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PART I: MEDITATION - ITS THEORY AND PRACTICE (Part 1)
Chapter 1: The Meaning and Method of Meditation
The art of meditation is not a job to be performed as one does the duties of one's profession in life, for all activities of life are in the form of a function of one's individuality or personality which is to a large extent extraneous to one's nature, due to which there is a fatigue after work and there are times when one gets fed up with work, altogether. But meditation is not such a function and it differs from activities with which man is usually familiar. If sometimes one is tired of meditation, we have only to conclude one has only engaged oneself in another kind of activity, calling it meditation, while really it was not so.
We have to make a careful distinction between one's being and the action that proceeds from one's being. What sometimes fatigues the person is the latter and not the former. We may be tired of work, but we cannot be tired of our own selves. So it naturally follows that whenever we are tired of a work or a function, it is not part of our nature but extraneous to it. If meditation is also to become a work or a function of our being, it too would fall outside our nature And one day we shall not only be tired of it but also be sick of it, since it would impose itself as a foreign element upon our being or nature, and it is the character of essential being to cast out every foreign body by various methods.
Aspirants on the spiritual path are generally conversant with the fact that meditation is the pinnacle of Yoga and the consummation of spiritual endeavour. But it is only a very few that really gain access into the centrality of its meaning and mostly its essentiality is missed in a confusion that is usually made by equating it with a kind of work or activity of the mind, which is precisely the reason why most people find it difficult to sit long in meditation and are overcome either by sleep or a general weariness of the psycho-physical system. It is curious that what one is aiming at as the goal of one's life should become the cause of fatigue, frustration and even disgust on occasions. People seek to know the secrets of meditation on account of dissatisfaction with the normal activities of life and detecting a lacuna in the value of earthly existence. And if even this remedy that is sought to fill this gap in life is to create a sense of another lacuna, shortcoming or dissatisfaction and if there should be factors which can press one into a sense of 'enough' even with meditation and make one turn to some other occupation as a diversion away from it, it has to be concluded that there is a serious defect in one's concept of meditation itself.
When we carefully and sympathetically investigate into meditation as a spiritual exercise, we come face to face with certain tremendous truths about Nature and life as a whole. Before engaging oneself in any task, a clear idea of it is necessary, lest one should make a mess of what one is supposed to do. The question that is fundamental is: 'How does one know that meditation is the remedy for the short-comings of life'?
An answer to this question would necessitate a knowledge of what it is that one really lacks in life, due to which one turns to meditation for help. Broadly speaking, one's dissatisfaction is caused by a general feeling which comes upon one, after having lived through life for a sufficient number of years, that the desires of man seem to have no end; that the more are his possessions, the more also are his ambitions and cravings; that those who appear to be friends seem also to be capable of deserting one in crucial hours of life; that sense-objects entangle one in mechanical complexities rather than give relief from tension, anxiety and want; that one's longing for happiness exceeds all finitudes of concept and can never be made good by anything that the world contains, on account of the limitation brought about by one thing excluding another and the capacity of one thing to include another in its structure; that the so-called pleasures of life appear to be a mere itching of nerves and a submission to involuntary urges and a slavery to instincts rather than the achievement of real freedom which is the one thing that man finally aspires for.
If these and such other things are the defects of life, how does one seek to rectify it by meditation? The defects seem to be really horrifying, more than what ordinary human mind can compass and contain. But nevertheless, there rises a hope that meditation can set right these shortcomings and, if this hope has any significance or reality, the gamut of meditation should naturally extend beyond all limitations of human life. Truly, meditation should then be a universal work of the mind and not a simple private thinking in the closet of one's room or house. This aspect of the nature of meditation is outside the scope of the notion of it which many spiritual aspirants may be entertaining in their minds. An analysis of the nature of meditation opens up a deeper reality than is comprised in the usual psychological processes of the mind, such as thinking, feeling and understanding, and it really turns out to be a rousing of the soul of man instead of a mere functioning of the mind.
The soul does not rise into activity under normal conditions. Man is mostly, throughout his life, confined only to certain aspects of its manifestations when he thinks, understands, feels, wills, remembers, and so on. All this, no doubt, is partial expression of the human individuality, but it is not in any way near to the upsurge of the soul. The difference between normal human functions and soul's activity is that in the former case, when one function is being performed the others are set aside, ignored or suppressed, so that men cannot do all things at the same time; but in the latter, the whole of man in his essentiality rises to the occasion and nothing of him is excluded in this activity. Rarely does the soul act in human life, but when it does act even in a mild form or even in a distorted way, one forgets the whole world including the consciousness of one's own personality and enjoys a happiness which always remains incomparable. The mild manifestations of the soul through the channels of the human personality are seen in the ecstatic enthusiasms of art, particularly the fine arts, such as elevating music and the satisfaction derived through the appreciation of high genius in literature. In such appreciations one forgets oneself and becomes one with the object of appreciation. This is why art is capable of drawing the attention of man so powerfully and making him forget everything else for the time being. But in the daily life of an individual there are at least three occasions when the soul manifests itself externally and drowns one in incomparable joy; these are the satisfactions of (1) intense hunger, (2) sexual appetite and (3) sleep. In all these three instances, especially when the urges are very uncompromising, the totality of the being of a person acts, and here the logic of the intellect and the etiquettes of the world will be of no avail. The reason is simple: when the soul acts, even through the senses, mind and body, which are its distorted expressions, its pressure is irresistible, for the soul is the essence of the entire being and not merely of certain functional faculties of a person. While the joys of the manifestations of the partial aspects of the personality can be ignored or sacrificed for the sake of other insistent demands, there can be no such compromise when the soul presses itself forward into action.
The outcome of the above investigation is that when the soul normally acts, there is no consciousness of externality, not even of one's own personality, and hence the joy experienced then is transporting and enrapturing. And we have observed that meditation is the soul rising into action, not merely a function of the mind. This will explain also that meditation is a joy and cannot be a source of fatigue, tiresomeness, etc., when rightly practised. But meditation wholly differs from those channelised spatio-temporal manifestations of the soul, itemised in the above paragraphs. In meditation the soul's manifestation is not through the senses, mind and body, though its impact may be felt through any of these vestures before it fully reveals itself in the process called meditation.
The Sadhaka attempts to manifest the soul gradually in the meditational technique. The senses are bad media for the soul's manifestation, because the sensory activity is never a whole, one sense functioning differently from the other and being exclusive of the other, while the soul is inclusive of everything. Hence, when there is a sensory pressure from the soul it becomes a binding passion, almost a kind of madness, as it does not take into consideration the other aspects of life. The body, too, is not the proper medium for the soul's expression, for it is inert and is almost lifeless but for the vital energy or the Prana pervading through it. The only other medium through which the soul can reveal itself is the mind which, though it operates in terms of the information supplied by the senses, has also the capacity to organise and synthesise sensory knowledge into a sort of wholeness, and, hence, is in a position to reflect the soul whose essential character is wholeness of being. Thus, the process of meditation has always to be through the mind though its intention is to transcend the mind. The mental activities, being midway between the operation of the senses and the soul's existence, partake of a double character, viz., attraction from objects outside and the longing for perfection from within. The more does the mind succeed in abstracting itself from sensory information in terms of objects, the more also is the success in meditation. For this purpose Sadhakas develop a series of techniques to draw the mind away from the objects of sense and direct it slowly to the wholeness of the soul. The main forms of this method, to put them serially, in an ascending order, would be (1) concentration on an external point, symbol, image or picture; (2) concentration on an internal point, symbol, image or picture; (3) concentration on universal existence.
An external point, symbol, image or picture is chosen for the purpose of concentration, so that the mind may not suddenly feel itself bereaved from sense-objects and yet be tied down to a single sense-object. Some seekers concentrate their minds on a point or a dot on a wall, a candle-flame, a flower, a picture of any endearing object or a concrete image of one's chosen deity of worship. All these have ultimately the same effect on the mind and help to collect the mental rays from the diversified objects into a single forceful ray focussed upon a given object. The intention of such concentration is to disentangle the mind from its involvement in the network of objects. Every thought is a symptom of such an involvement since the thought is of an object and every object is related to every other object by similarity, comparison or contrast. Apart from this logical network of thought, a physical object is subtly related to other physical objects by means of invisible vibrations and hence the thought of an object is at the same time a stimulation of such vibrations which are in the end inseparable from the physical forms of the objects. Concentration on a given form breaks the thread of such relatedness to external things and the objective of such concentration is finally the separation of thought from the sense of externality, which is the essence of existence of an object. When thought is freed from the bondage of externality, it is at once freed also from the quality of Rajas or the force which presses it towards the object, as well as Tamas which is a negative reaction of Rajasic activity. By this means concentration leads to freedom from Rajas and Tamas, which is simultaneous with the rise of Sattva or transparency of consciousness as reflected through the mind. It is in the state of Sattva that the true being of All things, called the Atman, reveals itself as comprehending all existence, and as incomparable brilliance and joy.
Concentration on internal centres is also practised by Sadhakas according to their special predilections of temperament. The process of psychological freedom achieved is similar to the one in concentration on external points or forms, the only difference being that in internal concentration the objects are only forms of thought instead of physical locations or things. The idea of the 'external' and 'internal' is really with reference to one's own physical body, so that it is more a procedure adopted for convenience rather than a system which has any ultimate objective significance. Whatever is concentrated upon externally may be regarded as a psychological image in internal concentration. One special feature which is discoverable only in internal concentration is that in this method one can conceive any form of reality to one's own liking, which may not have anything corresponding in the physical world, such as the ideas of all-comprehensives, togetherness, unity, harmony, supreme abundance and even such ideas as of Infinity, Eternity and Immortality. But the last mentioned three ideas actually transcend the idea of internality and open up the concept of the universal.
The idea of universality overcomes the barriers of externality and internality created by the mind with reference to the body and the personality and visualises all things, including one's own individuality, as organically related to one another in a wider completeness to which there are no such things as subject and object, or the seer and seen, which are the outcome of self-reference by each particular individual in contrast to other individuals and things. The universal is incapable of even imagination since thought is always subjective and externalises the object. Thus the concept of the universal should be regarded as almost an impossibility. But, for purpose of meditation, a conceptual universal may be presented before the mind through the mutual transference of meaning between the subject and object, which would result in three alternatives: (1) Every subject is also an object to others, (2) every object is a subject to its own self, and (3) there is neither a subject nor object where there is mutual determination among parts of a whole. Every unit of existence may be conceived as a whole in itself, i.e., an organism, self-determined in every way. There can be many such organisms, smaller and bigger in a series and the universe is the largest organism. To conceive it as it would conceive itself is to be able to think the universal. In meditation this technique would involve a little effort of thought and of the will to maintain awareness of a transcendence of the subject-object relation, in any of the ways suggested above. Since the bodily individuality as a psycho-physical organism is maintained mostly by the tension obtaining between itself and others which it regards as objects, any procedure which will overcome or release this tension would be a welcome method of contemplating the universal. The seekers who belong to this last category should indeed be very rare and few in number, for this super-normal thinking is not given to everyone because of the habit of the mind to pin faith in sense-objects by isolating them from its own location. The Upanishads and the Bhagavadgita are replete with descriptions of this state of consciousness, wherein the multiformed universal is contemplated. Special mention may be made of the 3rd and the 4th chapters of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, the 5th and 7th chapters of the Chhandogya Upanishad, the 11th chapter of the Bhagavadgita as also the description of the Absolute in its 13th chapter. This is the way of Jnana, pure knowledge or impersonal meditation.
The methods of meditation in Bhakti or love and devotion emphasise the personal form of God more than the impersonal and instead of the fixing of consciousness in its role as pure awareness, as in the path of knowledge, direct emotion as love to the form in which God manifests himself before the contemplative mind. The Vaishnava theology conceives God in a fivefold series of manifestations known as Para or the Supreme, Vyuha or the group, Vibhava or the incarnation, Archa or the symbol of worship and the Antaryamin or the indwelling. The Para is God conceived as the transcendent creator, whose nature is awe-inspiring, and his uplifted presence carries with it a feeling of inaccessibility and a grand remoteness from the dust of the earth. Vyuha is God conceived as a group of manifestations, known in Vaishnava scriptures as Vasudeva, Sankarshana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha, corresponding almost to the mutual relationship of Brahman, Ishvara, Hiranyagarbha and Virat in the terminology of the Vedanta. Vibhava is God in an incarnation manifest in the planes of creation for redressing the sorrows of the denizens of the planes. Archa is the image or symbol used in external or internal worship, a limited form meant to help concentration of mind on God through a finite focus which gradually enlarges upon wider realities, stage by stage. Antaryamin is the counterpart of Para, God as the indwelling presence, not far removed from creation as the creator thereof, difficult to approach, but the very soul of creation, living within it and capable of vital contact in any speck of space or atom of creation.
The path of Bhakti also conceives methods of concentration of mind by Sravana or the hearing the glories of God, Kirtana or singing his names, Smarana or remembrance of him, through Japa, etc., Padasevana or adoration of his feet in his manifestations or in his essential being, Archana or formal worship by ritualistic methods, Vandana or prayer offered to God, Dasya or the attitude of being a servant of God, Sakhya or the attitude of friendship towards God and, finally, Atma-Nivedana or self-surrender to God. These are various means of reaching the consummation of divine love by which the mind is fastened upon God's existence and all his associated attributes as omniscience, omnipotence, compassion, and the like.
The technique of concentration of mind in the Yoga system of Patanjali is concerned more with the volition aspect of the psychological organ than the understanding and feeling, as in Jnana and Bhakti. The will plays here the prominent role and concentration is the effort of the mind to fix its attention on the different degrees of reality, viz., (1) the physical universe of five elements in terms of the space-time relation and the relation of idea, name and form; (2) the five elements in themselves independent of these relations; (3) the inner formative principles of the five elements in terms of the space-time relation and the relation of idea, name and form; (4) the formative principles of the five elements independent of the relations; (5) the joy which follows from this concentration on transparent being; (6) pure Self-awareness that ensues thereby; (7) retention of the memory of the extermination of all mental forms in the finest essence of Self-awareness and, lastly, (8) realisation of Pure Being as the Absolute.
A system of spiritual living known as Karma-Yoga rarely gets associated with meditation. But Karma-Yoga is really meditation in action and it is a Yoga by itself It is, however, difficult for beginners in spiritual life to imagine how an action can also be a meditation, for action is usually associated with movement, physical or psychological, while meditation is regarded as attention in which all movement is checked. The action, which Karma Yoga is, differs from this usual definition of action as distinguished from concentration or attention of mind. An exposition of this method is mainly found in the Bhagavadgita where expertness in action is identified with balance in the attitude of consciousness. Yoga is not only supreme ability in the execution of perfected action but is at the same time stability of consciousness or equanimity of mind. The two aspects of this particular technique cannot be reconciled as long as action is limited to the personal activities proceeding from desire. Karma-Yoga is desireless action, which alone can be consistent with spiritual consciousness. The Self which is pure balance of existence is co-extensive with cosmic reality and can therefore be reconcilable with action when it is transformed into an impersonal process of spiritual being instead of a personal activity of individual desire. This concept of spiritualised action is an advanced step in Yoga and cannot be prescribed to novices who cannot imagine anything beyond their bodily personality. But once the spirit is grasped, a seeker moves unscathed in life, unaffected by likes and dislikes and contemplates divinity in all actions which he identifies with the processes of the universe. In lesser concepts of Karma-Yoga, it is defined as one's attitude to all activity as a form of the movement of the properties of the external Nature, of which one remains an unconcerned witness. It is also regarded as action performed in the spirit of service of God or even service of humanity and all living beings, the fruits of which the performer does not long for but offers up entirely to God.
In internal forms of meditation a special feature is a system known as Kundalini-Yoga. Here, the human system in its subtle make-up within is regarded as a microcosmic specimen of the universe and attempt is made to manipulate the powers of Nature by the regulation of forces within one's own individuality. The realms of the cosmos correspond to the centres in the individual, which are accepted to be seven in number. Concentration on these centres in the microcosm stimulates the forces lodged in the centres which bear an intimate relation to the relative centres in the macrocosm. Thus, meditation on these centres is tantamount to meditation on the reality of the cosmos. Enormous details on such meditations are laid down in a group of texts called Tantras, which enunciate methods of a gradual overstepping of the grosser forms of Nature through ritual, worship, recitation of formulae, regulation of breath and concentration of mind. Since some of the ways prescribed in the Tantras seem to take the seeker along the roads of sense-objects and the material Nature, though with a view to transcending them in spiritual experience, the danger of a set-back or fall for the inexperienced and the unwary is more in this path than in the other methods of Yoga. The technique is very scientific but not entirely free from the fears of temptation and retrogression when attempted by unpurified minds.
All the procedures of meditation are, in the end, ways of awakening the Soul-consciousness which, in its depth, is, at once, God-consciousness. What is apparently extraneous and outside one's body gets vitally woven up into the fabric of one's being in rightly practised meditation. In brief, meditation is the art of uniting with Reality.
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As Prepared For Delivery:
Good morning, everyone. Director Inglis, thank you for hosting us and for your leadership standing up the Office of the National Cyber Director. It’s great to work together again. For me, this Summit is a bit of a blast from the past. In my previous role as President Obama’s National Security Advisor, I started every day with the President’s Daily Brief, tracking all manner of threats to our nation, including cyber threats. Hackers probing power plants and other critical infrastructure. Cyber theft of sensitive commercial data. Election interference.
Those threats have only multiplied in recent years, yet we have work to do to build a cybersecurity workforce that can adequately counter them. There are 700,000 vacant cybersecurity positions in America, as you’ve heard. At the same time, the cyber field is not yet representative of our nation, with women comprising less than a quarter of cybersecurity workers, just 9 percent identifying as Black, and only 4 percent as Hispanic. We have to do better. Not in service of some ideal, but because America is safer and stronger when we bring everybody to the table.
Since Day One, the Biden-Harris Administration has been working hard to ensure that our public servants reflect the unparalleled talent and diversity of our nation. In the early weeks of the Administration, President Biden issued a National Security Memorandum to revitalize and modernize our national security workforce, including directing his Administration to identify barriers that prevent Americans from pursuing and advancing in national security careers and develop strategies to improve recruitment and retention. In June last year, the President signed an Executive Order launching a whole-of-government effort to advance diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility across the federal workforce. This EO has resulted in dozens of agency plans to advance and embed DEIA principles, including among the federal government’s cyber workforce.
But, that’s just the start. Simply put: part of helping a company like Colonial Pipeline protect itself is building a much better cybersecurity job pipeline. That’s what this Summit is about.
Building that pipeline must start with our youngest minds. Because that same lack of representation we see in the cybersecurity workforce shows up in high school and even earlier. Of students who took the computer science AP exam in 2019, only 29 percent were women, 16 percent were Hispanic, and 6 percent were Black. Some of that is because we need to get a broader cross-section of students to be interested in and feel welcome in fields like cyber. We also need to address the underlying disparities in access to rigorous coursework— including computer science—which is why President Biden has proposed tripling federal funding for high-poverty schools to help close these gaps. States and school districts must also take action to close these gaps.
To further prepare our students, I’m pleased to announce that the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education at the Department of Commerce will make its Cybersecurity Workforce Framework—which provides a range of cyber curricula and resources—easier for K-12 teachers to use. In addition, the National Security Agency is supporting a Department of Education initiative that will help middle schools put in place career and technical education programs focused on emerging career pathways, such as space and cybersecurity.
When our young people are ready to join the workforce, we need to create new pathways for graduates who would typically find a cyber career out of reach. That includes leveraging our community colleges. Expanding skills-based training and hiring practices that focus on an applicant’s abilities and not only on their academic credentials. Bolstering apprenticeships and non-traditional training opportunities, as Secretary Walsh just mentioned.
These are important steps. But, government can’t do this alone. We need to diversify who takes cybersecurity courses at colleges and universities. We need cybersecurity workplaces to bring in and mentor cyber professionals from non-traditional backgrounds. We need companies and organizations to expand apprenticeships and partner with high schools and community colleges.
I’m grateful to see so many organizations and institutions taking up this challenge today. As President Biden has said, we have “the power, the capacity, and the responsibility… to raise the bar on cybersecurity.” Working together, let’s flex that power. Let’s shoulder that responsibility. Let’s raise the bar and make our nation more secure in cyberspace, more inclusive here at home, and more competitive in the world. Thank you, and I’ll now turn it over to our Secretary of Homeland Security, Ali Mayorkas.
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I have taught compositing skills to aspiring commercial photographers and retouchers at two Melbourne Universities for a number of years. The basic Photoshop compositing skills, that form the foundation skills for all other projects, can be taught over the course of just three projects.
These projects are designed to teach a non-destructive compositing workflow that focuses on the importance of presenting images ‘appropriate’ for compositing to Photoshop, so that the resulting streamlined workflows deliver high-quality results with the minimum amount of post-production editing.
The order I recommend you tackle the projects are the Fixed Position and Blend Mode projects first, followed by the Select and Mask project last.
If you want to take your skills to the next level you should be looking for tutorials that tackle shadows, reflections while retaining realistic perspective, depth-of-field and quality of lighting.
Just click on the link below to access the three tutorials.
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New Release: John Corigliano's The Ghosts Of Versailles
The Ghosts of Versailles is an American masterpiece, written by John Corigliano, to honor the Metropolitan Opera's 100th season.
The opera is set in "an afterlife existence of the Versailles court of Louis XVI. In order to cheer up the ghost of Marie Antoinette, who is upset about having been beheaded, the ghost of the playwright Beaumarchais stages an opera (obviously based on La Mère coupable, although described by Beaumarchais as a new composition) using the characters and situations from his first two Figaro plays. In this new opera-within-an-opera, Count Almaviva is in Paris as ambassador from Spain. Together with his trusty manservant Figaro, he tries to rescue Marie Antoinette from the French Revolution. When things go awry, Beaumarchais himself enters the opera and – with the invaluable help of Figaro and his wife Susanna – attempts to rescue the queen."
Recordings have been rare, with a VHS/Laserdisc recording available shortly after the premiere in the 1990s, and as part of a larger Met Opera anniversary cd box set. It was performed by LA Opera in 2015 to great acclaim, and recorded live. Now out on Pentatone Music, it is available as a surround sound SACD, or download.
WBAA's John Clare had a chance to speak with John Corigliano just after the recording in February 2015. They discuss the new production of the opera, Corigliano previously working in radio, and what he is currently composing:
There's more about the new release here. Enjoy an excerpt of The Ghosts of Versailles:
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Prior to undergoing elective procedures, patients often access online resources to familiarize themselves with the surgical procedure and expected postoperative course. In order to be fully understood by the average adult in the United States, the American Medical Association (AMA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommend that online health resources be written at or below the 6th grade reading level. Previous studies have examined the syntax reading grade level of educational materials in multiple orthopedic procedures, however reading grade level does not measure whether text is written such that readers can process key information (understandability) or identify available actions to take (actionability). The Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT-P) is a valid and reliable method to measure the understandability and actionability of online patient education materials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate online resources regarding elbow arthroscopy utilizing measures of readability, understandability, and actionability. It was hypothesized that current online resources would score poorly on these objective measures. Additionally, it was hypothesized that these measures would not correlate with the order of the listed search results (rank).
Patient education materials were identified using two independent online Google engine searches (Google.com) using the term “elbow arthroscopy”. From the top 50 results, websites were included if directed at educating patients regarding elbow arthroscopy. News articles, non-text material (audiovisual), journal articles, industry websites, and unrelated websites were excluded. The readability of included resources was quantified using Flesch-Kincaid Grade-Level (FKGL), a valid objective algorithm. The PEMAT-P instrument was utilized to assess actionability and understandability (0-100%). A PEMAT score of 70% or below is considered poorly understandable or poorly actionable.
A total of 59 unique websites were identified of which 29 patient educational materials (49.1%) met inclusion criteria. The average FKGL was 12.6±2.8. The mean overall determined reading grade level corresponded to the first year of college (13th grade), with only one website (3.4%) scoring below the AMA/NIH recommended 6th grade reading level. Mean understandability and actionability scores were 65.2%±8.5 and 46.2%±25.1, respectively, falling below the 70% PEMAT score threshold for both scales. Nine websites (31.0%) were above the threshold for understandability, while only four resources (13.8%) scored above the 70% threshold for actionability.
Overall, publicly available online patient education materials related to elbow arthroscopy scored poorly with respect to readability, understandability, and actionability. Only one patient education websites scored at the AMA and NIH recommended reading level. Nine websites scored above the 70% PEMAT score on understandability, while only four websites met the threshold for actionability. If online resources are misunderstood due to poor readability, understandability, or actionability, these resources may lead to poor decision making by patients. Future efforts should be made to improve online resources in order to optimize patient knowledge and facilitate informed decision-making.
