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カンファレンス (国際) Approximate QoS Rule Derivation Based on Root Cause Analysis for Cloud Computing
Satoshi Konno and Xavier De ́fago
24th IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (PRDC 2019)
Ensuring proper quality of service (QoS) is essential for cloud service providers and customers alike. To this end, cloud systems must rely as much as possible on automated and efficient methods of monitoring, introspection, and recovery. In particular, automated recovery is essential to ensure long-term reliability and availability because human intervention is too slow and not every situation can be anticipated. In turn, automated recovery requires both efficient monitoring and accurate identification of root causes to ensure that the same causes will not lead to failures in the future. Current cloud systems use an in-memory time-series database for dynamic analysis or aggregation purposes. When done at all, root cause analysis serves the convenience of reporting and does not need to be very accurate. As a result, recent studies lack details on how to accurately find root causes from time-series monitoring data. This study proposes a novel event-driven monitoring rule inference method based on dynamic case-based reasoning and shape-based root cause analysis. It is designed for autonomous recovery so as to guarantee long-term QoS of cloud systems. The accuracy and performance of the approach are evaluated using realistic monitoring data combining more than a decade of experience as a major cloud service provider (Yahoo). The results show that our approach makes effective use of monitoring data in improving overall QoS and hence opens interesting directions. | <urn:uuid:30fa8b4e-3002-43c2-915a-617e8dfee6d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://randd.yahoo.co.jp/jp/papers/419 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.914158 | 337 | 1.75 | 2 |
Estimated US Antibiotic Use (IMAGE) University of Calgary Caption This image shows estimated antibiotic use in the United States. Data are shown as approximate numbers of kilograms of antibiotics used per year. Graphic by <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. Credit <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i> Usage Restrictions None License Licensed content Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. | <urn:uuid:da5d3a81-e226-49d9-b02e-d45703633033> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/675348 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.840607 | 119 | 1.789063 | 2 |
4 tips to enhance your brand on social media during COVID-19 | NCET Biz Tips
NCET helps you explore business and technology.
In 2018 and 2019 we came to realize the full scope of #privacy lost. As a “social media society,” we took a look at all of the data we share on a daily basis and compared it to how that data was being used by different social media platforms. Thus began the social media backlash effect, where consumers swore in droves they would apply #CancelCulture to social media for good.
Then the pandemic came, and as a social media society we clung to our channels of choice (and expanded to new ones) to abate the loneliness that social distancing produced — such that average daily use for social media rose seven minutes globally, compared to 2019.
Here are four tips to help elevate your brand’s social marketing efforts in a COVID-19 world.
Provide clarity and transparency: Has COVID-19 forced you to change the way you do business? Many businesses find it’s easier to push out these updates live on social channels, compared to updating their websites daily. Nothing turns off a consumer's desire to spend money with your business more than confusion. If you have changed hours, processes, procedures and policies, be sure to communicate them clearly on your social channels.
Create content that is useful, entertaining or inspiring: Easier said than done, right? But if you take your business out of the equation and think about the things you feel emotionally compelled to share as an individual, chances are it’s satisfying one or more of these three core buckets. Your customers are just like you in this regard. They crave content that inspires, entertains and provides value to their daily lives. When you create content with these buckets in mind, you are positioning your business to be more shareable across social networks. Every time someone shares your content they are providing a warm referral for your business to their social media circles.
Start using social listening tools: You can use a free tool like Google Alerts to listen in on sentiments and news regarding your brand, or you can choose to invest in custom social listening tools. Social listening is the gateway to understanding how your customers regard products and services like yours and how your brand stands up to their expectations. You can also find opportunities to connect with new customers who don’t know about how your brand can help them, by uncovering these needs through social listening.
Join the conversation: It’s not enough to listen — there comes a time to talk. Have a plan for how you will address direct messages privately as well as how you will address reviews and comments publicly. Consumers are looking for a higher level of authenticity in their connections with brands. When a consumer invites your brand to their conversation, take that opportunity to let your brand’s personality shine. You are not only satisfying your customers desire to connect deeper with your brand, you are leaving digital breadcrumbs for future customers to help understand who you are as a brand, and what they can expect if they choose to become your customer. When you answer their requests or address their feedback with these two core principles in mind, you are leveraging social media to invest in your brand's success (which is always time well spent!)
Learn about how COVID-19 changed social media at NCET’s virtual Biz Cafe on Oct. 20 at the Reno-Sparks Convention Center from 3 to 4 p.m., with networking from 2 to 3 p.m. NCET is a member-supported nonprofit organization that produces educational and networking events to help people explore business and technology. More info at www.NCETcafe.org.
Cinammon Davies is an account executive for LOCALiQ, part of the USA Today Network (www.localiq.com/markets/nevada/), NCET’s VP of social media and newsletters, and the co-coordinator for the Public Awareness Committee for Soroptimist International of Truckee Meadows. | <urn:uuid:293b8720-0bda-4d1e-b530-af0ba0ff5b91> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rgj.com/story/news/money/business/2021/10/12/4-tips-enhance-your-brand-social-media-during-covid-19-ncet-biz-tips/8425110002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.94366 | 839 | 1.554688 | 2 |
- Title: USA: New play performed in Central park New York toilet
- Date: 22nd March 2008
- Summary: (L!2) NEW YORK, NEW YORK, UNITED STATES (MARCH 18, 2008) (REUTERS) CENTRAL PARK VARIOUS OF BATHROOM ENTRANCE IN CENTRAL PARK
- Embargoed: 6th April 2008 13:00
- Location: Usa
- Country: USA
- Topics: Arts / Culture / Entertainment / Showbiz,Light / Amusing / Unusual / Quirky
- Reuters ID: LVACVX9HCVSJWBP6TH1BPXW2TUOS
- Story Text: Prostitutes and politicians take to the restrooms of New York in a new play actually performed in a Central Park bathroom.
A Central Park restroom is the latest venue for New York City theatre, giving new meaning to the phase "that stinks". Entitled "Ladies and Gents," the show is a two-act play that takes place among the stalls and toilets of the men's and women's bathrooms.
Written by playwright Paul Walker, the story is the tale of prostitutes and politicians in 1950s Dublin, Ireland, and is actually set in a public restroom, where the sordid characters have meetings and sexual interludes.
The play was originally performed in the bathrooms of a large park in Dublin before heading to other destinations in the U.K., and finally to New York's Central Park.
Walker said the windowless, dark, and erie bathrooms in the park were the perfect setting for his noir-thriller, and allowed the audience to literally become part of the play.
"With sight specific, the audience are actually inside, in with you. It's a three dimensional building, so it's like being in the middle of a film because the actors are nose to nose with the audience. So it gives a whole different vibe to it," said Walker.
The show's theme of politicians and prostitutes is very topical in New York, as New York's Governor Elliott Spitzer stepped down from office last week due to allegations of having liaisons with a high-end call girl.
Walker said his play's similarity to modern day news is sheer coincidence.
"As we were rehearsing, all the New York stuff was breaking at the same time and we thought, this was really weird. Some of the quotes people were saying in their speeches are actually like some of the lines that are in the play which is quite bizarre."
And what's it like to act in the bathroom? Well for actor John O'Callaghan, who plays a man who forces his wife to turn tricks in the restroom, it's just another venue, albeit a funnier one.
"All my friends are saying that my career is in the toilet. It's leaves yourself open to a lot of jokes, a lot of sceptical humour," said O'Callaghan.
"Ladies and Gents" will run at the Bethesda Fountain restrooms in Central Park through March 29.
- Copyright Holder: REUTERS
- Copyright Notice: (c) Copyright Thomson Reuters 2011. Open For Restrictions - http://about.reuters.com/fulllegal.asp
- Usage Terms/Restrictions: None | <urn:uuid:2cd4c194-1059-4545-897c-0007c057ab33> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/593295 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.960118 | 687 | 1.742188 | 2 |
GoGeometry Action 91!
- Tim Brzezinski
Creation of this applet was inspired by a problem posted by Antonio Gutierrez (GoGeometry). You can change the size of the interior angle with purple vertex by using the purple slider. Feel free to place any of the triangle's vertices where you'd like at any time. How can we formally prove what is dynamically illustrated here? | <urn:uuid:dc3d2b3b-16fd-4b12-bbd0-2ab08c4404c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.geogebra.org/m/TH8ZZhRE | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.9425 | 85 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Today’s popular media has increasingly focused the public’s attention on the issue of human-caused climate change. Yet the media has not been effective in persuading the public that global climate change is a looming danger. A fundamental change in the perception of this threat is critical if people are to alter personal behavior to mitigate these concerns and provide the political capital necessary for legislators to address climate change effectively. Unfortunately, the very politicization of a fundamentally scientific issue may further hinder the process of resolving it.
While a scientific consensus is drowning out the voices of those who doubt humans cause climate-change, the political debate continues. This scientific issue has largely been played out in the media as a politically charged contest that is more indicative of the contest on Capitol Hill than that between climate scientists. This politicization of the issue begets apathy for a segment of the public that is turned off by politics or who use the argument of one side to justify their own position. This creates a situation in which more information does not provoke crucial changes in public attitudes and behavior.
The effect of information on public attitudes towards climate change was the focus of a recent study conducted at Texas A&M. This study found that considering oneself informed on the issue was actually associated with reduced concern for the threat of climate change. These findings indicate that the information the public is informed by is not persuasive in demonstrating the gravity of the climate change threat. In order to change public attitudes, exposure to a debate on the issue is not enough. This is not to say that public information has not been effective in providing the foundation for shifting public attitudes in the past. The anti-smoking movement initiated by the Surgeon General’s declaration—one based upon a review of hundreds of scientific studies indicating the health hazards of cigarettes—has been successful in drastically reducing smoking. This is largely due to the fact that as the public has increasingly recognized the health hazards of cigarettes, the Government—at the Federal, State and Local level—has been able to build enough political support to pass legislation that further discourages smoking.
What does this have to do with climate change? The key to addressing climate change is providing the public with clear information from a credible, objective, and authoritative source that demonstrates the threat of global climate change. The politicized debate in the news is not enough to bring about this change alone and may actually be counterproductive. Perhaps, as with smoking, this message needs to be delivered by a credible and respected, preferably non-partisan, government leader—based upon an unbiased review of available scientific studies. The threat of climate change is one that cannot be addressed effectively without a significant shift in public attitudes and this change may not be possible if public knowledge of the issue is based only on an infotainment fueled partisan debate. | <urn:uuid:a0b2452d-3682-489a-af10-71968db57a52> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cnas.org/press/in-the-news/changing-public-attitudes-a-politicized-debate-is-not-enough | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.953031 | 563 | 2.875 | 3 |
Youth Programs include activities from preschoolers to teens during the school year. Summer activities are listed under Summer Camps.
Youth Sports includes recreational leagues, classes, clinics and camps exploring a variety of team sports. Programs sites include local schools, the Si View Community Center, and many of our local parks.
Outdoor Recreation Try one of our many new outdoor recreation program options for youth and adults. These are seasonal activities scheduled at our local parks and on trails. Check back often for updates.
Agricultural programs, Specialized Recreation including fitness and special interest programs from one-time workshops to year-round classes.
School Year Care program is for K-5 students attending NBE, OES and FCE elementary schools. This popular program operates at three school sites and the Si View Community Center. Camps are offered on most no school days and school breaks. | <urn:uuid:74d84d71-d6eb-4313-9710-30332b87dd00> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.siviewpark.org/programs.phtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.961151 | 178 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Edited by A. Fajgelj1 and M. Parkany2
1International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria
2Digart Ltd, geneva, Switzerland
The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999 [ISBN 0
85404 739 5]
This book contains lectures presented at the workshop on "Proper
Use of Environmental Matrix Reference Materials", held on April
22 and 23, 1999 in Berlin, Germany. The IUPAC Interdivisional Working
Party on Harmonisation of Quality Assurance Schemes for Analytical Laboratories,
ISO/REMCO (ISO Committee on Reference Materials), the German Federal
Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and EUROLAB - Germany
have co-operated in organisation of this event.
The idea for this workshop originated from an informal discussion at
the BERM-7 conference, held in Antwerp, Belgium in April 1997, where
many of the problems related to environmental and biological reference
materials were highlighted. The characterisation and certification of
environmental matrix reference materials is fraught with many complex
problems related to traceability and uncertainty of the assigned property
values. These are the same materials which are, due to variety of reasons,
often misused in the analytical process. Although the analysts are normally
instructed on the intended use of the material in the accompanying certificate,
the role of matrix reference materials in the analytical process is
not always clear. One of the reasons for misuse is the confusion in
the nomenclature where similar or the same terms are often used for
different types of calibration standards, RM or CRM and internal control
The contributions in this book represent the reference materials producers'
point of view of how their reference materials should be properly utilised
in an analytical process. A possible application of reference materials
is often compared with the guidelines on proper use of reference materials
and the requirements of international guides related to reference materials.
Worked examples provide additional practical information to the users
of reference materials and give guidance for decisions that can be taken
on the basis of analytical results obtained on reference materials.
Information on future plans and strategies, included in some of the
contributions, is also useful for the reader in the sense of having
realistic expectations related to availability of SI-traceable natural
matrix reference materials in near future, their role in analytical
process and as a possible tool for more practical establishment of traceability
chains and uncertainty budgets. There are also contributions related
to the ISO/REMCO, a central international body dealing with harmonisation
and standardisation of topics related to reference materials and the
ISO Guide 33, entitled "Proper use of reference materials".
We hope that the practical examples and discussions presented in this
book will help the users of reference materials to better understand
the quality requirements that reference materials have to fulfil before
being selected and applied for a specific purpose in an analytical laboratory.
The book, written by reference materials producers, is oriented toward
the users - scientists, researchers, technicians and students who use
natural matrix reference materials in their daily laboratory work. | <urn:uuid:8c9cef0b-e16c-4190-bbed-1b6922fb39e1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rsync.iupac.org/publications/books/author/fajgelj.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.880845 | 656 | 1.953125 | 2 |
When calling transportation companies, drivers, shippers and other parties are often greeted by a voice assistant and a menu of choices. The caller experience can seem like being a contestant on the Price Is Right.
Choosing a menu option, such as “one for dispatch” or “two for payroll” is like dropping a chip into the oversized Plinko board on a game show. The caller gets bounced around a few times before being connected to the right or wrong person.
Some transportation companies have been giving their callers a different, more positive type of experience.
CCJ recently shared how ShipEX, a Salt Lake City, Utah-based truckload carrier, uses a call center platform with voice intelligence to monitor key words in phone conversations with drivers and customers. The platform identifies sentiment — such as a driver who is upset with home time — and instantly alerts managers to intervene, where necessary.
For many years, large corporations in hospitality, banking and other industries have been using interactive voice response technology. New advancements have taken natural language processing to a higher level by combining it with artificial intelligence (AI) in scalable cloud-based platforms.
With this technology, motor carriers are giving their callers a familiar, interactive experience. Instead of asking callers to press buttons, they can use a conversational style.
IntelePeer, for example, provides a cloud-based communications platform as a service (CPaaS) called Atmosphere. Fleets that use the platform have a customizable voice assistant ask the caller a question such as “How can I help you today?” The system listens to the response and identifies keywords to route calls based on the pre-defined workflow, explains Mack Greene, director of custom engineering.
The IntelePeer platform has templates that fleets can use to get started without having to make large capital investments, Greene said.
One of IntelePeer’s customers, a major trucking company, is using the technology to streamline interactions with drivers. Greene said that drivers can describe a challenge they are having, such as a breakdown or needing help with route planning. The voice assistant is set up to answer some questions automatically, like a driver who asks what the weather is going to be at the destination of a load.
For more complicated items, the voice assistant goes through an interview process with the driver or customer.
One of the questions asked of drivers is for a name and driver number. The driver provides the information by voice and the system asks a couple of follow-up questions to ensure the call is routed to the right person. If the system does not understand something it will read the answer or response back to the caller or, as a fallback, route the caller to a live agent, Greene said.
The system reduces the amount of time employees spend interacting with drivers because some of the information a live person needs to ask, such as for a driver number, has already been captured. Also, when the driver is connected to an agent, the driver’s information—such as a payroll question the driver is calling about—is already on the agent’s screen.
Voice intelligence improves caller satisfaction, Greene said, by routing the caller to the best possible agent to address their needs. When a large shipper customer calls, for example, the system can detect the number. If the caller is a VIP customer, the call can be routed to a top-tier agent.
IntelePeer’s system can also detect the sentiment of the caller based on keywords and use this information to make a better routing decision. A driver who is upset may need special treatment.
To set up the automated system, Greene said companies will first build out a storyboard of how they want people to move through a workflow. Training phrases are set up in the storyboard to help “bots” know what to look for, and the key words and phrases can expand as companies build out the interaction in a process he calls “supervised learning.”
“Most customers expose [the system] to a smaller group and gradually expand over time,” he said.
Using new advancements in voice intelligence technology is one of many ways that motor carriers and logistics providers are distinguishing themselves among drivers and shippers in a crowded field. | <urn:uuid:5dcdcdda-6db6-4050-8cfd-0e8b0e978970> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ccjdigital.com/technology/article/15065161/fleets-improve-call-experience-with-voice-intelligence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.94785 | 880 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Signs in Jackson County threaten to 'put potholes back'
There are a number of ways potholes can occur naturally: from the groundwater freezing to general road wear-and-tear from cars and trucks.
But one road agency in Michigan is threatening to put the potholes back if drivers don’t slow down on newly paved roads.
Jackson County Department of Transportation put up a sign in Spring Arbor Township, saying “Please slow down or we’ll put the potholes back!”
The sign is posted above a radar feedback sign, which collects and sends speed data to the local agency so it can monitor safety in those communities.
Also at Freep.com:
The department then posted a photo of the sign Friday on Facebook, saying, “We really don’t want to get our pothole-making machine back out of the barn!”
The post received nearly 400 shares.
“These silky, smooth roads that we're putting down now, people just see them as runways,” Managing Director Christopher Bolt told MLive.
The post was all in good humor, and residents even commented photos of the fresh asphalt in their own neighborhoods. Bolt said there are no plans to put potholes back in the roads, because, well, that would just be silly. | <urn:uuid:e77136c7-4429-4561-99df-aeb2547a4b65> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/09/07/michigan-potholes-jackson-county-signs/1221550002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.950632 | 281 | 2.140625 | 2 |
If your child has a high-pitched cough, breathes loudly, wheezes, has difficulty eating or swallowing, or always seems to be coming down with pneumonia or respiratory infections, the problem could be more complex than you realize. Although rare, abnormal formations of the blood vessels called vascular rings can compress the trachea, esophagus, or both. While some vascular rings may never cause problems, others can trigger symptoms ranging from mild to life threatening.
“First, we need to understand the issue,” says Dr. Russell Jennings, surgical director of the Esophageal and Airway Treatment (EAT) Center at Boston Children’s Hospital. “Each patient is unique and special and deserves a customized approach to correct their condition.” Here are five things every family should know about vascular rings.
1. There are many types of vascular rings.
In general, a vascular ring occurs when a child’s aorta — the body’s largest blood vessel — or its branches form abnormally, so that it encircles and constricts the trachea and esophagus. The type of vascular ring a child has can be as unique as they are, but some are more common than others. For example, in a common type of vascular ring called double aortic arch, a child is born with two aortic arches. The branches from these two aortic arches surround the trachea and esophagus.
In another type of vascular ring called right aortic arch with aberrant subclavian and left ligamentum, the child’s aortic arch curves right and the left subclavian artery, which branches from the aortic arch, passes behind their esophagus and airway instead of in front of the airway. The ligamentum arteriosus (a blood vessel remnant) passes between the left subclavian artery and left pulmonary artery, completing the ring.
2. It’s not just a blood vessel problem.
As their name suggests, vascular rings are caused by malformed blood vessels. But the vessels themselves aren’t really the issue, explains Dr. Jennings. Instead, symptoms occur when a vascular ring puts pressure on a child’s esophagus, trachea, or both. Not all patients with vascular rings need surgery. In fact, some people without symptoms may live their entire lives not even realizing that they have a vascular ring. More often, however, the condition causes a variety of respiratory and digestive woes. Because few physicians are well versed in vascular rings, the symptoms they cause can go untreated or may be misdiagnosed as asthma or recurrent croup.
3. Vascular rings often accompany tracheomalacia.
For some kids, vascular rings seem to go hand in hand with an airway disorder called tracheomalacia. In this condition, the trachea narrows or collapses when your child exhales, which makes it feel hard to breathe and may lead to a vibrating noise or cough. Tracheomalacia can result in recurring respiratory illnesses or make it difficult to recover from a respiratory illness. In the long term, it can lead to progressive lung injury. Like vascular rings, tracheomalacia can be present at birth, or it can develop in response to vascular rings or other anomalies.
4. Accurate diagnosis is key.
If your child has any symptoms of a vascular ring — particularly noisy breathing — your child’s doctor may refer you for testing. The gold standard for evaluating and identifying vascular rings is a computed tomography (CT) scan, says Dr. Jennings. This technique allows physicians to visualize your child’s vascular anatomy properly. Vascular rings can be diagnosed at any age, including while a child is still in the womb.
5. Comprehensive surgery is best.
Children who have symptoms from vascular rings usually need to surgery to relieve pressure on the airway and esophagus. Surgeons may use a variety of techniques to accomplish this, but the most effective approach involves a combination of procedures to move the aorta and any other blood vessels, as well as a complete resection of the diverticulum of Kommerell, which is typically left as an out-pouching of the aorta and compresses the esophagus and airway from the back. Surgeons may also treat tracheomalacia at this time.
Boston Children’s is the only hospital to address all of these problems in one comprehensive surgical repair. “At Boston Children’s, we are able to combine the specialties of cardiothoracic surgery with the EAT Center,” says Dr. Christopher Baird, a pediatric cardiac surgeon who performs these procedures with Dr. Jennings. “Combining our experience with the vascular structures and EAT’s experience with the esophagus allows us to provide the best outcomes when operating in the posterior mediastinum. This approach allows us to address all the problems at once rather than having to have multiple surgeries.”
Learn about the Esophageal and Airway Treatment Center.
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Dr. Marla Lipsyc-Sharf is no stranger to the field of medicine: As a medical oncology fellow, she’s familiar with ... | <urn:uuid:1d954ed7-79af-4580-bd92-e0bfb9f8b21d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://answers.childrenshospital.org/five-things-parents-should-know-about-vascular-rings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.932659 | 1,265 | 3.5 | 4 |
Just Around the Corner
Just Around the Corner is a 1938 American musical comedy film directed by Irving Cummings. The screenplay by Ethel Hill, Darrell Ware, and J. P. McEvoy was based on the novel Lucky Penny by Paul Gerard Smith. The film focuses on the tribulations of little Penny Hale (Temple) and her architect father (Farrell) after he is forced by circumstances to accept a job as janitor. The film was the fourth and last cinematic song and dance pairing of Shirley Temple and Bill Robinson. It is available on DVD and videocassette. The musical score includes the popular standard "I Love to Walk in the Rain" which can be viewed on YouTube.
|Just Around the Corner|
Theatrical release poster
|Directed by||Irving Cummings|
|Written by||Ethel Hill|
J. P. McEvoy
|Story by||Paul Gerard Smith|
|Music by||Harold Spina|
|Cinematography||Arthur C. Miller|
|Edited by||Walter Thompson|
|Distributed by||20th Century Fox|
- Shirley Temple as Penny Hale
- Charles Farrell as Jeff Hale, her father
- Claude Gillingwater as Samuel Henshaw
- Joan Davis as Kitty
- Bert Lahr as Gus
- Bill Robinson as Corporal Jones
- Franklin Pangborn as Waters
- Cora Witherspoon as Aunt Julia Ramsby
- Benny Bartlett as Milton Ramsby
- Marilyn Knowlden as Gwendolyn
Penny Hale is attending a private girls school when she is informed that her enrollment has ended and she will be heading home to live with her widowed father, Jeff Hale. She accepts this revelation as good news, unaware that her father, a prominent architect, is in dire financial straits and can no longer afford Penny's tuition. Furthermore, Jeff has lost his penthouse apartment and his car, but he has secured a menial job in the building as its custodian so he and Penny will still have a home: Jeff and Penny now reside in a small basement dwelling. Although Jeff is humbled by this downturn in his career, the always optimistic Penny looks upon this change of life as an adventure. Penny often runs afoul of Waters (Franklin Pangborn), an overly officious apartment employee, who tries to keep her out of places in the building she once frequented when her father was wealthy.
Jeff is romantically linked with Kitty, the niece of the disagreeable woman (Cora Witherspoon) who now occupies his old apartment. Kitty's uncle, Samuel Henshaw, is a major financier who once employed Jeff to design a major building project, but discontinued it. Penny also befriends Kitty's brother Milton (Benny Bartlett), a somewhat pampered and effete boy. Penny assists him in shedding his prim and snobbish appearance, cutting off his prominent curls, in an attempt to make him look more like a "he-man."
A discouraged Jeff explains to Penny that the United States is mired in the Great Depression because Uncle Sam is being pestered by too many people who want his money. He shows her a newspaper cartoon that illustrates this idea. Penny discovers that Samuel Henshaw is referred to as "Uncle Sam" by his niece and nephew and does bear a strong resemblance to the symbolic Uncle Sam in the newspaper cartoon. Penny amusingly believes Samuel Henshaw is actually Uncle Sam.
Shortly thereafter Penny sees Henshaw being accosted by a group of pushy reporters. She helps drive them away with a few well-placed kicks to their shins. Penny tells Henshaw she sympathizes with him because of all the people who are trying to siphon money from "Uncle Sam." The irascible Henshaw takes a liking to Penny. She eventually decides to stage a benefit for Henshaw, charging a nickel apiece for a show that features a song-and-dance performance by her and Corporal Jones, the apartment building's doorman (Bill Robinson). This action impresses Samuel Henshaw so much that he announces the building project that he had earlier abandoned will be restarted with Jeff in charge. Jeff and Kitty plan to be married.
It was during the making of this film that the relationship between the Temples and 20th Century Fox head Darryl Zanuck took an irreparable turn. Temple's mother Gertrude was not happy with the script or the cast of the movie and had a strained meeting with Zanuck to express her frustrations. Dissatisfied with Zanuck's response, she went straight to studio chairman Joseph Schenck, who supported Zanuck and refused to take the matter up with him. Direct communication eventually broke down between Zanuck and the Temples. It was the beginning of a chain of events that would eventually lead to Temple's parents opting out of her contract in 1940.
For the casting of the movie, Zanuck brought in Charles Farrell for what was hoped to be a comeback role for him. The director tracked down Farrell at a racquetball club, catching him completely by surprise with the movie offer. The comeback attempt never materialized, however, as his movie career would be over by the end of the decade. Temple's dog Ching-Ching II was brought in as an extra in the movie for $5. When the script called for her to bathe the dog in one of the scenes, she managed to negotiate an extra $2.50.
- Shirley Temple Black, "Child Star: An Autobiography" (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988), 221-222.
- Shirley Temple Black, "Child Star: An Autobiography" (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988), 220.
- Shirley Temple Black, "Child Star: An Autobiography" (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988), 219.
- Windeler, Robert (1992) , The Films of Shirley Temple, Carol Publishing Group, pp. 198–201
- Just Around the Corner on IMDb
- Just Around the Corner at AllMovie
- Just Around the Corner at the TCM Movie Database | <urn:uuid:b51d5d23-6a5b-4af0-96b3-af90b0b6555a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://zims-en.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikipedia_en_all_nopic/A/Just_Around_the_Corner | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.962308 | 1,366 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Product sketching or Object drawing is essential for the representation of 3D objects.
It is a 2D representation of a 3D object or objects for the purpose of communication of a designer’s visualization. It may utilize various media ranging from pencils, pastels to sketch pens, markers and digital media such as photoshop, as elucidated in Figs: 1, 2 & 3 below.
Fig. 1: A wrist watch case detail in pencil.
Fig. 2: A wrist watch case detail rendered in colour pencils.
Fig. 3: A wrist watch case detail rendered in photoshop.
What makes for a good product sketching?
• It communicates
• It is proportionate
• It looks three-dimensional
• It resembles the real object or product concept.
Fig. 4: Notice how this nail cutter is depicted simply, yet efficiently.
Fig. 5: Note the cigarette lighter’s transparent body that has been well represented through appropriate highlights.
As we take you through the course, you will gradually grasp an understanding of how best you can communicate your ideas through a sketch in the most appropriate way.
This do-it-yourself module on Product Sketching will take you through:
• Methods of pencil drawing, through exercises to coordinate eye and hand movements to acquire necessary skills to improve the quality of line drawing
• Drawing in perspective, i.e. one point and two point perspectives
• Drawing by looking at objects in correct perspective and proportions
• Drawing objects from memory with correct perspective and proportions
• Drawing of shadows for objects
• Drawing of highlights for objects
Here is a short checklist of the essential tools that you will need to do the Exercises mentioned within the chapters.
(1) Paper: Regular A3/ Drawing Sheets.
(2) Stationery: Pencils: HB,2B,4B,6B, etc. Soft pencils are preferred. For the latter exercises on object rendering, pencil colours, dry pastels, or crayons will be necessary.
(3) Posture: Remember to keep the drawing surface perpendicular to the eyes to ensure correctly proportioned sketches. | <urn:uuid:877fd3e1-1b0b-4148-b5a0-0d3fc3a6cff9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dsource.in/course/product-drawing/introduction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.874901 | 465 | 3.375 | 3 |
Sustainability: In 1987, the UN Brundtland Commission defined sustainable development as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Sustainability has three dimensions: environmental, economic, and social. We achieve sustainability in a balanced interaction of these dimensions. This in turn promotes our wellbeing without adversely damaging the environment on which we depend. A deeper reflection on sustainability, though not often acknowledged, recognizes a spiritual dimension. The spiritual dimension provides the inspiration and focus that bind together the other three dimensions of sustainability.
In Laudato Si’, Pope Francis reframes sustainability in terms of integral ecology. Given the interconnectedness of all creation, the answer to sustainability requires an integrated approach which not only includes development and resource use, but also the impact this has on all forms of life that are a part of our “common home.”
Pope Francis stresses that “Integral ecology includes taking time to recover a serene harmony with creation, reflecting on our lifestyle and our ideals and contemplating the Creator who lives among us, whose presence, ‘must not be contrived but found, uncovered.’” ~ Laudato Si’, 225
Call to Prayer
“Then Jacob woke up from his sleep and said, ‘Surely the Lord is in this place and I did not know it.’ And he was afraid, and said, ‘How awesome is this place! It is none other than the house of God and this is the gate of heaven.’” ~ Genesis 28:16 -17
The Blue Community Project (https://canadians.org/) encourages municipalities and indigenous communities to support the idea of a water commons framework, recognizing that water is a shared resource for all, by passing resolutions that:
- Recognize water and sanitation as human rights.
- Ban or phase out the sale of bottled water in municipal facilities and at municipal events.
- Promote publicly financed, owned, and operated water and wastewater services.
The Council of Canadians, the Blue Planet Project, and the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) initiated the Blue Communities Project in 2009. Eau Secours is a partner on the Blue Communities Project in the province of Quebec, Canada. The Blue Communities movement has grown internationally with Paris, France, Bern, Switzerland and other municipalities around the world going “blue.” Schools, religious communities and faith-based groups have also adopted principles that treat water as a common good that is shared by everyone and whose care is the responsibility of all.
A Spirituality of Sustainability
Thomas Berry notes: “We are talking only to ourselves. We are not talking to the rivers, we are not listening to the wind and stars. We have broken the great conversation. By breaking that conversation, we have shattered the universe. All the disasters that are happening now are a consequence of that spiritual ‘autism’.” (Befriending the Earth, 1991)
Pope Benedict reminds us that “our earth speaks to us and we must listen if we want to survive.” (Speech, July 2007)
When asked what we most need to do to save the world, Thich Nhat Hanh replied: “What we most need to do is to hear within us the sound of the earth crying, Let us listen with our ears to the earth and its creatures lamenting and allow it to awaken our compassionate response.”
“Once we grasp the spectacular fact that material existence is permeated with the divine, even the most humdrum activity becomes a path to finding God. To say that divine life pervades matter is therefore not only a comment on the cosmos. It is a comment on everything that happens or meets us in daily life.” ~ David Richo, Everything Ablaze, p.16
“To see the World in a Grain of Sand
and a Heaven in a Wild Flower
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand
and eternity in an hour.” ~ William Blake, “Auguries of Innocence”
“Even through the hollow eyes of death I see life peering.” ~ Shakespeare, Richard II, Scene1
- Become a Blue Community
- Take a nature walk in silence, alone or in community, and allow God to surprise you.
- Study Laudato Si’.
- Divest your community of plastics that pollute Earth.
“Lord, you have given us this beautiful world, with the ability to harvest its products for our nourishment. Yet in our greed we have been robbing future generations, poisoning your world, and destroying many of your creatures. Help us to realize that we interfere with your world at our peril. It is your hand, not ours, that rules your world, and we are here, during our short lives, as temporary caretakers.” ~ Green Ecology
Prepared by Rose Mary Sander SSND, Atlantic Midwest Province, Canada, for the International Shalom Office, Rome, Italy
Graphic on front is from the Directional Statement, 24th General Chapter. Design: Congregational Communications Office. | <urn:uuid:32fb1216-4948-45b2-8da4-ce593e98cefe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gerhardinger.org/it/shalom-solidarity-reflection-february-2019/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.93263 | 1,095 | 2.828125 | 3 |
|Place of Origin:||China|
|Certification:||IECC, CE/RoHS, FDA, ISO-9001/14001|
Payment & Shipping Terms:
|Minimum Order Quantity:||5000|
|Packaging Details:||PE + CARTON BOX|
|Delivery Time:||5~10 DAYS|
|Payment Terms:||L/C, D/A, D/P, T/T, Western Union, MoneyGram|
|Supply Ability:||5000000 PCS PER DAY|
|Printer:||German 12 Colors Printer||Materials:||PE, PP, PC, PVC, PET, POF|
|Width:||5mm ~ 1500mm||Height:||5mm ~ 2500mm|
|Thinckness:||0.002mm ~ 5mm||Lead Time:||11|
custom plastic shipping bags,
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LDPE Material Clothing Packaging Bags , Package Plastic Bags 215x330mm #F
Custom Printed Packaging
Now a day, the Custom Printed Packaging is very popular all over the world,it's use colorful print technology on the suraface of the packing materials, In the same pages with different color version printing, color picture effect will reach text, picture, etc. the plate, ink, pressure and other processes, so that the ink transferred to the surface of paper, textiles, leather and other materials, bulk copy the content of technology. Now color printing generally uses flat printing.
Color printing is a direct or indirect way to make images or text originals as a printing plate, coated with ink on the printing ink, the ink is transferred to the paper or other substrates by pressure, and a large number of rapid replication of an industrial engineering.
Now color printing generally uses flat printing.
Lithographic printing is sometimes called chemical printing, which means that the printed image is in the same plane as the printing plate. It is based on "water immiscible" principle of printing. This type of printing is done by mechanical or manual means on the stone or metal surface, and then the surface of the chemical treatment, so that the image part of the ink, while the other blank part is not ink. When printing, only the ink image part is transferred to the paper to form the imprinting. Photographic printing, photocopying and printing are lithographic printing.
|Melting Point :||125°C|
|Working Temperature :||-100°C~+110°C|
|Material Density :||0.915g/cm³|
|Common Size :||215x330mm #F|
|Sample Color :||Seagreen|
|Basic Material :||LDPE|
|Protruding Characteristics :||Acid Resistant|
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|Classification:||Custom Printed Packaging Bags|
|LDPE is of low strength, hardness and rigidity, but has a high ductility and impact strength as well as low friction. It shows strong creep under persistent force, which can be reduced by addition of short fibers. It feels waxy when touched.| | <urn:uuid:ded3238a-3b04-4de4-949a-32665ee5dac6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bubblemailingbag.com/sale-11694998-ldpe-material-clothing-plastic-packaging-bags-with-handle-custom-logo-printed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.809761 | 780 | 2.015625 | 2 |
There's no denying that both red pandas and giant pandas are both arodable, but in the battle of cuteness, who wins? They aren't closely related species (giant pandas are bears while red pandas are more closely related to weasels), so it's not like comparing a corgi to a shibu inu.
When you're battling in cuteness scales, it's often best to compare the babies of the animals as they tend to present the most absolutely adorable version of their species. In this case, we've got two red panda twins from the Dublin Zoo against a baby giant panda girl from the Smithsonian National Zoo -but feel free to base your vote and comments on all images, videos and in-person experiences you've had with either animal.
We hope you like this article!
Please help us grow by sharing: | <urn:uuid:45820d7f-191f-4604-85e3-6ec08f89b27c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.neatorama.com/pet/2013/10/02/Panda-Show-Down-Red-Or-Giant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.964105 | 178 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Okay so talking about the scenario where a parent could actually lose their parental rights to their only child.
Here is an example case that happened in 2018, but the ultimate decision was rendered in 2019. This is exactly what you see when there’s the state of Texas filing a brief on behalf of CPS to try to remove the child–this is the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services–that’s CPS filing a brief to remove parental rights.
What are the facts? The “…parental rights to their son N.G. were terminated…” after a trial before the court. It is s said that the mother had been released from jail only a few weeks after the father had been arrested for robbery. So we’ve got two parents with criminal history, and the Department made the decision to remove the child after the child tested positive for methamphetamine and after the mother refused on several occasions to take a drug test from CPS.
When CPS offers to take a drug test, and what we saw and learned when reading these briefs, is that CPS counts that as an automatic positive result. If you refuse a drug test, it’s going to be in that sense as damaging as if you had just taken it and tested positive. It’s actually more damaging, in this case, to refuse it because the Department will mark down that you were not being cooperative which ultimately can lead to the court deciding to terminate your parental rights as a factor in that decision.
This brief that was submitted by the department to try to remove the parental rights also said that the mother had a lack of coping skills. When you read this brief, you get a picture that we’re not just talking about a person who has a drug problem and a criminal history. Her reactions to what the department did played a vital role in the outcome of this case.
It’s not just that the mother had an issue, dad was also an admitted drug user, he had said he did not use methamphetamines for about six months, and that he had not used marijuana for a month. So [Texas Department of Family and Protective Services] knows that he’s using marijuana in the house. They also noted, importantly, beside from the drug problem, that the house was dirty and not a good environment. When you do the interviews with CPS, they are noting down the state of your house. The state of your house cleanliness in the environment will be marked down, possibly.
Now this is a huge part of what happened in this case: mother and father were provided copies of the Service Plan. A Service Plan is when you have somebody call CPS (which is how these cases always start). A CPS caseworker shows up, they do an investigation, and often the result of that will be they’re going to set up a Service Plan for you. You are then given a checklist of things that you must do. If you decide to do those and how closely you decide to do them will play a huge role in the outcome of whether your parental rights are terminated. You need to make this Service Plan the most important checklist you’ve ever been given in your life. Regardless of all the mistakes that you may have made, this checklist is going to make a huge difference how everything proceeds from there.
If they see that you’re remorseful and that you do everything, you’re going to be in a much better position. In that case, they’re going to give you a parenting class, a psychological assessment, counseling, a drug and alcohol assessment, maintain the fact that you have to get employment, give you random drug testing, and tell you visitations will be supervised with your child. You need to do all of those.
[CPS] listed everything that she did not do as reasons to the court. This is the document that CPS sent to the court. The court is going to make its decision–the judge is making a decision whether your parental rights are terminated. [CPS] cited all these things. This, again, is the citation that says “…failure to appear for a drug test was an “automatic positive””. That’s how CPS treated it. They always say “…to take responsibility…” for your actions and getting clean. It’s not how CPS finds you that results necessarily in the termination. It’s how you respond to their intervention, because they want to feel that they have intervened, helped you, and created a safe environment for the child and now can leave. They don’t want the expense and burden of taking your child! They want you to become the safe environment, and they want proof that has happened.
As for the father, he wouldn’t let [CPS] view his home and that was viewed as a point against him in this brief.
This was of high interest, which led to the end of the parental rights, as the parents knew them: N.G. (the child) had a guardian (attorney) ad litem. A guardian ad litem is usually an attorney that is going to be investigating and talking to the child. The attorney ad litem said that the child does not want to be with the parents and wants to stay in his foster placement. The child’s own preference was expressed through this, even though the child (according to this brief at the time) was four years old.
The court writes its own responsive opinion. The court takes this brief and looks at it, looks at all the evidence and then makes a final determination. What they did was they said, “Five months after N.G. was born, Father went to prison for two years…He was released…”. Then only a bit later, “…Mother went to jail.”
What they did, when the child returned positive for drugs, they removed the child from the parents and had the child go to “Grandmother”. That’s what [the court] is going to do a lot of the time with these CPS cases. They don’t want the child, whenever possible, to go to the State or to an unrelated foster parent. They want the child to go to the next of kin (an uncle, a grandfather, a grandmother, or an adult); somebody that’s old enough to do responsible caretaking for the child, since obviously wherever the child is it’s not safe.
This is what the decision of the court looks like and the discussion into the law source the court can use, according to the statutes of Texas–that it has the right to terminate parental relationship. It terminated the parental relationship. That’s a fundamental right. That power is just enormous.
Here’s the statute: “Section 161.001(b)(1)(E) allows for termination of parental rights if cleared convincing evidence supports a finding that the parent ‘engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of a child.’”
You can have your rights terminated, if the court finds that you endangered the physical or emotional well-being of your child. That is a broad statute.
In practice, these extreme circumstances (where there’s a criminal history and the child says he doesn’t want to be there), that’s where we see it actually happened. “The psychologist who performed a psychological evaluation of Mother”–remember the mother was ordered to submit to a psychological evaluation and she does. She talked to the psychologist and the psychologist was testifying against the mother as to what happened. That should tell you if you are ordered to a psychological evaluation, whatever you say to that person is not safe! That person may be trying to make you feel safe, but what happened during those meetings resulted in the final order of parental termination, according to the Justice of the Appellate Court. That was the outcome.
It’s not one failed drug test that causes a permanent termination of parental rights. It is how you respond to CPS after it happens.
This has been partasfriends.com. Thank you for stopping by. | <urn:uuid:8e4de846-4cde-40c0-8f5c-09e8b4239a81> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://partasfriends.com/termination-of-parental-rights-how-one-parent-lost-custody-permanently/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.978029 | 1,706 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Relating Divergence in Polychaete Musculature to
Different Burrowing Behaviors: A Study Using
Chris J. Law,
Kelly M. Dorgan,
* and Greg W. Rouse
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0202
Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95062
ABSTRACT Divergent morphologies among related
species are often correlated with distinct behaviors and
habitat uses. Considerable morphological and behav-
ioral differences are found between two major clades
within the polychaete family Opheliidae. For instance,
Thoracophelia mucronata burrows by peristalsis,
whereas Armandia brevis exhibits undulatory burrow-
ing. We investigate the anatomical differences that
allow for these distinct burrowing behaviors, then
interpret these differences in an evolutionary context
using broader phylogenetic (DNA-based) and morpho-
logical analyses of Opheliidae and taxa, such as
Scalibregmatidae and Polygordiidae. Histological three-
dimensional-reconstruction of A. brevis reveals bilat-
eral longitudinal muscle bands as the prominent
musculature of the body. Circular muscles are absent;
instead oblique muscles act with unilateral contraction
of longitudinal muscles to bend the body during undu-
lation. The angle of helical fibers in the cuticle is con-
sistent with the fibers supporting turgidity of the body
rather than resisting radial expansion from longitudi-
nal muscle contraction. Circular muscles are present in
the anterior of T. mucronata, and they branch away
from the body wall to form oblique muscles. Helical
fibers in the cuticle are more axially oriented than
those in undulatory burrowers, facilitating radial
expansion during peristalsis. A transition in muscula-
ture accompanies the change in external morphology
from the thorax to the abdomen, which has oblique
muscles similar to A. brevis. Muscles in the muscular
septum, which extends posteriorly to form the injector
organ, act in synchrony with the body wall muscula-
ture during peristalsis: they contract to push fluid
anteriorly and expand the head region following a
direct peristaltic wave of the body wall muscles. The
septum of A. brevis is much thinner and is presumably
used for eversion of a nonmuscular pharynx. Mapping
of morphological characters onto the molecular-based
phylogeny shows close links between musculature and
behavior, but less correlation with habitat. J. Morphol.
000:000–000, 2013. V
C2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KEY WORDS: hydrostatic skeleton; muscle; polychaetes;
functional morphology; locomotion
Polychaete annelids are an abundant and mor-
phologically diverse group of organisms that inhabit
a wide range of habitats, with behaviors ranging
from sessile tube-dwelling to active burrowing
(Rouse and Pleijel, 2001). Even among motile poly-
chaetes, the frequency and duration of movements
vary considerably, and locomotory gaits differ
among and sometimes within taxa, including para-
podial crawling, undulation, and peristalsis, as well
as several swimming gaits (Clark, 1964; Fauchald
and Jumars, 1979). Investigation of the differences
in morphological and muscular function is impor-
tant for further understanding of differences in
locomotory behaviors, which affect organismal dis-
tribution, performance, fitness, and habitat adapta-
tion (Arnold, 1983; Irschick and Garland, 2001;
Wainwright et al., 2008). Understanding of func-
tional morphology underlying these burrowing
behaviors has been limited by difficulty in observing
infaunal organisms in situ (cf. Dorgan et al., 2006).
