15 minutes. Unwrap the foil package. Peel the blackened skin off the peppers and discard. Remove the seeds and skin from the peppers and discard. Place flesh of peeled, roasted peppers in the bowl of a food processor. Pulse the food processor until the peppers are chopped. (Or you can chop the peppers by hand.)
Heat butter in a large Dutch oven over medium heat.
Add onions; sauté until tender, about 8 minutes. Season with salt.
Add garlic; sauté until fragrant, about 2 minutes.
Reduce heat to medium-low. Add chicken broth, cumin, coriander, lime juice, and sour cream; stir to combine.
Add beans (drained) and shredded chicken; stir gently to combine. Add ½ of the chopped peppers; stir to combine. Taste; add additional peppers as needed until desired heat is achieved.
Add water (or liquid from the pot of beans), 1 cup at a time, until desired consistency is reached. Taste and season with salt. Simmer over medium-low heat until chili is warmed through and flavors are combined, about 10 minutes. Garnish as desired and serve immediately in individual bowls.
- For a quicker version, use 2 cans (14.5 ounces, each) navy beans instead of cooking your own.
- For a vegetarian version (yes this means you, Jason and Sheri :), use veggie broth and omit the chicken. | <urn:uuid:d76fd21e-41cd-4124-bb20-792a935aa407> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cocinamarie.com/two-questions-worth-answering/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.925468 | 1,460 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Table of Contents
The bull’s eye is on us. September is the most typical month for hurricanes to make landfall.
Now that Ida has handed, are you completely ready for Hurricanes Mindy, Nicholas and Odette? If you build residences in the eastern half of the nation, you know the retain-you-up-at-evening considerations linked to development in hurricane-prone locations.
You can slumber simpler at evening if you are setting up composite shake and slate roofing shingles that resist substantial winds. Class 4 influence rated DaVinci Roofscapes goods permit you to create a property or project that will have a larger opportunity of getting safeguarded from destruction associated to traveling debris throughout intense weather conditions.
Every outstanding DaVinci item has realized the Miami-Dade County Acceptance and Texas Division of Insurance coverage standards for superior velocity hurricane winds. And, in industry assessments, DaVinci tiles have the highest rating for straight line wind screening at 110mph in the ASTM D3161 test. They’ve also passed the TAS-125 certification check for wind uplift resistance in High Velocity Hurricane Zones up to 180mph. In addition, just about every tile is Class A fire rated and is backed by DaVinci’s Life span Limited Elements Guarantee.
Placing Composite Roofing to the Exam
When Group 4 Hurricane Michael pounded into the Florida Panhandle in 2018, he introduced winds upward of 150 mph. As encouraged, Port St. Joe resident George Fleet evacuated his oceanfront residence. When he returned he was surprised … his was the only totally intact beachfront house standing for miles.
“Every dwelling in my neighborhood had roof problems, besides for mine,” states Fleet. “Some properties dropped the full roof and had been blown out some others had structural damage with damaged windows and lost foundations.”
So, how did Fleet’s residence survive? He credits a powerful constructing envelope and his impression-resistant DaVinci Multi-Width Shake roof. “I selected the DaVinci product for both equally its look and sturdiness,” claims Fleet. “Now appear at it … this roof has survived a Category 4 storm and however seems wonderful!”
Standing Up to Mother Nature
“We’re out below in front of God and anyone.” That is how Chris Webb, govt director of The Previous Baldy Foundation describes the location of the well-known lighthouse and Smith Island Museum of Background. Both equally the lighthouse and keeper’s cottage are completely exposed to the things.
When the cottage needed a new roof a short while ago, Webb achieved out to SOS Roofing and Construction in Wilmington, North Carolina. Dependent on his earlier ordeals of making use of DaVinci composite shake roofing, the operator, Steve Lyons, straight away advised and set up DaVinci Multi-Width Shake.
As soon as the roof was concluded, it was place to the exam. On August 3, 2020, Hurricane Isaias tore into the North Carolina coast. A higher-conclusion Category 1 hurricane, it spawned an EF-1 twister with highest winds of 105mph on Bald Head Island.
“Incredibly the new DaVinci roof held up just high-quality,” says Webb. “No tiles came off and not a drop of h2o inside of the keeper’s cottage. We knew it was rated for severe weather and superior winds, but we never envisioned to set it to the take a look at so rapidly!
No Coastal Considerations
Excitement above finishing a coastal desire property turned to deep worry for Mary and Larry Anderson when their new house faced Hurricane Irma in 2017.
The 9,000-square-foot-waterfront household in Florida sustained no problems from 90+ mph winds and a number of inches of rain. The Andersons credit sturdy design and the use of reputable making products and solutions, such as DaVinci Roofscapes composite roofing tiles, with trying to keep their household risk-free through the storm.
“We know the DaVinci composite tiles are created to fulfill Miami Dade Code approvals, but we failed to imagine they’d be examined so shortly,” says Larry Anderson. “Our space seasoned loads of particles down and ability outages for days. For us, we practically just had some landscape problems. There wasn’t a leak at all … this roof held up particularly well to Mom Character.”
When Hurricane Harvey barreled into Texas on August 25, 2017, it created landfall as a Category 4 hurricane just six limited miles from the Mustang Island Episcopal Convention Heart.
Critical climate circumstances brought on 100 per cent of the buildings in close by Port Aransas to maintain injury, and properties at Mustang Island Condition Park had been largely wrecked. But not the meeting center. Just months earlier, it concluded set up of impact-resistant DaVinci composite tiles in mansard-type and rooftop purposes on various structures at the oceanfront property.
“Wind speeds were concerning 120 and 140 mph when Harvey arrived ashore,” claims Rob Watson, with Episcopal Diocese of West Texas. “We can not say ample about the DaVinci merchandise. Only a several shingles blew off in the course of the storm and the conference middle been given minimal structural problems.
“We’re on the lookout to add two more housing units, a welcome centre and a good place at the conference center. There’s no doubt we’ll use DaVinci products and solutions to clad all the new properties. This products has demonstrated itself during some of the worst weather conditions circumstances possible. We know we can count on DaVinci products and solutions and we prepare to do so consistently in the long term.”
For more information and facts and product specifics on all influence- and wind-resistant DaVinci products and solutions, pay a visit to www.davinciroofscapes.com. | <urn:uuid:736a73f0-0f9f-4154-ac11-166abf51c5c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.scorpio4d.com/coastal-building-depends-on-affect-and-wind-resistant-composite-roofing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.940973 | 1,264 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Over the past year the service quality provided by the seven FABEC air navigation service providers settled down on a high level. While the average en-route delay was 0.47 minutes (28.6 seconds) per flight in 2013, it slightly deteriorated to 0.56 minutes (33.6 seconds) in 2014. 2013 was an outstanding year and in 2014 the FABEC ANSPs achieved the second best result ever recorded. First analyses show that the reasons for this trend are mainly local and related to local shortages of ATC capacity, industrial action and adverse weather. With regard to the FABEC Performance Plan, the objective of 0.5 minutes (30 seconds) of average ATFM delay/flight was slightly exceeded by 0.06 minutes/flight (3.6 seconds).
At the same time, traffic in the FABEC area increased by 1.5 per cent, from 5,431,865 flights in 2013 to 5,512,235 flights in 2014. With regard to traffic trends it can be noted that almost all centres controlled more traffic than the year before. Only three centres (Munich, Marseille and Langen) recorded slightly less traffic when compared with 2013. Although this is an encouraging result, the 2014 demand from airspace users was still below the demand seen in 2007. In addition, at the end of the first reference period, FABEC traffic was 11.2 per cent below the traffic forecast used as the basis for the 2012-2014 FABEC Performance Plan. Just like punctuality, this development should be seen as an overarching trend while local developments have varied considerably from one control centre to the other. At the end of the first reference period (2012-2014) only three centres (Reims, Brest and Maastricht) recorded more traffic than forecast while all others recorded less. | <urn:uuid:cc774421-c556-4a4c-b3c1-b9848202c268> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.atc-network.com/atc-news/fabec/overall-increase-of-controlled-flights--punctuality-settled-down--significant-local-differences | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.931712 | 375 | 1.5625 | 2 |
View other events for the week of 2/ 7/2013
From the Open-Publishing Calendar
From the Open-Publishing Newswire
|Author Event: The Vegetable Gardener's Guide to Permaculture: Creating an Edible Ecosystem|
|Date||Thursday February 07|
|Time||7:00 PM - 9:00 PM|
|Import this event into your personal calendar.|
2530 San Pablo Ave
Berkeley, Ca, 94702
Join us for an evening with Permaculture teacher Christopher Shein and a discussion of his new book, The Vegetable Gardener's Guide to Permaculture. Learn how to live in harmony with both nature and neighbors to produce and share an abundant food supply with minimal effort. Shein highlights everything you need to know to start living off the land lightly, including how to create rich, healthy, and low-cost soil, blend a functional food garden and decorative landscape, share the bounty with others, and much more.Added to the calendar on Thursday Jan 17th, 2013 3:28 PM
This inspiring, easy-to-follow, information-packed, practical guide will help you transform your garden into a food forest that feeds you for years to come. The event is free, and books will be available to purchase.
About Christopher Shein: Christopher Shein has started dozens of community, school, and market gardens. He teaches permaculture at Merritt Community College where he helped develop the award-winning student farm. Shein also owns Wildheart Gardens, a permaculture landscape business that designs and builds sustainable gardens.
Info: 510-548-3402, store [at] ecologycenter.org, http://www.ecologycenter.org/store/. | <urn:uuid:dec7c7e2-f6ec-41a8-8655-cd22d847b50e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2013/01/17/18730400.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.882177 | 407 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Erin Leigh has sent me some questions and answers about her defamation court case. She’s chosen the blog format, as that way her views get across without editing. Her Q+A is below:
How do I feel about the Supreme Court ruling?
“I am absolutely rapt we won in the Supreme Court and the Crown’s defence argument was thrown out. It was the right decision by the court and has improved human rights in this country.”
What does the Supreme Court judgement actually mean?
“The Supreme Court judgement means that when Government departments and agencies provide information to a Minister, they have to either tell the truth about the individual being discussed (i.e. use ‘truth’ as a line of defence), or if they provide incorrect and inaccurate information about them; they don’t do this deliberately and out of ill-will (i.e. use a defence of qualified privilege as an alternative line of defence).
My lawyers and I, and now the Supreme Court, feel that is a very reasonable threshold for senior members of Government to reach – especially given the calibre and salaries of these officials and the fact they’re paid by the tax payer to do an honest job and be politically neutral.
However, what the Crown, including the Ministry for the Environment, Lindsay Gow and the Attorney General have been trying to do for nearly four years now is to be able to use a defence of absolute privilege for defamation (not a defence of ‘truth’ or ‘qualified privilege’), so that they can deliberately and maliciously lie about an individual or business and have complete immunity for their actions and no accountability for it at all – ensuring the victim of the deliberate and untrue slander has no human or legal rights to pursue any type of redress. This Supreme Court ruling has put a stop to that happening. Absolute Privilege cannot be used as a defence for Government departments and agencies.
A Minister who deliberately misleads the House is at least accountable to the Privileges Committee; however the Ministry for the Environment and Lindsay Gow were claiming they were accountable to no-one – no matter how damaging and untruthful their actions were. I’m glad the Supreme Court has now addressed this. “
How will this new legal precedent affect the day-to-day running of Government?
“The new legal precedent set by the Supreme Court on Friday will have an impact on all Government Departments because they will have to be truthful, and not malicious, when providing a Minister with information about a person or business.
Now taxpayers would argue that this should happen anyway. But unfortunately, as happened in my case, there are some people working in Government Departments whose moral compass is completely out of whack. So this is going to be a real challenge for those people.”
So, now that you can legally sue the Government for defamation, what’s the next step?
“The next step would have been to continue the defamation case to a full trial in the High Court in front of a jury and seek compensation and an official apology for lying about me. However, as the Government has been dragging the matter in the courts for nearly four years now, I can no longer afford the expenses involved in going to trial. If I had been accused of murder it would be a different matter and I would be entitled to legal aid, but because it’s me suing the Government and not the other way around, my lawyers and I have to carry the full cost of the trial. The government on the other hand has an unlimited budget, a huge amount of resources available to them, a really large and expensive legal team, and have been using taxpayer’s money over the last four years to get away with being accountable for what they did to me. An everyday member of the public like me has none of these advantages – especially when they are out of work as a result of being defamed.”
So, how have you funded the case up until now given that employment has been difficult?
“I have been fortunate to have a great legal team who took on my case on the agreement that they wouldn’t be paid unless I received compensation for being defamed. So my legal team, which was led by QC Julian Miles from Shortland Chambers and included the legal firm Wilson Harle, haven’t made a dime out of this case – in fact they’re out of pocket by thousands and thousands of dollars. My responsibility in this agreement was to pay the disbursements such as court costs, flights to Wellington, hotel accommodation, photocopying etc. This doesn’t sound like much, but over four years the costs add up and it would have been enough for a deposit on a house. These lawyers did a fantastic job and took my case on because they thought a great injustice had happened and wanted to make sure the law supported the little guy. It was an honor to be represented by them and I will be forever grateful for their hard work.”
Is there any other reason why you dropped the case?
“The main reason has been the financial cost but this was made worse by the February earthquake in Christchurch. I was in the middle of the CBD when the earthquake happened and escaped with some relatively minor injuries – but two people with me weren’t so lucky. I was really traumatised by the whole experience and affected by it financially too. So I made the decision to drop the trial at that point – which was about a week after the February earthquake. It still went to the Supreme Court though because the Judge thought it was in the public interest for the defence argument to be put to the test and he said I didn’t have pay the court fees. So even though we won and I can take the case to trial now, I can’t afford to.”
Are you disappointed it’s not going to trial now?
“Yes, my lawyers and I are a bit disappointed that, due to financial constraints we couldn’t continue the case to trial. However none of us were in this for the money; we were in it to improve the law and human rights so anyone else in caught in my situation in the future had fewer obstacles to face and a real chance of getting redress. The Supreme Court judgement is a win in our books and a very satisfying achievement. Our job is done.”
Were you confident of winning your case if it went to trial?
“We were all looking forward to going to trial as we had a lot of evidence to present and very confident of a win in front of a jury. It would have been nice to have received an official apology too and been able to have my lawyers receive payment for their hard work. However, as I have said earlier – it was never about the money – it was to make a positive difference in law and we have achieved that.”
How has this whole experience affected you?
“The cost to me has been enormous, both financially and emotionally. The way I was treated was both vicious and humiliating. However, having a top legal team prepared to represent me on a ‘fee on a win’ only basis made a huge difference in helping restore my sense of self worth. I also feel that, now we have set a new legal precedent that will help other people, I can leave this matter behind me with my head held up high.”
Why did you speak up in the first place?
“I actually didn’t – so I’m no martyr in that department. I would never proactively go to the media about such matters. I didn’t tell anyone about it for 18 months. What happened was, in May 2006, Clare Curran’s appointment was made. My manager and I felt it was the wrong thing for the Minister to do, and rather than being put in a compromising position in terms of having to work with her on politically motivated material, I quit. I only had two weeks left on my contract with the Ministry for the Environment and didn’t want the drama. When I initially took the job with the Ministry, I signed a contract with the Crown stating that my work would be politically neutral at all times. I didn’t want to break this agreement nor get in trouble for breaking it. The Ministry for the Environment had offered me a full time senior position and we were talking money when Clare Curran was appointed. So I left on a good note and my manager completely understood the difficult position this appointment put me in, and in fact quit himself that day as well. However, he retracted his resignation about a week later. David Parker’s office also rang me at home asking me to stay on. But, even though I had been a Labour Party voter my whole life, my conscious told me to get out of there – and I did. Everything about it was just wrong. I didn’t tell anyone about this, didn’t go to the media, didn’t blow the whistle, and continued working for other Government Departments after this. So I’m not some brave vigilante.
Then 18 months later, in late November 2007, the matter over Clare Currans’ appointment came up in the news. Duncan Garner from TV3 contacted me. He already had all the facts and knew exactly what had happened and asked me to confirm what he already knew. I knew that if I just tried to fob him off the story would still go to air anyway and I would continue to be hounded for comment. So I answered all of his direct questions honestly. I knew the Labour Party would retaliate because they’re like that and they did. They launched a smear campaign against me within minutes of the news story going to air. However, I thought the Ministry for the Environment would actually tell them the truth about me and the standard of work I did for them and that they had hired me for work for nearly two solid years and had offered me a permanent senior position at the Ministry. It never occurred to me that they would actually join in on the politically motivated smear campaign too and make stuff up. I was devastated.”
But didn’t the Ministry for the Environment apologise to you?
“For the past four years the Ministry for the Environment has said they didn’t mean to say and write untrue information about me and that Mallard misinterpreted what they said. However, if that was the case, you would think that as soon as they heard Mallard defame me in the House, they would take immediate action to remedy the situation, correct the misinformation and clear my name. However, they didn’t. They said nothing in my defence. It wasn’t until 14 days later, after realising the mud thrown at me wasn’t going to stick, that they held a media conference and apologised to the media for getting it so wrong. However, I never received a copy of this apology. It was done just to appease the public and the media – it wasn’t for me. All I received was a scruffy draft email containing incorrect information and sent to me a few days earlier. It wasn’t the final version of the apology delivered to the media and to this day I haven’t received anything official in writing or on letterhead in terms of an apology from them. Given that they have damaged my name for life not just on the Parliamentary record but on the Internet and public record (which will remain long after I am dead) I think a proper apology would be the right thing to do. But it’s been four years now and they still haven’t – so I guess they never will.”
So who is at fault for what happened? The Ministry for the Environment or Trevor Mallard?
“Both; 50/50. Both made up complete lies about me. The Ministry for the Environment started it and Mallard added to it and took it to an even more vicious level. So, in my opinion, both are equally to blame. Mallard is accountable to the Privileges Committee and the Ministry for the Environment is accountable to the State Services Commission and, now, to the High Court. Both had the power to remedy the situation and both had editorial control over what they said about me. The Ministry for the Environment could argue that they felt Mallard pressured them into providing false information but they have never said this. Both have done nothing to put things right nor issued a sincere apology to me. Iain Rennie the State Services Commissioner was in the room and in attendence when all of this took place but did nothing to intervene.”
If you had concerns about Clare Curran’s appointment why didn’t you go to the CEO of MfE or the State Services Minister at the time?
“MfE had no CEO at the time; Hugh Logan was due to start as the new CEO the following week. The Minister of State Services was David Parker – so not really a viable option.”
Was legal action through the courts your only option in getting redress for being defamed?
“Legal action wasn’t my first line of action. I first wrote to the Ministry for the Environment, and then to Iain Rennie at the State Services Commission. They both ignored me. I then wrote to the Speaker of the House, Margaret Wilson because, if you’re mentioned in Parliament you can get a rebuttal put on the parliamentary record. However the Speaker said she wouldn’t award me my right to do this unless I could prove that Mallard’s comments were hurtful and damaging to me. It was blatantly obvious to anyone that they were but what could I possibly provide her with at the time to prove this?
I then wrote to the Chief Ombudsman’s Office as I thought they’re supposed to step in on matters like this involving the Government. However, they wrote back saying they wouldn’t do anything about it and told me to take the matter to court instead. So that’s what I did. There were no other options available to me. It’s still the same for anyone else who finds themselves in my position. The people and organisations who are there to uphold standards in the public service seem to serve no purpose when the public service doesn’t do their job properly. It’s been up to me and my lawyers to try and improve part of the quality of the public service – which is wrong as this job should be done by our representatives in Parliament and the State Services Commission – not private individuals who haven’t got the money or the resources.
The Labour Party has accused you of being a National Party lackey?
“That’s a joke. I had been a Labour Party voter all my life and looked up to people like Sonja Davies and David Lange. I even had a picture of Joseph Savage on my bedroom wall as a kid. The concept that someone might have a conscious and be motivated by their own morale fibre, even at great personal cost, is beyond their realm of understanding. Everyday people get it, but they don’t – and they never will.
After they chewed me up and spat me out, they still hadn’t learnt from their mistakes and went on to attack Owen Glenn for telling the truth. I was crushed by that and felt so sorry for him as I knew what it was like to be on the receiving end of untruthful attacks. Rather than intimidating me further, it just spurred me on even more as there were other people being hurt; it wasn’t just me.
P.S Naturally I didn’t vote Labour in the last election and never will while the same faces that were there in 2007 are still in the front rows. It would be fair to say I am a National Party supporter now though :-)”
Nice to know Trevor converted at least one Labour Party voter to National with this episode. I suspect that in fact it was far more than that. A number of Labour voting public servants have said they were horrified that it so easily could have been them held up in Parliament as incompetent, just for telling the truth. | <urn:uuid:43b733e0-c1a1-4453-89a0-2cd49fe47a47> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kiwiblog.co.nz/2011/09/erin_leigh_qa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.986258 | 3,363 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Genetic Modification News ArticlesExcerpts of key news articles on genetically modified organisms
Americans overwhelmingly support labeling foods that have been genetically modified or engineered, according to a New York Times poll conducted this year, with 93 percent of respondents saying that foods containing such ingredients should be identified. Three-quarters of Americans expressed concern about genetically modified organisms in their food, with most of them worried about the effects on people’s health. Thirty-seven percent of those worried about G.M.O.’s said they feared that such foods cause cancer or allergies. Among those with concerns, 26 percent said these foods are not safe to eat, or are toxic, while 13 percent were worried about environmental problems that they fear might be caused by genetic engineering. Nearly half of Americans said they were aware that a large amount of the processed or packaged foods they now buy at the grocery store contains genetically modified ingredients. Overall concern was higher among women than men, perhaps not surprisingly, as more women identify themselves as the principal grocery shopper in the household. Americans were almost equally divided about eating genetically modified vegetables, fruits and grains, with about half saying they would not eat them. They were even less comfortable about eating meat from genetically engineered animals: three-quarters said they would not eat G.M.O. fish, and about two-thirds said they would not eat meat that had been modified.
Note: Explore over 40 scientific studies that have demonstrated the health dangers of GM foods. Despite overwhelming public support for labelling of GMOs, the GM lobby has spent huge amounts of money to keep US states from enacting labelling laws. Sadly, they have largely been successful. For more along these lines, see concise summaries of deeply revealing GMO news articles from reliable major media sources.
French scientists said on [September 19] that rats fed on Monsanto's genetically modified corn or exposed to its top-selling weedkiller suffered tumors and multiple organ damage. Gilles-Eric Seralini of the University of Caen and colleagues said rats fed on a diet containing NK603 - a seed variety made tolerant to dousings of Monsanto's Roundup weedkiller - or given water with Roundup at levels permitted in the United States, died earlier than those on a standard diet. The animals on the GM diet suffered mammary tumors, as well as severe liver and kidney damage. The study was published in the peer-reviewed journal Food and Chemical Toxicology and presented at a news conference in London. The researchers said 50 percent of males and 70 percent of females died prematurely, compared with only 30 percent and 20 percent in the control group. GMOs are deeply unpopular in Europe and many other countries, but dominate key crops in the United States after Monsanto in 1996 introduced a soybean genetically altered to tolerate Monsanto's Roundup weed killer. Seralini was part of a team that has voiced previous safety concerns based on a shorter rat study in a scientific paper published in 2009. This new study takes things a step further by tracking the animals throughout their two-year lifespan. Seralini believes his latest lifetime rat tests give a more realistic and authoritative view of risks than the 90-day feeding trials that form the basis of GM crop approvals, since three months is only the equivalent of early adulthood in rats.
Note: For alarming photos and more from the above long-term study on the dangers of GM food, click here. For an incisive, powerful 13-minute video revealing the disturbing results of this first long-term scientific study on GMOs, click here. For an excellent article and a great two-minute video clearly explaining the major dangers of GM food, click here. For a powerful summary of the health risks from GM foods, click here.
An unprecedented agricultural experiment is being conducted at America's dinner tables. While none of the processed food we ate 20 years ago contained genetically engineered ingredients, now 75 percent of it does - even though the long-term human health and environmental impacts are unknown. The Food and Drug Administration doesn't require labeling of genetically engineered foods. In 1992, the FDA ruled that genetically engineered foods didn't need independent safety tests or labeling requirements before being introduced. But one of its own scientists disagreed, warning there were "profound differences" with genetically engineered foods. Genetically engineered seed manufacturers were allowed to sell their products without telling consumers. A 2006 survey found that 74 percent of Americans had no idea that genetically engineered foods were already being sold. About 94 percent of U.S. grown soybeans are genetically engineered and contain a gene that protects them against glyphosate, now the nation's most widely used pesticide. Almost all the research on the safety of genetically engineered foods has been conducted by the companies that sell them. A recent poll found 93 percent of Americans think genetically engineered foods should be labeled. This month, 384,000 people signed a Just Label It (www.justlabelit.org) petition urging the FDA to mandate genetically engineered food labeling nationally.
Note: Over one million people have now signed the above-mentioned petition. Please join in signing and making your voice heard at this link. For powerful, verifiable information showing scientific studies which revealed lab animals died after ingesting GMOs, click here. For other major media articles on the many dangers of GM food, click here.
There is more than a casual association between GM [Genetically Modified] foods and adverse health effects. There is causation [as] confirmed in several animal studies. Specificity of the association of GM foods and specific disease processes is also supported. In spite of this risk, the biotechnology industry claims that GM foods can feed the world through production of higher crop yields. However, a recent report by the Union of Concerned Scientists reviewed 12 academic studies and indicates otherwise: "The several thousand field trials over the last 20 years ... indicate a significant undertaking. Yet none of these field trials have resulted in increased yield ... with the exception of Bt corn." Therefore, because GM foods pose a serious health risk in the areas of toxicology, allergy and immune function, reproductive health, and metabolic, physiologic and genetic health and are without benefit, ... because GM foods have not been properly tested for human consumption, and because there is ample evidence of probable harm, the AAEM asks: Physicians to educate their patients, the medical community, and the public to avoid GM foods when possible and provide educational materials concerning GM foods and health risks. Physicians to consider the possible role of GM foods in the disease process. Our members, the medical community, and the independent scientific community to gather case studies potentially related to GM food consumption and health effects. For a moratorium on GM food, implementation of immediate long term independent safety testing, and labeling of GM foods, which is necessary for the health and safety of consumers.
Note: Why was this not reported in the mainstream media? A top academy of physicians states our health is being endangered by GM foods, yet no one is reporting this. For how our media is bought off in matters like this, click here. For a powerful essay showing blatant corruption of the science around GMOs and FDA complicity, click here. For key media articles on this vital topic, click here.
In late 1986, four executives of the Monsanto Company, the leader in agricultural biotechnology, paid a visit to Vice President George Bush at the White House. In the weeks and months that followed, the White House complied, working behind the scenes, to help Monsanto — long a political power with deep connections in Washington — get the regulations that it wanted. It was an outcome that would be repeated, again and again, through three administrations. What Monsanto wished for from Washington, Monsanto — and, by extension, the biotechnology industry — got. Even longtime Washington hands said that the control this nascent industry exerted over its own regulatory destiny — through the Environmental Protection Agency, the Agriculture Department and ultimately the Food and Drug Administration — was astonishing. Dr. Louis J. Pribyl, one of 17 government scientists working on a policy for genetically engineered food, ... knew from studies that toxins could be unintentionally created when new genes were introduced into a plant's cells. The government was dismissing that risk and any other possible risk as no different from those of conventionally derived food. That meant biotechnology companies would not need government approval to sell the foods they were developing. "This is the industry's pet idea, namely that there are no unintended effects that will raise the F.D.A.'s level of concern," Dr. Pribyl wrote in a fiery memo to the F.D.A. scientist overseeing the policy's development. "But time and time again, there is no data to back up their contention."
Note: For a powerful essay showing the grave risks and dangers of GMOs, click here. Explore over 40 scientific studies that have demonstrated the health dangers of GM foods. For deeply revealing reports from reliable major media sources on genetically modified foods, click here.
Warren D. Ward, 48, was in high school when the swine flu threat of 1976 swept the U.S. A relative died in the 1918 flu pandemic, and the 1976 illness was feared to be a direct descendant of the deadly virus. “The government wanted everyone to get vaccinated,” Ward said. “But the epidemic never really broke out. It was a threat that never materialized.” The episode began in February 1976, when an Army recruit at Ft. Dix, N.J., fell ill and died from a swine flu virus thought to be similar to the 1918 strain. Several other soldiers at the base also became ill. The CDC ... called on President Ford and Congress to begin a mass inoculation. The $137-million program began in early October, but within days reports emerged that the vaccine appeared to increase the risk for Guillain-Barre syndrome, a rare neurological condition that causes temporary paralysis but can be fatal. More than 40 million Americans ... received the swine flu vaccine before the program was halted in December after 10 weeks. More than 500 people are thought to have developed Guillain-Barre syndrome after receiving the vaccine; 25 died. Only about 200 cases of swine flu and one death were ultimately reported. No one completely understands the causes of Guillain-Barre, but the condition can develop after a bout with infection or following surgery or vaccination. The federal government paid millions in damages. The pandemic, which some experts estimated at the time could infect 50 million to 60 million Americans, never unfolded.
Note: For more along these lines, see concise summaries of deeply revealing news articles on vaccines from reliable major media sources.
In October 1995 ... the Scottish Office commissioned a research project from the Aberdeen-based Rowett Research Institute into the effect of GM crops on animal nutrition and the environment. This included, for the first time, feeding GM potatoes to rats to see if they had any harmful effects on their guts, bodies, metabolism and health. A former senior Scottish Office official involved in commissioning the project told the Guardian there was "little regard" at the time for research into the human nutritional and environmental consequences of GM foods. Dr Arpad Pusztai, a senior research scientist at the Rowett, beat off 28 other tenders to coordinate the project. The preliminary results of Dr Pusztai's work had begun to show unexpected and worrying changes in the size and weight of the rats' bodily organs. The team found liver and heart sizes were decreasing. Worse still, the brain was getting smaller. There were also indications of a weakening of the immune system. Granada TV's World in Action approached Dr Pusztai and ... with the institute's consent he gave an interview. Dr Pusztai told ITV viewers that he would not eat GM food. He found it "very, very unfair to use our fellow citizens as guinea pigs. We have to find [the results] in the laboratory," he insisted. Two days later Dr Pusztai was summarily suspended and forced to retire by the Rowett Institute's director, Professor Philip James, who had personally cleared the interview with Granada.
Note: For more along these lines, see concise summaries of deeply revealing news articles on GMOs from reliable major media sources.
Genetic modification in the United States and Canada has not accelerated increases in crop yields or led to an overall reduction in the use of chemical pesticides. The promise of genetic modification was twofold: By making crops immune to the effects of weedkillers and inherently resistant to many pests, they would grow so robustly that they would become indispensable to feeding the world’s growing population, while also requiring fewer applications of sprayed pesticides. Twenty years ago, Europe largely rejected genetic modification at the same time the United States and Canada were embracing it. Comparing results on the two continents ... shows how the technology has fallen short of the promise. The United States and Canada have gained no discernible advantage in yields - food per acre - when measured against Western Europe. Also, a recent National Academy of Sciences report found that “there was little evidence” that the introduction of genetically modified crops in the United States had led to yield gains beyond those seen in conventional crops. At the same time, herbicide use has increased in the United States. And the United States has fallen behind Europe’s biggest producer, France, in reducing the overall use of pesticides, which includes both herbicides and insecticides. Pesticides are toxic by design ... and have been linked to developmental delays and cancer. The same companies make and sell both the genetically modified plants and the poisons.