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This group develops concepts and techniques to cope with heterogeneity of service specifications for the success of worldwide service markets. Examples of existing service markets for software are such marketplaces as Eclipse marketplace or Google Play Store. In comparison to the state of the art, we work on the vision of a worldwide service market, in which service providers can offer their software services independent from a certain platform or service speciication language. For that, we develop methods to perform such operations on services like matching or composition based on heterogeneous service specifications provided in a service market. This research is conducted in the scope of the subproject B1 of the Collaborative Reseach Centre 901 "On-The-Fly Computing" supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
Members: Svetlana Arifulina, Gregor Engels
Contact person: Svetlana Arifulina
In the vision the On-The-Fly Computing, customer-specific software is developed on demand from distributed software, platform, and infrastructure services available on a worldwide market. Having requirements on a desirable service from a market customer, services have to be automatically discovered and composed in a service composition fulfilling these requirements. For that purpose, services have to be matched based on their specifications. For accurate matching, services have to be described comprehensively including their structural, behavioral and non-functional properties. One challenge of out scenario is the fact that market cusromers and service providers may use an arbitrary domain-specific languages (DSLs) to describe different properties of their services. Therefore, we investigate a parameterized comprehensive core language that covers different concepts needed to describe services for the accurate service matching. Concrete DSLs can be transformed into the core language, and specifications written in these DSLs can be translated into the core language for matching. For that purpose, we develop a user-friendly by-example model transformation approach. Another challenge in a worldwide service market results from the fact that accurate matching of comprehensive service specifications requires a lot of computation effort. That makes the accurate matching often infeasible in a service market because of its inefficiency. Therefore, we investigate how the comprehensive core language can be configured based on the cheracteristics of a certain service market, in order to perform as accurate matching as possible with a feasible efficiency. To sum up, parameterized service specifications serve as a basis to cope with heterogeneity of service specifications and to enable automatic service matching in a worldwide service market.
In this area, we investigate the following research challeng
- Formal comprehensive service specifications using different domain-specific languages (DSL).
- Dealing with heterogeneous service specifications for service operations like service matching, service composition, and analysis of services.
- Language design for efficient and precise service matching.
- By-example derivation of semantic mappings between specification languages.
- Improvement of service specifications to improve their matching results.
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<urn:uuid:1e834cb2-a4db-4df8-97e6-45f3ec9fb308>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://cs.uni-paderborn.de/dbis/forschung/sprachentwicklung-und-domaenenspezifische-sprachen/parameterized-service-specifications
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| 0.911789
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The devastating earthquake and tsunami near Japan have led to renewed interest in the safest places to live. Over the past week, Web searches on "safest countries" and "countries with fewest natural disasters" have more than tripled.
According to a recent article from Slate, the countries of Estonia, Qatar, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Andorra may be the least likely to suffer a natural disaster. The data comes from the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters.
The records aren't totally complete, but again according to Slate, the centre has "no record of fatal floods, droughts, earthquakes, or severe storms in any of these countries from 1900 to 2009."
Of course not everybody can just up and move to Qatar. For people who want to stay in the United States, there are similar studies on the safest places to live. A company called Sustain Lane found that in 2008, all things considered, Mesa, Arizona, is the safest big city to live. Miami, Florida, with its hurricanes, was found to be the least safe.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency keeps track of the number of declared emergencies in each state. This doesn't exactly equate with least dangerous places to live, but it is interesting to note that since 1953, Rhode Island, Utah, and Wyoming have declared the fewest number of disasters with eight each.
And what of the most "dangerous" places to live? In terms of disasters, Texas has declared the most with 84, followed by California with 77, and Oklahoma with 66.
FEMA's list shouldn't be taken as gospel. As Slate explains, "the data are skewed by the fact that disasters are more likely to be declared in populated areas." Still the agency's numbers are well worth a look.
So, here now for your consideration, the ten states that have declared the fewest natural disasters since 1953. Just remember -- as they say in the stock market, past performance doesn't guarantee future results.
District of Columbia
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<urn:uuid:aa8185c8-567c-4576-8945-45cb5706c0e3>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/tagged/health/healthy-living/the-quot-safest-quot-states-in-the-united-states-2469686.html
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| 0.955826
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| 2.59375
| 3
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Unique Monograms combining multiple styles.
Monogram Styles Used:
This is a departure from the typical monogramming convention, but for this design for a tote bag we wanted a name.
We started with the letter P from the Arts and Crafts 7 XL Monogram Set - large, straight and thin. We eliminated the decorative L-shaped bracket on the lower left, then went looking for a thin and simple style for the other two letters - A and T. For a bit of contrast, and to echo the curve of the flower stem, we chose the letters from the Brushwork Monogram Set 4, placing them on a baseline at the bottom.
The overall size is 7" (177mm) tall by 4 1/4" (106mm) wide.
How we made these monograms
Embroidery software programs make it easy to delete elements, copy and paste elements from other designs, resize different aspects, and merge elements together into one new design. Each program is a bit different in how the Edit functions are managed. Once you have learned to use yours, creating new monograms from other monogram parts is creative and fun. Experiment with different arrangements and colors.
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<urn:uuid:8aff8675-2e0d-4796-8d2c-57beceecc531>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://embroideryarts.com/monogram_combinations/143
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| 0.899966
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| 1.554688
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Garrett Bradley’s collaborative and research-based approach to filmmaking is often inspired by the real-life stories of people in New York City, where she grew up, Los Angeles, where she went to school, and most recently in her home base of New Orleans. For Bradley, research takes multiple forms, from exploring the archive in America (2019), to casting via Craigslist want-ads in Below Dreams (2014), to engaging with the communities and individuals she seeks to represent in Time (2020). “My projects have all evolved naturally, one from the other,” Bradley has said. “I came to them by way of my own life, by way of the community I am already a part of.”
Bradley’s films blur the boundaries between narrative and documentary cinema. She begins each project with a series of questions and works within a collaborative framework, bringing people into a dialogue as a means of creating a more nuanced understanding of the social, economic, and racial politics of everyday life. “As a person...who’s making work that is often inspired by personal and peripheral experiences, by observing the things that are around me, I am always thinking, Where can I help?,” Bradley explained
Influenced by the films of Julie Dash, Charles Burnett, and Billy Woodberry of the L.A. Rebellion, she creates parallels to the ways these filmmakers repurposed techniques from international cinema to represent the realities of Black life in the 1960s. William Greaves’s film Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One (1968)—which expands the tradition of cinéma vérité in a nonlinear form that troubles the boundaries between fiction and reality—impacted Bradley as well, inspiring her interest in employing abstraction to reclaim how Black stories are told. Bradley often uses repetitive images and sounds to break with what she calls the “standard Western historical value of linearity as a true and pure form mimicking reality.”
Shot in New Orleans in close collaboration with its protagonists, Time traces one family’s navigation of, and resistance to, the American carceral system, exploring the systemic separation of Black families throughout history as part of the aftermath of slavery in America. At the film’s core is Sibil Fox Richardson (Fox Rich), whose husband Rob received a 60-year prison sentence in 1997. Time follows Fox’s tireless fight for Rob’s release before he was granted clemency in 2018, after serving 21 years in the Louisiana State Penitentiary. The film creates an intimate and urgent portrait of the effects of mass incarceration in America and challenges the invisibility of incarcerated Americans. For this work, Bradley became the first Black woman to win Best Director at Sundance, in January 2020.
Projects: Garrett Bradley (2020) features a multichannel video installation of the film America (2019), screened on four intersecting, transparent white flags affixed to copper poles. The 23-minute film is organized around 12 short black-and-white vignettes shot by Bradley on 35mm film and later transferred to video; it’s set to a score by artist Trevor Mathison and composer Udit Duseja of the pioneering Black Audio Film Collective (1982–98). Bradley intersperses the vignettes with footage from the unreleased Lime Kiln Club Field Day (1914)—originally restored by MoMA and now part of the Museum’s collection—believed to be the oldest surviving feature-length film with an all-Black cast. Seeing Bert Williams’s monumental film as a catalyst for the project, Bradley’s abstraction of image and sound creates a reimagined visual chronology of Black American history that, as she says, “can serve as an archive of the past and a document of the present.”
Legacy Russell, Associate Curator, Exhibitions, The Studio Museum in Harlem; Yelena Keller, Curatorial Assistant, Exhibitions, The Studio Museum in Harlem; and Angelique Rosales Salgado, Studio Museum and MoMA Curatorial Fellow, 2021
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https://www.moma.org/artists/132768
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Patients suffering from kidney failure may benefit from frequent and longer dialysis treatments which may improve survival compared with conventional dialysis.
The findings suggest that daily or nightly dialysis sessions at home or in the clinic are viable—and perhaps superior—alternatives for some patients with kidney failure.
Most kidney failure patients who undergo dialysis receive treatments at outpatient facilities three times per week, for three to four hours per visit. Researchers suspect that more frequent and longer treatments might be more effective, but these would be inconvenient for most patients and would take up too much of their time. Therefore, nighttime dialysis while patients sleep (at home or in a clinic) or daily treatments at home might be good options.
- Eric Weinhandl (Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation) and his co-investigators compared survival of 1,873 daily home dialysis patients using the NxStage System One—a portable hemodialysis machine for use in the home—between 2005 and 2008 with 9,365 thrice-weekly in-center hemodialysis patients. Over an average period of 1.7 to 1.8 years, daily home dialysis patients were 13% less likely to die than thrice-weekly clinic patients, and the survival benefit of daily home dialysis appeared to apply to all types of patients (different sexes, races, weights, etc.). "Whether these results apply to all hemodialysis patients needs further study because patients in our analysis were generally younger and less sick," said Weinhandl.
- Gihad Nesrallah, MD, Rita Suri, MD (University of Western Ontario, in London, Canada), and their team compared 338 patients who received intensive home hemodialysis (during the day or night) for an average of 4.8 sessions per week and an average treatment time of 7.4 hours per session with 1,388 patients who received conventional hemodialysis. After following patients for an average of 1.8 years, the researchers found that patients receiving intensive dialysis were 45% less likely to die than patients receiving conventional dialysis. "Whether this improvement in survival is due to increased intensity of dialysis itself or due to the fact that the intensive dialysis patients performed their own dialysis treatments at home is not yet clear," said Dr. Suri.
- Eduardo Lacson, Jr., MD (Fresenius Medical Care North America) and his colleagues studied the health of 746 patients who received hemodialysis treatments at a clinic for three nights per week and for an average of eight hours per night, compared with 2,062 similar patients who received conventional hemodialysis treatments. During a two-year follow-up period, patients who received nighttime dialysis had a 25% reduced risk of dying compared with conventional dialysis. Nighttime dialysis patients also experienced improvements in certain measures such as lower weight, blood pressure, and blood phosphorous levels. "This comparison primarily evaluated the impact of the length of treatment time on hemodialysis because patients were all dialyzed in the center and at the same frequency of three times per week," said Dr. Lacson. "Longer treatment time allows for removal of fluid and waste products at a slower pace, but with the added benefit of potentially removing larger quantities from the body."
- Finally, John Daugirdas, MD (University of Illinois at Chicago) and his team analyzed data from two studies, the Frequent Hemodialysis Network Daily and Nocturnal Trials, which compared frequent (six times per week) treatments received during the day or at night, with conventional dialysis. Daugirdas and his colleagues looked to see if more frequent dialysis treatments could help lower patients' blood phosphorus levels. (Traditionally, dialysis patients often have high levels, which puts them at risk of developing various complications such as heart disease.) Compared with conventional dialysis treatments, daily or nightly dialysis treatments for 12 months lowered patients' phosphorus levels and reduced their need for phosphorus-lowering medications.
The studies' findings indicate that additional research is warranted to determine if extended or more frequent dialysis treatments provide benefits for all dialysis patients and to determine the optimal treatment frequency and session length.
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<urn:uuid:37e25c51-25f9-415c-b9ad-4f3b8da2cfc0>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.medindia.net/news/kidney-failure-patients-benefit-from-frequent-or-extended-dialysis-treatments-97937-1.htm
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| 0.960476
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The insurance industry is not known for great customer experience. Lack of a consumer-focused mindset and slowness to adopt technology creates pain points for customers. For a young demographic that is used to ease and simplicity, this has made insurance a difficult concept to embrace. India has this huge underserved market, thus creating the perfect opportunity for the rise of insur-tech start-ups.
According to EY’s Global Insurance Trends Analysis 2018, $2.3 billion has been invested in insur-tech start-ups, representing over 45 percent of insurance investments spanning 2012-17. Yet, Indian insur-tech start-ups are yet to tackle some significant challenges as they try to break into the local market.
Key Vulnerabilities need Curated Coverage
Today, one-third of India’s population is made up of urban millennials aged between 21 to 35 years. This huge market faces very specific risks on a daily basis that are not being covered by the insurance industry, which continues to focus on one-size-fits-all health, life and motor insurances.
Most young adults will, for example, not think twice about buying an expensive silicon cover to protect their cell phones, which is insurance in a tangible form. Buying small insurances for specific risks is the same thing. They can cover their unique and immediate risks, which can amount to basic cycle or commute coverage, salary protection in case of hospitalisation, and coverage of their belongings such as laptop bags in case of theft or burglary in their daily lives.
Identifying this growing target population and providing to their needs gives rise to a whole new direction for the insurance industry. More user experience research needs to be done in order to understand the specific concerns and needs of this new target client category, a challenge that can easily be taken on with the right partnerships and technology.
Common Obstacles in Purchasing Insurance
Even with insurance aggregators, customers seldom complete their purchase entirely online. A telephone call or a visit from an agent is often needed to clarify, fill forms, and understand the inclusions and exclusions of each plan as well as to wrap one’s head around obscure terminology. Start-ups need to improve the design of purchase processes by deconstructing over-complicated products into easy to grasp, bite-sized coverage plans that use simple language with examples set in the user’s day-to-day life.
This will not only greatly increase customer understanding by taking out unnecessary decision fatigue, but it will also speed up the purchase process. Insur-tech startups thus have the exciting task of pulling insurance from a financial mindset (something you have to sit down with an expert or an agent to plan meticulously) to a product mindset (something you can pick up as and when it is needed like a case for your phone).
Stressful Claim Processes
The popular general impression is that an insurance company does not want to approve claims, with of course is reinforced by the hoops one has to jump through to just file a claim. To be fair, Insurance companies are worried about fraud and have a complex maze of processes to prevent it. From getting all the needed paperwork together, physically mailing them and filling out forms in triplicate. (We exaggerate a bit, but you get the idea.)
Insur-tech start-ups need to show that they can approach claims entirely differently while following the prescribed guidelines. They want to approve claims with minimal information, trust their customers on face value. The assumption of an insurance company is that customer is dishonest, while the precedent set up by Amazons of the world has proven that trusting the customer is good business as well.
Digitizing the whole experience goes a long way, removing the inefficiencies of paperwork and decision-making. Simplifying document requirements along with a smart algorithm-led fraud check can take the frustration out at both ends – saving the company’s manpower cost and eliminating customer frustration from the lengthy process of submitting claims. With these digital tools, a typical claim would only require one to simply upload the photos of relevant documents and money could be sent to the client’s bank account practically instantly. This process obviously works a lot better for simpler products.
A Growing Market
Insurance for a typical Indian has always been about tight family bonds, counting on your relatives to come through for you – not something you have to buy. However, as a consequence of the evolving society we see the trend of families breaking down from big, extended groups into smaller or nuclear units; this phenomenon is affecting half a billion people. As huge joint families dissolve and migration weakens community bonds, there is little hope of relying on family and communities to come through to help in times of crises. Hence, the ground is set for insur-tech start-ups to introduce the idea of risk mitigation (beyond family bonds), a safety net in the shape of a small, simple insurance policy that can mitigate those risks and concerns.
Opportunity through Challenge
Insur-tech startups have the responsibility to deliver to first-time buyers of insurance a powerful and pleasurable experience. Digitising, simplifying and automating the entire buying and claims processes for seamless, end-to-end user experience so that insurance can be bought as easily as any product in the digital marketplace. These powerful innovations, topped off with improved customer service with trust instead of suspicion, has the potential to revolutionise the insurance industry.
(Views expressed in this article are a personal opinion of Rohan Kumar, Co-Founder and CEO Toffee Insurance.)
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<urn:uuid:1bbb64cc-bf3e-4a8a-a7eb-6b0af7c167ee>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://bfsi.eletsonline.com/how-significant-are-insurance-tech-start-ups-for-healthcare-in-india/
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Department of Biological Systems Engineering
Nanoscale to Macroscale
Our faculty and students work in a broad range of biological systems, from natural systems, such as watersheds with a focus on water resources, to built systems, such as bioreactors and bioprocessing facilities. We seek to improve animal, human, and environmental health through development and design of healthy food products, vaccines, bioenergy, biomaterials, and water quality management practices.
BSE Opportunities Website
The BSE Opportunities website is a convenient tool to be used by students, faculty, alumni, and prospective students to learn about and share professional opportunities. This website was constructed and is maintained by faculty and staff in the BSE Department at Virginia Tech. Several faculty, students, and alumni submit information regularly (weekly during the academic year), and the content is checked periodically.
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<urn:uuid:ddedd029-87b2-4cfd-9ac0-d4f9a0cc6ba1>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.bse.vt.edu/
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| 0.958339
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|Vidor ISD Performance Report|
Texas Academic Performance Report (TAPR) 2019-20
The annual Report must include the Texas Academic Performance Report (TAPR), which is its primary component . The TAPR provides district and campus performance data, as well as Student, Staff, Program and Financial Information. The reports for the District and each campus are available online in English and Spanish at: https://rptsvr1.tea.texas.gov/perfreport/apr/2020/index.html.
Refer to the TAPR Glossary, or Glosario, on this site for clarification of terms used in the documents.
The TXSchools.org website contains interactive accountability rating summaries and detailed reports for each district, campus, and open-enrollment charter school in the state of Texas.
District Accreditation Status
Texas Education Code §39.051 requires each district to include the 2019-20 accreditation status in their Annual Report. This information can be accessed at: http://tea.texas.gov/accredstatus/.
Campus Performance Objectives
Texas Education Code §11.253 requires each campus to have an improvement plan with performance objectives and progress reports. Both the objectives and the progress of each campus toward meeting those objectives are included in the district’s Annual Report. The current District Improvement Plan (DIP) and the Campus Improvement Plans (CIP) are located here. Other performance objectives can be found in the Vidor ISD District Goals.
Report on Violent or Criminal Incidents
The Annual Report must include information about violent or criminal incidents that occur on each campus. As reported in the 2018-2019 NCLB Consolidated Compliance Report, there were no violent and criminal acts reported in the district.
Information about school violence prevention and intervention policies and procedures are found on the district website. Refer to:
PEIMS Financial Standard Reports (19-20 Financial Actual Reports)
Financial Standard Reports by district are provided by the Office of School Finance and can be accessed from a link on the last page of the TAPR at http://tea.texas.gov/financialstandardreports/ or on the VISD Financial Transparency webpage.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.vidorisd.org/310528_2
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| 0.912479
| 469
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The belfry Tower of Freedom is a memorial near the former concentration camp Buchenwald. It was built in the years 1954 to 1958 and is located on the southern flank of the Great Ettersberg.
In front of the Tower of Freedom is a group of figures in honor of the resistance struggle in the camp; It was designed by Fritz Cremer.
From the tower and from the foot of the tower offers a great view of the underlying Weimar.
February 7, 2019
In the know? Log-in to add a tip for other adventurers!
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<urn:uuid:8b89db81-35a1-48a8-b3bc-892c017d0571>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.komoot.com/highlight/498006
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en
| 0.966789
| 128
| 2.421875
| 2
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In this paper, we present a computational model to describe the electrical response of a constricted graphene nanoribbon (GNR) to biomolecules translocating through a nanopore. For this purpose, we use a self-consistent 3D Poisson equation solver coupled with an accurate three-orbital tight-binding model to assess the ability for a gate electrode to modulate both the carrier concentration as well as the conductance in the GNR. We also investigate the role of electrolytic screening on the sensitivity of the conductance to external charges and find that the gate electrode can either suppress or enhance the screening of biomolecular charges in the nanopore depending on the value of its potential. Translocating a double-stranded DNA molecule along the pore axis imparted a large change in the conductance at particular gate voltages, suggesting that such a device can be used to sense translocating biomolecules and can be actively tuned to maximize its sensitivity.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
- Modeling and Simulation
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
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<urn:uuid:5ebd2aad-e8c1-45ee-b258-cedf07baceaf>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/gate-modulated-graphene-quantum-point-contact-device-for-dna-sens
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en
| 0.896774
| 255
| 1.539063
| 2
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Stay Healthy During Quarantine
With the evolving COVID-19 situation we have all been asked to stay inside as much as possible and practice social distancing in an effort to reduce the spread of this virus. While this is necessary for public safety, it can be a big disruption to our daily lives and routine. Here is a quick to stay healthy, both mentally and physically through these unique and challenging times.
Follow a schedule
Try to recreate your daily routine to the best of your ability. It can be difficult to stay motivated at home where it is easy to stay comfortable and be careless, but don’t let your healthy eating habits and exercise routines fall off. Stay committed to maintaining positive habits and activities.
Tips for working from home: get ready for the day! Wake up and take a shower and put on your work clothes, set regular meal times, make time to work-out, schedule a breaks and take deep breaths as often as you need.
Plan your meals
A big or sudden change in lifestyle can cause stress and disrupt even the steadiest of diets. Plan your meals out in advance, and meal prep if possible. Having a healthy meal already prepared will remove any impulsive decisions or mindless eating throughout. Often the most detrimental behavior to our diets is grazing or snacking all day, because we do not realize how it accumulates over time.
Stay active during the day
Periodically get up to stretch, move and walk around. Even a short 5 minute break to stand up and reenergize yourself will lower stress and improve your mental and physical well being. You can take the opportunity to go outside for a walk, but remember to keep a safe distance from other people. If you do go outside for a walk, be safe and be smart.
There are also a number of free workout and exercise videos that you can find on YouTube and all over the internet to follow along with. For many you don’t even need any equipment, just a bit of space!
Create a home office
If you are working from home then make sure to take some time to arrange a home office where you can mentally put yourself in your work routine. Creating this space is also helpful for compartmentalizing work time vs leisure time. It can be difficult and distracting to try and work a full day from the sofa!
Get adequate sleep
Getting enough sleep is one of the most essential components to a healthy lifestyle. It will boost the immune system, help regulate metabolism, and keep us mentally and physically sharp. It is recommended to get at least 8 hours of sleep to keep both, our mind and body healthy.
Drink enough water
Similar to the importance of sleep, staying properly hydrated will not only keep the body functioning the way it optimally should, but it will also keep our immune system as strong as possible. Second, dehydration will lead to lethargy and drowsiness, which will only make working from home and staying disciplined with eating healthy harder. We recommend you drink eight 8oz glasses of water per day.
Eat the right foods
We should always be making the right choices when it comes to what we eat, however it is particularly important at this time. Eat foods that are rich in nutrients, vitamins and minerals, as this will keep the immune system regulated. Second, eat enough protein throughout the day, this will preserve lean muscle tissue as well as keep us sated. Avoid processed foods and sugar, especially at home where snacks are right around the corner.
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<urn:uuid:78aff8d2-0c98-4b30-aa2e-1b96da969f38>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.chartercare.org/services/weight-loss-surgery/blog/stay-healthy-during-quarantine/
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en
| 0.960312
| 715
| 2.28125
| 2
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Morocco and Algeria are two neighbouring Arab nations that share a 1,700-kilometer border and cultural bonds. However, hostilities between the two countries have simmered for decades owing to multiple reasons. One of the most contentious issues between Algeria and Morocco is the Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara. Morocco accuses Algeria of supporting the Polisario Front. Conflicts of interest have been a major factor in the long-running conflict in Western Sahara, which has included a diverse spectrum of local and international players, including the United States and France.
Apart from the Western Sahara dilemma and border disputes between the two countries, Algerians are concerned about Tel Aviv’s expansion in North Africa and the emerging relations between its arch-rival, Morroco, and Israel.
Recent wildfires in about 20 Algerian districts have given the two countries’ past hostility a new dimension. Several large forest fires have lately raged throughout Algeria, killing 69 people, including 28 military personnel. Algerian security forces detained members of two terrorist groups reportedly supported by the Moroccan and Israel, involved in the country’s forest fires.
Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune stated during an official announcement that Algerian police had arrested 22 individuals on suspicion of being engaged in the wildfires, with two terrorist groups, the “Rashad Movement” and “MAK,” being the primary suspects.
Algeria has severed diplomatic ties with Rabat due to the recent developments, according to Algerian Foreign Minister Ramtane Lamamra, adding that Algeria will continue to block the Zionist regime’s entry into the African Union.
Besides Algiers’ accusations that Rabat and Tel Aviv were behind the recent fires, Israelis and Moroccans collaborate closely on certain aspects, the most significant of which is military cooperation. Morocco is in talks with Tel Aviv, according to the website “Africa Intelligence,” about establishing a massive project in Morocco to manufacture suicide drones that may be deployed against the Algerian Army.