Body movements in many polychaetes, like in
other soft-bodied animals, are achieved using a
hydrostatic skeleton in which a muscular body
wall surrounds a constant volume of tissues and
extracellular fluids. Because fluid-filled hydrostats
maintain constant volume, any change in one
dimension (1D) will cause a compensatory change
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online ver-
sion of this article.
Contract grant sponsor: NSF OCE; Contract grant number: OCE-
1029160; Contract grant sponsor: NSF OCE (G.W.R. and L.
Levin); Contract grant number: OCE-0826254 and OCE-
0939557; Contract grant sponsor: NSF Polar Programs (G.W.R.,
N. Wilson, and R. Burton); Contract grant number: 1043749; Con-
tract grant sponsor: Carlsberg Foundation; Contract grant number:
*Correspondence to: KM Dorgan; Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory,
Dauphin Island, AL, 36528. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Received 29 July 2013; Revised 9 October 2013;
Accepted 17 November 2013.
Published online 00 Month 2013 in
Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).
C2013 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 00:00–00 (2013)
in at least one other dimension, and different mus-
cle groups act antagonistically to generate body
movements of elongation, shortening, bending, and
torsion (Kier and Smith, 1985). In a cylindrical,
worm-shaped body, muscle fibers perpendicular
(circular, transverse, oblique) and parallel (longitu-
dinal) to the long axis control the diameter and
length, respectively (Kier, 2012). Locomotion by
peristalsis, well-documented in earthworms and
other vermiform animals, involves either alternat-
ing or simultaneous waves of contractions of longi-
tudinal and circular muscles in the body wall, in
which contraction of longitudinal muscles expands
the body radially and contraction of circular
muscles elongates and extends the body anteriorly
(Gray and Lissmann, 1938; Trueman, 1966; Sey-
mour, 1976; Elder, 1980).
A growing number of polychaete taxa, however,
have been found to have body walls inconsistent
with the traditionally described (e.g., Lanzavecchia
et al., 1988; Gardiner, 1992) outer layer of circular
muscles and inner layer of longitudinal muscles.
Rather, many polychaetes lack circular muscle
fibers along part, or even all of the body (Tzetlin
and Filippova, 2005; Purschke and M€
Some of these taxa also exhibit nonperistaltic loco-
motory behaviors such as undulation (Clark and
Clark, 1960; Clark and Hermans, 1976; Dorgan
et al., 2013). Bending movements do not require
circular musculature and, instead, are achieved by
unilateral contraction of longitudinal muscles.
Unilateral longitudinal contraction alone would
result in shearing of the body; some mechanism of
resisting radial expansion is necessary to prevent
an asymmetrical increase in body thickness and
resultant longitudinal shortening (Kier, 2012). In
the polychaete Nephtys (Nephtyidae), dorsal-
ventral muscles act to prevent radial expansion and
enable bending (Clark and Clark, 1960), whereas in
the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides, a helical array
of inextensible fibers in the cuticle serves a similar
function (Harris and Crofton, 1957; Fig. 1).
Considerable behavioral differences are found
between the two major clades within the poly-
chaete family Opheliidae, where species in Opheli-
ninae move by undulation and those in Opheliinae
use peristaltic locomotion (Rouse and Pleijel,
2001). These behavioral differences are accompa-
nied by clearly distinctive morphologies (Fig. 2)
and habitats. The two clades are represented in
this study by Armandia brevis and Thoracophelia
mucronata, respectively. A. brevis both burrows
and swims using undulatory movements (Clark
and Hermans, 1976; Dorgan et al., 2013) and has
a smooth, rigid body with ventral and lateral
grooves extending along the entire length. It is
found in surficial (<3 cm) heterogeneous sedi-
ments (Woodin, 1974; Hermans, 1978). Most mac-
rofaunal burrowers in muddy sediments use
eversible mouth parts or muscular anterior
regions to apply dorsoventral forces to burrow
walls and extend the burrow by fracture (Dorgan
et al., 2005, 2006). A. brevis, however, lacks the
morphological features consistent with this mecha-
nism and, instead, uses body undulations (Fig. 2A)
to plastically rearrange sediments (Dorgan et al.,
Fig. 1. (A) Unilateral longitudinal muscle contraction (red arrows indicate muscle contraction) with no mechanism of resisting
radial expansion results in shearing of the body and longitudinal shortening (black arrows indicate body shape changes). Dorsal-
ventral muscles (magenta) in Nephtys (B) and radially-oriented helical cuticle fibers (black) in A. lumbricoides (C) serve to resist
radial expansion and thus resist asymmetrical longitudinal shortening and facilitate bending. Axially-oriented helical cuticle fibers
(D) do not resist radial expansion, and thus longitudinal shortening can occur.
2 C. J. LAW ET AL.
Journal of Morphology
2013). This mechanism is likely limited to uncom-
pacted, surface sediments, consistent with habitat
descriptions for A. brevis.T. mucronata (Fig. 2B)
is found in the high intertidal on sandy beaches,
in distinct zones of high abundance (McCon-
naughey and Fox, 1949). It burrows by direct peri-
stalsis, with the wave of contraction traveling
anteriorly, and has a body divided into distinct
regions: 1) an anterior cephalic region consisting
of the prostomium and first two chaetigers; 2) a
swollen thoracic region; and 3) a tapering posterior
region with ventral and lateral grooves. A lateral
notopodial ridge separates the thoracic and poste-
rior regions at the 10th chaetiger (Blake, 2000;
Santos et al., 2004; Law et al., 2013).
The substantial differences between these ophe-
liid species in external morphology, behavior, and
habitat suggest a divergence in underlying muscu-
lature as well. A. brevis has longitudinal and
oblique muscles, but lacks circular muscles, and
has an open body cavity with two to –three ante-
rior septa (Clark and Hermans, 1976; Tzetlin and
Zhadan, 2009). The posterior region of T. mucro-
nata has similar general musculature to A. brevis
oder, 1958; Clark and Hermans,
1976), whereas circular muscles have been
described in the anterior region (Hartmann-
oder, 1958). T. mucronata also has an open
body cavity, but with anterior septa that extend
over the esophagus to form the “injector organ”
(McConnaughey and Fox, 1949). Here, we directly
compare musculature of A. brevis and T. mucro-
nata and relate muscle structure to locomotory
function for each species. We focus specifically on
1) the change in musculature at the transition
region from the thorax of T. mucronata to the
abdomen, over which circular muscles disappear,
2) the anterior septa, and 3) the oblique muscles
in the posterior of T. mucronata and the entire
body of A. brevis.
Inextensible helical fibers in the cuticle of hydro-
stats resist changes in body shape, with more cir-
cumferentially oriented fibers resisting radial
expansion caused by longitudinal muscle contrac-
tion (facilitating undulatory movement) and fibers
oriented at small angles from the longitudinal
body axis resisting elongation (facilitating peristal-
sis), with an angle of 54!440intermediate between
the two (Kier, 2012; Wainwright et al., 1976; Fig.
1C,D). Circumferentially oriented cuticle fibers
("75!from the body axis) in the nematode, A.
lumbricoides, prevent radial expansion so that
unilateral longitudinal muscle contraction results
in bending (Harris and Crofton, 1957; Fig. 1C).
Clark and Hermans (1976) found that cuticle
fibers in the undulatory-moving opheliid, Ophelina
sp., have angles "55!from the longitudinal body
axis, and they suggested that bending is enabled
by oblique muscles rather than the cuticle fibers.
We compare cuticle fiber angles between the
undulatory-burrowing and peristaltic-burrowing
opheliids, hypothesizing that cuticle fiber angles
will be smaller than 54!440in the anterior of T.
mucronata to enable radial expansion during
We also construct an opheliid phylogeny based
on DNA sequences to generalize the morphologies
and behaviors of A. brevis and T. mucronata
described in this study across Opheliidae. The
morphologically similar Polygordiidae and the
closely related Scalibregmatidae were incorporated
for broader comparison. Polygordiids have been
suggested to be close to or part of Opheliidae
based on similar morphological characteristics
such as cuticle, muscular organization, and undu-
latory locomotion (McIntosh, 1875; Clark and Her-
mans, 1976; Giard, 1880) and Travisia was
recently moved from Opheliidae to Scalibregmati-
dae (Paul et al., 2010), reflecting similar morpho-
logical characters such as body shape and
epidermal rugosity that have linked Travisia with
Fig. 2. Live adult specimens of (A)Armandia brevis (Ophelini-
nae), found in surficial heterogenous sediments and exhibits
undulating locomotion, and (B)Thoracophelia mucronata (Ophe-
liinae), found in high intertidal sandy beaches and exhibits peri-
staltic locomotion. Each species represents one of the two clades
within Opheliidae. Scale bar 51 mm.
3OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING
Journal of Morphology
Scalibregmatidae for over a century (Ashworth,
1901). All three families share the presence of a
ventral groove and mostly nonseptate bodies.
Using the phylogeny, we generate here, we map
morphological characters to examine broader rela-
tionships among external morphologies, muscula-
ture, and burrowing behavior and habitat. Several
additional taxa, notably Terebellidae (Nogueira
et al. 2010) and Pisionidens (Sigalionidae) (Aiyar
and Alikunhi, 1940; Tzetlin, 1987; Norlinder et al.,
2012), exhibit ventral or dorsal grooves, suggesting
that broader analyses of these characteristics
across annelids may be useful, but as this study
focuses on morphological divergence, we limit our
analysis to taxa closely related to opheliids (cf.
Struck et al. 2006, 2011). Moreover, most Terebelli-
dae are sessile tube dwellers rather than active
burrowers (Fauchald and Jumars, 1979), and the
ventral groove in this group may serve another
In this study, we use morphological data from
histology, 3D-reconstructions of thin sections, live
microscopy, and cuticle fiber angle measurements,
as well as DNA-based phylogenetic analyses to 1)
describe the musculature and morphological fea-
tures used for locomotion within Opheliidae, using
A. brevis and T. mucronata as representatives of
the two major opheliid clades; 2) relate these mus-
cular and morphological features to disparate
forms of burrowing and behavior; and 3) investi-
gate broader morphological comparisons among
Opheliidae, Scalibregmatidae, and Polygordiidae.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. brevis (Moore, 1906) and T. mucronata (Treadwell, 1914)
were collected from Mission Bay, San Diego, California on June
9, 2011 and La Jolla Shores Beach, California on May 4, 2012,
respectively. Specimens (10) of each species were relaxed in
and fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde buffered with 0.2
sodium cacodylate with 0.3 mol l
sucrose for 24 h. The
specimens were then rinsed in buffer and dehydrated in a
graded series of ethanol rinses and embedded in low viscosity
Spurr’s resin, following manufacturer’s instructions (Spurr,
1969). Semithin serial cross-sections of specimens were pre-
pared using a Histo diamond knife (DiATOME) on a PowerTome
Ultramicrotome (Boeckeler Instruments) and stained with Tolui-
dine blue. A total of four specimens, two each of A. brevis and T.
mucronata, were sectioned at a thickness of 1.5 mm for histologi-
cal 3D-reconstruction, and two A. brevis specimens were sec-
tioned sagittally at a thickness of 3 mm to visualize anterior
septa. Serial sections were photographed using either a Canon
Powershot G9 camera attached to a Leica DMR microscope or a
Canon T1i camera attached to an Olympus CX41 microscope.
Selected sections were viewed with a Zeiss AxioObserver Z1
microscope with DIC filters and AxioVision software to photo-
graph finer details of the connectivity and transitions between
circular and oblique musculature in both worms.
3D-Reconstruction and Visualization
AMIRA 5.4 (Visage Imaging) running on MAC OS v.10.6.8
was used for all 3D-reconstructions, following procedures modi-
fied from Ruthensteiner (2008). Every other section, equaling 3-
mm increments, of the A. brevis specimen was photographed,
and every fourth section, equaling 6-mm increments, of the T.
mucronata specimen was photographed. Before importing into
AMIRA for 3D-reconstruction, section images were reduced in
size, converted to grayscale, contrast enhanced, and color
inverted using Adobe Photoshop CS5; color inversion is neces-
sary for volume rendering in AMIRA. A 3D-reconstruction of
the region of four anterior chaetigers of A. brevis (excluding the
head region) targeted the following morphologies and muscula-
ture: dorsal longitudinal muscles, ventral longitudinal muscles,
oblique muscles, and ventral nerve cord. For T. mucronata, 3D-
reconstructions of Chaetigers 2–9 focused on the body cavity
and septum/injector organ and of Chaetigers 9–14 on the body
cavity and lateral ridge. The least-squares alignment mode was
initially used to align the sections, followed by manual adjust-
ments when necessary. The Segmentation Editor was used to
create the 3D-images of structures. Labeling of structures was
done by hand on every third slice followed by interpolation to
connect intermediate slices. Resampling and separation of the
structures, labeled in Amira as “materials”, were performed
prior to surface rendering to decrease file output size. Surface
rendering was performed with the SurfaceGen module under
unconstrained smoothing at default settings followed by the
SmoothSurface module to improve surface quality with itera-
tions of >80. The Volren module was used to visualize external
features of both specimens. Dimensions were adjusted so 1
model unit equaled 1 mm.
The 3D-model was embedded into a PDF file with the 3D
Reviewer and 3D-Toolkit extensions found in Adobe Acrobat 9
Pro Extended running on Windows XP. Each 3D-object was
saved as a separate Wavefront OBJ-file in AMIRA and recom-
bined as one model in the 3D, Reviewer by importing one OBJ-
file at a time. Objects were color edited and transferred to the
3D toolkit as a PDF for further editing of orientation, rendering
style, background color, and lighting.
Fiber Angle Measurements
Cuticle fiber angles were measured in anterior, mid-body,
and posterior regions, on dorsal and ventral sides of T. mucro-
nata and Ophelina acuminata (€
Orsted, 1843), a species morpho-
logically and behaviorally similar to A. brevis but larger and
much easier to dissect. O. acuminata were collected from fine-
grained subtidal sediments in Friday Harbor, Washington, and
T. mucronata from La Jolla Shores Beach, California. Four O.
acuminata and three T. mucronata were anesthetized in 7.5%
, fixed in a phosphate-buffered mixture of 3% glutaralde-
hyde and 3% paraformaldehyde, then rinsed in distilled water
overnight, frozen at 220!C overnight to facilitate separation of
cuticle from muscle tissue (Murray et al., 1981), and thawed in
distilled water. In addition, five unpreserved T. mucronata were
anesthetized in the freezer, frozen overnight, and thawed in
distilled water. The cuticle was removed from different regions
of the body, mounted on slides with a drop of distilled water,
and visualized with polarized microscopy (Fig. 3). Angle of
fibers from the longitudinal axis of the body was measured as
half of the total angle between crossed fibers. Orientation of the
cuticle was obvious from circumferential grooves (visible as
lines) separating segments.
To observe the movements of the septum and injector organ
corresponding with the peristaltic wave, live T. mucronata were
placed in tunnels in a thin layer of seawater gelatin between a
microscope slide and cover slip. Tunnels were created by allow-
ing the gelatin to set around straight pieces of fishing line,
which were then pulled out of the set gelatin. Small worms
with diameter close to that of the fishing line were positioned
with the anterior at the entry of the tunnel and encouraged to
move. Videos were recorded using a Canon T3i attached to a
Leica DMR microscope with polarizing filters (see Supporting
Information, S-Movie). Crossed polarizers were used to view
4 C. J. LAW ET AL.
Journal of Morphology
muscle fibers, which are birefringent. Movements of internal
structures and musculature as the worm moved through the
tunnel were described, with emphasis on the synchrony
between the body wall peristaltic wave and the musculature of
the septum and injector organ.
DNA Amplification and Sequencing
Forty one specimens of 33 species were used for phylogenetic
analyses: 25 opheliids, four polygordiids, and 10 scalibregmatids.
The two outgroup taxa, a capitellid Notomastus sp. and an areni-
colid A. marina were chosen based on Struck et al.’s (2011)
annelid phylogeny (Table 1) with Notomastus sp. being used as
the root terminal. Newly collected specimens [from Beaufort, NC
(Ophelina sp1.); Costa Rica (Ophelina sp3.); Friday Harbor, WA
(Notomastus sp., O. acuminata,Polygordius sp., and Scali-
bregma inflatum); Greenland (O. acuminata, O. cylindricaudata,
and O. limacina); La Jolla, CA (A. brevis,Polyophthalmus sp.,
and T. mucronata); Lizard Island, Australia (Armandia sp1.);
and off the Oregon coast (Ophelina sp2.)] were relaxed in 7.5%
and fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol. Sequences for the remain-
ing 26 species were accessed through GenBank (Table 1).
A Qiagen DNeasy tissue kit was used to extract genomic
DNA from specimens according to the manufacturer’s instruc-
tions. Approximately 500 base pairs of the mitochondrial small
subunit ribosomal DNA (16S) were amplified using the primers
16SarL and 16SbrL (Palumbi, 1996) with temperature profiles
of 95!C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95!C for 40 s, 48!C
for 40 s, 68!C for 50 s, and final extension at 68!C for 5 min
(see Supporting Information, Table S1).
Three nuclear loci were also sequenced. The small subunit
ribosomal DNA (18S) was amplified using three primer sets: 1)
1F and 5R; 2) 3F and bi; and 3) a2.0 and 9R (Giribet et al.,
1996, 1999). Temperature profiles for the 1F/5R and a2.0/9R
primer sets were 95!C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95!C
for 30 s, 52!C for 30 s, 72!C for 90 s, and final extension at
72!C for 8 min. The temperature profile for the 3F/bi primer
set was 95!C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95!C for 30 s,
49!C for 30 s, 72!C for 90 s, and final extension at 72!C for 8
min. Approximately 930 base pairs of the large subunit ribo-
somal DNA (28S) were amplified using the primers Po28F1 and
Po28R4 (Struck et al., 2006), and "360 base pairs of the
nuclear protein coding gene Histone H3 were amplified using
the primers H3aF and H3aR (Colgan et al., 1998). Both genes
were amplified using the same temperature profiles of 94!C for
2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94!C for 45 s, 48!C for 60 s,
72!C for 90 s, and final extension at 72!C for 10 min.
Amplification reactions (25 ml) were conducted containing 2
ml of DNA template, 1 ml of forward and reverse primers, 12.5
ml GoTaq Green Master Mix (Promega), and 8.5 mlH
ExoSAP-IT (Affymetrix) was used to purify PCR products.
Sequencing was done by either Retrogen (San Diego, CA) or
Eurofins MWG Operon (Louisville, KY). Sequences were edited
using Geneious 5.5.6 (www.geneious.com) and aligned with
MAFFT 3.8 (Katoh and Kuma, 2002) under default settings
with no manual alterations. The combined molecular dataset
consisted of 3,955 total characters, 1,075 of which were parsi-
mony informative and 436 were uninformative.
Parsimony analyses on the combined genes (16S, 18S, 28S,
and H3) were conducted in PAUP* 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002)
using a heuristic search with random stepwise addition of the
terminals for 1,000 replicates, with tree bisection and reconnec-
tion. The character matrix was equally weighted, and gaps
were treated as missing data. Clade support was assessed using
jackknifing with 37% deletion of sites over 1,000 replicates with
10 random additions per iteration. Maximum likelihood analy-
ses were performed in RAxML 7.2.8 (Stamatkis, 2006) as a
four-gene partitioned dataset and under the General Time
Reversible 1Gamma (GTR 1G) model. Bootstrap (thorough
Fig. 3. Polarized images of cuticle from the anterior region of (A)Thoracophelia mucronata and (B)Ophelina acuminata with
intersegmental groove (ISG) indicated. The body axis, indicated with the double-arrowed white line, is perpendicular to the interseg-
mental grooves. Crossed helical fibers of the cuticle are visible between intersegmental grooves, with one fiber traced with a dotted
line on either side of the body axis line and fiber angle indicated as a. Scale bar 550 mm.
5OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING
Journal of Morphology
TABLE 1. GenBank and voucher accession numbers
Taxon Specimen origin Voucher 16S 18S 28S H3
Arenicola marina, Linnaeus
2AY532328 AF508116 AY612629 DQ779718
Notomastus sp., Hendel
Friday Harbor, WA, USA A3421 KF511858 KF511859 KF511860 KF511880
2DQ779604 DQ779641 DQ779676 DQ779719
Armandia brevis, Moore
La Jolla, CA, USA A3411 KF511804 KF511818 KF511838 KF511861
Armandia brevis, Moore
Friday Harbor, WA, USA
2HM746708 EU418854 HM746736 HM746752
Armandia maculata, Webster
Twin Cayes, Belize
22 2 HM746737 HM746753
Armandia sp. Lizard Island, Great
A3412 KF511806 KF511820 KF511843 KF511866
Ophelia bicornis, Savigny
Ophelia limacina, Rathke
Greenland A3403 KF511817 KF511829 KF511850 KF511868
Ophelia neglecta, Schneider
Ophelia rathkei, Mcintosh
North Sea island of Sylt,
Ophelina acuminata (CA),
Southern CA, USA A3413 KF511810 KF511825 KF511839 KF511869
Ophelina acuminata (Eur),
2HM746716 HM746735 HM746744 HM746761
Ophelina acuminata (Eu),
Europe A3414 KF511811 KF511826 KF511840 2
Ophelina acuminata (FH),
Friday Harbor, WA, USA A3404 KF511812 KF511827 KF511842 KF511870
Ophelina acuminata (GR),
Greenland A3415 KF511813 KF511828 KF511841 KF511871
(NE), Hansen (1878)
New England, USA
2HM746717 HM746730 HM746746 HM746763
(GR), Hansen (1878)
Greenland A3416 2KF511824 KF511848 KF511865
Ophelina sp1. Beaufort, NC, USA A3417 KF511814 KF511834 KF511849 KF511876
Ophelina sp2. Oregon, USA 2KF511807 KF511822 KF511845 KF511862
Ophelina sp2. Oregon, USA A3418 KF511808 KF511821 KF511846 KF511863
Ophelina sp3. Costa Rica 2KF511809 KF511823 KF511847 KF511864
Lemon Tree Passage,
22 AB106267 AF185171 AF185259
Polyophthalmus sp. La Jolla, CA, USA A3419 KF511805 KF511819 KF511844 KF511867
Hutchings and Murray (1984)
22 2 AB106266 2
_ _ HM746725 HM746738 HM746755
(LJ), Treadwell (1914)
La Jolla, CA, USA A3409 2KF511831 KF511852 KF511873
North Sea Island
22 AY525629 EU418872 2
Polygordius jouinae, Ramey
et al. (2006)
Beach Haven Ridge,
New Jersey, USA
22 DQ153064 22
Polygordius lacteus, Schnei-
2DQ779633 DQ779669 DQ779707 DQ779757
Polygordius sp Friday Harbor, WA, USA KF511815 KF511835 KF511855 KF511879
Hyboscolex pacificus, Moore
Santa Barbara, CA,
2HM746712 AB106268 HM746740 HM746757
22 AF508120 22
Neolipobranchius sp., Gulf of Maine, USA
22 AY612616 AY612626 2
6 C. J. LAW ET AL.
Journal of Morphology
option) values were estimated using 100 pseudoreplicates under
the same model.
Characters for Transformations
A behavioral and morphological character matrix was com-
piled to relate burrowing mode with distinctive morphology and
musculature across the DNA-generated phylogeny (Tables 2
and 3). We constructed nine characters based on key morpho-
logical and behavioral features that underlie the different loco-
motory behaviors exhibited by A. brevis and T. mucronata. The
nine characters, with character states given in brackets, are
shown below as a brief outline for each feature. Characters
were only assigned states based on direct evidence found in the
literature or on observations from this study with exception of
Characters 1–3 (burrowing), where unknown burrowing states
were generalized over genera. Characters with unknown states
are indicated with a “?”. Characters that were inapplicable for
a given terminal are indicated by “-“ (treated the same as “?”).
Justifications and references for the scoring of each terminal
are provided in Supporting Information, Appendix A. The bur-
rowing behavioral and morphological characters were traced
onto the tree generated by the maximum likelihood analysis
using most parsimonious transformations implemented in Mes-
quite 2.75 (Maddison and Maddison, 2011).
Burrowing. Burrowing mode [(0) peristaltic (1)
undulatory]. Many polychaetes with diverse morphologies
burrow by peristalsis, in which a wave of muscular contraction
moving anteriorly or posteriorly results in movement of the
body (Trueman, 1978). Some polychaetes, such as A. brevis and
O. acuminata, use undulatory body movements rather than
peristalsis to move (Clark and Hermans, 1976; Dorgan et al.,
Type of peristalsis [(0) direct (1) retrograde].
Peristaltic locomotion can be categorized into two general types:
retrograde peristalsis, in which the peristaltic wave travels in
the opposite direction of locomotion, and direct peristalsis, in
which the peristaltic wave travels in the same direction as loco-
motion (Elder, 1980). For direct peristalsis to result in forward
movement, simultaneous contractions of longitudinal and circu-
lar musculature must move fluid through the body cavity.
Direct peristalsis is thus limited to animals with open body cav-
ities such as T. mucronata (e.g., Wells, 1961; Elder, 1973). Ret-
rograde peristalsis, on the other hand, can occur both in
segmented animals divided by septa and those with open body
cavities, (e.g., Seymour, 1976).
Proboscis use during burrowing [(0) absent (1)
present]. For worms burrowing in muds, eversion of a phar-
ynx or proboscis applies a dorsoventral force on the burrow
walls that is amplified at the crack tip, resulting in burrow
extension by fracture (Dorgan et al., 2005; Murphy and Dorgan,
2011). Arenicolids evert their axial nonmuscular proboscises
(Tzetlin and Purschke, 2005) for initial penetration into the
sediment and further deepening of their burrows (Trueman,
1966). Both A. brevis and T. mucronata have nonmuscular
pharynges that are, however, not used during burrowing.
Musculature. Circular muscles [(0) absent (1)
present but restricted to anterior (2) present along
entire body]. Polychaete musculature has traditionally
been described as consisting of an outer layer of circular
muscles between the epidermis and longitudinal muscles (Lan-
zavecchia et al., 1988; Gardiner, 1992). Opheliids, however, lack
circular muscle in part or all of the body (Hartmann-Schroder,
1958; Clark and Hermans, 1976), Polygordiids also have
Table 1. (continued).
Taxon Specimen origin Voucher 16S 18S 28S H3
Polyphysia crassa, Orsted
2HM746719 HM746731 HM746748 HM746765
Scalibregma inflatum (Eu),
2AY532331 AF448163 AY612624 DQ779764
Scalibregma inflatum (FH),
Friday Harbor, WA, USA A3420 KF511816 KF511837 KF511857 KF511877
Gulf of Maine, USA
22 AY612615 AY612623 2
Travisia brevis, Moore (1923) Friday Harbor, WA, USA
2HM746721 AY966901 HM746749 HM746767
Travisia kerguelensis, McIn-
Antarctica 2KF511836 KF511856 KF511878
Travisia pupa, Moore (1906) Bamfield, Canada
2HM746722 HM746733 HM746750 HM746768
GenBank numbers in bold indicate new sequences.
Rousset et al. (2007).
Paul et al. (2010).
Bleidorn et al. (2003).
Jordens et al. (2004).
Hall et al. (2004).
Stuck et al. (2008).
Ramey et al. (2006).
Persson and Pleijel (2005).
TABLE 2. Summary of morphological characters
1. Burrowing mode: (0) peristaltic; (1) undulatory.
2. Type of peristalsis: (0) direct; (1) retrograde.
3. Proboscis use during burrowing: (0) absent; (1) present.
4. Circular muscles: (0) absent; (1) present, but restricted
to anterior; (2) present, along entire body.
5. Oblique muscles: (0) absent; (1) present.
6. Septa: (0) along the entire body; (1) 3 25 anterior septa;
(2) 1—2 anterior septa.
7. Modified anterior septa: (0) absent; (1) present.
8. Sand/mud habitat distribution: (0) sand; (1) mud.
9. Ventral groove (0) absent; (1) present, but restricted to
posterior; (2) present, along the entire length of body.
7OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING
Journal of Morphology
traditionally been described with absent circular muscles (Frai-
pont, 1887); however, a recent study shows “minute” circular
muscles occur in Polygoridus appendiculatus (Lehmacher et al.,
Oblique muscles [(0) absent (1) present]. Oblique
muscles are present in some polychaete groups, running from
the midventral line on either side of the ventral nerve cord to
the midlateral region (Rouse and Pleijel, 2001).
Septa. Septa [(0) along the entire body (1) 3–5
anterior septa (2) 1–2 anterior septa]. Septa are uni-
form throughout the body in most polychaetes (Fauchald and
Rouse, 1997). However, some polychaetes are unusual in having
only anterior septa and reduced or absent posterior septa,
which seals off the head from the remaining undivided body
cavity (Ashworth, 1904; Dales, 1962; Hunter et al., 1983; this
Modified anterior septa [(0) absent (1) present].
We define a modified septum as a muscularized anterior sep-
tum that is associated with anterior eversible structures. In
Ophelia and Thoracophelia, these anterior septa extend toward
the posterior to form the injector organ (Brown, 1938; McCon-
naughey and Fox, 1949; Harris, 1994; this study). Similarly, a
muscularized septum extends posteriorly in arenicolids and
capitellids to form the gular membrane (Eisig, 1887; Wells,
1954; Dales, 1962).
Habitat distribution. Sand/mud habitat distri-
bution [(0) sand (1) mud]. Mechanical responses of
granular sands and elastic cohesive muds to forces applied by
burrowers differ (Dorgan et al., 2006). Habitat is characterized
based on personal observations or literature descriptions.
External morphologies. Ventral groove [(0)
absent (1) present but restricted to posterior (2)
present along entire body]. Opheliids are characterized
by the presence of a ventral groove along the entire length of
the body or restricted to just the posterior (Blake, 2000). Poly-
gordiids also exhibit a ventral groove along the entire length of
the body (Rota and Carchini, 1999).
Morphology and Musculature
A. brevis (and O. acuminata). The body is
not divided into distinct body regions and shows
deep ventral and lateral grooves along the entire
length (Figs. 2A,4A). Internally, large dorsal and
ventral longitudinal muscle bands lie directly
beneath the epidermis (Fig. 4B,C). The ventral
longitudinal muscles form two well-developed ven-
tral bundles that shape the ridges of the ventral
groove and are separated by the ventral nerve
cord (Fig. 4B,G). The dorsal longitudinal muscle
bands become thinner middorsally but do not sep-
arate completely. No circular muscle fibers are
found between the epidermis and longitudinal
muscles, but four bands of oblique muscle occur
per segment (Fig. 4D,E). Oblique muscle bands
extend from just dorsal of the ventral nerve cord
and attach to the lateral epidermis between the
dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles (Fig. 4F–
The only septa present occur in the anterior
region, where two septa occur just posterior to the
pharynx (Fig. 4I). The remaining body cavity is
undivided by septa, allowing coelomic fluids to
flow freely during body movements.
The angle between the helical fibers of the cuticle
and the longitudinal axis in O. acuminata is not sig-
nificantly different from 54!440in the anterior (t-
test, P>0.05) and only slightly lower in the posterior
(52.4 60.2!(mean 6s.d.); t-test, P50.002; Fig. 5).
T. mucronata.The body is divided into three
distinct regions, i.e., the head (prostomium, peristo-
mium, and chaetigers 1–2), thorax (Chaetigers 3–
10), and abdomen (Chaetigers 11–38); a pair of lat-
eral ridges occur at Chaetiger 10 and a ventral
groove is present only along the abdomen (Figs. 2B,
6A, and 7). Dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles
run along the entire length of the body. The ventral
nerve cord separates the ventral longitudinal
TABLE 3. Character matrix
1 2 3456789
Arenicola marina 0 0 1201100
Notomastus sp. 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 0
Armandia bilobata 1—0? ? ? ? 02
Armandia brevis (SD) 1—0012012
Armandia brevis (FH) 1—0012012
Armandia maculata 1—0????12
Armandia sp. 1 — 0 ? ? ? ? ? 2
Ophelia bicornis 0? ?112101
Ophelia limacina 0? ? 11? ? 01
Ophelia neglecta 0? ?112101
Ophelia rathkei 0? ?11??01
Ophelina acuminata (CA) 1 — 0 0 1 ? ? 1 2
Ophelina acuminata (EU) 1 — 001??12
Ophelina acuminata (FH) 1 — 001? ? 12
Ophelina acuminata (GER) 1 — 001? ? 12
Ophelina acuminata (GR) 1 — 0 ????12
Ophelina cylindricaudata (GR) 1 — 0 ????12
Ophelina cylindricaudata (NE) 1 — 001??12
Ophelina sp1. 1 — 0 ????12
Ophelina sp2. 1 — 0 ????12
Ophelina sp2. 1 — 0 ????12
Ophelina sp3. 1 — 0 ????12
Polyophthalmus pictus 1—001?? 02
Polyophthalmus sp. 1 — 0 0 1 ? ? 0 2
Thoracophelia bibranchia 000?1??01
Thoracophelia ezoensiss 000?1??01
Thoracophelia mucronata 0 0 0112101
Polygordius appendiculatus 1—0210002
Polygordius jouinae 1—0?? ? ? 02
Polygordius lacteus 1—0010002
Polygordius sp 1—0?10002
Hyboscolex pacificus 0 0 ?????10
Lipobranchius jeffreysii 0 0 ?????1?
Neolipobranchius sp. 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ?
Polyphysia crassa 0 0 0211?10
Scalibregma inflatum (EU) 0 0 ? 211011
Scalibregma inflatum (FH) 0 0 ? 211011
Sclerobregma branchiata 0 0 ??????0
Travisia brevis 0? ?21??10
Travisia kerguelensis 0? ?????10
Travisia pupa 0? ? 211010
8 C. J. LAW ET AL.
Journal of Morphology
muscles; dorsal longitudinal muscles become thin-
ner middorsally but are not completely divided.
The posterior region of the body has musculature
similar to A. brevis, with longitudinal muscle bands
directly beneath the epidermis and no circular
muscles in between. Oblique muscles extend from
the ventral nerve cord to the lateral epidermis
between the dorsal and ventral longitudinal
muscles (Fig. 6J–N). The oblique muscles attach
more ventrally than those of A. brevis (Fig. 4B),
below the ventral nerve cord (Fig. 6J). In addition,
in T. mucronata, a secondary, more ventral band of
oblique muscle extends from the body wall ventral
of the ventral nerve cord to either the lateral
epidermis or the parapodial muscle complex (Fig.
6K,L). Longitudinal muscle bands are much
smaller (Fig. 6J) than those of A. brevis (Fig 4B).
In the head, chaetigers, thorax, and lateral
ridges of the anterior region, a thin, nearly contin-
uous layer of circular muscle lies beneath the epi-
dermis (Fig. 6B–G). Circular muscle is also found
in the transitional region between the thorax and
abdomen, becoming less continuous more posteri-
orly: circular muscle gradually disappears ven-
trally in Chaetiger 9 of the thorax and becomes
completely absent ventrally in Chaetiger 10 (Fig.
6F,H). Circular muscles are present dorsally (Fig.
6F,G) and in the lateral ridge (Fig. 6I) until the
transitional Chaetiger 11 (Fig. 6J,M). Oblique
muscles are also found in the anterior region of
Fig. 4. Musculature of Armandia brevis (A) Schematic drawing of Armandia brevis (lateral view). (B) 1.5-mm semithin cross sec-
tion. (C) 3D-reconstruction of body musculature over four anterior segments excluding the head (front-lateral view). (D) 3D-
reconstruction of oblique muscles and ventral longitudinal muscles, shown in dorsal view. (E) Polarized image of ventral view of the
body, revealing four bands of oblique muscle per segment; segments distinguished by eyespots and parapodia. (F) Semithin cross sec-
tion, oblique muscle attaching to the epidermis (between parapodia). (G) Semithin cross section, oblique muscles attaching dorsal to
the ventral nerve cord. (H) Semithin cross section, oblique muscle attaching to epidermis dorsal to parapodium. (I) Longitudinal cross
section revealing two anterior septa. dlm, dorsal longitudinal muscles; es, eyespots; g, gut; obm, oblique muscles; pp, parapodia; sp,
septa; vlm, ventral longitudinal muscles; vnc, ventral nerve cord. To activate the interactive 3D mode, view PDF in Adobe Reader
and click on the image plate.
9OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING
Journal of Morphology
the body, first apparent anterior to the septum in
Chaetiger 3 (cf. Fig. 8). Anterior oblique muscles
connect dorsal and ventral circular muscles,
attaching lateral to the ventral nerve cord, and
are much thinner than in the posterior (Fig. 6B–
F). Circular muscle in the anterior region bifur-
cates on both sides of the ventral nerve cord, with
one branch extending away from the body wall to
form oblique muscle (Fig. 6B,D,F,H). These oblique
bands extend lateral-dorsally through the body
cavity and reconverge with circular muscle in the
lateral body wall between the epidermis and dor-
sal longitudinal muscles (Fig. 6B,C,F,G). Gaps in
the longitudinal muscle, both ventrally and later-
ally, allow oblique muscle to branch from circular
muscle (which lies between the longitudinal mus-
cle, where present, and the epidermis) into the
coelomic cavity (Fig. 6).
A single muscular septum separates the anterior
of body cavity between the third and fourth
chaetigers of the thorax (Fig. 8A). The septum
encapsulates the pharynx and extends over the
esophagus to form the “injector organ” that in this
specimen extends from the 6th to 9th chaetigers.
The septum separates the head from the main
body cavity (Fig. 8). The septum/injector organ
complex also consists of septal longitudinal and
circular muscle fibers (Fig. 8C,E,G).
Cuticle fiber angles were not significantly differ-
ent between the two methods of anesthetizing T.
mucronata, with MgCl
before fixation in glutaral-
dehyde (n53) and with cold, placing worms in the
freezer without fixation (n55; ANOVA, P>0.05).
Results were therefore combined (n58). Fiber
angles in both the thorax and abdomen were <54!
440(t-test, P<0.01), with anterior fiber angles sig-
nificantly smaller than posterior (ANOVA multiple
comparison test, P<0.05; Fig. 5). Thoracic fiber
angles were significantly smaller for T. mucronata
than O. acuminata (ANOVA multiple comparison
test, P<0.01), but abdominal fiber angles were
not significantly different between the two species
(ANOVA multiple comparison test, P>0.05).
Functional Morphology of the Anterior of T.
mucronata during Peristaltic Burrowing
Direct peristaltic movement in T. mucronata
involves not only anteriorly-traveling waves of
contraction of circular and longitudinal body wall
muscles, but considerable movement of the sep-
tum, injector organ, and coelomic fluid (Fig. 9;
Supporting Information, S-Movie). As the peristal-
tic wave moves forward into the head region, con-
traction of body wall circular and longitudinal
muscles and relaxation of the septum pushes the
pharynx backwards and forces coelomic fluids
from the head region into the injector organ (Fig.
9A–E). Subsequent contraction of the septal circu-
lar and longitudinal muscles forces the pharynx
and coelomic fluid back into the head region,
expanding the head radially (Fig. 9F–J).
The maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum
likelihood (ML) analyses for the combined molecu-
lar data produced similar results, though the ML
topology is shown here (Fig. 10). There were differ-
ences in the placement of Arenicola between the
two analyses (see below), and there were two most
parsimonious trees of length 4652 steps that only
differed from each other in the placement of Ophe-
lia. rathkei and O. bicornis. Monophyly of Ophelii-
dae was well supported (ML bootstrapping 5BS:
100%; MP jackknifing 5JK: 100%), as were the
two subfamilies Opheliinae and Ophelininae. How-
ever, paraphyly was found for several genera and
for one species-level taxon. Within Ophelininae,
Ophelina was paraphyletic. The specimens of O.
acuminata formed a clade that was the sister
group to a well-supported clade comprised of the
remaining ophelinins. The two specimens identi-
fied as O. cylindricaudata (New England, USA
Fig. 5. Cuticle fiber angle (mean6s.d.) of the anterior and
posterior of Thoracophelia mucronata (n58) and Ophelina acu-
minata (n54). A dotted line is drawn at 54!44’. Schematic of
anterior fiber angles shown for each species to illustrate
10 C. J. LAW ET AL.
Journal of Morphology
Fig. 6. Musculature of Thoracophelia mucronata (A) Schematic drawing of Thoracophelia mucronata with septum/injector organ
shown in red (lateral view). (B) Semithin cross section of Segment 8. (C) Close up from B (lateral-dorsal). Band of oblique muscles
(obm) merge with a continuous band of circular muscles (cm) between the epidermis and dorsal longitudinal muscles (dlm). (D) Close
up from B (lateral-ventral). Thin layer of circular muscles lies between the epidermis and ventral longitudinal muscles (vlm), merg-
ing with a band of oblique muscles that continues dorsally. (E) Schematic drawing of a cross section (thorax region) showing the gen-
eral pattern of oblique muscles and circular muscles. Circular muscles underlie the epidermis and bands of oblique muscles connect
circular fibers ventrally, laterally, and dorsally. (F) Semithin cross section of Segment 10. No circular fibers present between epider-
mis and vlm. Dorsal and ventral circular muscles are connected by oblique muscle. (G) Close up of the right side of the section shown
in F (lateral). Band of circular muscles between the epidermis and dorsal longitudinal muscles (dlm) extend away from the body wall
and thicken to form oblique muscles (obm). (H) Close up from F (ventral). Band of oblique muscle merges with circular fibers
between ventral nerve cord and epidermis. No circular fibers are present between epidermis and vlm. (I) Close up of lateral ridge
from F (lateral). Circular muscle fibers are visible beneath the epidermis of the lateral ridge. (J) Semithin cross section of Segment
14. (K) Close up of nonparapodial side from J (ventral). Circular muscle fibers are absent, and multiple oblique muscle bands attach
to epidermis. (L) Close up of parapodial side from J (ventral). Oblique muscle bands attach to epidermis. Secondary oblique muscle
bands attach to parapodial complex. (M) Close up from J (dorsal). No circular fibers present between dlm and epidermis. (N) Close
up from L (ventral). No circular fibers present between vlm and epidermis. dlm, dorsal longitudinal muscles; ep, epidermis; g, gut; io,
injector organ; obm, oblique muscles; vlm, ventral longitudinal muscles; vnc, ventral nerve cord.
11OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING
Journal of Morphology
and western Greenland) did not form a clade, with
several specimens of unidentified Ophelina (from
the eastern Pacific Ocean; Oregon and Costa Rica)
forming a clade with the Greenland specimen of
O. cylindricaudata.Ophelina was further found to
be paraphyletic in that Ophelina sp. 1 (from the
western Atlantic Ocean; North Carolina) formed a
well-supported clade with Armandia and Polyoph-
thalmus.Armandia was also found to be paraphy-
letic, with Polyopthalmus well nested inside this
group. Within Opheliinae, Ophelia was paraphy-
letic with O. limacina recovered as the sister
group to Thoracophelia under ML, rather than
grouping with the other Ophelia specimens,
though with poor support. In contrast, the MP
analysis showed Thoracophelia to be paraphyletic
with respect to Ophelia (not shown), also with
Our data supported a clade comprising Ophelii-
dae and Polygordius, though with very low sup-
port under ML, in contrast to the strong support
under MP (BS 46; JK 99). Scalibregmatidae was
found to be sister to Opheliidae/Polygordius under
MP (not shown), with strong support (JK 99),
though under ML Arenicola was the sister-group
to Scalibregmatidae (Fig. 10), albeit with low sup-
port. The monophyly of Scalibregmatidae, includ-
ing Travisia, was well supported (BS 91; JK 100).
Travisia formed a clade with Neolipobranchius,
and this clade is sister to the remaining
For characters with multiple most parsimonious
reconstructions (MPRs), only two of the possible
reconstructions were used: using an accelerated
transformation (ACCTRAN), where changes are
assigned as close to the root as possible and rever-
sals are favored, and a delayed transformation
(DELTRAN), where changes are assigned as far
away from the roots as possible and convergence
is favored. The ML tree topology shown in Figure
10 was used for the transformations.
Burrowing mode (Character 1) showed two
MPRs. Both showed that peristaltic burrowing is a
plesiomorphic for the ingroup (Fig. 11A), and
under ACCTRAN there was a transition from peri-
staltic to undulatory burrowing for the Opheliidae/
Polygordius clade, with a subsequent reversal
back to peristaltic burrowing for Opheliinae (Fig.
11A). Under DELTRAN, peristaltic burrowing was
the plesiomorphic condition for Opheliidae with
undulatory burrowing appearing twice, once for
Polygordius and once for Ophelininae. This ambi-
guity is complicated by the poor support for the
clade comprising Polygordius as sister to Ophelii-
dae. Of our sampled taxa, only Notomastus was
scored with retrograde peristalsis (Character 2).
The change from retrograde to direct peristalsis
therefore occurred either below or at the ingroup
node, and thus it is unclear as to whether retro-
grade peristalsis or direct peristalsis is the plesio-
morphic condition for our terminal taxa. Direct
peristalsis was, however, shared among Scalibreg-
matidae, Arenicola, and Opheliidae.