Note: Explore over 40 scientific studies that have demonstrated the health dangers of GM foods. For more along these lines, see concise summaries of deeply revealing news articles on food system corruption and the GMO controversy.
The world is awash in glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup, produced by Monsanto. It has now become the most heavily-used agricultural chemical in the history of the world. A study published Tuesday ... reveals that Americans have applied 1.8 million tons of glyphosate since its introduction in 1974. Worldwide, 9.4 million tons of the chemical have been sprayed onto fields. That’s ... enough to spray nearly half a pound of Roundup on every cultivated acre of land in the world. And it’s troubling, considering that in March 2015 the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer unanimously determined that glyphosate is probably carcinogenic to humans. Research has also shown that glyphosate is an endocrine disruptor, meaning that it interferes with the proper functioning and production of hormones, in human cell lines. The mass-spraying of glyphosate has [also] led to the explosion of resistant weeds, which have evolved to survive despite being sprayed. Already, weeds resistant to the herbicide are found on half of all American farmers’ fields. Glyphosate was once only used on a small-scale. However, in the 1990s, Monsanto began introducing genetically modified crops that were resistant to the herbicides, such as Roundup Ready corn and soybeans. Since then, its use has skyrocketed. At the same time, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has relaxed its rules. Fifty times more glyphosate is allowed on corn grain now than in 1996.
Note: The negative health impacts of Monsanto's Roundup are well known. Major lawsuits are building over Monsanto's lies to regulators and the public about the safety of glyphosate. For more along these lines, see concise summaries of deeply revealing GMO news articles from reliable major media sources.
Consumer advocates, environmental groups, fishermen and retailers reacted strongly to the federal government’s announcement Thursday approving genetically modified salmon for consumer use. The landmark approval - the first genetically engineered food animal endorsed for sale in the United States - has sparked a passionate response ... especially because it will not require special labelling. Around 2 million people previously filed public comments against the FDA’s approval of what opponents call “Frankenfish,” and the Center for Food Safety announced Thursday that it would sue the FDA in response. “This sets the bar incredibly low for engineered animals,” said Michael Hansen, senior scientist at Consumers Union. “There were serious problems with the safety assessment.” At least 60 retailers - including chains like Safeway, Target, Whole Foods and Trader Joe’s, as well as local independent grocers like Bi-Rite and Rainbow Community Market - have made a pledge with Friends of the Earth not to sell the salmon when it goes to market. Chief among concerns about the GMO salmon is its potential for causing allergies and its ability to contaminate wild populations. Testing for potential allergens was only done on a very small sample size. The tested fish actually did show a higher allergenicity. Critics are also concerned about the fish’s ability to escape and cause environmental harm.
Note: For more along these lines, see concise summaries of deeply revealing GMO news articles from reliable major media sources.
California’s Proposition 37, which would require that genetically modified (G.M.) foods carry a label, has the potential ... to change the politics of food not just in California but nationally too. Genetically modified foods don’t offer the eater any benefits whatsoever — only a potential, as yet undetermined risk. Monsanto and its allies have fought the labeling of genetically modified food ... vigorously since 1992, when the industry managed to persuade the [F.D.A.] — over the objection of its own scientists — that the new crops were “substantially equivalent” to the old and so did not need to be labeled, much less regulated. The F.D.A. policy was co-written by a lawyer whose former firm worked for Monsanto. More than 60 other countries have seen fit to label genetically modified food, including those in the European Union, Japan, Russia and China. Monsanto and DuPont, the two leading merchants of genetically modified seed, have invested more than $12 million to defeat Prop 37. Americans have been eating genetically engineered food for 18 years, and as supporters of the technology are quick to point out, we don’t seem to be dropping like flies. But they miss the point. The fight over labeling G.M. food is not foremost about food safety or environmental harm, legitimate though these questions are. The fight is about the power of Big Food. Monsanto has become the symbol of everything people dislike about industrial agriculture: corporate control of the regulatory process; lack of transparency (for consumers) and lack of choice (for farmers); an intensifying rain of pesticides; and the monopolization of seeds, which is to say, of the genetic resources on which all of humanity depends.
Note: To learn more about the revolving door between Monsanto and the FDA, click here. To read about many suppressed scientific studies which showed the GM foods were often harmful and sometimes even lethal to a variety of lab animals, click here. To watch a powerful video showing clearly how Monsanto has attacked those who will not use their GM seeds, click here.
A noted plant scientist who spent much of his career at Purdue University sent a letter to the USDA informing the agency that he'd discovered a mysterious new disease-causing organism in Monsanto's (MON) genetically engineered Roundup Ready corn and soybeans. Now, that scientist - Don Huber - has written a follow-up letter ... and appears in a videotaped interview where he presents an even scarier picture of the damage he claims Monsanto's herbicide chemical glyphosate (the main ingredient in Roundup) is doing to both plants and the animals who eat them. Use of glyphosate has soared thanks to widespread use of Monsanto's soy and corn seeds, which are genetically modified to survive its effects. The problem with glyphosate, Huber says, is that it effectively "gives a plant AIDS," weakening its defenses and making it more susceptible to pathogens, such as the one his team discovered. The scientists have taken to calling the bug "the electron microscope (EM) organism," since it can only be seen with an electron microscope. Huber claims that the double whammy of weakened defenses and the new EM organism have contributed to "unexplained epidemics" of disease on farms. He's heard from cattle farmers who are struggling because they're experiencing a 15% infertility rate and 35% rate of spontaneous abortions among their herds. When the farmers switch to non-GE soy and corn for feed, the problems decline dramatically.
The US embassy in Paris advised Washington to start a military-style trade war against any European Union country which opposed genetically modified (GM) crops, newly released WikiLeaks cables show. In response to moves by France to ban a Monsanto GM corn variety in late 2007, the ambassador, Craig Stapleton, a friend and business partner of former US president George Bush, asked Washington to penalise the EU and particularly countries which did not support the use of GM crops. "Moving to retaliation will make clear that the current path has real costs to EU interests and could help strengthen European pro-biotech voices," said Stapleton, who with Bush co-owned the St Louis-based Texas Rangers baseball team in the 1990s [and is married to Dorothy Walker, a first cousin of former U.S. president George H.W. Bush]. In other newly released cables, US diplomats around the world are found to have pushed GM crops as a strategic government and commercial imperative. In addition, the cables show US diplomats working directly for GM companies such as Monsanto. It also emerges that Spain and the US have worked closely together to persuade the EU not to strengthen biotechnology laws. In one cable, the embassy in Madrid writes: "If Spain falls, the rest of Europe will follow." The cables show that not only did the Spanish government ask the US to keep pressure on Brussels but that the US knew in advance how Spain would vote, even before the Spanish biotech commission had reported.
Note: For a powerful 13-minute video revealing the disturbing results of the first long-term scientific study on GMOs and showing how they greatly increased cancer incidence in rats, click here. For more revealing information on this from Dr. Mercola, click here. For an excellent overview of scientific studies on the risks from genetically-modified foods, click here.
Genetic modification actually cuts the productivity of crops, an authoritative new study shows, undermining repeated claims that a switch to the controversial technology is needed to solve the growing world food crisis. The study – carried out over the past three years at the University of Kansas – has found that GM soya produces about 10 per cent less food than its conventional equivalent, contradicting assertions by advocates of the technology that it increases yields. Professor Barney Gordon, of the university's department of agronomy, said he started the research – reported in the journal Better Crops – because many farmers who had changed over to the GM crop had "noticed that yields are not as high as expected even under optimal conditions". He added: "People were asking the question 'how come I don't get as high a yield as I used to?'" He grew a Monsanto GM soybean and an almost identical conventional variety in the same field. The modified crop produced only 70 bushels of grain per acre, compared with 77 bushels from the non-GM one. The GM crop – engineered to resist Monsanto's own weedkiller, Roundup – recovered only when he added extra manganese, leading to suggestions that the modification hindered the crop's take-up of the essential element from the soil. The new study confirms earlier research at the University of Nebraska, which found that another Monsanto GM soya produced 6 per cent less than its closest conventional relative, and 11 per cent less than the best non-GM soya available.
Note: For many important reports on genetically modified organisms from major media sources, click here.
A reputable-sounding nonprofit organization released a report attacking the organic food industry in April 2014. The 30-page report by Academics Review, described as “a non-profit led by independent academic experts in agriculture and food sciences,” found that consumers were being duped into spending more money for organic food. The [group's] press release ends on this note: “Academics Review has no conflicts-of-interest associated with this publication, and all associated costs for which were paid for using our general funds without any specific donor’ influence or direction.” What was not mentioned in the report, the news release or on the website: Executives for Monsanto Co., the world’s leading purveyor of agrichemicals and genetically engineered seeds, along with key Monsanto allies, engaged in fund raising for Academics Review, collaborated on strategy and even discussed plans to hide industry funding, according to emails obtained by U.S. Right to Know. Jay Byrne, former head of communications at Monsanto ... offered to act as a “commercial vehicle” to help find corporate funding for Academics Review. In March 2016, Monica Eng reported ... on documents showing that Monsanto paid Professor Bruce Chassy more than $57,000 over a 23-month period to travel, write and speak about GMOs - money that was not disclosed to the public. The money was part of at least $5.1 million in undisclosed money Monsanto sent through the University of Illinois Foundation.
Note: Monsanto has reportedly pushed fake science in other circumstances as well. Major lawsuits are beginning to unfold over Monsanto's lies to regulators and the public on the dangers of its products, most notably Roundup. Yet the EPA continues to use industry studies to declare Roundup safe while ignoring independent scientists. For more along these lines, see concise summaries of deeply revealing news articles on food system corruption and health.
Bill and Melinda Gates are facing calls for their philanthropic Foundation, through which they have donated billions worldwide, to be subject to an international investigation. The Gates Foundation is about benefiting big business, especially in agriculture and health, through its “ideological commitment to promote neoliberal economic policies and corporate globalisation,” according to [a] report published by the campaign group Global Justice Now. The report accuses the Gates Foundation of [turning] “basic needs into commodities controlled by the market.” The report is critical of the close working relations between the Foundation and major international pharmaceutical corporations. It accuses the Gates Foundation of promoting specific priorities through agriculture grants, some of which undermine the interests of small farmers. These include promoting industrial agriculture, use of chemical fertilisers and expensive, patented seeds, and a focus on genetically modified seeds. The criticism echoes the accusations made by the Indian scientist Vandana Shiva who called the Gates Foundation the “greatest threat to farmers in the developing world.” The Foundation’s emphasis on “technological solutions” often ignores real solutions involving social and economic justice. “This cannot be given by donors in the form of a climate-resilient crop or cheaper smartphone, but must be about systemic social, economic and political change – issues not represented in the foundation’s funding priorities.”
Note: The Gates Foundation is heavily invested in GMO giants like Monsanto. It also provided $5 million to Oxitec, a company criticized for secretly releasing GM mosquitoes into the wild in 2009. Oxitec was purchased last August by biotech giant Intrexon for $160 million. By December, the Zika virus was all over the news and Intrexon was ramping up production of these GM insects to "fight Zika" in Brazil. For more along these lines, see concise summaries of deeply revealing corporate corruption news articles from reliable major media sources.
Law firms around the United States are lining up plaintiffs for what they say could be "mass tort" actions against agrichemical giant Monsanto Co that claim the company's Roundup herbicide has caused cancer in farm workers and others exposed to the chemical. The latest lawsuit was filed Wednesday in Delaware. The lawsuit is similar to others filed last month in New York and California accusing Monsanto of long knowing that the main ingredient in Roundup, glyphosate, was hazardous. Monsanto "led a prolonged campaign of misinformation to convince government agencies, farmers and the general population that Roundup was safe," the lawsuit states. The litigation follows the World Health Organization's declaration in March that there was sufficient evidence to classify glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans." "We can prove that Monsanto knew about the dangers of glyphosate," said Michael McDivitt, whose Colorado-based law firm is putting together cases for 50 individuals. Roundup ... brought Monsanto $4.8 billion in revenue in its fiscal 2015. But questions about Roundup's safety have dogged the company for years. Attorneys who have filed or are eying litigation cited strong evidence that links glyphosate to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Monsanto is also fending off claims over its past manufacturing of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which the WHO classifies as known carcinogens. At least 700 lawsuits against Monsanto or Monsanto-related entities are pending.
Note: It's interesting to note that a Google search shows almost no major media picked up this key news. Read how the EPA used industry studies while ignoring independent studies to declare Roundup safe. Read also an excellent mercola.com article titled "GMO cookie is crumbling." Monsanto is trying to stop the state of California from listing Glyphosate as carcinogenic. For more along these lines, see concise summaries of deeply revealing GMO news articles from reliable major media sources.
Monsanto Co.’s undisclosed recruitment of scientists from Harvard University, Cornell University and three other schools to write about the benefits of plant biotechnology is drawing fire from opponents. Monsanto says it’s in regular contact with public-sector scientists as it tries to “elevate” public dialog on genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. U.S. Right to Know, a nonprofit group funded by the Organic Consumers Association that obtained e-mails under the Freedom of Information Act, says correspondence revealing Monsanto’s actions shows the “corporate control of science and how compliant some academics are.” The articles have become the latest flashpoint in an information war being waged over plant biotechnology. The articles in question appeared on the Genetic Literacy Project’s website in a series called “GMO - Beyond the Science.” Eric Sachs, who leads Monsanto’s scientific outreach, wrote to eight scientists to pen a series of briefs aimed at influencing “public policy, GM crop regulation and consumer acceptance.” Five of them obliged. University of Florida Professor Kevin Folta said he agreed to write “Anti-GMO Activism and Its Impact on Food Security” because communicating science to the public is his job. Folta has faced public criticism since the New York Times ... reported last month about his communications with Monsanto and a $25,000 donation to the science communication program he runs.
The issues surrounding G.M.O.s - genetically modified organisms - became more complicated last week when the International Agency for Research on Cancer declared that glyphosate, the active ingredient in the widely used herbicide Roundup, probably causes cancer in humans. Two insecticides, malathion and diazinon, were also classified as "probable" carcinogens by the agency, a respected arm of the World Health Organization. Roundup, made by Monsanto for both home and commercial use, is crucial in the production of genetically engineered corn and soybean crops, so it was notable that the verdict on its dangers came nearly simultaneously with an announcement by the Food and Drug Administration that new breeds of genetically engineered potato and apple are safe to eat. Few people are surprised that an herbicide in widespread use is probably toxic at high doses or with prolonged exposure, circumstances that may be common among farmers and farmworkers. Nor is it surprising that it took so long - Roundup has been used since the 1970s - to discover its likely carcinogenic properties. There is a sad history of us acting as guinea pigs for the novel chemicals that industry develops. To date, G.M.O.s and other forms of biotech have done nothing but enrich their manufacturers and promote a system of agriculture that's neither sustainable nor for the most part beneficial. We don't need better, smarter chemicals along with crops that can tolerate them; we need fewer chemicals. There's no reason to put the general population, and particularly the farming population, at risk for the sake of industry profits.
Note: Monsanto's Roundup and the GMO crops that support its use are well-known by scientists to be a threat to public health. For more, see concise summaries of deeply revealing news articles on GMO risks and how these are covered up.
Michael Specter's recent articles bashing Vandana Shiva and the labeling of genetically engineered foods (Seeds of Doubt and The Problem with G.M.O. Labels) in the New Yorker are the latest high-profile pro-GMO articles that fail to engage with the fundamental critique of genetically engineered food crops in US soil today: rather than reduce pesticide inputs GMOs are causing them to skyrocket in amount and toxicity. Setting the record straight, Dr. Ramon J. Seidler, Ph.D., former Senior Scientist, Environmental Protection Agency, has recently published a well-researched article documenting the devastating facts, "Pesticide Use on Genetically Engineered Crops," in Environmental Working Group's online AgMag. Dr. Seidler's article cites and links recent scientific literature and media reports, and should be required reading for all journalists covering GMOs, as well as for citizens generally to understand why their right to know if food is genetically engineered is so important. Over 99% of GMO acreage is engineered by chemical companies to tolerate heavy herbicide (glyphosate) use and/or produce insecticide (Bt) in every cell of every plant over the entire growing season. The result is massive selection pressure that has rapidly created pest resistance - the opposite of integrated pest management. Predictably ... we now have huge swaths of the country infested with "superweeds" and "superbugs" resistant to glyphosate and Bt, meaning more volume of more toxic pesticides are being applied.
Note: The negative health impacts of Monsanto's Roundup are well known. Major lawsuits are building over Monsanto's lies to regulators and the public about the safety of glyphosate. For more along these lines, see concise summaries of deeply revealing GMO news articles from reliable major media sources.
Important Note: Explore our full index to revealing excerpts of key major media news articles on several dozen engaging topics. And don't miss amazing excerpts from 20 of the most revealing news articles ever published. | <urn:uuid:ea1e3e6d-c27d-4b75-92b6-7ff5b197b7e1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newsarticles.media/geneticallymodifiedorganismsnewsarticles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962782 | 7,080 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Second Floor Hall
The concept of the open hall continues to the second floor, providing views from the first to the third floor. The Asian-inspired moon window is the central feature of the second-floor hall. It frames a sweeping view down a line of trees leading away from the house. The massive beech tree can be seen as a sapling in nineteenth-century photographs. Heavy portiere curtains can be pulled across the alcove to keep out cold air.
The second-floor hall provided access to four bedrooms, a library, day nursery, and night nursery. Although the principal bed chamber and night nursery both had easy access to bathrooms, only one toilet was located on this floor, tucked away just past the doorway to the right of the moon window. Today, four of the rooms on this floor are used as changing exhibition galleries. The library continues to serve its original use as a place to read, explore, and relax.
The large chair situated along the staircase to the third floor was known to the Eustis family as the “twin seat.” This unusual piece of furniture was commissioned by Mary Hemenway, Edith Eustis’s mother, as a comfortable place for her to read to her grandchildren. Although it was originally located in Mary Hemenway’s Beacon Hill mansion, it was brought here after her death in 1894.
This photo shows Mary Hemenway with her grandsons Fred and Gus Eustis sitting on the twin seat around 1879. | <urn:uuid:bb0667d6-5a0e-4c0a-b570-ec666b4f6e8e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eustis.estate/location/second-floor-hallway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.977289 | 316 | 2.375 | 2 |
There are events taking place right under our noses that mainstream media haven’t mentioned. These facts are very relevant in these turbulent, uncertain times. Unfortunately, we have space to list only some of them at this time.
Sexuality and Adolescence
According to a paper issued by the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, dated January 5, 2018, the prevalence of sexual activity by adolescents decreased at an astonishing rate between 2005-2015. This is a positive change among adolescents, not only in the U.S., but also in Canada, the U.K. and Japan, where studies show they are also experiencing this phenomenon. In Japan, for example, the proportion of young adults with no sexual experience has increased in the past two decades, according to a paper published in 2019 by the University of Tokyo Department of Global Health Policy. The paper suggested that this change may be due to unemployment, temporary/part-time employment, and low income. It went on to state, however, that “Further research is needed on the factors contributing to the public health and demographic implications…”
The CDC paper also states that “Understanding underlying causes of these decreases and the prevalence of never having had sexual intercourse can inform strategies to ensure that such decreases continue.”
Extremism of the Governor of California and U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi
It is interesting to note the Governor of California, Gavin Newsom, demanded that all pregnancy centres promote abortion and required health insurance companies to hide from parents medical procedures such as abortion and sex-change operations. He also required religious organizations to cover elective abortions in their healthcare plans. Gavin Newsom is the nephew of the Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi. She promotes abortion up to birth and homosexual rights to have priority over other rights.
Cyberbullying in Children
A study, entitled “Cyberbullying Victimization and Mental Health in Adolescents and the Moderating Role of Family Dinners”, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) 2014 168 (1015-1022), indicates that cyberbullying victimization in adolescents can be decreased, surprisingly, by frequent family dinners, when the family informally communicates with each other. These family dinners allow the child to experience his/her vulnerabilities and express them. This helps the child to retain or open his or her curiosity and to learn to express his or her views, while also listening to others. A family having dinner every night is ideal but difficult. It is suggested that the family meeting for dinner once or twice a week would be sufficient.
Statistics Canada’s so-called incidents of hate crimes are not actually proven crimes of hate. These statistics are only reports given to the police by individuals who think that a hate crime may have occurred. It doesn’t mean that someone has been found guilty of committing a hate crime or that police have properly investigated the incident. It just means somebody said that something happened that may have been a hate crime and the police jotted it down for the record.
In actual fact, Statistics Canada does not request information on the actual number of complaints laid by police, or the number of convictions and acquittals related to hate crimes. As a result, Canadians have no idea of the actual number of genuine hate crimes committed in Canada.
U.K. Bans Transition to Another Sex by Adolescents Under 18 Years of Age
In April 2020, the U.K. government announced that it will take measures to prevent children under 18 years of age, confused about their sex, from proceeding with sex change attempts. This would protect them from transitioning to another sex, a decision that could tragically affect their future. The U.K. government stated there would be three principles involved in their future legislation:
- Those under 18 years of age would be protected from decisions that are irreversible in the future, such as sex transition.
- Those over 18 years of age would be able to live their lives as they wish and may continue to transition to another sex.
- There will be protection for single-sex spaces, such as locker rooms and washrooms. | <urn:uuid:63d87ed5-a756-4358-bdcd-5057c83ea11b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://realwomenofcanada.ca/nobody-told-us-these-facts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.961094 | 860 | 2.40625 | 2 |
St. Gallen, 8 May 2015
I would like to begin by expressing my sincere thanks for the invitation to speak to you today. The St. Gallen Symposium is a very special gathering, which I am honoured to participate in.
Let me congratulate the student leaders from the University of St. Gallen for the originality of this year’s theme, “Proudly Small”.
It has never occurred to me to be either proud or embarrassed of hailing from a small place. Nor do I believe that small entities are inherently better or worse than larger ones.
All groups, after all, are made of up of individuals, one after another. This is the deeper meaning behind abstract concepts like “inclusiveness”. Every person counts. What they think matters.
But there is no doubt that physical size is a factor in how a country or a business responds to threats and opportunities.
I will have more to say about this later, but I would like to start with the case I know best, the story of my own country.
Today, Rwanda is a country transformed, physically, economically, and socially. But there is no way to ignore where we started from in 1994.
When a hundred days of genocide were stopped by the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a million Rwandans lay dead, around 15 per cent of the population. Close to three million people had fled to neighbouring countries, where they lived under the control of the militias and politicians, who had carried out the Genocide, and openly declared their intention to complete it.
Public services in Rwanda no longer existed, the economy was destroyed, and the treasury had been looted. Yet the new government was still expected to repay the huge external debts that had been used to finance the carnage.
We were starting from less than zero. To most observers, Rwanda seemed unlikely to even survive as a nation, much less recover, reconcile, and prosper.
Our first tasks were to restore security, address the humanitarian catastrophe, and form a Government of National Unity made up of all surviving political forces that had not aligned with the Genocide.
A thorough and honest reckoning with the darkest corners of our past was equally urgent, if we were not to repeat it. We also needed a shared narrative about the future.
Consensus could not be imposed from above, much less parachuted in from outside. People from all walks of life began to meet, officially and unofficially, to identify concrete solutions rooted as much as possible in our own culture and traditions.
These consultations eventually reached every village in the country and culminated in the 2003 constitution, which was drafted essentially by citizens, not by experts.
As a result, almost any Rwandan can tell you where the country is headed and why.
Let me tell you about two specific examples before coming back to this Symposium’s central question.
First, how we handled justice and reconciliation. Hundreds of thousands of Rwandans were directly involved in the killings. By 1997, the refugees had been brought home from exile. The prison population swelled. No justice system in the world, could have coped with more than one million simultaneous murder trials. We had to try something radically new.
But punishment could not be our only objective. People needed to know what exactly had happened to loved ones. Survivors, perpetrators, and bystanders would have to live and work together again, side by side, for the rest of their lives. Revealing the truth and strengthening national unity were therefore equally important.
The mechanism we devised, Gacaca, was rooted in a traditional practice of public dispute resolution that every Rwandan could relate to.
For ten years, every community in Rwanda came together once a week. Justice was rendered by those most concerned, the communities themselves, arbitrated by local leaders elected for fairness and honesty.
Around a quarter of cases resulted in acquittal. Offenders who told the full truth and expressed sincere remorse were often sentenced to time served.
The Gacaca jurisdictions dealt with around two million cases, at a total cost of $50 million. Tens of millions of handwritten pages from these proceedings have been preserved for future generations.
By way of comparison, the UN’s International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda spent close to $1.5 billion over 20 years to convict 65 people.
The second example is our effort to build a stable and democratic constitutional order.
The Genocide was a political project of the state, perversely justified in terms of “majority rule”, but in reality based on a crude racial ideology with roots in the colonial period.
We could never again allow the democratic process to be hijacked by political entrepreneurs bent on gaining total power by pitting one Rwandan against another.
Our approach to governance reflects the utter seriousness of that endeavour.
One, power must be shared. No party, however strong, can make up more than 50 per cent of Cabinet. The president of the republic and the speaker of parliament must represent different parties. Decisions have to be reached through dialogue and consensus.
Two, the fight against genocide ideology and divisionism is a public duty. No party may seek support by appealing to region, ethnicity, religion, or any other arbitrary social distinction. Politics has to be inclusive and national in scope.
Three, communities are best placed to know their own priorities and hold government accountable for results. Service delivery has been decentralised. There are many occasions throughout the year where citizens speak directly to leaders about what is not working, and what is. And believe me, Rwandans do not hold back when they have complaints.
Our experience has taught us that confrontation, anger, and division are not at all the essence of democracy. That style of politics may be a fun game in certain countries, but in others it is a matter of life or death.
In Rwanda, public opinion will not stand for it. Yet we are constantly being told that there is something wrong with us for putting national unity at the heart of our system of governance.
Let me try to present the example of Switzerland, which is a useful point of comparison in this regard. This country’s principles of concordance, collegiality, and direct democracy have resulted in more than 150 years of stability, prosperity, and unity. The consensual approach obviously has something to recommend it.
This leads us back to the central questions raised in this Symposium.
Let me start with a plain truth: There are small countries, but there are no small peoples.
It follows that thinking big, and acting big, are choices available to all of us.
Size is not destiny. But I can think of two ways in which Rwanda’s relative smallness works to our advantage.
First, it makes it easier for us to innovate. There are no off-the-shelf remedies for our predicament. We have no choice but to experiment with new ideas and bring the ones that work to scale as quickly as possible.
It is no accident that many of the biggest and most innovative companies in the world today began as small start-ups in someone’s garage. Without the constraints of bureaucracy and precedent, original thinking can flourish.
In a way, Rwanda is like a collection of start-up governance institutions whose mission is to solve problems and create new opportunities. If we were bigger, our approach maybe would have been more conventional and less effective.
Second, when you are small, it is a lot easier to get everyone involved. In our culture, as in most others, there is no substitute for talking face-to-face.
Personal interactions remain an essential method for rebuilding trust in society, and changing mindsets, such that ambitious visions actually get translated into the billions of choices that citizens collectively make, each and every day, about their health, finances, and security.
So yes, there are benefits to being small. But there is a big catch too: It means you are also small enough to fail.
A mistake that a larger entity could absorb can completely wipe out your company or erase all your country’s development gains, or even plunge you into war.
Small places have much less room for error. No one will rush to bail you out. In the grand scheme, the fate of a small place only really matters to the people who live in it. We have to be responsible for ourselves.
No amount of success will ever fully dilute this risk. Iceland, for example, if I may dare to give one, is as advanced a country as any, but its prosperity was nearly destroyed during the financial crisis.
These are the realities I have in mind whenever I remind Rwandans that “nobody owes us anything”, and that we can never afford to take our progress for granted. We must always strive to become better and better versions of ourselves.
Greatness is a choice available to any person, organisation, or nation. Big countries are capable of thinking small and acting small. Small countries can think big and act big, which is to say: With dignity and respect for others.
In Rwanda, we found answers appropriate to our context, but the principles we used to arrive at them apply more generally: Include everyone, build consensus, take responsibility, and be accountable for results.
If Rwanda can transcend its tragic history, then anyone can. No matter how intractable today’s global challenges may seem, we should meet them with confidence and optimism.
More than ever, we are all in the fight together. Globalisation means that opportunities spread faster and farther. But threats move just as aggressively, whether we are talking of pandemics, terrorist ideologies, transnational crime, or stock market panics.
Big or small, we inhabit the same small world, and so we have to make the right choices, for the right reasons, for ourselves and for each other. | <urn:uuid:01981dcb-1894-4588-966c-862f311e302f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.paulkagame.com/president-kagame-s-keynote-address-at-45th-st-gallen-symposium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968143 | 2,023 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Microbes play fundamental roles in all biology-associated processes on the planet. A powerful new tool in such studies is metagenomics wherein one uses high throughput DNA sequencing methods on DNA isolated directly from environmental samples. Metagenomics has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the normally hidden yet incredibly important world of microorganisms. However this great potential comes with enormous challenges in the analysis of the sequence data, including (i) the fragmentary nature of sequence data, (ii) the sparse sampling of genomes, populations and communities, and (iii) the unknown phylogenetic diversity and ecological structure of the communities being sampled. We are now working on methodology for analysis of metagenomic data as part of a new collaborative project: Integrating Statistical Evolutionary, and Ecological Approaches to Metagenomics (iSEEM). The iSEEM Project, funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, takes an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to metagenomic analysis. We will be working with the Community Cyberinfrastructure for Advanced Marine Microbial Ecology Research and Analysis (CAMERA) to make any methods we develop available to the broader community. | <urn:uuid:ac353aff-6ced-481c-963b-7da51dd73cb9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://iseem2.wordpress.com/home-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.883467 | 229 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The ComputerInfo class in the .NET Framework is a little hidden gem which represents the useful information about your computer. This class is defined in the Microsoft.VisualBasic assembly which might be the main reason C# developers are not aware of it. In this article we are going to learn how to use the Computerinfo class to display the memory utilization information on the page.
Apart from the TotalPhysicalMemory and AvailablePhysicalMemory the ComputerInfo class also exposes properties for TotalVirtualMemory and AvailableVirtualMemory. There are many ways of displaying the information on the page but we are going to use Ajax since we want to update the information at regular intervals.
We have created a simple web service which exposes getMemoryStatistics method. The purpose of the method is to return the memory statistics in the form of a string. The StringBuilder class is used to concatenate all the information together. The memory is returned as number of bytes in the form of ULong data type. The implementation is shown below:
Apart from returning the TotalPhysicalMemory and AvailablePhysicalMemory we are also returning the percentage of memory consumption.
Using the getMemoryStatistics Method:
Next step is to create a client which can use the getMemoryStatistics method to display the information to the user. Our client is a simple ASP.NET web application. We will be using the ASP.NET Ajax framework for our asynchronous calls.
The client implementation is shown below:
The memory consumption percentage will increase as you open different applications and will go down as the resources are released. This will be discussed in the screencast in the future.