Furthermore, Morocco is also said to have been in negotiations with Israel’s Aerospace Industries (IAI) for months. Earlier this year, reports surfaced that Morocco and BlueBird Aero Systems Ltd., a subsidiary of IAI, were negotiating about developing tactical drones.
The regime in Rabat avoids using the word “normalisation” with Israel to maintain its dwindling legitimacy in the eyes of the Muslim Moroccan population. However, the current situation indicates that Moroccan-Israeli ties are expanding, albeit at a slower pace than Israel’s relations with the United Arab Emirates.
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Drooping upper eyelid, visual loss often worse with reading and at night.
(See Figure 6.1.1.)
FIGURE 6.1.1. Ptosis.
Critical. Drooping upper eyelid.
Other. Concerning associated signs include anisocoria, diplopia, ocular motility defecits, headache, or neck pain. See individual entities.
NOTE: Although the vast majority of ptosis is of benign etiology, five entities must be ruled out in every single case by careful examination.
1. Horner syndrome.
2. Third cranial nerve (CN) palsy (complete, partial, or aberrant CN III regeneration).
3. Myasthenia gravis.
4. Superior eyelid or orbital malignancy.
5. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) (particularly Kearns–Sayre syndrome. See 10.12, Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia).
Myogenic: Congenital myogenic ptosis is present at birth with poor levator function and a poor or absent lid crease due to dysgenesis of the levator muscle, fibrosis, and its replacement with adipose tissue. A poor Bell phenomenon, lagophthalmos in downgaze, and upgaze limitation may indicate a double elevator palsy. Acquired myogenic ptosis is uncommon and may be seen with muscular dystrophy and CPEO.
Aponeurotic: This is characterized by a high or absent eyelid crease, moderate degree of ptosis, good levator function (10 to 15 mm). May worsen in downgaze. Levator stretching or dehiscence can be due to normal aging, repetitive eye rubbing, use of rigid contact lenses, or previous intraocular surgery.
Neurogenic: Third cranial nerve palsy (often complete ptosis, never an isolated abnormality; congenital, compressive, vasculopathic, see 10.5, Isolated Third Nerve Palsy); Horner syndrome (subtle upper and lower eyelid ptosis, see 10.2, Horner Syndrome); myasthenia gravis (variable ptosis, worsens with fatigue, see 10.11, Myasthenia Gravis); Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome (ptotic eyelid elevates with jaw movement); ophthalmoplegic migraine; multiple sclerosis.
Mechanical: Retained contact lens in upper fornix; upper eyelid inflammation (chalazion, giant papillary conjunctivitis, posttraumatic or postsurgical edema) or neoplasm.
Traumatic: History of eyelid laceration with levator transection, contusion injury to the levator, tethering or ischemia within an orbital roof fracture, late dehiscence or cicatricial changes.
Pseudoptosis: Contralateral eyelid retraction or proptosis, ipsilateral enophthalmos, hypertropia, microphthalmia, phthisis bulbi, dermatochalasis, brow ptosis, chalazion or other eyelid tumor, eyelid edema, blepharospasm, Duane syndrome.
1. History: Determine the onset and duration of ptosis. Present since birth? Acute onset? Old photographs (e.g., driver’s license) and family members’ opinions are useful adjuncts to the history. History of surgery in either eye? Orbital or eyelid trauma (orbital blow-out fractures resulting in enophthalmos can mimic ptosis)? Variability with fatigue? Associated with headache or neck pain? Any history of autoimmune disease (lupus, Sjogren syndrome) or corneal abnormalities (may predispose the patient to postoperative exposure keratopathy)?
2. Mandatory documentation: Must carefully check and document pupillary size and extraocular motility, even if normal. If anisocoria is present, measurements should be documented under light and dark conditions. Additional pharmacologic testing may be indicated (see 10.1, Anisocoria). If extraocular muscle dysfunction is noted, additional testing with prism bars may be indicated.
3. Complete orbital examination of both eyes: Measure and compare margin–reflex distance, levator function (full upper eyelid excursion while preventing frontalis muscle assistance), upper eyelid crease position of both eyes. Is there lagophthalmos? Associated lower eyelid “ptosis” (elevation of ipsilateral lower eyelid) is often seen in Horner syndrome. Proptosis or eyelid lag may masquerade as contralateral ptosis. Exophthalmometry measurements are useful. Any sign of aberrant eyelid movements like jaw-winking, variability and/or fatigue, orbicularis weakness, eyelid retraction with adduction and/or infraduction? Palpate the superior orbit to rule out a mass or superior orbital rim deformity.
4. Complete ocular examination: Determine if there are associated pupillary or extraocular motility abnormalities. Flip upper eyelid to examine conjunctival surface and superior fornix. Dilated fundus examination to look for pigmentary changes in adolescents and young adults who present with ptosis, poor levator function, and external ophthalmoplegia (possible Kearns–Sayre syndrome).
5. Corneal protective mechanisms. Document the presence or absence of preoperative lagophthalmos, orbicularis function, Bell phenomenon, and tear production. Check the cornea carefully for any abnormalities or dystrophies, which may predispose the patient to postoperative keratopathy.
6. Other tests
—Ice test: Apply ice pack to ptotic eye for 2 minutes and reassess the degree of ptosis. Improvement with ice is highly suggestive of myasthenia gravis.
—Neosynephrine test: Instill one drop of 2.5% phenylephrine in the ptotic eye(s) and reassess the degree of ptosis. Patients with improvement of ptosis after 5 to 7 minutes may be good candidates for ptosis correction by an internal approach.
—Cocaine, apraclonidine, and hydroxyamphetamine tests. See 10.2, Horner Syndrome.
7. Imaging studies: In very select cases where a systemic or neurologic cause is suspected:
—Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of orbit if a superior orbital mass is suspected.
—Emergent CT/computed tomography angiogram (CTA) or MRI/magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) of the head and neck if carotid artery dissection is suspected in a patient with a painful Horner syndrome. Imaging of the head alone is inadequate. See 10.2, Horner Syndrome.
—Emergent CT/CTA, MRI/MRA, or conventional angiography if intracranial aneurysm causing a third cranial nerve palsy with pupillary involvement or a partial third cranial nerve palsy is suspected. See 10.5, Isolated Third Nerve Palsy.
—Chest CT if myasthenia gravis is suspected to rule out thymoma. See 10.11, Myasthenia Gravis.
8. Ancillary studies:
—Urgent ECG and cardiology consult if Kearns–Sayre syndrome is suspected. These patients can have heart block, resulting in sudden death.
—If myasthenia gravis is suspected, acetylcholine receptor antibody testing, single- fiber electromyography (including the orbicularis muscle), and/or edrophonium chloride testing under monitored conditions may be indicated. See 10.11, Myasthenia Gravis.
—If severe dry eye is found, consider an autoimmune work-up to rule out lupus and Sjogren syndrome.
1. Depends on the underlying etiology (see 10.2, Horner Syndrome; 10.5, Isolated Third Nerve Palsy; 10.11, Myasthenia Gravis).
2. Nonsurgical options: Observation. Taping upper lids open and eyelid crutches attached to glasses in neurogenic and myogenic ptosis. Management of chalazion with warm compresses and/or excision, eyelid and/or orbital neoplasms with excision.
3. Surgical options: Transcutaneous levator advancement, transconjunctival levator advancement, frontalis muscle suspension, Müller muscle resection. Surgical approach depends on preoperative evaluation and the underlying etiology of ptosis.
1. Congenital: Close follow-up is required to monitor for the presence of amblyopia, caused either by occlusion or by refractive error secondary to induced corneal astigmatism, abnormal head positioning, and exposure keratopathy.
2. Traumatic: Observation for 6 months before considering surgical intervention.
3. Neurologic: Reevaluate based on particular entity.
4. Postoperative (after ptosis repair).
Acute: Monitor for infection and hemorrhage.
Subacute: Monitor for exposure keratopathy and for asymmetry that may require postoperative readjustment. Mild lagophthalmos is common for 2 to 3 weeks after surgical repair and usually resolves.
Chronic: Monitor for ptosis recurrence and exposure keratopathy.
Acute or chronic eyelid lump, eyelid swelling, tenderness.
(See Figure 6.2.1.)
FIGURE 6.2.1. Chalazion.
Critical. Visible, or palpable, well-defined subcutaneous nodule in the eyelid. In some cases, a nodule cannot be identified.
Other. Blocked meibomian orifice, eyelid swelling and erythema, localized eyelid tenderness, associated blepharitis or acne rosacea. May also note “pointing” of mucopurulent material.
Chalazion: Area of focal inflammation within the eyelid secondary to the obstruction of a meibomian gland or gland of Zeis.
Hordeolum: Acute infection; can be external (stye: abscess of gland of Zeis on lid margin) or internal (abscess of meibomian gland). Usually involves Staphylococcus species and occasionally evolves into a preseptal cellulitis.
Preseptal cellulitis: Eyelid and periorbital erythema, edema, and warmth. See 6.10, Preseptal Cellulitis.
Sebaceous carcinoma: Suspect in older patients with recurrent chalazia, eyelid thickening, or chronic unilateral blepharitis. See 6.11, Malignant Tumors of the Eyelid.
Pyogenic granuloma: Benign, deep-red, pedunculated lesion often associated with chalazia, hordeola, trauma, or surgery. May be excised or treated with a topical antibiotic–steroid combination such as neomycin/polymixin B/dexamethasone q.i.d. for 1 to 2 weeks. Intraocular pressure must be monitored if topical steroids are used.
1. History: Previous ocular surgery or trauma? Previous chalazia or eyelid lesions?
2. External examination: Palpate the involved eyelid for a nodule.
3. Slit-lamp examination: Evaluate the meibomian glands for inspissation and evert the eyelid to rule out other etiologies.
1. Warm compresses for 10 minutes q.i.d. with light massage over the lesion.
2. Consider a topical antibiotic if lesion is draining or for associated blepharitis (e.g., bacitracin or erythromycin ointment b.i.d.). Consider systemic therapy with doxycycline 100 mg b.i.d. for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory actions.
3. If a hordeola worsens, consider incision and drainage and management as per preseptal cellulitis (see 6.10, Preseptal Cellulitis).
4. If the chalazion fails to resolve after 3 to 4 weeks of appropriate medical therapy and the patient wishes to have it removed, incision and curettage are performed. Occasionally, an injection of steroid (e.g., 0.2 to 1.0 mL of triamcinolone 40 mg/mL usually mixed 1:1 with 2% lidocaine with epinephrine) into the lesion is performed instead of minor surgery, especially if the chalazion is near the lacrimal apparatus. The total dosage depends on the size of the lesion. All recurrent or atypical chalazia must be sent for pathology.
NOTE: A steroid injection can lead to permanent depigmentation or atrophy of the skin at the injection site. The manufacturer of triamcinolone has recently recommended against its use intraocularly and in the periocular region. Vigorous injection can rarely result in retrograde intraarterial injection with resultant central retinal artery occlusion. Use of triamcinolone injection for chalazion treatment must include a detailed discussion between physician and patient, as well as adequate documentation in the patient’s record.
Patients are not seen after instituting medical therapy unless the lesion persists beyond 3 to 4 weeks. Patients who have incision and curettage are reexamined in 1 week or as needed.
Tearing, eye or eyelid irritation. May be asymptomatic.
(See Figure 6.3.1.)
FIGURE 6.3.1. Ectropion.
Critical. Outward turning of the eyelid margin.
Other. Superficial punctate keratopathy (SPK) from corneal exposure; conjunctival injection, thickening, and eventual keratinization from chronic conjunctival dryness. Scarring of skin may be seen in cicatricial cases. Facial hemiparesis and lagophthalmos may be seen in paralytic cases.
Paralytic: Seventh cranial nerve palsy.
Cicatricial: Due to chemical burn, surgery, eyelid laceration scar, skin diseases (e.g., eczema, ichthyosis), and others.
Mechanical: Due to herniated orbital fat, eyelid tumor, and others.
Allergic: Contact dermatitis.
Congenital: Facial dysmorphic syndromes (e.g., Treacher–Collins syndrome) or isolated abnormality.
1. History: Previous surgery, trauma, chemical burn, or seventh nerve palsy?
2. External examination: Check orbicularis oculi function, look for an eyelid tumor, eyelid scarring, herniated orbital fat, and other causes.
3. Slit-lamp examination: Check for SPK due to exposure and evaluate conjunctival integrity.
1. Treat exposure keratopathy with lubricating agents. See 4.5, Exposure Keratopathy.
2. Treat an inflamed, exposed eyelid margin with warm compresses and antibiotic ointment (e.g., bacitracin or erythromycin t.i.d.). A short course of combination antibiotic–steroid ointment (e.g., neomycin/polymixin B/dexamethasone) may be helpful if close follow-up is ensured.
3. Taping the eyelids into position may be a temporizing measure.
4. Definitive treatment usually requires surgery. Surgery is delayed for 3 to 6 months in patients with a seventh nerve palsy because the ectropion may resolve spontaneously (see 10.9, Isolated Seventh Nerve Palsy). Corneal exposure may make repair more urgent.
Patients with signs of corneal or conjunctival exposure are examined every 1 to 2 weeks to evaluate the integrity of the ocular surface. Otherwise, follow-up is not urgent.
Ocular irritation, foreign-body sensation, tearing, redness.
(See Figure 6.4.1.)
FIGURE 6.4.1. Entropion.
Critical. Inward turning of the eyelid margin that pushes otherwise normal lashes onto the globe.
Other. SPK from eyelashes contacting the cornea, conjunctival injection. In severe cases, corneal thinning and ulceration are possible.
Cicatricial: Due to conjunctival scarring in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, chemical burns, trauma, trachoma, and others.
Spastic: Due to surgical trauma, ocular irritation, or blepharospasm.
1. History: Previous surgery, trauma, chemical burn, or infection (trachoma, herpes simplex, and varicella zoster)?
2. Slit-lamp examination: Check for corneal involvement as well as conjunctival and eyelid scarring.
If blepharospasm is present, see 6.7, Blepharospasm.
1. Antibiotic ointment (e.g., erythromycin or bacitracin ophthalmic t.i.d.) for SPK.
2. Everting the eyelid margin away from the globe and taping it in place with adhesive tape may be a temporizing measure.
3. For spastic entropion, a Quickert suture placed at the bedside or in the office can temporarily resolve the eyelid malposition.
4. Surgery is often required for permanent correction.
If the cornea is relatively healthy, the condition does not require urgent attention or follow-up. If the cornea is significantly damaged, aggressive treatment is indicated (see 4.1, Superficial Punctate Keratopathy). Follow-up is determined by the severity of corneal involvement.
Ocular irritation, foreign-body sensation, tearing, redness.
Critical. Misdirected eyelashes rubbing against the globe.
Other. SPK, conjunctival injection.
Entropion: Inward turning of eyelid pushing normal lashes onto cornea. See 6.4, Entropion.
Epiblepharon: Congenital or familial condition in which an extra lower eyelid skin fold redirects lashes into a vertical position, where they may contact the globe. Most common in Asian individuals, especially children.
Distichiasis: An aberrant second row of lashes that emanates from meibomian gland openings. Most commonly acquired in the setting of trauma or chronic inflammation (e.g., blepharitis). Congenital distichiasis is a rare, sometimes hereditary condition in which the meibomian glands are replaced by an extra row of eyelashes.
Chronic blepharitis: Inflamed eyelid margin. See 5.8, Blepharitis/Meibomitis.
Cicatricial: Eyelid scarring from trauma, surgery, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (see 5.10, Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid), trachoma, and others.
1. History: Recurrent episodes? Severe systemic illness in the past? Previous trauma?
2. Slit-lamp examination: Evert the eyelids and inspect the palpebral conjunctiva for scarring and symblepharon. Check the cornea for abrasions and SPK.
1. Epilation: Remove the misdirected lashes.
—A few misdirected lashes: Remove them at the slit lamp with fine forceps. Recurrence is common.
—Diffuse, severe, or recurrent trichiasis: Can attempt to epilate as described; definitive therapy usually requires electrolysis, cryotherapy, radiofrequency epilation, or eyelid surgery.
2. Treat SPK with antibiotic ointment (e.g., erythromycin or bacitracin t.i.d.).
3. Treat any underlying blepharitis. See 5.8, Blepharitis/Meibomitis.
As needed based on the symptoms and integrity of the cornea. Closer follow-up is needed if evidence of SPK or corneal abrasion.
6.6 FLOPPY EYELID SYNDROME
Chronically red, irritated eye with mild mucous discharge, often worst on awakening from sleep due to eyelid eversion during the night. Usually bilateral but may be asymmetric. Typically seen in obese males. Strongly associated with sleep apnea.
Critical. Upper eyelids are easily everted without an accessory finger or cotton-tipped applicator exerting counterpressure.
Other. Soft and rubbery superior tarsal plate, superior tarsal papillary conjunctivitis, SPK, ptosis. Associated with keratoconus, obesity, hyperglycemia, and sleep apnea.
Key differentiating factor is laxity and spontaneous eversion of the upper eyelids.
Vernal conjunctivitis: Seasonal, itching, and giant papillary reaction. See 5.2, Chronic Conjunctivitis.
Giant papillary conjunctivitis: Often related to contact lens wear or an exposed suture. See 4.22, Contact Lens-Induced Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis.
Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis: Hyperemia and thickening of the superior bulbar conjunctiva. See 5.4, Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis.
Toxic keratoconjunctivitis: Papillae or follicles are usually more abundant on the inferior tarsal conjunctiva in a patient using eye drops. See 5.2, Chronic Conjunctivitis.
The underlying defect is not definitively known. Studies have suggested an abnormality of collagen and elastin fibers. The symptoms are thought to result from spontaneous eversion of the upper eyelid during sleep, allowing the superior palpebral conjunctiva to rub against a pillow or sheets. Unilateral symptoms are often on the side on which the patient predominantly sleeps.
1. Pull the upper eyelid toward the patient’s forehead to determine if it spontaneously everts or is abnormally lax.
2. Conduct slit-lamp examination of the cornea and conjunctiva with fluorescein staining, looking for upper palpebral conjunctival papillae and SPK.
3. Ask family members whether patient snores severely or if the patient has a history of sleep apnea.
1. Topical antibiotic ointment for any mild corneal or conjunctival abnormality (e.g., erythromycin ointment b.i.d. to t.i.d.). May change to artificial tear ointment when lesions resolve.
2. The eyelids may be taped closed during sleep, or a shield may be worn to protect the eyelid from rubbing against the pillow or bed. Patients are asked to refrain from sleeping face down. Asking patients to sleep on their contralateral side may be therapeutic as well as diagnostic.
3. Surgical horizontal tightening of the eyelid is often required for definitive treatment.
1. Every 2 to 7 days initially and then every few weeks to months as the condition stabilizes.
2. Refer to an internist, otolaryngologist, or pulmonologist for evaluation and management of possible obstructive sleep apnea. Evaluation is important because of the systemic sequelae of untreated sleep apnea and for anesthesia risk assessment before eyelid surgery.
Uncontrolled blinking, twitching, or closure of the eyelids. Always bilateral, but may briefly be unilateral at first onset.
Critical. Bilateral, episodic, involuntary contractions of the orbicularis oculi muscles.
Other. Disappears during sleep. May have uncontrolled orofacial, head, and neck movements (Meige syndrome).
Hemifacial spasm: Unilateral contractures of the entire side of the face that do not disappear during sleep. Usually idiopathic but may be related to prior cranial nerve VII palsy, injury at the level of the brainstem, or compression of cranial nerve VII by a blood vessel or tumor. MRI of the cerebellopontine angle should be obtained in all patients to rule out tumor. Treatment options include observation, botulinum toxin injections, or neurosurgical decompression of cranial nerve VII.
Ocular irritation (e.g., corneal or conjunctival foreign body, trichiasis, blepharitis, dry eye).
Eyelid myokymia: Subtle eyelid twitch felt by the patient but difficult to observe, commonly brought on by stress, caffeine, alcohol, or ocular irritation. Usually unilateral lower eyelid involvement. Typically self-limited and can be treated by avoiding precipitating factors.
Tourette syndrome: Multiple compulsive muscle spasms associated with utterances of bizarre sounds or obscenities.
Tic douloureux (trigeminal neuralgia): Acute episodes of pain in the distribution of the fifth cranial nerve, often causing a wince or tic.
Tardive dyskinesia: Orofacial dyskinesia, often with dystonic movements of the trunk and limbs, typically from long-term use of antipsychotic medications.
Apraxia of eyelid opening. Usually associated with Parkinson disease. Unlike blepahrospasm, apraxia of eyelid opening does not feature orbicularis spasm. Instead, apraxic patients simply cannot voluntarily open the eyelids.
Idiopathic and likely multifactorial, possibly involving dopaminergic pathways within the basal ganglia.
1. History: Unilateral or bilateral? Are the eyelids alone involved or are the facial and limb muscles also involved? Medications?
2. Slit-lamp examination: Examination for ocular disorders such as dry eyes, blepharitis, or a foreign body.
3. Neuro-ophthalmic examination to rule out other accompanying abnormalities.
4. Typical blepharospasm does not require CNS imaging as part of the work-up. MRI of the brain with attention to the posterior fossa is reserved for atypical cases or other diagnoses (e.g., hemifacial spasm).
1. Treat any underlying eye disorder causing ocular irritation. See 4.3, Dry-Eye Syndrome, and 5.8, Blepharitis/Meibomitis.
2. Consider botulinum toxin injections into the orbicularis muscles around the eyelids if the blepharospasm is severe.
3. If the spasm is not relieved with botulinum toxin injections, consider surgical excision of the orbicularis muscle from the upper eyelids and brow (e.g., limited myectomy).
4. Muscle relaxants and sedatives are rarely of value but can be helpful in some patients. Oral medications such as lorazepam can help but their use is often limited by their sedative qualities.
Not an urgent condition, but with severe blepharospasm, patients can be functionally blind.
Tearing or discharge, red eye, mild tenderness over the nasal aspect of the lower or upper eyelid.
(See Figure 6.8.1.)
FIGURE 6.8.1. Canaliculitis.
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T2 Biosystems Lexington, MA, USA
T2’s superbug detector is first product to launch from CARB-X
T2 Biosystems’ diagnostic panel can identify superbug drug resistance days faster than current methods
Just three years after CARB-X was launched, the first diagnostic – capable of screening blood for genes associated with antibiotic-resistant organisms in mere hours – has graduated from the CARB-X portfolio and is hitting the market in Europe and elsewhere.
Developed by a Boston-area company, T2 Biosystems, the T2Resistance Panel rapidly determines whether a person’s blood contains genetic markers associated with drug-resistant organisms. Critically, this information can be used by clinicians to determine which drugs are most likely to successfully treat those organisms.
Speed of diagnosis is critical in the fight against drug-resistant bacteria. The faster a clinician can get a clear picture of which strains are causing the infection and which antibiotics are most likely to work, the more likely the patient is to recover and survive. Standard diagnostic procedures require laboratory cultures, a process that can take days to produce results. The T2Resistance Panel quickly identifies the presence of genetic markers of drug-resistant organisms in three to five hours from a whole blood sample drawn directly from a patient.
“Other technologies require blood to be cultured before resistant genes can be detected because [the microbes and their genes] are present in low concentration levels,” says John Sperzel, President and CEO of T2 Biosystems. “Every hour delay of effective antibiotic therapy increases mortality by about 8% in patients with septic shock.”
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the body’s natural response to an infection – the release of chemicals into the bloodstream to fight the infection. Sepsis occurs when the body’s response to these chemicals is out of balance, triggering changes that can damage multiple organ systems. It is estimated that sepsis kills about 11 million people globally each year, including an estimated 270,000 in the US alone.
In 2017, T2 Biosystems received a $2 million grant from CARB-X to accelerate development of the T2Resistance Panel. CARB-X funds the development of innovative diagnostics, antibiotics, vaccines and other life-saving products to address the global threat of drug resistance.
The name of T2 Biosystems is a nod to its technological foundation. In physics, “T2” is the measurement of how fast a molecule’s protons spin in the presence of magnetic fields—the very premise that T2 Biosystems has built their diagnostic upon. Using tiny nanobeads covered in DNA capture probes that glom onto drug-resistant genes, T2’s diagnostic uses magnetic resonance, known as T2MR, to screen whole blood for nanobead clusters. Depending on the presence of clusters, and how fast their protons spin, the diagnostic can provide a readout of what drug-resistant genes are in the blood—signaling which superbugs are present and which drugs would be most effective.
The T2Resistance Panel can identify 13 of the most serious resistance genes on the antibiotic-resistance threat list, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), including genes indicating resistance to common antibiotic therapies such as penicillin.
Sperzel added, “the CARB-X funding was critical in accelerating both the development and commercialization of the T2Resistance Panel.”