Only the terminals Notomastus and Arenicola
were scored with proboscis use during burrowing
(Character 3), which consisted of five MPRs.
Under ACCTRAN, loss of proboscis use occurred
once for the ingroup, with a subsequent reappear-
ance in Arenicola. Under DELTRAN, a loss of pro-
boscis use appeared independently for the
scalibregmatid clade and also the Opheliidae/Poly-
gordius clade. Various MPRs occurred owing to
the unknown states for many of the scalibregmatid
and Travisia terminals.
The multistate character pertaining to circular
musculature (Character 4) consisted of seven MPR
(Fig. 11B). Under ACCTRAN, circular muscle
bands were lost in the Opheliidae/Polygordius
clade, with a reappearance of circular muscles in
P. appendiculatus and a second reappearance,
restricted to the anterior region of the body, in
Opheliinae. Under DELTRAN, loss of circular
muscles appeared independently in the Ophelini-
nae clade and in P. lacteus. In addition, the loss of
circular muscles in the posterior region appeared
in the Ophelininae clade. There were three MPRs
for the character based on oblique musculature
(Character 5). Under ACCTRAN, the presence of
oblique muscles appeared at the ingroup node
with a subsequent loss in Arenicola whereas,
under DELTRAN, oblique muscles appeared inde-
pendently in Scalibregmatidae and the Opheliidae/
Fig. 7. 3D-reconstruction of Chaetigers 9–14 in Thoracophelia
mucronata, showing the external morphological transition from
thorax to abdomen (front-lateral view). lr, lateral ridge; vb, ven-
tral bundle; vg, ventral groove. To activate the interactive 3D-
mode, view PDF in Adobe Reader and click on the image plate.
12 C. J. LAW ET AL.
Journal of Morphology
The multistate character pertaining to septa
(Character 6) only consisted of one MPR (Fig.
11C). Of the ingroup taxa, only Polygordius exhib-
ited the outgroup condition of septa along the
entire body. Loss of body septa along the body
occurred twice, once for the clade of scalibregma-
tids and Arenicola and once for Opheliidae. Noto-
mastus,Arenicola, and the opheliid subfamily
Opheliinae were scored with the presence of modi-
fied anterior septa (Character 7), which resulted
in eleven MPRs, owing to the large number of ter-
minals with unknown states. Under ACCTRAN,
appearance of one or more altered anterior septa
occurred once for the ingroup, with a subsequent
disappearance in Scalibregmatidae, Polygordius,
and Ophelininae. Under DELTRAN, 1 or more
altered anterior septa appeared independently in
Notomastus,Arenicola, and Opheliinae.
Habitat distribution (Character 8) showed eight
MPRs. Under ACCTRAN, a shift from mud-
dwelling to sand-dwelling occurred at the ingroup
node, with mud-dwelling reappearing twice, in
Scalibregmatidae and in the opheliid subfamily
Ophelininae (Fig. 11D). Sand-dwelling secondarily
reappeared in Armandia bilobata and in the Poly-
ophthalmus clade along with a subsequent second-
ary reappearance of mud-dwelling in A. brevis
(Fig. 11D). Alternatively, five independent changes
from mud-dwelling to sand-dwelling occurred
under DELTRAN: once in Arenicola, once in
Fig. 8. Septum and injector organ of Thoracophelia mucronata (A) 3D-reconstruction of septum and injector organ (lateral view).
(B) Semithin cross section from segment 4. (C) Close up of B showing septum with septal longitudinal and septal circular muscles.
(D) Semithin cross section from segment 6. (E) Close up of D showing septum/injector organ transition with septal longitudinal and
circular muscles. (F) Semithin cross section from segment 8. (G) Close up of F showing injector organ with septal longitudinal and
circular muscles. cm, circular muscles; dlm, dorsal longitudinal muscles; g, gut; io, injector organ; slm, septa longitudinal muscles;
sp, septum; scm, septal circular muscles. To activate the interactive 3D-mode, view PDF in Adobe Reader and click on the image
13OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING
Journal of Morphology
Polygordiidae, once in the opheliid subfamily
Opheliinae, once in A. bilobata, and once in the
The multistate character pertaining to ventral
groove (Character 9) consisted of one MPR (Fig.
12A). The transformation shows a ventral groove
along the whole body as plesiomorphic for the
Opheliidae/Polygordius clade before transforming
to being restricted to the posterior end in Ophelii-
nae. The presence of a ventral groove restricted to
the posterior end also appeared independently in
Scalibregma (Fig. 12A). The presence of a ventral
groove has been attributed to attachment of
oblique muscles (Clark and Hermans, 1976), and
the MPR for oblique muscles corresponds well to
that of the presence of a ventral groove (data not
shown). The ventral groove MPR also showed
some interesting congruence with the MPR for the
circular muscle character (Fig. 12B). The absence
or restriction of circular muscles was coincident
with presence of a ventral groove in the Ophelii-
dae/Polygordius clade. The exception was the ven-
tral groove (restricted to the posterior end) found
in Scalibregma where circular muscles are present
along the body.
Functional Morphology of Undulatory
Burrowing in A.brevis
Undulating movements of A. brevis resemble
those of nematodes both in qualitative behavior
and in body shape, characterized by the ratio of
amplitude to wavelength (Dorgan et al., 2013).
Like nematodes, A. brevis has thick bands of longi-
tudinal muscle that contract unilaterally for undu-
latory bending. Bending during undulatory
burrowing requires unilateral contraction of longi-
tudinal muscles simultaneously with a mechanism
to resist radial expansion and axial shortening on
the side of muscle contraction. As the wave of con-
traction passes posteriorly, longitudinal muscles
on the nonbending side contract, extending the
contracted longitudinal muscles and serving as a
Fig. 9. Images with schematic drawings of the burrowing
mechanism in T. mucronata.(A) Relaxed anterior showing sep-
tum (s) in gold in the drawing, pharynx (p) drawn in blue, and
injector organ (io) drawn in red. Scale bar 5200 mm (all images
at same scale). (B) 0.27 s, peristaltic wave moving anteriorly. (C)
0.6 s, peristaltic wave approaches septum. (D) 0.9 s, peristaltic
wave close to septum contact with body wall, pharynx moving
posteriorly, septum relaxed and extending, injector organ inflat-
ing. (E) 1.23 s, peristaltic wave moving anterior of septum,
septum-body wall contact moving forward, pharynx posterior of
septum-body wall contact, septum relaxed, injector organ
inflated. (F) 1.63 s, head moving forward, septum-body wall con-
tact moved forward, pharynx still posterior of septum contact
but moving forward, injector organ inflated. (G) 1.87 s, pharynx
moving forward and septum muscles contracting, injector organ
muscles starting to contract, anterior close to or at full distance
travelled. (H) 2.0 s, Septum mostly contracted, pharynx anterior
of septum contact, injector organ contracting, anterior has
reached full distance travelled. (I) 2.47 s, Septum fully con-
tracted, head fully expanded, injector organ fully contracted. (J)
3.03 s, Septum and injector organ relaxed, injector organ par-
14 C. J. LAW ET AL.
Journal of Morphology
restoring force. The contracted oblique muscles
presumably also extend when the body reaches
the opposite curvature, although contraction of the
ventral longitudinal muscle would likely extend
relaxed oblique muscles as well. In the nematode
A. lumbricoides, radially-oriented cuticle fibers
prevent unilateral radial expansion, enabling lon-
gitudinal muscle contraction to bend the body
(Fig. 1C). We found that helical fibers in the
cuticle of O. acuminata, a closely related species to
A. brevis with very similar undulatory behavior
and morphological and muscular features (Law
and Dorgan, unpublished data), have fiber angles
much lower than that of A. lumbricoides, consist-
ent with findings by Clark and Hermans (1976).
This suggests that the cuticle of A. brevis does not
resist radial expansion in the same way as that of
A. lumbricoides, rather that the oblique muscles
contract on the same side as the longitudinal
muscles to enable bending (Fig. 13).
Fig. 10. Phylogenetic results of maximum likelihood tree from combined molecular data. Sup-
port values are shown as bootstrap from maximum likelihood and jackknife from maximum par-
simony analyses, respectively, separated by /. * indicates 100% bootstrap support.
15OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING
Journal of Morphology
Helical fibers not only resist expansion or elon-
gation depending on their angle, but they also con-
trol the maximum volume in a cylinder and the
extent to which body shape can change. At an
intermediate fiber angle of 54!440, a cylinder
reaches its maximum volume, and, if turgid, the
fibers will resist both expansion and elongation
(Kier, 2012). The cuticle fiber angle in O. acumi-
nata is not significantly different from 54!440, cor-
responding to the maximum volume of a circular
cylinder, consistent with observations of rigid-
bodied live worms. The cuticle, therefore, appears
to function to prevent both radial expansion and
axial elongation and may facilitate both bending
and axial forcing against the substratum during
Functional Morphology of Peristaltic
Burrowing in T.mucronata
Peristalsis in burrowers with segments sepa-
rated by muscular septa, such as the earthworm
Lumbricus terrestris, is described as a nearly
simultaneous wave of circular and longitudinal
muscle contractions of the body wall traveling in
the opposite direction of locomotion (Gray and
Lissmann, 1938; Clark, 1964). For direct peristal-
sis, in which waves of contraction of the body wall
travel in the direction of movement to result in
forward movement, fluid must be able to travel
away from the region of contraction and thus
requires an open body cavity (Clark, 1964; Elder,
1980). T. mucronata has an open body cavity con-
sistent with direct peristalsis, but we show that
activity of muscles of the septum and injector
organ accompany anteriorly-traveling waves of
contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles in
the body wall. Muscle contractions in the septum/
injector organ complex force coelomic fluid into the
head region following passage of the peristaltic
wave along the body wall (Fig. 9). This expansion
of the anterior is likely important both in burrow
construction and in anchoring to allow the remain-
ing posterior body to be pulled forward into the
burrow. Analogous structures for anterior expan-
sion are found in other direct peristaltic burrowers
as well: Arenicola marina has a modified anterior
septum, the gular membrane, that is important in
pharynx eversion (Wells, 1954), and the priapulid
Priapulus caudatus has an open body cavity but
Fig. 11. Character transformations using parsimony reconstruction methods. Tree topologies
identical to tree seen in Figure 9. (A) Burrowing mode. (B) Presence of circular muscles. (C)
Presence of septa. * indicates modified anterior septum. (D) Sand/mud habitat distribution.
16 C. J. LAW ET AL.
Journal of Morphology
uses an eversible praesoma to expand the anterior
(Elder and Hunter, 1980).
The difference in angle of helical fibers in the
cuticle between T. mucronata and O. acuminata is
consistent with their different locomotory behav-
iors. More axially-oriented fibers in the anterior of
T. mucronata resist axial elongation of the anterior
so that an increase in internal pressure causes
radial expansion (Clark and Cowey, 1958). The
lower cuticle fiber angle indicates that the volume
of fluid is less than the maximum, consistent with
observations of a less turgid body in T. mucronata
than in A. brevis and O. acuminata (cf. Clark and
Cowey, 1958). Cuticle fiber angles are not signifi-
cantly different in the posterior of the two species,
which has more similar musculature as well.
As with other members of Opheliinae (e.g.,
Ophelia rathkei; Brown, 1938), the posterior
region of T. mucronata resembles the body plan of
A. brevis in lacking circular muscle (Fig. 6J–N).
However, compared to the thick and robust
musculature of A. brevis, both longitudinal and
oblique muscles in T. mucronata appear much
thinner (Fig. 4B,6J). Whereas undulations occur
along the entire length of A. brevis, the posterior
of T. mucronata is much less active during burrow-
ing. Rather than simply being dragged passively
behind the anterior however, the posterior appears
to be pulled along in discrete anterior movements
(Dorgan, unpublished data), presumably by simul-
taneous contraction of longitudinal muscles on
both sides of the body. Rather than having a single
thick band of oblique muscle as in A. brevis,T.
mucronata has two thinner bands, with a more
ventral second band that attaches laterally at the
parapodia or just ventral of the lateral groove
(Fig. 6M,N). We suggest that this secondary mus-
cle band may both assist in parapodial control and
also enable greater control of changes in body
shape around the ventral ridge. Observations of
live worms show considerable anterior-posterior
movement of coelomic fluid through the ventral
Fig. 12. Character transformations using parsimony reconstruction methods. Tree topologies
identical to tree seen in Figure 9. (A) Presence of ventral groove. (B) Presence of circular
17OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING
Journal of Morphology
ridges on either side of the ventral groove. Con-
traction of posterior oblique muscles may reduce
the diameter of the body during forward move-
ment, potentially reducing frictional resistance
along the abdomen.
A. brevis and T. mucronata respectively belong
in each of the two main clades within Opheliidae;
the former in the undulatory Ophelininae and the
latter in the peristaltic Opheliinae. Although
monophyly of the opheliid subfamilies was well
supported, paraphyly of genera was found within
both subfamilies. Although a clade of two speci-
mens of Ophelina cylindricaudata, two specimens
of Ophelina sp. 2, and a single specimen of Ophe-
lina sp. 3 was recovered, they likely belong to four
different species (Fig. 10). In addition, Ophelina
formed a grade, with Ophelina sp.1 forming a
clade with Armandia and Polyophthalmus (Fig.
10). Ophelina sp.1 lacked the eyespots that occur
in Armandia and Polyophthalmus and so was cor-
rectly assigned to this genus, though further
assessment is clearly required. Polyophthalmus
nested within a grade of Armandia. Whether
Armandia Filippi, 1861 should be synonymized
with Polyophthalmus Quatrefages, 1850 in future
taxonomic revisions requires additional investiga-
tion. The absence of branchiae currently distin-
guishes Polyophthalmus from Armandia and
Ophelina (Blake, 2000).
The MP and ML analyses showed incongruent
topologies for the subfamily Opheliinae. The MP
result showed Ophelia to be within a paraphyletic
Thoracophelia, whereas ML (Fig. 10) showed
Ophelia to be paraphyletic with respect to Thora-
cophelia. In each, the support for these topologies
Fig. 13. Schematic drawing of musculature used for bending in Armandia brevis and Ophelina acuminata from frontal dorsal (A)
and frontal lateral (B) views. Bending (yellow arrows) is achieved by the unilateral contraction of dorsal and ventral longitudinal
muscles (red arrows) simultaneously with the antagonistic contraction of oblique muscles on the same side (red arrows). Contraction
of oblique muscles acts to resist radial expansion and axial shortening, and longitudinal muscles on the opposite side serves as the
restoring force. Inextensible helical fibers in the cuticle are oriented at an intermediate fiber angle (between radially and axially ori-
ented) corresponding to the maximum volume of a circular cylinder and may help prevent radial expansion as well as axial elonga-
tion (black arrows). (C) Schematic of cross-section of Thoracophelia mucronata shown for comparison. Oblique muscles attach below
the ventral nerve cord, a position likely to be less effective in resisting radial expansion. dlm, dorsal longitudinal muscles; obm,
oblique muscles; vlm, ventral longitudinal muscles; vnc, ventral nerve cord.
18 C. J. LAW ET AL.
Journal of Morphology
was poor. The two genera have traditionally been
distinguished by the difference in body regions:
Ophelia has two distinct regions and Thoracophe-
lia has three (Blake, 2000).
Similar morphological characteristics such as
the presence of a ventral groove, undulatory bur-
rowing behavior, and lack of circular muscles have
linked polygordiids with opheliids such as Arman-
dia and Polyophthalmus for over a century (McIn-
tosh, 1875; Fraipont, 1887; Rouse and Pleijel,
2001). Our parsimony analysis did recover a clade
consisting of Opheliidae and the morphologically
similar Polygordius with strong support, though it
was markedly lower with ML (Fig. 10), suggesting
further investigation is required. Additionally, the
only previous molecular-based analysis on a
broader scale (Rousset et al. 2007) that included
these taxa found no close relationship for Ophelii-
dae and Polygordius. A recent phylogenetic study
suggested that Scalibregmatidae and Opheliidae
are sister groups (Paul et al., 2010), but this was
not found by Persson and Pleijel (2005) or Rousset
et al. (2007), and Struck et al. (2008) found that
Scalibregmatidae was closer to Fauveliopsis and
Sternaspis (neither included in our analysis) than
Our results showing that Travisia belongs with
Scalibregmatidae, rather than Opheliidae, was
consistent with findings first shown by Persson
and Pleijel (2005) and then corroborated by Paul
et al. (2010). The placement of Travisia into Scali-
bregmatidae confirms century-old discussions of
morphological similarities between the two taxa
and suggestions that there may have been prob-
lems with the placement of Travisia in Opheliidae
(Ashworth, 1901; Blake, 2000; Rouse and Pleijel,
2001). Paul et al. (2010) found that their two spe-
cies of Travisia formed a grade with respect to
Neolipobranchius, suggesting that Neolipobran-
chius Hartman and Fauchald, 1971 should be syn-
onymized with Travisia Johnston, 1840 in future
taxonomic revisions. Our inclusion of a third spe-
cies of Travisia (T. kerguelensis) also found that
Travisia includes Neolipobranchius.
Evolution of Musculature
It has been well-documented that peristaltic
burrowing behavior is common in polychaetes and
involves both circular and longitudinal muscles
(e.g. Arenicola marina,Polyphysia crassa,L. ter-
restris,T. mucronata; Trueman, 1966; Elder, 1973;
Seymour, 1976). We found that the loss of circular
muscles, in part of all of the body, coincided with a
switch from peristaltic to undulatory burrowing in
Polygordius (with the exception of P. appendicula-
tus; Lehmacher et al., in press) and some Ophelii-
dae (Fig. 12A,B).
The reappearance of anterior circular muscula-
ture was found for Opheliinae, which are peristaltic
burrowers. The presence of circular musculature
anteriorly is consistent with our analysis showing
that T. mucronata exhibits peristaltic movements
in only the anterior region of the body, in contrast
to other direct peristaltic burrowers for which the
wave travels the entire length of the body (e.g., P.
crassa; Elder, 1973).
The recent discovery of “minute” circular
muscles in P. appendiculatus (Lehmacher et al., in
press) is interesting as polygordiids exhibit undu-
latory behavior (Dorgan, unpublished data),
whereas circular muscles are generally used in
peristaltic burrowing. They also have oblique
muscles, similar to A. brevis, which likely simi-
larly act with unilateral contraction of longitudinal
muscles to bend the body during undulation. It
seems feasible that the circular muscles may act
in conjunction with the oblique muscles to prevent
radial expansion and enable bending, although
their function during undulatory burrowing and
whether circular musculature may occur in other
polygordiids requires additional study.
With the exception of the outgroups Notomastus
and Arenicola, all our terminal taxa (where
known), both undulatory and peristaltic bur-
rowers, showed oblique muscles that extend from
the midventral line to the midlateral body wall.
Oblique muscles either appear at the ingroup
node, with a subsequent reversal in Arenicola
(ACCTRAN), or appear independently in Scali-
bregmatidae and the Opheliidae/Polygordius clade
(DELTRAN). Broader taxon sampling is needed to
distinguish between these two alternatives. Better
resolution of the position of Polygordius is particu-
larly important in determining the evolution of
undulatory burrowing among these taxa.
The function of oblique muscles appears to differ
between undulatory and peristaltic burrowers.
Oblique muscles are important during locomotion
in A. brevis, acting with longitudinal muscles to
achieve lateral bending (Fig. 13). The presence of
similarly large oblique muscles as well as large
longitudinal muscles in other undulatory Ophe-
lina,Polyophthalmus (Purschke and M€
Fig 2B), and Polygordius suggests similar mecha-
nisms during undulatory behaviors. The oblique
muscles of the peristaltic burrower, T. mucronata
(Fig. 6K,L) occur as multiple thinner bands that
attach at distinct positions along the body wall,
and oblique muscles of the related Ophelia sp.
appear to be similar (Brown, 1938). We suggest
that these secondary muscle bands likely contract
bilaterally rather than unilaterally as in A. brevis
and may help contract the body to reduce friction
as it is pulled forward with the longitudinal
The branching of circular muscles to form
oblique muscles in the anterior of T. mucronata
(Fig. 6C,D,G) suggests that oblique muscles may
have been derived from circular muscles, although
19OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING
Journal of Morphology
our phylogeny leaves the plesiomorphic state of
circular muscles in Opheliidae ambiguous, and we
cannot discount the possibility that circular
muscles may instead be derived from oblique
muscles. This is further complicated by the poor
support (ML) for a Polygordius/Opheliidae clade
and by the presence of circular muscles in P.
appendiculatus and uncertainty about other Poly-
gordius. Transformations showing polygordiids
lacking circular muscles (e.g., ACCTRAN), and the
fact that oblique muscles are also shared by Poly-
gordius and the Ophelininae clade, suggests that
circular muscles may be secondarily derived from
oblique muscles in T. mucronata and other Ophe-
liinae (Fig. 12). An alternative MPR (DELTRAN),
which showed polygordiids as having circular
muscles, suggests that circular muscles were only
lost once in Ophelininae. In this case, oblique
muscles, present in the posterior of Thoracophelia
and Scalibregmatidae, and presumably functioning
to lift the ventral posterior and reduce friction as
the posterior is dragged along, may have moved
more proximally in Armandia to more effectively
prevent radial expansion from longitudinal muscle
contraction during bending. Further research on
the development of musculature is needed to test
Function of Septa in Burrowing
Of all our taxon terminals, only the outgroup
taxon, Notomastus, and Polygordius spp. were
scored with the presence of septa along the entire
body (Fig. 12C). Scoring for Polygordius sp., P.
appendiculatus, and P. lacteus was based on Frai-
pont’s (1887) anatomical study of various polygor-
diid species in which he stated that the body
cavity is separated by septa; presence of septa in
P. jouinae remains unknown. Similarly, Rota and
Carchini (1999) show the presence of intersegmen-
tal septa in the post oesophageal region based on
serial sectioning of Polygordius antarcticus. Under
the MPR shown in Figure 12C, body septa were
lost twice, once in the clade of scalibregmatids and
Arenicola and once for Opheliidae (Fig. 12C). Like
earthworms, the fully septate Notomastus exhibits
retrograde peristalsis (Dorgan, unpublished data).
Polygordius exhibits undulatory rather than peri-
staltic movements (Clark and Hermans, 1976),
similar to aseptate Armandia, but this is clearly
not incompatible with the presence of septa along
the body. Polygordius exhibits more complex move-
ments than Armandia, and it is possible that
septa may provide additional control for maneu-
vering through pore spaces in coarse sands and
gripping grains to prevent being washed out of the
With the exception of Polygordius, the majority
of our ingroup taxa, both peristaltic and undula-
tory, have body cavities that are open and lacking
septa, suggesting that an aseptate body form is
not directly correlated with undulatory vs. peri-
staltic behavior. The function of anterior septa,
however, does differ between the undulatory and
peristaltic burrowers in our study. In the undula-
tory A. brevis, anterior septa are thin and not
muscular. Anterior septa in Armandia likely func-
tion in anterior hydrostatic pressure changes nec-
essary for proboscis eversion (Tzetlin and Zhadan,
2009). Unlike some muscular proboscises (e.g.,
nereids, glycerids), that of A. brevis is not used
during burrowing (Dorgan et al., 2013). The ante-
rior septum in T. mucronata, however, has both
septal circular and longitudinal muscles that con-
tract to inflate the head region and are synchron-
ized with the direct peristaltic wave in the body
wall (Fig. 9). Our anatomical analyses reveal that
only one anterior septum/injector organ occurs in
T. mucronata, which differs from the two anterior
septa suggested by McConnaughey and Fox
(1949). A possible explanation for McConnaughey
and Fox’s (1949) description of a second septum is
that the oblique muscles, previously considered
absent in the anterior region (Clark and Hermans,
1976), could easily be misinterpreted as a septum
in serial sections (cf. Fig. 6).
Modified anterior septa also appear in other
closely related opheliids. Previous studies on
Ophelia rathkei by Brown (1938) and O. bicornis
by Harris (1994) reveal that two anterior septa are
present rather than just a single anterior septum
as exhibited by T. mucronata. Each of the two
septa gives rise to an injector organ, with one sac
being inside the other (Fig. 14). Harris (1994) sug-
gested that the injector organs are “passive,”
although still important in the maintenance of
prostomial coelomic fluid pressure, as the walls of
the injector organs in O. bicornis lacked contract-
ile activity needed to inflate/deflate and push coe-
lomic fluids from the organ into the head region.
Rather, pressure created by the inflation of the
blind capillaries of the prostomial plexuses against
the inelastic cuticle provides additional turgidity
during burrowing (Harris, 1994). Both the struc-
ture and function of the injector organ in T.
mucronata differ from Harris’ (1994) description of
the injector organ in O. bicornis, with that of
Ophelia appearing to be intermediate between the
thin septa of A. brevis and the more muscular and
extended injector organ of T. mucronata.
A modified anterior septum, termed a gular
membrane, has also been described in Arenicola
(Wells, 1954). Like in T. mucronata, a muscular
anterior septum extends posteriorly to form the
gular membrane, which regulates coelomic fluid
pressure for proboscis eversion during burrowing
and feeding (Wells, 1954; Dales, 1962; Trueman,
1966). The gular membrane and modified septum
of Thoracophelia appear to be convergent, as other
taxa included in our analysis, including
20 C. J. LAW ET AL.
Journal of Morphology
scalibregmatids, lack such modified septa. Scali-
bregmatids such as Travisia pupa and S. inflatum
have three to –four anterior septa, the most ante-
rior of which is relatively muscular (Dales, 1962).
Dales (1962) suggests that these anterior septa
help regulate fluid pressurization for proboscis
eversion, which does not appear to be used by S.
inflatum during burrowing (Dorgan, unpublished
Even though the mechanical responses of muds
and sands to burrowers are substantially different,
muds are elastic materials through which most
worms extend burrows by fracture, whereas sands
are noncohesive granular materials, suggesting
that morphologies and behaviors of burrowing ani-
mals might be distinct between these two habitats,
our data showed that habitat distribution is vari-
able and did not coincide well with burrowing
mode, musculature, or presence of septa (Fig. 11).
The nearly identical morphologies, musculature,
and undulatory burrowing behavior within Opheli-
ninae did not coincide with a single sediment dis-
tribution: A. bilobata and Polyophathalmus are
sand-dwelling whereas Ophelina and the remain-
ing of our Armandia species are mud-dwelling. In
muds, A. brevis does not extend burrows by frac-
ture like most mud-burrowers. Rather its body
undulations displace surficial aggregates of muddy
sediment, a mechanism that seems just as feasible
in surficial granular sands (Dorgan et al., 2013),
perhaps explaining this range of habitats for mor-
phologically similar species. However, even gener-
alizations based on similar morphologies and
musculature that appear to be convergent seem to
be an unreliable indicator of habitat distribution.
For instance, injector organs (or gular membranes)
are found in Arenicola (Wells, 1954) and the Thor-
acophelia/Ophelia clade, suggesting that this con-
vergent feature is an important characteristic for
sand burrowing; however, the presence of a gular
membrane in the mud-dwelling Notomastus (Eisig,
1887) does not follow this pattern. Moreover,
Thoracophelia live in noncohesive, granular beach
sands that differ mechanically from the heteroge-
neous sands in which arenicolids are found, where
hydraulic fracture can result from irrigation, indi-
cating that at least some of these sediments con-
tain enough organic material to behave elastically
(Matsui et al., 2011). Simple characterization of
sand vs. mud may therefore overgeneralize the
mechanical responses of sediments to burrowing
behaviors. Similarities in musculature, lack of
septa, and use of direct peristalsis by Scalibregma-
tidae and Thoracophelia/Ophelia suggest a similar
function and potentially similar habitat, yet mem-
bers of the former taxa inhabit muddy sediments,
while the latter inhabit sandy beach environ-
ments. Linking habitat distribution to morphologi-
cal characters is further complicated by the
presence of both undulatory and peristaltic poly-
chaetes in the same habitat (e.g., Woodin, 1974).
The high variability in habitat seen among our
sampled taxa would increase further with greater
taxonomic resolution. For example, whereas the
four species of Ophelia included in this study are
all found in clean sands, three species in that
genus are found in muds or muddy sands (Bellan
and Dauvin, 1991). Similarly, whereas most scali-
bregmatids are found in very fine muds, Asclero-
cheilus beringianus is found in sandy silts and A.
kudenovi in the rocky intertidal (Blake, 2000), and
species in the genera Axiokebuita and Speleo-
bregma, not included in our analysis, crawl or
swim through coarse gravel and boulders in caves
(Martinez et al., in press). Future comparisons of
habitat and morphological characters across a
broader diversity of annelids are needed to deter-
mine whether these characters are correlated and
may also identify additional convergence events.
The ventral groove appears twice in the termi-
nals assessed here; once in S. inflatum and once
in the Opheliidae/Polygordius clade (Fig. 12A).
This ventral groove is restricted to the posterior
region of the body in Opheliinae and in S. infla-
tum. The presence of the ventral groove coincides
well with the absence of circular muscles and the
presence of oblique muscles: in the entire body of
Ophelininae and Polygordius, the ventral groove is
present where circular muscles are absent and
where oblique muscles are present, and in Ophelii-
nae, the ventral groove is present only in posterior
region of the body that also lacks circular muscles
but contain oblique muscles. This trend is incon-
sistent in the peristaltic S. inflatum, where circu-
lar muscles remain present in posterior region
despite being characterized by a ventral groove
(Ashworth, 1901). The ventral groove is not as
prominent as that of opheliids, however, and scali-
bregmids do have oblique muscles, contraction of
Fig. 14. Schematic drawing of the anterior of Ophelia bicornis
showing two smaller injector organs (io) instead of just a single
septum/injector organ as seen in T. mucronata (Fig. 7). Adapted
from Harris (1994).
21OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING
Journal of Morphology
which has been suggested to form the ventral and
lateral grooves (cf. Clark and Hermans, 1976).
With the exception of some Travisia, e.g., T. fusi-
formis,T. gravieri, and T. hobsonae (Dauvin and
Bellan, 1994), scalibregmatids have not been
described as having a ventral groove. S. inflatum
now represents the only other scalibregmatid to be
scored with this feature, and whether other mem-
bers of Scalibregmatidae have ventral grooves
require additional anatomical study.
Interestingly, several other annelid taxa have
ventral grooves, including Terebellidae (Nogueira
et al. 2010), which are primarily tube-dwelling,
suggesting that oblique muscles likely have a func-
tion more similar to those of T. mucronata than A.
brevis.Pisionidens has oblique muscles that, like
those of Armandia, extend diagonally across the
coelomic cavity and create an externally visible
groove, although in Pisionidens the oblique
muscles connect dorsally rather than ventrally,
resulting in a dorsal groove (cf. Fig. 2 of Tzetlin,
1987). Pisionidens lack circular muscles and live
in sandy sediments, often interstitially, and their
morphology indicates that they move similarly to
Armandia. That oblique muscles appear to evolved
independently in several independent clades and
with clearly nonhomologous structures further
supports their important role in locomotion.
Examination of the musculature of A. brevis and
T. mucronata reveals a number of divergences
that lend insight into the functional morphology of
these two species. Our direct comparison identified
several functionally important differences in mor-
phologies, e.g., the attachment of oblique muscles,
and the orientations of the helical fibers in the
cuticle, in addition to previously described pres-
ence vs. absence of circular muscles. Variability in
musculature that is closely tied to locomotory
function is seen broadly across the taxa included
in our phylogenetic analysis. Although most of our
ingroup taxa lack septa all along the body and use
direct peristalsis, the presence of septa in Polygor-
dius suggest that even this feature is not consist-
ent, but has been lost and regained even among
this limited sampling of polychaetes. Both Thora-
cophelia and Arenicola have modified anterior
septa that are important in burrowing, and these
appear to be convergent features. Most of our
characters show multiple equally parsimonious
transformations, yet musculature seems to be
closely tied to locomotory function and suggests
that muscle structure is quite variable evolutio-
narily and that divergence of muscle structure
may be key to evolving different behaviors. Sup-
plementary investigation of the associated motor
patterns, however, is required to fully understand
the evolution of both muscular and functional
change (Lauder, 1990). Habitat, characterized here
as sand vs. mud, showed very poor phylogenetic
consistency. This is unsurprising given the vari-
ability in musculature and that seemingly similar
behaviors, e.g., direct peristalsis, are used by bur-
rowers in both sands and muds.
Polychaetes are an abundant and morphologi-
cally diverse group of organisms and serve as
important members of benthic communities (Rouse
and Pleijel, 2001). Our results highlight the need
for better understanding of both the locomotory
functions of musculatures across a broader sam-
pling of polychaetes and of the interactions
between burrowing behaviors and habitat charac-
teristics, for example, comparison of direct peri-
stalsis in muds versus sands, in understanding
the evolution of burrowing behaviors. Linking dif-
ferences in morphologies between related taxa to
their behaviors and habitats will give us greater
context to the evolution and function of burrowing
animals. Uncovering these functional roles allows
better understanding of the relationship between
community dynamics and ecosystem function as
well as interpreting the importance of species
GWR thanks Reinhardt Kristensen, Martin
S!rensen, and Katrine Worsaae for the invitation
to join the Arctic Workshop 2010: “Exploration of a
cold trail: Arctic pieces to the puzzle of Evolution”
and the Board of the Arctic Station for logistical
support. Special thanks to Jos"
e Ignacio Carvajal
for assistance with DNA sequencing, Harim Cha
for accessioning the vouchers into the Scripps
Benthic Invertebrate Collection, and Martin Tres-
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24 C. J. LAW ET AL.
Journal of Morphology | <urn:uuid:39b717f1-0c67-47a0-9e12-c10d0f14abde> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259770994_Relating_Divergence_in_Polychaete_Musculature_to_Different_Burrowing_Behaviors_A_Study_Using_Opheliidae_Annelida | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.767496 | 30,682 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: Comparison of House-Passed H.R. 3773, S. 2248 as Reported By the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, and S. 2248 as Reported Out of the Senate Judiciary Committee [December 6, 2007] [open pdf - 211KB]
"On November 15, 2007, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 3773, the RESTORE Act of 2007. On October 26, 2007, Senator Rockefeller reported S. 2248, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2007 or the FISA Amendment Act of 2007, an original bill, from the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. S. 2248 was referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee on November 1, 2007. On November 16, 2007, S. 2248 was reported out of the Senate Judiciary Committee by Senator Leahy with an amendment in the nature of a substitute. Each bill includes amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. This report provides a side by side comparison of the provisions of these three measures. A glossary of FISA terms from section 101 of FISA, 50 U.S.C. § 1801 is attached."
CRS Report for Congress, RL34277 | <urn:uuid:13d8a687-c936-4117-beb4-57fe2cfb71e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=481675 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.885919 | 308 | 1.671875 | 2 |
THRIVING WITH AUTISM IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
Tuesday, March 16 | 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm | Zoom Discussion
In every life, there are stages that we navigate, i.e., birth, early childhood, school-age, transition age, adulthood and aging. We (or our parents) confront questions and search for answers that will help us on our journey to a full and meaningful life in each of these stages. While this is true for everyone, it is especially relevant for individuals and families who are living with a disability.
Charting the LifeCourse is a tool that was developed to help individuals and families of all abilities and ages develop a vision for a good life, think about what they need to know and do in each life stage, identify how to find or develop supports, and discover what it takes to live their best lives.
Barbara Sapharas from the The Ohio State University Nisonger Center will guide us through the Early Childhood Life Stage (ages 0-5) using Charting the LifeCourse framework.
Participants will leave with the beginning of a vision for their child that will continue to grow and change as the child ages. This vision can be shared with service providers and family to help them understand what is important to you and your family. Having everyone on the same page can help ensure that your child stays on track to live the life they want.
FOCUS on EARLY CHILDHOOD
Early childhood is the time in a child’s life before they begin school full time.
You may think it’s too soon to be thinking about your young child’s future, but before you know it, they will be in school and then becoming an adult! You will want to give your child the best possible start to prepare them for the next stages of life, and help them reach their vision for an inclusive, productive, full “good life” in the future.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barb has worked in the field of developmental disabilities for over 40 years. She has an MA in Speech Language Pathology (SLP) from Cleveland State University. She has worked as an SLP, Support Administrator, Staff Development Specialist and Direct Support Professional. She is an Ohio Ambassador for Charting the LifeCourse working with the Ohio State University, National Team Member of Charting the LifeCourse-University of Missouri, Kansas City (UMKC), Mentor Trainer in the international Learning Community for Person Centered Practices (TLC-PCP) and serves as a Board Member of the Ohio Self Determination Association and of the International Sibling Leadership Network. Her perspective as a sibling and professional support her passion to empower people with disabilities, families, and professionals.
HOW DO I ATTEND
Registration is required. You will receive an email confirmation with the zoom link for meeting.
If you have questions or would like additional information, please contact Wendy Cline, LSW and ASGA Support Specialist via email here or via phone at 330.940.1441 ext 1.
BROUGHT TO YOU BY:
About the Autism Society of Greater Akron
The Autism Society of Greater Akron (ASGA) is part of a nationwide network of affiliates with the Autism Society of America, the nation’s largest and oldest grassroots autism organization. ASGA serves Summit, Stark, Wayne, Portage and Medina counties (OH) and works locally to achieve its mission --to improve the lives of all affected by autism.
ASGA is also a proud member of the Ohio Family Network (OFN), connecting people with disabilities and their families to local information and resources within their communities. OFN provides opportunities to share ideas, find solutions to common challenges and inspire and strengthen others.
|Event Start Date||03-16-2021 7:00 pm|
|Event End Date||03-16-2021 8:30 pm| | <urn:uuid:7932ea43-ca78-4ccc-91c5-984d19ad4926> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://autismakron.org/early-childhood | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.936955 | 829 | 2.25 | 2 |
To understand MultiVariate Testing (MVT), one needs to understand A/B and A/B/n testing.
A/B Testing is an experimentation process, where you pick one topic that you're looking to experiment on (e.g. Button Colour, Headline, Layout, Page, etc.) and test your current version vs. one alternative. If the topic of change was Button Colour, and your default version (known as the Control group) was Blue, an ABn Test may see you test that against a Green button.
A/B/n Testing is similar to A/B, except that you're testing more than one alternative. If the topic of change was Button Colour, and your default version/Control group was Blue, an ABn Test may see you test that against a Green, Purple and Black button.
MVT is looking not just at one topic, but considering multiple topics within a single Test. In the above example, your Topics could be Button Colour, Headline and Layout. An MVT would see you trial one or more alternatives of each of these topics. You do not need the same number of variations in each topic, if you're running a Full Factorial test (see below). An example structure of this MVT could be:
- Button Colour:
- Control: Blue
- Variation 1: Green
- Variation 2: Purple
- Control: Denim Jeans
- Variation 1: Next-generation denim jeans
- Variation 2: Comfortable, stretchy denim jeans
- Control: Current page layout
- Variation 1: Some different page layout
- Variation 2: Another different page layout
There are also two types of MVTs you can run - Full Factorial and Fractional Factorial.
Full Factorials test every possible combination of the options you've constructed. The principle behind this is to be thorough. In the above example, you'd be running 3x3x3 = 27 experiments.
Fractional Factorial looks to test a balanced subset of these, where every option is given an even chance of exposure to users. The principle behind this is efficiency and indicative results. In the above example, the subset would be just 9 experiments, which is considerably more traffic efficient.
Hope that explains things in detail!
Sandeep from the Webtrends Optimize87 team. | <urn:uuid:3c1fd9e5-2654-4aaf-8b4a-9d60dfc9b21e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://community.saasworthy.com/question/what-is-multivariate-testing-5d25b4e3645f0f7b83c30e72 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.915749 | 501 | 2.5 | 2 |
Designed to provide exposure to Science, Technology, Engineering, the Arts, and Math (STEAM), develop self-esteem, provide an outlet for creative expression, self-expression, and make meaningful connections in the community through an open display of our projects. The eSTEAM Club meets weekly on Saturdays to learn and work on projects that usually take 6-8 weeks to complete based on a customized age appropriate student centered PBL curriculum. Students meet at the local Bradley Recreation Center from 11am-3pm year-round.
|Resources:||Academic enrichment (academic classes, tutoring, testing, etc.)|
|Location:||1200 Modena Street. Gastonia, NC|
Local resource listings are for informational purposes only and do not imply endorsement by TheHomeSchoolMom. (See full terms) | <urn:uuid:8f385a3a-dbfb-466f-8e05-998671f54dbc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/local/esteam-club/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.87867 | 203 | 1.921875 | 2 |
House passes bill limiting early voting in Iowa
On Wednesday night, the Iowa House passed a bill that would limit the early voting in the state.
It passed the House 57-37 with six voted abstained. The bill would cut Iowa's early voting period from 29 days to 20 days and reduce the absentee request period from 120 days to 70 days.
House Speaker Pat Grassley released the following statement: "Iowans deserve an election that they can trust. One that makes it easy to vote and hard to cheat. That is exactly what they'll get with this legislation. Despite the hysteria coming from the Left, Iowa will continue to see successful elections with high voter turnout and results they can trust. With this bill, Iowa's election system will continue to set an example for the rest of the country."
It would also bar county auditors from mailing out absentee ballot applications and auditors could face criminal charges if they violate state guidance.
"Voter integrity is not telling an elderly person she has to jump through hoops. This is voter suppression. The dictionary definition of it," said Democrat Rep. Bruce Hunter.
The Senate approved the bill less than 24 hours ago. It's now headed to the governor's desk.
The bill comes after the November election where Secretary of State Paul Pate said they had a record turnout. | <urn:uuid:91f60b46-d710-483a-8d3d-9323e375f5e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kcci.com/article/house-passes-bill-limiting-early-voting-in-iowa/35622649 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.964099 | 269 | 1.578125 | 2 |
“Being able to laugh! That’s the golden secret to life. We take ourselves so seriously,” answered my friend. At 78, he has much wisdom to share. It may not be ‘new’, but it is tempered by the sheer endurance of his own longevity. Overcoming several physical ailments, and the irregularities and vagaries of the vicissitudes of an individual life, as he has, my friend’s words are not delivered lightly; they arise out of the wellspring of a life lived with keen observation.
One’s ability to encounter life’s history with humor is one thing, but to release it during duress is quite another. (Abashed, we do not like to undress.) In my novel (ADMISSION, a Story Born of Africa,) Adam Broadford is not one to guffaw, nor to chuckle. His humor is confined to a smirk, an intellectual enjoyment of predicament, an intentional play on words, and sometimes even, a deliberate obfuscation. The subtlety is in the mind. Although others may laugh at predicaments, Adam cannot easily give his humor reign. He is always analyzing. Word-play is his favored laugh. (A nosey and disliked teacher, named Mevrou Neusindruk, means Mrs. Nose-shove-in, ha!) Yet, as in Adam’s story, not all word tapestries are woven with the same thread. Although flecks of silvered humor in his writing may appear, here and there, it is a more resilient material, overall, that sews up the course of his progress. His is the sensibility of perpetually thinking about his thinking. If reaction is at the point of having a funny-bone, response is the approbation of events. The approval. We laugh at he who slips on the banana peel (especially if others laugh too). We grow concerned if, having once slipped ourselves, we’ve cracked our tail-bone.
Like using our hands, there are perhaps six deployments to humor. Most obviously, the lewd, crude, and vulgar may be represented by the thumb. Thickest of our digits; it often is the most useful. Second is the index finger, that which pokes fun at others. Third is the middle finger, that which is suggestive, explicit. Fourth is the implicit, the ring finger, circumscribed humor, not readily recognized, until evidently deployed; (my friend, reading this now, may chuckle at this recalling of his bizarre image of decapitating pigeons; another reader may well shudder.) The fifth, the pinky, is humor that entails wisdom, insight, care, compassion. Rare. And the sixth? In the unique lines and craters of our palms, time worn and grooved into our individual psyches, lie the experiences of our personal lives; a smile; a wink; a yoke (ha!) Some things, indeed, are funny.
In order to get their laugh, comedians choose those things common to the crowd. A friend, more personally, may choose something esoteric; something we each know. An acquaintance may tell a joke: “You’re the ugliest buffaloes I ever did see,” said the cowboy, and rode on. The one buffalo turned to the others and said, “Was that a discouraging word?” … What? You don’t know the song: “Oh give me a home, where the buffalo roam, where the deer and the antelope play! Where seldom is heard, a discouraging word, and the clouds do not shame us, all day”? So...? Got you singing? (And yes, I do refer to Jungian shadows by way of using ‘clouds’, indeed! Ha!)
Thing is, as one smiles into the eyes of others with our laughter, we become connected, glued, made humble by the sharing, and transported beyond age, race, religion, and division. Or not. Some humor is sadistic. Some humor is too off colour. Some humor is far too dependent on identification with specifics of language, ideology, place. Some humor is esoteric, built up out of intellectual commonality. Some has its foundation in wit, witticisms, and word-play. But that which tickles our collective funny bone quite clearly needs be germane to all; commonality is the precursor to the longevity of a joke. We know that. How else to laugh at the sheriff saying that the cowboy is wanted for rustling! Why? Well, since he wears a paper hat, has a paper gun, and even shoots paper bullets! (Rustling! Ha! Get it?) …..Oh! (ha! ha!)