In this article we learned how to display memory utilization information using the ComputerInfo class contained in the Microsoft.VisualBasic assembly. In the future articles we will discuss how to show memory consumption as per running application. | <urn:uuid:22a60ce4-6484-4bf5-b6b4-a55b1e1345b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://highoncoding.com/Articles/617_Displaying_Memory_Consumption_Information_Using_ComputerInfo.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.837243 | 447 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A Study of Ground Penetrating Radar Methods in an Underground Stone Mine to Improve Ground Control
Baggett, Jonathan Gabriel
MetadataShow full item record
This work focuses on the operational and safety issues associated with karst voids in large opening underground mines. Issues include water inrush, structural instability, and engineering uncertainty in these environments. Coupled with the fracturing prevalent in folded sedimentary rocks, karsts are complex and challenging ground control risks. Traditional methods of predicting karst void locations such as probe-drilling are impeded by the inconsistent spatial distribution and variable sizes of the features. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical technique that transmits radio waves into a medium and subsequently detects reflected waves via a receiver. The travel time and energy of received signals are then processed and interpreted. The difference in material properties between limestone and open karst voids causes strong reflections. This work summarizes a series of 2D and 3D GPR surveys for karst void mapping within a mine pillar and within sill pillars between mine levels in a large opening underground limestone mine. In this case study mine, karst voids are hazardous ground control risks that interact with geologic discontinuities, creating free blocks within the rock mass. As tunnels are advanced via blasting, unknown karst voids may be exposed and pose risks to mining personnel. The karst voids also form a hydrogeological network of water reservoirs with spatial locations throughout the rock mass that are difficult to predict with traditional methods such as drilling. While GPR has been utilized throughout several industries for anomaly detection, mapping, and validating other geophysical data sets, this technique has not seen the same proliferation within the mining industry. Regarding published literature, there is a lack of works that detail the applicability of GPR in underground mining scenarios. The aim of this work is to expand on previous methodologies establishing GPR as a useful tool in underground mining applications, and to discuss the benefits and limitations GPR data in such scenarios.
General Audience Abstract
This work focuses on the operational and safety issues associated with karst voids in large opening underground mines. Typical issues include water flooding into the tunnels and rocks falling out from the roof and walls, among other things. Sedimentary rock structures sometimes are geologically complex, and karst voids only add to that complexity. Engineers usually predict karst void locations with drilling or statistics, but this is often challenging as karst voids have various shapes and orientations. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical technique that sends electric signals into the rock; these signals can reflect off of karst voids and other anomalies. The travel time and energy of signals that come back to the antennas are then processed and interpreted. The difference in material properties between limestone and open karst voids causes strong reflections. This work shows a series of 2D and 3D GPR surveys for karst void mapping within a pillar in a stone mine and also below the floor of mine tunnels. In this mine, karst voids are very dangerous and the miners spend significant time and resources to ensure the tunnels walls are stable. As tunnels are blasted, hidden karst voids may be exposed and pose unpredicted risks to miners. The karst voids are also connected by cracks and discontinuities, providing a path for water to travel along. While GPR has been used in various ways among the construction, civil engineering, and tunneling industries, there is not enough literature pertaining to its benefits for mines. The goal of this work is to grow the available literature on GPR in mining and to talk about the best practices for GPR use as a means of improving health and safety for miners underground.
- Masters Theses | <urn:uuid:30d40608-5fac-4a1b-ae5a-5e384fc45ba0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/91393 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.932503 | 795 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Business contact information template. Information in your possession can often be used to help you make business decisions. Sometimes this information comes from the information system within your business but often it is from external sources. An interesting thing to do is to quickly apply a swot analysis to new information. For those who are unfamiliar with “swot”, it stands for strengths. A swot analyze is an objective assessment of your business that identifies its strengths and weaknesses as well as potential opportunities and threats. Your business’s unique strengths and weaknesses will be the parts of your business that are particularly strong or weak. These are internal matters. These are internal issues. External forces can have an impact on the enterprise. It is a good idea for companies to perform a swot assessment from time to time.
Due to the high level of technical knowledge required and the managerial skills needed to upgrade your business information systems continuously, many businesses end up spending more than they should when performing this task due insufficient planning. Planning well is key in this economy, which is currently recovering from a financial crisis. Large corporations have managers who oversee the upgrade process. They use tools such as procurement cards and EDI to make the process more efficient. In addition to this, they work to reduce the cycle time of their contracts and use various tracking systems to manage business assets.
There are people who are surprised to find that they need to pay for public records after they begin to search online for business information. This may sound unfair at first but thinking that most of these sites were able to gather the information for free from various sources, it will definitely be unfair on their side to give all the facts that they know for free. After all, they have already put in so much effort to get people the benefits they want. Also, given that these sites would maintain and always update their database, it is definitely acceptable if they would ask for some fee. The business information one receives is worth every penny.
To ensure better service and efficient processes, it is important that vendors are established and maintained. It is also important to ensure that there is a strict benchmark maintained in performance standards, and all equipment and assets in the company. This will also impact any future purchases or disposals. With an eye on the goals and current business model, you’ll need to continually update your plan.
The image above uploaded by admin from July, 28 2022. This awesome gallery listed under Information Templates category. I really hope you’ll enjoy it. If you want to download the image to your disk in best quality, just right click on the picture and select “Save As” or you can download it by clicking on the share button (Twitter, Facebook or Google+) to show the download button right below the picture. | <urn:uuid:f73a7d75-2052-4827-b049-acb73003ab31> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.spepdpu.org/business-contact-information-template/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962951 | 562 | 1.546875 | 2 |
India has bought 300,000 doses of the Remdesivir drug from Egypt’s Eva Pharma company for drugs and medical supplies, as it grapples with its surging coronavirus pandemic.
The Indian Embassy in Cairo said on Saturday that it would purchase the doses on behalf of the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The embassy added in a statement that the agreement will be signed by Ambassador Ajit Gupte and Executive Director of Eva Pharma Riyad Armanious on Monday at the headquarters of the Indian Embassy in Cairo.
Egypt’s Eva Pharma began last year producing Remdesivir, used in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Remdesivir is indicated for moderate to severe cases of COVID-19 for patients in intensive care who require oxygen.
Eva Pharma, a generic drugmaker established in 1997, said last year it had received a license from Gilead Sciences Inc to make Remdesivir in Egypt and distribute it in 127 countries. | <urn:uuid:dc4f4b00-6384-4aaf-bf8e-221804b93cd7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cloudflare.egyptindependent.com/india-buys-300000-doses-of-remdesivir-from-egypt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.944639 | 204 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Students of the world! Need some advice on what to do with your food or how to organise your life? It can be a slog getting through student life with exams to study for and bills to pay, so we’ve gathered some top tips for students across the board to help you save money, stay productive and some other useful tidbits we found.
Have you got any more tips for students to add to our list? Drop us a message on Facebook or Twitter with your ideas and we could feature them in our next blog!
Save yourself the money on that 3am pizza crunch by making a double helping when you’re having dinner before a night out. Get home and gorge on some reheated pasta and hungover-you the next day will thank you!
Stick a fiver in the back of your phone case or in a wee compartment in your purse or wallet. How many time have you been caught needing a few quid and the bus doesn’t take card, you’re short of money for a taxi or you’re desperate for a wee panini between classes. Nowadays, most places take card, but you don’t want to be caught out when you end up somewhere that doesn’t!
Related directly to your uni work, please remember and do all your references and bibliography as you go! I have no idea how many students have been caught out over the years thinking it will be hunky-dory and have to pull a 5am stint in the library to finish the forsaken references list.
As an app, we think this is a biggie! Our app, Swipii, will help you save money on your purchases by earning you cashback on every spend you make in loads of local businesses. You should also have a look at other helpful apps like Too Good To Go, Monzo, Uber and Evernote to help you out during your time at uni.
Easy to say, hard to stick to. Setting a weekly budget is only beneficial if you actually follow it! Make sure it’s realistic, factoring in any fast food or nights out you think you might have. By limiting your weekly outgoings and forcing you to prioritise, you’ll find ways to curb your costs and be more aware of how you are spending your money.
Clearing your room always helps clear the mind a little. There’s no doubt, that over the years you spend at uni, you’ll accumulate a large amount of stuff. And I will bet that you don’t need most of it. Those free plastic shot glasses the clubs were giving out during Fresher’s week? The collection of lanyards from every society in the uni? I am willing to bet you don’t need them. Get rid of stuff you don’t need to clear space and help you feel more organised.
Whether you’re doing it to save the environment or to save money, investing in a reusable coffee mug and filling it before your lectures in the morning will undoubtedly help you out. You don’t need to get a Starbucks Caramel Macchiato every day of the week. Plus, get yourself a water bottle to stop you paying for something you can literally get out of the tap. Invest in a filter if you’re not a big fan of tap flavour.
One thing that will really help you out at uni, and in the years following, is making sure you have the right bank account set up to help you out. Don’t just stick with the one your mum and dad have, have a look around for who is offering Student accounts and check out the benefits each offer. This could include fee-free overdrafts or cash bonuses for opening an account. Definitely worth an investigation!
One of the easiest ways to save money as well as look after the environment is to shop second-hand! Whether it’s finding your uni books on eBay or getting furniture for your student flat from the local Salvation Army, nowadays it is pretty easy to find high-quality second-hand stuff that won’t break the bank. Plus, Depop!
When I was at uni, everyone told me to start things earlier, and I ignored them. “I work well under pressure”, I said. I was wrong! Start everything early, even if it’s just making a plan to make your life easier when the deadline begins to loom. You’ll feel more organised and it will help your stress levels immensely!
Want to save money on your food, drinks and more when you visit local businesses? Download Swipii to earn cashback every time you use your payment card in a participating business. Shop local, get cashback. | <urn:uuid:a2070f1b-52a7-4831-90e6-b526b77917cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://swipii.com/blog/ten-top-tips-for-students-for-food-life-and-saving-money | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.942216 | 995 | 1.773438 | 2 |
MANAGERS OF ESTATES & MONUMENTS
Boilers in many listed buildings need to be replaced and made more sustainable over time. Insulation is not possible or only to a limited extent. And the high heat demand in such open buildings means that an electrical solution is generally not sufficient.
Hydrogen offers a total solution for listed buildings. We gradually add hydrogen to natural gas. For example, the current heating system is reused as far as possible and progress can gradually be made towards a fully sustainable listed building.
Our partner Schwank GmbH supplies radiant heaters that are suitable for hydrogen.
How can hydrogen be used for a church, a listed building or an estate?
- Adding hydrogen to the existing natural gas grid. Moving towards 100% hydrogen at a later time
- Installing a heating application suitable for hydrogen
- Heating concept with a favourable impact on air humidity. Our monitoring service provides 24/7 humidity measurements
- Few if any adjustments to the listed building
Our partner for radiant hydrogen heaters
“We can move towards a 100% sustainable church with preservation of the listed value”Peter Koelewijn
Master builder Eusebius Church | <urn:uuid:50d61a77-af03-4729-9b5f-0d71eb10ccbe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hymatters.com/en/work-areas/managers-of-estates-monuments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.919751 | 244 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Alberta Immigrant Nominee Program
Located in the western Canada, Alberta is the fourth most populous Canadian Province. It has mountains, vast coniferous forests, prairies and desert badlands which enhances its landscape beauty and attract lots of tourists and migrants every year. Alberta follows AINP i.e. Alberta Immigrant Nominee program so as to target the skilled and talented individuals.
The AINP comprises three main streams that are: | <urn:uuid:5fee411f-8613-43d4-a57c-64a913138487> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.visadirection.com/alberta-immigrant-nominee-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.943532 | 93 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Nassim Nicholas Taleb and Gregory Treverton have written an interesting article on the vulnerability and fragility of states. The piece has been published in the latest issue of Foreign Affairs (January/February 2015). They have a simple theory on the factors that increase the fragility of states. The five sources of such fragility are:
- A concentrated decision-making system (centralisation)
- The absence of economic diversity
- Being highly indebted (over-indebtedness)
- The lack of political variability (political stagnation)
- The lack of recent experience of shocks.
Taleb and Treverton discuss several examples of countries already in – or vulnerable to – crisis due to these factors, and a range of countries that probably have the adaptability needed to pull through. Countries such as Syria, Saudi Arabia and China belong to the first category, while Switzerland, Lebanon and Italy belong to the second. The authors emphasise that past stability does not necessarily mean future stability, while recent crises can enhance the resilience of a society. I wonder which category Finland belongs to? And how might we improve the resilience of Finnish society?
Being made up of hundreds of municipalities, the Finnish public administration cannot be deemed a centralised system; making the decision-making processes more open to external expertise and civic participation would enhance Finnish society’s resilience. Our public administration system would also benefit from the systematic use of practical trials and experiments. In an ever more uncertain and complex world, an approach based on small-scale practical trials and experiments in social reform would be better than the traditional approach founded on careful advance planning and large-scale transitions.
That is not to say that we do not already make use of practical trials in Finland, but we do lack mechanisms for efficiently disseminating the lessons learned. By the way, Taleb and Treverton missed the fact that China’s current economic miracle is largely based on economic experimentation conducted in various regions, extensive freedom of action in economic development at regional government level and the central government’s effective dissemination of well-functioning economic models to the rest of China.
The structure of Finland’s economy has long rested on a few strong export sectors. When Nokia was flying high at the turn of the millennium, innovation researcher Tarmo Lemola gave a presentation at a Sitra seminar in which he noted the significant risk posed to the national economy by having all our eggs in one basket. His comments were ignored at the time, but the risk has since been realised and the IT, forest and metal industries have failed to plug the gap by riding the wave of globalisation to create new business opportunities. We now need a much bolder business and innovation policy aimed at the systematic diversification of Finland’s economic structure. This would involve strategic choices on the long-term development of new business areas.
Finland could be weighed down by public sector debt unless spending is brought under control. A debate is underway in Finland on how best to arrest the growth of public debt: directly through cuts, or indirectly via a stimulus programme designed to pull the economy out of its tail-spin and thereby increasing tax revenues? Unfortunately, neither of these macroeconomic doctrines would address the structural problem of Finland’s overly narrow export sector, or the knock-on effects in the national and public economy. The cure for growing public sector debt lies in the approach suggested above: a new business and innovation policy aimed at diversifying Finland’s economic base.
Political stagnation is not a problem in Finland, unless a dangerous consensus on major policy issues prevents successive coalitions from ringing the changes. Despite its short-term benefits for the co-ordination of action at national level, the Finnish love of consensus may actually reduce society’s resilience. We desperately need fresh views on the type of social model and social policy that would help Finland to succeed in the face of ever fiercer international competition. Finland’s decision-making system lacks long-term, cross-sectoral, dialogue-based processes in which experts and decision-makers from various backgrounds can focus fully on finding solutions to the difficult, complex problems we face. In the modern world, it will take more than bankruptcy post-mortems and expert hearings to gain a deeper, more rounded understanding of the knotty problems facing Finland.
The economic collapse of the early 1990s shook the country to its foundations, leading to greater flexibility in business and government institutions in the latter part of the decade. However, the lessons learned were soon dissipated by the Nokia “miracle” and the positive international attention focused on Finland. This could already be seen during the dot.com bubble at the turn of the millennium, when investors once again stampeded to buy shares in companies about which they knew little more than the name. By the 2000s, the fast, big decisions and reforms of the early 90s began to seem like something from another age. The fate of healthcare and welfare service reform is a good example of this. Finland is suffering the fate of the boiling frog – the absence of an acute crisis means that we lack the appetite for change that we had in the early 90s.
In a state of such perilous stagnation, what can we do to reform Finland before the moment of crisis is eventually upon us? At the very least, we could challenge academics, artists, civil servants and the media to make bolder statements about the economic, social and well-being problems that are bubbling below the surface. They could also do more to broaden the terms of the “big conversation” on Finnish society, and to widen the range of interpretations while challenging existing practices and presenting socio-political alternatives. | <urn:uuid:456c6bda-5a62-4f55-b9df-b90407a54972> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sitra.fi/en/blogs/weekly-notes-week-3-calm-storm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.947137 | 1,158 | 2.203125 | 2 |
When Woo Myung gives his talks, he uses simple line drawings to clearly explain the mind world. During his speeches, where his earnestness and passion is evident, a circle can always be seen drawn on the whiteboard. The circle represents the Universe which cannot be drawn. He began using illustrations as a tool to help people better understand the principles of the Universe and the theory of subtraction. Woo Myung’s illustrations in pen, ink, and pencil are as clear, direct, and simple as his narrative. To some, their simplicity may seem like the scribblings of a child, but within them are contained the depths of the complete world and life after becoming Truth.
Woo Myung began to write calligraphy in 1996, the year Subtraction Meditation began. He has produced more than 40,000 pieces of calligraphic writings since that time. He often writes numerous pieces in a session, with the hope that they will help people awaken from their dreaming. They are not first composed as poetry, to be later written in calligraphic writing, but simultaneously composed and written down; the poetry forming as the brush moves across the paper. His calligraphy has the fluidity of water but is dynamic at the same time. Calligraphy experts and enthusiasts have praised his works as “possessing an inimitable uniqueness which does not belong to any existing school of work.” A portion of his work can be seen hanging in the walls of centers world-wide.
Woo Myung lectures at special invitational lecture events in Stockholm, Sweden on October 18th at 7 pm.
Woo Myung is the founder of Subtraction Meditation as well as an author, a poet, a composer, a calligrapher, and an illustrator. There is one purpose to all of these works, which is to help people more easily learn the principles of the world and understand the method to become Truth. Woo Myung does not stop at giving talks and guiding meditation sessions. He has written poems of enlightenment, put those words to music to transform them to songs which he then sang himself for the recording. He also wrote poems in calligraphy. The poems, songs, and calligraphy are not edited or drafted but written, painted, or composed in one sitting.
On an autumn day in the year 2000, Woo Myung wrote and composed 22 songs, which he sang himself and named “The Songs of Heaven.” All 22 songs were written and composed in a day. These songs, which are easy enough for anyone to sing along to, can be written in both Western and Eastern musical notation. They are simple and repetitive but have catchy melodies which put the focus on the meaning of the lyrics. These songs speak of the mind and life from the viewpoint of Truth, as well as lyrically describing the life of heaven. Listening and singing along to them help to awaken one’s mind toward one’s original nature and Truth. These songs are the musical personification of Woo Myung’s mind and a wish for all people to become one and live in the true world.
Woo Myung lectures at special invitational lecture events in Berlin, Germany on October 15th at 7 pm.
Woo Myung lectures at special invitational lecture events in Budapest, Hungary on October 11th at 6 pm.
Woo Myung lectures at special invitational lecture events in Milan, Italy on October 8th at 8:30 pm. | <urn:uuid:78b01351-8ea2-4061-aefb-564f27e581f4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://woomyung.com/2013/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.981573 | 719 | 2.15625 | 2 |
The holiday season is a time for celebrations, family, friends, traditions… and, if you’re not careful, weight gain.
It’s not just a myth. According to a study reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, the averages pounds added tend to be modest (about one pound each year), but those pounds are likely to stay on and accumulate over the years –eeks!
So how can you avoid packing on the pounds while still enjoying this fattening, festive season? It’s time to use your most important resource – one more powerful than a personal trainer, nutritionist or life coach -YOU!
How? Start by finding your weight loss personality type.
With the help of our friend and fellow registered dietitian, Heather K. Jones, R.D. individuals can find weight loss solution that work for them – for good.
Jones’s new eBook series What’s Your Diet Type? uses breakthrough personality research and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (a leading self-development quiz) to reveal every person’s best weight loss approach.
Which one are you?
First – take this short simple quiz to find your diet type from among four unique diet personalities: the Diet Planner, the Diet Player, the Diet Feeler, and the Diet Thinker.
Understanding your Diet Type provides you with the “why” behind what you do (and don’t do) and helps you identify not only what motivates you, but also what stresses you out.
Knowing your tendencies arms you with the necessary answers and insights you need for ultimate success, this holiday season, and forever.
The Diet Planner values security and stability. When it comes to her health, the Diet Planner is organized and orderly and thrives on weight-loss plans that offer structure and routine.
Because a Diet Planner likes to be organized and prepared, when life gets busy (planning a holiday party, holiday shopping, etc.), she tends to move her own health needs to the bottom of her priority list so she can get everything else done. The next thing you know, she is eating “out of character”–transformed from a neat and organized Dr. Jekyll to an eat-anything-for-comfort, monstrous Mr. Hyde.
The solution: The Diet Planner needs to move her weight management goals back to the top of her list and develop strategies to help her account for the occasional “slip-up.”
The Diet Player values spontaneity and immediate action. She doesn’t like to be burdened by strict diet rules and regulations; instead, she needs workable lifestyle solutions for effective, long-term weight loss.
Because a Diet Player is so spontaneous and opportunistic, she can be prone to “opportunity eating”–if there is free eggnog at the office or holiday cookies in the lunchroom, she’s sure to go for it. Her unconscious food choices are based purely on what sounds good in the moment.
The solution: Before she makes a food decision, takes a second helping, puts a bite in her mouth, or a drink to her lips, she needs to arm herself with the consciousness needed to make better choices in the moment.
The Diet Feeler values relationships and unity. Passionate and perceptive, she appreciates and inspires others, often acting as a teacher or counselor to friends, family, and colleagues. To realize her weight-loss desires, the Diet Feeler does best with a holistic approach–that is, when considering her mental, emotional, social, spiritual and physical well-being as interconnected aspects that each influence the other.
Diet Feelers crave connections with the people around them, and will thus avoid conflict. For instance, if everyone is sharing a pumpkin pie at the Thanksgiving dinner table, a Diet Feeler will instinctively want to have a piece, too (even if she’s not hungry, and even if pumpkin pie is not her favorite dessert), so she can celebrate with the group.
The solution: Examine the big picture of her own life, and consider (really consider) how often she overlooks her own needs to please others.
The Diet Thinker values knowledge and accomplishment. She is a life-long learner who strives to understand the world. The Diet Thinker needs comprehension and information to realize and maintain her weight-loss and fitness goals.
A problem often faced by the Diet Thinker is that her great analytical ability means she can find the information she wants to find, anywhere…including the information needed for the perfect excuse! For example, she will justify eating large quantities of potato chips at holiday party because the potassium content of the chips is higher than that of a banana.
The solution: Instead of using obscure, extreme-logic as an excuse for not-so-healthy indulgences, she should do what she does best–seek knowledge and understanding from a variety of reliable sources. Then, once she sees that good health is the real goal, she will have an easier time making decisions about her health based on useful facts.
To find out more about how to use the power of your personality to help you get healthy and lose weight visit find your Diet Type today. | <urn:uuid:16cb8236-7cde-4308-a16e-21f857289b95> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.modernmom.com/9896e500-3b3e-11e3-be8a-bc764e04a41e.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.931706 | 1,112 | 1.5 | 2 |
"Fighting the Flying Circus" is fighter ace Eddie Rickenbacker WWI memoir. He fought in and eventually became commander of the 94th "Hat-in-the-Ring" Squadron, which ended the war with the highest number of air victories of any American squadron. The circus mentioned in the title refers to the German squadron commanded by the famous Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen.
Eddie Rickenbacker (1890-1973) was an American World War I pilot. He was the most successful fighter ace in that war and received the Medal of Honor. After the war, he was as a car designer, driver, and worked as a military consultant for the government. He was also an air transportation pioneer, as worked as a head of the Eastern Air Lines company for many years.
|Publicatiedatum||14 september 2020|
|Speelduur||10u 0m 3s|
|Formaat||mp3 download en geschikt voor de Luisterrijk app| | <urn:uuid:dbe515f3-6db8-4bf7-b17a-60a74c5a17a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.luisterrijk.nl/luisterboek/9788726472400/fighting-the-flying-circus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.9028 | 280 | 2.015625 | 2 |
3 Steps to Protect Yourself Against Identity Theft in Ventura, CA
The threat of identity theft is one that continues to become more prominent. However, most people do not protect themselves against identity theft as adequately as they could be. That because identities are intangible—people often forget to make the same effort to keep their identity safe.
But, although the threat is on the rise, how seriously are you at risk for identity theft? Well, according to annual identity fraud studies performed by Javelin Strategy & Research:
- In the past seven years, over $112 billion has been stolen from identity thieves, which equates to over $35k being stolen every minute.
- In the year 2015 alone, 13.1 million people in the United States were victims of identity theft.
- The total loss in 2015 was over $15 billion.
- There is one incident of identity fraud every two seconds.
- Using a smart phone and social media increases your risk.
Despite the rising number of identity theft incidences, there are several precautions you can take that will greatly reduce your risk. You have the power to safeguard your Southern California home and business against thieves—so long as you follow strict guidelines when handling private information. We’ve put together a list of a few tips below to give you a clearer idea on what you can to protect yourself.
Stay Private on Unsecure Wi-Fi
Criminals have become increasingly adept at intercepting transactions and communications occurring on unsecure Wi-Fi. Unsecure Wi-Fi refers to any Wi-Fi connection that does not require a password to access, such as the Wi-Fi at the public library or your local coffee shop. Online banking or anything related to finances on an unsecured Wi-Fi connection is at risk of allowing hackers access to that information.
To protect yourself, set up a password on your Ventura home Wi-Fi network and save all of your banking and online shopping for the secure network.
Avoid Phishing Scams
Phishing, which is the practice of sending out fraudulent emails soliciting financial information or getting users to click on virus links or attachments, is a growing identity theft threat.
To avoid becoming a victim, read emails carefully before clicking on links or attachments. Make sure the sender is a trusted source or someone you know before clicking any links or giving away any financial information. Even if the sender is someone you know, learn how to identify fraudulent scams and evaluate whether or not the sender would typically send a message like that. Friends and family can easily be hacked without knowing it and pass that on to everyone on their contact list.
Don’t Be Careless with Private Documents
You can minimize your risk easily simply by storing sensitive documents carefully and destroying the ones you don’t need.
While certain documents need to be retained for tax and other purposes, you should be shredding documents regularly that you no longer need, especially those that have any kind of account number, medical, or private identifying information. Also, shred any kind of sensitive mail, especially those credit card offers containing blank checks or bills.
While shredding your documents before you dispose of them is the only way to ensure your security, it is also one of the simplest things you can do to protect your private information. Imagine how easy it would be for a thief to get your information if it wasn’t shredded: all he would need to do is fish your information out of the trash—an action that doesn’t require much technical skill whatsoever.
Protect Your Private Information at Home and Work With Ventura Shredding Services!
At Ventura Shredding Service, we make it our top priority to provide you with flexible, affordable, and trustworthy services. Whether you’re looking for mobile shredding, off site shredding, or hard drive shredding, we’ll connect you with the right service provider that best suits your security interests. Request a free quote or give us a call at (805) 504-7839 to get started on your free quote today! | <urn:uuid:af258a0f-5a97-4b59-bef5-deabe15b6c87> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.venturashredding.com/shred-or-not-to-shred/3-steps-to-protect-yourself-against-identity-theft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.937873 | 827 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Pakistan can generate $8 billion in four years through cannabis: Minister of Science and Technology
A meeting of the Standing Committee on Science and Technology took place, under the supervision of Senator Shafiq Tarin
The Secretary of the Ministry of Science and Technology has revealed that in four years, Pakistan can generate as much as $8 billion by implementing a policy on cannabis.
A meeting of the Standing Committee on Science and Technology took place, under the supervision of Senator Shafiq Tarin. Multiple points were discussed, including how the government could earn revenue of $2 billion in revenue in a matter of months by developing a policy on the use of cannabis.
Although Pakistan has never implemented such a policy prior to this, taking into consideration the current economic situation of the country, it could generate revenue through the legal sale of the drug. The Minister of Science and Technology mentioned that the Ministry had already developed a policy on the use of the drug, but it was not given the green light by the Cabinet.
The policy on the use of Cannabis was developed with the consultation of various ministries and within the boundaries of international institutions.
While drawing a relationship between the cannabis policy and Pakistan’s current debts, the ministry added that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has put in place strict conditions to acquire the loan of $6 billion, along with a big interest rate. If the country is able to devise a beneficial cannabis policy, it will largely take the burden off of the economy.
The Secretary MoST also shared details of the policy and said that a rigid anti-drug protocol will also be followed by authorities. The ministry will issue regular licenses to allow the cultivation of cannabis, which will be 100 initially.
What are your views on this? Share in the comments bar below. | <urn:uuid:441e5b21-6434-454b-89dd-0365759dc8f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.siasat.pk/pakistan-can-generate-8-billion-in-four-years-through-cannabis-minister-of-science-and-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.96471 | 370 | 1.875 | 2 |
Team Building Activities! If your team members have been working remotely for the past two years because of the COVID-19 pandemic. If you’re planning to bring them together to work in person, you may be concerned about the team dynamics.
You may have hired new staff during the pandemic who have never met their co-workers in person. Team building activities can help you rebuild your company culture and make everyone feel comfortable working together.
Once you decide that you want to have team building activities or a post-COVID reunion of your employees, you will want to plan the event. Here are some things to keep in mind as you organize this fun, team-building event:
The Primary Purpose Is to Build Relationships
You may incorporate rewards and prizes for your team activities, which will help to build excitement, but the main purpose of these activities is to build relationships.
Your company wants people to get to know each other as individuals and not just for their positions in the company.
When planning these activities, you’ll need to decide if it will be company-wide, just a single department, or multiple departments. You may even want to have multiple events.
Since the goal is to build relationships, you can build your activities with departments that interact with each other at work. You may decide it’s better to have groups connect that never work together but are still part of the same team.
The Team Communication Is Beneficial
Communication is beneficial to your company’s success. Team building events help to improve communication by allowing employees the opportunity to get to know each other. If they like each other and have fun together, communication will become much easier back in the office.
Many team building exercises are built upon the need for communication. Scavenger hunts require people to work together to find objects by deciphering clues. Participants may work in pairs, in groups of three or four, or in teams. The entire group can work together to reach the end, rather than competing with each other.
The Team Building Activities Build Skills
Team building activities help each member to improve the skills they need in the workplace. The activities will require them to know how to prioritize and assign roles to each member of the team. They must develop a strategy and may need to be creative to solve the challenge.
Team building activities can teach your employees how to stay ahead of the competition and spur each other on to success. They will learn how to work together by using each other’s skills. Your workers will learn to value each other and work together cohesively.
The Activities Help Encourage Reconnecting With Team Members
Today’s team-building exercises provide another unique benefit. They allow team members to reconnect if they haven’t seen each other in person for the past two years. The event can help overcome the awkwardness of rebuilding relationships and including new employees who have been working remotely but have never met other team members.
You will want to consider the fact that more time may be needed for people to visit and catch up with each other.
As you plan for your team building activities, you’ll want to include time to mingle before or after the event. Include a cocktail or food hour afterward to give everyone a chance to hang out with each other.
Don’t forget to have a team photo taken before or after the exercise that you can display at the office as a reminder to everyone of how well they work together for a common goal.
You can reward your employees for their work on the scavenger hunt and let them know you are aware of their unique skills.
A successful team building event will be determined over time as you see improved relationships in the company. Employee retention is another side benefit to holding these activities for your company.
New employees will quickly see that this is a fun place to work, and they are considered valuable members of the team. | <urn:uuid:b1db1270-c4fe-4b92-84bc-4f98d479ab23> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://flameoftrend.com/2022/07/07/things-to-know-about-team-building-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968167 | 803 | 1.773438 | 2 |
UK Study of tendo Achilles Rehabilitation is a multicentre randomised clinical trial sponsored by the University of Oxford.
Sponsor: University of Oxford
National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme (project number 13/115/62).
The trial is comparing the plaster cast versus walking boot treatment for non-operatively managed Achilles ruptures and is funded by Health Technology Assessment - National Institute of Health Research. The Chief Investigator is Prof Matt Costa, whose research interest is in clinical and cost effectiveness of musculoskeletal interventions. He is Chief Investigator for a series of randomised trials supported by grants from the UK National Institute of Health Research and Musculoskeletal Charities.