The news of the diagnostic graduating from the CARB-X portfolio follows the recent announcement that T2 Biosystems has been awarded a milestone-based contract of initial value of $6 million with a potential value of up to $69 million, if all contract options are exercised, from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), within the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) at the US Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS). BARDA is also the main US founder and funder of CARB-X.
For more information on the T2 Magnetic Resonance panel, click here to see T2’s poster presentation during 2019 ID Week in Washington, DC.
Published on April 6, 2020
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As a member of the Food Safety Professionals Association of Ireland FSPA – Catherine Deasy offers the Implementing Food Safety Management Systems course that leads to QQI awards level 5 on the National Framework of Qualification.
Implementing Food Safety Management System programme certified by the QQI is designed for senior personnel to provide them with a comprehensive overview of the elements required to establish and maintain an effective food safety management system.
The course is also suitable for those interested in delivering Level 1 Food Safety Training.
All trainees will receive a Level 5 Certificate in Implementing Food Safety Management Systems.
Topics Covered Include:
- Food Borne Diseases and Food Poisoning
- Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
- Food Purchasing and Storage
- Food Preservation
- Personal Hygiene, Legislation& Safety
- Design and Construction of Food Premises and Equipment
- Control of Insects and Rodents
- Cleaning and Disinfection
- The Management of food hygiene based on HACCP principles.
Why is this training important?
Anyone working in a supervisory or management position in the food business is not only responsible but also accountable for food safety. It is therefore vital they are equipped with both the knowledge and confidence to do their job effectively.
Who is this course suited to?
- Those responsible for the food safety management system.
- Those responsible for supervising or monitoring staff in terms of food safety.
- Supervisors, Managers and other key members of staff within the food business.
- Anyone responsible for updating the food safety management system or resolving non-compliance identified by the regulatory authority.
- Learners will have the ability to implement and update the food safety management system.
- Understand the concept of hazards ad the risks associated with them.
- Understand the techniques involved in controlling and monitoring food safety.
- Appreciate the risks linked to cross contamination.
- Understand the importance of hygiene standards within a food business and the techniques to ensure adequate hygiene levels.
Day 1 – 13th September: 9am – 4pm
Day 2 – 20th September: 9am – 4pm
Day 3 – 27th September: 9am – 1pm
3 days in total. 2 days of learning with day 3 given to revision in the morning and exam in the afternoon.
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https://www.thefoodsafetycompany.ie/events/event/virtual-qqi-level-5-july-2/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900722
| 481
| 2.1875
| 2
|
The demand for sheet metal fabrication shops in the Houston, Texas and surrounding areas is huge. The sheet metal industry is a very competitive field that requires precision and attention to detail with every part produced.
The Fabrication Process
The sheet fabrication process takes practice and skill to master. The tools and machines required to produce a product from sheet metal to a finished product
Concept & Design
It all starts with an idea, a concept and a drawing. We take the time to talk to our clients to learn about their business, what they offer and their needs. We then talk about the design of the product, whether it is a custom metal frame, a metal part, or a NEMA Enclosure. We then start the design process based on the specs given. A CAD drawing is submitted to all of our clients when designing a custom product to be revised and approved.
After drawings approval the design get sent to our production team. They are a group of production specialists that have been working on our production shot for years. They take the design and start cutting and punching sheets of sheet metal. Whether it is mild steel, stainless steel, or aluminum, they make sure the panels or frames are cut exactly to the measurements given by our engineers.
Cutting and Punching
Some of the most commonly used metal fabrication processes involve cutting. We cut and punch sheet metal in order produce our panels. It requires us to look at the drawings to make sure all measurements are cut perfectly to size. This is one of the most important steps because if the measurements are not accurate the entire product will not be produced correctly.
Bending comes after the cutting and punching of the panels we have measured. The enclosures we produce start taking shape after we bend all of the panels of sheet metal. This is also a critical step to make sure every fold is bent precisely. A metal panel is manipulated to shape at a certain angle. With certain folding applications, the idea is to make the panel fold at a 90-degree angle, or a different angle depending on the drawing and product being produced.
One of the most popular sheet metal fabrication process is welding. The process of welding involves the joining of two separate metal parts. The parts used in a welding application could be sheets, panels, bars or shapes — as long as the parts are made of metal. Welding is achieved through numerous methods and tool types. This is a step that requires skill, precision and patience.
Grinding is the process where the grain hits the metal. Most precision sheet metal fabricators employ at least some level of automation. Grinding down a weld on a metal piece is and probably will remain an intensely manual operation.
Our operators apply enough pressure at the correct angle to let the grains—the “cutting tool” of a grinding disc—remove the most metal in the shortest time, while not prematurely wearing the disc or burning out the grinding tool. The variables abound, and managing them effectively can be vital for efficient part flow. After all, it doesn’t matter how mind-bogglingly fast upstream processes are if it takes forever and a day for parts to make it through the grinding department.
After all the parts or enclosures have been grinded, we start sanding all of the surfaces to ensure a clean and smooth surface before painting. This process also takes some time and is crucial to our production process.
Painting & Powder Coating
The last step before we set our parts and pieces out to dry and cure is the painting and powder coating process. This is of course the finishing touch to any product that goes through our shop. Unless, we are producing parts that don’t require us to apply a coat of paint.
The Finished Product
At last we get our final products ready for shipment and/or installation. We ship all across the USA and offer a quick-ship option to make sure your finished product gets to the final destination on time.
This is the sheet metal fabrication process that we go through on a daily basis and we take great pride in producing the highest quality product you. We focus on the grand scheme of things, growing your business.
Request a Quote
Need a fabrication shop to help you with a new product or production of NEMA Enclosures or custom metal frames? Give us a call or requesta FREE quote.
|
<urn:uuid:b0be7cb8-0344-48c9-92a8-14b3d3b1a992>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.enclosurefabrication.com/sheet-metal-fabrication-process/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926173
| 902
| 2.5625
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|
Three more hyper-rapid EV chargers to be installed across New Zealand
Search Driven for vehicles for sale
Last week the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA) announced the 22 recipients of co-funding for projects approved under the final round of the Low Emission Vehicles Contestable Fund (LEVCF) in its present form, which will share $6.5 million of government co-funding, including co-funding for additional hyper-rapid (300kW) charging stations.
Of the 22 projects, ChargeNet has received co-funding for three hyper-rapid EV charger projects in the Waikato, Wellington, and Queenstown. Using one of the most innovative and cost-effective solutions on the market, ChargeNet will install two 300kW hyper-rapid EV chargers at each site, allowing charging for up to six EVs at the site simultaneously.
Each site can accommodate four CCS vehicles at up to 300kW and two CHAdeMO vehicles at up to 62kW. These sites provide drivers with the fastest publicly available chargers in New Zealand. Specific EV models can charge at the 300kW hyper-rapid chargers six times faster than on ChargeNet’s standard 50kW charging stations, enabling the newest generation of EVs to add up to 400km of charge in 15 minutes.
“Since the introduction of the Clean Car Standard and Clean Car Discount, we’ve already seen an increase in customer sign-ups and charging sessions. In establishing a hyper-rapid EV charging network, we are providing world-class charging speeds and directly addressing congestion from growing demand, long before it occurs.” Steve West, ChargeNet CEO & Co-founder.
The continued development of the hyper-rapid EV charging network by ChargeNet will see an additional 18 hyper-rapid EV chargers constructed along major driving routes from Kaiwaka to Queenstown over the next 18 months.
Presently EV drivers will find the hyper-rapid charging stations at Bombay and Taupo, with ten additional sites in the pipeline – Kaiwaka, North Shore, Waikato, Tauranga, Rotorua, Bulls, Wellington, Christchurch, Queenstown, and Dunedin.
With the Government’s support, we are rolling out a world-class network of hyper-rapid charging stations, powered by 100% renewable energy. Projects such as these reduce household transport emissions and ultimately help New Zealand transition to a low carbon future.”
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<urn:uuid:a5374a64-3d5c-4dd5-b6cf-0391f0b9cabd>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.driven.co.nz/news/three-more-hyper-rapid-ev-chargers-to-be-installed-across-new-zealand/?ref=drivenlink
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.919803
| 517
| 1.695313
| 2
|
Today, my mother taught me English words, she has taught, but I can't remember pronunciation. The bird outside the window is chirping. Usually, its voice is as beautiful as a fairy. But now, somehow, it's more disgusting than the mouse. I feel that these birds are laughing at me, but some of them are loud and fierce, as if they are saying: "look, he's so stupid. He can't even remember a few words. He's so stupid!" The light didn't make any sound before, but why is it still making sound now? I really want to step on it! It seems that the light is still satirizing me! How hateful! And the study desk is white, as if to say to me: "you! There is a blank in my mind. What is there? " Angry, dare to say my mind is empty, I beat you“ No, hum It gave a cold hum, I'm going to be angry. And the TV also kept shouting, it is difficult to laugh at me? All of a sudden, I don't know where a gust of wind came from, blowing the leaves "Hua La" straight ring, angry to death, did not expect that even the little green leaves are also against me, angry! An inch of time is an inch of gold. It's hard to buy an inch of time. It's OK! Ah, if it goes on like this, I can't remember a few words a day!
In order to impress me, my mother began to think of a way. Her eyes closed, whether she was meditating or not. Her head swayed from time to time, and she walked back and forth. Suddenly, she opened her eyes, her eyes turned, and she nodded from time to time, It's a good way to have the best of both worlds. Wow, one is not tired and the other is not slow. That's great! She had a plan in mind and I said, "Xiaoxiao, you can remember that the fish in the pond are very fat now, so the fish are" fat to death. ". Every time my mother steamed rice, it was very soft, so you can remember "rice" as "soft to death." Wow, it's amazing. It seems like this! I remember two of them. That's great. It won't take me much time! This method is too second, I can't help shouting: "second, second, this method is too second?"
This method is so good that I can remember the pronunciation of these two words at once. But what if you forget? When it's time to eat, I'm afraid of what I'm afraid of. I shouldn't think that way in the morning! My mother asked me to consolidate and review, because I completely forgot how to read fish and rice. I looked down, wow, I didn't know, I was scared! Today's dinner happened to have fish and rice, so I said with confidence, "Mom, you look down on me. I remember these two words best. Fish are fat to death. The rice is sticky. "
My God! Grandma, dad and mom are all laughing. I looked at them curiously and asked curiously, "isn't it true that people buy fish only when they are fat? The more sticky the rice is, the more people want to eat it, so it's not sticky. What's that? " As soon as they heard it, they laughed even more. I shook my head in bewilderment. As soon as he saw it, his big teeth were almost laughed off.
Oh, I'm afraid their big teeth really fell off!
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<urn:uuid:352bbefe-bf96-490b-a6e4-23d1b1ccce64>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.zhao56.cn/zuowen/390882.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923485
| 2,853
| 1.648438
| 2
|
A study by a University of Illinois Chicago pediatric dentist has shown a new way to detect potential COVID-19 cases: testing children who visit the dentist. The study also showed a positivity rate greater than 2% for the asymptomatic children tested.
Dr. Association. Co-authors are Dr. Fernando Testai, UIC professor of neurology and rehabilitation, and Dr. Gabriela Trifan, UIC assistant professor of neurology and rehabilitation.
The study looked at pediatric patients who attended UIC dental clinics from April 1 to August 1, 2020 for emergency dental procedures. Children with COVID-19 are typically asymptomatic but can carry significant viral loads and be a source of infection. The patients were screened by phone prior to their scheduled visits and were asymptomatic when they arrived for their appointments. They were given a polymerase chain reaction or PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 infection during their visit, Lamberghini said.
“The children tolerated the test fine. We were trained by a pediatrician to perform the test. We used the nasal swab. We told the children, ‘We’ll put a butterfly in your nose,'” said Lamberghini.
The patients, aged 2 to 18 years, with a mean age of 6 years, were tested. Sociodemographic features were abstracted and positivity rates were calculated. With the sample size of 921 patients, the overall SARS-Co-V-2 positivity rate was 2.3%. Positivity rates were statistically higher for Latino patients (3.1%), and 63% of the children studied were Latino.
Lamberghini notes that the study included no variables and no questions were asked about social distance and exposure to the virus. However, when a child tested positive for COVID-19, the researchers contacted the child’s pediatrician and caregivers and encouraged them to follow the recommended advice.
For most of them, it was a surprise to learn that their child tested positive. It was good for families to know, as these children can transmit the virus, especially in communities where large families tend to live together. “
Dr. Flavia Lamberghini, UIC Clinical Assistant Professor
It’s also important information for the oral health care providers, she added.
“As dentists, we are more exposed to COVID-19 disease because we work close to the mouth and our tools produce aerosols that can infect the dentist and dental assistant – whoever is around,” said Lamberghini.
Prior to the study, children undergoing dental procedures did not have to undergo PCR tests. The study concluded that PCR testing for COVID-19 of asymptomatic pediatric dentistry patients add value to the use of screening questionnaires to identify infected people who may be contagious.
The study, the first to look at the prevalence of COVID-19 in pediatric dentistry, also serves as a reference for pediatric dentists who closed during the pandemic and are considering reopening, Testai said.
“Despite these children being COVID positive, we did not observe any transmission to clinic personnel, which supports the idea that personal protective equipment works,” said Testai.
University of Illinois at Chicago
Lamberghini, F., et al. (2021) Severe infection with the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in asymptomatic pediatric dental patients. Journal of the American Dental Association. doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2021.01.006.
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<urn:uuid:fa9f9c71-4a18-406c-8f8c-f88d17e928be>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.oceansidedailynews.com/study-shows-over-2-positivity-rate-for-asymptomatic-pediatric-dental-patients-tested-for-covid-19/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964012
| 751
| 2.84375
| 3
|
We are delighted that the concepts we conceived years back have now become a reality.
Our vision is to provide a platform for our current and future generations where every aspect of our great heritage and culture is preserved. Our goal is to assist our new generation who have not been introduced to our language and culture become familiar with and get inspired by some of the greatest poets, writers, signers, composers and actors our society has produced.
It is our hope that HumaraAdab.com will become a central point of interaction between anyone who is interested in our culture and rich treasures hidden in our literature for many centuries.
HumaraAdab.com is a fusion of our past and the latest technology which will connect our literary figures Writers and Poets, Artists and Celebrities with those who are interested to meet with them or allow those who can teach our languages with those who wish to learn our languages, while they are many thousands of miles apart.
HumaraAdab.com will also make it possible for anyone to attend literary or cultural events globally from the comfort of their own homes.
We are imagining a time when anyone can invite any Writers, Poets, Artists and Celebrity to his or her living room for an evening with their friends for a live interaction without the hassle of traveling.
HumaraAdab.com is now being populated progressively as those who appreciate this initiative will contribute their research, pieces of our Literature and Culture.
By visiting HumaraAdab.com you have already shown your interest, if the idea of leaving something behind for our future generations excites you, we invite you to be part of this exciting journey, we encourage our youth to participate in this initiative by providing their valuable advice, for those of you who have not been able to access our rich literature and culture HumaraAdab.com is a place to explore our literary and cultural treasures.
Please contact me at firstname.lastname@example.org for your valuable advice and suggestions.
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<urn:uuid:1bf07752-6bc8-4f87-adda-4e8733c007dd>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://humaraadab.com/about_us
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960593
| 409
| 1.515625
| 2
|
What We Do
Karin and her lab members seek to understand the role of behavior in the origins, maintenance, and distribution of diversity. Our work is particularly focused on the evolution of mate choice and its role in the formation and maintenance of species boundaries.
We study mate choice, because mate choice is one of the most critical behaviors affecting lifetime fitness. As such, it is both under strong selection and is a potent selective force. Mate choice is therefore ideally suited for studying the evolution of behavior and its evolutionary and ecological consequences.
WHO WE HELP
We believe that “tomorrow’s solutions are founded on today’s basic research” and that basic research can help solve pressing issues confronting us. Our research provides insights into the links between an individual’s environment and their behavior.
We also seek to understand how behavior contributes to gene exchange between species and the role this plays in population persistence and the spread of species into novel habitats. This work has implications for understanding problems ranging from the role of physical health in behavioral disorders to understanding invasive species spread.
Education for all
Karin and members of the lab are committed to public engagement, enhancing K-12 education, and undergraduate training for careers in science. We feel strongly that science and the opportunity to pursue science careers should be broadly accessible to all.
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<urn:uuid:7031e2f1-7421-45df-86ff-447485d212ec>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://karin-pfennig-lab.org/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951874
| 268
| 2.296875
| 2
|
Some majors at Colorado State have additional admissions requirements beyond general admission to CSU. These programs are known as competitive majors. It may feel stressful to apply to a competitive major, but it doesn’t have to. Taking extra time to research the requirements and plan ahead can push you to the top of the applicant pool. Here are some things you need to know.
What exactly is a competitive major?
Competitive majors are undergraduate programs that have specific admissions requirements unique to the program itself. In addition to being reviewed for general university admission, applicants applying to competitive majors are reviewed for criteria such as GPA, courses, and date of application.
So why are some majors more selective than others? There are a few reasons.
Some of our programs, like business administration and journalism and media communication, have limited space for new students each year. Other programs, like engineering, are highly technical and require additional academic preparation. Applicants who demonstrate their academic preparation are most likely to be successful in these majors.
How can I make sure I’m a strong applicant?
If you are a freshman/first-year applicant, your best preparation for our competitive majors is to pursue a strong, college-preparatory curriculum with the goal of maintaining your best GPA. While we regularly admit students to the university with a 3.0 GPA and above, our competitive majors can require a higher GPA.
If you are a transfer applicant, there likely are prerequisite courses for your chosen major in addition to GPA requirements.
It can be helpful to apply early. Some of our competitive majors, like biomedical sciences, can reach capacity before the February 1 freshman regular decision date and our June 1 transfer regular decision date.
Are there any special application steps I need to complete?
Within the application, you’ll be prompted to list your first-choice major. If you’re interested in a competitive major, simply select it on the application. Requesting a competitive major does not make you any more or less eligible for admission to the university generally. It’s better to communicate your interest to us from the very start.
Some of our competitive majors also require that you list an alternate or second-choice major. You will only be considered for admission to this major if you do not meet the more competitive requirements for your first-choice major.
What is the admissions process like?
All applicants are reviewed according to the same university admission standards, regardless of the major they have selected.
If you choose a competitive major in your application, we will then also review you for the specific major requirements. If you are admissible to CSU but you do not meet the requirements for the competitive major or capacity has been reached, we still can admit you to CSU in your alternate choice major or a related exploratory studies program.
Your admission letter will tell you what program you’ve been admitted to and what you can expect next.
What if I don’t get accepted into my major?
If you are admitted to your alternate major or a related exploratory studies advising track, you have options! You may find another major that’s a better fit for you. Or you may decide that you’re still most interested in the competitive major you applied to. In either case, you’ll work with an academic advisor who can help you reach your goal.
It’s possible to pursue your preferred competitive major after you enroll at CSU. Each of our competitive majors has classes and/or GPA requirements students can meet with their CSU work in order to declare a new major.
If you are a transfer student, it may be quicker in some cases to finish meeting prerequisites at your current institution before transferring to CSU in order to demonstrate eligibility through CSU courses/GPA. You can visit with your admission counselor before you apply to see if this might be a better option; your advisor can answer these questions if you’ve already been admitted.
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<urn:uuid:9aef7626-47ff-42d9-83ef-2d00f430a5d2>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://admissions.colostate.edu/2017/09/19/know-competitive-majors/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949392
| 813
| 1.671875
| 2
|
On the menu for McDonald’s: Cut greenhouse gas emissions
by Joseph Pisani, The Associated Press
McDonald's said beef production, restaurant energy use and packaging account for more than 60 per cent of its emissions, and it will focus on making changes in those areas
NEW YORK—The company behind the golden arches wants to get greener.
McDonald’s on Tuesday announced a number of steps it will take to cut the greenhouse gases it emits into the air, including tweaking the way the beef in its Big Macs and Quarter Pounders is produced.
The world’s largest burger chain said it expects the changes to prevent 150 million metric tons (165 million tons) of greenhouse gas emissions from being released into the atmosphere by 2030, equal to taking 32 million cars off the road for a year.
Several food and beverage companies have announced changes recently to appeal to customers concerned about the environment. Dunkin’ Donuts said it will phase out foam coffee cups by 2020. And soda maker Coca-Cola announced plans to recycle a bottle or can for every beverage it sells by 2030.
McDonald’s said beef production, restaurant energy use and packaging account for more than 60 per cent of its emissions, and will focus on making changes in those areas first.
It will work with beef suppliers to reduce carbon emissions at cattle farms and ask franchisees to replace light bulbs and kitchen appliances in its restaurants for more energy-efficient ones. It is also in the process of using more environmentally friendly materials for its soda cups, Happy Meal boxes and burger wrappers, a shift it first announced last month.
The Oak Brook, Illinois-based company declined to say how much it will spend to make the changes.
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<urn:uuid:c8a6d740-9c10-4bd4-a444-48aabe40d258>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/operations/menu-mcdonalds-cut-greenhouse-gas-emissions-210227/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.928028
| 354
| 2.59375
| 3
|
Provider: EU, HORIZON 2020
Abstract: RHINOS aims at increasing the use of EGNSS to support the safety-critical train localization function for train control in emerging regional and global markets. RHINOS pillar is the GNSS infrastructure realized for the aviation application with additional layers that meet the rail requirements in the difficult railway environments. RHINOS features an international cooperation with the Stanford University that has been involved in the aviation application since the birth of the GPS, gaining an undeniable knowledge of the GNSS performance and high-integrity applications. The ambition is a positive step beyond the proliferation of GNSS platforms, mainly tailored for regional applications, to favor a global solution to release the potential benefits of the EGNSS in the fast growing train signaling world market. The RHINOS work programme includes the investigation of candidate concepts for the provision of the high integrity needed to protect the detected position of the train, as required by the train control system application. The EGNSS (GALILEO and EGNOS) plus GPS and WAAS constitute the reference infrastructure that is available world-wide. Moreover, local augmentation elements, ARAIM techniques and other sensors on the train are the add-on specific assets for mitigating the hazards due to the environmental effects which dominate the rail application. A further objective of RHINOS is to contribute to the definition of a standard for the Railway High Integrity Navigation Overlay System leveraging on the EUUS Cooperation Agreement on ARAIM.
Provider: MŠMT, OP VVV PO1
Abstract: The aim of the project is to strengthen and develop cooperation between the sectors of the research organization and the application sphere in the Hradec-Pardubice agglomeration in the fields of electrical engineering, informatics and transport systems.
The project investigates the low intensity of cooperation between research organizations (ROs) and entities from the application sphere in the agglomeration in fields that are highly exacting in terms of knowledge and with a high level of science and research. As a result of the low level of cooperation, there is a growing disparity between the supply of research results of ROs and the demand thereof in the application sphere, insufficient use of national and international sources for R&D funding, little knowledge transfer between the two sectors. Other problems addressed in the project are: stagnation, or reduction of the number of high-quality research and development workers in the Hradec-Pardubice agglomeration in the field of electrical engineering and related fields. Shortage of skilled workers and further support for research development have had and will have a demonstrable impact on the further development of innovations in technical fields, support is crucial to sustaining industries in the agglomeration. Support to the intersectoral cooperation directly in the agglomeration is linked to the competitiveness of the regional economy, danger of transfer of foreign R&D investments to other regions with more developed research capacities, deterioration of the level of student education, and decline in further professional training for both private and public sector professionals. Within the project, partnerships is entered between the University of Pardubice as a research organization and 6 entities of the application sphere.
Provider: TAČR, programme ALFA
Abstract: The aim of the project is to construct a personal monitoring system SYMOD detecting and evaluating important physiological functions in radiological and chemical hazards, which occurs as a result of accident, terrorist attack or sabotage. In addition to sensors of physiological function and movement, the personal monitoring system is equipped with sensitive detection sensors for ionizing radiation to obtain information on levels of external radiation, radioactive contamination and the presence of selected chemical toxic substances. The SYMOD system is equipped with a data interface for possible communication with the superior central unit, where it is possible to wirelessly transfer all data directly to the operation commander so that he / she has an online overview of health dispositions, radiation and chemicals infested terrain.
Provider: TAČR, programme ALFA
Abstract: The objective of this project is to increase the helicopter safety duting landing and take-off phases, especially when landing in an unknown and potentially dangerous environment and in poor visibility. To achieve this objective, the project research team developed a system that is able to detect a wide array of obstacles in the vicinity of the helicopter. If the system evaluates a real risk of collision with an obstacle, it provides the pilots with an appropriate audio or visual alert to help the crew to avoid the collision. The system consisting of detection, evaluation and imaging subsystem was successfully tested during flight tests performed on the Mi-17 helicopter.
Provider: MPO ČR, programme TRIO
Abstract: Research and design of a prototype of a system for detection of small flying objects like unmanned air-vehicles (UAV, drones) or meteorological balloons in controlled airspaces. The system is designed for civilian and military application. The system integration to the airport security systems is possible. The digital processing of the received signals employ the most advanced technologies and components including FPGA circuits enabling system functions further extension with minimum requirements to physical circuit modification.