In the laugh and the catching of another’s eyes we are humbled by humor. Age, and distinctions of attainment, pedigree, race, religion, and even sex can all disappear in the connection of jokes. It can. But it seldom does. After all, to let go of all inhibition, one needs to undress. Ugh! | <urn:uuid:eced35e1-44e8-40ae-843e-55aab322c2dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mrpswords.blogspot.com/2019/02/humbled-by-humor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.96034 | 1,055 | 1.640625 | 2 |
The American Artwork Therapy Association encourages recognized requirements for artwork therapy education, ethics and practice. Volunteer committees consists of people and different professionals in the field definitely work on governmental affairs at the national and state level, clinical dilemmas and skilled development. The Association’s determination to continuing education and study is demonstrated through their annual national discussion, journals, its distance understanding capacity which can be in growth and national prizes realizing quality in the field of art therapy.
During record, Aesthetic appearance has been useful for the applications of therapeutic, but artwork therapy did not emerge as a distinct occupation before 1940s. Early in the 20th century, psychiatrists became significantly interested in the artwork their individuals with mental infection created. And teachers were discovering that children’s artwork expressions reflected developmental, psychological, and cognitive growth. The job of numerous modern artists of the period used equally ancient and child-like models to state mental sides and dispositions (Dubuffet, Picasso, Miro and Braque, for example.)
By the mid-century, hospitals, centers, and rehabilitation stores increasingly began to include artwork therapy applications combined with more traditional verbal therapy practices, realizing that the procedure of fabricating artwork increased recovery, wellness, and wellness. As a result, the career of art therapy grew in to a highly effective and essential way of communication, analysis, and treatment of young ones and adults in a number of settings. Nowadays, the profession of artwork therapy has obtained importance in healthcare services through the entire United Claims and within psychiatry, psychology, counseling, training, and the arts.
Artwork practitioners, as identified by the National Artwork Treatment Association, are masters stage professionals who maintain a diploma in art therapy or a related field. Academic requirements contain: theories of art treatment, counseling, and psychotherapy; ethics and standards of practice; assessment and evaluation; individual, class, and household methods; individual and creative growth; modern dilemmas; study practices; and practicum activities in scientific, neighborhood, and/or other settings. Artwork practitioners are experienced in the application form of a number of art modalities (drawing, painting, sculpture, and other media) for evaluation and treatment.
Artwork counselors are professionals trained in both artwork and therapy. They’re experienced in individual growth, psychological ideas, medical practice, religious, modern and imaginative traditions, and the therapeutic possible of art. They choose art in therapy, examination and research, and provide consultations to allied professionals. Artwork therapists assist people of all ages: persons, couples, people, organizations and communities. They offer solutions, independently and included in clinical groups, in options that include emotional health, rehabilitation, medical and forensic institutions; community outreach programs; wellness centers; schools; nursing domiciles; corporate structures; open companies and separate practices.
A skill specialist needs a certificate to apply art therapy. Artwork therapy accreditation differs from state to state.
Artwork treatment handles a part of the mind that’s frequently practical when the rest are dysfunctional or maybe not functioning well.
Several can benefit from art therapy, including hospitalized children, teens, people and the elderly. In addition, art treatment advantages the emotionally ill. In many cases, people that have depressions, anxiety and anxiety brought on by trauma or developmental challenges have trouble expressing their deep feeling. Producing art often allows them to begin to become released from their own dysfunctions.
Older people, and especially Alzheimer’s individuals, suffering from various levels of memory loss, time and place dysfunction do to aging may react to pulling, painting and building and commence to assume control and regain a few of these missing capabilities.
Studies show that artwork treatment sessions with seniors have inspired storage and head function–creative motion has paid down the dangers of comes and incidents and encourages balance and movement. The Museum of Modern Artwork in New York has a program named “Match and MOMA.” On Tuesdays, once the Memorial is usually shut, number of Alzheimer’s people and their caregivers tour the galleries. The excitement of seeing and discussing graphics enriches their lives and stimulates them mentally. Considering that the establishment of this system, many patients have exhibited marked development in memory, cognitive consciousness and self expression.
The best AI generate art helps prisoners address their angers, fears, and resentments. Through creating, they begin to see themselves and know what inspired them to commit a crime. And art creating provides many to be able to create a talent that may enrich, not only their lives, nevertheless the lives of others.
Artwork and the innovative process brings stability, self-esteem and enjoyment to anyone who is challenged by emotional or physical disabilities. Through the creative process, deep-seated feelings appear in an soft, nurturing atmosphere. Individuals are allowed to generally meet their worst doubts, anxieties and problems by performing art that expresses that challenge. When it’s identified, see and discussed, usually the overwhelming proportion is diminished. In a group, the participants know that the others have doubts and issues also, just like them. Eating problems can be addressed and sometimes, treated by imagination as the underlying reason behind the disorder is frequently concealed and emerges through the art work.
Artwork therapy, effective in a specialist placing, creates a sense of self, that that will be frequently lost in seniors, Alzheimer’s individuals or individuals with psychological illness. Sensory excitement through art making fills in wherever there is a deficit of feeling of home and sensory stimulation. That is established through the usage of any and all employs of art materials and abilities, including painting, drawing, water color, collage or sculpture. | <urn:uuid:46cda2dc-8f42-42ce-8c05-f67deef6b5c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gt86academy.com/art-treatment-wellness-alternative/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.951298 | 1,148 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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The Nestorian Cross
I clearly recall the moment I came across the Nestorian Cross of Anuradhapura for the first time. It was one of those museum moments, when one small artefact stands taller than the rest in the crowded collection, and grabs a distracted visitor. At the Archaeological Museum, Anuradhapura, walking past artefacts that both enchant and estrange in chorus, this small Christian relief on a smooth granite column cast an immediate spell on me.
How do you make sense of objects without a story? All these artefacts have stories that we do not know: Who could have made them? Who could have used them and what did these artefacts mean to them? The Nestorian Cross had all of these mysteries ringing in its name, a certain exceptionality for such a small motif.
I could have easily missed it.
And yet, the moment I set my eyes on it, it rose from its miniature oblivion to shine an enormous shard of light upon lesser-known aspects of our island’s history. Amidst the array of artefacts that spoke of the grand Buddhist civilization of Anuradhapura – a story that we all know because we learn it in school – the Nestorian Cross told a different story.
With this miniature cross, I had a small epiphany – that most things don’t make it to the textbooks. And though they don’t, they were still a very significant part of the story; part of the truth. It’s almost as if I carried the knowledge of the existence of the Nestorian Cross within me, an iota of ancient knowledge embedded in my psyche that simply had to be re-tapped. I am of this island, and this little cross is also my story. Déjà vu.
Is it a mascot? A symbol of a place of worship?
Or a mark on a tomb of some Assyrian traveller
who decided never to leave this soil?
A mere decoration, it cannot be
For those who seek the possibility
Of countless stories.
The mysteries of Histories.
The Nestorian Cross, 5th century AD, Archaeological Museum, Anuradhapura Sri Lanka
I had scribbled amateurishly in my travel journal. The Nestorian Cross had woken me up from my mid-day museum comatose.
What’s special about a Christian symbol in a predominantly Buddhist pilgrim site? When it was first discovered in 1912, during the early excavations North East of the Anuradhapura citadel, the immediate determination of the then Archaeological Commissioner, Edward R. Ayrton was that the Nestorian Cross is of Portuguese provenance. After all, the colonial masters considered Ceylon a ‘Boodhist’ island geographically located beneath a ‘Hindoo’ India. The convenient interpretation was that Christianity came to the island with the Portuguese. It was an idea born in the colonial imagination: ‘The World’ was ‘discovered’ only by them and nobody on earth ever moved an inch before they got into their ships with their guns.
Ayrton’s successor, Arthur Maurice Hocart, was fascinated by the Nestorian Cross as well, as he describes it in 1924, in his book ‘Memoires of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon’: “a cross of a floret type standing on a stepped pedestal from which emanates two fronds on each side of the cross like horns,” and concludes that it is indeed a Portuguese Cross. But the Portuguese, who came to the island in 1505, controlled only the maritime provinces of Ceylon. Settling in the interiors of the island, and especially in Anuradhapura, a ruined and partially buried city by then, seems unlikely. The famous historian of the Portuguese period Fernao De Queyroz himself mentions the futile attempts made by the Portuguese on the orders of the King of Portugal to discover Anuradhapura.
And so, the mystery of the Nestorian Cross drew scholars who called for a more realistic explanation. In 1926, the British civil servant and scholar Humphrey Codrington puts forth an argument ahead of his times. Well versed in Syrian liturgies and the history of the Oriental Orthodox Church, Codrington draws from a 6th century AD manuscript, Christian Topography by the Alexandrian merchant and monk Cosmas Indicopleustes, which describes the presence of a community of Persian Christians in Taprobanê thus:
“In Taprobane, an island in inner India, where the Indian Sea is, there is also a Christian church [Ekklesia christianon] there, and clergy and faithful [klerikoi kai pistoi], but I do not know whether there are any further on. Similarly, in the place called Male, where pepper grows, and in the place called Kalliana, there is also a bishop, ordained in Persia. Similarly, in the island called Dioscorides in the same Indian Sea, there the inhabitants speak Greek, since they are settlers of the Ptolemies, … and there are clergy ordained in Persia and sent to those parts, and a community of Christians.”
Codrington argued for a much earlier date for the cross of Anuradhapura – as early as CE 500. Three hundred years after Jesus there were already Syrian Christians in South India, and Codrington uses the similarities of the Anuradhapura cross to South Indian stone crosses bearing Pahlavi and Syriac inscriptions as further evidence, Pahlavi being a script of Middle Iranian languages. Slowly, a more plausible explanation takes shape and the island known today as Sri Lanka emerges at the centre of the ‘Silk Road of the Sea’. As Cosmas accurately described:
“From the whole of India, Persia and Ethiopia, the island, acting as intermediary, welcomes many ships, and likewise despatches them. From regions of the interior, i.e. Tzinista [China] and other markets, it imports silk, aloes, cloves, clove-wood, sandalwood, and all native products. And it re-exports them to the people of the exterior, i.e. to Male…and to Kalliana…similarly to Sindou…and to Persia, Himyarite country and to Adulis.”
The History of Land and Ocean
We never quite realize that the history we learn in school is ‘land-locked’. No one thinks that history ever happened out there at sea. This is possibly because history was held hostage by post-colonial nationalisms, where their scopes was defined by newly drawn ‘national borders’. Oceans were nationalized too, but to a lesser extent than the land. After all, there are no ‘sons of the sea’; only ‘sons of the soil’! The moment we focus on the oceans as arenas of history, our cherished popular perceptions of it run into trouble.
From the 2nd century BCE the Oceanic Silk Route connected the East and the West. Trade, faiths, people and ideas took sail. Just like us, our ancestors moved around in the world for all sorts of reasons. New research is bringing to light how the Indian Ocean was replete with ships of Arabian, Egyptian, Sassanian, Tamil and Chinese merchants, to name only a few. They would have all sailed past the popular port-of-call, Mantai, in the island known as Sri Lanka today. Historians now point out the possibility of expatriate merchant communities being long-term residents in the island, due to its very strategic location between the East and the West. This was confirmed by the archaeological finds in Mantai in 1984, when Archaeologist John Carswell found a Sasanian period clay bulla with three seal impressions. Two oval seals placed closer together are of a Persian mythological creature with the head of a man and body of a winged-bull and a Pahlavi inscription reading ‘abzāy farrōxīh’ (“May fortune increase!”). The third seal, set within a diamond field, is a cross, with unmistakably similar stylistic features to the Nestorian Cross of Anuradhapura. So then, there’s not just one, but two Nestorian Crosses found so far on the island. Perhaps there’s more, waiting to be discovered.
The existence of the sea silk route ensured that the rest of the world was aware of the island’s existence as early as in the 3rd century BCE. The name Taprobane is first reported to Europeans by Greek geographer Megasthenes who served as an ambassador to King Chandragupta Maurya in India, also known as Sandrokottos in the Hellenic world. The first geographic depiction of the island can be traced back to Eratosthenes (276-196 BCE), upon whose work the more famous work of Ptolemy The Geographia builds on.
Ptolemy’s map of Taprobane, though at times disputed to portray Sumatra, is now widely accepted as the first detailed depiction of the island. It is no small wonder that the Ptolemic place names are as accurate as ‘Anurogramum’ (Anuradhapura) and ‘Nagadiba’, (Nagadipa?). However, Ptolemy’s map infers the island to be bigger than it actually is, especially in contrast to his reductionist depiction of the Indian peninsula. This is not the first time the island’s size is exaggerated. An earlier treatise De Mundo (On the Universe), likely to have been published around 350 – 200 BCE (and incorrectly attributed to Aristotle’s Corpus Aristotelicum) mentions “The island of Taprobane, opposite India, situated at an angle to the inhabited world, is quite as large as the British isle.”
What all of these ancient knowledges indicate is that there is an Indian Ocean island which was of utmost importance to trade routes that connected the East and the West. The early larger-than-life projections were not geographically literal but only figurative of its importance to the Known World. On a banner displayed at the entrance to the Maritime Heritage Museum, Galle, Prof. Sudharshan Seneviratne expresses this idea beautifully:
“A land known by many a name to the World System located to the east and west of this island, its history is essentially a story of trans-oceanic connectivity. It is a story of how this island came to evolve its unique personality due to the convergence of multiple streams of people, cultures, languages, religions, ethnicities and technologies. The historical saga of Sri Lanka, an island situated in a pivotal position in the Indian Ocean Rim, could not be inscribed otherwise in the annals of history and most certainly not without the story of the sea – a story of nurtured reciprocity as one of the most valued ‘ports of call’ in antiquity.”
Enough proof that we were never an island unto itself. Not only does this change our understanding of Sri Lanka radically, but it even calls to redefine the way in which we understand islands. Even those in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, were never as cut off as one would imagine, if you ask the indigenous navigators of the Pacific Ocean. And an Indian Ocean island just off the tip of South India, can only be a hub for all the crisscrossing trade routes. Viewed in this light, a Nestorian Cross, or even a Maori Totem Pole, on this island shouldn’t be a surprise!
If economics of trade connected us viscerally to the lands beyond our imagination, then politics connected us most, among other lands, to that of our great neighbour India. Though our history is replete with many examples, the one that draws me most is another enigmatic site at the heart of the island – Nalanda. It is a temple shrouded in mystery.
Before we proceed, let’s ask, why Nalanda? How do we jump from the far-flung trade routes of the Indian Ocean, into mystic ruins in the central highlands? A leap of faith indeed, geographically speaking: If the Nestorian Cross enriches the story of a great Buddhist civilization of Anuradhapura in one way, Nalanda does the same in an even more fascinating manner: It deepens the very idea of the grand Buddhist civilization of Anuradhapura, shedding light on multiple strands, including esoteric practices, than the Theravada form which we identify with the island today.
No one quite knows of Nalanda’s origins. Who built it? What for? Who worshipped here? Why is it called Nalanda?
None of these questions have clear answers. But there is one truth about it that is obvious and undisputed. Very much like the great Pallava temple of Mahabalipuram, South India, Nalanda Gedige is a fine example of Pallava architecture. Colonial adventurer and Engineer of the British Army Major Roland Raven Hart, struck by its charms, writes in his book, Ceylon: History in Stone:
“Elsewhere there are plenty of Hindu buildings, and plenty of Buddhist ones, and some muddled mongrels; but here the styles are interwoven. The ground-plan is Buddhist, the vestibule pure Hindu and so is the little windowless shrine: the plain moonstone and crocodile balustrade and rivers of dwarfs and architrave of the doorway are Sinhalese, and jambs Tamilian; even the sculptures are fairly shared. The whole effect is charming and for me unexpectedly classical, nor did I find the exterior “over-richly decorated” as did Bell, though it is crowded with pilasters and horseshoe false windows and more jolly dwarfs. And the dome must have been a worthy climax when all its four faces were present, each with horseshoe niche and statue, instead of the only one which was found.”
The Pallavas were instrumental in the transition from rock-cut architecture to stone temples. But the Pallavas were Hindu. This makes Nalanda even more mysterious yet again. Mahabalipuram is also known as Mamallapuram, and Mamalla or the ‘great wrestler’ is a reference to 7th century Pallava King, Narasinghavarman I, close friend and ally of King Manavamma. Did Manavamma build Nalanda, in the grand Pallava style, in memory of his loyal friend, the great Pallava King?
Let us visualize a possible backstory, from what little we know.
It’s the 7th century AD, South India, the dry flat lands north of Kanchipuram reverberating with clash of swords and battle cry. The Chalukyas from the Deccan are attacking the Northern provinces of Pallava country in South India. At the heart of the battle, together with the great Pallava King Narasinhavarman I, is the fugitive Prince Manavarman of Lanka, fighting the Chalukyas to the end.
Being in exile, Manavarman has resided in the Pallava court for a very long time. Enough time, as they say, ‘to go native’. Upon the defeat of Chalukyas, Manavarman is heralded as a hero for his bravery and loyalty to the Pallavas. In return, Narasimhavarman supports Manavarman, not once but twice with his armies to capture power in Lanka.
Upon the second attempt in 684 CE, Manavamma ascends the throne of Lanka, founding the second Lambakanna dynasty, which reigned in Anuradhapura for the next 400 years.
The inscription found at Nalanda does not mention Manavamma or anything about its origins. A building without a benefactor. The dates are somewhere between 8th-11th century AD. There are no clear historical records that connect Manavamma and Nalanda, though the story of Manavamma and Narasimghvarman has some historical sources such as the Culavamsa and some South Indian copper inscriptions. Incidentally, the origin of Mahabalipuram in India is also unclear. Though colonial archaeologists attribute the temple to Narasinghavarman I, these claims are not corroborated by archaeological evidence or historic records.
The vagueness and incompleteness of the past will stand between us and the truth. Similar to the Nestorian Cross, Nalanda challenges our perceptions of easy categories. What is Buddhist? What is Hindu? What is Tantric?
The iconography of Nalanda that dazzled Raven Hart points towards esoteric Buddhist practices in the Anuradhapura period, a perspective supported by a large number of Buddhist bronzes found in the island. Some of these such as the Tara, now with the British Museum, and the Avalokiteswara from Veheragala at the National Museum, Colombo, have achieved celebrity status. In fact, the museum catalogue, ‘The heritage of Sri Lankan Bronze Sculpture’ believes that the Veheragala Avalokitesvara’s style shows affinity to a South Indian product of 7th-9th centuries in the stylistic trends of the Chalukyas.
Ah, the infinite interconnections! The only inference is that faith is never a matter of straightforwardness; and that all religions and their representations are, to a great extent, syncretic.
Whoever built Nalanda, it is today evidence of the close and intricate ties the island had with the sub-continent. The endless power struggles, matrimonial alliances and individuals in exile who return with appreciation for the ‘foreign’, have shaped the islands history as much as oceanic trade and port cities did. As phenomena travel across time and space, be they economics or politics, religion or architecture, exiled princes or colonial adventurers, they are destined to be the ‘muddled mongrels’, Raven Hart observes. He is only mistaken in one regard, that is, his use of the word in a derogatory sense. If anything, the muddled mongrel is the closest to the truth we can ever come.
As different as they may sound from each other, the stories of the Nestorian Cross and Nalanda contain a kernel of fundamental truth about islands:
Islands are like oases; Oases are defined by the deserts that nestle them; islands are defined by the oceans that surround them. The story of an oasis is the story of the dessert with its caravan routes and guiding stars.
One could only narrate the stories of this island, in connection to the vast oceans and the greater world. In that sense, it is a premise which brings a measure of relief: we have always been an island of fascinating encounters. We were never isolated. We were never alone.
This exhibit was supported by Historical Dialogue.lk, an initiative of the programme Strengthening Reconciliation Processes in Sri Lanka (SRP). SRP is co-financed by the European Union and the German Federal Foreign Office and implemented by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the British Council. | <urn:uuid:453c5191-ce44-4ff7-a125-ff715b4abc10> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://momac.lk/the-greater-world-islands-oceans-and-beyond/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.951378 | 4,100 | 2.421875 | 2 |
The Earthworks Methane Misinformation Scorecard shows that oil and gas company commitments on climate have failed to translate into significant climate action. The research tracks promises to cut methane and tackle climate from 8 major oil and gas companies and compares them to actions taken by those same companies to reduce climate pollution.
This report finds that:
- While 5 of 8 major oil and gas companies have previously publicly opposed Trump administration rollbacks to national rules cutting methane pollution, only 2 out of 8 have supported ANY strong, enforceable efforts to advance state-level policies to reduce oil and gas emissions proposed by governors to compensate for the loss of national standards (both in Colorado and both in singular instances of limited safeguards for venting and flaring).
- Although all 8 major oil and gas companies have made publicly available corporate climate commitments, and several spend extensively on advertising a “green” image, each of the 8 major companies still pays dues to one or more lobbying groups opposing government climate action and making contributions to anti-climate politicians.
- Finally, none of these companies has proven that voluntary corporate commitments made over the past three years have resulted in significant reductions in climate pollution at production sites, based on Earthworks sampling from hundreds of field investigations in the oil and gas fields across the U.S. | <urn:uuid:5089c06c-dc23-49bc-aa61-9afc39cb4d66> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://earthworks.org/resources/methane-misinformation-scorecard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.952609 | 260 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Ponding water on flat roof systems is one of the most misunderstood topics. Opinions range from, “It’s a flat roof, it’s meant to hold water,” to, “No water should ever sit on a flat roof for more than 24 hours.” The truth is in the middle.
As a general rule of thumb, most single-ply manufacturers require 80% of water to be off of a roof within 48 hours of a rain event. So, if there are a few places throughout the roof that have some ponding water after this 48-hour point, it is within the design of the roof system.
On most coating systems, ponding water is less flexible. Requirements vary, but generally, if ponding water exists, coating warranties either exempt these areas or require a more expensive and more heavy-duty flashing grade coating to be used.
Asphalt roof systems tend to be in the middle. The 80% rule within 48 hours of a rain event still applies, but they typically prefer ponding to be as limited as possible.
So what can be done to reduce ponding water? There are a few options:
- Consider a full or partial tear off, even if only 1 roof exists. Ponding water can be created from wet or damaged insulation, and so removing and replacing these areas can help.
- Consider a tapered roof system. Tapered insulation has a slight pitch to it, typically 1” over 8’, 1” over 4’, or 1” over 2’. While this sounds small, it makes a big difference on completely flat roofs that hold water. The downside of tapered insulation is that it is very expensive. Creating a pitch like this on a flat commercial roof system can increase the amount of insulation used dramatically. Additionally, installing a tapered roof system is like installing a puzzle, each piece has a place. So, installing a tapered roof system can add a substantial amount to the cost. Typically, it adds 30% to 50% to the total amount of the project.
- Add additional drains. If interior plumbing can be added easily, installing additional drains is one of the easiest and most cost-effective solutions, especially if ponding water is concentrated in a few areas. Basically, we would install a new drain with sumped insulation. This makes the roof area slightly lower around the drain. Then, a licensed plumber would connect the drain inside the building.
- Add a scupper box. If the ponding water is located near the edge of the building, or if interior plumbing is not an option, consider a scupper box and downspout. This would involve installing a new scupper box, downspout, and sumped insulation near the edge. Sumped insulation basically means that the insulation is lower around the scupper box than the surrounding roof, which helps promote drainage. If needed, we can also cut in a larger relief, so that water has a path to the downspout.
These are the most common steps that we at Chaffee Roofing take to reduce ponding water. If you have an issue with ponding water and want to review ideas, reach out to us and we would be happy to review your options! | <urn:uuid:fa369f4a-7795-4c4b-be23-12f0f2ea65a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.chaffeeroofing.com/blog/ponding-water-how-much-is-too-much/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.953367 | 671 | 1.882813 | 2 |
|국가/구분||United States(US) Patent 등록|
|미국특허분류(USC)||62/60 ; ; 62/372 ; ; 62/4572|
|발명자 / 주소|
|인용정보||피인용 횟수 : 7 인용 특허 : 14|
A shipper for safely transporting materials, particularly materials which must be precooled and maintained within a predetermined temperature for the time period while in transport, is provided. The shipper has a vessel for receiving and containing the sample material. The vessel has a contiguous wall defining a vessel cavity and a port for receiving the precooled material. A lid sealably engages with the port, the lid having an inert surface adjacent to the vessel cavity. A precooled refrigerant removably jackets the vessel to maintain the precooled mat...
A method for shipping materials which must be precooled and maintained within a predetermined temperature range for a given period of time comprising: (1) placing precooled material within a precleaned vessel having a contiguous wall defining a vessel cavity and a port for receiving precooled material; (2) sealably engaging the port with a precleaned lid having an inert liner adjacent to the vessel cavity; (3) jacketing a precooled refrigerant around the vessel so that the refrigerant maintains the precooled material within a predetermined temperature ra... | <urn:uuid:dd6c38bc-75cf-4717-afd8-8a013749ff9d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scienceon.kisti.re.kr/srch/selectPORSrchPatent.do?cn=USP1997025600958 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.867385 | 423 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Ghana: Banking association introduces a joint common mobile money solution
Aiming at promoting digital transformation and upholding financial inclusion, Ghana’s banking association Ghana Interbank Payment and Settlement Systems (GhIPSS) launched a mobile money service, dubbed GhanaPay. The service, which is provided by local universal banks, rural banks, and savings and loans companies to individuals and businesses, is open to anyone with access to a cell phone, with or without a traditional bank account. ‘By establishing this common GhanaPay mobile wallet, the cost of testing any new technology for each bank is reduced and allows new ways of doing business. Indeed, this is an exciting development for Ghana’s payment systems landscape and demonstrates how collaboration with the banking sector can proffer solutions for the transformation and deepening of the payments ecosystem,’ said Governor of the Bank of Ghana Ernest Addison. | <urn:uuid:a8cf9e13-4b59-4e33-b1c5-30385761beb0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dig.watch/updates/ghana-banking-association-introduces-a-joint-common-mobile-money-solution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.918042 | 176 | 1.632813 | 2 |
This error message is the most frequent error message when connecting to SQL Server. You see this error message when you use SqlClient. In SNAC, the error message is slightly differently as follows:
C:>osql -E -Syourserver
[SQL Native Client]Named Pipes Provider: Could not open a connection to SQL Server [xxx].
[SQL Native Client]Login timeout expired
Basically, this error message just tell you that the client cannot make a connection to the server. It's equvalent to "SQL Server does not exist or access denied" in MDAC. Although the error message say about Named Pipe Provider, the issue does not have to be NP related. The reason is that, by default, the client stack try TCP and NP in order. If the connection attempt could not success with any of them, then NP is the last protocol tried and this is the error message to present to users.
When users see this error message, sometimes xxx is omitted. But actually, xxx is the most important part of this error message. xxx is Windows error code and it gives customer hints about why the connection fails. Here are some error code users often see. I also explain the root cause and possible solutions here.
winerr 53 means "The network path was not found". If you got this message, it means the client stack cannot find the target machine. Here are possible reasons for this failure,
a) typo in the server name, or using "/" rather than "" between server name and instance name, e.g. "myserver/myinst" is not correct.
b) name resolution to the server name is not correct, "ping -a yourserver" would tell if that's the case
c) The server machine is firewall'ed and file sharing is not in the exception list. You need put "File and Printer Sharing" in exception.
2) xxx = 1326
winerr 1326 means "Logon failure: unknown user name or bad password". When you get this error code, it means a) the client stack is able to reach the target machine, and b) the service account of the client application does not have enough credential to make a NP session to the server. NP is based on SMB (file sharing). The logon failure message represented by winerr 1326 is from SMB layer, not SQL Server. You need to make sure you can make a file sharing to the server machine with the same service account. If you cannot make a file sharing between your server and your client, NP in SQL Server would not success. Try "net use" or "Map Network Drive" to check this. This often happens when server and/or client is not on domain.
3) xxx = 2
winerr 2 means "The system cannot find the file specified". This error message means the client can reach the server but there is no Named Pipe listener with specific pipe name on the target machine. It also means the account can have a file sharing session without a problem.Possible reasons are:
a) typo in instance name or wrong instance name. The instance name is not the one you are targeting. Note that for default instance, you shouldn't use MSSQLSERVER as instance name.
b) Target SQL Server is not running
c) Named Pipe is not enabled on the server. In this case, the SQL server is not listenning on the specific pipe name.
4) xxx = 233
winerr 233 means "No process is on the other end of the pipe". If you see this error, it usually means you don't have sufficient credential to connect to the server, e.g, wrong user name and/or password when you are using SQL authentication. The connection is closed by server before an error message is sent to the client.
There are other error code come with this error message, but they are not as often as the ones I just mentioned. When you see a new error code, just use "net helpmsg xxx" to get some information and see if you can figure out any suspecious issue.
As I have mentioned, this error message does not mean you have an issue with NP. You can do something unrelated to NP to eliminate this error message, e.g.
a) make sure target machine is accessible
b) target server is running
c) TCP protocol on the target instance is enabled
d) sqlservr.exe and/or the TCP port that the server listens is on firewall exception if firewall is ON.
By doing this, you may success with TCP or have a failure with an error message related to TCP and/or logon credential. This is because we success or fail with TCP protocol and does not even come to the point of using NP.
Xinwei Hong, SQL Server Protocols
Disclaimer: This posting is provided "AS IS" with no warranties, and confers no rights | <urn:uuid:d1b25ffb-9456-453d-bba1-2beac16a76e1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/sql-server-blog/named-pipes-provider-error-40-could-not-open-a-connection-to-sql/ba-p/383279 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.896107 | 1,032 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Products Qty: 1
First published in 1966, Robert Blake's biography of Disraeli is one of the supreme political biographies of the last hundred years.$80.00
An outsider, a nationalist, a European, a Romantic and a Tory - Disraeli's story is an extraordinary one. Born in 1804, the grandson of an immigrant Italian Jew, he became leader of the Conservative Party and was twice Prime Minister. Famous for the 1867 Reform Act, his purchasing of the Suez Canal and his diplomatic triumphs at the Congress of Berlin, he was also the creator of the political novel and, in Sybil, wrote the major 'Condition of England' work of fiction.
'An outstandingly successful biography . . . Disraeli has never been brought so vividly to life.' Sir Philip Magnus, Daily Telegraph
'A huge, scholarly and remarkably readable work which makes us revise vast tracts of our assumptions about nineteenth-century politics.' Sir Michael Howard, Sunday Times
'A book that people will still be reading in fifty years' time and long after.' Times Literary Supplement | <urn:uuid:72044a61-aa10-4393-b20f-611f7f3725a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://freedompublishingbooks.com.au/product_info.php?products_id=20409?osCsid=7vdg49leaslogfaov2a1tpauk5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.956133 | 223 | 2.359375 | 2 |
From Brian Ross’ “Fake FedEx Trucks; When the Drugs Absolutely Have to Get There” (ABC News: 18 January 2008):
Savvy criminals are using some of the country’s most credible logos, including FedEx, Wal-Mart, DirecTV and the U.S. Border Patrol, to create fake trucks to smuggle drugs, money and illegal aliens across the border, according to a report by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement.
Termed “cloned” vehicles, the report also warns that terrorists could use the same fake trucks to gain access to secure areas with hidden weapons.
The report says criminals have been able to easily obtain the necessary vinyl logo markings and signs for $6,000 or less. Authorities say “cosmetically cloned commercial vehicles are not illegal.”
In another case, a truck painted with DirecTV and other markings was pulled over in a routine traffic stop in Mississippi and discovered to be carrying 786 pounds of cocaine.
Police said they became suspicious because the truck carried the markings or DirecTV and several of its rivals. An 800 number on the truck’s rear to report bad driving referred callers to an adult sex chat line. | <urn:uuid:185fcb07-6988-4ef1-864b-aab3a6b493ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.granneman.com/2008/11/22/cloned-trucks-used-to-commit-crimes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.954191 | 255 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Pakistan’s top judge warns government against compromising constitutionally guaranteed rights of citizens for short-term gains
The growing perception in Pakistan that the process of accountability currently being pursued is lopsided and a “part of political engineering” is dangerous and must be corrected so it does not lose all credibility, Chief Justice of Pakistan Asif Saeed Khosa said on Wednesday.
Addressing the opening ceremony of the new judicial year of the Supreme Court of Pakistan in Islamabad, he said that recovery of “stolen wealth” is a noble undertaking but must be advanced through legitimate and legal avenues. “If in the process the constitutional and legal morality of the society and the recognized standards of fairness and impartiality are compromised then retrieval of the lost constitutional and legal morality may pose an even bigger challenge to the society at large in the days to come,” he said, warning the process should not lose sight of political justice while discussing equally important aspects of social and economic justice.
During the wide-ranging speech, the CJP also noted ‘disturbing’ reports of a muzzled media and suppression of dissent. “A voice suppressed or an opinion curbed generates frustration, frustration gives rise to discontent and increasing discontent poses a serious threat to the democratic system itself,” he said, adding that constitutionally guaranteed rights of citizens should never be compromised for short-term advantages. “Democracy requires a long-term approach and tolerance for dissent and without that the system plunges into authoritarianism and we have witnessed plenty of it in the past with disastrous consequences.”
Khosa also noted that Bar representatives had voiced concerns over loss of political space in governance and warned that this situation did not bode well for the future of Pakistan as a constitutional democracy.
The chief justice praised the judiciary’s performance over the past year, noting around 3.68 million cases were decided by around 3,100 judges and magistrates in this time period. The 17 judges of the Supreme Court, he said, decided 16,131 cases in the last year. He also praised the recently launched e-court system, noting it was instrumental in helping the judiciary “discharge its constitutional responsibility of providing expeditious and inexpensive justice.”
The CJP said the court would no longer tolerate any case of false testimony, adding that anyone found lying about one material aspect of a case would be disbelieved in all other aspects of the case. He said that “no meaningful reforms can be introduced in the criminal justice sector unless the police in the country are also reformed” and hailed the Police Reforms Committee for suggesting reforms that had already started showing positive dividends. He said the committee was already working on improving the quality of investigation of criminal cases and was also contemplating enhancing urban policing, effectiveness of anti-terrorism laws, police accountability and integration of the criminal justice system.
Commenting on the Supreme Judicial Council, which is mandated to prove the conducts of senior judges, Khosa said it was “the most unpleasant job” but was a constitutional requirement. He said no member of the SJC could refuse to investigate a judge if directed to do so by the President of Pakistan. “It, however, goes without saying that such a direction to inquire does not, and cannot, control the opinion to be formed by the Council after inquiring into the matter… the Chairman and Members of the Supreme Judicial Council are committed to their oath of office, they work with an unflinching resolve to proceed in all matters ‘without fear or favor, affection or ill-will’ and nobody should expect anything from them other than justice according to law.”
The chief justice said the court was attempting to formulate rules for how and when a court should take up suo motu notices and would adopt themvia a suitable amendment to the Supreme Court Rules, 1980. “I am confident that the said issue shall be settled soon bringing consistency of practice and eliminating arbitrariness and whimsicality in the matter,” he said.
Khosa concluded his speech by referring to some criticism of his court’s lack of suo motu action. He said he believes disapproval of the court’s exercise of restraint was preferable to “criticism over imprudent and undue interventions in such matters.” He added that suo motu at anyone’s behest was self-defeating, as the apex court should never “act at the bidding or demand of any outsider because acting on that basis militates against independence of this Court.”
He said the court had decided to put its own house in order first and that was its primary focus. “At present this Court is practicing judicial activism of a different kind. Instead of judicial activism it is practicing active judicialism. It is taking measures to improve and activate the judicial sector in many ways.” | <urn:uuid:17fd943a-f150-41b7-aec5-73fdb30ee925> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/accountability-process-needs-correction-cjp/?fbclid=IwAR2iBFR_noTyfC7XbaGvnPZ2BQnxbhpWL5gy7xDx9_-Fc-0HfT40XbPcF5o | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.973011 | 999 | 1.632813 | 2 |
A major area of study in the lab is exploring the mechanics of cutting and puncture in nature. This involves experimental testing of different biological tools used to inflict damage (teeth, spines, claws) as well as the resistance of various biological tissues to cutting or puncture. The lab has several pieces of equipment available to perform these experiments including an Instron 5944 materials testing machine, a custom built pendulum apparatus for examining impacts up to 3 m/s and an assortment of smaller force and displacement sensors for developing custom experiments. This work is carried out in part as a collaboration with several researchers in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Illinois. Current work in this area includes examinations of puncture tool morphology across several organisms as well as investigating the influence of speed on puncture mechanics.
The lab has a Photron SA-Z High-speed video camera that is available for a variety of research projects. High-speed videography is combined with impact fracture experiments in order to analyze the effects of speed and impact on deformation and fracture in materials. This involves the visualization of moving stress fields (stress waves) within materials during impact and puncture experiments using photoelastic methods. The camera is also used to capture biological movements at variable speeds for kinematic analyses. This includes comparative work on raptorial appendages in a variety of invertebrates and mating behavior in fishes.
Sometimes it is not viable to perform an experiment in the lab directly due to complications arising from the animals being investigated or lack of resources. To address this issue, the lab performs theoretical biomechanical modeling using a range of computer programs. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to test the mechanical consequences of morphology and structure. FEA simulates the response of various biological structures to different load situations (bending, shearing, etc.). This is especially useful when trying to test the mechanics of extinct organisms whose remains are too modified and/or valuable to test directly. The lab also utilizes a variety of programs to model the kinematics and relative motions of multi=part machines such as the feeding system in fishes and the high-speed mandibles of trap jaw ants. These methods allow for greater exploration of the variation between taxa.
The field of biomechanics allows for comparisons to be made between disparate organisms performing similar functions. Once the mechanics of a system have been analyzed using the above methods, the next step is to compare systems across clades. Key parameters from biomechanical systems (such as size, velocity or aspects of shape) can be used as character traits in evolutionary analyses in order to explore the influence of these traits on the patterns and processes of evolution. The lab utilizes phylogenetic comparative methods to answer questions such as if the integration of a biomechanical system influences the rate of evolution and whether the laws of physics act as constraints on evolutionary diversification. Work in this area includes analyses of both modern and fossil vertebrates and invertebrates. | <urn:uuid:1d72dc20-b50d-4434-9e6b-6ea8cfde14ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.philipslanderson.com/research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.929761 | 594 | 2.75 | 3 |
|It has been suggested that this page be merged with Proposal:Between blue links and red links: orange links. (Discuss)|
Wikipedia currently only has two types of links: the blue links for existing articles, and the red links for nonexistent articles. I propose to add a system of green links whereby any wikilink to a good or featured article would be coloured green.
- Q: Why implement this?
- A1: Green links would invite users to read quality articles they might not have otherwise read.
- A2: Green links would complement "Today's featured article" in showcasing Wikipedia's best work.
- Q: How would this be implemented?
- A1: Using the well watched and controlled categories Category:GA-Class articles and Category:FA-Class articles, and the help of a script similar to this rather neat one.
- A2: Some other ingenious way!
- Q: For who would this be implemented?
- A: Green links would be implemented by default for all readers.
- Q: What are the drawbacks?
- A1: This add complexity to the linking system, and may cause confusion. (Rebuttal: True, but only very few links would be green, since very few articles are good or featured.)
- A2: Some colourblind may not distinguish green/red or green/blue.
- A3: There are potential performance problems.
- Q: Why green?
Please discuss here.
Want to work on this proposal?
- .. Sign your name here! | <urn:uuid:1530558c-11c8-406e-bfb9-62db77d0bef7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://strategy.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposal:Green_wikilinks_-_an_invitation_to_read | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.927675 | 329 | 2.3125 | 2 |
HANOI, 28 October 2016: Indonesia’s ambassador to Vietnam says more tourism products and direct air services should be offer to boost the countries tourism demand.
Local media quoted Indonesia’s Ambassador, Ibnu Hadi, saying his embassy was considering how to introduce solutions to promote tourism development cooperation between Indonesia and Vietnam.
“Indonesia is an attractive destination for Vietnamese tourists due to its ancient history, culture and pristine beaches,” he said.
However, every year, only 50,000 Vietnamese tourists visit Indonesia and just 70,000 Indonesian tourists visit Vietnam, he claimed, adding that the figures were modest in comparison to the potential the two countries offer.
“We will help to connect Vietnam Airlines with airline companies in Indonesia, with the hope we can introduce direct flights between the two countries.”
He hopes that the first direct flight from Hanoi to Jakarta and to Bali will start soon, but there have been no announcements so far from any airlines on launch dates.
The embassy will also work with the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism and Vietnam Airlines to organise fam trips between the two countries to encourage tourism growth.
For the first nine months of the year, 51,381 Indonesian travellers visited Vietnam increasing 11.2% over the same period last year, according to the government statistics office.
Vietnam is emerging as one of the fastest growing aviation and tourism markets in ASEAN and is expected to overshadow Thailand in terms of outbound travel growth over the next five years…. | <urn:uuid:80703300-0776-4ebb-af9c-bed0fea07536> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thailand-business-news.com/travel/54632-indonesia-and-vietnam-seek-more-tourists | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.93722 | 312 | 1.523438 | 2 |
energy of a compound is a
measure of the extra stability of the conjugated system compared to the
corresponding number of isolated double bonds. This can be
from experimental measurements.
|The diagram shows
the experimental heats of hydrogenation, ΔHh,
for three molecules, benzene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene and cyclohexene. These
are related in that under appropriate conditions that can all be
to the same product, cyclohexane.
The ΔHh for "cyclohexatriene", a hypothetical molecule in which the double bonds are assumed to be isolated from each other, is calculated to be 3 times the value for cyclohexene. This value reflects the energy we could expect to be released from 3 isolated C=C.
By comparing this value with the experimental value for benzene, we can conclude that benzene is 152 kJ or 36 kcal / mol more stable than the hypothetical system. This is the resonance energy for benzene.
What is the resonance energy of 1,3-cyclohexadiene ? ANSWER
|In principle, resonance energies can be calculated for any π systems. The following table contains data on a selection of systems, and some comments about them in relation to benzene or about their aromaticity.|
|© Dr. Ian Hunt, Department of Chemistry| | <urn:uuid:fa12a4b2-a32d-4ab1-abfc-ca802822ef47> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/useful/resenergy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.888614 | 303 | 3.546875 | 4 |
What Is Green Coffee Bean Extract?
Green Coffee Beans are coffee beans that have not yet been roasted. The roasting process reduces the amount of the chemical chlorogenic acid. Therefore, green coffee beans have a high level of chlorogenic acid compared to regular, roasted coffee beans. Green Coffee has health benefits for heart disease, diabetes, weight loss, and others.
How Does It Work?
Chlorogenic acid that is specially high in green coffee beans slows the absorption of fat from food intake and also activates metabolism of extra fat. As a proven bonus chlorogenic acid inhibits an enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase, that slows the release of glucose (sugar) into the bloodstream. This means your body won’t absorb any fat and you will actually lose weight.
Benefits of Green Coffee Bean Extract
– No more feeling guilty about what you eat all the time. GCB boosts your metabolism.
– 100% pure extract with no fillers whatsoever. Safely loose weight without any “jitters” or “crashes”.
– Clinically proven results. Over 12 weeks, participants taking Green Coffee Bean Extract lost an average of 17 pounds.
– Tells your body to burn stored fat for energy. Say hello to a smaller waist.
– Helps manage blood sugar levels. No more feeling tired after eating.
All NutriONN supplements are manufactured right here in the U.S.A in a GMP-compliant facility that has received both HACCP and Kosher certifications. Our labs are FDA-inspected. We provide you with the highest quality pure Green Coffee Bean Extract without any artificial ingredients.
Click the “Add to Cart” button now and take advantage of our 100% Money Back Guarantee Today! | <urn:uuid:0d42e2ac-b7a9-4e2e-918a-4cd35d7ed445> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://loseweighthq.com/green-coffee-bean-extract-with-gca-800mg-per-capsule-90-vegetarian-capsules-best-value-product-highest-quality-pure-natural-extract/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.901287 | 376 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Given a local tissue block and appropriate medications by the anesthesia staff, you should have little to no pain after a minimally invasive posterolateral THR. In fact, you may be a candidate for same-day discharge, which is planned in advance. We will write prescriptions for tramadol and hydrocodone and, if allowed, you may supplement these with traditional anti-inflammatory medicines (Aleve, Motrin, Advil). Most patients cease these medications after a week or two.
THR—even in a minimally invasive fashion—gives the patient a sense of his/her leg being heavy and weak. Therefore, until you gain confidence in leg control (7 to 10 days), we strongly suggest that you supplement your gait with a walker or a cane. In most cases, you will be allowed full weightbearing to make walking easier. Use your walker for the first week or two to assist you in changing positions from bed to standing, chair to standing, standing to chair or bed, etc. As has been said, “Keep your nose and toes in the same direction.” Many voices attending you at the time of THR will provide copious hints and suggestions and tricks on avoiding awkward positions the first 3 months after THR. Hip dislocations are quite uncommon with tissue-preserving, minimally invasive approaches; and most of the cases are seen where the patient had an unfortunate fall. Make sure your domicile is as risk-free as possible (Don’t plan an accident)!