As a potential patient click For patients to find more information relating to your treatment, download our Patient Information Sheet and contact the UKSTAR Trial Team if you have any questions.
If you are an investigator or involved in the trial's research team you can navigate For the research team pages for further information relating to the UKSTAR Trial.
These pages give you a full overview of the UKSTAR trial, along with links to downloading key trial documentation. | <urn:uuid:a95c3f47-e7c8-4048-9ec6-b0e052f3bea7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ukstar.octru.ox.ac.uk/about-ukstar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.885072 | 238 | 1.53125 | 2 |
A baker, old before his time,
A knapsack once filled with drab coins of little value
Two coins added as a pie sells
Three coins come out to buy flour...
The pack grows lighter with every day
As the weight on his shoulders increases.
| I liked this poem, spare in words yet long in provking thoughts and large in evoking a sense of futility and hopelessness. |
The title was what drew me to it, and your thoughts are original and creatively presented. I think almost everyone can relate to this feeling at some time in their life, --sometimes, no matter how hard you try, you seem to lose ground and you wonder why you bother. But there are obligations and responsibilities that motivate --and there is always that unspoken hope around the corner.
My favorite lines were the closing ones,
"The pack grows lighter with every day
As the weight on his shoulders increases."
It's just a succinct novel way to describe a universal dilemma, and the weight of your meaning is increased by the minimalism of your lines.
|| Posted on 2006-12-15 00:00:00 | by Silverdog | [ Reply to This ] || I liked this poem, especially for its length. I like how simply you stated the baker's loss of wealth (despite how little it was to begin with)|
The last line, I think, was what left the most lasting impression on me.
"As the weight on his shoulders increases."
|| Posted on 2006-12-15 00:00:00 | by MystMaker | [ Reply to This ] | | <urn:uuid:5d8e19c0-e749-4ca1-8800-f4b17df69a99> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.eliteskills.com/z/128884 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.971811 | 354 | 2.015625 | 2 |
In many Central European countries, the Black Grouse (Tetrao tetrix) was a common well-known bird. It was the emblem for the Black Forest and its moors as it was widespread in all moors in the year 1900. Since then, a lot happened and unfortunately the existence of the Black Grouse is declining continuously in those areas. An important reason for ZEISS to put the species back in focus.
The breeding areas disappear
The striking Black Grouse needs knee timber areas in high mountain regions or fringes of moors as breeding areas. It also uses forest areas after fires, windthrows or forests, which are destroyed by insects like the bark beetle. However less area is available starting in the 70s and 80s of the last century as moors are developed, the use of land is intensified, heaths are reforested, and the extraction of peat was industrialized. There was only a short time before when the Black Grouse used the areas with intensified use after deforestation. It also had an increased population in German areas, where the bark beetle was very active. Nevertheless, today it is gone in those areas. In Germany the Black Grouse has to use the last remaining knee timber areas in the Bavarian Alpes, heath areas in Northern Germany, some last remaining moors and former military training areas.
In Germany, the biggest avifaunistic organization counts all birds, sponsored by ZEISS. In the years between 2005 to 2009 only 850 to 1,400 breeding pairs were counted in Germany. Of those, 90 percent are in the Bavarian Alpes and a little group of 231 individuals is to be found in the heath areas in Northern Germany. In the long run their development in Germany is negative.
In the morning dawn groups of male Black Grouse often come together in meadows, moors or frozen lakes for courtship. With the rising sun they disappear to the tree tops. Their vivid bird calls can be heard in a long distance. As diet they need buds of the birch, so their German name is “Birch Hen”. But they also eat buds and fruits of other trees as well as berries and plant shoots. Their chicks mainly eat insects.
Their habitats in Eurasia
In other European countries the Black Grouse finds better conditions, as long as they are not threatened by hunting as in some countries. According to estimations there are still between 2.5 and 3.2 million couples of Black Grouse between the British Islands, Scandinavia and Russia. Their habitats are endangered in very different ways. Up in the north of Scandinavia there are much better conditions and habitats for the Black Grouse. In order to save the population in Belgium there is a cooperation between nature conservation organizations like the WWF, the University of Liège and official authorities in Belgium with Sweden. In the regions Jämtland and Gävleborg in Sweden there are still many Black Grouses. Of those, 160 birds will be introduced to Belgium in the time period between 2018 and 2023. They shall be settled in the nature reserve Hautes-Fagnes in Belgium in order to secure the survival of the last Black Grouses in Belgium.
The project is successful so far and the population recovers. In the long run, however, the Black Grouse is only to be rescued by saving their habitats. In order to save important bird areas (IBAs) ZEISS supports BirdLife International and the German BirdLife organization for their work regarding the German areas. By putting the Black Grouse as the former emblem of the Black Forest back into the focus, ZEISS calls attention to the species and the importance of their habitats. | <urn:uuid:901238c1-34e5-472b-a67c-b639a474e6ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogs.zeiss.com/sports-optics/birding/en/a-bird-species-which-deserves-our-attention-the-black-grouse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.965926 | 763 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Main Article Content
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorders, nursing student, stigma
According to the World Health Organization, eating disorders are a constantly growing public health problem in industrialized countries with an important stigmatizing impact. The study investigates stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes towards Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN). Materials and Methods: From October 2018 to November 2019, an online survey was conducted for students of the Degree Courses in Nursing of 2 Italian university centres, using the Italian version of the SAB-BN-ITA, adapted for AN. Results: The sample consists of 517 nursing students, aged between 20 and 23. Male subjects presented higher scores, relative to stigma, both for BN (F =17.5, p <0.001) and for AN (F = 1 9.64, p <0.001). For the sample the main trigger factor of BN is the influence of the media (56.67), the lack of social support (53.19) and parental care (51.84). The association between the stigmatizing views was explored through Spearman’s correlation and a linear regression model between the two overall scores (coeff. 0.73; p <0.001: r-squared 0.52). The ‘self-regulation’ is the stigmatizing opinions for AN (Coeff. 0.0768; p <0.001; r-squared 0.039) and BN (Coeff 0.0684; p <0.001; r-squared 0.030), and the ‘social support’ is stigmatizing opinions for AN (coeff. -0.0713; p = 0.004; r-squared 0.016). Conclusions: The study shows that the male gender has a higher level of stigma than the female one. Moreover, a large number of students consider media influence to be the main causative factor in the onset of ADs, in addition to the lack of social support.
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23. Von dem Knesebeck O, Mnich E, Kofahl C, Makowski AC, Lambert M, Karow A, et al. (2013) Estimated prevalence of mental disorders and the desire for social distance - results from population surveys in two large German cities. Psychiatry Res, 209(3), 670–4.
24. Mason TB., Maduro RS., Derlega VJ, Hacker DS, Winstead BA, Haywood JE. (2016) Individual differences in the impact of vicarious racism: African American students react to the George Zimmerman trial.
25. Crisafulli MA, Thompson-Brenner H, Franko DL, Eddy KT, Herzog DB. (2010) Stigmatization of anorexia nervosa: Characteristics and response to intervention. J Soc Clin, Psycho.; 29:756-770. doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.7.756.
26. Griffiths S, Mond JM, Murray SB, Touyz S. (2014) Young peoples’ stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs about anorexia nervosa and muscle dysmorphia. Int J Eat Disord, 47, 189-195.
27. Zwickert K, Rieger E. (2013) Stigmatizing attitudes towards individuals with anorexia nervosa: an investigation of attribution theory. J Eat Disord, 1, 5. doi: 10.1186/2050-2974-1-5
28. Truening EL, Perlick DA, Link BG, Hellman F, Herman D, Sirey JA. (2001) Stigma as a barrier to recovery: the extent to which caregivers believe most people devalue consumers and their families. Psychiatr Serv, 52(12), 1633-1638.
29. Devine PG. (1989) Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. J Pers Soc Psychol, 56, 5–18.
30. Hilton J. von Hippel W. (1996) Stereotypes. Annu Rev Psychol, 47:237–271.
31. Krueger J. (1996) Personal beliefs and cultural stereotypes about racial characteristics. J Pers Soc Psychol, 71, 536–548. | <urn:uuid:84e18c94-bc83-4577-8341-f142efd7fd6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/10797?articlesBySameAuthorPage=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.69618 | 2,272 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Polpette (meatballs) in Italy are generally eaten as a main course or in a soup. The main ingredients of an Italian meatball are beef and/or pork and sometimes poultry, salt, black pepper, chopped garlic, olive oil, Romano cheese, eggs, breadcrumbs, and parsley, mixed and rolled by hand to a golf ball size. In the Abruzzo region of Italy, especially in the Province of Teramo, Polpette are typically the size of marbles, and are called polpettine!
- 1lb ground beef
- 1lb ground pork
- 2 eggs
- 1 cup breadcrumbs
- 1⁄3 cup Parmigiano cheese PDO
- 1teaspoon oregano
- 1 garlic clove, minced
- 1⁄4 onion, chopped
- 1 teaspoon of sweet basil
- salt and pepper
- spaghetti sauce, enough to cover meatballs
To prepare the meatballs with the dough: cut the crumble into pieces and pour it into a mixer with blades and chop until the crumble is reduced to crumbs.
In another bowl pour the two types of meat. Then add the oregano, a pinch of grated nutmeg and minced parsley. Finally, grated parmesan cheese and the crushed bread you have previously chopped together with the egg: mix everything with your hands, adjust salt and pepper and mix until you have obtained a homogeneous mixture. With the mixture obtained go to form balls.
Meanwhile, heat the oil in a non-stick pot, and when the oil is hot, place the meatballs, leaving them to bake on both sides for a couple of minutes. Then pour the tomato pulp and water, and continue cooking by lowering the flame for 15-20 minutes. Once ready you can enjoy your meatballs at the smoked sauce! | <urn:uuid:391d8e54-3712-4240-bcb9-4eed10503a21> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.italiaregina.it/polpette/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.924789 | 390 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Farming With A Focus On Environmental, Animal Welfare
Heidi Vittetoe has thick skin. It has helped her protect what’s at her core—the care and commitment to her family, her animals and her state’s most vital industry.
Vittetoe (‘80 animal science) and her husband Jerome run a fourth-generation farrow-to-finish sow operation near Washington, Iowa,—JW Vittetoe Pork, Ltd. She is the general manager of the pork operation, which markets about 250,000 hogs annually, employs 65 individuals and has 30 local farmers as contract growers. Vittetoe’s two daughters are integral parts of their business. Rachel (Berdo) is the office manager and human resources expert and Amanda (Adam) is the nursery supervisor.
During her 30 years raising hogs, Vittetoe has seen consumer demand shift towards a leaner product that’s still moist and flavorful. And more consumers want to know how their pork is raised.
“It is important to us to listen to consumers and to maintain the best welfare of the animals,” she says. “We have worked to nearly eliminate our use of antibiotics in feed, emphasizing vaccines for prevention. When pigs do get sick, we use more of supportive therapies like aspirin or ibuprofen.”
Pigs have unique needs at different ages. The Vittetoes work hard to address those needs by providing the right feed, the right environment and the right handling at every stage. They make that happen by implementing new technologies in the breeding process to improve uniformity of pigs in barns, thereby shortening the marketing window. And, she says, using computers to keep track of everything from genetic markers to sales data to feed rations has revolutionized the industry.
Vittetoe was honored by the Iowa Farm Bureau Federation as the 2011 Woman in Agriculture, in recognition of her outstanding leadership. She and her husband have been named Iowa Master Pork Producers by the Iowa Pork Producers Association and Pork All-Americans. While she’s a known leader and advocate for agriculture, she’s also a leader in her community serving on the school board, in her church and, in years past, with state and local Farm Bureau activities.
When she was appointed to the Iowa Environmental Protection Commission in 2003, she offered a farmer’s perspective to the group that provides policy oversight over Iowa’s environmental protection efforts.
Lori Glanzman, former director of utilities for Mount Pleasant, Iowa, served on the commission with Vittetoe.
“When Heidi said something, people listened. Her input always carried weight. Her comments were always thought through,” Glanzmann says. “She’s one of the smartest women I know.”
Vittetoe’s service on the commission prompted some discussion about farmers’ role in shaping environmental policy. “I found it ironic when charges were leveled that in having an impact on rules about hog production, I somehow had a conflict of interest,” she says. “I was there to offer my authentic, real-life experience.”
Those are the times when having thick skin pays off.
She takes a balanced view of critics. “I would have taken it much more personally if someone had said I didn’t have the backbone to stand up for what I thought was right,” Vittetoe says.
What she believes in is staying positive and building trust.
“I make a point of asking our employees to spread the good news of ag. This year we began training them on all aspects of the company so they could clearly articulate what we’re about,” she says.
Vittetoe builds trust with consumers through open communication and transparency.
“When we offer tours of our barn and talk about why we do what we do, I feel that people leave feeling better about not only hog production, but about where all their food comes from,” she says. | <urn:uuid:ac85a736-7bfd-49a1-9672-955f54b31231> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://stories.cals.iastate.edu/2013/07/farming-with-a-focus-on-environmental-animal-welfare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968743 | 847 | 2.078125 | 2 |
With the continuous development of the flooring industry, in addition to the most traditional wooden flooring, there are many new types of flooring on the market, including rubber floor and vinyl flooring, which are relatively similar. Sometimes consumers mistakenly think they are the same. There is still a big difference between them.
Follow Titan Vinyl to see how they differ:
PVC vinyl flooring is mainly a new type of floor made of polyvinyl chloride as the primary raw material. In contrast, rubber floor is a new type of floor product made of natural rubber or synthetic rubber. Both of them have many advantages.
The completely different material composition determines its production process is also different.
Design and Colours
Because rubber has strong colour absorption properties, it isn’t easy to colour the rubber floor during the production process. Most finished rubber floors have a single colour, providing consumers with fewer choices, but the colours are bright; PVC vinyl floorings have rich colours. Designers can combine the colours arbitrarily, providing more options.
Common sizes of rubber floors:
Tiles: 500×500mm, 600×600mm, 1000×1000mm
Sheets: 1220×15000mm, 1920×15000mm
Thickness: 2.0mm 2.5mm 3.0mm 3.5mm
Common sizes of homogeneous PVC vinyl flooring:
The PVC vinyl flooring on the market is not expensive because of the rich raw materials, but the rubber floor, especially made of natural rubber, is affected by various factors such as raw materials and processes. The price is much higher than that of the PVC vinyl flooring.
Because the rubber floor price is very high, people generally only use it in relatively high-end places, so the scope of use is very narrow. At present, domestic rubber floor is mainly used in transportation and senior nursing homes. The cost performance of PVC vinyl floors is very high, and the scope of use is broad, so PVC vinyl flooring has more market potential than rubber floors. PVC vinyl floor is suitable for schools, hospitals, commerce, stadiums, office buildings, industrial places, transportation, etc.
More news, welcome to follow us via Linkedin. | <urn:uuid:b26de7be-3390-4424-bf51-93477ff3253c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.titanvinyl.com/rubber-floor-and-vinyl-flooring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.947069 | 480 | 2.328125 | 2 |
The Ivy Prep Brain Trust Series Presents
The Developmental Journey –
Navigating Your Child’s Pathway to Growth
Tuesday, November 14, 9:00-10:00 a.m.
The Harvard Club of New York City
35 West 44th Street, NYC 10036
A Conversation for Parents led by:
Dr. Rebecca Mannis Learning Specialist – Neuropsychology and Education
Dr. Caren Baruch-Feldman
Clinical Psychologist, Author of The Grit Guide for Teens
Ms. Carolyn Salzman Head of School, The Gateway School
- How can parents set short and long-term goals for their children that support their reaching aspirations congruent with their values systems?
- What are grit and resilience and why are they pertinent for children’s
success? How do parents and teachers foster these skills?
- How can parents help their children develop a positive ‘growth mindset’ for academics and for managing stress that kids are bound to feel at
different life stages?
- Which apps and teaching methods are helpful for ‘executive function’ skills to reduce stress and support grit mindset strategies?
Seating is limited. Please rsvp for this unique, small group forum and
sign up for future brain trust meetings at email@example.com
Dr. Rebecca Mannis, the founder of Ivy Prep Learning Center, specializes in linking
neuroscience and education in a highly customized and integrative manner. With over 30 years of experience, Dr. Mannis is part of a network of educators and experts in the field of education. The Ivy Prep Brain Trust seeks to bring together these professionals in forums to address current systems in education and strategies for successful growth and learning. | <urn:uuid:5bbe6aed-ff7d-47cf-88ed-dcddf49a8071> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ivy-prep.com/2018/05/17/the-developmental-journey-navigating-your-childs-pathway-to-growth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.912019 | 363 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Replying to LO29111 --
Trudie Steyn wrote:
> Is there someone who can help me with the concept 'treble loop learning'?
> I am quite familiar with single and double loop but have not encountered
> this concept. From comments on my article it seems to be from the authors
> Senge and Agyris, but the resources I have consulted delivered nothing.
In my understanding, Learning Theories with different levels stems from
the work of Gregory Bateson. It is Bateson's theories that were
subsequently adopted by others such as Senge and Argyris. You can find
Bateson's Learning Theories in his book, "Steps to an Ecology of Mind".
"Roy Benford" <email@example.com>
Learning-org -- Hosted by Rick Karash <firstname.lastname@example.org> Public Dialog on Learning Organizations -- <http://www.learning-org.com>
"Learning-org" and the format of our message identifiers (LO1234, etc.) are trademarks of Richard Karash. | <urn:uuid:e6a4791a-bc67-4afb-b3b5-115df5e66958> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.learning-org.com/02.09/0076.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.898262 | 245 | 2.125 | 2 |
Greetings to you, dedicated student, who walks the long and hard road to the top of business management mastery! Your way will be filled with unexpected issues and complicated challenges. There will be loads of time spent on learning, cunning competitors and outraged clients, but in the end, you will get to the top of that mountain and become a real business strategy guru!
Wow-wow, stop! Wait a minute… Is it really so hard and challenging to start a business?
The right answer is – not every business is so complicated to start. For example, if you start an eCommerce dropshipping business, you will need only an idea and a laptop. You will still need to spend some time getting into details, but with the help of a plugin like Oberlo, it will take hours, not years. Let’s start from the beginning.
It is obvious, that to sell something, you have to have that product at your disposal. It is very simple when you make the product with your own hands and then sell it to a client. It is a little more complicated when you buy something from a manufacturer and then sell it to someone who needs it. In that case, you become an intermediate between the starting and finishing points. And the dropshipping is the next stage of complexity. You don’t buy products and store it in a storehouse; instead, the client orders a product, you transfer that order to a manufacturer and he then sends the product right to the client. You become a mediator and only organize the bargain between the client and the merchandizer.
Of course, as anything in this imperfect world, dropshipping has its pros and cons. And let’s start from the worst part.
Harsh competition. It so very easy to start a dropshipping business that a huge crowd of people do it. The cost you spend on managing the process is low, so anyone could set the lowest possible price for a product. Customers tend to choose the lowest price, so you will be forced to set the same low cost and that could drastically reduce your profit.
Monitoring complexity. For the customer to buy something, that product should be in the warehouse you are working with. Those warehouses work not only with you, but with the other merchants too, so some products could be out of stock just at the time your client ordered it. If you have a big shop, you probably work with several manufacturers and it could be hard to monitor what products are already not available.
Shipping cost. If your customer orders several products from different manufacturers, the shipping for each of them should be counted separately. If you didn’t set the process of automatic shipping price counting and adding – it could become a real issue.
Order and logistics errors. As you don’t store the products in your pantry, you have to rely on your manufacturer’s delivery service and they sometimes make mistakes. The clients buy stuff from you, so you are responsible for such problems and have to solve them.
Low-starting budget. As I said previously, you need only a laptop and the idea of what you would like to sell. The costs you will have to spend for the website building and managing is meager, so, literally, everyone could try.
No worries about products. You don’t have to store products, and that means you don’t have to pay rent, pack the product, send it, monitor delivery and dozens of other little important details.
No bounds to the place. Since the only tool you need is a laptop, you can manage your business from any location. Home, public space, your favorite café, sunny beach, a little house in mountains – it doesn’t matter where you are if there is access to internet.
Sell what you want. I mean it. Choose the niche, the manufacturers and that’s all – you can sell every product a manufacturer offers and not worry if the customers like it or not. There are no physical limitations and you don’t invest money to worry about them.
Perspectives. Any time you feel right, you can scale your business. You won’t need a bigger space or more staff – you just add new products, new category or open an additional store. There will be more work and more efforts on managing, but scaling a dropshipping business is as easy as just a few clicks.
WordPress websites are nice and convenient, but if your goal is an online shop, you better use the CMS that was created especially for building web stores – Shopify. You don’t need to install on your computer, after you sign in the dashboard, open in a browser. There is no need to have any level of coding skills – with Shopify, you will be able to create a stunning website really fast and easy. Besides all these advantages, there are lots of ready-made templates for Shopify. Just download the one you like, do a little customization and launch the online shop the same day you make the decision to create a dropshipping business.
The tool that gives you a black belt in dropshipping management mastery is Oberlo. We in TemplateMonster checked all our Shopify templates and you know what? They are completely compatible with Oberlo plugin. That means you can choose, literally, any of them and you don’t have to worry about any issues with your future dropshipping empire. But let’s take a closer look at Oberlo.
That’s very simple. On the Oberlo plugin page, you hit the “Get Oberlo” button and fill in the subscription form. The next moment, you are transferred to your account Oberlo dashboard.
The first thing you have to do is to connect Oberlo to your Shopify shop. Hit the “Connect a store” button and proceed installing the plugin to the store. After the connection is set, you will be able to change the settings for your Shopify store the way you like.
You can search for products now, so click the “Find products” button. All the items are sorted into understandable categories. Choose the category according to the type of your shop and go through the products. After finding the product you would like to sell at your shop, click the “Add to Import List” button.
In the Import List, you will be able to change the product’s name, choose the collection and product type, add tags and then import the product to your store.
Voila! The product is now in your shop. To customize it, you only have to click on it and the customization window will open. See? Shopify and Oberlo interfaces are super intuitively understandable and filling your web store will be as easy as cake. Here a video that shows the process in motion and with a little more details:
Hippie G. Rockstar
This app has some great products. They are very easy to add to your store but they don't fill in all the necessary things like product type and such.
The Drawing Desk Store
I use Oberlo to supply my online store, and it is significantly better than the competitors, plus its free. I love how easy it is to use and convenient it is for my store. Great app!
I am just getting my store ready. I got in touch with Oberlo for some help and Ashley was quick to respond. Great app. Good customer service. I highly recommend this app.
You don’t need to put in a lot of effort to start making money on online selling. Dropshipping is a solution for people who can’t afford opening a more traditional shop. And it will be simpler with Oberlo plugin. So, stop thinking about opening a store and do it!
Do you use Shopify for your online store? Have you tried Oberlo? Maybe you tried some other CMS and dropshipping plugins? Please, share your reviews and opinions in the comment section below.
Subscribe to our newsletter and access exclusive content and offers available only to MonsterPost subscribers. | <urn:uuid:229e4654-fee4-490a-9f30-5f768f8b9b1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://monsterspost.com/oberlo-plugin-become-dropshipping-sensei-without-effort/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.949861 | 1,682 | 1.710938 | 2 |
UNITED STATES v. ZUBAYDAH
- Syllabus [Syllabus] [PDF]
- Opinion, Breyer [Breyer Opinion] [PDF]
- Concurrence, Thomas [Thomas Concurrence] [PDF]
- Concurrence, Kavanaugh [Kavanaugh Concurrence] [PDF]
- Concur-Dissent, Kagan [Kagan Concur-Dissent] [PDF]
- Dissent, Gorsuch [Gorsuch Dissent] [PDF]
NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued. The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
UNITED STATES v. HUSAYN, aka ZUBAYDAH, et al.
certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit
In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the Central Intelligence Agency believed that Abu Zubaydah was a senior al Qaeda lieutenant likely to possess knowledge of future attacks against the United States. Zubaydah—currently a detainee at the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base—says that in 2002 and 2003 he was held at a CIA detention site in Poland, where he was subjected to “enhanced interrogation” techniques. In 2010, Zubaydah filed a criminal complaint in Poland, seeking to hold accountable any Polish nationals involved in his alleged mistreatment at the CIA site ostensibly located in that country. The United States denied multiple requests by Polish prosecutors for information related to Zubaydah’s claim on the ground that providing such information would threaten national security. Zubaydah filed a discovery application pursuant to 28 U. S. C. §1782, which permits district courts to order production of testimony or documents “for use in a proceeding in a foreign . . . tribunal.” Zubaydah asked for permission to serve two former CIA contractors with subpoenas requesting information regarding the alleged CIA detention facility in Poland and Zubaydah’s treatment there. The Government intervened and asserted the state secrets privilege in opposition to Zubaydah’s discovery request.
The District Court rejected the Government’s claim that merely confirming that a detention site was operated in Poland would threaten national security. The District Court nevertheless dismissed Zubaydah’s discovery application. It concluded that the state secrets privilege applied to operational details concerning the CIA’s cooperation with a foreign government, and that meaningful discovery could not proceed without disclosing privileged information. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit agreed with the District Court that much of the information sought by Zubaydah was protected from disclosure by the state secrets privilege, but the panel majority concluded that the District Court had erred when it dismissed the case. It believed that the state secrets privilege did not apply to publicly known information. The panel majority also concluded that because the CIA contractors were private parties and not Government agents, they could not confirm or deny anything on the Government’s behalf. Given these holdings, the panel majority determined that discovery into three topics could continue: the existence of a CIA detention facility in Poland, the conditions of confinement and interrogation at that facility, and Zubaydah’s treatment at that location.
Held: The judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded.
938 F. 3d 1123, reversed and remanded.
Justice Breyer delivered the opinion of the Court with respect to all but Parts II–B–2 and III, concluding that, in the context of Zubaydah’s §1782 discovery application, the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the state secrets privilege did not apply to information that could confirm or deny the existence of a CIA detention site in Poland. Pp. 7–13, 14–15, 18.
(a) The state secrets privilege permits the Government to prevent disclosure of information when that disclosure would harm national security interests. United States v. Reynolds, 345 U. S. 1, 10–11. To assert the privilege, the Government must submit to the court a “formal claim of privilege, lodged by the head of the department which has control over the matter.” Id., at 7–8. “The court itself must determine whether the circumstances are appropriate for the claim of privilege.” Id., at 8. However, in making that determination, a court should exercise its traditional “reluctan[ce] to intrude upon the authority of the Executive in military and national security affairs,” Department of Navy v. Egan, 484 U. S. 518, 530. If the Government has offered a valid reason for invoking the privilege, “the showing of necessity” by the party seeking disclosure of the ostensibly privileged information will “determine how far the court should probe in satisfying itself that the occasion for invoking the privilege is appropriate.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11. The narrow evidentiary dispute before the Court asks how these principles apply to Zubaydah’s specific discovery requests. Pp. 7–9.
(b) In certain circumstances, the Government may assert the state secrets privilege to bar the confirmation or denial of information that has entered the public domain through unofficial sources. Here, the information held by the Ninth Circuit to be nonprivileged would necessarily tend to confirm (or deny) that the CIA maintained a detention site in Poland. The Government has shown that such information— even if already made public through unofficial sources—could significantly harm national security. The CIA Director stated in his declaration that “clandestine” relationships with foreign intelligence services are “critical” and “based on mutual trust that the classified existence and nature of the relationship will not be disclosed.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 135a–136a. Given the nature of Zubaydah’s specific discovery requests there is a reasonable danger that in this case a former CIA insider’s confirmation of confidential cooperation between the CIA and a foreign intelligence service could badly damage the CIA’s clandestine relationships with foreign authorities. Pp. 9–13.
(c) The CIA contractors’ confirmation (or denial) of the information Zubaydah seeks would be tantamount to disclosure by the CIA itself. The contractors worked directly for the CIA and had a central role in the events in question. The CIA Director describes the harm that would result from the contractors responding to the subpoenas, not the risks of a response from the CIA (or any other CIA official or employee). Pp. 14–15.
(d) Zubaydah’s need for location information is not great, perhaps close to nonexistent. At oral argument, he suggested that he did not seek confirmation of the detention site’s Polish location so much as he sought information about what had happened there. P. 15.
(e) Here, the state secrets privilege applies to the existence (or nonexistence) of a CIA facility in Poland, and therefore precludes further discovery into all three categories of information the Ninth Circuit concluded to be nonprivileged. P. 15.
(f) This case is remanded with instructions to dismiss Zubaydah’s current application for discovery under §1782. P. 18.
Breyer, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, except as to Parts II–B–2 and III. Roberts, C. J., joined that opinion in full, Kavanaugh and Barrett, JJ., joined as to all but Part II–B–2, Kagan, J., joined as to all but Parts III and IV and the judgment of dismissal, and Thomas and Alito, JJ., joined Part IV. Thomas, J., filed an opinion concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, in which Alito, J., joined. Kavanaugh, J., filed an opinion concurring in part, in which Barrett, J., joined. Kagan, J., filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part. Gorsuch, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which Sotomayor, J., joined.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
UNITED STATES, PETITIONER v. ZAYN al-ABIDIN MUHAMMAD HUSAYN, aka ABU ZUBAYDAH, et al.
on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit
Justice Breyer delivered the opinion of the Court, except as to Parts II–B–2 and III.1
Abu Zubaydah, a detainee in the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, and his attorney filed an ex parte 28 U. S. C. §1782 motion in Federal District Court seeking to subpoena two former Central Intelligence Agency contractors. Zubaydah sought to obtain information (for use in Polish litigation) about his treatment in 2002 and 2003 at a CIA detention site, which Zubaydah says was located in Poland. See 28 U. S. C. §1782 (permitting district courts to order production of testimony or documents “for use in a proceeding in a foreign . . . tribunal”). The Government intervened. It moved to quash the subpoenas based on the state secrets privilege. That privilege allows the Government to bar the disclosure of information that, were it revealed, would harm national security. United States v. Reynolds, 345 U. S. 1, 6–7 (1953).
The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit mostly accepted the Government’s claim of privilege. Husayn v. Mitchell, 938 F. 3d 1123, 1134 (2019). But it concluded that the privilege did not cover information about the location of the detention site, which Zubaydah alleges to have been in Poland. Ibid. The Court of Appeals believed that the site’s location had already been publicly disclosed and that the state secrets privilege did not bar disclosure of information that was no longer secret (and which, in any event, was being sought from private parties). Id., at 1132–1133. The Government argues that the privilege should apply because Zubaydah’s discovery request could force former CIA contractors to confirm the location of the detention site and that confirmation would itself significantly harm national security interests. In our view, the Government has provided sufficient support for its claim of harm to warrant application of the privilege. We reverse the Ninth Circuit’s contrary holding.
For present purposes, we can assume the following: In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the CIA believed that Zubaydah was a senior al Qaeda lieutenant likely to possess knowledge of future attacks against the United States. S. Rep. No. 288, 113th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 21, and n. 60 (2014) (SSCI Report). In March 2002, Zubaydah was captured by Pakistani government officials working with the CIA. Id., at 21. The CIA then transferred him to a detention site that some sources allege was located in Thailand. Id., at 22–23; see also 3 Record 552.
Zubaydah remained at this location for several months. SSCI Report 22, 67. During that time he was subjected to what the Government then called “enhanced interrogation” techniques, including waterboarding, stress positions, cramped confinement, and sleep deprivation. Id., at 40–41. The Government has since concluded that this treatment constituted torture. See Press Conference by the President, Office of the Press Secretary, Aug. 1, 2014, https:// obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/01/ press-conference-president.