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<urn:uuid:f59e6285-8b8d-4ee8-8d41-2ede232da8d9>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://fei.upce.cz/en/node/111722
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918891
| 1,043
| 1.703125
| 2
|
The LPR-104HD system employs Streaming Networks’ innovative LPR technology to accurately read retro-reflective and non-reflective license plates of USA, Canada, Mexico, UK and European countries.
Using infra-red (IR) or color video cameras the system reads misaligned license plates, vertically stacked characters, and plates partially hidden by plate frames.
The fast and reliable OCR engine is built on latest technologies and algorithms that provide highly accurate plate detection from a real-time video stream with a resolution of up to 1080p (1920×1080). It supports standard IP camera’s protocols and encodings standards such as MJPEG/HTTP and H.264/RTSP.
Open architecture of the LPR system lends itself for the LPR data to be ingested by 3rd party Video Management Systems such as BVMS, GENETEC, MS-SQL, LEARN and iDS.
LPR System is designed to be an appliance, whereby you plug in the LPR unit to your network, change the camera IP address and credentials and you are ready to capture the license plates of the traffic passing in front of the camera’s field of view.
|
<urn:uuid:be16f3bb-7aa4-4959-9c20-ae23a49535d9>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://g8lmw.co.uk/irecord-license-plate/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.888062
| 246
| 1.570313
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On its path from a fertilized egg to one of the many cell types in a multicellular organism, a cell turns the blank canvas of its early embryonic state into a molecular profile fine-tuned to achieve a vital organismal function. This remarkable transformation emerges from the interplay between dynamically changing external signals, the cell's internal, variable state, and tremendously complex molecular machinery; we are only beginning to understand. Recently developed single-cell omics techniques have started to provide an unprecedented, comprehensive view of the molecular changes during cell-type specification and promise to reveal the underlying gene regulatory mechanism. The exponentially increasing amount of quantitative molecular data being created at the moment is slated to inform predictive, mathematical models. Such models can suggest novel ways to manipulate cell types experimentally, which has important biomedical applications. This review is meant to give the reader a starting point to participate in this exciting phase of molecular developmental biology. We first introduce some of the principal molecular players involved in cell-type specification and discuss the important organizing ability of biomolecular condensates, which has been discovered recently. We then review some of the most important single-cell omics methods and relevant findings they produced. We devote special attention to the dynamics of the molecular changes and discuss methods to measure them, most importantly lineage tracing. Finally, we introduce a conceptual framework that connects all molecular agents in a mathematical model and helps us make sense of the experimental data.
What is a cell type, anyway? Traditionally, cell types have been defined by their function within an organism: neurons process and transmit information, macrophages remove harmful microorganisms, and podocytes are crucial for blood filtration in the kidney. As function can be difficult to ascertain, especially for subtle variants of cell types, cell morphology and the presence of certain marker genes are often used as proxies [1,2]. With the advent of single-cell omics technologies, cell types have increasingly come to be identified with their molecular profiles. While most cell types persist over long periods of time, often the entire life span of an adult organism, cells are found in short-lived, transient states such as different phases of the cell cycle, different metabolic states or multiple forms of the stress response. Here, we are only concerned with the specification of cell types, which occurs during embryonic development or regeneration of adult tissues. During development, pluripotent embryonic cells differentiate into progenitors with diminishing developmental potential, and eventually fully specified cell types [1,3–5]. In adult tissue, long-lived adult stem cells give rise to multiple types of descendants. These processes are collectively termed differentiation. Differentiation involves changes in gene expression (i.e. messenger RNA and protein levels), which are accompanied and guided by epigenetic changes. Broadly, the epigenetic profile of a cell encompasses any heritable molecular mark, with the exception of changes in the DNA sequence [6,7]. Two of the most important epigenetic marks are DNA methylation and histone modifications. These marks are tightly linked to the accessibility of the DNA and thus influence the expression of specific genes. A comprehensive introduction to epigenetics can be found in .
Here, we will review few of the many cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that make differentiation a reproducible process and ensure the long-term stability of cell types. Importantly, cells do not develop in isolation. Their communication with neighboring cells via chemical and mechanical signaling is an integral part of embryonic development and tissue regeneration, which we will not discuss here (for recent reviews see [9,10]). Equally important, but also outside the scope of this review, is the role of molecular noise, which can drive cell-type decisions but must also be controlled to ensure the stability of the fully differentiated state (for recent reviews see [11,12]). In this review, we will first introduce some of the most important molecular players, which can be used to define a cell type and discuss omics techniques that can measure molecular profiles comprehensively in single cells. We will then focus on the dynamics of differentiation and novel methods that allow the inference of the developmental lineage tree. Finally, we will discuss challenges arising in the analysis of data sets comprising multiple modalities and a conceptual framework that enables a quantitative understanding of differentiation (Figure 1).
Conceptual framework for cell types and differentiation dynamics.
Molecular embodiment of a cell type
Most, if not all, cell-type decisions involve specific transcription factors (TFs) [1,2,4,5,13,14]. These DNA binding proteins control a gene's transcription level by binding to cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in the DNA. Enhancers, CREs that can be found at large distances from the regulated gene, play a particularly important role in cell-type determination. Enhancers work in concert and physically interact with promoters, another type of CRE that is usually found near the regulated gene. TF binding of CREs not only depends on the presence of specific DNA sequence motifs but is also strongly modulated by the configuration of the chromatin (the complex of DNA, nucleosomes, and other associated proteins, see Figure 1, left). With the exception of so-called pioneer factors , TFs only bind accessible, nucleosome-free DNA . Chromatin configuration and TF binding are affected by chemical modifications of histones (the components of a nucleosome), as well as the DNA . Different histone modifications, or marks, are associated with different functions, broadly categorized as active and repressive, and the effect of DNA modifications strongly depends on the genomic context [17,18]. For example, DNA methylation at the enhancer regions of the pluripotency gene Sox2 results in silencing of its expression in embryonic stem cells . Importantly, the interaction between TFs and chromatin configuration is reciprocal: TFs recruit enzymes that locally change the molecular make-up of the chromatin . Both histone marks and DNA methylation are heritable molecular marks, as they are copied to the newly synthesized DNA during cell division [7,8,19]. They can therefore function as long-term memory of a cell's molecular profile and hence cell type. The pattern of chromatin accessibility and epigenetic marks can thus be used to identify a cell type and reveal relevant CREs [16,20].
Importantly, cell-type specification cannot be understood by studying individual TFs or epigenetic features in isolation. Cell types rather emerge from the complex interactions of several TFs. The presence of particular subsets of TFs has therefore been used to define a periodic table of cell types . Together with their target genes, TFs form gene regulatory networks that establish and maintain cell identity [2,4], see Figure 1, middle. Regulatory interactions between TFs, in particular negative feedback loops, are crucial for the stability of molecular states. Due to the presence of fluctuations in the environment as well as the internal state of the cell, robustness is an important requirement for regulatory networks. At the same time, they need to be dynamic and react appropriately to external signaling inputs . Mutual repression of TFs is one mechanism by which multiple, alternative cell types can be created. A prominent example is an interaction between the TFs GATA6 and NANOG, which governs the lineage decision between two of the earliest cell types in the mammalian embryo [21–23]. The conceptual framework discussed in the final section of this review explains how various stable cell types and unidirectional differentiation dynamics emerge from gene regulatory networks, see Figure 1, right.
Despite the fact that TFs always work in concert, some have a particularly large impact on lineage decisions: overexpression of certain TFs can revert a differentiated cell back to a pluripotent state (reprogramming) or convert one cell type into another (transdifferentiation) . The remarkable power of these TFs, termed master TFs or master regulators, can be rationalized by their DNA binding patterns. Master TFs have been shown to bind clusters of enhancers, or super-enhancers, which drive high levels of key cell-type-specific genes [25,26], see Figure 2. Super-enhancers owe their special role to a high density of co-localized Mediator complex [25,26], a protein complex that links TF binding to the recruitment of the transcription machinery and therefore gene expression. A well-studied example of master TFs that bind cell-type-specific super-enhancers are regulators of the pluripotent state in embryonic stem cells: NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4 .
Master transcription factors and super-enhancers play a major role in guiding cell-type specification and are compartmentalized by biomolecular condensates.
TFs, CREs, epigenetic marks, and enzymes that modify chromatin state are just a small, albeit important, subset of the many molecular species that are involved in cell-type specification. It has long been unclear, how all of these mobile molecules, some of which are freely diffusing in the nucleus, can interact in an efficient manner. Recently, biomolecular condensates, which form through liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) [27–29], have been suggested as a possible answer to this question. Biomolecular condensates form according to well-known thermodynamic principles as a result of multivalent, homotypic interactions between molecules . The high concentration of several molecular species in the condensed phase leads to increased interaction rates . Examples of biomolecular condensates are the well-known membrane-less organelles, such as the nucleolus or Cajal bodies, as well as paraspeckles and many more [27,28,31]. It has been found that intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins can lead to multivalent interactions that can cause condensates to form [32–34]. Interestingly, MED1, a member of the Mediator complex, and BRD4, a coactivator of transcription, have large IDRs and form condensates at super-enhancers , see Figure 2. Thus, phase-separated condensates likely concentrate components of the transcription apparatus and thereby ensure robust transcription of key cell-type-specific genes. Additionally, the large size of the Mediator cluster at super-enhancers enables contact with multiple promoter sites . Therefore, biomolecular condensates are likely of crucial importance for establishing a cell type.
In recent years, omics technologies have emerged that measure one or multiple molecular species comprehensively in single cells (see Box 1 and Figure 3 for a selection of common methods). These technologies can reveal cell-type-specific molecular profiles in high throughput. With single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), the transcriptomes of individual cells can be obtained [1,4,5], which enables the identification of new cell types and cell states in complex tissues . Multiple large consortia are currently generating transcriptional atlases of entire organisms (reviewed in ). The human cell atlas and Tabula Muris are two prominent examples. Notwithstanding the great value of scRNA-seq measurements, gene expression should ideally be measured at the protein level. Numerous regulatory mechanisms at the translational and post-translational level make mRNA abundance just a proxy for protein abundance. Protein measurements have indeed revealed phenotypic features that could not be discerned with scRNA-seq alone [40,41].
A selection of single-cell omics and multi-omics techniques useful for studying cell-type specification.
As mentioned before, chromatin state is an important factor in gene regulation. Knowledge of the chromatin landscape can therefore improve the identification of cell types . There is a growing variety of single-cell methods that measure chromatin features. For example, by using scATAC-seq [43,44], which reveals accessible chromatin regions in single cells, it is possible to identify cell-type-specific regulatory elements and candidate master TFs. By combining scATAC-seq and scRNA-seq, open chromatin regions can be associated with active transcription, which improves the identification of TFs and target genes compared with pure RNA measurements. It was also shown that considering the chromatin state of distal CREs significantly increased the power to predict cell-type specific gene expression, compared with using promoter chromatin state alone . Similarly, a simultaneous measurement of histone modifications and transcriptome showed that active enhancers are epigenetically more variable across cell types than promoter regions . A related finding resulted from the simultaneous measurement of DNA methylation and transcriptome (scM&T-seq ). The authors confirmed that promoter DNA methylation in mouse ESCs is typically correlated with reduced gene expression. In contrast, DNA methylation of distal enhancers is more often correlated with increased gene expression, compared with promoters.
Since active transcription typically requires the physical proximity of enhancers and promoters, knowledge of chromatin organization can be helpful to understand cell-type decision making.
scHi-C is a high-throughput method to reveal chromatin interactions throughout the genome in single cells [48,49]. In combination with DNA methylation measurements, cell-type-specific chromatin conformations can be obtained , which might help to clarify the role of biomolecular condensates [51,52]. In a recent study, a new variant of Hi-C was used to determine the stability of chromatin interactions, which were revealed to vary substantially between organelles. Approaches to measure the spatial distribution of transcripts [53,54] and proteins with sub-cellular resolution might lead to an even better understanding of cellular compartmentalization through biomolecular condensates.
Dynamics of differentiation
During differentiation, the molecular profile of a cell is remodeled substantially. TFs are, unsurprisingly, important drivers of this transformation. As the majority of TFs bind to accessible chromatin regions, differentiation is accompanied by pervasive changes in chromatin accessibility [12,15,16]. One underlying mechanism involves pioneer TFs, which bind to nucleosome-associated DNA and create an open chromatin state [15,16]. These TFs can explore nucleosomal DNA through non-specific and transient binding, which in turn allows partial opening of the chromatin and other, non-pioneering factors to bind . This mechanism has been recently validated, for example, for the pioneer factor PAX7 . Another mechanism is a passive competition of TFs for DNA binding during short periods of local chromatin opening, which increases and stabilizes with higher TF concentrations [16,59].
Chromatin state is also influenced by chromatin remodelers that are recruited by TFs [15,16,60] and bind to different histone marks [60,61]. This is one mechanism by which epigenetic marks strongly impact chromatin accessibility. Importantly, activating and repressing histone marks can also occur simultaneously, on the same nucleosome. These bivalent domains play a particularly important role in cell-type decisions and are more abundant in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) than in adult tissues. A prominent example is the combination of H3K4me3 (trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 4) which is associated with active transcription and H3K27me3 (trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27), which causes chromatin compaction and is thus a repressive mark. It has been shown that bivalent domains are positioned at key TF genes that are important for development [62–64]. Enhancers and promoters with bivalent marks are thought to be in a poised state that can be quickly resolved to either activation or repression. This effect can be mediated by multiprotein complexes composed of polycomb group (PcG) proteins. These proteins cause gene silencing by, for example, catalyzing the methylation of H3K27 [65,66]. In ESCs, the occupancy of PcG proteins at bivalent histone marks can change during differentiation, which results in altered gene expression [64,67]. Poised enhancers have been found to be necessary, for example, for the differentiation into specific neural cell types . The examples mentioned here are only a few of many epigenetic mechanisms that drive dynamic chromatin remodeling during stem cell differentiation (reviewed in ).
Epigenetic marks are not homogeneously distributed in the nucleus, but rather need to be localized at important regulatory sites, which might be promoted by biomolecular condensates. The formation of biomolecular condensates during differentiation has been linked to different long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) [31,70]. For example, the lncRNA DIGIT forms biomolecular condensates together with the RNA binding protein BRD3, which contains an IDR . BRD3 is recruited to sites of the activating histone mark H3K18ac (acetylation of histone H3 on lysine 18). Paraspeckles are another important class of biomolecular condensates defined by the presence of the lncRNA NEAT1, which recruits several RBPs , see Figure 2. These condensates can, for example, influence transcriptional regulation via associated RBPs [71–73]. NEAT1 has been found to physically interact with EZH2, a PcG protein, which is involved in catalyzing histone methylation . Interestingly, paraspeckles were found to be involved in slowing down the differentiation process and their number changes dynamically during differentiation to several lineages [31,72]. Another example of dynamic transcriptional regulation through biomolecular condensates is the association of RNA polymerase II with Mediator condensates (see Figure 2). It has been found that, upon phosphorylation, RNA polymerase II transitions from condensates involved in transcription initiation to condensates involved in RNA splicing at genes associated with super-enhancers .
Measurement of differentiation dynamics
In simple organisms, the entire lineage tree can be assembled using a microscope . In larger organisms that becomes unfeasible and scRNA-seq data of developing tissues have been used instead to infer lineage relationships . Due to asynchrony in embryonic development or regeneration of adult tissues, a single scRNA-seq measurement can capture cells in different stages of differentiation [42,77] and developmental order, or pseudotime, can be inferred by computational methods (reviewed in , see also the section on data analysis below). If the developmental process is sufficiently accessible for repeated sampling, scRNA-seq measurements at several time points can be used to resolve developmental dynamics [13,79–82]. This approach improves the temporal resolution and revealed that cells with different lineage histories can converge to globally similar cells . However, combining multiple data sets to infer the correct developmental trajectory is challenging.
Lineage reconstruction has also been performed based on protein measurements in single cells at different time points. In a recent study , 27 proteins, of which 16 were TFs, were measured over a time course of 22 days during hematopoietic differentiation. This study showed that, at the protein level, cell-type decisions are accompanied by gradual changes in lineage-specific TFs, as no abrupt switches in TF levels were observed.
To reveal the gene regulatory programs that cause gene expression changes, chromatin conformation measurements during development can be used. Bulk methods have been used extensively to measure epigenetic changes and chromatin accessibility of cell populations , which produced many important insights. However, cell-to-cell variability and rare cell populations can only be distinguished with single-cell methods. Therefore, time-resolved single-cell chromatin accessibility measurements can be very informative , in particular in combination with transcriptomics [45,86–88]. One study found a class of genes with a high number of putative enhancers whose chromatin accessibility is predictive of gene expression . These genes are enriched in TFs that regulate cell-type-specific gene expression. These findings suggest participation in super-enhancers and a central role in cell-type specification. Additionally, it was observed that the expression of TFs precedes the accessibility of their target sites, which might indicate a causal role of TFs in chromatin remodeling, possibly through additional epigenetic mechanisms .
Another interesting case is the simultaneous measurement of chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and transcriptome (scNMT ) at several time points in mouse development. The authors were able to study the dynamic changes of all three profiles in time and confirmed ectoderm, one of the three embryonic germ layers, as the default developmental pathway.
Specific histone marks have also been measured during differentiation and development. For example, the co-occurrence of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 (bivalent mark) was measured in mouse ESCs together with scRNA-seq. The authors calculated a bivalency score along an RNA-based pseudotime trajectory and were able to classify genes by trends in bivalency dynamics . A similar method found a significant overlap between H3K27ac (acetylation of histone H3 on lysine 27) and H3K27me3 in the adult mouse brain at CREs related to forebrain development .
An entirely different approach to study developmental dynamics is used in lineage tracing techniques [91–93] (see Box 2), which aim to find the correct phylogenetic tree [94,95] from pluripotent cells to fully specified cell types. Lineage tracing methods have produced a large number of valuable insights. A recent study used lineage tracing to reveal early biases toward particular cell types that are not resolved with transcriptomics: transcriptionally similar cells were found to be committed to particular cell types prior to the divergence of their transcriptional profiles [91,97]. Importantly, such cells can easily be mistaken for multipotent progenitors. Coupling lineage tracing with epigenomics or proteomics measurements might help to avoid some of these biases and pinpoint the correct sequence of transcriptional and epigenetic changes during development. Lineage tracing experiments also seem to indicate that cell fate decisions occur in a more continuous manner rather than abruptly, as previously believed . Finally, lineage tracing made it possible to observe the convergence of differentiation trajectories from distinct developmental origins .
Many single-cell methods involve advanced data analysis (see Box 3 and Figure 4 for a selection of computational methods). In scRNA-seq data, cell types can in principle be identified by clustering similar transcriptomes and the underlying gene regulatory networks can be inferred [100–103]. However, both cell-type identification and network inference are improved by integrating multiple omics data sets [40,104]. Integration methods typically aim to extract variations common to all measured modalities [105–107]. That is even possible if molecular species are not measured simultaneously in the same cell, as shown, for example, for DNA methylation and transcriptome measurements .
Common elements of single-cell omics data analysis.
Trajectory inference algorithms seek to reconstruct gene expression dynamics from scRNA-seq measurements of developing tissues. Many of these methods use the similarity of transcriptomes to estimate temporal proximity, which comes with many challenges and limitations [77,96,109,110]: for example, the starting point of a differentiation trajectory has to be provided by the user, because most methods cannot infer directionality. One exception is RNA velocity [111,112], which exploits RNA splicing dynamics to infer gene expression dynamics and directionality. Time-resolved measurements can be analyzed with optimal transport theory to infer probabilities for the transitions between the observed cell types [13,81].
Prospective lineage tracing presents a completely different set of challenges for data analysis. The increase in data complexity caused by randomly inserted barcodes necessitates the development of novel algorithms to infer the underlying phylogenetic tree [96,113], which captures the hierarchy and relationship of cells during differentiation. As barcoding is often limited to a short period of time, it becomes difficult to infer the lineage tree beyond the point where barcoding has stopped. However, a new method leverages covariances between barcodes to transcend this limitation. An interesting concept in this regard is phylodynamics , which studies how the cell-type distribution changes over time, given an observed lineage tree. For example, it has been shown that a model with a constant cell division rate can result in a skewed lineage tree that appears like earlier generations were dividing more rapidly .
The algorithms mentioned here are just a small selection of the many tools that have been developed specifically to deal with the challenges arising in single-cell methods. We refer the reader to [114–116] for a much more comprehensive overview.
Even with appropriate data analysis algorithms in place, we still need a conceptual framework for the quantitative understanding of cell types and their formation. The challenge is to reveal, how gene regulatory networks with certain topologies give rise to the observed cell types and molecular dynamics during differentiation. Dynamical systems theory has been used extensively to model gene regulatory networks quantitatively. In this framework, cell types can be understood as stable states in a system of coupled differential equations . The number, position, and robustness of these stable states all depend on parameters that reflect the interactions between TFs and other members of the regulatory network. These parameters can be difficult to infer from experiments, except for (unrealistically) small networks. Nevertheless, dynamical systems describe key properties of the differentiation process. They explain how the interactions between several TFs jointly give rise to cell types that are robust up to a certain level of perturbation . They also explain how a change in TF interactions causes cell types to destabilize . Finally, unstable, intermediate cell states can be found, depending on the parameters of the system [120,121].
A dynamical systems model can be represented by a potential energy landscape, where a cell follows the path of steepest decent into locally stable states, that correspond to cell types [121–123], see Figure 1, middle right. This potential energy landscape is closely related to Waddington's epigenetic landscape , a pioneering metaphor that abstracted from molecular details to conceptualize embryonic development. Importantly, the shape of Waddington's landscape is constant in time and a location in the landscape corresponds to the complete molecular profile of a cell. In contrast, most dynamical system models identify the state of a cell by its transcriptome or even just the expression levels of the TFs in a gene regulatory network (see Figure 1, middle left). The shape of the potential landscape is then defined by the gene regulatory network, most importantly the interactions between TFs and their target genes . Changes in the epigenetic state and other gene regulatory molecules can modulate the strength of those interactions (i.e. the parameters of the dynamic system) and thereby cause different stable and unstable states to appear or disappear [121,122]. Defining the gene expression profile as the state of the cell and modeling the epigenetic profile as parameters of the gene regulatory network has certain conceptual advantages. For example, at critical points, which have been studied extensively by catastrophe theory, small changes of the parameters can cause large changes in the stable states of a dynamical system [117,121]. Lineage decisions might thus be driven by dynamic epigenetic changes around critical points. Importantly, Waddington's landscape implies a strict hierarchy of differentiation, leading from multipotent to more and more specified, unipotent states (see Figure 1, right).
Despite its many advantages, the landscape model also has clear drawbacks, including its inability to describe periodic trajectories, for example, caused by the cell cycle [77,122]. Therefore, many other ways to conceptualize differentiation have been devised. For example, spin glass, a model that originated in physics, describes a system of interacting particles that can have stable low energy states corresponding to different cell types [117,125]. It accommodates different strengths of interactions between TFs, can describe symmetry breaking events and is scalable to larger numbers of TFs. However, it is often simplified by the usage of binary TF expression (on/off) and symmetric interactions for mathematical tractability.
Biomolecular condensates: Droplets of a condensed liquid phase formed in cells by homotypic, multivalent interactions (i.e. interactions between identical molecules that involve multiple binding sites). One example is membrane-less organelles.
Bivalent domain: Chromatin domain that carries both activating and repressing histone marks.
Chromatin: The complex of nucleosomes, DNA, and other associated proteins.
Chromatin remodeler: Protein complexes that catalyze molecular changes of the chromosome, such as nucleosome removal.
Cis-regulatory elements: Sequences of non-coding DNA, which regulate the transcription of genes.
Coupled differential equations: Differential equations describe the temporal evolution of a system. They are coupled if variables appear in several equations. Such equations can have multiple stable solutions, which do not evolve in time unless perturbed.
Critical point: A point in parameter space where the number or stability of solutions to a dynamical system change abruptly.
Histone: Proteins that are crucial for the organization of DNA in the nucleus. DNA is tightly wound around nucleosome core particles which consist of eight histones.
Intrinsically disordered regions: Segments of a protein that do not form a stable three-dimensional structure.
Liquid–liquid phase separation: De-mixing of a homogeneous liquid into two distinct liquid phases.
Master transcription factor/master regulator: A transcription factor that affects the transcription of multiple downstream genes and is essential for cell-type specification.
Mediator: A multiprotein complex that coactivates transcription by interacting with TFs and RNA polymerase II.
Nucleosome: Smallest unit of DNA organization. Consists of a DNA wound around eight histones.