We will engage physical therapy to assure you are competent in transfer. Along with physical therapy, occupational therapy may also visit you and talk about appropriate devices to aid your recovery. Recovery from THR is not based on exercises but with progressive walking as the weeks roll by. You can proficiently proceed with recovery without attendant ongoing physical therapy—certainly after being postoperative for 3 weeks.
RETURN TO WORK
Workplaces are infinitely varied, but it is safe to say that sedentary workers can return in 4 to 6 weeks. Those on their feet for extended periods of time will require 6 to 8 weeks of recovery. Extremely demanding jobs with physical exertion may require 8 to 12 weeks before return. | <urn:uuid:58c3f830-4e75-47cf-9662-5b42fc884917> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wjbryanmd.com/what-will-life-be-like-for-the-fist-month-after-total-hip-replacement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.938599 | 472 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Seal all is the all-purpose adhesive used by hobbyists and mechanics alike to seal, bond, insulate, waterproof and stick to a wide variety of materials. Use it on practically anything wood, steel, aluminum and copper most plastics and rubber porcelain, glass and china vinyl, fiberglass, canvas and leather cardboard, paper and much more. Fast drying and clear, Seal-all can withstand changes in climate, insulating and toughening with age. Known as “the repair kit in a tube,” it does not require mixing or heating, does not become brittle in cold weather and resists water, gasoline, oil and most solvents.
Weatherproofing can withstand changes in climate resists water and other environmental elements
Chemical resistant is not affected by oil, gasoline, alcohol and most solvents
Abrasion resistant maintains bond strength even on objects subject to wear
Fast dry time creates a strong and secure bond quickly | <urn:uuid:e5df395f-23d0-4dce-85a3-c6c0554cab8e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.stinehome.com/home-improvement/paint/tape-glues-and-adhesives/glues-and-epoxy/seal-all-gas-oil-resistant-high-strength-gas-and-oil-resistant-adhesive-2-oz/10840.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.93025 | 195 | 2.390625 | 2 |
A study published on (June 6) reported that men and women in a study who followed a high-fat, Mediterranean diet that was rich in either olive oil or nuts lost more weight and reduced their waist circumference more than the people in the study who were simply instructed to reduce their fat intake.
What does that mean? Are there molecules that make you fat? If you eat the same number of calories of cheesecake as you do rice cake, which will you gain more weight on? That’s like asking the second-grade stumper—which weighs more, a pound of feathers or a pound of lead? The answer is neither, because their weight is the same, and your weight gain is, too! The good food particles matter less than the number of calories of it you pack in.
Any food is fattening if overeaten, which means that no food is “fattening”: unless you make it that way. Fat free foods, then, have a lot of stoic virtues about them. They don’t really taste good so they must have some important nutritional, if not philosophical, benefits. Like medicine. Because it’s fat free, we further believe, you can eat as much as you please. What really needs to be watched is- Portion control.
There is no doubt that our body naturally needs a certain amount of fat and craves this basic macronutrient until it’s satisfied. If your foods have no fat in them, this craving never gets satisfied no matter how much lettuce or breakfast bar you eat. A fat-free diet makes your body nag you for a higher quantity of food because it never gets what it’s asking for in the first place. In fact, it’s even worse than that. Low-fat eating not only keeps your body from getting the normal fats it needs, but it actually generates cravings. By stimulating an insulin response, the sugars that sweeten these food products pull out the energy from your blood-stream, creating hunger.
Labeling fat as a dietary evil, public enemy number 1 has caused an unexpected rise in sugar consumption. Here’s why. Let’s say you are a food manufacturer, you have this elf, and you have to sell cookies. If fat’s out, you still have to make them taste good. How do you do that? Sugar. Soft drinks are perfect examples. They are low-fat drinks but have about 10 teaspoons of sugar per 12-ounce can!
Have you ever tasted a flat soda? It’s like drinking straight Karo syrup, which is normally hidden behind all that carbonation. It’s interesting that Dr. James Stubbs and his colleagues recently pointed out the experiments showing that overeating happens on supersweet diets, but especially when those sugars are in solution (like sodas). And on top of that, high-fructose corn syrup is put in hot dogs, hot dog buns, even spaghetti sauce. And these aren’t even dessert foods!
The sugar consumption has increased to 20 to 35 teaspoons per person per day! So its obviously clear that, fat itself is not the problem. Over the past 10 to 15 years, although the total fat consumption has decreased weight problems have gone through the roof. Even the fat consumption of our usual suspects, eggs, butter, and dairy products have remained constant or decreased.
We’re fat and getting fatter because of,
- Our hurried eating habits, and because of,
- The astronomical sugar content in our foods, including many of those billed as low fat.
Eating this stuff lands you up on more sugar, making you tired, making you hungry, making you eat more of that stuff, making you fatter. At this point, you’re circling the drain. You can yammer on and on about your dietary biochemical pathways all day, but if you eat faux foods loaded with high-fructose corn syrup, following by desert cookies with more of it in there, and them wash them both back with a soft drink, you’ll get fat and heart-diseased.
Fat provides 9 calories per gram, while carbohydrates and protein have 4. This simply means that fat is more satiating than protein or carbs: when one eats a high-fat food, the body tells them to stop sooner, and they don’t want as much. Fat actually increases satiety, especially the medium-chain triglycerides found in butter and coconut oil. These fats activate appetite-suppressing hormones and slow stomach emptying (so you feel fuller longer). The human body has a very sophisticated internal “calorie counter” that naturally compensates for higher energy density (more calories per gram) with a faster feeling of fullness. It’s a very elegant system and as long as you stick to real, whole foods, it works beautifully. However this is not applicable to junk food, which is specifically designed to be addictive, so it overrides that natural feeling of fullness to make you keep eating.
People should focus more on eating healthy foods, rather than worrying about dietary fats. USDA admits that some amount of saturated fat is necessary to life. Saturated fat helps to form cell membranes all over your body, it’s necessary for good immune function, it’s a basic building block for hormones, and it provides energy (calories are a nutrient, too – they’re necessary to life just like magnesium or Vitamin C!).
The Content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. | <urn:uuid:ff32f068-50c7-4c85-b889-34c2ef20e51f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.womenfitness.net/low-fat-eating/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.955384 | 1,191 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Multiple variants of COVID-19 have emerged in the U.S. Some spread more easily among people, and data are beginning to suggest that some may be more threatening. While this wasn’t unexpected — it’s common for novel viruses to evolve to become more infectious — it is still concerning, experts say.
“It’s like opening a lock. If you’re trying to open a door with a bobby pin, that’s going to take a little longer, but if you have the key that fits the lock, it’s now a lot quicker to open the door,” says Michael LeVasseur, assistant professor of epidemiology and biostatistics at Drexel University. “The virus itself is becoming better suited to infecting cells. It’s more efficient.”
So what does this mean for you? This could mean that it takes less time and less virus to get infected if you’re exposed. And rules like staying six feet apart and limiting your exposure time to 15 minutes — which never eliminated the risk to begin with — may not be as effective. So how can you protect yourself? Here’s what experts say you should know.
The core advice is the same.
While researchers are continuing to learn more about how each variant works, much of the advice remains the same. Wear a mask. Practice social distancing. Wash your hands. Avoid large groups. Don’t spend time with people who aren’t from your household.
The mutations of the virus haven’t changed the way it spreads, which means these principles remain as important as they’ve always been. Experts strongly encourage you to do your best to fight pandemic fatigue, recommit to minimizing unnecessary risk, and look ahead to the finish line of getting vaccinated.
“We need to think back to March and April, and get back to that level of heightened awareness, but not necessarily the anxiety — you don’t need to wash your groceries, just don’t lick the milk carton,” says Krys Johnson, an epidemiologist and assistant professor at Temple University.
» READ MORE: Social distancing dos and don'ts
Even though case numbers are trending down, going to the gym or dining indoors is risky.
Gyms and indoor dining have reopened in Philadelphia, and new coronavirus cases are falling nationwide. But experts say more contagious variants could reverse this trend, especially if vaccine rollout doesn’t accelerate.
“The curve is going down, and that’s great, but this information isn’t like a weather report. We shouldn’t use it to determine what level of risk we’re willing to take,” says LeVasseur. “If suddenly a bunch of people go out and dine indoors, we’re going to see an increase in case numbers, and with the variants, it’s possible it becomes a situation of throwing gas on a fire.”
LeVasseur says that he doesn’t plan to get a haircut anytime soon, let alone dine inside a restaurant. But these decisions are personal. If you choose to partake in indoor activities outside of your home, as always, seek out places that are complying with the rules, and know that the risk is higher now. Be ready to change your plans if crowds are larger than expected or rules aren’t being enforced.
“I would not step foot in a gym right now, but if you feel you must go, pick one that requires masks and requires wearing them correctly,” says Johnson.
» READ MORE: Is it safe to go back to the gym?
Consider double masking.
It’s time to double down on masks. You’re always advised to wear a mask when you leave your house. But if you were someone who was taking walks around the city without one, now’s a good time to change that. Smaller encounters may be more risky, though researchers are still trying to find out exactly how much more contagious the variants are.
“There’s still a lot we just don’t know,” says Johnson.
With the variants have been found in the U.S., Johnson has been doubling up on masks for weeks now when she leaves the house. It’s an approach White House chief medical advisor Anthony Fauci publicly endorsed on NBC News’ Today as a “common sense” way to increase protection.
Johnson suggests using a surgical mask as a base layer, and then using the cloth mask on top to provide a tighter seal. However, if double masking creates a poor fit, stick to a single mask. Any gaps will eliminate the potential benefit of wearing an extra layer. Likewise, if it’s uncomfortable and you’re constantly readjusting, that extra layer could end up increasing your risk.
Save your best masks for situations when you know you’ll be around people, like going to the grocery store. This could be a KN95 mask or a mask that has multiple layers and fits well.
It’s probably OK to hang outside with a friend, with extra precautions.
Since variants pose a higher risk, does that mean it’s now unsafe to chat with someone outdoors, even if you’re masked and six feet apart?
“I’d still feel comfortable with an outdoor hangout, but with increased vigilance,” says LeVasseur.
You’re still advised to limit contact with people outside your household, but if you’re going to see a family member or friend, the lowest risk remains in outdoor settings where you can keep a distance. Don’t let that distance gradually slide under six feet, and, ideally, stay a little further apart than that.
“It should be under a scenario with no food or drinking, and I’d have everyone double mask,” says Johnson.
You don’t necessarily need to avoid the doctor’s office or grocery store.
Yes, the virus is learning how to become better at spreading itself, but you don’t have to put off the necessities of life. We’re roughly a year into the pandemic, and getting everyone vaccinated is expected to take months.
“Everyone should still be going to their routine doctors’ appointments. Other diseases and conditions continue to happen while COVID is going on,” says Johnson. “That said, offices should be taking extra precautions with things like social distancing and sanitizer, but I’ve been to a couple doctors’ appointments now, and it’s felt like one of the safest experiences I’ve had.”
For grocery store trips, stick to the basics, like doing your best to maintain distance from others, and minimizing the time you peruse the aisles. Consider double masking. Opt for delivery or curbside pick up when you can.
Getting vaccinated is still crucial.
Variants can make vaccines less effective. But experts are optimistic that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines will still protect against the three variants that are currently of most concern (those first detected in the U.K., South Africa, and Brazil). But there is some evidence that the vaccines’ effectiveness may be slightly reduced.
The good news: Both vaccines were found to be 95% effective in clinical trials, which is notably high. Even if the variants reduce their effectiveness, experts believe they’ll still help us reach the roughly 70% herd immunity needed to halt the pandemic. The vaccine is also likely to decrease how sick you get in the event you end up still contracting the virus.
“When we talk about the annual flu vaccine, depending on the year, it has a 50% efficacy, and I still get that vaccine every year,” says LeVasseur. “If I still come down with the flu, my illness will be less severe, and that’s going to be the same thing here. Your immune system is already primed.”
With every new infection, there’s an opportunity for the virus to mutate and learn how to better infect people, which is why experts urge you to get vaccinated as soon as the opportunity becomes available. The more people who are vaccinated, the fewer mutations that will emerge. | <urn:uuid:073c2434-b60e-4f37-aad5-2852374b6bc8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.inquirer.com/philly-tips/covid19-variants-double-masks-20210129.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.948505 | 1,760 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Long Road Home From Shelter to Permanent Housing
Shelter for Homeless Men
The 22 bed emergency-temporary shelter is the entry level of a progressive program to address the root causes of homelessness that lead men to our doors. The emergency shelter is a source of food, shelter, referral and supportive services for those who have lost most or all of their support systems. More than 200 men are sheltered annually. The shelter provides a non-threatening environment where residents may stabilize their circumstances; and discover the various support systems available and then begin to access those services within the community. Most men stay an average of 5-6 months. The residents are provided an address and telephone number, and a stable and caring environment which enhances their ability to gain employment. This process begins with a referral from Connect Points, a homeless service hotline and a component of Decade to Doorways, the community plan to prevent and end homelessness in Chester County within ten years. Once a resident enters the Atkinson Shelter, he is provided with on-site case management (including, but not limited to, individual goal setting). Case management is loosely defined as participation in any structured environment that addresses the causative factors of the individual’s homelessness. In addition to on-site case management, the residents sometime receive case management services from the VAMC treatment programs, Gaudenzia outpatient program, Human Services, Inc., and ChesPenn Health Center. Area Churches are a vital part of homeless recovery. Beyond the wonderful meals provided by churches, they often mentor and encourage the men during meal time, also providing clothing or linens on occasion. Located on Diamond Street, the shelter is accessed through Connect Points, a homeless referral service—800-935-3181. The men most often remain beyond the 30 day emergency stay as they continue toward self-reliance. It is rewarding to see their progress. Historically, men find jobs (if even part-time) as their self esteem builds, they may go into treatment for addictions, or return to family. Many find their own housing and begin the long journey back to total wellness. | <urn:uuid:fc77e275-4ac3-46e2-9149-5a023dcf45a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wcatkinson.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.956011 | 425 | 1.585938 | 2 |
The fifty-fifth World Day of Prayer for Vocations happened this weekend, and we thank Pope Francis for reminding us of the beauty of vowed religious life. From his message: “Even amid these troubled times, the mystery of the Incarnation reminds us that God continually comes to encounter us. He is God-with-us, who walks along the often dusty paths of our lives. He knows our anxious longing for love and he calls us to joy. In the diversity and the uniqueness of each and every vocation, personal and ecclesial, there is a need to listen, discern and live this word that calls to us from on high and, while enabling us to develop our talents, makes us instruments of salvation in the world and guides us to full happiness.”
Sr. Dorothy Brogan celebrated 65 years as a Sister of Bon Secours last May. Her advice to women considering life as a Sister? “I would strongly encourage her to listen to what’s in her heart, pray, and seek guidance from someone who can offer her direction.” Read more about Sr. Dorothy, Sr. Kathleen, Sr. Gabby and Sr. Rosa here. | <urn:uuid:9b1b9d11-917a-4588-adb1-44a5739eb029> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lifeasasister.org/news-views/praying-for-vocations-always/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.961654 | 240 | 1.539063 | 2 |
The following article by Keegan O’Brien on the anniversary of the Stonewall Riots in 1969 was first published by Tribune.
Fifty years ago patrons at the Stonewall Inn, a popular New York City gay bar, fought back against abusive police, and in doing so launched the modern lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender movement.
It’s undeniable that we’ve come a long way from a time when cops routinely raided gay bars, and being outed virtually guaranteed a person would be labeled a sexual psychopath, blacklisted, and legally barred from employment in most occupations. It’s no exaggeration that many of the freedoms experienced by queer people today would have been inconceivable just a generation or two ago.
However, LGBTQ people still face oppression: a lack of protection in employment and housing, youth homelessness, bullying and high suicide rates, violence against trans women (disproportionally trans women of colour), incarceration, police brutality, and poverty. Mainstream LGBTQ organisations (what some radicals refer to as Gay Inc.) are tied to corporate interests and prefer to cozy up to the political establishment rather than confront it.
In this context studying the Stonewall Rebellion and the gay liberation movement is more than just an interesting history lesson — it provides activists and radicals with lessons for confronting the political challenges we face today and rebuilding a movement that can win sexual liberation for everyone.
The Formation of a Movement
While people have been sexually intimate with others of the same sex since the beginning of time, the social construction of a gay identity is a new phenomenon. It was only through the development of capitalist industrialisation and the accompanying emergence of large urban centres, and the transformative effect this process had on social life, that the material conditions for the development of an LGBTQ identity and community became possible.
The personal autonomy and privacy afforded by city life allowed for the exploration of non-heterosexual desires and greater gender expression, as well as the development of a community based on those shared interests in a way that was generally not possible under previous modes of production.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, an extensive underground gay world began to develop in major US cities. However, it was not until World War II — what many gay historians refer to as a national coming out experience — that LGBTQ history would undergo a qualitative turning point.
Both at home and abroad, World War II rearranged American society, including gender relations and sexual behaviour, in order to meet the country’s military needs. Millions of men and women were called away from their homes and placed into overwhelmingly homosocial environments like military bases, hospitals, industrial factories, governmental offices, and urban centres.
These new material conditions — coupled with the emotionally intensive circumstances of war — encouraged millions of men and women to explore and pursue homosexual desires and to form intimate and meaningful same-sex relationships on a scale that was previously inconceivable.
Correspondingly, after returning from combat abroad or military production at home, many gay men and lesbians opted for the independence offered by urban centres. A community with shared social structures began to firmly take root and grow in cities across the country, entrenching and solidifying an emergent LGBTQ political identity.
The 1950s ushered in a period of conservatism along with growing cultural attention to homosexuality. On the one hand, McCarthyism unleashed a government-sponsored witch hunt against communists and leftists and a widespread campaign known as the Lavender Scare to remove gays and lesbians from government occupations.
Police surveillance and repression against gay bars and cruising spots intensified, creating devastating consequences for those who were caught. Gay men who were arrested would have their name and picture published in the newspaper, which would more often than not lead to them being fired from their job and ostracised by their friends and family.
On the other hand, American society was more concerned with homosexuality than ever before. This began in 1948 with the publication of Alfred Kinsey’s Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, which fundamentally transformed the way society understood sexuality and quickly became a media sensation. The Kinsey reports showed that homosexual acts were far more widespread among men than previously assumed and concluded that such behaviour was perfectly normal and would be more openly practiced if it weren’t for societal restrictions and prejudice.
During the 1950s and early ’60s, there was an unparalleled outpouring of representation and discussion of gay people in literature and the media. Mainstream newspapers and magazines carried exposés on the underground gay world, and there was a proliferation of pulp novels with gay characters and themes.
Although media representation was negative, associating homosexuality and gender transgression with criminality and mental illness, this growing visibility showed socially isolated LGBTQ people that there were others like them, and even where to find them. Far from shrinking, the LGBTQ world continued to expand and become more visible in an era of growing repression — a contradiction that would inevitably give way.
The Mattachine Society
The first gay political organisation in the United States was the Mattachine Society. Founded in 1951 by Harry Hay, a former Communist Party militant, Mattachine considered itself a homophile organisation. It argued that homosexuality was a natural sexual preference and that homosexuals were an oppressed minority who deserved full political and legal equality.
In its early years, Mattachine organised an impressive campaign against police entrapment and the harassment of gay men in Southern California. Mattachine created ONE, the first nationwide gay magazine (which remained in publication until 1972), and established chapters around the country with thousands of cumulative members.
But Mattachine remained underground and never became a mass movement. Hay and other radicals were pushed out of the organisation in 1953 as the group shifted to the right under the pressures of McCarthyism, and shortly thereafter retreated from its initial plank. The organisation now held that homosexuality was a mental condition, encouraged its members to seek treatment, and abandoned political agitation.
Two years later, the first lesbian organisation, the Daughters of Bilitis, was formed by Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin. The group also put out the first lesbian magazine, The Ladder. However, like Mattachine, the Daughters of Bilitis was heavily influenced by the oppressive climate of McCarthyism and remained a self-help organisation for most of its existence, shied away from open political agitation, and never grew beyond a couple hundred active members.
But in the mid-1960s, things started to change in the homophile movement. The Civil Rights Movement had transformed American society and overturned Jim Crow. Inspired by African Americans who defied racist oppression and terror, young homophile activists who had not been politically active during McCarthyism began to push for Mattachine to take a more militant, combative stance.
In a New York City speech Frank Kameny argued, “not only is homosexuality not immoral, but homosexual acts engaged in by consenting adults are moral, right, good, and desirable, both for individual participants and society.” This was a sharp break from Mattachine’s official position that members should seek out medical treatment. The New York City chapter elected a slate of young militants who persuaded the group to do something previously unheard of — organise public demonstrations advocating gay rights and challenge the psychiatric establishment’s position on homosexuality.
The first two protests were pickets at the White House and the United Nations, followed by a yearly demonstration called the “Annual Reminder” outside Philadelphia’s Independence Hall where picketers were required to dress respectably in shirts, ties, and dresses. The goal was to demand equal treatment under the law while showing Americans that homosexuals were just as patriotic and respectable as everyone else.
Then in 1966, Mattachine organised sip-ins at gay bars throughout New York City to protest the city’s practice of revoking liquor licenses to establishments that sold to homosexuals. They won.
In San Francisco important homophile activism had begun in the early 1960s. In 1961 bar owners and patrons formed the Tavern Guild to organise against police crackdowns on gay bars, and by 1964 progressive religious leaders and homophile activists had banded together to create the Council on Religion and the Homosexual to provide services to gay street youth and helped create Vanguard, the first LGBTQ youth organisation.
The most important and largest homophile organisation was the Society for Individual Rights, which organised impressive campaigns against police entrapment, pushed for anti-discrimination laws, and won the building of a gay community center, making it a force to be reckoned with in city politics.
In 1966 San Francisco saw its own precursor to the Stonewall confrontation, the Compton Cafeteria Riots. Compton Cafeteria was a regular hangout spot for gay and trans street youth and drag queens. One July summer night police were called in to raid the restaurant, and a police officer grabbed a drag queen by the arm, provoking her to throw a cup of coffee in his face. This spurred other gay customers to resist — they turned over tables, threw their dishes, kicked out the windows, and began fighting with the police.
As the decade came to a close, the United States was experiencing the largest social upheaval and political radicalisation since the mass movements of the 1930s. It was only a matter of time before the gay movement would be affected.
In May 1969 a young gay leftist in San Francisco named Carl Wittman penned “A Gay Manifesto,” an essay that would soon become a defining document in the gay liberation movement. Wittman’s words illustrate the radicalisation taking place among young, gay militants and was a harbinger of things to come:
“Straight cops patrol us, straight legislators govern us, straight employers keep us in line, straight money exploits us. We have pretended that everything is OK, because we haven’t been able to see how change it — we’ve been afraid.
In the past year there has been an awakening of gay liberation. How it began we don’t know; maybe we were inspired by black people and their freedom movement . . .”
Where once there was frustration, alienation, and cynicism, there are new characteristics among us. And as we recall all the self-censorship and repression for so many years, a reservoir of tears pours out of our eyes. We are full of love for each other and are showing it; we are full of anger at what has been done to us. And we are euphoric, high, with the initial flourish of a movement.
The Stonewall Rebellion
The Stonewall Inn was one of New York City’s most popular gay bars in the 1960s. Sitting at the crossroads of Christopher Street and Seventh Avenue in Greenwich Village, a neighbourhood known for its bohemian lifestyle, and just steps away from the the Village Voice office, the Stonewall was dark and had two bars, a jukebox, and the only floor for dancing in the whole city. The Stonewall became an epicentre for the gay world of New York, especially its most marginal members, and regularly drew an electric crowd of cruising gay men, drag queens, street kids, and some lesbians.
Due to the illegality of running a gay establishment, gay bars in New York, including the Stonewall, were owned by the mafia. The mob was certainly no friend to the community — who they viewed with contempt and disgust — but they paid off the police at the local Sixth Precinct to stave off raids on the Stonewall. When the police did go after the bar, they did it early in the night to cause minimal disruption.
For gay people in the 1960s, the contradiction was that at the same time freedom, openness, and a demand for change were increasing throughout society, New York was simultaneously increasing its enforcement of anti-homosexual laws to such an extent that it was a near police state for gays and lesbians.
At the beginning of the decade, laws across the US were more repressive against homosexuals than any of the Soviet regimes the US criticised. A consenting adult who was caught having sex with another person of the same sex could face decades or even life in prison, or could be confined to an insane asylum and given electroshock therapy, castrated, or lobotomised. Adults who were charged with a sex offence could lose their professional license and were often terminated from their jobs and barred from future employment.
While bars provided a place for gay people to meet one another and socialise in a repressive society, it also made them a target for police. Late on a Friday night in June 1969, police busted into the Stonewall, demanding that all patrons line up and show their IDs and planning to arrest bar employees, cross-dressers, and those without proper identification.
That night the police were more aggressive than normal. They tore apart the bar, smashed the furniture, and were physically aggressive with patrons who talked back and mouthed off. Unlike previous raids that came early in the night, police shut the Stonewall during peak hours. Whereas normally patrons would disperse after being kicked out, knowing they could return later, this time they began to gather outside the bar. The crowd of a few dozen eventually swelled to hundreds. Thousands of gay residents poured into the streets.
The uprising was multiracial, diverse, and reflected a broad spectrum of the LGBTQ community. Many eyewitnesses commented specifically on the important role played that night by the most marginalised sections of the community — street kids, trans women, and queer youth of colour.
“As the patrons trapped inside were released one by one, a crowd started to gather on the street . . . initially a festive gathering, composed mostly of Stonewall boys who were waiting around for friends still inside or to see what was going to happen . . . Cheers would go up as favourites would emerge from the door, strike a pose, and swish by the detective with a ‘Hello there, fella.”’
But when the paddy wagons arrived, the mood changed. Angry onlookers began throwing coins at police, and then moved on to bottles, cobblestones, and trash cans. A full-fledged riot soon broke out.
Later that night the riot squad arrived, and a night-long chase between gay protesters and police ensued. Expecting to easily disperse the crowd of people society had labelled “sissies” and “faggots” and stereotypically viewed as weak, the police were completely caught off guard when the protesters fought back. Pioneering transgender activist Sylvia Rivera was a part of Friday night’s uprising, which she would later describe as a turning point in her life. When a friend tried to persuade her to leave, she said, “Are you nuts?! I’m not missing a minute of this — it’s the revolution!”
Stonewall marked a sharp break from the past and a qualitative turning point in the gay movement — not only because of the continuous rioting in the streets against police, but because activists were able to seize the moment and give an organised expression to the spontaneous uprising that encapsulated the militancy of the era. While the homophile movement made steady, if limited, progress throughout the 1950s and ’60s and laid the basis for the gay liberation movement, Stonewall broke the dam of political and social isolation and catapulted the gay movement out from the margins and into the open.
Activists didn’t waste a minute. Before the riots even finished, homophile militants Charles Pitts and Bill Katzenberg created a flyer and distributed it to thousands of Village residents. It read, “Do you think homosexuals are revolting? You bet your sweet ass we are!” and described the Stonewall Rebellion as the “The hairpin drop heard around the world.”
Michael Brown, a gay socialist involved in the New Left who was at Stonewall and helped Pitts and Katzenberg pass out their flyers, reached out to the Mattachine Society after the first night of rioting in the hopes of calling for an organising meeting to tap into the new momentum.
Brown’s proposal wasn’t viewed warmly by everyone in Mattachine. Older activists like Dick Leitsch were critical of the riots and didn’t want to disrupt the group’s relationship with the political establishment. After talking with the mayor’s office, some members of Mattachine went so far as to put up a sign at Stonewall that read:
WE HOMOSEXUALS PLEAD WITH
OUR PEOPLE TO PLEASE HELP
MAINTAIN PEACEFUL AND QUIET
CONDUCT ON THE STREETS OF
THE VILLAGE — MATTACHINE
But younger militants like Jack O’Brien, an antiwar activist and former Socialist Worker Party member, were ecstatic. After some debate Mattachine finally agreed to form an Action Committee and called for an open organising meeting.
Brown put together a flyer with the heading “GAY POWER” that called for a “Homosexual Liberation Meeting” and concluded by saying “No one is free until everyone is free!” The first meeting was held two weeks after the riots and drew forty people. It was here that activists first chose the name the Gay Liberation Front (GLF), modelled on Vietnam’s National Liberation Front, the guerrilla communist movement fighting against the United States.
The GLF, however, was still a committee under the thumb of Mattachine. After a couple organising meetings, a one-month commemoration march (the city’s first gay rights protest), and a lot of sharp political debate, the differences between gay militants and old guard homophile activists finally came to a head. The group split, and militants established the GLF as an independent organisation.
Looking back years later, one prominent militant, Jim Fourrat, summarised the tensions this way:
“We wanted to end the homophile movement. We wanted them to join us in making the gay revolution. We were a nightmare to them. They were committed to being nice, acceptable status quo Americans, and we were not: we had no interest at all in being acceptable.”
In a statement for a radical newspaper called The Rat, GLF defined their mission this way:
“We are a revolutionary homosexual group of men and women formed with the realisation that complete sexual liberation for all people cannot come about unless existing social institutions are abolished. We reject society’s attempt to impose sexual roles and definitions of our nature . . . Babylon has forced us to commit ourselves to one thing . . . revolution.”
When asked what made them revolutionaries, they replied: “We identify ourselves with all the oppressed: the Vietnamese struggle, the third world, the blacks, the workers . . . all those oppressed by this rotten, dirty, vile, fucked up capitalist conspiracy.”
The GLF got to work. One of the first protests the GLF organised was at the offices of the Village Voice, demanding that the paper stop using the terms “dyke” and “faggot” and start referring to homosexuals as “gays” and “lesbians.” They won.
GLF chapters quickly spread across the country, organising dances to raise money and create spaces for gay people to meet one another outside of mafia-controlled bars. In the fall of 1969, the GLF created its own newspaper, Come Out!, which became a key way to disseminate ideas and movement information. Gay Power and Gay also premiered that year and each sold over 25,000 copies per issue.
The GLF organised protests and direct actions to pressure politicians to support gay rights and established community service programs to provide food and social services to LGBTQ street youth. GLF members took their political education seriously and sought to develop a Marxist analysis of gay oppression. Arthur Evens, a student activist who threw himself into the gay liberation movement, formed the Radical Study Group within GLF. The first book they studied and discussed was Frederick Engels’ Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State.
From the beginning GLF members debated whether the group should focus exclusively on gay issues or connect itself with other struggles on the Left. This led to a split, with some activists leaving to establish a single-issue organisation called the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA), which defined itself as a group “exclusively devoted to the liberation of homosexuals and avoids involvement in any program of action not obviously relevant to homosexuals.”
The GAA began to organise public protests, referred to as “zaps.” It disrupted meetings with the mayor and city council representatives in an attempt to pressure them to end job discrimination and police harassment against gays and lesbians.
This statement from Arthur Evans, a prominent member of GAA, sums up the group’s approach — and contrasts sharply with the “don’t rock the boat” strategy pursued by established LGBTQ organisations today. Evans said:
“We decided that people on the other side of the power structure were going to have the same thing happen to them. The wall that they had built protecting themselves from the personal consequences of their political decisions was going to be torn down . . . That meant in effect that we were going to disrupt Mayor Lindsey’s personal life . . . as a result of the political consequences of his administration.”
The Gay Liberation Movement
The GLF and GAA collaborated on many projects, including the first annual march commemorating the Stonewall Rebellion, which took place in New York City and drew ten thousand people. The march quickly expanded to dozens of cities across the country and involved over five hundred thousand people.
This passage from Martin Duberman’s classic Stonewall conveys the elation organisers felt after their historic accomplishment:
“It took only a little more than an hour to reach Central Park. Foster, forty-five years old and overweight, staggered in, huffing and puffing, but elated. Craig was so excited he could hardly stop smiling — at the size of the crowd, the good feeling and courage everywhere manifest. Karla, in LA, let out a whoop when she crossed the finish line, her back killing her, her spirit soaring. Sylvia arrived yelling, Yvonne in exhausted tears. Jim, too, had tears pouring down his face as he stood on a rise in the ground and looked back at the line of people stretching some fifteen blocks into the distance, ‘I saw what we had done. It was remarkable. There we were in all of our diversity.’”
Another significant accomplishment of the gay liberation movement was the protest organised by the GLF and GAA against the American Psychiatric Association’s designation of homosexuality as a mental illness. Gay militants disrupted an annual convention of the association and forced themselves onto a panel, where they discussed the damage psychiatric therapies were doing to the lives of gays and lesbians. One gay therapist even made a plea for an alteration to the body’s policy, but had to hide behind a mask and disguise his voice.
By 1973 the group’s board of trustees gave in to pressure and removed homosexuality from its list of mental illness, and five years later a caucus of gay psychiatrists was formed. As Sherry Wolf puts it, “never again would a gay psychiatrist have to hide from his colleagues behind a grotesque mask.”
One agenda item all gay liberationists shared was the emphasis on coming out publicly. Although coming out carried very real risks, it was also a cathartic experience that shed the shame and humiliation associated with living life in the closet and provided people with a newfound sense of pride and self-confidence.
It also, as gay historian John D’Emilo points out, “provided gay liberationists with an army of permanent enlistees.” By coming out, the movement gained people who became personally invested in the future of the struggle and served as a pole of attraction to wider layers of people and new recruits. As gays and lesbians came out to friends, family, and coworkers, it made homosexuality seem more like a “normal” part of the social fabric.
Coming out, along with the weakening of police repression, allowed the LGBTQ community and subculture to flourish and expand outward in a way that had never been possible. These developments helped give the movement new leverage in pushing for social change in the following decades.
However, like all movements gay liberation contained political contradictions and internal problems. Even though transgender people played an important role in the riots and the movement that proceeded it, their treatment in the movement was mixed, ranging from supportive to hostile.
Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson, active in both the GAA and GLF, became the movement’s most prominent trans activists. They formed a short-lived organisation dedicated specifically to providing services to trans people and street youth — Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR). Although often rejected and only occasionally welcomed, they stuck it out and refused to leave.
As Rivera described it, she was never going to let anyone prevent her from fighting for her own cause. Even in the face of jeers and insults, she worked to convince her gay comrades of their shared interests with trans people and street youth who were brutalised by the same police and rejected by the same society as gays and lesbians. Although trans people found support from a significant number of activists in the gay movement, it would take another twenty years before gay organisations officially took on the transgender cause.
The GLF attracted many radicals from far-left organisations who brought with them their groups’ positions on gay issues. These ranged from the idea that homosexuality was a “bourgeois deviation” to liberatory concepts. A dominant leftist influence in the GLF — as with much of the far left during this period — was Maoism, a current with many organisations that formally barred gays from membership at the time. However, the civil libertarian approach to questions of sexuality taken by many socialists led them to stand in solidarity with the movement and allowed for political evolution on issues.
Further complicating this dynamic was the fact that the countries some socialists uncritically defended and looked to — China, Cuba, and the Soviet Union — at the time opposed homosexuality and criminalised LGBTQ people.
Maoists also argued that the most oppressed in society must lead every struggle, which in the US context they held to be the poorest African-Americans. This led to many challenging debates, such as whether the GLF should provide the Black Panthers with bail funds even though some of their most prominent members held anti-gay positions. It was a major step forward, then, when Huey P. Newton came out in support of gay rights and called for solidarity between black and gay liberation movements — the first prominent New Left figure to do so.
The GLF also lacked any formal structure or elected leadership and operated using a consensus decision-making process. This led to long meetings in which moralism and character assassinations often took the place of real political discussions and debates. Decisions that had been voted on one week could be reopened the following meeting, limiting the group’s ability to move forward. Many good activists left in frustration.
Despite these limitations, in the context of political, social, and economic upheaval of the sixties and seventies, large numbers of LGBTQ people were drawing radical conclusions about society and being drawn to liberatory politics and struggle. But as the social movements of the period began to wane, so did gay liberation. As Sherry Wolff explains in Sexuality and Socialism:
“Many groups did not last long in the absence of ongoing mass struggle, a unifying goal, and the political maturity to sort out disagreements in tactics from disagreements in principle. A fractured far left . . . and revolutionary groups that often defended homophobic, pseudo-socialist states abroad could not win leadership. Some gays and lesbians went in different directions — toward separatism, toward rejection of revolution, or toward the pull of bourgeois party politics.”
Progress Through Struggle
So what should activists make of this history?
The first point is simple, but the most important: every inch of progress LGBTQ people have been able to make has been through struggle. Politicians have never been the motor force of social change — it has always been collective struggle by ordinary people from below that has taken history forward.
Secondly, when people get organised and fight for what they actually want, not what the political establishment tells them is realistic, they can win. Thirdly, our power is in our numbers. What distinguished gay liberation from the homophile movement, and what allowed it to win significant reforms that had been unimaginable just a decade before, was its mass character.
Fourthly, struggle is contagious. Stonewall was a direct result of the radicalisation and militancy of the 1960s. As one segment of society began to break free from its chains and challenge the status quo, others became inspired and started to move. Sixties radicals never viewed this as an act of “appropriation,” but as central to how people rejected ruling-class ideas and became politically engaged.
Fifth, solidarity is key. What made the Stonewall Rebellion powerful was the fact that it brought together mostly working-class and poor queers across racial, gender, and sexual lines. While there were obviously differences between LGBTQ people, what gave them a basis to unite and struggle together was a shared experience of oppression at the hands of a common enemy.
Finally, spontaneity and organisation aren’t mutually exclusive — they are two aspects of the same process, existing in a dialectical relationship. Spontaneous uprisings like the Stonewall Rebellion are inevitable under a system where people are beaten down and oppressed. Eventually decades of passivity and conservatism crack and people are transformed as they are flung into activity. They begin to shed old ideas, changing themselves and the world around them in ways that had previously been unthinkable.
Outbursts are best understood not as ends in and of themselves, but as starting points in a process in which large numbers of people become politically conscious and begin to recognize their collective power. The trajectory of these struggles is not linear. Nothing in history is automatic. Movements face political questions about how to move forward, there are debates over ideas, and organised political forces play a critical role in determining what direction they will go in.
While from a distance it can seem like the history of the LGBTQ movement has simply been long periods of calm punctuated by sharp bursts of activity, closer inspection reveals that in between these high points there is constant activity as activists — like those in the homophile movement — win and lose small struggles, build networks, and gradually begin to accumulate cadres with years of political experiences and training that then lay the groundwork for future upheavals.
Some of these organisations and fighters will rise to the occasion, seize the moment, and play important roles in channelling spontaneous upheavals into organised channels that can take the struggle forward, as the best militants from Mattachine and the New Left did. Others, like the old guard of Mattachine, will be unable to shift to the new terrain and are swept aside by history.
Lastly, it’s important to understand why the GLF didn’t achieve its revolutionary aspirations. Revolutionaries in the sixties, including militants in the GLF, looked to the successful anticolonial guerrilla movements in the Third World as a model for revolutionary change. Militants looked to small bands of the most oppressed and marginalised to fight on behalf of the masses, rather than to the self-activity of the working class (who they viewed as bought off and complacent).
Ultra-leftism and sectarianism became common characteristics of the Maoist left, including the GLF. Calls for revolution sounded militant, but they were empty slogans without the social force of working people to back them up. Writing off the very class with the power to transform society, radicals set themselves up for eventual isolation.
Stonewall and the gay liberation movement weren’t able to win a world free from sexual regulation and social constraints. But activists did change the course of history, transformed social conditions for LGBTQ people, and gave birth to the modern LGBTQ movement. And in doing so, they provided future generations of radicals and revolutionaries with critical lessons for the challenges we face today.
- A TERF-Far Right alliance has launched a new transphobic onslaught – Left Voice (USA)
2. No more delays in trans rights: reform the GRA now – Leslie Cunningham, rs21
3. Notes on transphobia – Rowan Fortune, Anti-Capitalist Resistance | <urn:uuid:6d0fda4e-85fa-441e-8919-c1a62de5492a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://republicancommunist.org/blog/2022/06/28/remembering-stonewall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.971088 | 6,748 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Robert R. Livingston
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A welcoming oasis of color in shades of chocolate brown, taupe, gold and sage with animal print accents. You will feel ready for the day after your night sleep in the queen size canopy style “pineapple” bed. The room showcases pineapple and rattan décor with an in room large spa tub for two. Facing east, the room overlooks the front lawn and features 12 foot ceilings with overhead fan, air conditioning for the warmer summer weather and black-out drapes for a restful nights’ sleep. Guest room complimentary Wi-Fi and universal charging station for your convenience.
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Room Rate $160.00 per night
History behind the name
Robert R. Livingston, born on November 27, 1746 was an American lawyer, politician, diplomat from New York, and a Founding Father of the United States. He was known as "The Chancellor", after the high New York state legal office he held for 25 years. He was a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence, along with Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Roger Sherman. Livingston administered the Oath of Office to George Washington when he assumed the presidency in 1789. | <urn:uuid:444c7a51-42b2-4c4f-a530-c4acc26214b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.allegiancebandb.com/livingston-guest-room | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.928942 | 300 | 1.617188 | 2 |
People place entertainers and athletes at such a higher level of expectations than everyday individuals. We often treat them as though their occupations define who they are entirely. We forget that entertainers and athletes are just like us at the end of the day. They are human beings with feelings, emotions, and opinions. They have social lives outside of their occupation. They have families and friends. They have interests and are invested in the well-being of their country, just like the rest of us.
Laura Ingraham and Fox News seem to think differently. They have created this narrative that assumes the opinion of someone who gets paid “$100 million a year to dribble a ball” do not truly matter. They forget, however, that what LeBron James has done goes way beyond just dribbling a ball. He has done great things for his hometown. He has given back to the people and the communities that helped guide him to where he is today. This is more than we can say for some of today’s politicians, or Fox News anchors.
LeBron is an incredible athlete. In fact, I would argue that LeBron is one of the best athletes of his time, if not all time. His talents exceed the norm, earning him the title of King James. Even those who refuse to watch sports recognize his name and his talents for what they are. But none of these things mean that he must give up his rights as an American citizen simply because he plays the game.
LeBron has always been a driven and outspoken man. His charisma and passion have pushed him to stand behind his beliefs and to stand up individuals whom America often forgets about. LeBron has worked with the Boys and Girls Club of America for years, donating to their cause. He enjoys working with children from lower income areas and is passionate about providing those children with equal opportunity.
He also started the LeBron James Family Foundation, which emphasizes the importance of education. Overall, LeBron has donated $87 million in full-tuition scholarships to four-year colleges for students in the Akron, Ohio area. LeBron has even expressed interest in making an institution at the University of Akron that will ensure all kids will succeed in college.
LeBron has always had a voice in the public media, long before Trump was president, and he will continue to long after. Whether he used that voiced for supporting certain political candidates, or to speak out against police violence and brutality, or even to bring attention to the need for equality, one thing is for sure: his voice is loud and he will always be heard.
Ingraham’s remarks were not only uncalled for, but also ignorant and inherently racist. They will not affect LeBron James, however, and they will certainly not keep him from fighting against these kinds of injustices. LeBron continues to demonstrate his intelligence and skills far behind the court and his athleticism.
“I do play basketball, but I am a civilian and I am a citizen of the United States, so my voice is just as loud as hers, I think – or even louder.”
I stand behind LeBron’s words, because those who use their voices for love and for justice will always drown out the voices of those who fight for hatred and bigotry.
So, no, Laura Ingraham. LeBron James doesn’t have to “shut up and dribble.” And for all you student athletes and aspiring professional athletes out there – neither do you.
Because we all deserve to be recognize.
And we all deserve to have a voice.
So use your voice and be loud and fight for what you believe in. | <urn:uuid:f0486819-3adf-4386-ba4f-65569ea0f689> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theodysseyonline.com/lebron-james-wont-shut-up-and-dribble | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.983922 | 739 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Julia is Lecturer in Modern History at Birkbeck. She is an editor of History Workshop Journal and a Director of the Raphael Samuel History Centre, as well as a fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Her research interests are in the area of women’s history, the history of sexuality, and the history of migration in Britain and the British world. Her first book, Common Prostitutes and Ordinary Citizens: Commercial Sex in London, 1885-1930 (Palgrave, 2012) examined the criminalization of prostitution in the metropolis in a period that witnessed the codification of laws and development of policies that helped to shape the control of prostitution and the experiences of women who sold sex in the twentieth century.
Julia is currently Principal Investigator of a three-year AHRC-funded project, shared with co-investigator Philippa Hetherington (SEESS, UCL), entitled ‘Trafficking, Smuggling and Illicit Migration in Gendered and Historical Perspective’. The project seeks to bring together global, national and local historical perspectives, and to place trafficking in the context of migration, labour, and gender. It explores how certain people’s movement across borders came to be defined as illicit; how states responded to trafficking at national, imperial, and international levels; and how trafficking was connected both to women’s work and to sexual violence in this period. It brings to light the global and international history of trafficking in the modern period, at a time when historical perspective is critically needed to improve understanding of the phenomenon in the present day. One of the outcomes of the project will be a digital resource. | <urn:uuid:4bda7a36-c257-4577-9e06-185545e90a6a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://csi.bbk.ac.uk/people/julia-laite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.926051 | 336 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Why are trees in mountains cone shaped?