In December 2002, the CIA transferred Zubaydah to a different detention site—the site at issue here. SSCI Report 67. The CIA has never confirmed its location, but Zubaydah and many others believe it was in Poland.
In September 2006, the Government transferred Zubaydah to its detention facility at the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base. 3 Record 583. He has been detained in Guantánamo Bay ever since. 938 F. 3d, at 1125.
Some of this information and related details have appeared in various publicly-available documents, including:
The almost-500 page Executive Summary of a Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report concerning the CIA’s use of “enhanced interrogation” techniques. See generally SSCI Report.
The European Court of Human Rights’ findings concerning Zubaydah’s treatment, which that court concluded had taken place in Poland. 3 Record 382–607.
Testimony given by James Mitchell and John Jessen, the former CIA contractors who are the targets of Zubaydah’s subpoenas and who designed and implemented the CIA’s post-September 11 enhanced- interrogation program. Id., at 106–149; Tr. in United States v. Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, et al. (Jan. 21–31, 2020).
Mitchell’s memoir of his involvement with the CIA’s enhanced-interrogation program. See generally J. Mitchell & B. Harlow, Enhanced Interrogation: Inside the Minds and Motives of the Islamic Terrorists Trying to Destroy America (2016).
Some of these and other publicly available sources say that, in 2002 and 2003, Zubaydah was detained at a CIA facility in Poland. But, the Government states, the CIA itself has never confirmed that one or more of its clandestine detention sites was located in any specific foreign country. App. to Pet. for Cert. 134a. Neither, as far as we can tell from the record, have the contractors Mitchell and Jessen named the specific foreign countries in which CIA detention sites were located. Rather, they (like the SSCI Report) have used code names to refer to the locations where Zubaydah was held. See, e.g., SSCI Report 62; Tr. in United States v. Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, et al. (Jan. 21, 2020), at 30190. Finally, although at least one former Polish government official has stated that Poland cooperated with the CIA, to our knowledge, the Polish government itself has never confirmed such allegations. 3 Record 472.
In 2010, lawyers representing Zubaydah filed a criminal complaint in Poland asking prosecutors there to hold accountable any Polish nationals who were involved in his alleged mistreatment in that country. 938 F. 3d, at 1127. Invoking a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, the Polish prosecutors asked American authorities for information. 3 Record 441. The United States Department of Justice refused their request on the ground that providing the information would adversely affect our national security. Id., at 444; see also App. to Brief for Petitioner 4a. The Polish investigation closed without prosecutions. 938 F. 3d, at 1127.
In 2015, the European Court of Human Rights considered the matter. It concluded that the CIA had held and tortured Zubaydah at a site located in Poland. 3 Record 558. It also stated that Poland had failed adequately to investigate the human rights violations that the court believed had occurred on Polish soil. Id., at 581.
In response, the Polish prosecutors reopened their investigation. 938 F. 3d, at 1128. They again requested information from the United States under the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, and the United States again denied their requests. Ibid.; see also 3 Record 632–633. At that point, the Polish prosecutors invited Zubaydah’s lawyers to submit evidence that would aid their investigation.
Soon afterward, Zubaydah (and his lawyer) filed the ex parte 28 U. S. C. §1782 discovery application now before us. 938 F. 3d, at 1128. Section 1782 says that a district court may order a person in its district to provide testimony or documents “for use in a proceeding in a foreign . . . tribunal, including criminal investigations conducted before formal accusation.” Zubaydah asked for permission to serve the contractors, Mitchell and Jessen, with subpoenas commanding them to appear for depositions and to produce “documents, memoranda and correspondence” regarding an alleged CIA detention facility in Poland and Zubaydah’s treatment there. The Appendix, infra, at 19–20, lists Zubaydah’s document requests. Twelve of Zubaydah’s thirteen document requests referred to Poland, and 10 specifically requested documents “concerning” an alleged CIA detention facility located in Stare Kiejkuty, Poland. Ibid. The District Court granted Zubaydah’s request. App. to Pet. for Cert. 70a.
The Government intervened. 938 F. 3d, at 1129. Section 1782(a) provides that a “person may not be compelled to give his testimony or statement or to produce a document or other thing in violation of any legally applicable privilege.” The Government claimed that disclosure of the information Zubaydah sought would violate the state secrets privilege. 938 F. 3d, at 1129. It asked the court to quash the subpoenas. Ibid.
To support its privilege claim, the Government submitted a declaration from the Director of the CIA. App. to Pet. for Cert. 123a–137a. The Director said that Mitchell and Jessen’s response to Zubaydah’s subpoenas would, in this case, confirm or deny whether Poland had cooperated with the CIA. Id., at 129a–130a. And that confirmation, the Director explained, would significantly harm our national security interests. Id., at 131a.
The District Court granted the Government’s motion to quash the subpoenas. Id., at 60a. It did not accept the Government’s claim “that merely confirming [that] a detention site was operated in Poland would pose a grave risk to national security.” Id., at 59a. But it nonetheless thought the state secrets privilege applied. It concluded that the state secrets privilege allowed the Government to suppress “operational details concerning the specifics of cooperation with a foreign government, including the roles and identities of foreign individuals.” Id., at 55a–56a (emphasis added). And it believed that it was not possible to conduct “[m]eaningful discovery . . . in this matter” without disclosing these (or other) protected types of information. Id., at 57a. The court rejected Zubaydah’s suggestion that it would be possible to conduct further discovery through the use of code names that would conceal the locations of CIA detention facilities. Id., at 55a–57a. The court consequently dismissed Zubaydah’s §1782 application. Id., at 60a.
Zubaydah appealed. A divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part. The panel listed the following examples of privileged information sought by Zubaydah: “documents, memoranda, and correspondence about the identities and roles of foreign individuals involved with the detention facility, operational details about the facility, and any contracts made with Polish government officials or private persons residing in Poland [that] might implicate the CIA’s intelligence gathering efforts.” 938 F. 3d, at 1134; see also Appendix, infra, at 19–20. But the panel majority held that the District Court nonetheless should not have dismissed the case. That was because, in its view, the state secrets privilege did not apply to information that was already publicly known. 938 F. 3d, at 1133. It added that because Mitchell and Jessen are “private parties,” their disclosures would not tend to show that the Government itself had “confirm[ed] or den[ied] anything.” Ibid.
More specifically, the panel majority wrote that three categories of information were not covered by the state secrets privilege: “the fact that the CIA operated a detention facility in Poland in the early 2000s; information about the use of interrogation techniques and conditions of confinement in that detention facility; and details of Abu Zubaydah’s treatment there.” Id., at 1134 (emphasis added). The panel then remanded the case to the District Court for further proceedings. Id., at 1135, 1137–1138.
The Court of Appeals denied, over a twelve-judge dissent, the Government’s request for rehearing en banc. 965 F. 3d 775 (2020). We granted the Government’s petition for certiorari to determine whether the Court of Appeals erred. We believe that it did.
The state secrets privilege permits the Government to prevent disclosure of information when that disclosure would harm national security interests. See Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 10–11 (disclosure of Air Force accident investigation report could disclose “military secrets”); In re Sealed Case, 494 F. 3d 139, 144 (CADC 2007) (disclosure of inspector general reports would “create the risk of revealing covert operatives, organizational structure and functions, and intelligence-gathering sources, methods, and capabilities”); see also Molerio v. FBI, 749 F. 2d 815, 819, 822 (CADC 1984) (Scalia, J.) (disclosure of FBI’s rationale for not hiring plaintiff “would impair the national security”).
To assert the privilege, the Government must submit to the court a “formal claim of privilege, lodged by the head of the department which has control over the matter, after actual personal consideration by that officer.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 7–8. “The court itself must determine whether the circumstances are appropriate for the claim of privilege.” Id., at 8. “Judicial control over the evidence in a case cannot be abdicated to the caprice of executive officers.” Id., at 9–10. Nonetheless, in assessing the Government’s claim that disclosure may harm national security, courts must exercise the traditional “reluctan[ce] to intrude upon the authority of the Executive in military and national security affairs.” Department of Navy v. Egan, 484 U. S. 518, 530 (1988).
Although the court itself must assess the sufficiency of the Government’s privilege claim, “the showing of necessity which is made,” by the party seeking disclosure of the ostensibly privileged information, “will determine how far the court should probe in satisfying itself that the occasion for invoking the privilege is appropriate.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11. “Where there is a strong showing of necessity, the claim of privilege should not be lightly accepted.” Ibid. In contrast, “where necessity is dubious, a formal claim of privilege,” demonstrating “a reasonable possibility” of harm to national security, “will have to prevail.” Ibid. And in all events, “even the most compelling necessity cannot overcome the claim of privilege if the court is ultimately satisfied that military secrets are at stake.” Ibid.
Justice Gorsuch agrees that the Government must show a reasonable danger of harm to national security, that a court must decide for itself whether the occasion is appropriate for claiming the privilege, and that in camera review is not always required to make that determination. Post, at 17–19 (dissenting opinion). We diverge from the dissent on how those principles should apply to the specific discovery requests Zubaydah has made in this litigation. Of course, our answer to that question is not a judgment of Zubaydah’s alleged terrorist activities, nor of his treatment at the hands of the United States Government. Obviously the Court condones neither terrorism nor torture, but in this case we are required to decide only a narrow evidentiary dispute.
An important factor in our analysis of that narrow issue is the specific language of Zubaydah’s discovery requests and the Ninth Circuit’s opinion, which both make it clear that any response Mitchell and Jessen give to Zubaydah’s subpoenas would tend to confirm (or deny) the existence of a CIA detention site in Poland. As we have said, 12 of Zubaydah’s 13 document requests contain the word “Poland” or “Polish.” Appendix, infra, at 19–20. (The exception is a broad request for any and all documents concerning Zubaydah himself. Ibid.) Ten of the requests specifically seek “documents, correspondence, or memoranda . . . concerning” the alleged CIA detention site in Stare Kiejkuty, Poland. Ibid. If Mitchell and Jessen acknowledge the existence of documents responsive to these requests, they will effectively acknowledge the existence of the detention facility referenced therein. Conversely, denying the existence of responsive documents would deny the existence of such a facility. In any event, any response to the lion’s share of Zubaydah’s document requests will either confirm or deny that the CIA operated a detention site in Poland.
The problem is confirmed by the Ninth Circuit’s opinion, which allowed continued discovery into three topics: the existence of a CIA detention facility in Poland, the conditions of confinement and interrogation at that facility, and Zubaydah’s treatment at that location. 938 F. 3d, at 1134. The first category, of course, requires Mitchell and Jessen to directly confirm or deny the existence of a Polish detention site. The latter two categories require, at the very least, confirmation or denial, since acknowledging that any confinement, interrogation, or treatment occurred at a CIA detention facility located in Poland would confirm that such a facility exists or existed.
Because any response to Zubaydah’s subpoenas allowed by the Ninth Circuit’s decision will have the effect of confirmation or denial (by the Government or its former contractors) of the existence of a CIA facility in Poland, the primary question for us must be whether the existence (or non-existence) of a CIA detention facility in Poland falls within the scope of the state secrets privilege. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that it does.
We agree with the Government that sometimes information that has entered the public domain may nonetheless fall within the scope of the state secrets privilege. But see 938 F. 3d, at 1133 (“[I]n order to be a ‘state secret,’ a fact must first be a ‘secret’ ”). The Government here has provided a reasonable explanation of why Mitchell and Jessen’s confirmation or denial of the information Zubaydah seeks could significantly harm national security interests, even if that information has already been made public through unofficial sources.
The CIA Director stated in his declaration that the Agency’s counterterrorism efforts rely on “clandestine” relationships with foreign intelligence services. App. to Pet. for Cert. 130a–131a. The Director explained that foreign intelligence services “are a critical intelligence source,” whose help is “vital to our world-wide efforts to collect intelligence and thwart terrorist attacks.” Ibid.
He further explained that these “sensitive” relationships with other nations are “based on mutual trust that the classified existence and nature of the relationship will not be disclosed.” Id., at 135a–136a. To confirm the existence of such a relationship would “breach” that trust and have “serious negative consequences,” including jeopardizing “relationships with other foreign intelligence or security services.” Id., at 131a–132a. In light of these concerns, the CIA “has steadfastly refused to confirm or deny the accuracy” of public speculation about its cooperation with Poland, leaving “an important element of doubt about the veracity” of that speculation, providing “an additional layer of confidentiality,” and at least confirming that the United States will “stand firm in safeguarding any coordinated clandestine activities,” despite the passage of time, the existence of media reports, and changes in public opinion. Id., at 133a–136a. In a word, to confirm publicly the existence of a CIA site in Country A, can diminish the extent to which the intelligence services of Countries A, B, C, D, etc., will prove willing to cooperate with our own intelligence services in the future.
Justice Gorsuch believes that the Government has failed to meet its “burden of showing that a ‘reasonable danger’ of harm to national security would follow from sharing the information sought.” Post, at 21–22. In his view, the Director’s declaration is insufficient to demonstrate “that requiring the government to acknowledge [that the CIA did or did not operate a detention facility in Poland in the early 2000s] would invite a reasonable danger of additional harm to national security.” Post, at 22–23. We disagree. It stands to reason that a former CIA insider’s confirmation of confidential cooperation between the CIA and a foreign intelligence service could damage the CIA’s clandestine relationships with foreign authorities. Confirmation by such an insider is different in kind from speculation in the press or even by foreign courts because it leaves virtually no doubt as to the veracity of the information that has been confirmed. And there is ample reason to think that the circum stances of this case—particularly the specific discovery requests at issue here—could lead to this kind of confirmation. In any event, the CIA’s refusal to confirm or deny its cooperation with foreign intelligence services plays an important role in and of itself in maintaining the trust upon which those relationships are based.
Nor, as Justice Gorsuch believes, do we reach this conclusion by incorrectly placing the burden on Zubaydah to disprove the Government’s assertion of harm. Post, at 23. To the contrary, we agree with Justice Gorsuch that the Government bears the burden of showing that the privilege should apply—we simply disagree with his conclusion that it failed to meet that burden here. In our view, the Director’s declaration adequately establishes “that there is a reasonable danger that compulsion of the evidence [at issue] will expose . . . matters which, in the interest of national security, should not be divulged.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 10. And we have found nothing in the evidentiary record that casts doubt on our conclusion that the Government has met its burden here. Reynolds itself contemplated that a similar basis for a claim of privilege could prevail without further examination by the court of the ostensibly privileged evidence. Id., at 9–11.
In contrast, Justice Thomas, referring to Reynolds, believes that we need not consider the Government’s justifications for invoking the privilege at all because Zubaydah has not made a “ ‘strong showing of necessity’ ” for the requested information. Post, at 1–2 (opinion concurring in part and concurring in judgment). Reynolds, however, taken as an example, indicates that the Government initially must formally invoke the privilege. 345 U. S., at 8. Then the court itself must “determine whether the circumstances are appropriate for the claim of privilege.” Ibid. And only after satisfying itself that the Government has offered a valid reason for invoking the privilege would a court turn to the issue of necessity (a matter that would help the court determine how deeply to probe the details of, and basis for, the Government’s privilege claim). Id., at 10–11. We follow Reynolds’ example here.
Additionally, the Government cites legal authority from the separate but roughly analogous Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) context, which supports our conclusion that the CIA’s concerns warrant application of the state secrets privilege. Brief for Petitioner 32–34. The FOIA contains exemptions that permit an agency to withhold Government records that a member of the public has requested and which the agency would otherwise have to disclose. 5 U. S. C. §552. But the exemptions do not apply (and the agency must make the information available) if the information has already become public, provided that it has been “officially acknowledged” by the agency from which the information is sought. Fitzgibbon v. CIA, 911 F. 2d 755, 765 (CADC 1990) (emphasis added). The Court of Appeals held that, under the circumstances present in Fitzgibbon, if there has been “official acknowledgment” then the agency must disclose the information despite the exemption. Ibid. If the agency has not officially acknowledged the information, however, then it may withhold the information (under an applicable exemption) despite the fact that the information has become public. Ibid.
To be clear, the FOIA doctrine is only an (imperfect) analogy, and nothing in this opinion should be taken to suggest that the waiver standards in that area apply directly to the state secrets privilege. However, the principles underlying the FOIA rule provide at least some support for the Government’s position here. Lower courts have explained that the official acknowledgement doctrine recognizes the reality that official confirmation of sensitive information may pose risks that unofficial disclosure does not. “It is one thing for a reporter or author to speculate or guess that a thing may be so or even, quoting undisclosed sources, to say that it is so; it is quite another thing for one in a position to know of it officially to say that it is so.” Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. v. Colby, 509 F. 2d 1362, 1370 (CA4 1975). Official confirmation may dispel “lingering doubts” or reveal that the information currently in the public domain is incomplete or itself a cover story. Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F. 2d 724, 744–745 (CADC 1981).
This logic helps to explain why disclosure by Mitchell and Jessen could be harmful in ways that disclosure by other sources would not. Here, the Government has not confirmed or otherwise officially acknowledged the existence of a CIA detention site in Poland and it has explained why, under these circumstances, confirmation of that information could reasonably be expected to significantly harm national security interests. That is sufficient to demonstrate that “the occasion for the privilege is appropriate.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 10. (The Polish government has also never confirmed whether it cooperated with the CIA, so we need not decide in this case what significance, if any, that disclosure would have.)
The Court of Appeals also believed that, because Mitchell and Jessen are “private parties,” their “disclosures [were] not equivalent to the United States confirming or denying anything.” 938 F. 3d, at 1133. We do not agree with this conclusion. Mitchell and Jessen worked directly for the CIA as contractors. Zubaydah contends (without contradiction) that Mitchell and Jessen “devised and implemented” the CIA’s enhanced-interrogation program and that they personally interrogated Zubaydah. Brief for Respondents 1–2. Given Mitchell and Jessen’s central role in the relevant events, we believe that their confirmation (or denial) of the information Zubaydah seeks would be tantamount to a dis closure from the CIA itself. Indeed, the CIA Director’s Declaration describes the harm that would result from Mitchell and Jessen responding to the subpoenas, not the risks of a response from the CIA (or any other CIA official or employee).
At the same time, Zubaydah’s need is not great. At oral argument Zubaydah suggested that he did not seek confirmation of the detention site’s Polish location so much as he sought information about what had happened there. Tr. of Oral Arg. 44 (“We know where Abu Zubaydah was. We want to establish how he was treated there”).
For these reasons, we conclude that in this case the state secrets privilege applies to the existence (or nonexistence) of a CIA facility in Poland. It therefore precludes further discovery into all three categories of information the Ninth Circuit concluded to be nonprivileged because, as we have explained, such discovery will inevitably confirm or deny the existence of such a facility. See supra, at 8–10.
While Justice Kagan and Justice Gorsuch would send the case back for additional proceedings, we believe that it must be dismissed. Although application of the state secrets privilege does not always require dismissal, we are unpersuaded that the litigation at issue here, founded upon the specific document requests set forth in the Appendix, infra, at 19–20, can survive the Government’s successful privilege claim.
Justice Gorsuch first suggests that we should remand for the District Court to conduct “in camera review of any evidence the government might wish to present to substantiate its privilege claim.” Post, at 24. It is true that sometimes a court must personally review the evidence at issue in order to assess the Government’s assertion of the state secrets privilege. See Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 10. However, additional judicial probing is inappropriate here for two reasons taken together. First, for the reasons explained above, the CIA Director’s affidavit, together with the lack of contrary evidence, is sufficient to “satisfy [us] . . . that there is a reasonable danger that compulsion of the [privileged] evidence will expose . . . matters which, in the interest of national security, should not be divulged.” Ibid. Second, the necessity of additional judicial probing depends, as we have explained, on Zubaydah’s need for the information he seeks. We have explained that much of that information is already publicly available from other sources. Supra, at 3. The public availability of information concerning Zubaydah’s treatment diminishes his need for the discovery he seeks from Mitchell and Jessen, and thus for further judicial probing of the Government’s privilege claim. See Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11 (“necessity [is] greatly minimized by an available alternative”). Zubaydah’s need for information about his treatment may be further diminished by the Government’s representation that (subject to a security review) it will allow Zubaydah “to send a declaration that could be transmitted to Polish prosecutors.” Letter from B. Fletcher, Acting Solicitor General, to S. Harris, Clerk of Court 3 (Oct. 15, 2021). And, as we just said, Zubaydah’s counsel stated at oral argument: “We know where Abu Zubaydah was. We want to establish how he was treated there.” Tr. of Oral Arg. 44.
Alternatively, both Justice Kagan and Justice Gorsuch suggest that even if “the existence [or nonexistence] of a detention site in Poland really does qualify as a state secret,” we should nonetheless remand so that discovery may continue on a different topic: Zubaydah’s treatment from “December 2002 through September 2003 and without reference to geography.” Post, at 24 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting); see also post, at 2–5 (Kagan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). In their view, “familiar judicial tools,” such as protective orders and code names, would be adequate to protect against the possibility of an “inadvertent disclosur[e]” of privileged information. Post, at 25 (opinion of Gorsuch, J.); see also post, at 3–4 (opinion of Kagan, J.).
Unfortunately, this suggestion ignores the nature of the specific discovery requests at issue here. It may well be that such techniques have successfully prevented the disclosure of classified information in previous litigation on related subject matter. See post, at 25–26 (opinion of Gorsuch, J.) (describing protective measures used to prevent disclosure of classified information in United States v. Khalid Shaikh Mohammad and Salim v. Mitchell, No. 2:15–cv–286 (ED Wash.)). But the nature of this case (an exclusively discovery-related proceeding aimed at producing evidence for use by Polish criminal investigators) and the specific discovery requests before us convince us that these techniques would not be effective here. In particular, as we have already explained, both the subpoena’s language and the Ninth Circuit’s decision are such that any response to Zubaydah’s discovery requests would inevitably tend to confirm or deny whether the CIA operated a detention site located in Poland. Supra, at 8. All this is true regardless of protective measures that might be employed by the courts below. Of course, we need not and do not here decide whether a different discovery request filed by Zubaydah might avoid the problems that preclude further litigation regarding the requests at issue here.
Finally, Justice Gorsuch ignores the nature of this litigation. This case arises from Zubaydah’s ex parte application for discovery under §1782. It is a purely evidentiary proceeding and thus unlike most litigation, which may, after a successful assertion of the state secrets privilege, “continue without the government’s privileged proof.” Post, at 24. Here, the privilege blocks Zubaydah’s discovery requests, which are the proceeding’s sole object. Given that fact, we can see no reason to remand for further proceedings.
We reverse the judgment of the Ninth Circuit and remand the case with instructions to dismiss Zubaydah’s current application for discovery under §1782.
It is so ordered.
1 Justice Kagan joins all but Parts III and IV of this opinion and the judgment of dismissal.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
UNITED STATES, PETITIONER v. ZAYN al-ABIDIN MUHAMMAD HUSAYN, aka ABU ZUBAYDAH, et al.
on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit
Justice Thomas, with whom Justice Alito joins, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.
Under United States v. Reynolds, 345 U. S. 1 (1953), a court evaluates the Government’s assertion of the state- secrets privilege based on “the showing of necessity . . . made” by the party requesting discovery. Id., at 11. If the party makes only “a dubious showing of necessity,” the claim of privilege “will have to prevail” without judicial scrutiny into the Government’s basis for the claim. Ibid. If the party makes “a strong showing of necessity,” however, immediate dismissal of the discovery request is not required. Ibid. A court may then ask whether there is a “reasonable danger” that “military secrets are at stake.” Id., at 10–11. In answering that question, the court must afford “the utmost deference” to the Executive’s national-security assessment. Department of Navy v. Egan, 484 U. S. 518, 530 (1988) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[I]f the court is ultimately satisfied that military secrets are at stake,” “even the most compelling necessity cannot overcome the claim of privilege.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11.
The Court acknowledges that Abu Zubaydah’s need for discovery from two CIA contractors is “not great,” ante, at 15, but it declines to dismiss Zubaydah’s discovery application on that basis. Rather, the Court concludes that the Government “has provided a reasonable explanation” why Zubaydah’s proposed discovery “could significantly harm national security interests.” Ante, at 10. In my view, Zubaydah’s “dubious” need for the discovery he seeks requires dismissal of his discovery application, regardless of the Government’s reasons for invoking the state-secrets privilege. I, therefore, join only Part IV of the Court’s opinion.
Abu Zubaydah is a terrorist. Before his detention, he was an al Qaeda-associated senior operative engaged in active hostilities against the United States. See generally Factual Return for Abu Zubaydah (ISN 10016), pp. 1–44, in Husayn v. Austin, No. 08–cv–1360 (DDC), ECF Doc. 474–1, pp. 24–67 (Factual Return). Between 1994 and 2000, Zubaydah was the “key facilitator” for the “Khaldan camp,” a terrorist training center in eastern Afghanistan. Id., at 14, ¶33; see also Barhoumi v. Obama, 609 F. 3d 416, 425 (CADC 2010); National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report, pp. 59, 175 (2004) (9/11 Report). Among other responsibilities, Zubaydah secured forged passports and visas for terrorist trainees, provided safe harbor for the trainees at a “guesthouse,” and managed the training camp’s expenses. Factual Return 14, ¶33; see also 9/11 Report 169, 178. Numerous Khaldan-trained terrorists committed acts of terrorism against the United States, including Khalid al-Mihdhar, the al Qaeda hijacker who crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. Factual Return 18, ¶41a; see also 9/11 Report 73 (noting evidence that suggested the 1993 World Trade Center bombing “plot or plots were hatched at or near the Khaldan camp”).
After the September 11 attacks, Zubaydah “joined enemy forces against the United States,” “facilitated the retreat and escape of enemy forces out of Afghanistan,” and continued “plotting attacks against the United States.” Factual Return 11, ¶28. From sites in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Zubaydah commanded a terrorist militia closely associated with al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. See id., at 25–32, ¶¶49–62; Ali v. Obama, 736 F. 3d 542, 546–548 (CADC 2013) (Kavanaugh, J.). Zubaydah had his followers trained in English, electronics, and explosives. See Factual Return 40–41, ¶¶67–68. He planned to wage war against the United States by planting remotely operated bombs in various public locations. See id., at 43, ¶73. In his diary, Zubaydah reflected that it would be “a lot better” to carry out a nuclear attack if a nuclear weapon ever became “available.” Id., at 44, ¶73 (emphasis deleted). Zubaydah wanted “[a] general war, non stop and without mercy.” Ibid.
On March 28, 2002, U. S. and allied forces captured Zubaydah at his safe house in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Id., at 32, ¶63; Ali, 736 F. 3d, at 543. Zubaydah “used the Faisalabad house to prepare for attacks on U. S. and Coalition forces using remote-detonated explosives.” Id., at 546–547. After his capture, the CIA transferred Zubaydah to several detention sites abroad before detaining him at Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, where he remains today. Between March 2002 and September 2006, CIA interrogation of Zubaydah yielded 766 disseminated intelligence reports. S. Rep. No. 113–288, p. 46 (2014). “Zubaydah provided information on al-Qa’ida activities, plans, capabilities, and relationships, in addition to information on its leadership structure, including personalities, decision-making processes, training, and tactics.” Ibid. (internal quotation marks omitted).
In this case, Zubaydah seeks discovery under 28 U. S. C. §1782 from two former CIA contractors, James Mitchell and John Jessen. Zubaydah does not request this discovery for his own use. Rather, Polish prosecutors asked Zubaydah to file a discovery application after the United States repeatedly declined the prosecutors’ requests for information regarding CIA operations at an alleged detention site in Poland. See ante, at 4–5; Husayn v. Mitchell, 965 F. 3d 775, 782 (CA9 2020) (Bress, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc). Zubaydah claims to have been detained and tortured at that site, and Polish authorities are investigating those allegations. The United States now moves to quash Zubaydah’s §1782 application by invoking the state-secrets privilege, citing national-security interests.
In Reynolds, this Court held that the Government may invoke the state-secrets privilege whenever “there is a reasonable danger that compulsion of the evidence will expose military matters which, in the interest of national security, should not be divulged.” 345 U. S., at 10. Upon the Government’s “formal claim of privilege,” “[t]he court itself must determine whether the circumstances are appropriate for the claim of privilege, and yet do so without forcing a disclosure of the very thing the privilege is designed to protect.” Id., at 7–8 (footnote omitted).
Reynolds prescribed a two-step framework instructing courts “how far [they] should probe in satisfying [themselves] that the occasion for invoking the privilege is appropriate.” Id., at 11. First, courts must assess the requesting party’s need for the Government’s privileged material. If the party’s need is “dubious,” a formal claim of privilege “will have to prevail” without judicial inquiry into the basis for the Government’s claim. Ibid. A party has a dubious need unless it can show that the proposed discovery is “immediately and essentially applicable” to the party’s case. United States v. Burr, 25 F. Cas. 30, 37 (No. 14,692d) (CC Va. 1807) (Marshall, C. J.). For example, a “dubious showing of necessity” arises if a party has an “available alternative” to privileged material that might “giv[e him] the evidence to make out [his] case without forcing a showdown on the claim of privilege.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11. Likewise, a party’s need is dubious if it is “possible . . . to adduce the essential facts . . . without resort to material touching upon military secrets.” Ibid.
Second, if a party has made a “strong showing of necessity,” immediate dismissal of the discovery request is not required. Ibid. The court may then ask whether there is a “reasonable danger” that “military secrets are at stake.” Id., at 10–11. When answering that question, in camera review is not “automati[c],” id., at 10, but rather “a last resort,” Larson v. Department of State, 565 F. 3d 857, 870 (CADC 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). And, in all cases, the court must afford the “utmost deference” to the Executive’s assessment of national-security threats. Egan, 484 U. S., at 530 (internal quotation marks omitted).1 Such deference is required because it is the responsibility of the Executive, “not that of the judiciary, to weigh the variety of complex and subtle factors in determining whether disclosure of information may lead to an unacceptable risk of compromising” the Nation’s safety. CIA v. Sims, 471 U. S. 159, 180 (1985). Ultimately, if the court is “satisfied that military secrets are at stake,” “even the most compelling necessity cannot overcome the claim of privilege.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11; see also Trump v. Vance, 591 U. S. ___, ___ (2020) (Thomas, J., dissenting) (slip op., at 10).
Reynolds itself involved only a “dubious” need for privileged material. The plaintiffs were widows of three civilians who died when a military flight “testing secret electronic equipment” crashed. 345 U. S., at 3. The plaintiffs filed suit under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U. S. C. §1346 et seq., and the Government invoked the state-secrets privilege to withhold the Air Force’s accident investigation report and related materials. See 345 U. S., at 3–4. The Court sustained the privilege because the plaintiffs “posed the privilege question for decision with the formal claim of privilege set against a dubious showing of necessity.” Id., at 11. Specifically, the plaintiffs had adduced “nothing to suggest that the electronic equipment . . . had any causal connection with the accident,” making discovery into the equipment unnecessary. Ibid. The Government also had “offered to make the surviving crew members available for examination,” but the plaintiffs declined that invitation. Ibid. For these reasons, and not because the Court independently assessed whether “military secrets [were] at stake,” ibid., the Court found the plaintiffs’ need “dubious” and ordered the dismissal of their discovery request.