Paraspeckle: A biomolecular condensate that forms in the presence of the long non-coding RNA NEAT1 and several RNA binding proteins.
Pioneer factor: A transcription factor that can bind to nucleosome-bound DNA.
Pluripotency: Ability of a cell to give rise to multiple cell types.
Regulatory network: A system of interacting molecules that regulate each other's gene expression as well as a set of target genes.
RNA Polymerase II: A multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into messenger RNA.
Single-cell omics technologies: Experimental methods to measure the entire genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, etc. of a cell in high throughput.
Stable states: A solution of a dynamical system that is a local minimum of the corresponding potential landscape.
Super-enhancer: A group of multiple enhancers in close proximity characterized by high levels of Mediator complex, which strongly drives gene expression of its target genes.
Transcription factor: A protein that binds to specific DNA sequences and regulates transcription.
Transcriptomics: The currently most prevalent single-cell omics method is single-cell RNA sequencing, which measures RNA abundance. Different experimental implementations of this method include: Smart-seq2 , Drop-seq , CEL-seq2 , and Sci-RNA-seq .
Proteomics: It is not yet feasible to measure every protein in a single cell. Antibody-based methods, for example, scCyTOF , can measure hundreds of proteins, but cannot easily be scaled to the whole proteome and rely on the existence of highly specific antibodies. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods, which recently became available, might soon produce high-quality proteomes of single cells. One example is SCoPE-MS , which detects around 1000 proteins per cell. Improvements to this method have been recently made in SCoPE2 and another method . By sequencing of DNA-tagged antibodies, the quantification of hundreds of proteins together with the transcriptome in single cells is possible with CITE-seq and REAP-seq . RAID uses RNA-tagged antibodies for the same purpose.
Epigenomics: To gain insights into chromatin accessibility, one of the most prominent techniques is scATAC-seq [43,44], which uses transposons to barcode accessible DNA. scATAC-seq can be performed simultaneously with scRNA-seq, which was implemented, for example, by sci-CAR and Paired-seq . DNA methylation is measured by scBS-seq [137,138] and scRRBS . Single-cell 5hmC-seq measures DNA hydroxymethylation . Joint measurements of DNA methylation and the transcriptome are possible with, for example, scM&T-seq and scMT-seq . A method to measure all three molecular profiles (DNA methylation, transcriptome, and chromatin accessibility) is scNMT-seq . Histone modifications can be measured, for example, with scChIP-seq and scCUT&Tag . New methods to measure the transcriptome jointly with histone modifications are CoTech and PairedTag . It is now also possible to study the chromatin conformation in every single cell with scHi-C [48,49]. Recent methods have allowed the capture of both chromatin conformation and DNA methylation (sn-m3C-seq and methyl-HiC ).
Genomics: The DNA sequence of single cells can be measured by methods such as MALBAC and NanoSeq . NanoSeq has been designed to detect even small somatic mutations in single DNA molecules. Measurement methods that combine DNA sequencing with transcriptomics are, for example, G&T-seq and TARGET-seq .
There are two, conceptionally distinct approaches to lineage tracing: retrospective and prospective. In retrospective lineage tracing, lineage relationships are inferred from naturally occurring somatic mutations. These mutations can be traced using DNA sequencing methods . In a recent study, such mutations were linked with scRNA-seq data to investigate clonal relationships and cell types in humans . Mitochondrial DNA has a ∼10 fold higher mutation rate than nuclear DNA [151,152], which makes it a good candidate for retrospective lineage tracing. Interestingly, these mutations can be tracked with ATAC-seq measurements because mitochondrial DNA is accessible . DNA methylation also undergoes stochastic changes during cell division known as epimutations, which allow tracking of lineage histories through measurements of DNA methylation [151,153]. Coupling genomics to DNA methylation measurements allows both lineage tracing and the study of cell-type-specific methylation patterns . However, naturally occurring mutations are rare, which requires highly accurate and sensitive measurement techniques and computational methods. In prospective lineage tracing, heritable markers are introduced that are read out at a later time point. The most recently developed dynamic lineage tracing methods insert ‘scars’ into the DNA at random or pre-determined locations, resulting in a large variety of different markers [91,92]. In some cases, these markers, or barcodes, are also transcribed, so that scRNA-seq is able to capture transcriptomes and lineage information simultaneously. Different omics technologies have been used in the context of lineage tracing (see Box 1 for a list of omics techniques). For retrospective lineage tracing, NanoSeq has been used to track even small somatic mutations and GoT linked transcriptomics to genotyping. scATAC-seq has been used to track mutations in mitochondrial DNA and scRRBS has been used together with DNA sequencing to track DNA mutations together with DNA methylation . Examples of prospective lineage tracing techniques that use transcriptomics measurements are scScarTrace , scGESTALT and LINNAEUS .
Clustering methods have been used extensively for transcriptomics data (reviewed in ), where they partition cells based on the similarity of their transcriptomes. Clustering is now also applied to a combination of different omics data sets (reviewed in [158–160]). Clusters can be first obtained separately for each modality and then combined, or the different data sets are integrated prior to clustering. Popular examples of integration methods are WNN , totalVI , MOFA+ and LIGER .
Inference of gene regulatory networks has been frequently performed using scRNA-seq data . Examples of existing algorithms are GENIE3 , SCENIC , SINCERITIES , and Scribe . A new method, CellOracle , allows the identification of gene regulatory networks from a combination of scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq data. Symphony provides multi-omics clustering as well as gene regulatory network inference. Importantly, these methods often rely on the proper identification of TFs and CREs.
Inference of differentiation trajectories was first introduced for transcriptomics data. These methods make use of the asynchrony during differentiation and order cells by developmental progress (pseudotime). Examples of trajectory inference methods are PAGA , DPT , Monocle3 , FateID and Palantir (reviewed in ). A pseudotime method that makes use of spliced and unspliced RNA is RNA velocity [111,112], which has also been expanded to include protein dynamics . To combine several transcriptomics data sets and recreate the differentiation trajectory, optimal transport theory has been applied [13,81]. A new, interesting method is MATCHER , which infers pseudotime based on multi-omics assays.
Reconstruction of lineage trees is the goal of dynamic lineage tracing techniques, where barcodes are introduced randomly during a short period of time. Classic reconstruction methods, like neighbor joining are not robust enough for this purpose. Several studies therefore designed custom-made methods [157,171] and additionally, a new, more robust inference method has been proposed, Cassiopeia . Building on the neighbor-joining algorithm, CLiNC tries to discover inconsistencies within the phylogenic tree.
Importance of the field: To discover the molecular underpinnings of cell types and their formation is of fundamental interest in developmental and stem cell biology. It is equally important for the understanding of diseases such as cancer, where cell types lose their stability and are transformed to malignant states.
Summary of current thinking: New single-cell measurement techniques have given us unprecedented insights into the interactions and dynamics of the relevant molecular agents. In the current paradigm, transcription factors, regulatory DNA elements and other classes of molecules form a regulatory network from which cell types emerge.
Comment on future directions: In the future, lineage tracing and other quantitative methods will be leveraged to reveal the complete lineage tree and infer a predictive mathematical model of the underlying gene regulatory network. Such a model would allow us to manipulate cell types at will, which has numerous medical applications.
The authors declare that there are no competing interests associated with the manuscript.
M.M. and S.S. were supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO/OCW, www.nwo.nl), as part of the Frontiers of Nanoscience (NanoFront) program. We acknowledge funding by an NWO/OCW Vidi grant (016.Vidi.189.007) for S.S.
S.S. and M.M. wrote the manuscript. M.M. created the figures.
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Deep down, I know being overweight isn’t good for my health. If you are like me, you’ve probably made yourself believe it’s not as bad as the internet paints it. Recently, I gained 20 pounds, and I can’t help but wonder, ‘How bad is 20 pounds Overweight?’
Yes, carrying extra weight is bad for your health. Experts say being overweight, even by 20 pounds, can increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, and high blood pressure.
Let’s take a deep dive into the implications of gaining 20 pounds.
Is being 20 lbs overweight bad?
Yes. But the real danger isn’t in the 20 lbs of body fat you’ve gained but the lifestyle habits that made you gain weight. Some issues you may experience as a result of these changes include:
Physical, emotional, and mental stress
A bad relationship with food, including crash dieting and emotional eating
These factors are important for your well-being and overall health. If you notice any of the above, you should work on cultivating a healthier lifestyle and the weight loss will follow. You should be on the lookout for any knee pain caused by being overweight as it can be especially dangerous.
Some dangers of leading an unhealthy lifestyle and being overweight include:
Digestive problems like indigestion, bloating, and acid reflux
Note: Obesity is directly linked to premature death in the USA. Even 20 pounds of excess weight can increase the risk of death, especially for adults between 30 and 64 years. Check here if you want more information on why obesity can cause diabetes.
Is 20 Lbs Overweight considered obese?
Not necessarily. Use the Body Mass Index to determine if you are overweight or obese. BMI calculations factor in height and weight measurements. If your BMI is 26-27, you are 20 percent overweight and moderately at risk of developing health problems. With a BMI of 30 or over, you are obese and are at increased risk of developing related health problems.
At BMI between 18.5 and 25, you have normal weight, and if you are under 18.5, you are underweight. Keep in mind that BMI readings vary with age. So, what might be a healthy weight range at 20 years might not be healthy at 50 years.
Is losing 20 lbs a big deal?
Losing 20 lbs can have some health benefits. According to experts, if you have problems with blood sugar, cholesterol, or high blood pressure, losing between 5 – 10 percent of body weight will improve your health. Moreover, if you are obese, losing the first 20 lbs can be a big motivator to achieving your desired weight.
How long does it take to lose 20 pounds safely?
With a healthy weight loss program, you shouldn’t shed more than 2 pounds a week. Going with this figure, it’ll take you about ten weeks to shed off 20 pounds. But if you commit to losing a pound each week, you’ll need 20 weeks to reach your weight goals without adverse effects.
However, you can shed 20 pounds in a month by burning more calories through workouts than you consume every day. No doubt, this will be a challenge since you need the energy to work out. You can add fasting to your weight loss plan to fast forward the process, but this will make the process even harder.
Remember that this approach can have devastating effects on your health as you can lose muscle mass and affect your metabolism. Also be sure to pay attention to any potentially dangerous shortcuts like ballerina tea.
How much weight do you lose before someone notices?
Researchers found that women’s and men’s BMI had to change by 5.24 and 5.7, respectively, for other people to notice changes in their appearance. This means an average man should lose 18.1 pounds, and an average woman should lose 13.9 pounds to notice the change.
In other words, to notice the change on their face, average height men and women should lose about 9 and 8 pounds and twice as much for others to find them attractive. So yes, 10-pound weight loss is noticeable.
How can you lose 20 pounds safely?
Losing 20 pounds requires gradual lifestyle changes, including eating healthy, exercising, and consuming less high-fat and processed foods. Here are some approved tips to shed the weight.
Reduce caloric intake
Consuming excess calories results in weight gain with time. The first step to losing weight is reducing your calorie consumption. To effectively do this, determine your daily calorie consumption and keep track of how many calories you consume. You can use calorie calculators to determine how many calories you need to consume daily to lose weight healthily. These calculators factor in your gender, weight, age, and levels of physical activity.
Experts recommend reducing your calorie intake by between 500 and 1000 calories to lose weight. Reducing food portions, avoiding distractions during meals, and eating slowly can help reduce calorie intake.
Physical activity helps to burn calories by increasing the energy spent. Physical activities include jogging, cycling, running, hiking, swimming, walking, jumping rope, cardio and weight lifting. Different exercises burn different amounts of calories. A combination of exercise and reduced calorie intake creates a calorie deficit that causes weight loss. Exercising also helps to boost metabolism and strengthen muscles and bones.
Reduce consumption of sugars and refined carbs
Bad eating habits are behind weight gain. Sugary foods and refined carbs are a favorite for many, and people tend to overeat. Refined carbs are calorie-rich and contain little nutrients. Also, they are digested and absorbed fast, resulting in crashes, spikes in blood glucose levels, and heightened hunger.
When trying to lose weight, try replacing refined carbs and sugary foods with vegetables, fruits, whole grains rich in healthy fats.
Consume more protein
Protein-rich foods are linked to increased metabolism and reduced visceral fat. The body uses more energy to break down protein than carbohydrates and fats. Protein also helps build strength and muscle mass.
Drink a lot of water
It might seem basic but drinking a lot of water helps in losing weight. Water weight is crucial for waste removal, lubrication, and kidney function. Moreover, water acts as a natural suppressant. Drinking water helps to prevent overeating and increase metabolism. 500 ml of water can increase your metabolism by 10 – 30 percent for about 35 minutes.
Lack of enough sleep is linked to weight gain. Sleep deprivation interferes with glucose metabolism, affecting the hormones that control satiety and hunger resulting in higher appetite and weight gain.
Aim for 7 hours of sleep daily, reduce alcohol and caffeine intake, and have your dinner 4 hours before bedtime.
Is 20 lbs of muscle gain noticeable?
It depends on the individual involved. For smaller-framed people, gaining 20 pounds of muscle tissue is a lot. However, for a tall guy with a thick layer of extra fat, gaining 20 pounds of muscle isn’t as noticeable.
Can you gain 20 lbs in 3 months?
Yes. Through meticulous nutrition and planning, you can gain 20 lbs of muscle in 90 days. You can achieve this without using supplements or steroids.
If you’re 20 pounds overweight, you should work hard to shed the extra weight. Although embarking on a weight loss journey is intimidating, small lifestyle changes like increasing physical activity, drinking more water and getting better sleep help.
Also, while losing weight is a short-term goal, you need to improve your health. After achieving a healthy BMI, take measures to maintain it. Remember weight loss is gradual. Efforts to yield overnight results can be catastrophic. Check out the rest of Extra Large Living for even more articles!
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What is the probability of rolling a number less than 10 on a standard die?
Probability of rolling a certain number or less for two 6-sided dice.
Two (6-sided) dice roll probability table.
What is the probability of getting a sum 10 when a die is rolled twice?
Answer: 3/36 is the answer.
What is the probability of rolling a 10?
Probabilities for the two dice
|Total||Number of combinations||Probability|
When a single die is rolled what is the probability of getting a number less than 7?
the probability of getting a number less than 7 in a throw of dice is 1.
When a dice is rolled twice there are possible outcomes?
There are 6 outcomes for the first roll and 6 for the second so the total number of possible outcomes is 6 times 6 = 36. There are 6 of these in which the two numbers are equal: (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), and (6,6).
What is the probability of getting a number less than 11 *?
Probability of getting a number less than 11 is:
P (x<11) = 12/51.
What is the probability of rolling a sum not more than 11?
1 b) The probability of rolling a sum not less than 11 is 12 (Type an integer or a simplified fraction.)
What is the probability of getting sum of two numbers as at least 11 in a throw of pair of dice?
The probability that the sum of two numbers is 11 in a pair of dice is 1/18.
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Matching Deck Stain Colors
Learning how to match stain colors can be difficult for several reasons. You can find out why and avoid the same mistakes many people make when they try.
It Should Be Easy, Right? All we have to do is match the colors and even a child can do that. I feel like it can’t be that easy. It never is.
The process for matching stain colors is complicated. You have to take into account the stain’s transparency as well as the age and style of the wood. Stains can be transparent, semi-transparent, or semi-solid.
A stain can look different from one species of wood to the next because they hold stains differently. Then the age of the wood affects how a stain will look too. The fibers on new wood are still tight and it has a higher moisture content than the old.
Say you stain a fence using a medium brown stain. A few years pass and you want to freshen up the stain so you reuse that same medium brown stain, but it turns out darker than the original stain job. One or two shades darker, too.
The first step to matching stain colors is to get a finisher’s color wheel. Use it to find a stain color close to your stain. Buy stain samples so you can mix and test them. Clean the wood and apply the stain to the same wood as your project, let it dry, and see if it matches.
A finisher’s color wheel has common stain colors on it. When you line them up you can see how they mix. If several look similar choose a lighter stain because it’s easier to make a stain look darker than to lighten it.
Color samples take time to dry out especially for penetrating stains. The best practice is to apply the stain in a well-lit area and let it dry. The color then is the true color of the stain. This could take a day in the hot weather or up to a few weeks in the cold.
With a re-stain, it’s best to apply the color sample onto the surface being re-stained. If you apply the sample onto a new board the color will be different from the wood being re-stained.
Go a shade darker on re-stains or go from transparent to semi-transparent. Going darker or thicker gives a more uniform look and helps hide areas exposed to the elements or that have been washed out by sprinkler heads.
Call (630) 523-3045 or schedule a free estimate online and restore the look of your deck today.
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What's more important for local social justice – the stability of the Thomas Merton Center or the culpability of a dead police dog? I'd like to ask Carole Weidmann that question. Carole's pants were ripped during an anti-war protest a few years ago and the culprit may have been Ulf, the dog who was shot and killed by Justin Jackson a few weeks ago. Mr. Jackson was subsequently killed by return fire. (Ripped pants do not equal dead teenager.)
Carole is oft brought up as an example of the horrors of police brutality in Pittsburgh. Carole is also a board member of the Thomas Merton Center, Pittsburgh's most significant anti-war organization. The Merton Center seems to be in terrible straights — almost all of the professional staff have resigned. One sent an email (I have a copy if you want it) citing board issues as a reason for his resignation. The organization is struggling financially.
Who is going to protect the rights of other Justin Jacksons if TMC isn't back on solid ground? As a member, I'd personally prefer Carole put her time and energy (and her legion of fans) to use on that issue.
It is sad to read a City Paper story about a CMU student who claims to have stared down Ulf and avoid being “mauled” as he put it. That's just silly, condescending talk. David Struthers believes his elite status saved the day when he was confronted with a big bad police dog anxious to get 'em. I noted with some interest that the City Paper did not include any perspective from reputable dog trainers. I have consulted a few and their interpretation of the YouTube video footage is very different than Mr. Struthers.
Further, there's the never-ceasing coverage of police dogs gone wild with little if any acknowledgment of situations where police dogs saved lives or prevented violent endings. No information on the difference between a dog grabbing a suspect and a dog biting a suspect. Anyone with large dogs can tell the difference. A dog can be trained to subdue. They do it every day and no one ends up dead. It doesn't take Swami Struthers to prevent a catastrophe.
I love the man called Potter and his crew. They do good reporting. But this story mimics the one-dimensional approach to the death of Justin Jackson we saw when the story broke. And it continues to really piss me off to see all of this man v dog coverage. And I would be disingenuous if I didn't write this post out of deference to their feelings. I almost didn't. But they have much thicker skins than certain people who write 80 paragraphs responses to my criticism. So on we go …
If David Struthers is so concerned about the other Justin Jackson's of the world, maybe he should call up Carole, roll up his sleeves and do something to build up the TMC.
Instead we get this …
Still, Struthers believes, there was one overwhelming factor that helped his police-dog encounter toward its peaceful end. “I had a confidence, when I was sitting there, with the dog coming toward me, [police] weren't just going to let the dog maul me,” he concludes. “First, because there were a lot of people there. But, really, if you release dogs on people attending elite universities there's going to be a lot of people upset at that,” and very publicly. “I can't imagine [Jackson] thinking that a lot of people are going to care if he gets mauled, in the world at large. It changes how you are going to react in that situation. What happened to this guy was par for the course in many Pittsburgh neighborhoods, and that's the real story, as far as I'm concerned.”
Par for the course? Ahem. This man puts monies (and his talent) in the coffers of a University that builds robots for war. A war in which Justin Jackson is much more likely to be used as cannon fodder than CMU “elite” students. So spare us the moral high ground, David. You have no clue what Justin was thinking when he pulled that trigger and it is insulting to imply otherwise. More importantly, why don't you speak out about what you are doing to make a difference?
To summarize. Stop the man v dog media coverage. Give the public a well-rounded perspective on police dogs — find out how many suspects have been apprehended without violence with the assistance of a police dog — now that would be a story. Consult dog behavioral experts instead of college students for analysis. Figure out what the hell is going on with the Thomas Merton Center — they don't even list their board members on the website.
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On December 16 last year, the small, private Schlosspark Theater in the south-western middle-class suburb of Steglitz posted a new placard for the repertoire play Ich bin nicht Rappaport on its Facebook page. The image shows the popular 76-year-old comedian Dieter Hallervorden cracking a broad, slapstick grin as he passes a spliff to fellow actor Joachim Bliese (also 76), whose face has been painted black for his role as an African-American in a play about two old men who hang out in Central Park.
The Schlosspark team was nervous about the public’s reaction, but not for the reason you might expect: they were worried about how people would respond to two men smoking a joint. That the unabashed, unironic use of blackface in an all-white production would elicit a huge outpouring of negativity and condemnation came entirely unanticipated.
“We simply couldn’t find a suitable black actor,” a still unrepentant Harald Lachnit explains. The theatre’s press spokesman is to this day baffled by the widespread outrage that erupted after the poster’s release. By January, when the play premiered, a veritable viral shitstorm had hit the 200-year-old theatre. To make things worse, the contentious poster was plastered throughout the BVG network.
“Blackfacing – regardless of the intentions behind it – is unacceptable. It hurts people,” read one Facebook comment. “This is just racism, so inform yourselves!!!” said another user. Up to 1500 negative comments were posted per day, many drawing reference to racist 19th-century America, when white actors often blackened their faces and performed stereotyped caricatures in what were known as minstrel shows.
“How can Germany in the 21st century resort to such a primitive practice of racial profiling?” asked one commenter. “You should be ashamed!”
Blackface in Germany
Making up white actors to look like black people has a long history in Germany. Just last September, satirist Martin Sonneborn drew criticism for painting his face black for a campaign poster for his joke political party Die Partei – with the Kennedy-referencing slogan “Ick bin ein Obama”.
I’m not Rappaport, by the American playwright Herb Gardner, is about two elderly friends, one Jewish, the other African-American. In the 40 times it’s been staged in Germany since premiering in 1987, a black actor has only played the African-American lead twice. “And no one ever complained until now,” says Lachnit. The difference this time, he believes, lies “in the power of the internet”. “We just got caught in the crossfire.”
One might expect such a reaction from those who had a hand in the production; more baffling was the German media’s reaction in the weeks that followed. Most commentators barely scratched the surface of the underlying racism, repeating clichés and ultimately concluding that there was no problem here, at most some kind of “misunderstanding”. Throughout the national press commentators espoused derivations of a particularly dense sentiment: “If only black actors should be allowed to play black roles, does that mean only Danish princes can play Hamlet?”
In the wake of this pseudo-debate, theatres argued flaccidly that blackface arises out of necessity: they simply lack the budget to include black actors in their ensembles because of the scarcity of “black roles”, referring either to characters explicitly written as black, or to stereotypically black parts, like DJs, asylum seekers, criminals and servants. Few journalists seemed bothered.
Impervious to criticism, Schlosspark decided to carry on with I’m not Rappaport exactly as planned: with their lead actor blacked up to look like an ‘African-American in Central Park’.
Salt in the wound
On a Sunday night in February, a performance of the play Unschuld by Dea Loher (photo) at the esteemed Deutsches Theater (DT) brought the issue back to the stage. Forty-two audience members silently left the room after two white actors (playing black illegal immigrants Elisio and Fadoul) appeared on stage in blackface. The protesters, it later turned out, were members of Bühnenwatch, an anonymous online network formed after the Schlosspark Theater controversy.
Yet Bühnenwatch, for all its good intentions, may also have missed the point. The blackface technique used in Unschuld is of a different nature: the actors wear black ‘masks’ that gradually come off as the play progresses. The intention is to engage the audience into a reflection about otherness, the condition of ‘looking’ different, hence feeling alien and rejected – ultimately a reflection on and against racism.
“Theatre is there to challenge stereotypes and personal ideological structures. It criticises the othering process,” says DT artistic director Ulrich Khuon. Yet fired up by the Schlosspark scandal, Bühnenwatch activists felt the DT had overstepped the boundaries of artistic license.
This was not the first time DT had to deal with the sensitive issue of skin colour: in December, American Pulitzer-winning playwright Bruce Norris withdrew his play Clybourne Park after the theatre gave one of the black lead roles to a white actress (the other black lead was supposed to be played by Ernest Allan Hausmann, a black actor now performing in Die Kommune at the DT).
“This was totally unfair,” says Khuon.
According to him, occasional moments of offence are inevitable when it comes to artistic license, and it is important to stand behind your work at those times. “There is nothing worse than politically correct art that says nothing. It’s much better to be open about your opinions, potentially cause controversy, but also let debates form.”
Debates did form in the case of Unschuld, because after the protest, the DT organised several discussions with the demonstrators, including an audience talk with the actor who plays Elisio, Andreas Döhler.
Ultimately, it was decided that the play would be continued with the two actors’ faces painted white. “That decision is not about being friendly or making concessions. It’s because the purpose of theatre is not to insult minorities, but to give majorities cause for reflection,” says Khuon. Point taken.