Trees in the mountains are usually cone-shaped. If there is snowfall, snow accumulates on the branches and leaves. The conical design of trees prevents as much snow from falling as it would have on wider forms. … The shape of the cone allows snow to drop down on the leaves and branches and not to accumulate.
Why do trees have sloping branches?
Trees on hills have sloping branches. … If the branches are not sloping, then the ice would get accumulated on the branches which would lead to rotting. Such branches don’t let water and snow to get stored on branches. This is why hills have sloping branches.
What is the habitat of cone shaped trees?
(1) The trees in mountain habitats are usually cone shape having stoping branches. This shape of the mountain trees makes the rain-water and snow to slide off easily without damaging the branches and leaves.
Why trees in hilly areas are tall and Apex is pointed upward?
Over time, branches grow longer and the older they are, the longer they grow (as measured from the stem to the branch tip). So it stands to reason that longer branches are lower down and the branches are successively shorter as you move up to the tree’s apex. This is what gives rise to the conical shape.
Which plants have sloping branches?
Explain why,many mountain trees are cone-shaped having sloping branches. Snow accumulates on branches and leaves or needles when there is high snowfall. The conical shape of conifer trees (mountain) prevents as much accumulation of snow as there would be on a wider shaped tree.
What is the meaning of sloping branches?
A tree or shrub that is fastigiate has branches that point up. Sometimes the upward sloping branches of a fastigiate tree could look like they’re part of a single column. … A tree that’s fastigiate has branches that point up — they’re erect and almost parallel.
Which plants have slanted branches?
The conical shape of the tree also helps to get the snow to fall off the tree quickly and to get the sunlight. hence, conifers have sloping branches, so that snow does not accumulate and thus prevent them from damage.
Do aquatic plants have sloping branches?
The sloping branches help the rainwater and snow to slide off easily from the trees. The reduced leaves of desert plants help to reduce loss of water through transpiration and thereby conserve water. The stems of some aquatic plants are hollow and light so that they grow and reach up to the surface of water.
Which type of plants are found in hilly areas?
- Maple and so on.
Why do the pine trees have sloping branches Class 6?
Pine like trees are the trees which live in mountain areas.In the season like summer or winter when the ice on the mountains begin to melt..they fall as rain.. When more rain falls on the trees the sloped branches then help the water to flow down from the branches… | <urn:uuid:0b222d5d-86c6-4047-ab33-4f5e8d07caba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lauriekutilportraits.com/winter-types/why-are-the-trees-in-the-mountain-and-snowy-habitat-cone-shaped-with-sloping-branches.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.957156 | 674 | 4.3125 | 4 |
Republic is a membership-based pressure group campaigning for the abolition of the monarchy and its replacement with a directly elected head of state.
We represent all Britain's republicans, bringing the case for a republic to a wider audience while scrutinising the actions of the royal household. We are strictly non-party political and have the support of over 80,000 republicans.
We are a democratic organisation, led by our members and underpinned by a set of core principles. We are an inclusive movement, with members and supporters from across the political spectrum and from a diverse range of backgrounds.
Do you like this page? | <urn:uuid:86d99c64-0d58-4947-861f-cd009fdfd031> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.republic.org.uk/about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.947058 | 125 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Bringing up real inspiration
The search for innovative solutions is embedded in Solvay’s DNA. This spirit of innovation dates back to 1863, when Ernest Solvay made a major technological breakthrough: the synthesis of soda ash (sodium carbonate). In the years following, his passion for science only grew and he was inspired to support his fellow pioneers. Since 1911, he held conferences bringing together the world’s most distinguished physicists and chemists to discuss scientific issues -- among them Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Niels Bohr and 17 other Nobel Prize laureates. Today, Solvay continues this tradition of knowledge exchange with the brightest minds of our time. | <urn:uuid:36bf95bf-9e89-4400-9bcd-fc36de73f42d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.solvay.com/en/innovation/encourage-science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.911676 | 142 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Meditating With Children: The Art of Concentration and Centering : A Workbook on New Educational Methods Using Meditation
- Used Book in Good Condition
The newly revised edition of the classic Meditation with Children incorporates Dr. Rozman’s popular, proven techniques for meditation with a powerful new focus on the heart. Teaching children to center in the heart adds balance and self-esteem, improves decision-making and puts children in touch with their deeper core values. Meditating with Children has been used successfully by educators across the country in public, private and home schools and as a textbook for many Sunday School Programs.
List Price: $ 16.95
Find More Meditating Products | <urn:uuid:2b0a4932-ed16-45ff-bf57-fc8c763bfcf9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.guidedzen.com/meditating-with-children-the-art-of-concentration-and-centering-a-workbook-on-new-educational-methods-using-meditation-reviews.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.887348 | 140 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Substantial numbers of Veterans with PTSD present with multiple and complex symptomatology such as co-occurring pain, anxiety and insomnia, and are commonly prescribed opioid and benzodiazepine medications to treat these symptoms. Yet, potential interactions between opioids and benzodiazepines pose serious risks to patients who take them, with the most serious risks including fall-related injuries caused by over-sedation and death due to respiratory depression. Despite these known risks, limited information exists on the national prevalence of opioids and benzodiazepines prescribed concurrently, their use among patients at elevated risk of severe adverse events, such as those with problematic alcohol use, suicide risk and advanced age, or the comparative safety of these medications among those diagnosed with PTSD.
The specific aims of this project were to: 1a) estimate the annual prevalence of any (>30-days) and long-term (>90-days) concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine use among patients with documented PTSD, 1b) estimate the annual prevalence of alcohol misuse, suicide risk and advanced age (>65 years old) among patients with PTSD who are prescribed benzodiazepines and opioids concurrently, 2) assess whether VA patients with PTSD receiving opioids and benzodiazepines concurrently are at increased risk of all cause mortality and fractures, as compared to those receiving opioids only, benzodiazepines only and nonusers of these medications, and 3) test if alcohol misuse and advanced age are associated with increased risks of all cause mortality and fractures among VA patients with PTSD who are newly prescribed opioids and benzodiazepines concurrently, as compared to those who screen negative for alcohol misuse or who are <65 years old.
In this retrospective cohort study participants were eligible if they received care at a VA facility and were diagnosed with a PTSD diagnosis during fiscal years (FY) 2010-2011. Aim 1a used gender-specific logistic regressions to estimate the annual prevalence of any (>30-days) and long-term (>90-days) concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines among patients receiving VA care and diagnosed with PTSD (men: n=500,632, women: n=44,628). Aim 1b used gender-specific logistic regressions to estimate the prevalence of comorbid alcohol misuse, suicide risk and advanced age (> 65 years old) among concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine users with a valid Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test - Consumption (AUDIT-C) score (men: n=55,783, women: n=6,306). Aim 2 estimated the 12-month relative risk of mortality and fractures among new concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine users (n=6,261), as compared to propensity score matched users of benzodiazepines only, opioids only and nonusers of these medications, using hazard ratios from Cox proportional regression models. Aim 3 tested if the risks of all cause mortality and fractures among patients who are newly prescribed opioids and benzodiazepines concurrently with valid AUDIT-C scores (n=5,901) are increased due to comorbid alcohol misuse and advanced age, after adjustment for demographic and clinical covariates, using Cox proportional regression models.
Aim 1a: For FY2011, the age-adjusted annual prevalence of any (>30-days) and long-term (>90-days) concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine use was 9.8% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 9.7%-9.9%) and 5.2% (CI: 5.2%-5.3%), respectively, among men and 13.5% (CI: 13.1%-13.8%) and 6.6% (CI: 6.4%-6.9%) respectively, among women with PTSD. Aim 1b: Among patients who were co-prescribed these medications for >30-days, the prevalence of alcohol misuse was 11.4% and 9.1% in men and women, respectively. Further, 15.0% of men and 3.1% of women were >65 years old and 7.6% of men and 12.1% of women had documented suicide risk. Aim 2: The 12-month adjusted risk of mortality among concurrent users was 1.50 (CI: 1.15-1.96) and 1.92 (CI: 1.46-2.53) times greater than those prescribed benzodiazepines only and opioids only, respectively, and 1.63 (CI: 1.24-2.13) times greater than nonusers. The 12-month adjusted risk of fractures among concurrent users was 2.43 (CI: 2.00-2.96) and 2.53 (CI: 2.10-3.05) times greater than those receiving benzodiazepines only and nonusers, respectively. Differences were not detected in risk of fractures between concurrent and opioid only users. Aim 3: Among patients who were newly prescribed opioids and benzodiazepines concurrently with a valid AUDIT-C score , the risks of all cause mortality increased among patients aged 65 or older (Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR)=3.52, CI: 1.69-7.35) compared to those under 35. Alcohol misuse, as measured by the AUDIT-C, was not associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality. The risks of all-cause mortality were increased among patients with a Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score of 2 or more (AHR=4.37, CI: 2.86-6.68) relative to a score of 0, a TBI diagnosis (AHR=2.63, CI: 1.47-4.71), dosages with daily morphine equivalents (DDME) >100mg (AHR=1.90, CI: 1.19-3.02) relative to DDME < 50mg. A service-connected disability percentage of 50% or higher was associated with a lower mortality risk (AHR=0.56, CI: 0.41-0.76). The risks of fractures were not increased among patients 65 and older or with documented alcohol misuse. Factors associated with increased fracture risk included alcohol use disorder only (AHR=2.05, CI: 1.53-2.74), drug use disorder only (AHR=1.81, CI: 1.30-2.51) and alcohol and drug use disorders (AHR=1.97, CI: 1.40-2.79, p<0.001) relative to no substance use disorder, and CCI score >2 (AHR=1.55, CI: 1.16-2.08) relative to a score of 0.
Knowledge gained from this proposal supports VA efforts to reduce non-recommended prescribing practices, including concurrent prescribing of opioids and benzodiazepines, by identifying subsets of the population at greater risk of adverse events. Furthermore, results will educate patients and providers with respect to two of the most important adverse events, death and fractures, associated with these medications, thereby informing clinical care decisions.
External Links for this Project
Grant Number: I01HX001270-01A1
- Donovan LM, Malte CA, Spece LJ, Griffith MF, Feemster LC, Engelberg RA, Au DH, Hawkins EJ. Risks of Benzodiazepines in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2019 Jan 1; 16(1):82-90. [view]
- Hawkins EJ, Malte CA, Saxon AJ, Sayre G. Evaluating a Medication Alert to Reduce Concurrent Opioid and Benzodiazepine Use at a Single VA Health Care System. Paper presented at: Society for Implementation Research Collaboration Biennial Conference on Advancing Efficient Methodologies Through Community Partnerships and Team Science; 2015 Sep 10; Seattle, WA. [view]
- Hawkins EJ. Leadership and Measurement Based Care Implementation in VHA Substance Use Disorder Programs. Paper presented at: National Institutes of Health / AcademyHealth Conference on the Science of Dissemination and Implementation; 2014 Dec 5; Bethesda, MD. [view]
- Hawkins EJ, Malte CA, Grossbard JR, Saxon AJ. Prevalence and Trends of Concurrent Opioid Analgesic and Benzodiazepine Use Among Veterans Affairs Patients with PTSD 2003-2011. Poster session presented at: VA HSR&D / QUERI National Meeting; 2015 Jul 10; Philadelphia, PA. [view] | <urn:uuid:ce2deef9-3fec-4e09-8e39-5880b2aa65cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hsrd.research.va.gov/research/abstracts.cfm?Project_ID=2141703941 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.906706 | 1,837 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Now is the time to repeal a 40-year-old law that perpetuates inequality among women. The Hyde Amendment, which bans the use of federal funds to pay for abortions except in certain circumstances, is unfair. The amendment targets women who rely on Medicaid for their health care coverage. According to the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, roughly two out of three adult women enrolled in Medicaid are between the ages of 19 and 44—the reproductive years. Abortions can run upward of $1,000, which places the (legal) procedure out of reach for most women living in poverty.
Legislative changes and increased training of school staff could help to reduce the incidence of children being restrained and secluded in schools, a panel of state officials said Friday at a forum hosted by U.S. Sen. Chris Murphy, D-Conn. The roundtable discussion was organized in response to a February report by the state Office of the Child Advocate (OCA) that raised “significant concern” about the frequency with which young children with autism and other disabilities are restrained or secluded in Connecticut schools. In each of the last three years, the state Department of Education has reported about 30,000 incidents of restraints or seclusion, with autistic students the most frequently subjected to the practices. More than 1,300 children have been injured while restrained or isolated. Research has shown that the techniques can be traumatizing to children, with no evidence that they have therapeutic value, the OCA report says.
After months of delays, the U.S. Senate on Tuesday confirmed state Veterans Affairs Commissioner Linda Schwartz as the new Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Policy and Planning in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Schwartz, 69, a former nurse and Air Force veteran, was chosen for the national post last year by President Barack Obama. In her decade as head of the Connecticut agency, she has become known for her strong advocacy of veterans, especially around issues of homelessness, post-traumatic stress disorder and women and disabled veterans. Her confirmation was applauded Tuesday by U.S. Sens. Richard Blumenthal and Chris Murphy, who noted in a joint statement that the VA is “in critical need of new approaches, greater accountability and new people to tackle tough challenges.”
This summer, former Proctor & Gamble chief executive Robert A. McDonald took over as Secretary of the embattled department, after a scandal over the manipulation of patient wait-time data led to the ouster of former Secretary Eric Shinseki.
When it comes to reducing gun violence, we are in this for the long haul. One of my senators said that. Lori Jackson Gellatly separated from her husband, filed for a temporary restraining order, and moved in with her mother in Oxford. On May 7, a day before a court hearing to extend that order, her husband allegedly broke into the family’s house, and shot Jackson and her mother. The Gellatlys’ toddler twins were asleep upstairs.
In 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, which abolished racial discrimination in the armed services. There was significant pushback – within and outside the military – but by the end of the Korean War, most of the armed services were desegregated. We have not eliminated racism – not by a long shot – but Truman’s signature at least moved the ball down the field. And if the U.S. military wanted to, it could continue its tradition of being a leader of social change. According to Department of Defense (DOD) estimates, more than 26,000 incidents of unwanted sexual contact occurred in the military in 2012, but just 238 incidents resulted in convictions. | <urn:uuid:3957564f-0ff0-465b-b4db-e2be351c61b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://c-hit.org/tag/u-s-sen-chris-murphy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.972399 | 752 | 1.695313 | 2 |
ECOMMERCE WEB DESIGN
Ecommerce Web Design...
ECommerce is the name used to embrace all the business activities involved in the act of selling or trading goods and services directly online. It covers everything from online shopping catologues and other advertising aids, to directly selling goods, products or services to customers through a variety of other online methods.
Whether you run an exclusive business-to-business operation or sell goods or services directly to the public, you will gain maximum benefit from your website by using a dedicated eCommerce Shopping Cart, enabling your retail or B2B customers to order your products directly online.
Retail customers normally pay by credit card at the time the order is placed, whilst B2B customers normally order "on account" and then pay at a later date under agreed trading terms.
Shopping Cart Software...
Ecommerce shopping cart software comes in a variety of different styles, features and functionality, but they are all designed around one specific central feature...
Your customers can buy or order products instantly online!
Whilst this is a very powerful feature, most modern shopping carts can also calculate delivery costs worldwide; add sales tax (VAT) when applicable; and provide a variety of payment options including...
Credit Cards - On Account - Cheque
Ecommerce Shopping Carts are normally used for online retail shopping sites, enabling customers to directly order and pay for goods online by credit card or, in some instances, for registered account numbers.
Product Display Catalogues are normally used to display Business to Business products for "on account" customers, and large expensive products like cars and houses which are not normally available to purchase directly online.
Database Controlled Shopping Cart is the easiest way to have complete control of your products, enabling you to update them at any time 24/7, thus ensuring they are always 100% up-to-date and displaying the latest information at all times. | <urn:uuid:469e4029-a0df-4b08-ae61-6cf208d1ae5c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.weblink4u.co.uk/shopping-websites.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.916484 | 406 | 1.765625 | 2 |
a republic on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964
a strategically located island to the south of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea
- In Malta Lang Lang plays a chamber concert with members of the Vienna Philharmonic.
- Allied forces on Malta had cut his supply lines, and he was running out of food, ammunition and fuel.
- Malta fever 马耳他热,波状热...
- Republic of Malta 马尔他,马尔他共和国... | <urn:uuid:b1715a1c-67b1-45d9-8728-29ffa63457e1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dict.cn/Malta | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.652211 | 481 | 2.375 | 2 |
Insufficient public transport options between South and North Sydney are hampering access to white collar jobs, reveals a new study by Western Sydney University.
Sydney’s ‘latte line’, which represents an invisible divide along geographical lines in the city’s social and economic structure, has thrown up yet another inconvenient truth: Poor public transport from the south of Sydney to the north where most of the white collar jobs are concentrated, is getting in the way of professionals from the south and west who have to deal with long commutes to get to work.
White collar jobs are mostly concentrated in the north and east of Sydney, with 65 percent of the workers, defined as managers and professionals, belonging to this segment, according to 2016 Census data.
The research also showed that places such as North Sydney, Macquarie Park and Norwest Business Park were white collar job zones. Less than 10 percent are employed in the blue collar work segment.
West and south Sydney, on the other hand, have a massive blue collar slant with 60 percent working as labourers, machine operators and tradies, and just 17 percent in the white collar segment.
Lack of infrastructure and urban planning is being cited as a reason for the poor development of public transport connections from the south to the north of Sydney.
The Government plans to address this lacuna by creating three 30-minute cities, where residents can access jobs, education and recreation within half an hour. Transport will play an important role in achieving these objectives.
Sydney’s ‘latte line’ is not a localised phenomenon; similar patterns have been observed in cities across the world. | <urn:uuid:a1b1968e-d8d7-46d3-a4b7-5ffd63133583> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/news/is-lack-of-public-transport-limiting-access-to-whi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.954122 | 342 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Technology key factor impacting Claremont crime
Claremont assaults, thefts and related crimes are at a 25-year low.
Last year reported the lowest number of Part I crimes in the past quarter century, announced Sergeant Lori Davenport at the police commission meeting held late last week. Figures were calculated as part of an annual crime report submitted to the city by the Claremont Police Department.
Part I crimes are comprised of violent crimes against persons (homicide, rape, robbery, assault) and crimes against property (burglary, theft, auto theft and arson). A total of 887 Part I crimes were reported last year, down from 932 in the previous year. An overall reduction in these crimes is just one of numerous areas of improvement for the city’s police department, according to Captain Jon Traber.
The Claremont Police Department’s low crime rates are in part due to successes seen throughout the region over the past several years as repeat offenders remain locked up, says Captain Traber.
“Assertive law enforcement actions such as the Three Strikes law have kept repeat offenders behind bars,” he said.
The Three Strikes law, which took effect in California in 1994, gives life in prison with the possibility of parole to those who have been convicted of the same serious criminal offense 2 or more times.
“That 5 percent is creating a majority of the crime,” Captain Traber explained of the region’s crimes.
In addition to a decrease in Part I crimes, the city has seen a drastic increase since 2009 in the recovery of stolen vehicles. The increase is in part due to the purchase of an Automated License Plate Reader system obtained through grant money last year. The system allows police to read license plates as they enter into the city and quickly compare information in law enforcement databases for stolen vehicles, wanted persons, Amber Alerts and vehicles of interest, according to police.
“The cameras take a digital image that then goes through a stolen vehicle database and comes back with hits almost instantaneously,” Captain Traber explained.
Since the system went live in April, police have received nearly 20,000 hits related to stolen vehicles or wanted persons. Eighty stolen vehicles were recovered, whereas only 10 were recovered in 2009, according to Captain Traber. Seventy-five people have been arrested in direct result to the system, 40 of who were individuals driving stolen vehicles.
“We were able to find yet another warrant and stolen vehicle today,” Sgt. Davenport said. “The [ALPR] system really remains an important asset to our department.”
Despite overall Part I crime abatement, the city’s theft and burglary rates remain the highest area of crime in Claremont, accounting for nearly 68 percent of all Part I crimes last year. While Claremont has reported no homicides in 2011—in comparison to 1 homicide in 2010 and 2 in 2009—there were a reported 601 thefts and 207 burglaries.
Officers fear those numbers may rise as repeat offenders continue to be released from prison through the implementation of the Public Safety Realignment Bill. Passed in October, the bill will transfer up to 30,000 low-level offenders to county jails over the next 3 years.
“We haven’t seen the full effects of what could happen,” Captain Traber said. “Typically those types of individuals commit property crimes and that’s 90 percent of our crimes [in Claremont]. Over the next year or 2 our staff needs to be diligent in contacting and stopping suspicious persons and taking action.”
So far, despite significant reduction in staffing levels for the Claremont police, their commitment to serving the community quickly and effectively is evident in its successes throughout 2011, according to Frank Bedoya, chair of the Claremont Police Commission. Over the past year officers responded to 24,626 calls with an average response time less than 4 minutes.
“There has been a lot of questions as to how crime rates were going to be affected with the reduction in staff. I think we still see here an adequate response time to services,” Mr. Bedoya said. “It truly does show the remarkable work the department is doing for the city.”
In 2012, police will continue to focus on quick response times to reported suspicious activity and continue to foster an open-door policy with its residents.
“People feel comfortable reporting crime here because they know anything they report is going to be investigated and brought to a conclusion promptly,” Captain Traber said. “There is a commitment here between members of the community and the police department.” | <urn:uuid:8230c339-0076-49a7-b24d-b494a97d4a00> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://claremont-courier.com/latest-news/t1781-38466/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.966885 | 966 | 1.53125 | 2 |
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
- noun A
storyteller; one who spins a yarn.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
The bar's resident yarnspinner, at 10pm on Tuesday he was regaling a reporter with his story about how, while attending Jingxin Kindergarten (靜心幼稚園), he was punished by his teacher after Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九), who is a year older than Liao, saw him teaching a few of his classmates how to speak Japanese.
Iago, as a destructive yarnspinner, may have a rival in Tracey Ullman's Miss Lambert. | <urn:uuid:a65fbf95-c616-4dfc-b615-369f163f38aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wordnik.com/words/yarnspinner | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.951422 | 178 | 2.125 | 2 |
Did you know that playing a musical instrument can help reduce stress levels in college students? A recent study found that students who played an instrument reported lower levels of stress and anxiety than those who did not play an instrument. In this article, we will discuss the benefits of playing an instrument and we will provide tips on how to get started. We hope that this information will encourage more college students to take up music lessons!
When it comes to the best stress-relieving activities, music therapy is hard to beat. Numerous studies have shown that music therapy can help reduce stress and anxiety and it can also help improve mood and sleep quality. If you are looking for a way to reduce stress levels, we highly recommend giving music therapy a try.
There are many different ways to get involved in music therapy. You can take group classes, participate in individual sessions, or even listen to music at home. There are a lot of online sheet music and streaming services if you want to play an instrument, and these offer free or affordable access to a wide range of music. Youtube and other sites offer an astonishing number of how to videos for beginners. You can also check with your college’s music department to see if they offer any music therapy classes or programs.
Improve your immune system
One of the benefits of playing an instrument is that it can help improve your immune system. Studies have shown that people who play an instrument have higher levels of antibodies than those who do not play an instrument. This means that playing an instrument can help you fight off infections and diseases.
Moreover, the stress-reducing effects of playing an instrument can also help to boost your immune system. You will notice that you will get sick less often, and when you do get sick, your symptoms will be milder.
Focus and concentration
When you are concentrated on learning a new song or practicing a difficult passage, you are not as likely to dwell on your worries and stressors. This can lead to improved grades, better sleep, and reduced stress levels. In addition, playing an instrument can help to improve your mood and provide an outlet for self-expression.
When you are playing an instrument, you are using both sides of your brain. This can help to improve your memory, problem-solving skills, and critical thinking skills. In addition, playing an instrument can also help to develop fine motor skills. Therefore, by playing an instrument, you are not only reducing your stress levels but are also improving your cognitive skills.
Playing an instrument can help you to relax both physically and mentally. When you are playing an instrument, your body releases endorphins, which are hormones that have mood-boosting and pain-relieving effects. In addition, music has been shown to lower blood pressure and heart rate.
Namely, your cortisol levels, which are hormones related to stress, will decrease when you play an instrument. By reducing your cortisol levels, you will be less likely to experience anxiety, depression, and other mental health problems.
Playing instruments as a hobby
If you are looking for a new hobby, we highly recommend taking up an instrument. Not only will you be able to reduce your stress levels, but you will be able to look forward to spending time on something that you enjoy. If you have never played an instrument before, we suggest starting with a simple one such as the piano or guitar.
There are many different ways to learn how to play an instrument. You can take classes, watch online tutorials, or even read books. The most important thing is to find a method that works for you and to practice regularly.
Help your mental health
Playing an instrument can also help to improve your mental health. If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, or other mental health problems, we highly recommend that you give music therapy a try. Taking up an instrument can provide you with a creative outlet, help you to relax, and boost your mood.
If you are struggling with mental health problems, we recommend that you seek professional help. There are many different types of treatment available, and a mental health professional will be able to help you find the right one for you. In the meantime, you can benefit a lot from a relaxing session playing your favorite instrument.
In summary, playing an instrument can help reduce stress levels in college students. In addition, playing an instrument can also help to improve your mood, sleep quality, and immune system. If you are looking for a new hobby, we highly recommend taking up an instrument. With so many benefits, there’s nothing to lose and everything to gain! | <urn:uuid:645c15a3-6196-442c-8a2b-5d0fa2db1d2c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nextstepu.com/How-Playing-An-Instrument-Helps-Reduce-Stress-Levels-In-College-Students.art | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.953699 | 939 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Investing in mutual funds is an attractive option for many people because it provides a steady income stream and diversification. Many investors are attracted to investing in multiple stocks, bonds, or other assets at one time without having to do all the research themselves. But there are some disadvantages that you should know about before investing your money into these funds.
Mutual funds are typically more volatile than individual stocks because they hold greater assets. In addition, the returns on your investment aren’t guaranteed and can quickly fluctuate. Mutual funds have price fluctuations, as do the stocks that make up the fund. There is no assurance of success with any mutual fund investment, and almost every investment has some risk. It’s particularly vital for people investing in money market funds to understand that these are not FDIC-insured funds like their bank counterparts and are at greater risk of market fluctuations.
Lack of Control:
You also have very little control over how the fund is run or what types of securities it invests in. Since you don’t own any specific security within a mutual fund, you do not decide which investments to buy or sell during certain market conditions.
Mutual funds provide investors with expert management, but they come at a cost. Transaction fees reduce the fund’s overall payout and are charged to mutual fund investors regardless of the fund’s success. You can imagine how these expenses add up in years when the fund doesn’t perform well. A mutual fund is a costly operation to set up, trade, and maintain. Those charges are passed on to investors. Since fees differ significantly from one fund to another, failing to pay attention can have negative consequences in the longer term. Transaction expenses build over time with actively managed funds, which are subtracted from the potential for long-term growth.
“Diworsification” is a financial or portfolio strategy suggesting excessive complexity can result in worse results. Many mutual fund investors overcomplicate things. They acquire numerous closely related funds and lose the risk-reducing benefits of diversification. These people may have made their portfolio more exposed by adding additional funds. Just because you have mutual funds in your portfolio does not guarantee you are diversified; for example, a fund focused on a specific industry sector or geographic location is still reasonably risky.
A diversified portfolio’s potential for poor performance is illustrated by the phrase “too much of a good thing.” Because mutual funds can have a variety of holdings in many different businesses, outstanding gains from a few investments might not significantly impact the overall return. Dilution occurs when a successful fund expands too rapidly. When new money flows into funds with solid track records, the manager may find it difficult to locate suitable equities for all new funds to be effective.
Failures of active fund management:
Many investors are uncertain if professional stock pickers are superior to individuals in the market. However, the fund manager gets paid despite the performance of the funds, which is not the case with most individual investors. Active management of funds results in higher fees. Due to this reason, passive index funds have grown in recent years. These funds track an index and are considerably less expensive to maintain. Actively managed mutual funds, during numerous periods, have failed to outperform their benchmarks, especially when taxes and costs are considered.
It might be difficult to figure out which mutual fund is best for you. Unlike stocks, you cannot compare the (P/E) ratio, sales growth, earnings per share (EPS), or other vital information of mutual funds. The NAV of a mutual fund may provide some basis for comparison, but a true comparison can be challenging. Among all different kinds of funds, only index funds that track the same markets can be compared. The lack of data makes it difficult to evaluate general mutual funds. And since investors don’t have much to go on, they risk investing in poor holdings.
When a fund manager sells a security, a capital-gains tax is levied on the sale. Investors should be aware of their potential taxes when investing in mutual funds. Taxes can be reduced by investing in taxable-preferred or non-taxable mutual funds in a tax-deferred account such as a 401(k) or IRA.
Lack of Transparency:
Mutual funds also lack transparency. You may not know exactly what securities your fund holds at any given time. Since the mutual fund’s performance is largely dependent on its holdings, a lack of accurate information can expose investors to unwanted risks. In addition, mutual funds aren’t always open about their portfolio turnover rate, which is the percentage of the total value that changes in a year from buying and selling investments. This can be especially troublesome if they make too many trades or invest in low-quality companies with less growth potential.
Inability to Customize Returns:
Mutual funds offer investors little control over how much risk is involved in their investment because there isn’t an easy way to adjust allocations between different types of assets such as cash, stocks, bonds, and commodities. That means you don’t get to customize your stocks and returns.
While mutual funds can be a good investment for certain people, some disadvantages may make it difficult to succeed. These include overcomplicating things by adding additional funds, diluting successful funds, and tax implications. In addition, the lack of transparency makes it difficult to compare performance with other similar investments or individual companies. Finally, there is no way for investors to customize their returns because they have very little control over which types of assets their money goes into. This makes choosing the right fund more difficult, particularly if you aren’t sure what will work. | <urn:uuid:37626d2c-d9bd-472a-89e0-916070f1e3f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://absolutesummit.com/disadvantages-of-investing-in-mutual-funds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.960462 | 1,194 | 2.375 | 2 |
Filtered By: Scitech
These tiny pearls are the beginnings of fully functional human cartilage.
Scientists at New York's Columbia University have grown them using stem cells derived from human bone marrow.
Cartilage doesn't contain blood vessels or nerves and it doesn't heal once damaged.
So, it has to be replaced with existing tissue taken from another part of the body or from another person.
Postdoctoral fellow, Sarindr Bhumiratana says past efforts to produce cartilage in the lab - from young animal cells - resulted in tissue that was often too weak for practical use in humans.
So, he and his colleagues studied how the human body grows and develops cartilage and attempted to mimic the process in their lab:
"These stem cells ... we know that it can turn into bone, it can turn into cartilage, it can turn into fat. So we take them and we use this ... we call it fabrication technique ... which is based on the developmental process where the stem cells condense. This is ... we base everything we do in the lab to what happens during development when we were a fetus or when we were young."
The experiment worked—and the technology is simple and efficient, according to Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, a professor of biomechanical engineering.
She says the next step is to customise the process for individual patients by using specialized molds:
"We take images of the patient, normal medical images, and then we make these three dimensional files. We use them to make scaffold and then we grow a piece that is with great precision mimicking what you are replacing. This is the kind of technology that should, in principle, make it possible to regenerate any piece of bone interfaced with cartilage in the body. So, we do have technology. We do understand underlying principles."
But the science isn't quite ready to be implemented - the next phase will test the long-term effects of the stem cell-grown cartilage to see how the tissue holds up over time. — Reuters | <urn:uuid:7ea42399-07f6-44b4-94ad-da1f16ac092b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/363764/video-scientists-grow-human-cartilage-from-stem-cells/story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.949507 | 437 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Are you looking for a good idea of making money? What do you say about opening a shop with toys for boys? Believe it or not, the numbers of toys which are bought annually is increasing more and more and people are highly concerned about the presents that they buy for their children.
Why you should open an online shop with toys for boys – things to consider
A very important reason for doing that is represented by the fact that if you make a small research, you will find out that there aren’t so many shops with toys for boys as the ones for girls. So, according to those who are interested in buying these items, it’s very difficult to find the proper present for a boy.
Also, when it comes to this fact, there is an important aspect that you have to take into consideration: don’t resume your items only at toys that represent cars. It’s a common fact that usually boys are associated with cars, but maybe there are other children who prefer something different. Moreover, a good idea is to focus your activity on something different and trying to be original. For example, you can open an online shop with toys made of wood. Why is that a good idea? It’s as good idea because they can be regarded not only as toys, but also as decorations.
On the other hand, you should know that very popular nowadays are the handmade toys. So, if you have talent, you can create yourself the items. Just use some cheap materials like paper, wool, board or more and you can create some real pieces of art, without any big investments. Maybe other good ideas are the ecological materials which are highly appreciated by those who consider themselves as being eco-friendly.
What you should know about those who buy toys for boys
Usually, the main category of clients is represented by parents who are particularly interested in making their children happy. But, also studies have shown that online stores with toys are visited by people who collect various types of things. For example, there are those who collect vintage cars or teddy bears. So, if you sell some special items, you can ask for a good price. But make sure that you evaluate the items correctly. Usually those who collect things are very well informed and they can make the difference between products which are worth to invest in or not.
Last but not least, you should notice that a very important thing is promoting your business. So, try to invest a lot in online marketing because this is the best way to attract your clients. | <urn:uuid:bcbd049d-6c4a-45a1-b699-ebe29fbc4589> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.loghouselife.com/are-you-a-parent-open-an-online-shop-with-toys-for-boys | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.981 | 518 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Should I keep my child home?
- The health of the school is a community effort. If your child has 2 or more of the following symptoms, please keep them home:
- Fever or chills
- Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
- Muscle or body aches
- New loss of taste or smell
- Sore throat
- Congestion or runny nose
- Nausea or vomiting
Students must be fever-free for 24 hours before returning to school. Students with nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea must be symptom-free for 24 hours before returning to school.
If you have questions about whether or not your student should be in school, please contact Cindy Pacewicz at (847) 295-4856
Report an Absence
In the event of an emergency requiring the school to close, School Administration will notify school parents via the following communication:
- An e-mail message will be sent through School Messenger (the system we send the Crusader Chronicle through)
- A text message will be sent.
- A notice will be placed on the school website and on the school's Facebook Page.
- In addition, you may check the Emergency Closings Link to see all reported school closings.
Note the school considers many factors before choosing to close due to weather and will generally align with Lake Forest & Lake Bluff public school's decision. | <urn:uuid:659db702-7599-40ef-8978-348353012ed7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.schoolofstmary.org/parent-resources.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.910714 | 306 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Methow Arts announces the installation of the annual display of student artwork at Mid-Valley Hospital in Omak. Working with Twisp artist Bruce Morrison, second grade students at Virginia Grainger Elementary School in Okanogan have painted enlarged versions of flowers in the Georgia O’Keeffe tradition. Eleven new original student works are currently on display at the Mid-Valley Hospital in Omak.
“How many different ways can you say beautiful?!”
~ Mid Valley Hospital staff member
Morrison introduces students to the work of internationally-known artist Georgia O’Keeffe (1887-1986), whose signature paintings include abstractions of flowers, landscapes, and other natural elements as well as architecture of the southwest and New York City. He then guided them through the process of painting their own flowers, using acrylic paint as a medium and freshly-picked spring flowers as inspiration. Students mixed primary colors (bright red, ultramarine blue, and chrome yellow) to derive secondary colors (green, orange, purple).
The installation changes annually and not only gives the hospital corridors a fresh new look every year, but also offers the opportunity to a new group of students to have their original artwork displayed in public.
SPONSORS – WE THANK YOU!
This residency was created by Methow Arts Alliance and is sponsored annually by Mid Valley Hospital, with additional support from the Community Foundation of North Central WA, Hamilton Farm Equipment, Okanogan Kiwanis, Okanogan-Omak Rotary, the Charlotte Martin Foundation, the Okanogan School District, the National Endowment for the Arts, and ArtsWA.
CONTACT: Methow Arts Alliance, 509.997.4004, firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:f829cfdb-53c7-4988-93de-a63c465d3c68> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.methowarts.org/okanogan-second-graders-artwork-graces-mid-valley-hospital/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.936683 | 363 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Nintendo’s ‘Game Builder Garage’ teaches game design using the Switch
Nintendo just announced an exciting new Switch title that puts game design in the hands of the masses. game builder garage is to learn how to program simple video games from the bottom up, with cute mascots and tutorials for beginners.
At the heart of game builder garage is a visual programming language that uses cute mascots to teach game design. Each character – they’re called “Nodon”, apparently – can be assigned a game programming property, such as jumping or left-to-right movement. There are Button Nodons and Person Nodons and dozens of other Nodons too, apparently.
Much like its DIY predecessors, game builder garage will make it easy to switch between programming and playtesting, making experimentation super easy. And – as if we weren’t already sold – the title is only half the price of a standard Switch game.
The latest in a great range of DIY – Nintendo has been toying with the DIY game design space for a long time. Of WarioWare DIY to Creator of Super Mario series, Nintendo always brings its whimsical aesthetic sensibility to these titles, creating fun titles that also have the distinct potential to be genuinely educational.
game builder garage looks set to teach even more than previous Nintendo DIY titles; about half of the game is dedicated to actual lessons. Each tutorial takes players step-by-step through one of seven predefined games. These lessons are definitely beginner-friendly, with early tutorials walking you through the most basic basics like character movement. Players can bypass these and switch to the game’s sandbox mode if they are too eager to complete all the lessons.
Nintendo with the perfect timing — Summer is getting closer with every passing day, which means younger players will soon be bored at home without having to worry about Zoom School. Mid-June really is the perfect time for Nintendo to release game builder garage – it’s just educational enough that parents want to buy it for their kids. At just $30, it’s also a much easier investment than going all out for something like Nintendo’s Labo.
The game is not only educational, however; a good portion of the time spent in the game will be in this free play mode. Players can even send their creations via a unique code to Switch friends so they can play each other’s games and even see the process behind them.
game builder garage is available for pre-order now and will be released on June 11 for $29.99 in the United States. With its blend of fantasy and education, it’s likely to be a hit among older kids and budding game designers. | <urn:uuid:f6e9529e-e442-4bce-98e5-f07c7597c5fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://r4isdhcx.com/nintendos-game-builder-garage-teaches-game-design-using-the-switch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.954394 | 559 | 1.851563 | 2 |
During the keynote, Hrabowski explained that federal spending on university research flowed in the years after World War II, and basic research was fueled in the 1950s and ’60s by the Cold War and the space race. There was another surge around the turn of the century when the U.S. budget was in strong shape and lawmakers poured money into the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
But since then, funding has slowed. According to the Washington Post’s analysis of National Science Foundation (NSF) data on federal basic research spending at universities, the trend line over the past few years (in inflation-adjusted dollars) is this:
2009: $18.2 billion
2010: $17.3 billion
2011: $15.7 billion
2012: $15.7 billion
2013: $15.5 billion
2014: $16.3 billion
New ways to garner support
According to Hrabowski, based on his own initiatives with UMBC, as well as the ideas presented as part of the Internet2 summit, there are three innovative ways to consider gaining support and funding for research institutions; all of which are based on the idea of inclusiveness:
1. Create better long-term partnerships.
“When I talk to other leaders about this problem, I like to ask them what their response is to the question of ‘Why should I give additional funding?’ What do they say? How do they differ their message to different groups?” said Hrabowski. “Many long-term partnerships are hard to secure because the language isn’t there.”
New language, he explained, is about communicating to businesses, but also to communities, why investing in basic and applied research can directly benefit the local and global economy.
“Clear language needs to be used when describing what the outcomes of this research can do to serve the public and private sectors,” he noted. “It’s healthcare, defense and competitiveness. Use language that goes beyond how funding directly benefits the institution to how it benefits the community and our country.”
2. Use IT like a corporation.
“Using IT effectively for your campus services and operations at an enterprise-level shows business corporations that your institution is paving the way of the future,” said Hrabowski. “Universities interested in securing funding from business must be adaptable and look to how corporations are using tech.”
Part of using technology like corporations, he explained, is by rethinking timelines and deadlines for implementation and updates.
“Another way of using IT to gain community support is by using technology that connects communities, like the way Internet2 is using technology to connect higher-ed institutions to each other and to people. Any time you can use IT in ways that connect your campus community to other campuses, or your campus community to each other and the local community, do it,” he said.
3. Broaden the pipeline.
“Did you know that it’s the students with the highest SAT scores, with the highest AP science scores, that go to the most prestigious colleges and universities, that are the students most likely to drop out of STEM after freshman year?” he asked. “It’s because these institutions call freshman STEM classes ‘weed-out’ classes. Now tell me: How can we expect these students down the line to support us when we ask for R&D funding?”
Hrabowski emphasized that garnering support for research universities begins with the institutions own students, as well as students a university might not typically consider.
“In the 1940s, college presidents fought against the GI Bill because they thought if veterans were allowed to attend their institution, it would become a den of lazy hippies failing courses. But the bill passed, and these veterans turned out to be some of the institution’s brightest. Today’s research universities must look to minorities and underserved students and discover ways to support them in their dreams.”
He concluded that only when research universities support a wide-range of students, and therefore show communities this investment into building a better future for all people, will research universities have a secure future as well.
- 25 education trends for 2018 - January 1, 2018
- IT #1: 6 essential technologies on the higher ed horizon - December 27, 2017
- #3: 3 big ways today’s college students are different from just a decade ago - December 27, 2017 | <urn:uuid:d2f913f7-b394-4e20-bafe-d7abc4493b0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ecampusnews.com/2015/04/28/future-research-universities-728/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.954163 | 939 | 2.171875 | 2 |
1. Your new book is Body Mindful Yoga. What inspired you to write the book?
We felt called to explore the relationship between language and body image and offer readers a method for proactively letting go of dis-empowering language and embracing empowering language. Our words shape our reality, and this includes our body image. Yoga is a powerful lens through which to study this relationship and create this meaningful change in our lives. Our intention is to guide readers to transform attitudes and beliefs that keep them stuck in dis-empowering body narratives about how they should look, perform, and age into self-affirming ones. Self-validation is not necessarily the response we are taught when it comes to body image, especially in a culture that thrives on external validation. The problem is that when we habitually rely on others to validate our worth, we never truly learn how to validate ourselves. As a result, we become enmeshed in guilt, shame, and comparison as we constantly strive to arrive at an ideal. The consequence is that we lose sight of our unique qualities in exchange for external validation. We, the authors, understand this reality, as we both have lived it on various levels. However, we know there's a better, more fulfilling, and truthful way to be a member of society than to mirror values that cause us to underestimate our worth. This is the body mindful yoga way that we teach in our book, and it begins with our words.
2. How can a yoga practice improve our relationship with our body?
Yoga is traditionally thought of as a physical or fitness activity. Yoga is vast in nature, however, and includes physical, mental, and spiritual practices that originated in ancient Indian philosophy. Yoga's philosophies offer guidelines for how to cultivate compassion and appreciation for ourselves (including our bodies), others, and the world. Yoga education considers all dimensions of a person during the learning process, including their emotional, spiritual, physical, and intellectual health. The first half of the book is focused on the yoga practice of self-study or reflection to help readers understand their starting point in their relationship with their body and how certain language influences their body image. The second half teaches readers a variety of body mindful yoga practices to integrate into life to foster an affirming and empowering relationship with their bodies. Through the path of yoga, we practice harmony within and strengthen our relationship with our body.
3. Do you need to practice yoga to use the information in Body Mindful Yoga? Or is it accessible to everyone?
Yoga experience is not required to have a successful experience with this book; we will thoroughly guide readers through every step. Body Mindful Yoga presents a combination of yoga, social/cultural discourse, and self-reflection exercises—certainly a unique format for a book on body image! And as far as yoga books go, ours is also unique, teaching a variety of yoga-inspired wisdom and practices in the context of redefining your relationship with your body. We include many yoga poses, with instructions for how to perform them, as well as several types of mental, auditory, and visual yoga practices to accommodate your learning preferences.
4. The book uses four Body Mindful steps: Listen, Learn, Love, and Live. What are these steps, and why are they important?
The guiding principles of our body mindful philosophy is the Butera Method of Personal Transformation, a four-step method that adapts yoga philosophy for modern needs. The four steps are:
The Listen and Learn steps are devoted to self-study, which in yoga refers to contemplation and reflection. The Love and Live sections bring to life the insights readers gained in the Listen and Learn steps through yoga practices to incorporate into daily life. These four steps open readers' eyes to how words affect their body image.
- Listen: Know thyself.
- Learn: Honor what you know and invite new wisdom.
- Love: Practice new wisdom in your inner life.
- Live: Share new wisdom with others through example.