In this case, the Court inverts the Reynolds test so that courts first ask whether the Government “has offered a valid reason for invoking the privilege,” and then ask whether the requesting party has demonstrated sufficient need for the discovery. Ante, at 12. Now, a court “turn[s] to the issue of necessity” not to determine whether to evaluate the Government’s reasons for invoking the state- secrets privilege, but rather to ascertain “how deeply to probe the details of, and basis for, the Government’s privilege claim.” Ante, at 13.
Reynolds squarely forecloses the Court’s reasons-first approach. Regardless of need, a claim of privilege must prevail once the Government has given a “valid reason” to support it, because “even the most compelling necessity cannot overcome the claim of privilege if the court is ultimately satisfied that military secrets are at stake.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11. The Court offers no explanation how a court might discern a “valid reason” to invoke the state-secrets privilege without also being “satisfied” that state secrets are in issue. Here, to determine whether the Government has offered a “valid reason,” the Court even searched “the evidentiary record” to ensure that “nothing . . . casts doubt on [its] conclusion.” Ante, at 12. Thus, to start by evaluating the Government’s reasons for privilege, as the Court does, leaves Reynolds’ analysis of need with no role to play. That result is flatly inconsistent with Reynolds, where the Court did not evaluate the Government’s reasons to support its privilege claim, but instead ordered dismissal of the discovery request in light of the plaintiffs’ “dubious showing of necessity.” 345 U. S., at 11. In upending Reynolds’ test, the Court fails to grapple with or even discuss Reynolds’ analysis.
Unfortunately, by invoking need as Reynolds’ second step, with a cryptic instruction to “probe” the Government’s reasons yet more “deeply,” ante, at 13, the Court twice puts the Nation’s security at risk. First, any judicial inquiry more searching than the Court’s analysis here likely will lead to in camera review whenever the requesting party demonstrates adequate need. Because the Court already dissects the CIA Director’s declaration, see ante, at 10–11, it is unclear how else the Government could support its privilege claim other than by disclosing evidence in camera. But making in camera review turn on the party’s need improperly prescribes “automati[c] . . . disclosure to the judge” in the narrow but important class of cases for which the moving party demonstrates adequate need. Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 10. Such an approach also ignores that “examination of the evidence . . . by the judge alone” “jeopardize[s] the security which the privilege is meant to protect.” Ibid. While the Executive can control its subordinates’ access to state secrets and enforce penalties if such material is mishandled, it has little control once state secrets fall into the Judiciary’s hands. Disclosure to a judge, therefore, poses a very real national-security threat. The plurality’s cavalier statement that “sometimes” in camera review is warranted fails even to acknowledge that risk. Ante, at 15.
Second, the Court’s inverted Reynolds test undermines the “utmost deference” owed to the Executive’s national- security judgments. Egan, 484 U. S., at 530 (internal quotation marks omitted). While the Court purports to apply that standard in this case, see ante, at 8, it then instructs courts to “probe” more “deeply” the “basis for . . . the Government’s privilege claim” when need is established, ante, at 13. This will inevitably result in “judicial second- guessing” of core national-security determinations, “defeat[ing] the unity, secrecy, and dispatch that the Founders believed to be so important” to the Executive Branch. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U. S. 507, 592 (2004) (Thomas, J., dissenting); see also The Federalist No. 64, pp. 392–393 (C. Rossiter ed. 1961) (because “perfect secrecy [is] sometimes requisite” in international affairs, the President must be “able to manage the business of intelligence in such manner as prudence may suggest”).
Justice Kavanaugh joins the Court’s opinion but would reframe its test. Rather than invert Reynolds’ two-step approach, he maintains that the Government’s assertion of privilege should prompt a “threshold judicial inquiry” in which a court asks whether “the ‘circumstances indicat[e] a reasonable possibility’ that state secrets are involved.” Post, at 1 (opinion concurring in part) (quoting Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11). Justice Kavanaugh fails to describe what this analysis entails, other than to characterize it as “not demanding” and the result as “typically self-evident.” Post, at 1. But his Reynolds step 0 cannot be meaningfully different from the Court’s upfront demand for reason giving. He concedes that this is a case of “ ‘dubious’ need,” post, at 1 (quoting Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11), so he cannot think that the Court properly applies Reynolds’ second step. He also joins the Court’s analysis in relevant part, which indicates that his “threshold judicial inquiry” includes both the Court’s searching evaluation of the CIA Director’s declaration and its review of the record to ensure that nothing “casts doubt” on the Director’s explanation. See ante, at 12 (majority opinion). In short, Justice Kavanaugh’s tripartite test must likewise require plenary (though deferential) review at the “threshold,” with more exacting review (sometimes including in camera review) as the party’s need grows.
To be sure, Reynolds acknowledged that the Government raised the state-secrets privilege “under circumstances indicating a reasonable possibility that military secrets were involved.” 345 U. S., at 10–11. Justice Kavanaugh relies on that language to create Reynolds step 0. See post, at 1 (opinion concurring in part). But Reynolds did not envision the threshold reason-giving requirement that Justice Kavanaugh proposes and the Court now applies. Instead, in discussing the “circumstances,” Reynolds merely characterized the facts of the case: There was “a reasonable possibility that military secrets were involved” because the case involved “a military plane which had gone aloft to test secret electronic equipment.” 345 U. S., at 10–11. It did not require a “threshold judicial inquiry” to make that observation. Nor does it require any meaningful “inquiry” to ob serve that this case involves an alleged clandestine detention site. Again, Reynolds’ only “threshold inquiry” was to assess the plaintiffs’ need for the Government’s privileged material. That is why the Court decided that the Government’s claim of privilege “cut off further demand for the documents on the showing of necessity” without assessing the validity of the Government’s reasons. Id., at 11. The Court and Justice Kavanaugh’s reasons-first, need-later approach has no basis in our case law.
Finally, Justice Gorsuch would dispense with Reynolds and instruct judges to evaluate de novo the Government’s invocation of the state-secrets privilege. He does not say “de novo,” but his analysis makes the point clear. He summarily dismisses the CIA Director’s 15-page declaration as a “conclusory assertion,” post, at 23 (dissenting opinion), proposes that courts “often should” review state secrets in camera, post, at 18, and then suggests that courts “independently” evaluate that privileged information, post, at 15. This approach finds no support in Reynolds, Egan, or related cases, see Part II–A, supra, as Justice Gorsuch effectively concedes. He rejects Egan, see, e.g., post, at 17, and he criticizes Reynolds for accepting the Government’s claim of privilege “at face value” “without even pausing to review” the privileged information, post, at 15. True, quoting Reynolds, Justice Gorsuch indicates that courts should ask whether discovery would present a “ ‘reasonable danger’ ” to national security. Post, at 17 (quoting 345 U. S., at 10). But the question remains: in whose judgment? His answer is clear: our “independent judgment.” Post, at 17.
Justice Gorsuch offers three arguments to support de novo judicial review of a state-secrets claim, none of which has merit. First, he asserts that “courts generally must respect . . . the ancient rule that the public enjoys a right to ‘every man’s evidence.’ ” Post, at 11 (quoting 4 J. Wigmore, Evidence in Trials at Common Law §2192, p. 2965 (1905)). But whatever “right” there may be to civil discovery generally,2 there is no “right” to state secrets specifically. As Wigmore explained, when any of “the various privileges” applies, the obligation to produce evidence is “not insisted upon.” Id., at 2967. The state-secrets privilege, of course, is “a privilege which is well established in the law of evidence.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 6–7; see also Totten v. United States, 92 U. S. 105 (1876); Burr, 25 F. Cas., at 37. Thus, to assert a “right” to discovery proves nothing, because the formal claim of the state-secrets privilege overrides it here.
Second, Justice Gorsuch posits that “[b]ecause Congress has expressly authorized the Judiciary to entertain this suit” by enacting §1782, “it follows that we may not reflexively defer to the Executive’s wish to see it dismissed.” Post, at 12, n. 10. But that argument “omits an important caveat found in the same [provision]” on which Justice Gorsuch relies. Ibid. Section 1782(a) provides: “A person may not be compelled to give his testimony or statement or to produce a document or other thing in violation of any legally applicable privilege.” Thus, far from inviting de novo review, Congress instructed federal courts to apply all privileges—including the state-secrets privilege—with full
force. Invoking §1782 merely presents anew the question in this case: what does the state-secrets privilege require.3
Third, Justice Gorsuch invokes Chief Justice Marshall’s two opinions in the Burr prosecution, but both cut decisively against him. In 1807, the Federal Government prosecuted Aaron Burr, the former Vice President, for treason and, later, misdemeanor incitement. Vance, 591 U. S., at ___, ___ (slip op., at 3, 7). Burr moved for a subpoena duces tecum ordering President Jefferson to produce a letter from General James Wilkinson, Burr’s principal accuser. Id., at ___–___ (slip op., at 4–5). Chief Justice Marshall explained that it “d[id] not . . . appear to the court that the the president d[id] object to the production of any part of [Wilkinson’s] letter.” United States v. Burr, 25 F. Cas. 187, 192 (No. 14,694) (CC Va. 1807); see also Burr, 25 F. Cas., at 31, 37. But “[h]ad the president” done so and “subjected [the letter] to certain restrictions, and stated that in his judgment the public interest required certain parts of it to be kept secret,” Chief Justice Marshall assured that “all proper respect would have been paid” to the President’s invocation of privilege. Burr, 25 F. Cas., at 192.
Justice Gorsuch nonetheless reasons that it would not have been enough, to defeat the subpoena, for President Jefferson to have objected on state-secrets grounds. Chief Justice Marshall supposedly would have required the President to “ ‘state the particular reasons’ ” for withholding the Wilkinson letter, and the court then could have “decide[d] for itself whether to sustain a claim of privilege.” Post, at 12 (quoting Burr, 25 F. Cas., at 192). Justice Gorsuch’s argument by selective quotation is incorrect. Chief Justice Marshall explained that “on objections being made by the president to the production of a paper, the court would not proceed further in the case without such an affidavit as would clearly sh[o]w the paper to be essential to the justice of the case.” Id., at 192 (emphasis added); see also Burr, 25 F. Cas., at 37 (“If it does contain any matter which . . . it is not the wish of the executive to disclose, such matter, if it be not immediately and essentially applicable to the point, will, of course, be suppressed”). That analysis tracks Reynolds’ first step: The Government invokes the state-secrets privilege, and the privilege will prevail unless the requesting party makes the requisite showing of need. Thus, Justice Gorsuch is simply incorrect that “Chief Justice Marshall nowhere suggested that the state secrets privilege should apply in this country without . . . a statement” of reasons to support the privilege. Post, at 13, n. 11.
Justice Gorsuch further errs in asserting that a reviewing court must demand a statement of reasons and then “decide for itself ” whether those reasons are adequate. Post, at 12. Quite the opposite: Chief Justice Marshall explained that “[t]he president may,” not must, “state the particular reasons” for his claim of privilege, and that the court will “unquestionably allow . . . full force to those reasons,” 25 F. Cas., at 192 (emphasis added), not “decide for itself ” whether they pass muster, post, at 12. That analysis follows Reynolds’ second step: If there is adequate need, the Government may explain the basis for privilege and the court affords “utmost deference” or “full force” to those reasons. The reality of Burr, then, is the opposite of what Justice Gorsuch proposes.
Ultimately, Justice Gorsuch’s animating concern is that judicial deference to the Executive’s national-security judgments risks collapsing “the many points of difference” between our Chief Executive and the 18th-century British monarch. Burr, 25 F. Cas., at 34. Not so. This Court’s standard of utmost deference bears little relation to “the privilege the English crown enjoyed.” Post, at 13. In contrasting the American Executive and the British monarch, Chief Justice Marshall explained that only a king could not be made “to appear under the process of the court,” and therefore he alone could object even to the issuance of a subpoena. Burr, 25 F. Cas., at 34. The President, meanwhile, must move to quash a subpoena rather than object to “its being issued,” and then he may invoke “the law of evidence” as grounds “for not obeying the process of the court.” Ibid. That is precisely how the Executive Branch proceeded here. After the District Court first granted Zubaydah’s discovery application, the Government moved to quash it in light of the state-secrets privilege. See ante, at 5–6. To eviscerate that privilege, as Justice Gorsuch proposes, would not protect the Nation from monarchy. Rather, it would contravene the “constitutional directive” that the Executive has “primary responsibility—along with the necessary power—to protect the national security.” Zivotofsky v. Kerry, 576 U. S. 1, 34 (2015) (Thomas, J., concurring in judgment in part and dissenting in part) (internal quotation marks omitted).
While the Court recognizes that Zubaydah’s need for discovery from Mitchell and Jessen is “not great,” ante, at 15; see also ante, at 16 (plurality opinion), it refuses to dismiss Zubaydah’s discovery application in light of his “dubious showing of necessity,” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11. Instead, as explained above, the Court begins at Reynolds’ second step and concludes that the Government “has provided a reasonable explanation” why Zubaydah’s proposed discovery “could significantly harm national security interests.” Ante, at 10.4 I agree that the Government has offered, at the very least, a “reasonable explanation” to support its claim of state secrets, but I would dismiss Zubaydah’s discovery application at Reynolds’ first step.5 For at least three reasons, Zubaydah has failed to prove any nontrivial need for his requested discovery.
First, Zubaydah will not use the requested discovery “in a case” that can offer him any meaningful relief. Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 9. While even the plaintiffs in Reynolds sought to exercise a federal right that potentially entitled them to damages, Zubaydah, by contrast, does not assert any federal right to relief. He does not allege, for example, that the proposed discovery would support his release from federal custody. Nor could he, as “the sought discovery will be shipped overseas for the benefit of another country’s judicial system, and at that point, totally out of control of a domestic court.” 965 F. 3d, at 792 (opinion of Bress, J.) (internal quotation marks omitted). Instead, Zubaydah requests discovery on behalf of foreign authorities to help them prosecute foreign nationals who allegedly committed crimes in a foreign country. At least for purposes of the state-secrets privilege, Zubaydah has no cognizable “need” to serve as a conduit for foreign discovery. This Court has never held that an individual’s desire to litigate a foreign case, let alone his desire merely to assist in the litigation of someone else’s foreign case, establishes any need under Reynolds, dubious or otherwise.
Second, Zubaydah has failed to pursue “an available alternative” that “might have given [him] the evidence to make out [his] case without forcing a showdown on the claim of privilege.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11. Before this Court, Zubaydah recognizes that his testimony as an alleged “survivor” of CIA interrogation could substitute for discovery from Mitchell and Jessen. Brief for Respondents 40. After all, what the Polish authorities supposedly “need to know is what happened inside Abu Zubaydah’s cell between December 2002 and September 2003.” Tr. of Oral Arg. 41. While Zubaydah complains that the Government holds him “incommunicado,” he also admits that his attorneys may communicate on his behalf with the Government’s “pre-clearance.” Brief for Respondents 40. At oral argument, the Government confirmed that Zubaydah has never asked to offer testimony under this preclearance procedure, see Tr. of Oral Arg. 73, and the Government has since confirmed that the preclearance procedure remains available, see Letter Brief for United States 3. Faced with that confirmation, Zubaydah now concedes that “it is at least theoretically possible” that the preclearance process “will lead to a declaration that can assist the Polish prosecutor.” Letter Brief for Respondents 2. He even asks that we hold his case in abeyance until he can prepare a declaration. See ibid. But that request comes too late. Zubaydah’s “failure to pursue” an “available alternative” before demanding state secrets betrays “a dubious showing of necessity” that cannot overcome the Government’s “formal claim of privilege.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11.
Third, on Zubaydah’s own telling, it is “possible . . . to adduce the essential facts . . . without resort to material touching upon military secrets.” Ibid. At oral argument, Zubaydah’s counsel clarified that Zubaydah does not need evidence about Poland specifically and seeks discovery only regarding the conditions of his confinement while in CIA custody. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 41. Of course, that discovery would still tend to confirm or deny the existence of a detention site in Poland. See ante, at 17 (plurality opinion). But, regardless, discovery is not warranted because Zubaydah effectively disclaims any need for such evidence. In his brief, Zubaydah claims already to have “abundant evidence” of his “detention and torture on Polish soil.” Brief for Respondents 11. Similarly, at argument, Zubaydah’s counsel represented that Polish authorities have “interviewed 62 people” and “amassed 43 volumes of documents.” Tr. of Oral Arg. 44. His counsel further explained: “We’re simply trying to supplement information” the Polish prosecutor “already has.” Id., at 66. In light of these admissions, it is clear that Zubaydah has already “adduce[d] the essential facts” that he believes are necessary to support the Polish prosecution. Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11. His desire “simply . . . to supplement” a foreign investigation, Tr. of Oral Arg. 66, cannot establish the “immediat[e] and essentia[l]” need required to overcome the Government’s formal invocation of the state-secrets privilege, Burr, 25 F. Cas., at 37.
* * *
I would hold that Abu Zubaydah has demonstrated only “a dubious showing of necessity” for the discovery he seeks in this case. Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11. For that reason alone, dismissal of Zubaydah’s discovery application is required. I, therefore, join only Part IV of the Court’s opinion.
1 Justice Breyer suggests that case law under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) might provide a “roughly analogous” framework for courts to assess the Government’s claim of state-secrets privilege. Ante, at 13 (plurality opinion). Yet, at the same time, Justice Breyer admits that the analogy is “imperfect,” and stresses that “nothing in [his] opinion should be taken to suggest” that FOIA law is “directly” relevant. Ibid. No party has proposed a FOIA approach to state secrets, presumably because the statute has no apparent connection to the state-secrets privilege. Like the parties, I do not think that FOIA is relevant in this context. This Court has held that FOIA’s “basic purpose” is to “open agency action to the light of public scrutiny,” regardless of the “particular purpose for which the document is being requested.” Department of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of Press, 489 U. S. 749, 772 (1989) (internal quotation marks omitted). That “basic purpose” is antithetical to the state-secrets privilege, which exists to protect “military matters [that] should not be divulged,” even when a party demonstrates “the most compelling necessity.” Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 10, 11. Thus, FOIA favors disclosure regardless of a party’s need, while the state-secrets privilege mandates secrecy even if need is at its zenith.
2 But see, e.g., 4 St. George Tucker, Blackstone’s Commentaries 381–382 (1803) (discussing limits on discovery at common law, including the lack of “complete discovery by the oath of the parties”; “a compulsive power for the production of books and papers belonging to the parties”; and “powe[r] to examine witnesses abroad”); E. Sunderland, Scope and Method of Discovery Before Trial, 42 Yale L. J. 863, 866–867 (1933) (discussing limits on discovery in equity); S. Subrin, Fishing Expeditions Allowed: The Historical Background of the 1938 Federal Discovery Rules, 39 Boston College L. Rev. 691, 694 (1998) (“Historically, discovery [was] extremely limited in both England and the United States”); id., at 695 (at common law, “a party could neither take the stand nor force the opposing party to do so”).
3 Justice Gorsuch eventually recognizes that neither the supposed “duty to produce every man’s evidence” nor §1782 actually supports his position. Post, at 17, n. 12. He concedes that both sources simply present “the question when the state secrets privilege applies.” Ibid.
4 Elsewhere, Justice Breyer notes that the “Polish government has also never confirmed whether it cooperated with the CIA,” and he therefore declines to decide “what significance, if any, that disclosure would have.” Ante, at 14 (plurality opinion). Any such disclosure plainly would have no significance. The state-secrets privilege “belongs to the Government”—that is, our Government—alone. United States v. Reynolds, 345 U. S. 1, 7 (1953).
5 I agree that dismissal is the appropriate disposition because “the privilege blocks Zubaydah’s discovery requests, which are the proceeding’s sole object.” Ante, at 17 (plurality opinion). But even in ordinary litigation, dismissal of the action is required whenever the case cannot be fairly litigated without the disclosure of state secrets. See Totten v. United States, 92 U. S. 105, 107 (1876).
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
UNITED STATES, PETITIONER v. ZAYN al-ABIDIN MUHAMMAD HUSAYN, aka ABU ZUBAYDAH, et al.
on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit
Justice Kavanaugh, with whom Justice Barrett joins, concurring in part.
I join all but Part II–B–2 of the Court’s opinion. I add this brief concurrence simply to be clear about my understanding of how the “formula of compromise” articulated in Reynolds works in practice. United States v. Reynolds, 345 U. S. 1, 9 (1953).
For the state secrets privilege to apply, the relevant government agency head must first assert the privilege. The court must then determine that the “circumstances indicat[e] a reasonable possibility” that state secrets are involved. Id., at 11. That threshold judicial inquiry is not demanding because, as our precedent and this case illustrate, those circumstances are typically self-evident when the Executive Branch asserts the state secrets privilege. See, e.g., id., at 10; Totten v. United States, 92 U. S. 105, 106–107 (1876).
At that point, the court must accept the Executive Branch’s assertion of privilege without further inquiry if the requester has shown only a “dubious” need for the requested information. Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11. In many state secrets disputes, the case ends there—again, this case proves the point. See Part III, ante. If the requester has demonstrated a “strong” need for the information, the court may under certain circumstances review the requested documents in camera to confirm that the information falls within the privilege. Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 10−11. To be clear, however, even if the requester has a strong need, a court should nonetheless not demand to examine the evidence—even “alone, in chambers”—if the Government can “satisfy the court, from all the circumstances of the case, that there is a reasonable danger that compulsion of the evidence will expose military matters which, in the interest of national security, should not be divulged.” Id., at 10; see also id., at 11, n. 26 (noting that in Totten, “[t]he action was dismissed on the pleadings” because “it was so obvious” that “the very subject matter of the action, a contract to perform espionage, was a matter of state secret”).
In all events, once the court determines that the requested information falls within the state secrets privilege, “even the most compelling necessity” cannot overcome the privilege. Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11; see also Totten, 92 U. S. 105. The privilege is absolute, not qualified.
In state secrets cases, a court’s review from start to finish must be deferential to the Executive Branch. As this Court has long explained, the courts “have traditionally shown the utmost deference to Presidential responsibilities” in cases involving “military or diplomatic secrets,” United States v. Nixon, 418 U. S. 683, 710 (1974), and “have been reluctant to intrude upon the authority of the Executive in military and national security affairs,” Department of Navy v. Egan, 484 U. S. 518, 530 (1988).
With that understanding of Reynolds, I join all but Part II–B–2 of the Court’s opinion.
Concurrence and Dissent
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
UNITED STATES, PETITIONER v. ZAYN al-ABIDIN MUHAMMAD HUSAYN, aka ABU ZUBAYDAH, et al.
on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit
Justice Kagan, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
Both sides have substantial interests in this case—the Government in safeguarding its relationships with foreign intelligence partners; Abu Zubaydah in obtaining information needed to right past wrongs. Sometimes, interests of that kind are wholly irreconcilable, and the state secrets privilege may then put an end to the suit. But that is not so here. The Government’s national-security concerns all relate to confirming the location of detention sites. Zubaydah requests evidence of a broader scope, concerning not just where he was detained, but also what happened there. The District Court, using established methods, can segregate the two kinds of evidence—protecting classified information about location while giving Zubaydah access to unclassified information about detention conditions and interrogation methods. I would remand the case to allow that process to go forward. So although I join the Court in much of its analysis, I respectfully dissent from its decision to dismiss this suit.
Start with where I join the Court: I agree the Government has met its burden of showing that testimony by former CIA contractors confirming the location of Zubaydah’s detention would pose a “reasonable danger” of harm to national security. United States v. Reynolds, 345 U. S. 1, 10 (1953); see ante, at 10–15. That is true for two reasons. First, testimony of that kind would remove whatever “element of doubt” exists about the accuracy of public reporting on the detention site’s location, potentially undermining other CIA activities in that country. App. to Pet. for Cert. 135a (Decl. of Michael Pompeo, Director, CIA). Second (and possibly more important here), official confirmation would conflict with commitments the Government has made to foreign intelligence services to never disclose clandestine relationships—even as “time passes” and “new political parties or officials come to power” or “media leaks occur.” Id., at 136a. Standing by those commitments, the Government credibly states, is “critical” to preserving current intelligence partnerships and establishing new ones. Id., at 132a; see id., at 136a; ante, at 10–12. Those concerns explain why the Government has refused, across three Presidential administrations, to confirm or deny reports about the foreign countries involved in the CIA’s “former detention and interrogation program.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 133a; see Tr. of Oral Arg. 25. The Court is right to respect that decision, and thus to deny Zubaydah’s request for the location of his detention.
But that does not mean, as the Court insists, that we should dismiss Zubaydah’s suit. From the beginning of this litigation, Zubaydah has distinguished between the “where” and the “what”—the location of the detention site at issue and the treatment he received there. See, e.g., App. to Pet. for Cert. 42a (District Court Order). And in this Court, his attorney made clear that Zubaydah’s primary interest is in obtaining information on the latter subject. He wants the CIA contractors to testify about “what happened inside [his] cell” during a particular 10-month period, irrespective of where that cell may have been. Tr. of Oral Arg. 41; see ibid. (“I’m not planning to ask did it happen in Poland. . . . I want to ask simple questions like, how was Abu Zubaydah fed? What was his medical condition? What was his cell like? And, yes, was he tortured? ”). For its part, the Government concedes that information about Zubaydah’s treatment is no longer classified: It is, on any understanding, not a state secret. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 6 (explaining that the Government in 2014 “decided to declassify” information about “the treatment of detainees” like Zubaydah “to facilitate public scrutiny of the United States’ actions”). That creates the possibility of segregating the classified (location) information from the unclassified (treatment) information and allowing discovery into the latter.
That kind of segregation has happened before, showing what could be done in this case. In 2014, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence released a nearly 700-page Report, describing the CIA’s torture of various detainees—all while using code words like “Detention Site Green” and “Detention Site Blue” to designate particular facilities. See S. Rep. No. 113–288 (2014) (Senate Report). More recently, the CIA permitted its former contractors to testify, in civil litigation and Military Commission hearings, about their use of “enhanced interrogation techniques” on detainees—again without disclosing any locations. See, e.g., Stipulation Regarding Discovery in Salim v. Mitchell, No. 2:15–cv–286 (ED Wash.), ECF Doc. 47, pp. 5, 7–8. Both the Senate Report and the contractors’ testimony discuss Zubaydah, explaining how he was tortured at the first facility he was brought to (whose location has also been identified in public reporting). See, e.g., Senate Report, at 17–48, 231, n. 1316 (describing, among other interrogation methods, more than 80 waterboardings); see also post, at 4–5 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). But neither source details what happened to Zubaydah at the site here in question, the second facility at which he was detained. What Zubaydah now mainly wants is to fill that gap. He is requesting the same information about the second facility as he already has about the first: the contractors’ testimony about the treatment he received there, scrubbed of any reference to where it occurred. So the procedures that worked before—to protect the classified while disclosing the unclassified—can work again. And this case can go forward on that basis.
The Court offers no satisfactory explanation for rejecting that approach. It says that segregation cannot succeed because of “the specific language of Zubaydah’s discovery requests”—twelve of which “contain the word ‘Poland’ or ‘Polish.’ ” Ante, at 9; see ante, at 16–17. That is fair enough, so far as it goes: Responses to the requests as currently written would, as the Court says, “either confirm or deny” that Poland hosted a CIA-operated detention site. Ante, at 9. But a problem of phrasing can be solved by rephrasing. Zubaydah has long made clear—not just in this Court but also below—that he would modify his requests if that would make a difference. See, e.g., Tr. of Oral Arg. 41–44, 49–50; App. to Pet. for Cert. 42a. All that now needs to happen is for this Court to say that it would. Then Zubaydah would excise any country name from his discovery requests; and the contractors would answer those requests as they previously have done—by describing his treatment at a detention site, without divulging where that site was. Even the Court admits that possibility, though in a backhanded way. The Court says it “do[es] not here decide whether” Zubaydah could obtain location-cleansed testimony by filing a new suit containing narrowed discovery requests. Ante, at 17. But the question of segregation can be decided now, and in this suit, rather than by sending Zubaydah back to square one. See also post, at 29–30 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). I would allow Zubaydah to amend his requests to remove all Poland-specific references, so that he can obtain testimony about his detention—in whatever country it took place.
In short, the holding that national-security risks attach to confirming the location of Zubaydah’s detention—with which I agree—should not end this case. A court can segregate that classified information from unclassified material about the nature of Zubaydah’s detention. I would remand the case for that to occur, thus protecting not only the United States’s security interests but also Zubaydah’s interest in forcing disclosure of government abuse.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
UNITED STATES, PETITIONER v. ZAYN al-ABIDIN MUHAMMAD HUSAYN, aka ABU ZUBAYDAH, et al.
on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit
Justice Gorsuch, with whom Justice Sotomayor joins, dissenting.
There comes a point where we should not be ignorant as judges of what we know to be true as citizens. See Watts v. Indiana, 338 U. S. 49, 52 (1949). This case takes us well past that point. Zubaydah seeks information about his torture at the hands of the CIA. The events in question took place two decades ago. They have long been declassified. Official reports have been published, books written, and movies made about them. Still, the government seeks to have this suit dismissed on the ground it implicates a state secret—and today the Court acquiesces in that request. Ending this suit may shield the government from some further modest measure of embarrassment. But respectfully, we should not pretend it will safeguard any secret.
Start with what the government itself has said about Zubaydah. In 2014, a Select Committee of the United States Senate published a 683-page report about the CIA’s detention and interrogation practices. The report did not focus on Zubaydah alone, but it included certain details about his treatment, including the following. After his cap ture in Pakistan in March 2002, the government transported him to a “black site” known as Detention Site Green. See S. Rep. No. 113–288, pp. 21–23 (2014) (Senate Report).1 At that time, CIA officials thought Zubaydah might have been the “third or fourth man” in al Qaeda and withholding information about the September 11 attacks and potential future assaults. Id., at 410–411 (internal quotation marks omitted).
In an effort to extract that information, the CIA hired two contractors, James Mitchell and John Jessen, and authorized them to employ what it called “enhanced interrogation techniques.” Brief for United States 3. Mitchell and Jessen worked “on a near 24-hour-per-day basis” starting August 4, 2002. Senate Report 40; see also id., at 35, 42.2 They waterboarded Zubaydah at least 80 times, simulated live burials in coffins for hundreds of hours, and performed rectal exams designed to establish “total control over the detainee.” Id., at 42–43, 82, 231, n. 1316, 488, 495 (internal quotation marks omitted). Six days into his ordeal, Zubaydah was sobbing, twitching, and hyperventilating. Id., at 41, 43, 111–112. During one waterboarding session, Zubaydah became “completely unresponsive, with bubbles rising through his open, full mouth.” Id., at 43–44 (internal quotation marks omitted). He became so compliant that he would prepare for waterboarding at the snap of a finger. Id., at 43.
By this point, Mitchell and Jessen concluded that it was “ ‘highly unlikely’ that Zubaydah possessed the information they were seeking,” and they sought to end the interrogations. Id., at 42. It seems their assessment may have been correct. Although Zubaydah’s relationship with al Qaeda remains the subject of debate today, the authors of the Senate Report found that the CIA’s records “do not support” the suggestion that he was involved in the September 11 attacks. Id., at 410. At the time, however, CIA headquarters was not yet persuaded by Mitchell’s and Jessen’s report. It instructed the pair to continue their work. Id., at 43. Following these directions, Mitchell and Jessen carried on for two more weeks until their superiors finally concluded that Zubaydah “did not possess any new terrorist threat information.” Id., at 40, 45.
In December 2002, the government moved Zubaydah to another black site, this one known as Detention Site Blue. Id., at 67. After a stay there and, it seems, years of further transfers among other black sites, Zubaydah was transferred to the government’s detention center in Guantánamo Bay in 2006. Brief for United States 2. More than 15 years later, he remains there still. Ibid.