The post-migrant vanguard
There are no official figures, but a look at the ensembles of the city’s major theatres will suffice to reinforce your suspicions: as in theatres across Germany, the Berlin stage is almost exclusively white, with the noteworthy exception of Maxim Gorki Theater’s Michael Klammer, an actor from South Tyrol of Italian-Nigerian origins. Other theatres might hire non-white actors for a particular play (this is the case with DT, which claims 17 percent non-white actors), but permanent ensembles are almost all white.
The exception that proves the rule is Ballhaus Naunynstraße, the 100-seat Kreuzberg theatre that was successfully relaunched in 2008 by Turkish-German director Shermin Langhoff with the mission of reflecting “post-migrant” issues while involving immigrants and first- and second-generation Germans as actors, playwrights and directors.
“When we founded this theatre we wanted to fill a gap both thematically and socially,” says head dramaturge, Tunçay Kulaoğlu, “to create a space for post-immigrant stories to be told, and to give these people the opportunity to tell their stories.”
Naunynstraße is not just exceptional for its multicultural underpinnings but also for the success it has enjoyed: sold-out performances pretty much every night of the week and a few house plays catapulted to the upper echelons of German-language theatre, such as Nurkan Erpulat’s Verrücktes Blut, now in repertoire.
The year following its premiere, Erpulat was invited to showcase among the German-language crème de le crème at Berlin’s Theatertreffen festival – an unprecedented achievement for a play by a Turkish playwright, from a “post-migrant” theatre.
It is hard to believe that Naunynstraße and Schlosspark exist in the same city at the same time. How does one justify a cultural myopia that sees no problem with plastering Ich bin nicht Rappaport posters throughout the U-Bahn? German opera and dance ensembles tend to show more ethnic diversity – so why is German theatre so white? The question must be asked: is German theatre racist?
Race on stage
According to Khuon, until not so long ago it was rare to have a non-white actor audition. Confirming this, the Ernst Busch Hochschule für Schauspielkunst, Berlin’s most reputed acting school, prudently concedes that although they have no statistics concerning people of colour, “generally speaking” their applicant pool for theatre is definitely “whiter” than for dance.
“For me this debate is misconstrued,” objects Ballhaus Naunynstraße’s Kulaoğlu. “It is not a question of ethnicity, but of society and social opportunities.” Experience suggests that recent immigrants strive for more traditional, stable professions, such as doctor or lawyer. Or perhaps the issue is the more obvious language barrier, which new immigrants have to overcome.
Language cannot be a factor in the case of Lara- Sophie Milagro, an Afro-German born-and-raised Berliner and the founder of the all-black theatre company Label Noir. “I wouldn’t say other forms of theatre are more open exactly,” says Milagro. “It’s just that music and movement are in the foreground. Whereas in straight theatre, it’s the actor with his or her physical appearance, language and voice.
So the question is, who is allowed to represent society on stage? And apparently the answer shows why that scene is so white.” Label Noir started in 2007 to give professional black actors a space to share their (too often bad) experiences.
Unsurprisingly, members were incensed by the blackface scandal. Their position is that the practice should be banned pure and simple, whatever the meaning behind it. But they also welcome the debate it sparked: “I’m definitely glad these protests took place,” says Label Noir member Dela Dabulamanzi, “because although we have a fight ahead of us, this is also a time of possibilities.”
Black on the agenda
This summer Shermin Langhoff will officially be handing over the management of Ballhaus Naunynstraße to Tunçay Kulaoğlu and Brazilian choreographer Wagner Carvalho. They are already planning their programme – and ‘the black issue’ is high on the agenda, with two events that already happened in May, the BE. BOP 2012 Black Europe Body Politics conference and “Facing Black People”, a panel discussion about blackface.
Khuon also wants to bring race to the table in his role as head of the Intendantengruppe (theatre director’s group) in the Bühnenverein (German Stage Association). At the Haus der Berliner Festspiele, more ethnic contrast than ever was at this year’s Theatertreffen in May with Milo Rau’s Hate Radio about the Rwandan genocide with five Rwandan/Belgian actors and Ein Volksfeind, directed by Lukas Langhoff and starring the black actor Falilou Seck.
The question is, will such efforts be enough – or would political interventions such as a quota system be more effective? Reactions to the idea are mixed. “Germany is not as ethnically diverse as other countries, but it is becoming more globalised,” says Khuon. Multiculturalism remains an unclear concept, and Germans “are still learning that this idea of a pure culture doesn’t exist, nor did it ever, and that it would be terrible if it did.” According to Khuon, this means issues of racism and multi-ethnicity have to be addressed faster, which quotas at theatres could encourage.
“Quotas may make sense at the educational level,” says Kulaoğlu. “But it’s the individual that counts. Otherwise, there is a danger that you have some quota Turkish guy who’s actually whiter than snow. A look at politics will suffice to prove that.” Label Noir suggests that cultural governing bodies and steering committees would be a prerequisite and a good starting point.
Everyone seems to agree that in the battle between artistic freedom and political correctness, there should be a productive creative middle way. When it comes to race, theatre makers need to become more aware that artistic license does not exist in a political vacuum. “But we cannot be politically correct about issues like racism and check them off lists like duties,” says Khuon. “They have to move us emotionally.”
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Learn New Zealand Sign Language with Eddie
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This article is from The Catechetical Review (Online Edition ISSN 2379-6324) and may be copied for catechetical purposes only. It may not be reprinted in another published work without the permission of The Catechetical Review by contacting firstname.lastname@example.org
The Spiritual Life: Saint Elizabeth of the Trinity and Contemplative Prayer, Part 2
Adoration: Losing Self, Finding Peace This article is the second in a three part series on the spiritual mission of St. Elizabeth of the Trinity for our time. We are arguing that contemplation of the Triune God can heal the wounds of social alienation that so profoundly mark the experience of believers today and, more than this, offers a fullness of Christian living no other kind of prayer can match. In our last article, we distinguished St. Elizabeth’s confidence in presenting a contemplative approach to the Trinity in contradistinction to the tentativeness that often comes through the preaching of those who do not share a deep devotion to the Divine Persons. In this article, we will further explore St. Elizabeth’s devotion to the Trinity by reflecting on her understanding of adoration as an oblative reality characterized by peace and a distinctly Christian understanding of self-forgetfulness. St. Elizabeth of the Trinity contemplates the Trinity as a mystery in which one can both “lose” and “forget” one’s own self. She does not explicitly refer to Christ’s observation that whoever loses his life for the sake of Christ will gain it forever (Mt 16:25). Yet she approaches the Divine Persons, asking for the grace to completely “lose” herself so that she might be established in peace, and sees the immensity of God as evoking self-forgetfulness and complete surrender to his love. A severe spiritual trial during her novitiate helped forge this devotion. Her prioress and novice mistress, newly appointed thirty-one year old Mother Germaine, describes Saint Elizabeth struggling with “shadows of a dark night,” including “interior disturbances, spiritual pain, and strange phantoms.” Such an observation is entirely consistent with Carmelite tradition. In his commentary, Dark Night, St. John of the Cross argues that such testing is necessary to dispose the soul to perfect union with God, and even more, that this union is already being affected during the trials when he seems so absent. In Spiritual Canticle, St. John of the Cross makes even more explicit that this is a spiritual battle against the devil. Suffering the dark shadows of this spiritual trial in contemplative prayer, according to this wisdom, would prepare Saint Elizabeth for a profound and fruitful union with Christ, the Bridegroom.
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The inauguration ceremony the 46th President of the United States of America was marked with great joy and celebration despite A scaled-down ceremony due to covid 19 pandemic and the most secure ceremony in history.
This is democracy day this is America’s day we must confront white supremacy and domestic terrorism we must protect the truth and refuse lies. We will lead not by the power of our example but by the example of our power. I will always level with you. Politics doesn’t have to be a raging fire that destroys everything in its path. It’s time to put politics aside and confront the pandemic my soul will be inputting this country back together, ” Biden said in his inauguration address to the people.
The level of diversity in attendance was one to be applauded. The crowd includes African American, latino American country music singers and even a poet. We were lucky to be graced with the presence of three former presidents; George Bush, Bill Clinton and Barrack Obama and Former vice president Mike Pense. The occasion was marked With performance from, Lady Gaga, singing the national anthem to Jenifer Lopez singing a song paying homage to the country to Amanda Gorman the American poet and finally. Singing Amazing Grace.
This was a case of Joe Biden meeting the moment after what happened two weeks at the capital hill. He leads the country in a silent prayer for the victims of Covid 19. Biden is going to do better because he reached out to the opposition and the opposition needs to be reached out to and appealed to. Stating the need to find a positive way to move forward as a country. There is hope that Joe Biden will be different from the former president.
The new president has vowed to hit the ground running with executive orders to overturn most of what the previous administration did. What we wait to see is whether he going to make any headway with the senate because the Republicans and Democrats have equal numbers in the senate. whether he will be a practical or philosophical leader is something we wait to see.
Even as Joe Biden starts his administration Covid 19 is the biggest issue that needs to be addressed immediately other issues coming secondary. President Joe Biden has an opposite point of view as compared to the former president Trump, while Trump was painting a rosy picture saying we might see the virus going down. Joe Biden is practical saying we are headed to the toughest time and we may see the Covid 19 numbers go up thus we may see him work harder towards the fight of covid 19. To be clear and be bold he needs to make practical changes in the next 100 days.
Vice President Kamala Harris, who is the first woman and the first woman of colour to serve in the role, in the history of the United States, also took the oath of office and went ahead to swear in the Rev. Raphael Warnock, Jon Ossoff and Alex Padilla as U.S. senators. A prime-time event, hosted by Tom Hanks, commemorated the new administration and featured an array of stars.
There is a lot of work to be done by this new administration coming in. From regaining alienated Us allies to rejoining the Paris Agreement Deal, restructuring response to the Covid 19 virus. America is prepared to be multilateral again. The Senate confirmed Avril Haines as intelligence director, Biden’s first and only Cabinet official to be approved on Day 1. Jen Psaki, Biden’s new press secretary, pledges to bring ‘truth and transparency back.’
There was an official hand over of Twitter accounts to the newly sworn-in President and Vice President of the United States. We were able to see the newly elected leaders us their official Twitter account. One journalist even said, “This day feels like the relief boat showing up in the lord of flies”.
He then headed to the Arlington National Cemetery to honour Military members with the former president including president Bush Clinton and Obama.
‘America is back’:President Moon Jae-in of South Korea wrote in a Twitter thread addressed to Mr Biden. Foreign leaders reacted to Biden’s inauguration. President Biden received messages from the leaders of several foreign countries. As the inauguration unfolded in Washington on Wednesday, friends and foes around the world congratulated President Biden and, in some cases, expressed open relief that the Trump administration had ended. Iran, a sworn enemy of the United States, also celebrated Mr Biden’s ascension, but as a testament to the Islamic theocracy’s resilience in the face of hostility from the Trump administration.
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A guy working on our roof said, “I see a hundred ducks down there.” He is a hunter of ducks.
So are prowling coyote and the peregrine falcon, aka duck hawk, looking over the pond from a perch in the oak tree. I’ve seen feathery remains under that tree. No wonder the ducks are so skittish.
As I approach them this morning, the sun is not yet up. Their patch of water remains open though it is twelve below zero. The marsh grass is coated with frost and I am out here with bare hands on my camera, trying to record the winter white. As usual, the black ducks and mallards sense the presence of me and my dog and rise into the air en masse.
Some birds angle gradually out of the water. But these are dabbler ducks. Nature artist Roger Tory Peterson noted, “When they fly they do not skitter or patter like heavily laden seaplanes taking off, the way diving ducks do, but spring straight into the air, then level off.” To see more pictures of ducks and hear their quacks, click http://artisanpeace.wordpress.com/2014/02/02/wings-of-winter/.
Someone from a warmer state asked if all the animals here die in the winter. This year, it seems like a fair question! It has been exceptionally cold in Illinois and the entire Midwest. How do the ducks survive? Whether in Central Park or our prairie wetlands, they can stay for the winter as long as they have open water and access to water plants for food.
For starters, they wear the same insulation I have in my coat: feathers. Down can keep them warm to temperatures well below zero. With their fat reserves and high metabolism, they can maintain an average body temperature of 105 degrees Fahrenheit. Like us, they can shiver if they must.
Their scaly feet have specialized circulation that keeps them from freezing. Ducks are also smart enough to take advantage of solar energy, turning their broadest surface–their backs–toward the sun. Also, with their hair-trigger reaction to movement, they definitely get enough exercise to keep themselves warm!
We watch the birds arc to the east and then, noticing that the dog is lifting a paw in discomfort from the cold, we head for home. Judging from the groundhog’s reaction yesterday, we have more than enough time in the weeks ahead to learn about winter survival.
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Tuna mercury poisoning is real. Too much tuna can cause Mercury Poisoning that will make you lose balance, leads to chest pains and also can kill you!
Tuna giving mercury poisoning.
The message warns people of eating too much Tuna fish, that it will cause mercury poisoning and lead to health complications like losing balance, chest pain and even death in long-term. Yes, it is a fact that certain types of Tuna fish are associated with risks of mercury poisoning, but not all of them, in moderate consumption are a deadly concern.
Mercury Poisoning, also called Mercurialism or Hydrargyria is a disease that happens when exposed to mercury or its compounds. It is a known fact that Mercury is a heavy metal that occurs in various forms, all of which can produce toxic effects in high enough doses. The toxic effects of mercury poisoning include damage to the brain, kidney, and lungs. General symptoms of the disease include itching and burning pain, skin discoloration and shedding, swelling, sensory impairment (vision, hearing, speech) and lack of coordination. Exposure to large doses of toxic mercuric compounds like Mercuric cyanide at one time can lead to sudden death as well.
Mercury Poisoning through Fish
The mercury compound that concerns poisoning through Fish is Methylmercury, which is in fact the major source of organic mercury for all individuals. Mercury is released into the environment as a pollutant from factories and other industrial settings, which ends up in streams and oceans, where bacteria present in the water turn it into methylmercury. This bio-accumulation of methylmercury develops into high concentrations among some species like fish and then reaches humans.
Fishes absorb this mercury into their bodies from the polluted waters, the larger the fish, more is the risk. This is also because larger fish eat smaller mercury-containing fish. Because of this health concern, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recommended people to avoid consuming large fish like shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish.
Mercury concerns about Tuna Fish
The two most common types of Tuna fish that come in canned form are Albacore (white) Tuna and Skipjack (light) Tuna. Light tuna is smaller in size and contains significantly less mercury than white tuna. Therefore, EPA recommends that it is safe to eat up to 12 ounces of light tuna per week, or 6 ounces of white tuna per week.
It is to be noted that Canned Albacore Tuna, Yellowfin Tuna and Bigeye Tuna (Ahi) fishes have higher levels of mercury and must be avoided. To know mercury levels in other types of fish and their safety of consumption, please refer to the Natural Resources Defense Council guide here.
It is also important to note that most of the warnings pertaining to mercury poisoning are targeted to young children and pregnant women. This is because exposure to mercury during the development stage can cause mental retardation or physical disabilities.
Hoax or Fact:
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Equality and accountability.
Humanistic ethical values:
The emergence of one’s own human identity and authenticity.
Non-violence and respect for oneself and others by developing collaborative relationships as well as mutual help and co-operation aimed at breaking down male social isolation.
Pacifism in social relations by modifying attitudes involving control and conflict.
Belief in people’s ability to move beyond stereotypes by questioning male roles and the way in which males are socialized.
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My teaching approach:50 years experience, 20 years performance, teach as vocation. Real fundamentals with results that keep the student hungry and satisfied at the same time. My influences are:Hendrix, Kottke, Parkening, Gilmour, Segovia, Scruggs, Atkins, Howe,My guitar lessons take place in:The teacher's studio or the student's homeGuitar lessons typically take place on these days and hours:Anytime.Guitar Techniques:Rhythm guitar, Open tuning, Fingerstyle, Vocal Accompaniment, Performance, Improvisation, Reading Music, Music Theory, Scales and Exercises, Song Writing, Guidance In Equipment SelectionYour first guitar lesson with me might include the following:Make friends. Demonstrate that I know how to play one of these things. Watch his reaction to what I play, see what catches his ear. See if he has any experience and what it says about his interests.A guitar lesson with me might entail the following:First lesson is always diagnoses. Where is the student, where does he want to go. How fast can he go. Build a course for THAT student.The qualities I look for in an ideal guitar student might include the following:I look for a love of music. A yearning to find that sound that is in their heads.
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|Santiago, December 26, 2000.|
Undersecretary of Telecommunications
Since 1987, the University of Chile, through its NIC Chile project, provides the national Internet community with the service of the .CL Domain Name Registry. The delegation of this function by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) was a recognition of the pioneering role of this university, which was the first in Chile to connect to the international computer networks.
For more than ten years, NIC Chile offered this service free of charge to the community, and nowadays it has established itself as one of the best NICs in the world. Among its achievements, we can mention:
As part of this process of development and consolidation, we are pleased to inform you, and the Supreme Government, that ICANN and NIC Chile are beginning the process of opening negotiations, aimed at establishing a formal contractual relationship between the two entities. These negotiations could lead to Chile being one of the first countries whose domain name administrator has agreed on a Memorandum of Understanding with ICANN, a first step for a formal contract.
The establishment of this kind of contracts between ICANN and the NICs of the world will help guarantee the stability of this key component of Internet infrastructure, setting clear rules that will allow the NICs make the necessary investments for their growth. On the other hand, it will provide ICANN with a source of funding, through the contributions that the NICs will make, and it will let ICANN advance in the process of complete transfer of authority over the "root" zone of the Domain Name System.
We trust that this new step in the development of the infrastructure of the Internet will please the Government and, as always, we will be thankful for any comment or suggestion that will allow us to improve this or other aspects of our job.
Si ya posee cuenta en el nuevo sistema:
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If you want a career in internet marketing, then you probably know some tips can be a big help in getting you started in this field. The following article will help you on your way to a successful career in affiliate promotion.
You must make sure that you and your affiliate program are not abuse this function. You can end up annoying your visitor.The most negative consequences being viruses or interference with tracking chains.
When you start out in affiliate promotion, you need to find affiliates that will give you products to sell. You will gain many different income streams by signing up with a wide range of affiliate networks. Research affiliates and only accept the ones you are comfortable with them before accepting them.
Try advertising through multiple programs that have the same target audience. You can provide your visitors and more links if they have plenty of links.
A lot of affiliates will get tasks to be completed. Save yourself time by referring to your document.
You should choose an affiliate that has a lot of different options when it comes to getting your payments.
When someone lands on your site to find out about sports, they are ready to hear things about sports. Only a sports-related link would benefit your affiliate sites that are related to the products you market. Your readers will tend to click on a link that closely relates to the rest of your website.
Carefully research any products you are considering linking to before you place any links on your page. It is crucial to strategically place your affiliate links in order to ensure profitability.
You need to be well educated in the field of affiliate marketing before you can be successful with it.You need to push your website is ranked highly by search engines. This can garner more valuable links and you get better affiliate links.
You must know the people who your site to be successful with web marketing. You should aim to please your readers’ needs. Try to figure out what makes them visit your site. What is something they could be looking for online?
Be honest about your affiliates with your readers when it comes to online marketing. Being honest shows that they can trust you.
Do not depend on just a couple of partners in your affiliate promotion. Have a wide array of vendors and products. This diversification will allow you to stop selling something that is not profitable anymore and look for you. If you think you could advertise more products than you currently are, you need to take on more products.
Try using pop-under ads instead of pop-up advertising. In addition, because of pop-up blockers, so you are essentially wasting your time and money because many of your visitors don’t even see them.Research shows that these new pop under ads have a response rate.
You have to stay relevant if you desire to gain success in affiliate marketing efforts are successful. Make sure to keep yourself current on any changes that affiliate programs you always know what your affiliates have to offer your customers. There are always new tools added to affiliate programs in order to increase usability and make ads more interesting for readers.
Affiliate marketers should try their customers. You want your links that do not directly mention the content. You want your customers to get the impression that you are closely connected to the product you are selling.
Make sure that you will get commissions on all the sales offered by an affiliate company before joining one. Is it possible to keep track of affiliate-driven purchases as well as orders placed by phone, including online, and fax? Make sure that you get the revenue that you deserve!
Never let yourself become complacent with the affiliate promotion success you’ve achieved! Always push for even greater things. The most important thing is for you to keep work going.
Try selling something popular instead of something that have already proven their popularity rather than attempting to force a new product. It is common for people to avoid pursuing certain groups in internet marketing with popular products because competition can be harsh. It is easier to persuade visitors to your site to buy things if you are selling a proven niche. All you have to do is discover a unique marketing spin that makes you stand out from the crowd.
Join an online affiliate promotion communities to share tips and tricks and learn new strategies. There are a lot of forums where you can get together to share ideas and help each other.
Both front and back-end sales are very important parts of a successful web marketing. You should receive a commission on sales that result from referrals you have made. Get what you deserve by signing with companies that give you a portion of back-end sales.
Creating a website can help you increase sales. Using good SEO techniques can also attract affiliates who may not be familiar with your product.
You can offer your customers the opportunity to become part of your web marketing network. Customers who regularly buy your products are more likely to become affiliates if they wish. You can turn a single sale into thousands if you have a client that wants to become an affiliate. This can improve your profits as well as improving your site’s visibility.
By now you will have realized just how profitable affiliate promotion will be. By utilizing these tips, you can go from being a newbie to an expert on affiliate marketing.
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Heating water to create steam with solar power
The XCPC Solar Thermal Solution
Achieves temperatures in excess of 200 Degrees C at more than 50% efficiency (the percentage of incident solar radiation converted to useful heat energy) which current market incumbents cannot approach without tracking.
Maintains efficiency even at high operating temperatures. Flat plate and other evacuated tube collectors exhibit good efficiency at lower temperatures but heat losses mean that their effectiveness falls off rapidly beginning at 80-100 Degrees C/176-212 Degrees F.
Is a low-profile, roof or ground mountable system, combining aesthetics and practicability. The other technologies are high profile (up to 20ft) and thus require large land areas to be effective.
Is non-tracking, i.e., has no moving parts. All other roof-top systems that can achieve these temperatures use tracking mechanisms that require expensive and ongoing maintenance. The XCPC is ready for the commercial market and is made with pride in Jacksonville, FL, USA by a Veteran Owned Small Business.
The XCPC is a patented Non-Imaging Concentrating Collector (NICC) Artic Solar’s unique non-imaging optics of the east/west reflector is tuned to the collector to ensure maximum absorption of solar energy, maintaining peak energy generation even at an exceedingly wide angle of acceptance. This results in a concentration ratio of 1.4, meaning the absorber collects 40% more radiation without costly tracking systems. The XCPC’s simple and smart design, including such features as integrated fluid channels and an integrated mounting system, reduces component materials and costs. Altogether, our system provides the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE) in the solar energy industry today.
Uses for this technology
Pasteurization, and sterilization
Extraction processes for the oil and gas industry
Gross Area: 2.7 m2 – 29.05 ft 2 Aperture Area: 2.41 m2 – 25.92 ft 2 Length: 2208 mm – 86.91 Inches Width: 1220.63 mm – 48 1/16th Inches Height: 295 mm – 11.6 inches Weight: Dry 37.29kg – 82.2 lbs. Wet 39.29kg – 86.61lbs. Fluid volume 2 liters – 0.53 gallons Reflector Geometric Concentration Ratio: 1.49X Outside Diameter of Absorber Riser Tube: 8mm outer diameter, Thickness of Absorber Riser Tube: 0.75mm Absorber Fin Thickness: 0.12mm thick copper fin Absorber area: (272mm X 1850mm)/1,000,000, 0.503m2 absorber area per tube, X 3 = 1.51 m2 /collector Flow Pattern: Single U-bend flow tube per Absorber tube assembly Number of Absorber Tube runs: 3 for each collector Center to Center of riser tube runs: 406.4 mm – 16.0 inches Number of risers: 3 per collector Outside Diameter of absorber riser: 8mm Thickness of absorber riser tube: .75mm Absorber to fin connection: Continuous ultrasonic welding Absorber fin thickness: .12mm Solar absorption, αsol: 0.95 ± 0.02 Thermal emission, ε100 °C: 0.05 ± 0.02 Recommended Flow Rate 0.87 gpm – 3.29liter/minute (1.0 gpm maximum)
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For a very abstruse evolutionary anthropological paper, it got pretty sensational coverage:
Modern humans and Neanderthals had sex across the species barrier, according to a leading geneticist who is overseeing a project to compare their genomes.Of course the operative phrase - from the media viewpoint - is "had sex". And to be sure that is one quick and easy explanation for what produced the evidence in question. Plus it got enough attention to show up my blog, as well.