5. What do you hope readers will take away from Body Mindful Yoga?
Our deepest hope is that Body Mindful Yoga will be a pathway to self-empowerment and a body-affirming life for all who strive to prove themselves through their bodies. We hope all who read this book find ease in their bodies and conviction in their words. | <urn:uuid:1dd06552-d4aa-4279-99a6-7bc2c85c9cb7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://survey.llewellyn.com/author_interview.php?author_id=4529&interview_id=162 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.949752 | 896 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Fertility potentials of five medicinal plants in the treatment of infertility caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome in female wistar albino rats
- International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Ozioko Eucharia N,1 Ajibade GA,1 Vantsawa PA,2 Appah J2
PDF Full Text
Polycystic ovarian syndrome cause infertility in females within childbearing age, Patient with Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) go through the stress of taking serial medication for years including various medical procedures which are quite traumatic and painful. PCOS was induce in the experimental animals by administering 1mg/kg per body weight of letrozole for twenty one days. After 21days oral administration of letrozole to the experimental animal Blood samples were collected for Glucose and Lipid profile. Serum Progesterone, Estradiol, Testosterone, Luteinizing and Follicle stimulating hormones were measured with enzyme – linked immunosorbent Assay Kit. After the confirmation of the establishment of PCOS, the following plant extracts were administered at 300mg/kg and 100mg/kg per body weight for 15days to different groups of animals in separate cages: Trigonella foenum graecum, Sesamum indicum, Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Lepidium meyenii. The result shows T. feonum graecum and G. glabra effectively reduced insulin resistance by reducing the glucose level from 7.60mmol/L in the PCOS group to 5.50mmol/L in T. feonum graecum and 5.23mmol/L in G glabra. Increased in lipid profile caused by polycycstic ovarian syndrome as seen in the PCOS group was reduced effectively byS. indicum and G. glabra. More so, effective control of increased androgen level and hirsitism was shown by T. feonum graenum and L. meyenii by reducing the testosterone level from 34.4ng/ml in the PCOS group to 5.33ng/ml in T. feonum graecum and 7.10ng/ml in L meyenii. Ability to increase follicle stimulating hormone was shown in S indicum, T graecum, G max, and G glabra, whereas the ability to ovulate, go through a successful gestation period, and deliver live babies was seen in S indicum and T greacum, this could be attributed to the high flavoniod (phytoestrogens) seen in the two plant extracts. The best of all the plants extracts is the extract of T graenum because of the continuous fertility recorded in this group and also their none toxic effect on the vital body organs.
polycystic ovarian syndrome, infertility, testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, progesterone | <urn:uuid:ef29cfae-60be-4ff1-bbbf-ba266377f856> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://medcrave.com/index.php?/articles/det/2340105/Fertility-potentials-of-five-medicinal-plants-in-the-treatment-of-infertility-caused-by-polycystic-ovarian-syndrome-in-female-wistar-albino-rats | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.909229 | 619 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Like the familiarity of Psalm 23 or Psalm 100, this psalm was familiar to me as well — at least verses 7 thru 10, as I used to sing them as a kid. So, I was nervous as it crept closer to me having to deal with it.
It start off with typical 4-line stanzas, which went off the rails already after the second stanza. Verse 4 seemed to have an extra line thrown in. David introduces a line about the sun at the very end of verse 4, and continues to talk about it in verses 5 and 6.
They speak without a sound or word;
their voice is never heard.
Yet their message has gone throughout the earth,
and their words to all the world.
God has made a home in the heavens for the sun.
Because of this "extra" line, I decided to have extra lines in my poem as well to accommodate them, either to say something new or to emphasize a previous point.
For the director of music. A psalm of David.
The heavens acknowledge God's glory;
the skies show his handiwork there.
And day after day they continue this way,
and nightly continue to share.
His knowledge is seen everywhere.
They use neither words nor a language;
and never is heard any sound.
Their message goes forth from the south to the north,
to the ends of the earth, round and round.
In heaven, the sun's home is found.
It bounds like a groom from his wedding;
an athlete who’s eager to run.
Beginning its quest till it sets in the west,
it follows its course until done.
None hide from the heat of the sun.
The law of the LORD is perfection,
restoring the spirit, indeed.
His teachings are sure, will forever endure,
providing all things to succeed,
like wisdom for people in need.
The precepts the LORD has are righteous,
that bring a real joy to the heart;
his rules are austere, his commandments quite clear,
with insight for life from the start.
His prudence is poised to impart.
The fear of the LORD is upstanding,
that ever and ever will last.
His judgments are true, his decisions are, too;
the future as well as the past.
No matter tomorrow's forecast.
More precious than gold are they worthy;
yea, even the finest gold known.
Though honey is sweet, they are more of a treat
than honey that drips from the comb;
the comb from the honeybee's home.
By them, I've been warned — as your servant,
obeying them yields great reward.
Who knows all the faults that are locked in our vaults?
Cleanse me from the secrets I've stored;
of sin without knowing it, LORD.
Keep me from the sins that are willful,
that they may not rule over me.
Then I would be clear of the great sin I fear,
and blameless and innocent be.
O LORD, I just want to be free.
May all of my words that I've spoken,
along with my innermost thought
be pleasing to you in your glorious view;
accept this reflection I've brought.
Redeemer, O LORD, and my rock.
The heavens declare the glory of God, and the sky above proclaims his handiwork.
(19:1 - ESV)
Day after day they pour forth speech; night after night they reveal knowledge.
(19:2 - BSB)
Without speech or language, without a sound to be heard,
(19:3 - BSB)
Yet their message has gone throughout the earth, and their words to all the world. God has made a home in the heavens for the sun.
(19:4 - NLT)
It bursts forth like a radiant bridegroom after his wedding. It rejoices like a great athlete eager to run the race.
(19:5 - NLT)
The sun rises at one end of the heavens and follows its course to the other end. Nothing can hide from its heat.
(19:6 - NLT)
The law of the LORD is perfect, restoring the soul; The testimony of the LORD is sure, making wise the simple.
(19:7 - NASB)
The precepts of the LORD are right, bringing joy to the heart; the commandments of the LORD are radiant, giving light to the eyes.
(19:8 - BSB)
The fear of the LORD is pure, enduring forever; the judgments of the LORD are true, being altogether righteous.
(19:9 - BSB)
They are more desirable than gold, even the finest gold. They are sweeter than honey, even honey dripping from the comb.
(18:10 - NLT)
Moreover by them Your servant is warned, And in keeping them there is great reward.
(19:11 - NKJV)
None of us know our faults. Forgive me when I sin without knowing it.
(19:12 - CEV)
Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins; let them not have dominion over me: then shall I be upright, and I shall be innocent from the great transgression.
(19:13 - KJB)
May the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be pleasing to you, O LORD, my rock and my redeemer.
(19:14 - NLT)
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The phrase “home improvement” typically means any pursuit undertaken to raise people’s household or cause it to far more helpful. The thought of diy, remodeling, or remodelling is the action of generating extras or makeovers to one’s household. The normal goal of this task is usually to increase the value of your home and adorn the nearby space. On the whole, diy normally include small tasks which revise a present household outside, inner surface or some other modest improvements to your house.
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At this time, your house enhancement or redevelopment sector is value above 6-8 thousand pounds. This physique consists of not merely people that tackle redevelopment tasks but additionally firms who employ workers and products. Given these statistics, it’s no surprise that this sector is called a most important business. Considering the existing economic depression, many people are discovering that their finances are no longer conducive to challenge large renovations or remodeling. Nevertheless, with all this circumstances, many people and corporations remain ready to carry out do-it-yourself or redevelopment tasks.
There are many of factors in home improvement or remodel that demand factor. These factors include restoration of the house external surfaces, indoor or any other area developing development or guérison updating any section of the wires, plumbing, home heating system or waters method introducing precautionary features in order to avoid robbery landscape or building the positioning more pleasing and contributing amenities such as a swimming pool or a gym. There are many of businesses who focus on the provision of remodel and home development solutions. These firms utilize lots of people who possess specific knowledge and skills in remodel and building.
Remodeling or redevelopment requires the modification of a household from one state to another. There exists a considerable amount of focus staying laid on property remodeling and home enhancement for house owners because has become a mil sector. This sector is at present one of the most money-making, rapidly-developing, client promotes on this planet. Home owners right now are spending billions of dollars to realize a new search or maybe a rejuvenated design for components.
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The stakes have never been higher as America reopens. What can a post-coronavirus world look like?
America will rebuild. But much like shop owners removing boards off windows in the wake of a natural disaster, Americans aren't quite sure what the aftermath of the deadly coronavirus pandemic will look like.
Will our economic engine need to change what it sells and how it sells it? Will the same consumer habits return? Can the familiar rhythms of the nation's unabashedly capitalist system resume?
The galvanic forces exerted by pandemics have always shaped global history, says Marina Gorbis, executive director at the Institute for the Future, a nonprofit think tank in Palo Alto, California.
“Whether it’s the bubonic plague, the Spanish flu or coronavirus, pandemics inevitably are both health events and social events that cause transformations in society and politics,” she says.
Leading indicators — from soaring unemployment to looming bankruptcies — suggest a rough re-start. As the nation opens, scientists continue a feverish search for a vaccine while health officials remain concerned that the coming fall and winter could bring a spike in new virus cases that require renewed quarantines.
But those possible obstacles aside, those who study the human march through history say it is vital to remember the nation's future can be better than its past.
“This isn’t a snow day where you’re waiting for the sun to shine and the world to return, because the world we have lived in for so long in many ways is never coming back,” says Jamie Metzl, technology futurist and co-founder of OneShared.World, an online group that promotes a globally interconnected response to the pandemic.
“This is an all-hands-on-deck moment for the country, the world and our species,” says Metzl. “Everyone has a role to play to build back something better than what is being destroyed.”
From Maine to California, reconstruction has started, in most places with equal parts excitement and caution.
In Roswell, Georgia, restaurant general manager Mikaela Cupp says "the community’s excited, there’s this pent-up ‘We want to get out of the house’ energy."
But in Atlanta, office worker Denita Jones fears bringing the virus home to her family since few coworkers wear masks.
“I see people going back to pre-pandemic behavior like everything’s OK in the world, and the rest of us are walking on eggshells,” she says.
As this tenuous rebuilding phase unfolds, the USA TODAY Network took a deep dive into a dozen societal sectors to get a sense of how things might look in the future for key facets of the economy.
The result is a portrait of a nation in the initial throes of a rebirth, one both painful and high-risk as the country continues to feel the toll in human lives and economic livelihoods. Among our glimpses into the future:
• Health care: Despite its critical role in safeguarding the public during the pandemic, the virus has exposed the dire distress of those without healthcare, the financially tenuous nature of smaller hospitals, and the need to better secure nursing homes, whose residents and staff account for many U.S. coronavirus deaths.
• Education: School districts are facing massive shortfalls as state coffers get decimated by the coronavirus outbreak. That puts into jeopardy school feeding programs, teacher job security and online learning curriculum for students without at-home technology.
• Employment: The highest unemployment rate since the Great Depression, around 15%, is arguably the biggest threat to a robust recovery from the pandemic. Inevitably, sectors will face consolidation, new businesses will be created, and employees will be expected to develop new skills accordingly. The workplace environment also promises to be forever changed, with employees increasingly shifting to telecommuting.
• Entertainment: Restaurants are in dire straits, with reservation service OpenTable recently predicting 25% of all restaurants might never re-open. Scripted TV shows will remain on hold until sets can be made safe. Movie theaters, when they come back, are likely to find patrons seated apart and the same film on multiple screens. Big concerts may well never return until there is an effective global vaccine.
Virus will spur creative responses
Unmistakable in this emerging post-virus reality, experts say, are signs that human creativity will forge new approaches, new products and new social paradigms not only more adaptable to future global crises, but also more responsive to income inequality, climate change and other issues laid bare by coronavirus.
“COVID-19 is a dress rehearsal for a more turbulent world, one that will require businesses to be more adaptable to a consumer that is forever changed,” says James Allen, senior partner at global consulting firm Bain & Company and author of a recent blog post, “The Great Retooling: Adapting for Coronavirus and Beyond.”
Among a variety of coming trends, Allen sees a shift toward more "values-based consumption,” where consumers reward enterprises that are “acting as good citizens” during the epidemic."
Meanwhile, white-collar professions will combine lessons learned from remote working with the enduring need for some occasional “high-touch experiences at offices," he says. And those office spaces are likely to shrink, paving the way for a possible revitalization of urban cores as office buildings become condos.
Maria Bothwell, CEO of future-focused advisory firm Toffler Associates, a firm started by the late futurists Alvin and Heidi Toffler, authors of the seminal 1970 book, “Future Shock," says the nation will reach a phase called "the novel normal" in three to five years.
Bothwell anticipates a long period of discomfort in public spaces with strangers, as a “heightened sensitivity to the vulnerability of our health” causes a reflexive recoiling at sneezes and coughs even after there is a vaccine.
In addition, no-touch payment systems will proliferate. Public places will temperature screen. And expect an exodus from crowded cities for those whose jobs promote telecommuting.
From COVID-19, a New America
In the end, there’s little debate that the America that emerges from the coronavirus pandemic will be a New America, not unlike the new nations that emerged from the forge of the Great Depression and World War II.
The former created a nation of frugal savers, the latter created a young post-war populace that fueled an unprecedented era of optimistic consumerism.
If there is one thing futurists seem to agree on as America rebuilds, it is the hope that resides in those children and young adults whose lives have been indelibly stamped by this pandemic, a group that may well prove to be the next Greatest Generation.
Says Bothwell: “In 10 years, we’ll look back at today’s graduates in amazement at what they did as a result of this event.”
Follow USA TODAY national correspondent Marco della Cava: @marcodellacava | <urn:uuid:6f4ac3a2-4ddd-4583-b1d8-4d2aedef598b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newsherald.com/story/news/nation/2020/05/28/after-coronavirus-ends-what-life-like-new-america/5193279002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.937452 | 1,509 | 2.234375 | 2 |
The epidemic of the Coronavirus Covid-19 and the « infodemic » it causes, with its (sometimes true as well as often false) information, reminds me of a book I co-wrote in 1984, a chapter of which was devoted to Coronaviridae, at a time when these viruses had not yet been much talked about and were of no concern to anyone.
This book is now 35 years old, so one would think that, on such a subject, it should be completely out of date. In fact, it is not, it is still cited and reprint requests are still coming in, with an understandable increase in recent weeks. Since it’s publication, much work has been done on the molecular regulation of the replication of these viruses, especially with the epidemics of SARS in 2002 and MERS in 2012, caused by viruses of the same family. However, the viral assembly process described in our book, an important step as target for antiviral action, is still relevant and the accompanying scheme that I drew is still perfectly valid.
In an attempt to respond to the potential readers’ requests, I have inquired about the book’s current availability. Springer sells it in electronic form for € 71.68. Google play makes it available as an e-book for € 64.55. It can also be found on Amazon.com, but for the staggering sum of € 111. It’s no longer available for download there (this is recent, it was still available last week, which is strange because in a virtual world, it’s not clear what « out of print » means. To be precise, we’re not talking about « out of stock » but « currently unavailable », which is even more suspicious). Let’s put ourselves in the shoes of a researcher eager for information on this virus and who was told that it is still valid today. He or she would like to be able to verify what it contains. Paying such a sum of money just to try to find out whether a 35-year-old scientific book is still of any interest is really not possible for most researchers who must check a large number of articles, chapters and books. And that is how information, however interesting it may be, does not circulate.
Irritated to know that in this period of epi/info-demics, access to scientific information that may be important, or even simply useful, is still, after 35 years, behind a tollgate, at an undeniably excessive rate, I decided to deposit it in the archive of my university, in the institutional ORBi – ULiège repository so that everyone can have free access to it (thank you, Dominique Chalono, for the help). As good scientists, neither my co-authors (Kathryn V. Holmes, from the University of Colorado at Denver, then at the Uniformed Service University, Bethesda, Maryland, and the late Monique Dubois-Dalcq, from the NIH, Bethesda, Maryland) nor I, do benefit from copyright on any of this, so it is without hesitation that I have made available to the public (who invested in this work), the chapter devoted to the Coronavirus.
In the meantime, very recently, Springer Nature has made this chapter openly available (without asking the authors for their opinion, and without even informing them, it goes without saying!) as they have decided to open online all the scientific literature they publish or have published on Coronaviruses. I note that the same applies to Retroviridæ, a decision that probably preceded, linked to the spread of HIV/AIDS and that I was unaware of as well.
When will they release the chapter on Orthomyxoviridæ (including the influenza virus that causes the flu)? And why don’t they release all the other chapters (Rhabdoviridae and rabies, Paramyxoviridae and measles or mumps, Bunyaviridae and hantavirus or Rift Valley virus, Arenaviridae and haemorrhagic fever viruses, Togaviridae and rubella or arthropod-borne viruses, Rotaviridae and the rotavirus) after 35 years of seclusion ? (They are not really secluded, you can download each of them electronically for € 30.19 !
One day humankind will wonder how it has been possible to authorise the sequestration of knowledge against payment for decades and why it was only released under the pressure of collective and global anxiety about a virus perceived as threatening, while several others, in the above list, are also wreaking havoc but, of course, only in tropical-equatorial countries.
The bibliography at the end of the book contains all the references of all the chapters so it had to be appended in a separate document. I also apologize to the reader for the inability to re-use text or photos, our PDF file being not searchable, as our original manuscript is nowhere to be found. The publishers post print is also not searchable. What a pity… | <urn:uuid:80f1c116-cf4e-45b5-8caf-0afe9f1ed320> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bernardrentier.wordpress.com/2020/02/08/thirty-five-years-ago-when-the-coronavirus-didnt-scare-anyone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.957829 | 1,054 | 2.03125 | 2 |
In 1995, Carol Rahter, DO went to work with a child abuse task force to plan and seek grants to fund an ideal environment that would offer abused children forensic interviews and medical exams in a comfortable, non-threatening atmosphere. The first advocacy center opened in a one-room psychiatric outpatient facility in Conway. The center, then known as CHIP, quickly outgrew the space and moved to a leased home, also in Conway. It wasn’t fancy, but 41 children still found the care and support they needed to begin to heal due to Dr. Rahter’s efforts.
The Children’s Recovery Center (CRC) is a nonprofit community organization, which completes its work using your donations. The CRC has grown from that one room house serving 41 children to two buildings serving nearly 400 children in 2020. We believe we are only touching the surface of this problem as many cases continue to go unreported. Nationally, one in six children are victims of abuse. Sadly, victims know and love 95% of their abusers, which creates an atmosphere of, “Don’t Tell.” Our challenge continues to be encouraging abused children to Tell and feel safe doing so.
Were you an abused child and afraid to tell? Don’t let that cycle continue. Talk to your children about child abuse and let them know there is a safe place for them to go and talk about the trauma. Please help us educate the communicate by donating to this cause. Any amount will help because we make every dollar count. | <urn:uuid:b966b21f-59ab-4969-a1d7-59029080aca5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://childrensrecoverycenter.org/childrens-recovery-center-of-horry-and-georgetown-counties/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.966298 | 314 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Finally! A Vitamin That Could Blast Belly Fat
If you want to get slimmer, this nutrient—which you might know as "the sunshine vitamin"—may hold a secret that could help you shave pounds.
You might think of vitamin D as being crucial for strong bones and possibly for protecting you against cancer or diabetes, but this nutrient has a few more tricks up its sleeve. Nicknamed the sunshine vitamin (your body can only manufacture it when sunlight hits your skin), vitamin D looks like it may be the key to keeping your belly trim. (If you’re considering vitamin D supplements, read this first.)
According to a presentation at the European Society of Endocrinology meeting in Barcelona, people with low levels of vitamin D tend to have much more belly fat. The researchers tapped the roughly 7,000 people in a Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study to arrive at their results. They found that the people with the highest levels of abdominal fat had the lowest levels of vitamin D. Lead researcher Rachida Rafiq of VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam said in a press release, “Although we did not measure vitamin D deficiency in our study, the strong relationship between increasing amounts of abdominal fat and lower levels of vitamin D suggests that individuals with larger waistlines are at a greater risk of developing deficiency, and should consider having their vitamin D levels checked.”
While the study only points to a link between body fat and D, experts speculate that low vitamin D levels may be linked to weight gain. Medical News Today reports that increasing your intake of vitamin D may help eliminate belly fat. In individuals with Type 2 diabetes, insufficient vitamin D levels can make matters worse by interfering with insulin and blood sugar tolerance. Adding more vitamin D to your diet—through supplements or fortified foods like milk and breakfast cereal—may protect against a number of conditions. These are the vitamin D-rich foods you should add to your diet.
The links between obesity and vitamin D deficiency are growing, according to Rafiq, but “due to the observational nature of this study, we cannot draw a conclusion on the direction or cause of the association between obesity and vitamin D levels,” she said. Next, check out these other simple ways to blast belly fat in a single day. | <urn:uuid:cc00183e-02c2-4416-ba32-ddf51d77460b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://preprod.thehealthy.com/nutrition/vitamin-d-blast-belly-fat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.936358 | 470 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Biovia Study Design & Tracking
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LABORATORY EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT
Product Development Studies play a critical role in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the product and its manufacturing process. Designing studies for Stability Testing, Process Validation or Formulation Optimization can be very complex as they include different interdependent aspects and activities that need to be executed, sometimes over a defined period of time.
BIOVIA Study Design & Tracking provides the tools to efficiently design and manage the multiple study types that are performed in your scientific laboratories, streamlining workflows, reducing cycle times, and providing a comprehensive overview of all existing scientific studies.
The goal of a stability study is to determine the extent to which a product, specific formulation, or individual active ingredient stays intact over time and over a range of possible conditions. This provides the basis for expected product shelf life and expiry dates. The regulatory requirement to report the stability of product batches of every unique formulation, dosage strength, and packaging results in both a high volume of work effort and coordination. The effort to design the investigations, track the testing, and generate the necessary reports is significant.
BIOVIA Study Design & Tracking provides data access and monitoring dashboards so responsible parties can see trends and actionable alerts before compliance becomes an issue reducing the risk of citations and fines that may result from failure to demonstrate compliance with specifications.
ON CLOUD OR ON PREMISES
BIOVIA Study Design & Tracking can be deployed on the cloud with the 3DEXPERIENCE® Platform. Cloud deployment minimizes IT overhead and ensures security procedures are carried out by dedicated professional security experts. BIOVIA Study Design & Tracking can also be deployed and validated on-premises if desired. The web-based delivery of BIOVIA Study Design & Tracking simplifies implementation, eliminating the need to install software on every user's computer, while the system’s ability to operate on low bandwidth connections ensures ease of operation anywhere in the world.
BIOVIA STUDY DESIGN & TRACKING CAPABILITIES
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- Control your study design approval workflow with appropriate management and electronic signatures | <urn:uuid:b1f11e8d-64b1-45c7-ba23-875d4f2e5763> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.3ds.com/products-services/biovia/products/laboratory-informatics/lab-management/biovia-study-design-tracking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.868399 | 626 | 1.609375 | 2 |
In most cases, employees are tasked to submit different kinds of reports that are related to their job. Whether you work in operations, sales, human resources, marketing, or finance creating a work or job report is part of an employee’s responsibilities. A job report is normally needed for several reasons such as to gather data or to track the performance of an employee or the work or task he or she is currently engaged in. And these types of reports are normally needed by someone such as a supervisor or a manager. Also, information from a job report is accumulated or serves as a reference for other reports for management. To know more about this, let us discuss this further below. And if you need to work on this particular report, we’ve got a list of job report samples that are downloadable for free on this page so don’t forget to check it out!
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1. Job Handover Report Template
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8. Job Creation Compliance Report
9. Job Search Report
10. Job Pest Control Operator Report
11. Job Development & Job Coaching Monthly Report
What Is a Job Report?
A lot of employees, one way or another have experienced preparing or creating a report for their jobs. And this document can serve any purpose as this may be a daily job report, sales reports, analyses of some sort and etc. But this usually discusses information about a particular topic related to your job and work responsibilities. And generally, creating a job report ensures an organization’s progress as time goes by and thorough reports will help the company analyze various aspects of their business organization. This is why almost all company departments are asked to submit their individual reports for analysis.
How To Create a Job Report?
There is no formal way to create a job report, as in most cases your manager may give you a specific topic or an outline of what your report should be like. For example, you are to report about your sales performance, and given that you should include data analysis, comparison and etc. But the point here is that to create a job report, aside from the given subject to cover writing an effective job report requires practice and good communication skills. It may be a tedious and time-consuming activity, but we’ve got several tips below to help you create an effective job report.
I. Report Objective
First and foremost, you need to identify the purpose of why you need to create this job report. For example, is this a weekly report you need to be preparing? If so, then this will help you determine other factors you need to create the report.
II. Identify Your Readers
You will also need to know to whom should you submit your report. If your manager needs it then the tone of your report will matter. Or in case your manager will also need to pass this on to higher management or your colleagues you need to cater the report to these specific individuals.
Once you have an idea of your report objectives, you will need to determine what information you should be writing about. If it’s for data analysis or a budget report then you will need to do your research and also make comparisons by evaluating previous data and reports.
IV. Outline the Report
Organize your report by creating an outline or sequence, if your company has its own format you may want to follow that. If not, you may want to use a table or chart. For a more formal approach, you will need to include several important elements such as title page, executive summary, introduction, the body of the report or the main content, and conclusion or recommendation—depending on the purpose of the report.
V. Evaluate and Edit Your Report
Before submission, make sure you go over your report several times and make all the necessary changes if there is a need to. Remember, that your report can significantly affect the organization so it is quite important to get things right.
What Is a Business Report?
A business report is a document that hat contains factual information, statistical data, research findings, or any other form of information relevant to the course of the job.
What Do Managers Do with Reports they have Gathered?
In most cases, all data from these reports are accumulated to create an overall report that is used to forward for top management or as a reference for business planning.
What are the Benefits of a Job Report in a Business Organization?
Job or business reports can be used to provide vital information on certain aspects of the business organization. This will help management check if the company is on the right track and help develop future forecasts, marketing plans, guide budget planning and improve decision-making.
A job report is a crucial document that is needed by most companies, so make sure you are able to efficiently create one yourself. To make it easier for you to prepare, don’t forget to download our free templates above!
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FREE 10+ Sample Store Manager Job Description Templates | <urn:uuid:62a4b08d-4fc3-4039-879b-d733a6cbc7de> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sampletemplates.com/business-templates/report/job-report.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.906979 | 1,196 | 2.0625 | 2 |
I recently saw this blog post. It is written by a newly graduated English teacher. Anyone who teaches English, or languages in general, would do well to have a look.
Teaching grammar doesn’t stifle creativity.
Katherine Brandt 1st July 2011
Although the rules of the English language are constantly changing and transforming, teaching grammar has great value in the school system because it gives students the background that they need to understand their language and use it effectively both in and out of the academic world.
By teaching grammar, educators provide students with the building blocks of language. When students understand each of the building blocks behind their language, they have a greater ability to communicate not only in their native tongue but also in other languages which employ similar building blocks, albeit in a different order.
Grammar is an important tool because people who do not understand it have difficulty communicating well, and as a result their ideas are often overlooked. Consider children who have yet to learn how to speak well or foreigners who misunderstand how to use prepositions or adjectives. For example, a Spanish-speaker learning English might say, “The sock red has a hole small.” Though people may understand sentences like this one, they might also need to make a conscious effort to achieve understanding.
Although the idea of the foreigner is an exaggerated example, students who understand the idiosyncrasies of English grammar will, in a much more subtle way, be able to control the voice, meaning, and level of formality with which they write. As a result, they will be able to write for an educated audience without the embarrassment of making obvious mistakes.
I have been able to see grammar’s importance in my own education. When I was a child, I attended a private elementary school where we were constantly drilled in grammar. We diagrammed sentences, learned parts of speech, and revised incorrect sentences time and again to master the language.
When I was twelve, my family moved, and I went to a public junior high school where the teaching of grammar was considered unimportant and indeed somewhat damaging to a child’s voice. Nevertheless, in my first month of class, my English teacher checked for students’ basic understanding of grammar. To my shock and dismay, I was the only person in the class who could recognize verbs and complete sentences. My peers consistently struggled with their essays because they had never been taught how to construct a complete idea within a sentence. They had been to school for seven years and could not write a simple sentence. I wondered what they had learned in all that time.
Imagine reading entire papers composed of fragments such as “When I went to the store.” These papers might convey meaning but certainly not in the way that the students intend – with clarity. From the time I entered the public school system, I was at the top of my class in English simply because I had been taught how to put words together correctly. As a result, my teachers could understand and respond to the ideas that I expressed in my papers. All children need to obtain at least a basic understanding of grammar in order to communicate effectively and meaningfully in the educated world.
Knowing grammar also gives students another advantage when it comes to learning foreign languages. When I first started taking Spanish, I had greater understanding simply because I knew some grammar. My teacher, in vain, explained how Spanish speakers position nouns and adjectives differently from English speakers; most of the students did not even know how to differentiate a noun from an adjective. On the other hand, I easily understood what she was explaining because I had been taught to identify parts of speech and their function within a sentence. The other students struggled and guessed their way through the course because every unit presented new parts of speech. Indefinite and definite articles, participles, and verbs were among the difficult concepts that they had not even learned in their native tongue.
I pity my peers who came from a system of those who have written off grammar as unimportant. I have heard these educators say that the study of grammar “stills the creative voice.” My personal experience has shown the contrary. Grammar has been my key to creativity because, with my basic knowledge of the language, I know how to coherently express my ideas so that others can appreciate them. I also know the building blocks to learning other languages which will only expand my creativity and not inhibit it.
It is time for educators to take a stand and teach children to use grammar well so that they may be able to participate both creatively and formally in the educated world. Even as we would not cripple architects by taking away the resources that they need to build beautiful buildings, so we should not cripple our young writers by refusing them grammatical knowledge. From a strong foundation in grammatical understanding will come better, stronger writers who will know how to use the tools educators give them to create beautiful and original writing. | <urn:uuid:4b956640-356f-45ef-99f3-61cd7a9bfdee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://heartofenglish.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/in-defence-of-grammar-teaching/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.97947 | 1,005 | 2.875 | 3 |
About Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is the fifth most common neoplasm in industrialised countries. Risk factors include tobacco smoking and occupational exposure to carcinogens. The prevalence is three to eight times higher than the incidence, making bladder cancer one of the most prevalent neoplasms, and hence, a major burden for all health care systems.
Non-muscle invasive tumors (Ta and T1)
The most frequent form of all newly diagnosed cancers is the stage Ta tumor. The prognosis of these tumors is good as more than 90% never progress to higher stages with conservative treatment.
However, more than 70% of the tumors recur in the bladder, which makes this tumor type responsible for the high prevalence rate. Consequently, after transurethral resection of the tumors, an attempt to prevent recurrences is frequently made by intravesical instillations of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). The surgical removal of the whole bladder (cystectomy) may be considered in selected cases of patients with very frequent recurrences, high grade lesions and failure of BCG treatment.
Invasion of the lamina propria (stage T1) is evident at diagnosis in about 20% of all cases. These tumors have a worse prognosis and most will be fatal if not treated aggressively.
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is rarely diagnosed as the primary lesion; concomitant CIS is more common, and may be found in up to 40% of stage T1 cancers and in 50% of the muscle invasive stages. CIS is treated by BCG instillations. In case of failure, cystectomy is the treatment of choice. About 30% of stage T1 tumors of the CIS-type will progress to muscle invasion under a conservative regimen. Large tumors and tumors with multiple recurrences or widespread CIS have a very high risk of progression, so many of these cases are primarily offered radical treatment.
Muscle invasive tumors (T2 to T4)
Muscle invasive bladder cancer (stage T2-4) is a fatal disease if left untreated. Although endoscopic and partial bladder resections may cure the disease in selected cases, the standard treatment today is the complete removal of the bladder (radical cystectomy).
Unfortunately, a substantial fraction of muscle invasive bladder cancers have distant metastases already at this stage, and this is critical for the long term prognosis. Metastatic disease is treated by chemotherapy. Five year cause specific survival rates are stage dependent and rank from 40% (stage T2) to less than 10% (stage T4).
There is an urgent need for highly sensitive and specific molecular markers that:
identify bladder tumor recurrences in plasma or urine
predict subsequent disease progression in early stage bladder cancer
identify metastatic disease prior to cystectomy
predict if the patients respond to chemotherapy.
Aim of Research
We aim at performing translational research to identify and validate molecular markers that pave the way for optimal personalized treatment regimens. Furthermore, we want to obtain a better understanding of the molecular biology of the disease and the underlying affected molecular pathways.
Bladder Cancer Tissue Bank
Most of our research is based on our large bladder cancer tissue bank (MOB). It currently contains more than 70,000 samples of tumor tissue, blood and urine from more than 2600 patients with bladder cancer, prospectively collected since 1994 in close collaboration with the Department of Urology, Pathology and Oncology at Aarhus University Hospital. All information is organized in a database, including detailed pathology information, treatment regimens followed, and sample characteristics (size, growth pattern, multiplicity, concomitant carcinoma in situ).
We have constructed several tissue microarrays (TMAs) based on formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumors for validating key molecular markers in large patient cohorts. A progression TMA (284 tumors) and a metastasis TMA (400 tumor) are currently available. The tissue bank has been approved by the Central Denmark Region Committee on Biomedical Research Ethics and the Danish Data Protection Agency.
Current research activities
- EU FP7 project: Prospective multicenter evaluation of gene expression signatures for disease outcome and establishment of risk scores for outcome predicting combining molecular markers and clinical risk factors. See www.uromol.eu.
- Deep sequencing of bladder tumors to discover novel molecular pathways involved in disease progression.
- Exosome characterization and function in bladder cancer.
- Identification of diagnostic and prognostic genomic tumor alterations to be used individualized patients follow-up and surveillance screening using plasma and urine samples.
- Identification and validation of molecular markers for predicting disease outcome and treatment response in advanced bladder cancer. | <urn:uuid:017f1812-7e60-40a3-99ad-1a23c137a0f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://moma.dk/bladder-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.911806 | 985 | 3 | 3 |
Guinea pig owners routinely utilize wood or paper types of shavings as the bedding for their pets. While this is perfectly acceptable if the proper sort is chosen, namely those not made of sawdust, cedar or pine, there may be better choices available. Guinea pigs that inhale tiny bits of paper, dust or wood may ultimately develop respiratory issues or have eye sensitivity. Because wood-type shavings or paper-based products can be shuffled around easily within the cage, the end result is not terribly sanitary. The pig will end up rolling around in waste until the cage is thoroughly cleaned. While paper and wood shavings are extremely common, they are not environmentally friendly and can become costly as well.
Fleece bedding is an alternative every guinea pig owner ought to consider. This is a hot trend among guinea pig owners and is a cost-effective, environmentally sound choice. Fleece facilitates spot cleaning of the cage, allowing for waste products to be surgically removed on a frequent basis. Rather than being absorbent like wood and paper bed materials, fleece can filter urine and other waste down to a sub-layer of toweling (which can be washed often), letting the top layer stay totally dry. This type of clean-up is a welcome convenience for busy pet owners who wish to maintain an orderly environment that remains attractive to the eye.
The advice and guidance provided above can help you give the guinea pigs in your life the best care possible. These little creatures are terrific companions which are, sadly, vulnerable to abbreviated life spans. However, by ensuring that they live in a happy, clean and safe place, perhaps we can extend their lifetimes significantly and gain increased enjoyment from everything they have to offer. There really is nothing like having a few guinea pigs around to make a house a home. | <urn:uuid:c5a2e9ef-1001-4247-8000-467c3b873cab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://teasnorthampton.co.uk/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.955517 | 377 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Abdominal pain is a common complaint that is often encountered and have very extensive reasons. Location of abdominal pain can be a pain-causing instructions based on the location of the abdominal organs. Abdominal pain on the lower left part can be associated with disorders of the abdominal muscles, reproductive organs, the urinary tract, or indigestion.
Abdominal pain on the lower left can be accompanied by various other symptoms upon causes fundamentally. Other symptoms of indigestion channels can accompany abdominal cramps, among others, bloating, defecation difficulties, diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting. In addition, other additional symptoms may occur such as fever, muscle cramps, sore, painful sore – when urinating or large, painful sexual intercourse, when weight loss, lump in the abdomen, as well as red spots on the skin. Symptoms vary widely depending on the basic causes of abdominal pain. The bottom left abdominal pain can be a symptom of severe disease that requires immediate handling, namely on abdominal pain accompanied by bleeding in pregnant women, high fever, can not be the CHAPTER and accompanied vomiting, abdominal rigidity, increased pulse rate, bleeding from the rectum, vomiting blood, as well as the piercing or belly clash.
Lower left abdominal pain in adults is most often caused by intestinal pouch inflammation (diverticulitis). In addition to diverticulitis, another channel disorders indigestion can cause lower left abdominal pain are appendicitis, inflammatory diseases of the intestinal surface, Chron (enteritis), inflammation of the intestines that accompanied the cuts (ulcerative colitis), rupture of the bowel (colon ruptured), and intestinal blockage (due to intestinal tumors, lumps of stool). Disorders of the reproductive organs in women cause abdominal pain lower left, among others, menstrual pain, the presence of uterine tissue outside the uterus (endometriosis), cyst ovaries, as well as inflammation or infection of the ovaries, uterus, or the mouth of the uterus. In men, causes reproductive disorders among other hernias or inflammation of the sperm ducts. Stones or inflammation in the left part of the urinary tract is also a possible cause of lower left abdominal pain. The cause of which is not serious, too often the case, such as muscle pain stomach or intestinal gas at heap.
Treatment varies depending on the cause of the base. In the area of inflammation intestine, necessary antibiotics and a liquid or soft diet. Intestinal obstruction due to rupture of the intestines, tumors, cysts, hernia, buntuk, inflammatory bowel disease and urinary tract stones may require surgical action. Pain due to menstruation, endometriosis, as well as disorders of the muscles can be reduced by administering anti-pain. Inflammation of the pelvis require antibiotics. | <urn:uuid:1fec8d62-d091-4da5-8cfe-b5539c73cac3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://naa224.com/lower-left-abdominal-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.909319 | 593 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Amos Tuck Business School at Dartmouth University is offering MBA students the option to go in for joint or dual degrees to enhance their knowledge and capabilities in sectors ranging from medicine to international diplomacy.
Some of these joint/dual degrees are within the business schools while others are in collaboration with other institutions. Let us take a look at some of these interesting combinations and their benefits for students.
An MBA Prescription for Medical Business
Tuck provides students an opportunity to pursue combined MD/MBA degrees that can be completed in either five or six years in collaboration with the Geisel School of Medicine.
This option is to meet the increasing need for persons with expertise in both medicine and management. It is designed to open pathways for leadership roles in diverse areas and industries such as pharmaceuticals, biotech, health care related entrepreneurial ventures, governmental health programs, health related nonprofits and hospital management.
Candidates have to complete the separate admission and financial aid application processes at both the Geisel School and Tuck. There is no formula for admission to the combined program. Decisions are based on a combination of academic excellence, leadership ability, accomplishments, interpersonal skills, and diversity.
Although almost all Tuck students have work experience before they enrol, this is not a prerequisite for admission to this joint-degree program.
MBA and Public Health
The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice (TDI) runs a Master of Public Health (MPH) program with a curriculum designed to provide students with the fundamental skills, knowledge base, and philosophical foundation in health policy and clinical practice.
The MPH/MBA joint degree offered with the Tuck School prepares graduates to take on leadership positions in both the public and private sectors of the health care industry.
PhD/MBA, Science Meets Business
The PhD/MBA joint degree program offers the unique opportunity for PhD students at Dartmouth College to finish off their training with management education. The joint degree aims to produce individuals who are not only thoroughly trained in a scientific discipline but also possess fundamental business and entrepreneurial skills.
The program is currently only available to PhD students at Dartmouth. Students must apply to and be admitted to the MBA program. The PhD experience will be counted as post-bachelors degree work experience.
Go International with MBA/MA
In dual degrees with other institutions, Tuck offers a three-year MBA/MA dual degree program in collaboration with the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University.
The program is attractive for those seeking management positions within international corporations, financial institutions, economic and development institutions and government agencies.
A three-year MBA/MALD dual degree program with the Fletcher School at Tufts University prepares students for careers that combine international relations and business management.
Lay down the Law
The MBA/MELP dual degree with Vermont Law School enables students to earn the two degrees concurrently. The Master of Environmental Law and Policy program provides in-depth knowledge on several pressing issues like climate change, wildlife protection, and alternative energy.
The MBA/MPA and MBA/MPA/ID (Master in Public Administration in International Development) dual degrees with the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University are designed to enhance the knowledge and skills of established professionals seeking further leadership responsibilities in the public, non-profit, and private sectors. Dual degree candidates must complete the entire Tuck core curriculum as well as three semesters at the Kennedy School.
In The MBA/MPP dual degree program, in addition to completing the full-year core curriculum plus two terms at Tuck, students are also required to complete the full-year core curriculum at the Kennedy School, plus one semester (including the Policy Analysis Exercise). | <urn:uuid:a7dadb95-c7bb-4165-a566-79473c08e07c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.twoyearmba.com/mba-at-amos-tuck-school-of-business-dartmouth-university-from-medicine-to-international-diplomacy-dual-degrees-enhance-knowledge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.939088 | 753 | 1.828125 | 2 |
You typed the site name e-nor.com incorrectly and entered e-nor.com in the address bar instead.
You may have forgotten to change the keyboard layout to English prior to entering the site address, which is why you ended up with e-nor.com instead of e-nor.com.
Switch the keyboard layout to English, and type e-nor.com, http://e-nor.com, www.e-nor.com or click here: e-nor.com
What is e-nor.com?
The word e-nor.com is the same as e-nor.com but typed with a keyboard layout different from English.
How did I manage to enter e-nor.com instead of e-nor.com?
How did you manage to enter e-nor.com? It's very simple!
- You forgot to switch the keyboard layout to the Latin alphabet.
- You started typing e-nor.com without looking at what you are entering in the address bar, so you entered e-nor.com instead.
- So since the browser did not understand your e-nor.com, it redirected you to the default search system which started trying to find out what this "e-nor.com" is.
- This is the path that led you here instead of to http://e-nor.com.
Spelling alternatives e-nor.com!The site name e-nor.com can also be written in the following ways: | <urn:uuid:d6ecb7d7-45ab-48f1-aa04-351c0d79ea4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://alltypo.com/en/e-nor%252Ecom.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.91455 | 347 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Cat and Dog Vaccinations in Greenfield, WI: Why It's Important
Our veterinary team in Greenfield strongly believes in cat and dog vaccinations as an essential aspect of pet healthcare. Unvaccinated pets are much more vulnerable to diseases in their environment and are not likely to have sufficient immunity to fight them off. Therefore, one of our veterinarians will want to discuss your cat or dog's vaccinations and help you choose the best schedule for their needs.
What good can cat and dog vaccinations do against contagious viruses and diseases? A lot, as a matter of fact. Like human vaccines, vaccines for cats and dogs contain antigens, which mimic certain diseases. Once injected, these antigens will trigger the immune system to produce antibodies, which in turn will target the antigens. If your pet comes into contact with a certain disease later in life, their immune system will be equipped to recognize and destroy it. Call (414) 529-3577 or schedule an appointment online for your pet!
Cat and Dog Vaccinations We Offer
Your pet's vaccinations should be able to keep them protected from any diseases they are at risk of encountering. We offer the following core and lifestyle vaccines:
- Canine Distemper (DHPP)
- Bordetella (Kennel Cough)
- Canine influenza (H3N2 & H3N8 strains)
- Lyme Disease
- Feline Distemper (FVRCP)
When to Vaccinate your pet, and How Often
The question of when and how often you should vaccinate your pet and what vaccines they will need depends on multiple factors, including:
- Frequency of travel
- Exposure risks
One of our veterinarians will guide you step by step in choosing the proper vaccines and devising a schedule. While core vaccines such as rabies and distemper are needed for every pet, other "lifestyle" vaccines such as Bordetella or feline Leukemia may not be required. While it is a non core vaccine, we do highly recommend Leptospirosis for every dog. Keep in mind as well that we can alter your pet's vaccination plan if their circumstances happen to change. Stay in touch and let us know if we need to recommend additional cat and dog vaccinations for your pet.
It is important to start pets on their vaccinations when they are young and vulnerable to illness. The more time they have to build up their immune systems, the healthier and happier they will be. | <urn:uuid:afc4e8d4-c48b-432b-b6e9-17d9dc32552d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://crawfordvet.com/services/pet-vaccinations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.937151 | 547 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Volunteerism has changed and evolved over the course of time. Some non-profit organizations were able to keep up with these changes while others have not. Now is the perfect time to check on your current volunteer program and assess whether they’re at par with industry practices or not.
Gone are the days when calling your volunteers in a meeting and giving them general instructions is enough. Volunteers nowadays expect so much more. They are more demanding and may want more than just generic programs. What they’re after is a pleasantly unique experience that is both fun and fulfilling.
Ways To Keep Your Volunteers Happy
The best thing that you can do to make your volunteers stay and motivated is to keep them happy and fulfilled. Each organization is different and may require a customized approach but here are the foundations where you can build and revamp your programs to keep your volunteers happy.
1. Be prepared and organized
The biggest turn off that volunteers experience is coming to an organization that is unorganized and haven’t figured out how to go about its activities. Volunteers in this situation will only feel disrespected and undervalued. Before taking your volunteers fully on board, ensure that your programs are polished and that your job descriptions are reviewed and accomplished.
2. Warm welcome
Never allow your volunteers to feel uncomfortable even for a minute. Everyone wants to feel welcome especially when entering a new organization. Treat your organization as a home and your volunteers as guests. Let senior volunteers mingle with them and ask directors to drop by and say hello. This is the best way to show that your organization has a happy and a friendly environment.