The Senate Report is only the start of what we know. As far back as 2007, the Council of Europe issued a lengthy report finding that the CIA held Zubaydah at a black site in Poland after his capture.3 In 2012, Aleksander Kwasniewski, the President of Poland from 1995 to 2005, told reporters that the CIA site was established “with [his] knowledge.”4 In 2014, the European Court of Human Rights found “beyond reasonable doubt” that Zubaydah was detained in Poland from December 2002 until September 2003.5 In support of its conclusion, the ECHR cited evidence spanning over 100 pages, including declassified flight records, Polish governmental records, and eyewitness testimony. Many other public sources have likewise documented that Zubaydah was transported from Detention Site Green to Detention Site Blue in Poland in December 2002—and that he remained there until September 2003.6
We know even more from Mitchell and Jessen themselves. The pair have spoken and written extensively—without governmental objection—about their activities. In 2016, the CIA permitted Mitchell to publish a book. Enhanced Interrogation is available on Amazon from $13.99, where it is touted as “lift[ing] the curtain” on the CIA’s interrogation program, including “its methods, and its downfall.”7 In 2017, as part of a lawsuit brought by other former CIA detainees, the government allowed Mitchell and Jessen to testify how they conceived the idea of waterboarding detainees, how they asked the CIA to discontinue the use of enhanced interrogation techniques with Zubaydah, and how headquarters refused. See Stipulation Regarding Discovery in Salim v. Mitchell, No. 2:15–cv–286 (ED Wash. 2015), ECF Doc. 47; Brief for Respondents 7–8. In 2020, the pair testified with governmental permission once more, this time in military commission hearings at Guantánamo Bay. Over eight days, covering 2,000 pages of testimony, Mitchell explained how Zubaydah was waterboarded and kept awake for 126 consecutive hours, along with other details about the CIA’s techniques.8 Jessen provided similar testimony.9 In 2021, Mitchell even appeared in an HBO documentary about his activities and treatment of Zubaydah. See The Forever Prisoner (2021).
Still, Zubaydah’s story remains incomplete. While we know that the CIA held Zubaydah at Detention Site Blue from December 2002 until September 2003, and while we know that the site was in Poland, what happened to him there remains unclear. The Senate Report explains that he was tortured immediately before that period, during his time at Detention Site Green. Senate Report 208, n. 1207. The Senate Report also recounts how Mitchell and Jessen tortured other detainees at Detention Site Blue, including details about how they waterboarded one detainee 183 times over two weeks. Id., at 65–72, 77–93, 101, 103, 268. But, Zubaydah’s lawyers tell us, the details of Zubaydah’s treatment during this singular period are not yet publicly documented.
Today, Polish prosecutors are seeking to unravel that part of the story and determine whether criminal charges are appropriate in that country. Pursuant to 28 U. S. C. §1782, Zubaydah’s attorneys filed this domestic lawsuit to obtain discovery from Mitchell and Jessen to assist the Polish investigation. Section 1782 allows suits of just this kind: It provides that federal courts may order persons in this country to give testimony or produce documents “for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal, including criminal investigations conducted before formal accusation.”
Early in the litigation, Zubaydah’s lawyers issued subpoenas to Mitchell and Jessen seeking their depositions and the production of documents. See Appendix, ante, at 19–20. Essentially, the requests fell into three main categories. Zubaydah’s lawyers sought: (1) information to confirm that Detention Site Blue was located in Poland; (2) details about Zubaydah’s interrogation, his treatment, and his conditions of confinement; and (3) information about the involvement of Polish officials.
The government filed a motion seeking to have the petition for discovery dismissed in its entirety. In support, the government supplied a declaration from then-CIA Director Mike Pompeo. The declaration conceded that “the enhanced interrogation techniques employed with respect to specific detainees in the program, and their conditions of confinement, are no longer classified.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 143a; id., at 153a. At the same time, the declaration asserted that the location of Detention Site Blue remained a state secret. And the declaration averred that soliciting information about the involvement of Polish nationals could complicate national security. Ibid.
In response, Zubaydah’s lawyers sought an accommodation. While they continued to pursue all of their requested discovery, they also acknowledged the District Court’s power to modify or limit their discovery requests. Id., at 42a. And they stressed that “[v]aluable discovery may proceed without requiring [Mitchell and Jessen] to confirm either the location of any particular site, or the cooperation of any particular government.” Ibid. (internal quotation marks omitted). Zubaydah’s lawyers noted, too, that the government had previously allowed Mitchell and Jessen to testify about their activities at other detention sites using code names, and they offered to follow the same protocol here. Ibid.
In the end, however, the District Court granted the government’s motion to dismiss. In doing so, the court rejected the government’s suggestion that its detention site in Poland remained a state secret. The court concluded the state secrets privilege did not apply because of how much attention the site had received over the years and the government’s failure to explain how acknowledging the site would cause further harm. Id., at 52a–53a, 59a. Still, the court expressed concern that if Mitchell and Jessen exposed the names of Polish officials and their roles at the site, it could complicate national security in light of the government’s declaration. Id., at 59a.
On appeal, the Ninth Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part. With respect to the third category of information Zubaydah sought, concerning the involvement of Polish nationals, the Court of Appeals agreed with the District Court and the government. Discovery into “the identities and roles of foreign individuals involved with the detention facility, operational details about the facility, and any contracts made with Polish government officials or private persons residing in Poland might implicate the CIA’s intelligence gathering efforts.” Husayn v. Mitchell, 938 F. 3d 1123, 1134 (CA9 2019).
At the same time, the Ninth Circuit held that the District Court erred by refusing discovery into the first and second categories of information Zubaydah sought. With respect to the first, the Court of Appeals pointed to the District Court’s finding that the CIA’s detention facility in Poland was widely known and did not qualify as a state secret. Ibid. Given that finding, the Court of Appeals concluded, Zubaydah was entitled to discovery about the site’s location. Ibid. With respect to the second category, the Court of Appeals held that “information about the use of interrogation techniques,” “conditions of confinement,” and the “details of Abu Zubaydah’s treatment” could be provided without risk to any state secret. Ibid. The court stressed that Mitchell and Jessen had already provided similar information about Zubaydah’s treatment at other locations in past cases using code names; it saw no reason why the same course could not be followed here. Id., at 1137. The Court of Appeals faulted the District Court for failing to disaggregate or limit the scope of Zubaydah’s requests before dismissing them all. Id., at 1136–1137.
Dissatisfied with its partial victory before the Ninth Circuit, the government seeks further relief in this Court. But as it comes to us, the parties’ dispute is limited. Zubaydah does not appeal the Ninth Circuit’s decision. So while the majority (repeatedly) emphasizes the breadth of his initial discovery requests, ante, at 5, 9, that is beside the point. No one argues that Zubaydah may pursue the third category of information he initially sought—including the identities and roles of foreign individuals involved with the detention facility.
Even when it comes to the two remaining categories of information at issue—the location of the government’s detention site and the CIA’s treatment of Zubaydah there—the parties’ dispute has narrowed substantially. The District Court found that the site’s location did not implicate a state secret, and the Court of Appeals agreed. The government asserts this decision was mistaken, while Zubaydah’s lawyers defend it. But, as they have throughout the litigation, Zubaydah’s lawyers also offer an alternative. Before the District Court, they stressed that “[v]aluable discovery” could proceed into Zubaydah’s interrogations, treatment, and conditions of confinement without requiring Mitchell and Jessen to confirm “the location of any particular site or the cooperation” of foreign nationals. App. to Pet. for Cert. 42a (internal quotation marks omitted). Before this Court, they stress the same point. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 41.
As it arrives before us, then, the central question in this case concerns the request for information about “what happened inside Abu Zubaydah’s cell between December 2002 and September 2003.” Ibid. It is this information—about Zubaydah’s interrogation, treatment, and conditions of confinement at the hands of the CIA—that Zubaydah’s lawyers say they need most. Nor does anyone suggest this request implicates a state secret. The government does not (and cannot) claim that its custody of Zubaydah at a black site remains a state secret: That much was declassified and documented in the Senate Report years ago. See, e.g., Senate Report 67. The government has conceded, too, that the interrogation techniques Mitchell and Jessen employed and Zubaydah’s conditions of confinement and treatment within his cell during that period are “no longer classified.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 143a; id., at 153a. At a minimum, Zubaydah’s lawyers argue, all this means he should be allowed discovery from Mitchell and Jessen about his interrogations, treatment, and conditions of confinement from December 2002 until September 2003, with safeguards to protect against the disclosure of the site’s location and the involvement of foreign nationals.
This request is not a novel one. As Zubaydah’s attorneys observe, the Senate Report discussed the treatment of detainees at various sites during specific time periods while referring to those locations by code name—Green, Cobalt, Blue. See, e.g., Senate Report 99–108 (referencing torture of various detainees at Detention Site Cobalt). In extensive civil litigation preceding this suit, Mitchell and Jessen testified using the same practice—speaking about the treatment of detainees during specific periods while using code names where appropriate. Stipulation Regarding Discovery in Salim v. Mitchell, No. 2:15–cv–286. The military commissions where the government allowed Mitchell and Jessen to appear employed the same procedure too. See, e.g., Tr. in United States v. Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, p. 31371, pt. 4 (Jan. 27, 2020).
Despite all this, the government asks us to dismiss this lawsuit. What worked before, the government submits, cannot work again. Unlike previous lawsuits, this one alone must be dismissed at its outset. And, the government insists, this Court owes “utmost deference” to its demand. Brief for United States 19 (internal quotation marks omitted).
I do not question that Article II grants the Executive substantial authority over the conduct of the Nation’s foreign affairs. Cf. Nestle USA, Inc. v. Doe, 593 U. S. ___, ___–___ (2021) (Gorsuch, J., concurring) (slip op., at 5–6). Nor do I doubt that the Executive’s responsibility in this field often “poses ‘delicate’ and ‘complex’ questions involving ‘large elements of prophecy . . . for which the Judiciary has neither aptitude, facilities nor responsibility.’ ” Id., at ___ (slip op., at 6) (quoting Chicago & Southern Air Lines, Inc. v. Waterman S. S. Corp., 333 U. S. 103, 111 (1948) (Jackson, J.)).
At the same time, in this arena as in many others, the Constitution sometimes envisions a degree of interdependence between the branches of our government. So, for example, while the Executive bears many responsibilities over foreign affairs, Congress alone possesses the power to raise armies, maintain a navy, declare war, and fund foreign expeditions. Art. I, §8. Also, Congress enjoys substantial power when it comes to regulating the jurisdiction of the federal courts—a power it has employed from time to time to authorize judges to entertain cases and controversies implicating foreign affairs. See, e.g., Judiciary Act of 1789, §9, 1 Stat. 77; Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003, §4(a)(4)(A), 117 Stat. 2878.
Our case is such a case. In §1782, Congress has expressly authorized federal courts to order discovery from domestic persons in aid of foreign proceedings like the ongoing Polish prosecution. No one suggests that, on its face and in all its applications, §1782 intrudes on powers vested in the Executive alone. Normally, too, when Congress endows the Judiciary with the statutory authority to decide a case, we have a “virtually unflagging” obligation to do just that. Colorado River Water Conservation Dist. v. United States, 424 U. S. 800, 817 (1976). In deciding cases lawfully put to us, courts generally must respect as well the ancient rule that the public enjoys a right to “every man’s evidence.” 4 J. Wigmore, Evidence in Trials at Common Law §2192, p. 2965 (1905). In this country, no one stands above the law; not even the President may deflect evidentiary inquiries just because they may prove inconvenient or embarrassing. See Trump v. Vance, 591 U. S. ___, ___–___ (2020) (slip op., at 14–15); Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U. S. 579, 646 (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring) (“No penance would ever expiate the sin against free government of holding that a President can escape control of executive powers by law through assuming his military role”).
None of this is to suggest that the state secrets privilege is inconsistent with our separation of powers. Even a statute that constitutionally allows federal courts to pass on matters touching on foreign affairs in most cases may, in some applications, trench on powers the Constitution reserves for the Executive. It is simply that the privilege is no blunderbuss and courts may not flee from the field at its mere display. Instead, when the Executive seeks to withhold every man’s evidence from a judicial proceeding thanks to the powers it enjoys under Article II, that claim must be carefully assessed against the competing powers Articles I and III have vested in Congress and the Judiciary. The original design of the Constitution and “our historic commitment to the rule of law” demand no less. United States v. Nixon, 418 U. S. 683, 708 (1974).10
The Constitution’s insistence on this point is clear from our history. Today, the Executive demands “utmost deference” to its judgment that Zubaydah’s suit should be dismissed. Brief for United States 19 (internal quotation marks omitted). But over 200 years ago, an attorney for the United States acting on behalf of President Jefferson pursued a similar line, insisting on the President’s right to withhold evidence that “might contain state secrets” from the trial of Aaron Burr. United States v. Burr, 25 F. Cas. 30, 31 (No. 14,692d) (CC Va. 1807). And Chief Justice Marshall expressly refused to afford that kind of latitude.
To be sure, under English law the King could “do no wrong,” he could not “be named in debate,” and he enjoyed largely unfettered discretion to withhold evidence from legal proceedings. See id., at 34. But, Chief Justice Marshall explained, such rules have no place in our Republic given that “many points of difference . . . exist between the first magistrate in England and the first magistrate of the United States.” Ibid. Instead, if the President wishes to withhold evidence from a lawfully authorized judicial proceeding he must at least “state the particular reasons” for his action. United States v. Burr, 25 F. Cas. 187, 192 (No. 14,694) (CC Va. 1807). And while the Judiciary should pay “all proper respect” to those reasons, as an independent branch of government it must decide for itself whether to sustain a claim of privilege in its proceedings, bearing in mind that it is a “very serious thing” to allow any party to withhold relevant evidence. Ibid.
Had Chief Justice Marshall envisioned a rule of “utmost deference” to executive claims of privilege replicating something like the privilege the English crown enjoyed, it would have been the simplest thing for him to say so. Instead, the “clear implication” of his opinions in Burr is that “the President’s special interests may warrant a careful judicial screening of subpoenas after the President interposes an objection, but that some subpoenas will nevertheless be properly sustained by judicial orders of compliance.” Nixon v. Sirica, 487 F. 2d 700, 710 (CADC 1973). And “the ultimate decision” on such matters “remain[s]” with a court of law. Ibid.; see also Vance, 591 U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 7).11
Almost 150 years after Burr, the Court reaffirmed this same understanding in United States v. Reynolds, 345 U. S. 1 (1953). There, executive officials once more sought something like “utmost deference” to their claim that evidence should be suppressed from judicial proceedings in the name of national security. Id., at 6. And once more the Court refused to indulge that view. In England, Kings may have enjoyed the kind of latitude the government sought. Id., at 7 (citing Duncan v. Cammell, Laird & Co., A. C. 624). But under our Constitution, Reynolds emphasized, the Executive may not judge its own case: “Judicial control over the evidence in a case cannot be abdicated to the caprice of executive officers.” 345 U. S., at 9–10.
In this particular, our Nation broke from English practice. The Declaration of Independence did not endorse crown prerogatives but described many as evils. The Constitution did not create a President in the King’s image but envisioned an executive regularly checked and balanced by other authorities. Our Founders knew from hard experience the “intolerable abuses” that flow from unchecked executive power. Id., at 8; see also Youngstown, 343 U. S., at 641 (Jackson, J., concurring).
Nor is their experience an alien one. More recent history reveals that executive officials can sometimes be tempted to misuse claims of national security to shroud major abuses and even ordinary negligence from public view. In Korematsu v. United States, the President persuaded this Court to permit the forced internment of Japanese- American citizens during World War II. 323 U. S. 214 (1944). The President did so in part by relying on a military report that insisted immediate action was imperative to national security. Id., at 235–236 (Murphy, J., dissenting). The report, however, contained information executive officials knew to be false at the time. Yet it took decades before the government publicly acknowledged its misrepresentation to this Court. See Dept. of Justice, Archives, N. Katyal, Confessions of Error: The Solicitor General’s Mistakes During the Japanese-American Internment Cases (May 20, 2011). And still more years passed before this Court formally repudiated its decision. See Trump v. Hawaii, 585 U. S. ___, ___ (2018) (slip op., at 38).
In Reynolds, a similar story unfolded. There, families of civilians killed in the crash of an Air Force plane sued the government for negligence and sought its official accident report. The government invoked the state secrets privilege and filed a declaration asking courts to shield the document from disclosure. In response, this Court refused to afford the government utmost deference but ultimately allowed it to withhold the report. The Court did so without even pausing to review the report independently in chambers or asking a lower court to take up that task. See Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 10–11. Decades later, when the government released the report, it turned out to contain no state secrets—only convincing proof of governmental negligence. See J. Weinstein, The Role of Judges in a Government of, by, and for the People: Notes for the Fifty-Eighth Cardozo Lecture, 30 Cardozo L. Rev. 1, 92 (2008). So it seems that, in the very case where this Court stressed the importance of carefully examining claims of privilege, families were denied access to proof to which they were lawfully entitled only because this Court accepted the Executive’s declaration at face value.
More recent history bears its cautions too. The government invoked the state secrets privilege only 16 times between 1961 and 1980. See Brief for Public Citizen as Amicus Curiae 9. Yet it has done so at least 49 times between 2001 and 2021. See id., at 9–10. What is more, the propriety of several of these assertions has been called into question. Id., at 10–17 (collecting examples); see also id., at 21–24 (documenting alleged improper governmental withholding of information in FOIA cases); W. Weaver & R. Pallitto, State Secrets and Executive Power, 120 Pol. Sci. Q. 85, 101, 107–112 (2005) (Weaver & Pallitto).
For decades, public servants ranging from Erwin Griswold to Donald Rumsfeld and Porter Goss have complained about overclassification by the Executive Branch. See, e.g., Brief for Public Citizen as Amicus Curiae 17–19. Officials who have served in the Executive Branch have estimated that between 50% and 90% of classified material does not merit that treatment. Id., at 19–20. In 1996, the federal government made about 5.8 million classification decisions; by 2017, that number reached approximately 49 million. Compare Nat. Archives and Records Admin., Information Security Oversight Office, 2010 Report to the President 12, with Nat. Archives and Records Admin., Information Security Oversight Office, 2017 Report to the President 1–2. It seems the government once even classified a memo from one member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to another discussing how too many documents were being classified. Weaver & Pallitto 87.
It may be understandable that those most responsible for the Nation’s security will seek to press every tool available to them to maximum advantage. There has always been something of a “hydraulic pressure inherent within each of the separate Branches” to test “the outer limits of its power.” INS v. Chadha, 462 U. S. 919, 951 (1983). It may be nothing less than human nature. But when classification standards are “so broadly drawn and loosely administered,” temptation enough exists for executive officials to “cover up their own mistakes and even their wrongdoing under the guise of protecting national security.” K. Mayer, With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power 145 (2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). This Court hardly needs to add fuel to that fire by abdicating any pretense of an independent judicial inquiry into the propriety of a claim of privilege and extending instead “utmost deference” to the Executive’s mere assertion of one. Walking that path would only invite more claims of secrecy in more doubtful circumstances—and facilitate the loss of liberty and due process history shows very often follows.12
Accepting that independent judgment is required of us in cases like this one, how exactly should we proceed? If the government’s “utmost deference” test is not appropriate, what rules are? Our precedents offer a number of lessons.
First, Reynolds held that, when the Executive seeks to withhold evidence from a congressionally authorized judicial proceeding, it must show a “reasonable danger” of harm to national security would follow otherwise. 345 U. S., at 10. To be sure, most parties who seek to invoke an evidentiary privilege bear the burden of showing their entitlement to do so by a preponderance of proof. See, e.g., 1 C. Mueller & T. Kirkpatrick, Federal Evidence §1:32, pp. 213–214 (4th ed. Supp. 2021). And here the government’s burden is a good deal more forgiving. But I can also see why. The line Reynolds drew seeks to accommodate the separation of powers: It ensures that a congressional mandate to entertain a case or controversy will not be automatically frustrated. It guarantees a degree of independent judicial review. Yet it also seeks to respect the Executive’s specially assigned constitutional responsibilities in the field of foreign affairs and the delicate and complex predictive judgments the Executive often must make there.
Second, when assessing a state secrets claim courts may—and often should—review the evidence supporting the government’s claim of privilege in camera. Reynolds said that “[w]hen” the government can show a reasonable danger of harm exists by means of a declaration, a “court should not . . . insis[t] upon an examination of the evidence, even by the judge alone, in chambers.” 345 U. S., at 8, 10. But at the same time, the Court also stressed that, before excluding evidence, a judge “must be satisfied” that a reasonable danger of harm would flow from its production—and that this is a responsibility no court may “abdicat[e].” Id., at 9–10. From this, it follows that in cases of doubt more careful scrutiny is required before a court may uphold a claim of privilege.
It is at this point, too, where the magnitude of a party’s need for the requested evidence may become relevant. Reynolds explained that the extent of a party’s need for the government’s evidence can inform “how far the court should probe in satisfying itself that the occasion for invoking the privilege is appropriate.” Id., at 11. But Reynolds did not create a threshold inquiry requiring a litigant to demonstrate its need for relevant evidence before the government must show a reasonable danger of harm would flow from its production. Today’s majority recognizes this point, explaining that “only after satisfying itself that the Government has offered a valid reason for invoking the privilege would a court turn to the issue of necessity.” Ante, at 12 (citing Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 10–11).
Here again, I see a balance consistent with the Constitution’s design. A court persuaded that the government has met its burden by declaration may find the privilege properly invoked. But a court harboring questions must probe further and examine the bases for the government’s assertions in camera. Nor may a court allow the government to deny access to every man’s evidence unless and until it establishes its lawful entitlement to do so. This Court has endorsed a similar procedure for resolving claims of executive privilege in other contexts. See, e.g., Nixon, 418 U. S., at 713–715, and n. 21. Congress has authorized parallel procedures in several statutes implicating national security information. See, e.g., Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, 92 Stat. 1785, as amended, 50 U. S. C. §1806(f ); Classified Information Procedures Act, 18 U. S. C. App. §4, p. 414. And courts routinely test claims of entitlement to other ancient and venerable privileges in just this way. See, e.g., United States v. Zolin, 491 U. S. 554, 556 (1989) (holding that in camera review may be used to probe crime-fraud challenges to attorney-client privilege); see also n. 12, supra (observing that privileges generally “should be recognized only within the narrowest limits defined by [the] principle[s]” animating them (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Third, the state secrets privilege protects the government from the duty to supply certain evidence, but it does not prevent a litigant from insisting that the government produce nonprivileged evidence in its possession. Nor does the privilege preclude a litigant from pursuing its case otherwise. As our cases explain, the trial simply “goes on” without the government’s privileged proof. General Dynamics Corp. v. United States, 563 U. S. 478, 485 (2011); see also Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 11. In this way, the state secrets privilege again operates like many others—whether self- incrimination, attorney-client, or spousal—by suspending a party’s duty to provide privileged evidence but never prohibiting an opponent from seeking nonprivileged evidence or proving its case using facts obtainable through other means. See, e.g., Schmerber v. California, 384 U. S. 757, 761 (1966). In this way, too, it seems to me that the privilege seeks to respect the separation of powers. The Executive may have a national security interest in keeping certain evidence to itself. It may have an interest in avoiding the necessity of having to confirm or deny a fact. But that executive interest does not extend to quashing suits that Congress has authorized the Judiciary to entertain—and that the Judiciary has a “virtually unflagging” duty to resolve. Colorado River Water Conservation Dist., 424 U. S., at 817.
Admittedly, this Court has held that some contract disputes between spies and the government may be dismissed at their outset. See Totten v. United States, 92 U. S. 105, 107 (1876); Tenet v. Doe, 544 U. S. 1, 3 (2005). But the Court has done so only on the ground and to the extent that allowing these cases to proceed would “ ‘inevitably lead to the disclosure of ’ state secrets.” General Dynamics, 563 U. S., at 486 (quoting Totten, 92 U. S., at 107). In rare cases like these, it may simply be impossible to adjudicate a claim without privileged evidence from the government. Still, none of that displaces the general rule that the privilege protects only against the production of certain evidence—not the inconvenience of lawsuits. If a way exists for a court to discharge its statutory duty to entertain a case without the government’s privileged proof, that way must be found. Dismissal may be an easy out, but it is only rarely the correct one. Even English courts applying the old crown privilege sometimes afforded litigants the chance to prove their cases independently without the benefit of privileged proof. See, e.g., H. M. S. Bellerophon, 44 LJR 5, 5–9 (Admlty. 1875).
Fourth, after the government properly invokes the privilege, a court may still be able to explore options to make the government’s evidence available to litigants in some form as long as it fully respects the government’s national security interests. Lower courts have a long history here. They have used protective orders and other security procedures to allow sensitive governmental information to be shared—options Congress has borrowed and endorsed for use in cases arising under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 and the Classified Information Procedures Act. 50 U. S. C. §1806(f ); 18 U. S. C. App. §§3–4, p. 414. Lower courts have appointed special masters with security clearances to provide unclassified summaries to litigants who lack such clearances. See, e.g., In re United States Dept. of Defense, 848 F. 2d 232, 234 (CADC 1988). Judges have worked with executive officials to craft nonprivileged substitute versions of particular pieces of evidence. Cf. In re Sealed Case, 494 F. 3d 139, 153 (CADC 2007); see also 18 U. S. C. App. §6(c)(1), p. 415. Suppressing evidence from a congressionally authorized judicial proceeding may not be an appropriate remedy if valid executive interests can be fully protected by less intrusive means.
The majority does not dispute that the principles set out in Part II should guide the resolution of any state secrets dispute. See ante, at 8–9. Instead, the majority insists that the only disagreement between us concerns “how th[e]se principles should apply to the specific discovery requests Zubaydah has made in this litigation.” Ibid. Recall that the Ninth Circuit permitted discovery on just two things: (1) the location of the CIA’s detention site, and (2) details about Zubaydah’s interrogation by the CIA, his treatment, and his conditions of confinement.
Start with the first of these. The Executive seeks to withhold evidence about the location of its detention site from a congressionally authorized judicial proceeding. To do so, it bears the burden of showing that a “reasonable danger” of harm to national security would follow from sharing the information sought. Reynolds, 345 U. S., at 10. How does the government seek to discharge that burden in this case? Zubaydah seeks evidence from Mitchell and Jessen. The pair have long since stopped working for the government. Still, the government insists, any evidence they supply would be widely understood as speaking for the Executive Branch. Brief for United States 26. (That premise I accept for argument’s sake.) And, the government continues, if the pair were asked to confirm or deny the existence of a black site in Poland, their answer could complicate efforts to secure assistance from foreign governments for future operations. Id., at 27–28.
Even on its own terms, however, the government’s submission faces an immediate problem. What was once a secret can, with the passage of time, become old news. See United States v. Ahmad, 499 F. 2d 851, 855 (CA3 1974). There may be cases where requiring the government to confirm a widely known but not “officially” disclosed fact could pose a national security risk sufficient to justify withholding evidence. See ante, at 10–11. Hypothetically, as the Court explains, demanding the government to admit “the existence of a CIA site in Country A” could “diminish the extent to which the intelligence services of Countries A, B, C, D, etc.” might be willing to cooperate “with our own intelligence services in the future.” Ante, at 11. The difficulty is, the government has not carried its burden of showing this case falls into that category.
The record before us is stark. Zubaydah’s detention in Poland took place 20 years ago. The location of the CIA’s detention site has been acknowledged by the former Polish President, investigated by the Council of Europe, and proven “beyond reasonable doubt” to the European Court of Human Rights. See Part I–B, supra. Doubtless, these disclosures may have done damage to national security interests. But nothing in the record of this case suggests that requiring the government to acknowledge what the world already knows to be true would invite a reasonable danger of additional harm to national security. The government’s only evidence is a declaration couched in conclusory terms, which the District Court found unpersuasive. See App. to Pet. for Cert. 45a, 52a–53a, 59a. It rests on the same sort of hypothetical the majority posits today—making no effort to grapple with the particulars of this case.
Even the majority seems uncomfortable with the government’s declaration. The best the majority can say is this: The location of a CIA detention site in Poland qualifies as a “state secret” because “we have found nothing in the evidentiary record that casts doubt” on the declaration’s conclusory assertion that national security harms could follow from acknowledging its existence. Ante, at 12. But notice how this effectively reverses the burden of proof. The majority starts with the government’s conclusory assertion—and then proceeds to place on Zubaydah the burden of disproving it. A bare expression of national security concern becomes reason enough to deny the ancient right to every man’s evidence.
This may be a nice move, but it is unpersuasive. Since Burr, this Court has held that the Executive must do more than assert a harm to national security “might” follow from producing evidence. See Part II–B, supra. Since Reynolds, this Court has required a “reasonable,” not a speculative, showing of harm. See Part II–B, supra. If the government could withhold evidence and even compel the dismissal of lawsuits based on nothing more than a conclusory assertion of national security concerns—and if the burden fell on private persons to disprove those concerns—it is hard to imagine what case a court could not be forced to close. That kind of executive prerogative might have once been part of the law of England; it has never been the law here. See Parts II–B and II–C, supra.
Under our law, a court not fully satisfied by the government’s showing of harm has a duty to inquire further. See Part II–C, supra. In this case, I would have thought that concerns about the conclusory nature of the government’s declaration would have led the Court at least to remand the matter to the District Court for in camera review of any evidence the government might wish to present to substantiate its privilege claim. Crediting doubtful representations has led this Court to embarrassments in the past. See Part II–B, supra. I would not risk a repeat.
Looking past these problems only serves to expose another and maybe more fundamental one. Assume now with the government that confirming the existence of a detention site in Poland really does qualify as a state secret. Put aside that part of the Ninth Circuit’s decision allowing discovery to proceed on that question. What about the Court of Appeals’ separate holding that Zubaydah is entitled to discovery about his interrogation, treatment, and conditions of confinement? Recall that Zubaydah’s lawyers have long maintained that, at a minimum, they should be allowed to ask about those matters within the date range of December 2002 through September 2003 and without reference to geography or Polish personnel. See Part I–C, supra. Recall, too, that even the government has conceded that “the enhanced interrogation techniques employed with respect to specific detainees in the program, and their conditions of confinement, are no longer classified.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 143a. Normally, a statutorily authorized case must continue without the government’s privileged proof. See Part II–C, supra. Why should this case be different and face dismissal at its outset?
A plurality of the Court answers with a worry.13 It fears that “any response to Zubaydah’s discovery requests would inevitably tend to confirm or deny whether the CIA operated a detention site located in Poland.” Ante, at 17. Apparently, the plurality is concerned that, during the course of their testimony about Zubaydah’s treatment, Mitchell and Jessen might inadvertently disclose the location of their activities. See ibid. To ward against this possibility, the plurality insists, dismissal is the only option.
But that has never been enough to justify an invocation of the state secrets doctrine to shield evidence, let alone the dismissal of a lawsuit. No one cites any legal authority—even under the old crown privilege in England—allowing the Executive to withhold nonprivileged information and demand a suit’s dismissal only because executive agents might accidentally disclose privileged information along the way. Surely a party’s propensity for error cannot be a point in its favor.
Nor is that the only thing surprising about the plurality’s argument. Many familiar judicial tools exist to protect parties from their inadvertent disclosures. In prior detainee civil litigation, the government attended Mitchell’s and Jessen’s depositions and instructed them not to answer certain sensitive questions. See, e.g., Brief for Respondents 7–8. The District Court could insist on that same procedure here. As an added precaution, the District Court could conduct any depositions in its presence. Alternatively, the court could enter a protective order preventing the parties from sharing documents or other information with Polish authorities or the public until the government has a chance to review them. Alternatively still, Mitchell and Jessen could be directed to provide their materials to the District Court so that the court and the government would have a chance to review their submissions before they are even transmitted to Zubaydah’s lawyers. It seems the government found advance review procedures like these sufficient when it allowed Mitchell to publish a book about his involvement in the CIA’s interrogation program. It is unclear why they should be insufficient now. See Part I–B, supra.
On top of all that, the District Court might require Mitchell and Jessen to use code names or redact privileged information when supplying their evidence. The Senate Report used these tools, speaking of “Detention Site Blue” in lieu of “Poland” more than 60 times and redacting certain materials from its public report, all while recounting in detail how Mitchell and Jessen tortured other detainees at that site. See Part I–B, supra. Mitchell and Jessen likewise used code names to shield foreign country names when they testified in prior civil litigation and before a military commission at Guantánamo Bay. Indeed, according to an amicus, the government even filed a motion in the military commission proceedings endorsing the practice. See Brief for Electronic Frontier Foundation as Amicus Curiae 23.
The plurality barely pauses to consider any of these safeguards against the government’s potential negligence. It acknowledges these “techniques have successfully prevented the disclosure of classified information in previous litigation on related subject matter.” Ante, at 17. But in a bare ipse dixit, the plurality asserts these same tools “would not be effective here.” Ibid. In failing to give careful consideration to potential safeguards that would allow this case to proceed, the plurality defies a central and consistent teaching of this Court’s state secrets jurisprudence—that executive claims of privilege in congressionally authorized proceedings are not to be reflexively accepted, and remedies short of dismissal must be preferred. See Part II–C, supra. The plurality confuses appropriate deference to the Executive’s predictive judgments about foreign affairs with inappropriate deference to the Executive’s concerns about its own mishaps, misstatements, and mistakes. In the process, the plurality abdicates judicial responsibility to use ordi nary tools of litigation management in favor of the Executive’s wish to brush this case out the door. We do no honor to the rule of law in acquiescing to that impulse.
Unable to explain how the government would be harmed by allowing this litigation to continue, the plurality seeks to flip the script. Now, it contends that “much of [the] information” Zubaydah seeks “is already publicly available from other sources,” so “further judicial probing of the Government’s privilege claim” is unwarranted. Ante, at 16.
This submission faces its own problems. A litigant’s necessity for the evidence he seeks may inform how far a court must go in testing the government’s claim of privilege. But in all cases the government bears the burden of proving its entitlement to the privilege. See Part II–C, supra. And it has not carried that burden here. The government worries about confirming the location of its detention site, but it has not shown how doing so would harm national security in light of how well documented that fact already is. Worse, the government has not even shown how this lawsuit would require it to confirm the location of its detention site. We do not have in this case a question about how far to probe the government’s privilege claim; we have not probed that claim at all. We have replaced independent inquiry with a rubber stamp.
Troubling, too, the plurality’s argument rests on facts of its own surmise. Yes, a great deal of public information exists about Zubaydah’s treatment during other periods. And maybe the location of his detention site is known to the world. But Zubaydah’s lawyers tell us that the public record contains no comparable information about what happened “inside [his] cell” from December 2002 until September 2003. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 41. That, they say, is the primary reason this lawsuit exists. See Part I–C, supra. The government does not seriously dispute the comparative lack of public evidence about Zubaydah’s treatment during the relevant period—and it is unclear why the plurality pursues the point on the government’s behalf. As recently as 2015, the government rejected a diplomatic request by Polish prosecutors seeking information about Zubaydah’s treatment. Letter from B. Fletcher, Acting Solicitor General, to S. Harris, Clerk of Court 1, 3 (Oct. 15, 2021) (Government Letter).
Rather than face these problems, the plurality attempts a way around them. Perhaps Zubaydah does not yet have the information he needs. But, the plurality replies, we recently received a letter from the government. In it, the government says it will now allow Zubaydah to mail a document from Guantánamo Bay to Polish prosecutors detailing his treatment during the relevant period. So at least in this way, the plurality reasons, Zubaydah’s need for evidence from Mitchell and Jessen “may” become “diminished” in the future. Ante, at 16.
It is easy enough to see why the plurality hedges here. Not only has the government already once refused a request from Polish authorities asking for information about Zubaydah’s treatment. The government’s apparent change of heart came only after argument in this case, in response to questions from the bench. And a closer look at the government’s offer unmasks its emptiness. No one seems confident that Zubaydah remains mentally competent to testify about his treatment decades ago.14 Pointedly, too, the government states in its letter that it reserves the right to subject whatever he produces “to a security review”—all without indicating what standards it will apply in that “review.” Government Letter 3. In the end, then, the government’s offer seems little more than an offer to let Zubaydah say whatever the government chooses to allow him to say.
Then there is this. In response to the government’s letter, Zubaydah’s lawyers have lodged their own. In it, as they have before, they offer a middle way. At the very least, Zubaydah’s lawyers ask this Court to hold off dismissing this case until we know whether and to what extent the government will make good on its late-blooming promise. Letter from D. Klein, Counsel for Respondent Abu Zubaydah, to S. Harris, Clerk of Court 2 (Oct. 25, 2021). Yet rather than remand this case to allow the District Court to supervise that process, the plurality refuses even this paltry accommodation. It does so without as much as the courtesy of an explanation.
Ultimately, the plurality is forced to give ground. While it insists that “any” response to Zubaydah’s current requests “would inevitably tend to confirm or deny whether the CIA operated a detention site located in Poland,” it goes out of its way to note that “a different discovery request filed by Zubaydah might avoid the problems” the plurality believes exist here. Ante, at 17. In other words, it seems that Zubaydah remains free to file a new lawsuit seeking information about his interrogation, treatment, and conditions of confinement as long as he does not ask for location information where his “need is not great.” Id., at 15, 17.
But what is the point of forcing Zubaydah to file a new lawsuit? Location information is only part of what the Court of Appeals permitted and Zubaydah seeks. Separately, the Court of Appeals allowed Zubaydah’s lawyers to inquire about his interrogation, treatment, and conditions of confinement. And throughout this litigation, Zubaydah’s lawyers have indicated a willingness to employ any number of tools to disaggregate that evidence from information that might reveal the site’s location or the involvement of foreign nationals. As they put it before the District Court, “[v]aluable discovery may proceed without requiring [Mitchell and Jessen] to confirm either the location of any particular site, or the cooperation of any particular government.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 42a. As the District Court acknowledged, too, courts possess substantial authority to “modify or limit the scope” of any party’s discovery requests. Id., at 55a. It is unfathomable why this Court should ignore that option in this case and insist on a new one. At worst, the delay may effectively deny Zubaydah congressionally authorized discovery into admittedly nonprivileged information. At best, it will prove a pointless formality.
In the end, only one argument for dismissing this case at its outset begins to make sense. It has nothing to do with speculation that government agents might accidentally blurt out the word “Poland.” It has nothing to do with the fiction that Zubaydah is free to testify about his experiences as he wishes. It has nothing to do with fears about courts being unable to apply familiar tools to disaggregate discovery regarding some issues (location, foreign nationals) from others (interrogation techniques, treatment, and conditions of confinement). Really, it seems that the government wants this suit dismissed because it hopes to impede the Polish criminal investigation and avoid (or at least delay) further embarrassment for past misdeeds. Perhaps at one level this is easy enough to understand. The facts are hard to face. We know already that our government treated Zubaydah brutally—more than 80 waterboarding sessions, hundreds of hours of live burial, and what it calls “rectal rehydration.” Further evidence along the same lines may lie in the government’s vaults. But as embarrassing as these facts may be, there is no state secret here. This Court’s duty is to the rule of law and the search for truth. We should not let shame obscure our vision.
1 Although the government has not confirmed it, published reports have placed Detention Site Green in Thailand. See, e.g., S. Bengali & C. Megerian, The CIA Closed Its Original ‘Black Site’ Years Ago, L. A. Times, Apr. 22, 2018, https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-thailand-cia-haspel-2018-htmlstory.html.
2 In the Senate Report, Mitchell and Jessen are code-named Swigert and Dunbar. See, e.g., Senate Report 21. Mitchell and Jessen later admitted their roles in the CIA’s enhanced interrogation program. See Husayn v. Mitchell, 938 F. 3d 1123, 1127, n. 4 (CA9 2019).
3 See D. Marty, Secret Detentions and Illegal Transfers of Detainees Involving Council of Europe Member States: Second Report, Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights ¶¶ 70, 127 (2007).
4 Husayn (Abu Zubaydah) v. Poland, no. 7511/13, ¶234, ECHR 2014 (internal quotation marks omitted).
5 See id., ¶¶ 404–529.
6 See, e.g., Brief for Bureau of Investigative Journalism et al. as Amici Curiae 11–43 (citing examples).
7 See J. Mitchell & B. Harlow, Enhanced Interrogation: Inside the Minds and Motives of the Islamic Terrorists Trying To Destroy America (online source archived at www.supremecourt.gov).
8 See Tr. in United States v. Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, pp. 30348–30349 (Jan. 21, 2020); id., at 30441–30443, 30469 (Jan. 22, 2020 (morning)).
9 See, e.g., id., at 32450–32467 (Jan. 31, 2020).
10 The majority invokes Department of Navy v. Egan for the proposition that we should be “ ‘reluctan[t] to intrude upon the authority of the Executive in military and national security affairs.’ ” Ante, at 8 (quoting 484 U. S. 518, 530 (1988)). But the majority omits an important caveat found in the same sentence it quotes: “unless Congress specifically has provided otherwise.” Egan, 484 U. S., at 530. Because Congress has expressly authorized the Judiciary to entertain this suit, it follows that we may not reflexively defer to the Executive’s wish to see it dismissed.
11 Justice Thomas observes that President Jefferson did not seek to withhold evidence on state secrets grounds. Ante, at 12. That much is true. A government attorney invoked the privilege on the President’s behalf, relying on a “communication from the president.” See Burr, 25 F. Cas., at 191. And Chief Justice Marshall—perhaps wary of ascribing the attorney’s arguments to the President—expressed some concern on this score. See id., at 192. But as this Court has recounted, President Jefferson was anything but ignorant of the proceedings and had raised privilege concerns in a letter to the attorney. See Vance, 591 U. S., at ___–___ (slip op., at 5–7). Nor, in any event, is it clear what difference this makes: As Justice Thomas acknowledges, the Chief Justice discussed how the state secrets privilege would operate if and when the President chose to submit “particular reasons” for withholding evidence. Burr, 25 F. Cas., at 192; see ante, at 12. Justice Thomas stresses that, in the course of this discussion, Chief Justice Marshall acknowledged that the President “may” rather than “must” state his particular reasons for seeking to withhold evidence. Ante, at 13. But Chief Justice Marshall nowhere suggested that the state secrets privilege should apply in this country without such a statement. See Vance, 591 U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 7). Nor did he guarantee that producing such a statement would automatically spell the end of the judicial inquiry, as Justice Thomas seems to suppose. See Burr, 25 F. Cas., at 192; Vance, 591 U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 7).
12 In defending the government’s proposed “utmost deference” standard, Justice Thomas stresses that the duty to produce every man’s evidence “is not insisted upon” when a privilege applies. Ante, at 11 (internal quotation marks omitted). He also highlights that §1782 does not compel individuals to provide evidence when doing so would “violat[e]” a “legally applicable privilege.” Ibid. (internal quotation marks omitted). But neither of these truisms answer the question when the state secrets privilege applies—let alone prove that a court should afford “utmost deference” to the mere assertion of a privilege. The truth is, privileges against the production of evidence apply “only where necessary to achieve [their] purpose” given that they have the “effect of withholding relevant evidence from the fact-finder.” Fisher v. United States, 425 U. S. 391, 403 (1976). And it is a “fundamental maxim” that “any exemptions which may exist to [the general rule favoring disclosure] are distinctly exceptional,” and therefore “all privileges of exemption . . . should be recognized only within the narrowest limits defined by principle.” J. Wigmore, Evidence §2192, pp. 64, 67 (3d ed. 1940).
13 Justice Kagan does not join this portion of the principal opinion and instead appears largely to agree with us in what follows.
14 Zubaydah’s lawyers represent that they do not know “whether and to what extent, after years of torture and solitary confinement, he can still reliably reconstruct this history.” Letter from D. Klein, Counsel for Respondent Abu Zubaydah, to S. Harris, Clerk of Court 2 (Oct. 25, 2021).
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The life of humans has developed in such way as the time passes by, that it influences their needs as well. The needs categorized as the secondary one in previous era have transformed into primary needs in order to adapt the trend in this modern world. And people are automatically forced to fulfill these needs. We can call this thing as the main essence of working and gaining salary.
The salary gained from working is the most common income for Indonesian people, even for people in the worldwide. However, there is another way where we can get income without working physically. It is done by doing investment, particularly investment in stock. Most of us must have been familiar with this term.
Stock investment itself is a proof that a person gives certain percentage of capital to a company. By buying the stock, one owns the stock of the company and delegates the professional management to manage the company. The stock owners have rights to claim the income obtained by the company, claim the company’s asset, and attend the meeting of stock owners.
In stock investment, stock owners can get the profit in the form of dividend (profit gained by the company) or capital gain (price gap between selling price and buying price). There are some types of stock, such as common stock, preferred stock, and blank stock.
These types of stock determine different profit and right of the stock owners. Whereas the stock can be classified into 9 sectors, namely agriculture; mining; basic industry and chemicals; miscellaneous industry; consumer goods industry; infrastructure, utility, and transportation; property, real estate, and building construction; finance; and trade, service, and investment.
Stock is one of the instruments in stock market and included as a security possessed by a company. The price of the stock is the indicator of buying and selling activity in stock exchange, where the real-time stock price is provided. On the other hand, the dynamics of stock price is indicated by stock price index. If the stock price index is increased, then the stock price in market is also increased.
Many financial experts view stock as the best instrument for long term investment. Some of them argue that stock investment is almost similar to investment done with our close friends in restaurants, minimarkets, or other business fields. But, besides the 10 types of investment allowed in Islam, how is actually the Islamic law of investment in stock?
Related to this matter, there are different opinions from our scholars.
- The first opinion is that stock investment is haram or forbidden if it is done in a company which is contradictory to the principal of Islam. For example, the company which produces alcohol or is related to the processing of fork; conventional financial services such as bank and insurance; or entertainment industry such as casino, gambling, and prostitution.
These things are fundamentally categorized as haram in Islam. Allah clearly mentions in Al-Qur’an that alcohol and fork are forbidden, while conventional bank and insurance industry are categorized as types of usury in Islamic economics. Some reliable sources also mention that there are 15 prohibitions of insurance in Islam.
حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمُ ٱلْمَيْتَةُ وَٱلدَّمُ وَلَحْمُ ٱلْخِنزِيرِ“Prohibited to you are dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine,…” (Al-Maidah: 3)
يَسْـَٔلُونَكَ عَنِ ٱلْخَمْرِ وَٱلْمَيْسِرِ ۖ قُلْ فِيهِمَآ إِثْمٌ كَبِيرٌ وَمَنَٰفِعُ لِلنَّاسِ وَإِثْمُهُمَآ أَكْبَرُ مِن نَّفْعِهِمَا ۗ“They ask you about wine and games of chance. Say, ‘In both these, there is great evil, even though there is some benefit for people, but their evil is greater than their benefit.” (Al-Baqarah: 219)
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ لَا تَأْكُلُوا۟ ٱلرِّبَوٰٓا۟ أَضْعَٰفًا مُّضَٰعَفَةً ۖ وَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ“O believers! Do not swallow interest, doubled, and redoubled, and be mindful of Allah so that you may attain true success.” (Ali-Imran: 130)
By doing investment in such company, it means that we indirectly support them and confront what Allah orders even though this is not our real goal at all. Hence, there is no dispute in this opinion. It has been clearly decided and agreed that we are not allowed to invest stock in the companies mentioned above.
- In accordance to the first point, investment in stock is permissible for Muslims as long as the companies are relevant to the shariah principle. The examples of this company are transportation, healthcare, electronics, wood industries, or plantation. Moreover, there are some requirements that should be fulfilled so that Muslims can buy stock from the company.
These requirements are debt or market value of equity (36 months average) is less than 33%, account receivables or market value of equity (36 months average) is less than 49%, and cash + interest bearing securities or market value of equity (36 months average) is less than 33%.
- The last opinion of Islamic law of investment in stock is, according to K.H. M. Shiddiq al-Jawi, that stock investment is forbidden regardless to the principles applied by the company. It means that even though the company is not opposite to the principle of Islam, it is still not permissible to buy stock, because the problem lies in the mechanism of transaction.
In nowadays practice, there is a lot of selling and buying stock which do not apply principles of the Islamic economic system. Firstly, there is no ijab and qabul in the transaction while this is required in Islam. Secondly, there is no negotiation or discussion between the company and the stock owner. The stock owner just do unilateral transaction in buying the stock from the company.
From the opinions above, the last one is agreed by most of the Muslim scholars. The opinion which is debatable is included as syubhat, the one that basically should be avoided by Muslims.
When we do not know exactly whether the thing is allowed or not according to Islamic point of view, we are recommended to take the safest way as the form of obedience to Allah. Moreover, it is done to accomplish the purpose of Islamic economy in life.
وَأَنَّ هَٰذَا صِرَٰطِى مُسْتَقِيمًا فَٱتَّبِعُوهُ ۖ وَلَا تَتَّبِعُوا۟ ٱلسُّبُلَ فَتَفَرَّقَ بِكُمْ عَن سَبِيلِهِۦ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ وَصَّىٰكُم بِهِۦ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ“Indeed, that is My Path—perfectly straight. So follow it and do not follow other ways, for they will lead you away from His Way. This is what He has commanded you, so perhaps you will be conscious of Allah.” (Al-An’am: 153) | <urn:uuid:e2dc72ea-4544-416f-967c-aaf7038b25ed> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://azislam.com/islamic-law-of-investment-in-stock | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.948928 | 1,864 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Millions of dollars in US rebuilding funds have been wasted in Iraq, US auditors say in a report which warns corruption in the country is rife.
Iraqi reconstruction has seen limited progress, the audit says
A never-used camp in Baghdad for police trainers with an Olympic-size swimming pool is one of the examples highlighted in the quarterly audit.
Billions of budgeted dollars meanwhile remain unspent by Iraq's government.
The report comes as President Bush is urging Congress to approve $1.2bn (£600m) in further reconstruction aid.
The audit by Stuart Bowen, the special inspector general for Iraq reconstruction (Sigir), is the latest in a regular series of updates to Congress.
"The security situation continue to deteriorate, hindering progress in all reconstruction sectors and threatening the overall reconstruction effort," says his 579-page report, which is due to be released later on Wednesday.
Among the wide-ranging findings, the audit says that corruption continues to plague Iraq and infrastructure security remains vulnerable.
Auditors express "significant concern" about the Iraqi government's record in managing and spending budgets.
Billions of dollars budgeted for capital projects remained unspent at the end of 2006, the report says.
As well as not spending funds, the audit also highlights ways in which money has been used either improperly or wastefully.
US FUNDS IN IRAQ
Security and justice 34%
Economic, societal development 12%
Oil and gas 9%
Health care 4%
Source: Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction
One case involved a payment by the US State Department of $43.8m to a contractor, DynCorp International, for a residential camp for police trainers outside the Adnan Palace grounds in Baghdad. The camp has never been used.
The Iraqi Interior Ministry ordered $4.2m of work there, never authorised by the State Department, that included 20 trailers for important visitors and an Olympic-size swimming pool.
The State Department has said that it is working to improve controls.
Another example cited in the report is $36.4m spent by US officials on armoured vehicles, body armour and communications equipment that cannot be accounted for because invoices were vague and there was no back-up documentation.
Generator sales have boomed given Baghdad's frequent power cuts
Contracts have been awarded for virtually all of the $21bn earmarked by the US government for Iraqi reconstruction, and some 80% has been spent.
Democrats, who now control the US Congress, have expressed concern at the prospect of devoting more funds to rebuilding efforts in Iraq.
Rep Henry Waxman is planning in-depth hearings next week into charges of waste and fraud in Iraq.
Since 2003, the way reconstruction aid is used has changed, with money originally destined for infrastructure programmes cut and more spent on areas like security and democracy projects.
Electricity output remains below pre-war levels, while funds initially earmarked for water and sewerage have been cut by 50%, the audit says.
The report also points to continuing high unemployment, put at 18% but widely believed to be under-reported, as a contributing factor in the insurgency.
It concludes that the Iraqi government's "most significant challenge" continues to be strengthening the judiciary, prisons and the police.
"The United States has spent billions of dollars in this area, with limited success to date."
Mr Bowen's audit office began operations in March 2004 and is currently conducting 78 investigations, of which 23 have been referred to the US Department of Justice.
There have so far been four convictions.
His office, which was nearly closed down last year by Republicans, is now due to carry on its oversight work through 2008. | <urn:uuid:a84c8aec-b283-4be0-83a7-32644a10487c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6316057.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.959449 | 808 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Last Friday, with exultation I yelled out in the hallway at the National Right to Life Convention, reading from the Supreme Court website, Roe and Casey are overruled!
And pro-life activists have been shouting with joy those same words all over the country!
So what are the reasons the Court gave in the Dobbs case for overruling Roe and Casey?
I summarize these reasons below, and will be explain them in more detail in our nightly Dobbs broadcasts on www.EndAbortion.TV and the platforms linked from there.
1. The nature of the Court’s error
Not all errors are created equal. Some are more damaging than others. The Court took note of the damage done by Roe and Casey not only by unleashing abortion, but by cutting off the ability of people to set policy on the matter through their elected representatives. This taints our democracy.
2. The quality of the reasoning
The Court said not only that Roe and Casey were wrong, but that the reasoning they used was exceptionally weak. Roe drew legislative lines (which Casey did not even support), and did not give any Constitutional justification for doing so. Casey then introduced a novel, subjective, and vague standard for evaluating pro-life laws (the “undue burden” standard), that did not have any more Constitutional basis than the detailed rules that Roe contained.
Moreover, the historical arguments in Roe are misdirected, erroneous, and have been subsequently debunked.
When a Court sets a standard for judging the constitutionality of a law, judges need to be able to understand that standard in objective terms.
However, Justices on the Supreme Court and judges in the lower courts have applied the “undue burden” in contradictory and inconsistent ways, because it is not defined and not objective.
For example, the Supreme Court Justices themselves applied it differently to partial-birth abortion in 2000, and then came to a different conclusion in 2007. The standard had one interpretation in the 2016 case on abortion clinic regulations and a different interpretation in a similar case just four years later.
In short, it has been a mess, and this has not contributed to a stable, consistent, or predictable development of the law.
4. Effect on other areas of law
For decades we have spoken about “the abortion distortion.” What it means in short is that when it comes to abortion, all the rules change.
The Court identifies various aspects of the law where this is the case. Take third-party standing, for instance. I can’t walk into court to plead a case that your rights have been harmed. The Court is going to ask, “Who are you?” and is going to say I don’t have “standing.” You would need to go to court yourself.
But an abortionist can go to court on behalf of his clients who are total strangers, and argue that they have a right to get an abortion.
5. No reliance interest
Finally, the Dobbs Court says, contrary to what Casey did in claiming that people have come to rely on abortion, that it is not the job or competence of the courts to evaluate such a thing, and that the courts have to stop substituting their own judgment on social or economic issues for those of the legislatures.
So, these are the five reasons, which the Dobbs decision itself develops in great detail, for reversing Roe and Casey.
Please be sure to watch our program tonight explaining all this, and catch the past episodes if you have missed them. Please also pass them along to others!
Past episodes of Breaking Down the Dobbs Decision: [Watch Part 1]; [Watch Part 2]; [Watch Part 3]. Also be sure to read the complete text of the decision in the Dobbs Case (PDF) | <urn:uuid:b6962bdc-b889-4a84-a339-49970336e9b7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.priestsforlife.org/library/9487-here-are-the-reasons-the-supreme-court-overruled-roe-vs-wade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962782 | 790 | 1.835938 | 2 |
The world is moving towards sustainability with the introduction of Sustainable Products. Sustainable products aim to make products that are as close as possible to nature. Although this may seem impossible, it is possible. The design and manufacture of a product have a tremendous impact on the environment and human health, which is why it is essential to make sure that the materials used in its production are renewable. This means that it is important to look at biodegradable, organic, and natural materials, which are available at a lower cost.
Understanding the factors that make a product sustainable is a first step in creating a sustainable product. This is not as easy as saying it’s “green”, “natural” or “natural”. It’s important to keep in mind that consumers have some negative associations with sustainable products. Many consumers believe that sustainable products are less attractive, less functional, and more costly. These associations can make it less likely for consumers to choose a sustainable option. However, it is possible to counteract this bias by highlighting the positive attributes of a product. The electric car, or the laptop, is not a vehicle if it isn’t made from natural materials. The company uses a natural fiber to make the laptop.
Packaging is another factor that impacts the sustainability and longevity of a product. Locally sourcing products is a good idea. This will support the local economy as well as reduce carbon emissions. It’s also a good idea buy products in bulk to lower your costs. When making a purchase, don’t forget about weight. Lightweight liquids will be more energy efficient, even though heavy liquids may appear to be good for the environment. They will last longer.
Packaging design can also be crucial. You’ll support the local economy if you choose products that can be recycled. This will reduce your carbon footprint. You can save money by shopping locally and buying in bulk. Another factor that contributes to sustainable products is the weight. Environmentalists recommend using light-weight alternatives of products that are made of heavy materials. They also recommend natural fibers over synthetic ones.
When it comes to choosing a product, it’s important to consider its sustainability. While most products are recyclable or biodegradable, a sustainable one will be more environmentally friendly. The materials used for a product are important factors that determine how sustainable it is. The material used in a product should be recycled if possible. A product’s purpose should be to meet the requirements of its users. The item’s purpose should be to benefit both the environment as well as the people who use it.
How sustainable a product is can be affected by its design and functionality. For example, sustainable products can be made out of post-consumer material. Packaging can also be recycled, which is good for the environment. If a product is not environmentally friendly, it will be useless. It’s important to choose environmentally-friendly packaging, but you should also consider the type of packaging it’s made of.
Design is essential in any product. A sustainable product is one that meets the needs of the customer. Its design is environmentally friendly and can help protect the environment. Packaging can also be sustainable. Plastic packaging is more likely to cause water problems than products made from other materials. The packaging made from wood will be recyclable. It will be thrown away if the product isn’t made from recycled or post-consumer material.
Consumers’ perception of Sustainable Products is often negatively influenced by the packaging. Although this is true, it doesn’t necessarily mean that Sustainable Products can be bad. They can still provide some benefits for the consumer. The most common of these are reusable, recyclable, and eco-friendly. Products can also be made more environmentally friendly by their weight. It is possible to assess the sustainability of a product by comparing its weight.
Design and packaging can have a significant impact on a product’s sustainability. For example, a product that is made of sustainable materials will be less expensive to produce. It will also have a lower carbon footprint than conventional products. Packaging and the material used to make a product sustainable can have an impact on its sustainability. The lighter the product, it is more environmentally friendly. It will also be more durable and attractive to customers. A sustainable product should also be easy to use.
know more about ero waste shop here. | <urn:uuid:f8b41810-68f1-4947-b252-deb939f48796> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shellyscountrycakes.com/detailed-notes-on-sustainable-products/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.959407 | 909 | 3.46875 | 3 |
- How do I know if I have a n95 mask?
- Are all n95 masks equal?
- How long does a 3m mask last?
- Are respirators better than masks?
- Does Home Depot sell n95 masks?
- What is the difference between a nose mask and a face mask?
- Is p100 a HEPA filter?
- Can surgical mask be reused?
- What’s the difference between an n95 mask and a surgical mask?
- What is better than n95?
- Is 3m mask good?
- Can we wash 3m mask?
- How long can you use n95 mask?
- What is 3m mask?
- Is 3m the same as n95?
How do I know if I have a n95 mask?
The important thing to identify is the TC number on the particular respirator.
A genuine N95 respirators should have all the below markings.
Also using this TC number marking on the respirator you can go to the CDC website and search its validity..
Are all n95 masks equal?
Surgical N95 respirators are both approved by NIOSH as an N95 respirator and also cleared by the FDA as a surgical mask. These products are frequently referred to as medical respirators, healthcare respirators, or surgical N95s.
How long does a 3m mask last?
8 hoursAccording to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, workers in industries that continuously use 3M N95 respirator face masks can do so for up to 8 hours.
Are respirators better than masks?
Respirators protect from exposure to airborne particles. In healthcare, protects from exposure to biological aerosols including viruses and bacteria. Surgical masks are a barrier to splashes, droplets, and spit. Respirators are designed to seal tight to the face of the wearer.
Does Home Depot sell n95 masks?
N95 – Disposable Respirators – Respirator Masks – The Home Depot.
What is the difference between a nose mask and a face mask?
Half Face respirators will cover the nose and mouth area, whereas Full Face respirators will cover the entire face. Both of these respirators will create a FACIAL SEAL and filter the air entering and exiting the wearers airway.
Is p100 a HEPA filter?
The P100 HEPA filter adds that level of protection. Similarly, the P100 filter on its own cannot protect against organic vapors or acid gases in the way the cartridges can. For the ultimate protection, combine your respirator cartridge with a P100 filter.
Can surgical mask be reused?
Disposable masks and respirators do not lend themselves to reuse because they work by trapping harmful particles inside the mesh of fibers of which they are made. … The respirator should be carefully stored between uses, and the wearer should wash his hands before and after handling it and the device used to shield it.
What’s the difference between an n95 mask and a surgical mask?
Filtering facepiece N95 respirators offer more protection against airborne particles than surgical masks or cloth face covers, because they are intended to be tight-fitting and can filter both large and small particles, including aerosols.
What is better than n95?
99-rated respirators can filter out 99% of particulate matter. … Thus, the “weakest” respirator that still receives a classification is N95, which filters 95% of non-oil particulates. The strongest is P100, which filters 99.97% of oil and non-oil particulate.
Is 3m mask good?
All the disposable masks we tested are government-certified to filter out 95 percent of harmful particulate matter, but the 3M 8516 N95 Particulate Respirator stood out as the most comfortable mask for long-term wear, as its design gives you space to breathe and has edges that don’t push against your cheeks.
Can we wash 3m mask?
Clean facepiece (excluding filters) by immersing in warm cleaning solution, the water temperature should not exceed 50º C, and scrub with soft brush until clean. … Rinse in fresh, warm water and air dry in a clean non-contaminated area. 5. Inspect the respirator components prior to reassembly.
How long can you use n95 mask?
Respirator Extended Use Recommendations Workers in other industries routinely use N95 respirators for several hours uninterrupted. Experience in these settings indicates that respirators can function within their design specifications for 8 hours of continuous or intermittent use.
What is 3m mask?
The 3M™ 8210 Particulate Respirators provide effective respiratory protection for use in places where people will be exposed to dust particles and/or non-volatile liquid particles.
Is 3m the same as n95?
A. 3M offers two models of respirators approved by NIOSH as an N95 respirator: the 1860 model (also available as 1860S small) and the 1870 model. | <urn:uuid:072dfd3d-38b5-4727-953e-26bd20330980> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://alishakaur.com/qa/question-what-is-3m-nose-mask.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.908502 | 1,069 | 1.53125 | 2 |
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