3. Rouse their interest
You cannot keep modern volunteers by asking them to do clerical work like answering emails all day, mindless filing or data entry. Although clerical work in non-profit organizations are inevitable, try to balance the work load out for your volunteers by putting in complex activities in their task list. The best way to figure this out is to talk to your volunteers and ask them where they’re good at and what they doing. Then draft a work list for them, gauge their reaction and revise accordingly. Put in place the latest technology that automates as much of this as possible, and provides new tools for volunteers to learn.
4. Tasks that develop their skills
One of the top reasons why people volunteer is to develop their skills. Most often it is their leadership skills that they want to enhance. Provide opportunities for them to play this part and evaluate them objectively after. Try to make a program for each key skill and discuss areas where they need to improve on after. They will feel motivated and happy once they see your efforts in helping them become better and uncovering their other skills and passions.
5. Be transparent
Transparency is vital in non-profit organizations. Your volunteers would want to know how the organization is doing. This can be financial matters or other concerns. Discuss your strategy with them and goals in figures. This will make them see how their contributions directly or indirectly affect the organization and will motivate them to bring more to the table.
6. Appreciate them
Tell your volunteers how much you appreciate their work either verbal or through letters. This is a simple yet powerful way to strengthen their morale and make them feel that they are being recognized by the group.
7. Communicate well and often
Communication means so much more today than ever. It not just talking to your volunteers or listening to them. It is a relationship that needs time and effort to build. The advancement in telecommunications have made communication more accessible so it would not hurt to send them a personal SMS or email thrice a week or, if you can, daily. This will make volunteers feel that someone is actually concerned and is looking after them. You will see that they will reciprocate this by working harder and putting in more time for the group. | <urn:uuid:afbf26b6-4035-4c93-83f6-06ae9f819881> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://processpa.com/ExecutiveMatters/7-ways-to-keep-your-volunteers-happy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.971064 | 795 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Living on Revere Beach or near the Rumney Marsh, there are a lot of unexpected surprises that emerge from nature and such things that go along with a serene landscape.
For example, there are coyotes on the Marsh.
People on the Beach occasionally see Bald Eagles.
But one might not expect quiet winter mornings on the Beach being punctuated by the occasional shotgun blast. That, however, is precisely what many residents on the Beach and those who abut the Marshes hear during duck season – which stretches from October through January and brings scores of hunters to the area for a prized Common Eider, Atlantic Brant or Scoter.
Since Colonial times, duck hunters have flocked to the shores of Revere Beach and into the marshes. Today’s hunters are still protected by laws drafted during that same Colonial period ensuring access to hunting and fishing grounds in tidal areas. Nevertheless, as hunting has waned locally in popularity and Revere has become less country and more urban, hunters and residents of the city’s coastline have had a much more difficult time sharing space.
“I am never looking to hurt the people who like to do this as a sport, but there is a difference between urban and rural areas,” said State Rep. Kathi-Anne Reinstein, who annually files a bill to try to ban the hunters from Revere, though it has never gone anywhere. “We’re very urban here now and have been built up with a lot of homes near the hunting areas. It’s not the old Rumney Marsh now. I respect the old laws put in place, but we have to move with the times. Revere hasn’t been that place for a long time.”
Adam Smith, on the contrary, has run a hunting guide service – called Perfect Limit – off of Revere for more than 20 years and knows the duck hunting areas here better than anyone in the Commonwealth.
He told the Journal that his clients come from as far away as South Africa to hunt ducks in Revere waters. Apparently, while the local sea ducks seem commonplace to those who have lived her for a lifetime, they are quite rare and prized to duck hunters from other ends of the Earth.
“There are people who come from all over the world to shoot these particular ducks,” he said in an interview on Monday. “I have had people from South Africa. I had a group this fall from the Island of Malta, two groups from France and one group from England. They come from everywhere…These are collectors that want to have the perfect collection of all North American waterfowl. To get the perfect collection, you have to come here because these ducks are not everywhere. They want to shoot the ducks, take them to a taxidermist, have them stuffed and then put them on their walls.”
Add that to the fact that ducks are a challenging bird to hunt, and you get a sport that draws great interest.
“Ducks have always been a very huntable bird because of the challenge,” he said. “They’re not the easiest things in the world to hit.”
The particular ducks that are so prized are the Eider, the Scoter and the Atlantic Brant. All are migratory ducks that come from Quebec and Nova Scotia and have learned over the centuries that Revere is a great place for a guaranteed meal and a few months of respite.
“The reason for all the ducks on Revere Beach is they’re finding something to eat there and they remember that and come back year after year,” he said. “What they’re finding is the immature sea clams and there are a lot of those around here.”
The laws allowing hunting in this area have, in fact, survived from the Colonial era and were put in place to ensure that the general public could not be excluded from having access to the ocean and, consequently, could not be excluded from taking food from those same waters. Basically, the old law says that any area where tides come in or out is protected for the public for the purposes of fishing, general access and fowling.
This has been a matter of fact that some Revere residents – particularly those in the Riverside and Point of Pines areas – have begrudgingly accepted as the laws have been tested and retested for years without any changes.
“The Colonial Ordinance is something that has been looked at by the courts no fewer than 20 times and each time it has been decided in favor of the hunters,” said Smith. “The judges will not even look at it anymore.”
Another law, though, which has not been tested is the Hunter Harassment Law. That law, Smith said, is about to be tested and involves a battle between the duck hunters and condo residents on Revere Beach, who in larger numbers are growing to dislike the barges and boats hunting within eyesight and earshot.
The Harassment Law sprung from a situation where deer hunters were getting their vehicles vandalized while on a special deer hunt sponsored by the state in the Quabbin Reservoir – a hunt that was to eliminate the burgeoning deer populations that were beginning to threaten the area’s largest water supply. Nevertheless, many were offended and attacked the property of the hunters.
That ignited an effort – ironically led by two prominent hunting clubs based in Revere – to pass the Law. It states that a person can complain once to the authorities, and if the source of their complaint is a legal hunting activity, then they cannot complain again or they risk being arrested for harassment.
Smith’s recent troubles started on Jan. 12th when – in an unprecedented move – the State Environmental Police wrote him a ticket for shooting live birds from a moving vehicle. State law prevents the hunters from shooting while the boats and barges are moving. They can only retrieve the ducks using engine power once they are shot. Smith said he always follows that rule.
“That law has never been tested, but it’s about to be,” he said. “The people in the condos on Revere Beach are complaining to the Environmental Police officer and driving him crazy. He actually wrote me a ticket that should have never been written. He wrote that ticket to get them off his back. I believe it will be thrown out immediately, no argument.”
Reinstein said she doesn’t want to make hunters upset, but she sympathizes with the residents – noting that she has received tons of video from Beach residents of the hunters’ near-daily excursions.
“Where people are hearing these gunshots near their homes, they are concerned about their safety and that of their children and pets,” said Reinstein. “I have to be responsive to my constituents and this is an issue for them. Each year I get a call asking me to look into this and to file the bill again.”
Smith said he understands that the shooting can put nearby residents on the alert, but he assures everyone that there is zero chance of anyone being hit.
Certainly, about 10 years ago and many years prior, there were verified stories and police reports of residents abutting the marsh having their house siding pelted with lead shotgun pellets. There have been other stories as well about stray blasts infringing on those walking the Beach. That, Smith said, is a thing of the past due to the fact that technology has changed the shotgun ammunition.
“The type of ammunition that is used now for hunting these ducks has half the velocity of the old lead shot,” he said. “On occasion, when someone has come up from nearby and complained to me, I just give them my gun and tell them that I’m going to walk 100 yards away from them and let them shoot right at me. Nothing will happen to me because it will not travel that far. We have laws saying you cannot discharge a firearm within 500 feet of a dwelling and we don’t do that. People who see us out there have zero chance of getting hit.”
Tom O’Shea, assistant director of wildlife in the state’s Division of Fish and Wildlife, said Smith and other duck hunters are heavily regulated and performing a legitimate activity on the state’s waterways.
He said that the duck season here stretches from October to Jan. 31st – just now concluding. Another Canadian Goose season continues until Feb. 15th. He said state and federal laws cover duck hunting regulations. Hunters have to be licensed by the state and have to get a ‘duck stamp’ from his division and the feds. Additionally, they have to have permits to carry a firearm and have to abide by all of the requirements related to discharging a firearm more than 500 feet from a dwelling. They also may not go past the high tide mark on the shore to conduct the hunting.
He added that the newer ammunition also adds additional safety for the environment and for those nearby the hunters – even though residents might still be able to hear the guns firing.
All in all, O’Shea said balancing the rights of the hunters and the rights of residents is about respecting one another.
“I think as long as people understand that hunting is a legitimate activity where people are licensed and have permission to be on the property they’re on and are following state statutes, the rest is having respect for each other,” he said. “It’s about the hunters being respectful of the property owners, the residents and minimizing impacts to property. It’s also about the property owners [and residents] respecting that the hunters have a right – as long as they are licensed – to perform this legitimate activity.
“We have close to 65,000 hunters in the state and the vast majority hunt without incident,” he continued. “I don’t see a conflict. I think it’s a legitimate activity. We have setbacks for a reason and that buffer is for the general public.”
Concluded Smith, “We follow the ducks. They will be here next year. These ducks are no going to forget there’s something to eat on Revere Beach.” | <urn:uuid:51c924d6-73d8-4951-899c-0560e8f1a67e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://reverejournal.com/2013/01/31/quackquack-duck-hunters-and-some-residents-having-harder-time-sharing-space/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.979067 | 2,130 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Most of the time, getting an Inheritance is a good thing. However that is not always the case. Say your spouse is living in a nursing home because of advanced Parkinson’s. Your spouse is currently receiving Medicaid benefits to pay for the high cost of that care. If you were to pass before your spouse, you wouldn’t want your spouse to inherit all your life savings, no matter how much you love your spouse. Inheriting all of your life savings would jeopardize your spouse’s Medicaid benefits, and that is not what you want to see happen.
Hold the Medicaid or Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefit-programs next to the high cost of health care. Those programs are “means-tested.” In other words, to be eligible, recipients must own practically nothing. If your spouse or any disabled person is receiving those kinds of benefits, and if they were suddenly to inherit, they would lose their benefits and they would end up having to pay for their care themselves until the inheritance was used up. That could involve a lot of money!
Rather, it’s best if the disabled person were to keep the benefits coming in, and have assets from your estate be used to pay for “extras” that benefits don’t cover. These extras might include payment of real estate taxes, upkeep of a residence, or vacations or a flat-screen television.
In the case of Medicaid, that is accomplished by creating a Will that includes provisions for a “supplemental needs trust” (SNT). When you pass, and if your disabled spouse or other beneficiaries were to be on benefits at that time, your assets would be moved into this trust. The money would be managed by a trusted person other than your beneficiaries. The trust would pay for “extras” only, and the disabled person would continue to receive the crucially important benefits.
This arrangement must be done by Will, though, as the Medicaid rules require (there are other possibilities for other benefits programs). As to Medicaid, your estate would go through a simplified probate process in which a judge would approve the transfer of the estate into the SNT.
Even if everybody inheriting were well and able-bodied – as, of course, we would hope – and there was no need for benefits, an SNT would still be important. It could be made “contingent.” In other words, it would be unnecessary if all your beneficiaries were able-bodied, but, if anybody did happen to be disabled and on benefits, the terms of the Will would require the creation of the SNT.
Or, if your beneficiaries might become disabled in the future – and unfortunately, none of us has a crystal ball – the SNT could be “forced.” A forced SNT would require that the assets be placed into an SNT regardless of whether anybody was disabled. In that situation, though, as long as your beneficiaries were well, there would be no concern about restricting distributions to only the “extras,” and the trustee would be free to distribute money as beneficiaries needed it for any worthy purpose. Then, later, if disability were to occur, the distributions could be made to conform to relevant government-program restrictions. Estate assets would be protected by the SNT and benefits eligibility would be preserved.
This is a win-win proposition and one that we would be happy to discuss further with you. Give us a call at 513-771-2444 and let’s get your planning started. | <urn:uuid:05eb9661-2d34-432f-a79f-f1f1ce46026d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oksmithlaw.com/category/spousal-support/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.983301 | 735 | 1.734375 | 2 |
(CBS SF) -- People frustrated by drones flying over their neighborhoods may have a new way to fight back.
California-based developers are experimenting with a solution to nonviolently eliminate unmanned aircrafts, which could be welcome news for public safety officials, event organizers and private security firms.
Rapere -- which comes from the Latin word rapio, meaning to snatch -- was designed by commercial drone developers who teamed up with computer vision experts to enable a drone to see, fly itself then intercept surrounding drones, according the team's website.
"Having worked in the (drone) industry for years, we've collectively never come across any bogus use of drones," the team said on its FAQ. "However it's inevitable that will happen, and for people such as celebrities, where there is profit to be made in illegally invading their privacy, there should be an option to thwart it."
The company said the Rapere starts scanning for drones the moment it's deployed and can tell the difference between a bird and a drone.
Once a drone is detected, it flies above it before dropping a tangle line into its propellers to send it tumbling to the ground. The Rapere then heads back to base where the operator can add a new tangle-line for a second flight.
Drones buzzing by buildings captured media attention earlier this year.
In Vancouver, a drone was captured on video flying near a high rise at night. In Seattle, a woman snapped a photo of a drone flying near her condo. However, it later turned out to be a film crew.
Peeping drones have even become a topic on Comedy Central's "South Park."
The San Jose Downtown Residents Association is even pushing for a city ordinance to create a drone buffer zone around high rise buildings after several residents have complained of drones buzzing outside their window.
Rapere's team said the drone is legal depending on how it's used and where you live. The developers do not yet have timetable for when it will be released and for much.
"Right now we are flying under the radar for commercial reasons, but all will be revealed in time," the Rapere team said on its website.
for more features. | <urn:uuid:a368bc98-3c19-4204-8474-6a209e9502a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/new-drone-hunter-scans-airspace-for-peeping-drones-then-knocks-them-out/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.968665 | 453 | 1.9375 | 2 |
The Jewish people wanted their cake & eat it too, and this extended to their worship. Baal was the dominant Canaanite god of rain and fertility of the land, so they thought they could hedge their bets by appeasing both God & Baal at the same time. But anytime you dabble in the occult, you’ll get sucked into things you don’t want. So before they knew it, the people found themselves worshipping Baal in the ritualistic dance around the altar, (called a limping dance). So Elijah had come to call them into account for prostituting themselves to foreign gods, forsaking their One true God, and breaking covenant with Him. | <urn:uuid:2b89b70d-4734-4710-a494-a1b6acaca0b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://safetypinlove.com/2022/06/27/i-kings-1821-elijah-went-before-the-people-and-said-how-long-will-you-waiver-between-two-opinions-if-the-lord-is-god-follow-him-but-if-baal-is-god-follow-him/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.978095 | 137 | 1.78125 | 2 |
ELAINE HARRIS SPEARMAN: Memorial Day a time for reflection, remembrance
Memorial Day is upon us. This is a federal holiday for honoring and mourning military personnel who died in the performance of their duties while serving in the U.S. armed forces.
Memorial Day previously was called Decoration Day. Some people still call it Decoration Day; it is one and the same.
The day for some is confused with Veterans Day. Not to be confused, Veterans Day honors all who have served, the living and the deceased.
Memorial Day was first observed on May 30, 1868, at Arlington National Cemetery, when flowers were placed on the graves of fallen Union and Confederate soldiers. The holiday’s history dates to the Civil War, in which 500,000 soldiers died.
Of course, many things instituted 153 years ago undergo American traditions of adding what is needed or wanted, subtracting that which is found to be undesirable, multiplying what is favorable and dividing that which needs dividing, for some specific reason or for no other reason than it's the right thing to do.
To that end, many Americans associate Memorial Day with the unofficial start of summer. If you grew up in Alabama, you now know that you may wear white clothing. No white before Memorial Day, no white after Labor Day!
Of course, this is one of the unofficial start of summer acts that we have all seen change. People have determined that they will wear whatever they please, whenever.
Those of us who are old-schoolers still follow the unwritten rule, but we have added to our remembrances on Memorial Day. We not only honor and remember the military dead, we remember those who were part of our life shaping. We remember our family members, friends and loved ones who are no longer with us.
We remember those who may not have paid the ultimate price for freedom in the military, but spent a lifetime of sacrifice to make this country a better place for every American. I speak of pioneers such as John Lewis, the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. the Freedom Riders, Jimmy Lee Jackson (recently detailed in The Gadsden Times), the Tuskegee Airmen and the original founders of the NAACP.
The organization's most prestigious award, the Spingarn Medal, was instituted in 1914 by J.E. Spingarn, who was then the chairman of the board. The medal has been presented annually since 1915 to a person “of African descent and American citizenship.” Spingarn determined that the media coverage of African Americans was so negative that he endowed the prestigious award to be given annually to an African American making a difference.
We remember the courageous teachers from Carver High School. Many of our instructors go unheralded. We remember that they “bestowed upon us the priceless gifts of knowledge and inspiration.” Because of these teachers during the tumultuous times in which we lived and they taught, we know that “self-reverence, self-knowledge and self-control" lead life to sovereign power. (These words are adapted from the 1963 Retro-Edition of the “GEWACA 150th Anniversary Memory Book.)
As we use Memorial Day as a time for reflection and remembrance, the origin of Memorial Day is not lost to us. Many Americans choose not to focus upon the Civil War dead, Union or Confederate. We are so reminded of why they died today; the Jan. 6 insurrection rubs the wounds raw with the reasons for the Civil War. It seems to be a modern-day repeat in large part.
We mourn the 2020-21 deaths of more than 500,000 Americans who died from COVID-19 during a pandemic that changed the face of this country and the world. Hopefully and prayerfully, their deaths will not have been in vain and will somehow result in a better America for all Americans.
We remember the survivors who mourn the deaths of friends and loved ones, whose passing from COVID-19 can’t be understood in the U.S. We mourn for those who placed their trust in someone who did not deliver, and still is wreaking havoc in any quarters that allow it.
We remember with reverence all of the neighborhood parents who were authorized, without formality, to place that little boy or girl in check. We understand that it was hopeless to whine about the report not being true. We expected no parent to storm out screaming, “Not my child.”
We should use Memorial Day for remembrance of all the fallen, who have in one way or another made America a better place. Let us resolve to continue the work and put that old motto into place: “All for one and one for all.”
Elaine Harris Spearman, Esq., a native of Gadsden, is the retired legal advisor to the comptroller of the City of St. Louis. The opinions reflected are her own. | <urn:uuid:f8784659-f826-436f-86be-a2547a0a373b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gadsdentimes.com/story/opinion/columns/2021/05/30/elaine-harris-spearman-contemplates-memorial-day/7475440002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.964596 | 1,018 | 2.921875 | 3 |
For too long, Social media has become a haven for third-party shares of misinformation, false conspiracies and blatant lies. As belief turns to anger, and anger to hate, some have become radically motivated, violent extremists.
While many of these companies have taken some steps to stem the tide of hate and violence, our worst impulses have rapidly overtaken and divided our kinship with each other leading to the violent extremes we witnessed on January 6.
What’s to be done?
In an extraordinary commentary, Yael Eisenstat offers a withering assessment and some important ways Congress can act.
“A former CIA officer, White House advisor, head of a global risk firm, Eisenstat is a Visiting Fellow at Cornell Tech’s Digital Life Initiative where she works on technology’s effects on civil discourse and democracy. In 2018, she was Facebook’s Global Head of Elections Integrity Operations for political ads.”
Writing in the Harvard Business Review, Eisenstat says, “The problem with social media isn’t just what users post — it’s what the platforms decide to do with that content. Far from being neutral, social media companies are constantly making decisions about which content to amplify, elevate, and suggest to other users. Given their business model, which promotes scale above all, they’ve often actively amplified extremes. …
“It is time to define responsibility and hold these companies accountable for how they aid and abet criminal activity. …
“We need to change our approach not only because of the role these platforms have played in crises like [the January 6 attack on the Capitol] but also because of how CEOs have responded — or failed to respond. The reactionary decisions on which content to take down, which voices to downgrade, and which political ads to allow have amounted to tinkering around the margins of the bigger issue: a business model that rewards the loudest, most extreme voices.
“Yet there does not seem to be the will to reckon with that problem. Mark Zuckerberg,” Eisenstat points out, “did not choose to block Trump’s account until after the U.S. Congress certified Joe Biden as the next president of the United States. Given that timing, this decision looks more like an attempt to cozy up to power than a pivot towards a more responsible stewardship of our democracy. And while the decision by many platforms to silence Trump is an obvious response to this moment, it’s one that fails to address how millions of Americans have been drawn into conspiracy theories online and led to believe this election was stolen — an issue that has never been truly addressed by the social media leaders. …
“Guardian journalist Julia Carrie Wong wrote in June of this year about how Facebook algorithms kept recommending QAnon groups to her. Wong was one of a chorus of journalists, academics, and activists who relentlessly warned Facebook about how these conspiracy theorists and hate groups were not only thriving on the platforms, but how their own algorithms were both amplifying their content and recommending their groups to their users.
“The key point is this,” Eisenstat makes clear, “This is not about free speech and what individuals post on these platforms. It is about what the platforms choose to do with that content, which voices they decide to amplify, which groups are allowed to thrive and even grow at the hand of the platforms’ own algorithmic help.
“So where do we go from here?
“I have long advocated that governments must define responsibility for the real-world harms caused by these business models, and impose real costs for the damaging effects they are having on our public health, our public square, and our democracy. As it stands, there are no laws governing how social media companies treat political ads, hate speech, conspiracy theories, or incitement to violence. This issue is unduly complicated by Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which has been vastly over-interpreted to provide blanket immunity to all internet companies…
“One solution I continue to push is clarifying who should benefit from Section 230 to begin with, which often breaks down into the publisher vs. platform debate. To still categorize social media companies — who curate content, whose algorithms decide what speech to amplify, who nudge users towards the content that will keep them engaged, who connect users to hate groups, who recommend conspiracy theorists — as ‘internet intermediaries’ who should enjoy immunity from the consequences of all this is beyond absurd.
“The notion that the few tech companies who steer how more than 2 billion people communicate, find information, and consume media enjoy the same blanket immunity as a truly neutral internet company makes it clear that it is time for an upgrade to the rules. They are not just a neutral intermediary.
“By insisting on real transparency around what these recommendation engines are doing, how the curation, amplification, and targeting are happening, we could separate the idea that Facebook shouldn’t be responsible for what a user posts from their responsibility for how their own tools treat that content. I want us to hold the companies accountable not for the fact that someone posts misinformation or extreme rhetoric, but for how their recommendation engines spread it, how their algorithms steer people towards it, and how their tools are used to target people with it.
“To be clear: Creating the rules for how to govern online speech and define platforms’ responsibility is not a magic wand to fix the myriad harms emanating from the internet. This is one piece of a larger puzzle of things that will need to change if we want to foster a healthier information ecosystem….
“As long as we continue to leave it to the platforms to self-regulate, they will continue to merely tinker around the margins of content policies and moderation…”
“Democracy,” Franklin Roosevelt said, “cannot succeed unless those who express their choice are prepared to choose wisely. The real safeguard of democracy, therefore, is education.”
For too many, however, social media is the educator where the only curriculum is wherever social media steers people to what they want to hear and believe.
If steps aren’t taken to rein-in social media’s algorithms; If we don’t learn how to restrain our worst impulses, this democracy is in danger of falling into a chasm of hate and violent extremism. | <urn:uuid:038a72ba-7cc7-42df-8c01-4fe6209439b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ethicsstupid.com/accountability/social-medias-algorithm-problem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.960827 | 1,317 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Sadly, many people can suffer from back pain. This is common across most professions and can end up taking a serious toll on your life. But what can you do about it?
Top 6 WAYS TO RELIEVE BACK PAIN AT HOME
1. Maintain the Correct Posture
It’s common for back pain to stem from poor posture. This places excess pressure on the spine. Because of this, you will need to have a stronger focus on maintaining the correct posture. This can often mean making a few changes to the way you do things. For example, you might need to focus on lifting with your knees, rather than your back. If you have a desk job, you’ll need to avoid slouching.
2. Change Your Screen Position
If you work in an office, you’ll need to consider changing the way your desk has been set-up. One of the most important things to consider is where your computer screen has been positioned. It should be at eye-level. This will ensure that you don’t need to bend your neck to look at it.
You might also want to look at the way that your keyboard has been set-up. You should have your elbows at 90-degrees. This will help prevent your shoulders from slouching. It can help to make sure that everything you need is within arm’s reach. This will reduce the chances that you will strain a ligament reaching for something.
3. Try a Sit-Stand Desk
The sit-stand desk is becoming an increasingly popular option in offices around the globe. With the push of a button, you’ll be able to raise your desk. This will allow you to switch between standing and sitting throughout the day. This will give you a chance to stretch out your spine. It will also promote blood flow through the body.
4. Get More Activity Throughout the Day
In many jobs, it can be easy to become inactive. This can be damaging to your overall health and might be making your back pain worse. Thankfully, there are a few simple ways that you can build more activity into your day.
First, you might want to try stretching before you start work. You should also make sure to stretch at the end of the day. Though this will only take a few minutes, it can be a great way of reducing the amount of pain you are experiencing.
You might also want to plan breaks every few hours. This will give you a chance to get up and walk around the office. You might want to install an alarm on your phone to remind you to do this. You don’t require a long walk. Five minutes will be all that’s needed.
Lastly, you can make some bigger lifestyle changes to get more exercise. For example, you can try going to the gym or riding a bike to work. These will improve your blood flow and help prevent obesity. Exercise is also a great way to release endorphins. These will improve your mood.
5. Massage Office Chair
The chair that you are using can often have a big impact on the amount of pain you are experiencing. Because of this, you might want to consider turning to a massage chair. There are numerous benefits that you will be able to get. For example, it has been shown to lead to an improvement in mental health. The calming massage was able to reduce stress and depression.
These chairs have also been shown to lower blood pressure. They will be able to help you reduce the strain associated with repetitive movements. They can also help reduce the duration and intensity of headaches. Most importantly, though, they can help identify the places where your muscles are too tense. They can then knead them, releasing the tension and lowering the pain.
If you don’t have these chairs at your office, there are alternative options such as massage chair pads or you can find what experts say on back pain relief.
6. Use Breathing Exercises to Overcome Stress
Sometimes back pain can be caused by stress. When your muscles get too tight, they can pressure the spinal column. The best way to overcome this is with some simple breathing exercises. One of the easiest is the 4-7-8 technique. Inhale to a count of four. Hold the air to a count of seven. Then, breathe out through your mouth to a count of eight. You can do this whenever you feel stressed. You might also want to try talking to a mental health professional to find some other ways to lower stress.
Back pain is a common complaint. However, this doesn’t need to be the case. Often, a few small changes can make a huge difference. So, try these tips to relieve back pain at home. | <urn:uuid:6ffff834-8b17-45a1-bc93-a45dcb606139> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.golifegoal.com/post/how-to-relieve-back-pain-fast-at-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.958647 | 982 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Congress couldn't agree on health care this year. Maybe California's voters will. In this fall's election they not only could take a bold step for their state but also shape the future health-care debate for the nation.
In little more than a week Californians will vote on an initiative to replace private insurance companies with a new state agency as the primary health insurer. The plan also would guarantee comprehensive care for every resident of the state and clamp down on administrative waste and other costs.
For many decades doctors have led the fight against all such proposals for public health insurance. Yet there are signs that doctors' views, like the health industry itself, are dramatically changing.
One of the foremost advocates of this single-payer, Canadian-style health plan is Dr. Barbara Newman, chair of the California Physicians Alliance. She and her group, a Chicago-based Physicians for a National Health Plan, are a minority in the profession but a sizable, growing one.
Based on her own experience, Newman, a 49-year-old family practitioner, thinks there are good reasons for doctors to embrace the single-payer system based on her own experience. A former teacher whose sympathy for civil rights, anti-war and other liberal causes dates back to her childhood in Los Angeles, Newman took up medicine at age 34 partly out of interest in her students who were diagnosed as hyperactive.
Having given up her private practice to campaign full-time for the California Health Security Act, Newman's professional training and political passions now converge. While casually informal in style, she exudes the intense earnestness of an unapologetic veteran from the heady movements of the '60s.
"I think this movement-for single-payer health insurance-is a lot more than just a change in health-care financing," she said, after fervently describing how both poverty and inequities in the health industry take their toll. "We're really threatening the established relations of power in the health-care system."
Doctors once were the power in the system. Now doctors increasingly feel they are losing control to insurance industry and "managed care" overseers. Consequently, many are looking more favorably at systems such as Canada's, which enjoys very high approval ratings from both doctors and patients.
California's Alliance has only 700 members. But there is substantial sympathy for the single-payer approach even within the relatively conservative California Medical Association, which represents nearly half the 78,000 medical doctors in the state. Last March, the association's house of delegates split evenly over whether to support or oppose a single-payer system. They eventually agreed instead to study its feasibility.
The association criticizes this year's initiative because the group favors an alternative way to establish the health-care budget for the state. Although its executive board decided to oppose Proposition 186, the association refused to join the opponents, who are led and funded by the insurance industry. Significantly, the group's leaders fault the current system in much the same terms as the Alliance does.
"We're happy that this initiative has stimulated a lot of debate," said Danielle Walters, spokeswoman for the medical association. "We think that's very positive."
The physicians' shift represents a rapidly growing discontent with managed care, where big corporations-often insurance companies-organize networks of health institutions and professionals, such as health maintenance organizations. With 90 percent of insured state residents under managed care, and more than half of that controlled by for-profit corporations, California has become "the managed care capital of the world," Walters said. Yet one-fourth of Californians also lack health insurance, compared with the national average of less than one-sixth.
Even if California represents what the rest of the American health industry may become within a few years, doctors' sentiments in the state are no anomaly. A July Los Angeles Times-Mirror poll found that one-third of the nation's doctors support a single-payer plan and another 24 percent would consider backing it. A medical journal also found that 40 percent of Washington state physicians support a Canadian-style plan. Recently the professional association of women doctors, of African-American doctors and of both psychologists and psychiatrists endorsed Proposition 186.
Troubling lack of compassion
For Newman, the troubling hallmark of the emerging managed care system is its lack of compassion. That sense of caring has been her medical grail since she began her training. Newman says she found medical school "awful" in both its "constant humiliation" of students and a "subtle curriculum" of disdain for the poor, minorities and the elderly, but she was also excited by the challenge.
"In one night," she said, "you see more birth and death and human misery from social problems than most people see in a lifetime."
Medical school was also a culture shock. She had moved from leftish Berkeley, where she had worked with a feminist health group, to the hierarchical world of medical training at Tulane University in comparatively conservative New Orleans.
"They thought I was a creature from outer space," she recalled, "and I thought I was on another planet."
Newman discovered the compassionate role models she vainly sought in medicine on her first post-training job, working in the Indian Health Service. As partial repayment of her medical school loans, she worked out of a hospital in the small town of Bethel, Alaska, helping to serve 4,500 people scattered among 56 villages over 50,000 square miles of wilderness.
"Indian Health has always been underfunded," she said, "but despite those adverse circumstances, we had an excellent pre-natal health-care program, with very low infant mortality." Yet, Newman argued, though their medical care was first-rate, even dedicated staff could not compensate for problems stemming from poverty and alcoholism.
Although she didn't realize it at the time, she said, the Indian Health Service shared some key features of single-payer systems: doctors had an annual budget and needed to be efficient, but within that they had professional freedom.
"I didn't have a private insurance company that I had to ask every time I ordered a drug or sent someone to a specialist," she said. "We should all learn how to practice with cost in mind, but I was also autonomous."
After five years with the Indian Health Service, Newman joined a small private group practice with like-minded colleagues.
Cold world of private care
"I always thought that I'd have a lot more freedom and control over my practice when I got into the private world, and I actually found that I hated it," Newman said. "There was less autonomy for me and more distress for the patient. The whole thing was just heartless and cold. It was just a business, really awful, a very alienating experience."
She grew weary of playing "Mother, may I?" with managed care supervisors when she felt tests or procedures were necessary. Once when she tried to cut back on the number of patients she saw in order to give each more time and attention, one of the managed care plans threatened to drop her from their approved provider list. She experienced the frustrations from the other side as well. She was nearly denied health insurance, though she is quite healthy, because she had once had an unusual mammogram.
A year ago Newman left private practice to take charge of the Alliance and campaign for single-payer insurance in California. In 1991 a single-payer bill had majority support in the legislature but needed a two-thirds vote to pass. After Clinton's election spurred renewed interest in health reform, the coalition behind the earlier bill regrouped under the leadership of the Alliance, the California Congress of Seniors and Neighbor to Neighbor, a grass-roots organizing group with 20,000 members in California. By early this year the coalition was able to collect one million signatures in three months, more than enough to put the measure on the ballot.
Despite endorsement by one-fifth of Congress, the single-payer alternative was largely dismissed in the national debate as unable to muster a majority. But it has long generated more popular passion than any other plan. To the average citizen it promises universal coverage, generous benefits, free choice of providers and substantial cost savings by eliminating waste and administrative costs generated by a multiplicity of private insurance companies.
It promises doctors freedom from paperwork and from interference by insurance bureaucrats in their practice and a chance to focus on caring for patients. As Dr. Kevin Grumbach, Alliance co-founder, told the American Medical News, a lot of mainstream physicians find a single payer system "far less onerous" than a government plan or control by a for-profit conglomerate.
California's single-payer proposal has won support from the California Council of Churches, the League of Women Voters, Catholic Charities, American Federation of Nurses, dozens of labor unions, American Association of Retired Persons and even a grab-bag of small businesses. If they could simply mobilize the 5 million members of endorsing organizations, Newman argues, they could win the referendum.
Polls are inconclusive. A Field poll, which emphasized "government" and "taxes" in the question, showed voters opposing the proposition by a margin of 58 to 42 percent. But an earlier Kaiser Foundation poll, which presented the arguments for and against, showed 40 percent in favor, 34 opposed and 26 percent undecided.
The opposition-organized as Taxpayers Against Government Takeover-attacks the proposal as a "government-run experiment with our health care" and "the biggest tax increase in California history." They create an ominous picture of an uncontrolled government bureaucracy that could ration health care. Already the insurance industry and business allies have spent more than $5 million, mostly on TV ads, while single payer proponents have raised $1 million.
Odds favor opponents
All these factors, plus voters' reflexive instinct to vote "no" on initiatives, give the odds to its opponents. However, in 1988 the insurance industry spent $70 million on a losing battle against modestly funded proponents of an auto insurance reform initiative. That gives Newman hope that limited but well-executed TV ads plus a strong grass-roots campaign can overcome financial odds.
Sympathizers around the country are getting in the act. Chicago single-payer backers have been raising money and calling friends and family in California.
The California Health Security plan is a government insurance plan, not government-run health care. It would be funded by combining all current government funds (like Medicare) plus a sliding scale payroll tax and increased income tax. Most businesses that now provide their employees insurance could actually pay less.
Though opponents claim businesses will flee the state, backers argue that controlling health-care costs will improve the state's business climate.
The health agency would negotiate rates and budgets with providers and review practices of any doctor who is far out of line on costs compared to the profession. Otherwise, doctors would decide what's best without bureaucratic second-guessing. "Doctors will be competing on the basis of quality, or what patients perceive as quality," Newman said, "and that can only be good for patients."
Unlike backers of the Clinton plan, who are stressing nearly universal coverage, the California single payer advocates take universal coverage for granted and focus on saving money that can provide better health care. Since one of the biggest obstacles is simply that "people don't trust government," Newman said, "we emphasize that government is just a vehicle for wresting away the dollars that are being wasted now by insurance companies on marketing, exorbitant salaries, shareholder dividends, fancy buildings and denying care."
Many doctors fear that single-payer cost controls would hold down their income, Newman said, but other physicians fear that the growth of corporate medicine and managed care raises the "specter of being nothing but a serf." But as she travels the state, she is trying not just to recruit doctor support but to transform the health-care culture.
"The system we have is so stupid and wasteful and uncaring," Newman said. "As a physician it's nice to speak out and show people that a large number of physicians are actually concerned about their patients' welfare and not just their checkbook." | <urn:uuid:6b67120c-366b-439f-90b5-177b2804f742> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-10-30-9410300348-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.973413 | 2,479 | 1.65625 | 2 |
1. The power of intention: Start your day writing down or stating your intention. It can be related to you or to people around you. Say for example: “Today is a good day to live, I intend to pay attention to all the good qualities in people around me”.
2. Practice basic goodness towards yourself: Every night before going to bed, write three new things you are good at and three new things you love about yourself. I found this to be a great tool for boosting self-confidence and self-love. Especially when going through challenges, you can always use your journal as a reference to read what you wrote about yourself.
3. Make yourself happy: Isn’t so easy to often forget about this part? We get so hung up on what needs to be done at work and we forget about what needs to be done for OURSELVES. Ask yourself every morning: “What am I going to do to make myself happy today?”
4. Set a daily goal: Your goals don’t have to be huge. You can start with baby steps by setting a small goal that is reasonable and have a strong commitment to finish it by the end of day. This is a great way to become more intimate and comfortable with commitments.
5. Practice daily the act of kindness: Say something nice to a colleague, family member and show appreciation to people around you. This is a great way to start acknowledging the goodness in yourself and reflecting it in others.
6. Practice gratitude. Write down at least 3 new things you are grateful for everyday. This will help you notice all the wonderful things you have and lead a simpler and more grateful life.
Committing to this small daily exercise will bring a big emotional and spiritual shift in our lives and help us experience and look forward to something beautiful and meaningful in ourselves and in the world every single day. | <urn:uuid:950a3e45-d29b-4b64-afa7-10c8f05b2cf4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://wondrlust.com/action/6-steps-to-help-find-your-meaning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.957676 | 396 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Dropping the lowest grade from a Grade Category
Instructors will often want to allow students to “drop a grade” from the final grade calculation. This may be the student’s lowest quiz score or something similar. In order to do this, you will need Categories set up in your gradebook. If you haven’t already, you’ll need to set up a category in your gradebook comprised of Grade Items. This guide may be helpful: Creating Grade Items and Categories.
Updated Spring 2022
Drop a Grade from a Grade Category
- Go to Course Admin -> Grades -> Manage Grades tab
- Click New to create a new category, or go in to Edit your existing category.
- Scroll down to Distribution. If you are dropping the lowest grade, the weights will need to be distributed evenly across all grade items in that category. Indicate how many low grade items will be dropped from the category. This example treats all grade items equally, and drops the lowest grade.
- Be sure to click Save once you have made all the selections for your Category. | <urn:uuid:55feb3c9-ae17-49c5-9b3e-e35df70b9008> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vanderbilt.edu/brightspace/drop-the-lowest-grade-from-a-grade-category/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.88397 | 226 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Greeting Everyone ! Hope all going good in this blog we will discuss CWE-200: Exposure of Sensitive Information How This issue critically cause Impact For Our web application , android application etc.
Sensitive data that mean it may users PII, Users credentials , User Information , or web administrator data that cause impact for an web application . This Vulnerability exists in web application when it poorly configured design phase it may backend or front end of any web application. This Vulnerability allow an bad actor to apply different security practices to gain access those data which may lose confidentiality an bad actor able to find sensitive data such as user Personal information, user credentials , database information, hard coded data that belongs to targeted web application.
What is the common issue or information that may exposed due to weak design implementation :
1. Enumeration of valid user name
2. Account number , id enumeration through inconsistent responses.
3. User enumeration via error message
4. phpinfo(), revealing system configuration to web user
5. Product immediately sends an error message when a user does not exist, which allows remote attackers to determine valid usernames via a timing attack.
6. Password exposed in debug environment
7. User Data not properly stored which an bad actor can easily manipulate
8. FTP client with debug option enabled shows password to the screen.
9. Stored Credentials of users easily can be access with directory busting
10. Sensitive api key expose through front end due to poor design
11. Developer details expose through third party repository
12. User data can be access through IDOR due to weak design implement .
This is how we can verify against exposing sensitive data Which cause carries Data exposed , data theft , data manipulate . Sensitive data exposure is very critical Security loopholes for an Web application.
Thanks For Reading……. See You In Another Blog!
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Author : Pallab Jyoti Borah | VAPT Analyst | <urn:uuid:26e4c7fd-1854-4ca0-bebe-51388bb036ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://securiumsolutions.com/blog/deep-dive-into-sensitive-data-exposure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.813148 | 418 | 2.25 | 2 |
SEOUL, Aug. 20 (Korea Bizwire) — The Ministry of Environment has signed an agreement with the Korea Environment Corp. and other sub-agencies to create a support group to successfully carry out the government’s Smart Green City Project.
The Smart Green City Project is a part of the Green New Deal initiative led by the government.
Led by regional authorities, the project offers a diagnosis of various environmental issues for each city and supports the effort to transition to eco-friendly practices.
The government plans to select 25 cities that made outstanding proposals to transform into eco-friendly municipalities that can better address climate change.
The government will fund up to 60 percent of the budget for projects designed by the selected cities for two years starting from 2021.
The selection process will run from September to November, with the final 25 cities selected to be announced in December.
Image Credit: Hanyang Corp. / Korea Bizwire / email@example.com | <urn:uuid:b0cb95ce-0b23-4e42-98eb-2281fb5c13c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://koreabizwire.com/govt-to-select-25-cities-for-carbon-neutral-initiative/167557 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.929906 | 204 | 2.015625 | 2 |
This week, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) joined several prominent human rights organizations––including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International––to launch a formal campaign asking President Obama to pardon National Security Agency whistleblower Edward Snowden. Snowden has been living in an undisclosed location in Moscow and has sought asylum elsewhere since leaking classified information about the NSA’s mass surveillance programs in 2013. The campaign kicked off two days before the premiere of Oliver Stone’s film, Snowden. The human rights organizations created the website Pardon Snowden to promote the case for Snowden across the nation.
Ben Wizner, Snowden’s attorney, believes Stone’s largely sympathetic portrayal of Snowden will “do more for Snowden in two hours than his lawyers have been able to do in three years.” Wizner, who directs the ACLU’s Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project, detailed the campaign’s objectives after a screening of the film at the Brooklyn Public Library. "We are going to be doing both a mass signature campaign around the world and trying to get prominent individuals and organizations to join our call to President Obama to pardon Snowden before he leaves office," he said.
Snowden’s legal team will make the case for a pardon before Obama leaves office at the end of the year. Speaking to a reporter at the Toronto Film Festival, Oliver Stone said that he is hopeful Obama will pardon Snowden, but that he has reservations that it will actually happen. "Mr. Obama could pardon him, and we hope so. We hope Mr. Obama has a stroke of lightning, and he sees the way," the Academy Award-winning director said at the time.
Oliver Stone. (Credit: Source.)
However, Stone noted that Obama’s administration has prosecuted more whistleblowers under the Espionage Act than previous administrations and that Obama himself has overseen an expansion of the NSA’s global surveillance network since Snowden fled the United States. "He's been one of the most efficient managers of this surveillance world. His is the most extensive, invasive surveillance world that has ever existed. He created it, built it," Stone said. "So rationally it doesn't figure [a pardon is possible], but we hope, we hope.”
A former CIA officer has also come forward to support the initiative to pardon Snowden. “All nations require some secrecy. But in a democracy, where the government is accountable to the people, transparency should be the default; secrecy, the exception. And this is especially true regarding the implementation of an unprecedented system of domestic bulk surveillance,
a mere precursor of which Senator Frank Church warned 40 years ago could lead to the eradication of privacy and the imposition of ‘total tyranny,’” writes Barry Eisler, who spent three years in a covert position in the CIA’s Directorate of Operations. Snowden “did not sell information secretly to any enemy of America,” Eisler continued, noting that Snowden instead shared this information with the press and the public.
Eisler argued that Snowden performed a “service” which prompted his detractors to cite national security concerns. “As always, the charge is backed by nothing but air, and ignores—in fact, is intended to distract from—the real damage caused by metastasizing governmental secrecy,” he wrote in an op-ed for TIME. “This includes not only disastrous government mistakes and cover-ups (see the Bay of Pigs, the “missile gap,” the Gulf of Tonkin, Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, etc.), but also the ongoing strangulation of democracy itself. The nation is not made more secure, but is instead more fragile, when the government knows more and more about the people and the people know less and less about the government.”
The Espionage Act dates back to World War I and does not distinguish between whistleblowers who deliver documents alleging illegal government activity to journalists and spies who leak information to foreign governments. Winning a case under the law would be difficult, says Ben Wizner, because the law forbids him from presenting evidence about congressional reforms since Snowden first leaked classified information. "Unless the government is willing to consider charging him with something appropriate, there's not going to be a trial if we have anything to say about it. That doesn't mean there couldn't be some other kind of agreement," Wizner said. "We think the proper response to Edward Snowden shouldn't be what the punishment should be, it should be how to thank him. And until that's the case, he is living safely where he is.”
Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Shailene Woodley in Snowden. (Credit: Source.)
Snowden, starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Edward Snowden and Shailene Woodley as his longtime girlfriend, Lindsay Mills, opens today in theaters nationwide. | <urn:uuid:122bc685-0759-411d-9242-d69b9f88a164> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://secondnexus.com/tag/shailene-woodley | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.959485 | 998 | 2.09375 | 2 |
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