Professor Svante Paabo, director of genetics at the renowned Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, will shortly publish his analysis of the entire Neanderthal genome, using DNA retrieved from fossils. He aims to compare it with the genomes of modern humans and chimpanzees to work out the ancestry of all three species.Modern humans arrived in Europe from Africa about 40,000 years ago to find Neanderthals already living there. The two species then co-existed for 10,000-12,000 years before Neanderthals died out — a fact that has caused endless academic speculation about whether they interbred. [More]
But maybe there are slightly more prosaic ways this could happen.
That's not to say that the hybridization hypothesis is without merit. Indeed, the authors did a damned good job presenting their case, and their reasoning is sound. The point I'm making is that sex isn't the only option. And if hybridization did occur to the extent they predict, we're likely to find more hints at its existence. Analyzing the DNA of some of the suspected hybrid fossils, for example, might settle it once and for all. Or we may never know if the gene variants that are similar between Eurasians and Neandertals are due to sex, selection, or substructure. Time may have simply destroyed too much of the evidence for us to be sure.In order to crowd out Lawrence Taylor, the hung Parliament, the BP spill, and "WTF" Thursday at the NYSE, a researcher better have something more than "early humans show mysterious genomic clues".
What is certain is that sex sells, which is why the only thing the media is talking about when it comes to this paper is that ancient people may have shagged their evolutionary siblings. It's just so damned frustrating because the sexual exploits of early humans is only the tiniest piece of this huge discovery. Oh, the things we may learn from this genome about our own evolution, and our closest relatives! Whether we had sex with Neandertals or not, the work this team has done will change forever our understanding of hominid evolutionary history. The impact this genome will have on the science of human evolution is huge. The breakthrough science, the future implications of this work - that's what the media should be talking about - not ancient sex scandals. [More]
Sex sells. Period.
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As we all spend more time at home, and inevitably, online and on social media, during the coronavirus pandemic, it’s just as important as ever to be on the lookout for scams and fraudulent behavior.
While it’s our hope that most people are acting toward the greater good, there are always a few people who look to take advantage of others during a crisis. There’s no reason to panic, but we do ask you to be alert for any emails, websites, or apps that seem suspicious.
You may notice a number of emails and websites promising vital information about keeping people safe from the coronavirus; unfortunately, many of these are scams that are pushing malware, ransomware and misinformation. They may also be attempting to steal passwords and personal information.
One of the most recent coronavirus hoaxes is an Android App called COVID19 Tracker App. This app claims it can provide access to a map that shows real-time virus-tracking as well as important information such as statistics and heat maps when in reality, the app is infected with ransomware.
We also encourage you to be on the lookout for new phishing scams. An example of this is an email that went out to college students posing as official communication from their university, offering bogus updates about closures and other coronavirus-related news. Another variation of this type of email scam will appear to come from employers and target employees who are working from home, providing fake links to vendor login screens that will capture user’s credentials.
Coupon scams are also rampant during times of crisis. For example, a recent offer promising a $100 gift card toward Starbucks turned out to be fraudulent. If it seems too good to be true, it probably is.
Most importantly, please be careful of any website or individuals advertising sales of medical supplies, as they are most likely online shopping scams. Once your banking information is entered, the products you ordered would not only not arrive, but your account information would be compromised.
Snopes.com recently reported a scam in which fraudsters impersonated Red Cross volunteers in an attempt to victimize worried individuals. These individuals claimed that they were working for Red Cross and were offering COVID-19 home tests door-to-door. They were then able to charge their victims for a service that they never administered.
Beyond this, hundreds of website domains have recently popped up promising home testing for the coronavirus. As of now, there are no official home tests for the virus.
To keep yourself and your information safe, always be skeptical of emails and websites that purport to provide information or goods related to the ongoing pandemic. If you are working remotely, always connect to a secured wireless network, and ensure that your home network passwords are long and cannot be easily guessed.
Good luck, and stay safe!
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CCMAR on board of Iberian scientific campaign on acidification of marine organisms
This cruise establishes the bases for the investigation of the potential effects of ocean acidification on carbonate marine organisms (coccolithophores, pteropods, planktonic and benthic foraminifera, and corals) along the Iberian coast.
On board there will be collect multi-samples from the water column, plankton, corals and sediments to evaluate, for the first time along the Iberian margin, the acidification effects into the entire water column for the pre / post-industrial transition.
For that, oceanographic data and water, plankton, cold-water corals, and sediment samples will be collect during an upwelling season, along two transects coinciding with the two prominent upwelling filaments of the Iberia coast: the Cape Finisterra and Estremadura Spur filaments.
This study will focus on seawater pH variations in this seasonal coastal upwelling region during the pre- and post-industrial transition (centennial-to-decade time resolution) and interglacial/ glacial climatic cycles.
The expected results of this cruise will allow to compare variations at different time-scales and under different forcings (natural vs. anthropogenic), and to estimate the amplitude of future changes in the ocean in terms of CO2.
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How many Grams is in an Ounce | Check Grams to OZ for Gold, Silver, Cannabis, Weed and for Food products…
Grams and Ounce are most used terms when you’re cooking, buying gold, buying silver and other regular items. The conversation of Gram to ounce does differ from a lot of terms.
As well in most dry and liquid ingredients in the supermarkets, these grams and ounces may seen. The conversation is very much important to know, how much quantity in terms added or how much exact quantity of grams to add.
It is well required to know the difference between a Gram and Ounce, when may used for cooking or while weighing. It is quite better to know about the conversation, so that you’re better aware of its exact usage.
How many Grams in One Ounce
The conversation of Grams to Ounce does need the exact area of being used. As the ounc does differ in gram when compared form the United States or the United Kingdom. Thus, based on area and the practice, the conversation of Gram into Ounc will be classified. You may check using the google link.
Grams in one Ounce of Cannabis
The Fondly which is well-known as Weed legitimately sold to terminate terminal disease such as cancer. These items generally sold in terms of ounc or pound or in grams. As per conversation, an ounc in weed is equal to 28.3 gram. This means that in Weed, an ounc is exactly equal to 28.35 gram.
Gms in One Ounce of Gold
It is quite well known that Gold is one product which sold and bought all over the world. The weight of gold always weighed in terms of grams only. Thus, one Ounc in Gold will be equal to 31.1 gram. Thus 31.1 gram makes one Ounc particle in gold.
Gms in One Ounce of Silver
Silver measured in grams and kilograms which is based on the quantity. In general, the quantity of silver always measured in Grams, which means that 31.1 gram does make one ounc in silver.
Grams in One Ounce of Food
Cooking is one of the important tasks and having added the ingredient in it is also a big effort. Exact quantities of ingredients must be added in food which are always measured in grams all over the world. In general, 28.35 grams makes one Ounce in Food. Thus, based on these conversations, the ingredients must be added in food.
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It’s been a very full-on time at the Digital Summit 2.0 over the past two days – here are some random thoughts from my notes taken during the addresses from just some of the speakers who captured my attention…
Sean McDougall, founder of Stakeholder Design in the UK, spoke to us via high definition video conference, his theme: “Life-long learning, the danger of the classroom”
- the systems of the classroom haven’t changed a lot since the time they were first established
- successful products create t heir own value death (from Intel senior exec.)
- shared from his experiences with Project Faraday, simple robots made of paper cups, felt pens and a small electric motor!
- The three qualities required by designers: (a)Insight, (b) Irreverence, and (c) Tenacity
- We have three options about how we choose to deal with participation in the online/web2.0 world; (a) as a visitor, (b) as a migrant, or (c) as an explorer
- “ICT should be boringly effective”
Bernard Hickey, head of digital at Fairfax Media pointed out that being difital is changing everything we do – including our interactions with the media. He provided some wonderful examples of the way that Web2.0 technologies are transforming the way in which media is created and consumed, citing the example of OhMyNews, a Korean online newspaper with the motto “Every Citizen is a Reporter”. He quoted this paper as now having in excess of 36,000 citizen journalists who not only contribute the stories, but also decide on what will go on the front page each day!
- The future is not to predict but to design”
- Innovation comes from:
- a clash of cultures
- clash of disciplines
- clash of ways of doing things
- high tolerance of failure
- Deterrants of innovation include”
- walls and buildings
- funding streams
- measures of success
- middle level management (because they tend to be risk averse and suppress innovation)
A great bunch of GenY young people in their early 20s…
- websites are so ‘yesterday’
- sitting in your bedroom alone use to be considered anti-social, now, not being available online at any time of day is considered anti-social
- word of mouse is far more effective than word of mouth for getting your message out there!
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I’m working on a writing report and need a sample draft to help me understand better.
The purpose of this assignment is for you to critically examine your own position in the society and reflecton how your different identities impact your experiences. You will be submitting a video recording forthis assignment. Please see below for detailed instructions.Assignment(1) Select TWO different identities that are important to you. Example identities include but are notlimited to: sexual orientation, religion, (dis)ability, gender, language, social class, education, health,race, ethnicity, age, nationality/place of birth, etc.(2) Thinking about the two identities you selected, please discuss: one advantage and one challenge you have experienced because of these identities.Society affords us advantages because of certain identities we have, and other identitiesare discriminated against. Please discuss which of your two identities provides you withadvantages and why, and which one of your identities has been a source of challenge foryou. how these two personal identities influence how you think about children and families.Only reflect on the identities that you believe play a role in how you think about families.Remember that the goal of this exercise is to consider how your social positions impactyour experiences. You must discuss BOTH identities and how they play a role in your vie
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Montgomery County reported an additional death related to COVID-19, according to a daily case count from the county's health department. A woman in her 60s from Conroe died in the hospital. A report on comorbidities, or presence of two or more diseases, is not yet available.
The Montgomery County Public Health District did not release a case count Aug. 27. Since Aug. 26, total cases increased by 65 to 8,580. This the lowest number of new cases reported since Aug. 6, and it was spread over two days. The MCPHD is continuing to process cases that were reported to the Department of State Health Services directly by health care providers and entered into the National Electronic Disease Surveillance System. Out of the 65 new total cases since the Aug. 26 report, 12 from the NEDSS system tested positive in June.
Active cases increased by seven since Aug. 26, reaching 1,326.
Thirty-seven residents are known to be in the hospital compared to 35 from Aug. 26, and 5,913 people have reportedly recovered.
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Printable June 2022 Calendar With Holidays Template Ink22m30 is the latest worksheet that you can find. This worksheet was uploaded on June 28, 2022 by admin in June.
Regardless of what customs and country you originate from, no person understands what is the actual significance associated with the phrase "blossom show". Even so, what exactly is crystal clear is the fact that generally in most places worldwide, this word means blossoms over the past few days of summer. There are a few other parts of the globe the location where the word "plants" is interpreted for being just about any eco-friendly expansion throughout the summer season. By way of example, in Africa, it implies that the vegetation commence expanding inside the calendar month of July and bloom over the past week of August. In Asian countries, the month of June can also be enough time of your blossom demonstrate.
Printable June 2022 Calendar With Holidays Template Ink22m30 in your computer by clicking the image and Download it by size. Don't forget to rate and comment if you like this worksheet.
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Lighting up the Darkness
Events such as Storm Arwen and the associated loss of electricity and water can have you digging deep – not just to find inner levels of resilience but digging deep in cupboards and drawers to find torches, candles and other useful things. It was during just such a search that Sheena and Donnie found a rather special box of candles. Not only were they manufactured By Appointment to Her Majesty, but these Price’s candles cost 2 shillings and 6 pence (12.5p in decimal money) and were purchased at McKerchar and MacNaughton in Aberfeldy.
The fact they were priced in pre-decimal currency means they must have been bought before 1971 – making them at least 50 years old!
Sheena thinks they came from Nick and Jim’s house, when it was cleared, but as they pre-date Nick and Jim coming to Fearnan, they must either have been in the house when they bought it, or possibly come from the Thrift Shop. (Nick and Jim volunteered in the Thrift Shop on a regular basis.)
It’s quite something that this box of candles had never been opened, given the number of power cuts there have been in the last 50 years – to say nothing of the 1973 three-day week during the Miners’ Strike and the mass blackouts around the country (hands up if you remember that!). But they’ve been used now – called into service by Storm Arwen!
Telling Stories – The Witches of Drummond Hill
There’s no shortage of old folk tales from this area and usually they come to us either by having been handed down as part of our oral history, or by having been found in dusty archives by researchers. But these days, it’s not surprising to find they arrive via Facebook.
The following appeared recently on the Scotland’s Scenery FB page, authored by one Andy Vale;
“Well, I was walking up Drummond Hill near Kenmore and I bumped into a local old man (80s+). He was dressed in a long black trench coat, black hat and had a twisted wooden walking pole. We spoke, and he told me to look out for the Witches’ Trees and that if I followed a certain path, I would be watched by these Witches as I passed by.
Apparently, a local coven of Witches had been cursed and turned into gnarly old trees. For most of the year they can’t move and are only able to watch jealously those who are walking freely. However, if you stop and look at them, they will remember you and, on the days they are released from their spell, they re-gather in their Coven and seek vengeance on those who have gazed upon them.
The old man told me a poem, but I can only recall the first and last lines, something like:
The witches’ trees of Drummond Hill As you pass by, they wish you ill. So ne’er stop and ne’er stand still By the witches’ trees of Drummond Hill.
I have to be honest my skin tingled, and the hairs stood up on the back of my neck when I walked by the trees. And yes, I stopped, I looked and took the pictures!“
Andy even provided pictures and a map, so you can go and test your own nerves – it’s not far. However, should you, like Andy, be worried about the witches’ vengeance, be assured that a small twig of rowan wrapped in red thread will see them off.
Many thanks to Tim and Dan for passing it on to The Blog.
Storm Arwen Compensation Payments
Following the power outages caused by Storm Arwen, those households that qualify for a compensation payment from SSEN (i.e. loss of power for 48 hours or more) will be pleased to hear that SSEN has announced a 20% enhancement on the statutory payment that the regulator Ofgem requires them to make to consumers. This means that customers who were without power for 48 hours will receive £84 and those who were without electricity for longer than 48 hours will receive an additional £84 for each 12-hour period that they did not have power. SSEN will issue the payments to customers automatically by cheque.
You can check out the details here: https://www.ssen.co.uk/storm-arwen-compensation/
Fearnan Village Hall: Yoga Classes Starting 7th January
Emma Burtles, an experienced yoga teacher will lead a regular yoga class in Fearnan Village Hall on Friday mornings, starting at 10.15am and finishing at 11.30am. New members are invited to join the class which is transferring from The Big Shed at Tombreck. Yoga experience is not essential, and Beginners are welcome.
As Covid-19 restrictions continue to apply, ideally you should bring your own mat or rug, but equipment can be provided.
The class is run on a sessional, pay-as-you-attend basis and so if you can’t come on a particular Friday, you don’t need to pay. The charge per class is £7/person.
To sign up for classes or for further information, please contact Ros Grant by email email@example.com or mobile 07802 874 867.
Fearnan Book Club Review
The seasonal choice of book for our last review of the year was The Snow Child by Eowyn Ivey, described as a fairy tale for adults. It was a well-written former Pulitzer Prize finalist that took its inspiration from a Russian fairy tale where a snow girl came alive. It was set in Alaska in the 1920’s and well suited to this time of the year. The descriptions of the harsh Alaskan wilderness and the cold, snowy landscapes were so clearly and vividly portrayed that you could almost feel the cold.
One of the group, reading it by candlelight during the power cut, said it made her feel even colder! This was in stark contrast to one of our previous books ‘The Dry’ which was set in the scorching heat of the Australian outback. There were multiple themes to be explored and discussed e.g. grief, loss, hope, love, possession, joy, relationships and friendships etc.
An older couple Jack and Mabel had come to Alaska for a fresh start after the earlier loss of a child, a little boy. They are homesteaders, clearing land and hoping to farm it in order to claim the land as their own. The couple struggled with the harsh environment and, without supportive neighbours, would not have been able to go on. We agreed that you would want a neighbour like capable Esther who lived a busy, messy chaotic family life in sharp contrast to Jack and Mabel. We cared about the characters, feeling Mabel’s pain, loneliness and sadness and loving Esther’s ‘can do’ attitude. Jack’s anxieties and feelings of loss were also acknowledged and how less focus and understanding is given to men and their need to also explore their feelings.
After the first snowfall the couple build a girl out of snow and, the next morning, they glimpse a young blonde girl wearing the same scarf and mittens, running through the trees. Is she the snow girl come to life? This little girl Faina seems to be a child of the woods apparently surviving alone in the Alaskan wilderness, hunting with a red fox at her side. (Her spirit guide?) We enjoyed the ethereal writing describing Faina and the joy her presence brought to the couple as she grew up, giving them a purpose. However, was she real, supernatural, or a figment of their imagination? Cabin fever perhaps?
Following Faina through her world in the forest, we were enthralled by the detailed descriptions of the natural world particularly the animals and their habitats.
Mabel’s son later has a relationship with the grown up Faina and this results in a child, a little boy who is embraced in Jack and Mabel’s life.
The short chapters and few characters made it an easy book to read and even those of us who prefer plot driven texts, enjoyed the detailed descriptions and character development. A few felt the story, although well written, slowed down in the middle and some aspects were predictable
We spent time describing and interpreting the ending and agreed that the snow child could be anything you wanted her to be. Is she magical or flesh and blood? The author leaves it for the reader to decide. Some of us wanted logical explanations for events and confirmation of what was real and what wasn’t. It was agreed that Mabel came to terms with the loss of her own baby through Faina and her child becoming such a part of their lives. As Mabel’s sister asked “Are we not allowed to invent our own endings and choose joy over sorrow? “
Related to the theme of a snow child, one of our group, a professional cook, gave us the recipe for a perfect snowman, based on a university experiment.
Recipe for a perfect snowman.
You will need 3 perfect spheres of good quality snow:
Base 80cm, Middle 50cm, Head 30cm.
This golden ratio ensures stability as well as a strong base to support the structure. Spheres also melt more slowly increasing the life of your snow person.
At this time of year, the book group also nominates our favourite book of the past year. This year our responses were mixed and there was no clear favourite. However, the top four with two votes each were:
The Beekeeper of Aleppo by Christy Lefteri
10 Minutes 38 Seconds in this Strange World by Elie Shafak.
Away with the Penguins by Hazel Prior
The Snow Child by Eowyn Ivey
The book to be reviewed in January is Small Pleasures by Clare Chambers. This book has been Longlisted for the Woman’s Prize for fiction 2021 and has been Book of the Year for The Times, Daily Telegraph and other newspapers and magazines.
It’s 1957, in the suburbs of Southeast London Jean Swinney is a journalist on a local paper, trapped in a life of duty and disappointment from which there is no likelihood of escape. When a young woman, Gretchen Tilbury, contacts the paper to claim that her daughter is the result of a virgin birth, it is down to Jean to discover whether she is a miracle or a fraud. As the investigation turns her quiet life inside out, Jean is suddenly given an unexpected chance at friendship, love and – possibly – happiness. But there will, inevitably, be a price to pay.
Minutes of the Mclean Hall Committee Meeting, Thursday 25th November 2021
1. Rosalind Grant welcomed all to the meeting.
Present: Rosalind Grant (Chairperson), Karen Bennet (Treasurer), Elaine Melrose (Secretary), Tom Alexander (Trustee), Nicholas Grant, Jo Miller and Linda Milne.
2. Apologies: George Mitchell.
3. Minutes: The Minutes from the Business meeting at the AGM on 23rd August, which had been circulated, were approved.
4. Matters Arising:
4.1 Events in the Hall
Karen reported that bookings were recovering. This week there had been Bowls, Tai Chi, the Masons and the Hall Committee meeting. The Book Group meets in person monthly. Each group seemed to have developed their stance as regards to Covid security arrangements.
Ros intimated that there was a new group wishing to rent the Hall on a weekly basis. The Yoga class, which had been held previously in the Big Shed, was seeking a more central location on a bus route. The group was likely to consist of 8 people plus Emma Burtles, the teacher. Ros herself is a member of the group as is Angela. Some other members of the committee expressed an interest. The Big Shed stores equipment which could be lent out to the Yoga Class. However, it was thought prudent in the current situation with Covid to suggest that people should provide and bring their own mats. The Yoga Class would like to meet on a Friday morning from 10.15 – 11.30 am. Karen raised the fact Friday was previously the slot for the Table Tennis Group. Elaine confirmed that it was unlikely that this class would recommence in the near future.
All being well, the first Yoga Class will take place on Friday 7th January 2022.
Jo intimated that the Art Club was no longer active, although members met for coffee instead of art. She hoped to canvass people in the Spring in the hope that the club might reform. Karen suggested some taster sessions which would be free of charge for the Art Club.
Jo also proposed a Fringe Event in the Hall during Fortingall Art Exhibition. She was aware that Fortingall Art was oversubscribed with too many artists wishing to display their work. She had some ideas and thought that this type of event could raise money for the Hall, as it had done previously when there was an Art Exhibition/Craft Exhibition in the Hall.
The committee thought that this idea was worth exploring. Jo will arrange with Cindy Brooks from Fortingall Art to liaise with Karen.
4.2 Entrance Area Refurbishment
Steve Bennett has tidied up the outside area. Karen has still to liaise with Colin Menzies regarding an update on his previous estimate, given the changes being considered. The paving used in the refurbishment requires to be non-slip. Jenny Penfold had approached Karen regarding the possibility of a Recycling Area being created outside the Hall at the Bin area. To effect this, the Bin area would require to be a covered area for shelter with appropriate containers for the recycling items. Jenny expressed willingness to assist with the arrangements. Karen has already obtained a grant of £3500 towards the refurbishment but felt confident that she could attract further funding since recycling is very topical at present.
4.3 Thrift Shop
There was discussion about the feasibility of working in the Thrift Shop in 2022. Karen had entered the draw for Thrift Shop slots but recognised that we could cancel should that be the preference at the time. Rosalind commented on a Thrift shop shift that she had done this year with regard to Covid security and Elaine offered to enquire of a friend who has visited the Thrift Shop regularly since it opened this year.
5. Financial Update
At the end of October, there was £44,313.18 in the account, of which £36,000 is earmarked for the roof repairs. Karen pointed out that the electricity provider for the Hall, Bulb, had been placed in Special Administration. The Hall pays £63 per month and had built up a surplus which would be a winter buffer. However, the tariff is a business tariff which has gone up significantly. Karen had been trying the reduce unnecessary electricity use.
6. Update on Progress with Roof Repairs
Karen reported that the leak has been fixed. The buckets have been removed from the roof space and the hatch in the kitchen has now been closed. This should reduce heat loss. Karen produced a sample of the tape material used to tape the seams and the bolts. A coating was applied after the taping but, due to heavy rain, some of the coating flaked off. Skyform, the company doing the work, came to inspect the problem and decided to reapply the coating. Unfortunately, this coating proved to be a slightly different shade which made the overall look patchy. Skyform contacted Polyroof, the company supplying the product. The Polyroof representative came to inspect the site and decided that it would be better to recoat the whole roof for a more even finish. There is no timescale for this work and the guttering still has to be finished. If this is still weather dependent there are issues about the work being completed at this time of year. Karen intended to wait for 2 weeks and then contact Skyform about removing the scaffolding meantime.
She intended to withhold monies should the job not be finished and would not pay until the 15-year guarantee was provided.
Rosalind proposed a vote of thanks for all the work that Karen has done regarding the roof repairs, grant applications and finance.
7. Covid Secure Arrangements for the Hall
The chairperson intimated that the Hall committee had received communications from the Scottish Community Development Centre and Public Health Scotland, reiterating what we know about the arrangements to prevent the spread of Covid-19. She indicated that, although the leader of each group is required to take responsibility for Covid-19 arrangements in their own group, it was useful to have a reminder notice at various points in the Hall summarising the guidance.
Hall ventilation was discussed – several of the windows have been left on the latch and can be easily opened, if needed.
8. Publishing of Minutes on the Noticeboard and FVA Blog
There have been no adverse comments received. Elaine raised whether this should apply to all committee meetings as well as to the public meetings. Committee members agreed that there were no issues with publishing Committee Minutes.
9. Any other Business
There was none raised.
10. Date of Next Meeting
The next meeting will take place at the end of March/beginning of April and the date will be announced nearer the time.
And Finally ………………
You always know Christmas is on its way when Doug makes a seasonal sand sculpture, and here it is!
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The history of mankind shows that for as long as media existed so did advertisements. When the newspaper was a sensation the ads started there, slowly moving to radio, television, internet and now in social media and mobile applications. There is no doubting certain marketing strategy the big shot names implement to get their products or services to the masses. The reason why several good and catchy ads failed in the market is because of their timing. Not the timing of delivering the punch lines but they fail to reach the right audience. Another problem the marketing team would be facing will be to make the advertisement appealing to a wide range of crowd. In the present age, pleasing everyone is not a plausible idea. Personalized marketing schemes are the future but the problem arises in sorting and filtering these marketing schemes to the right individuals. That is where the field of cognitive computing triumphs. Analyzing the vast data of individual preferences from his daily routine, browsing data, social media presence and shopping carts and then personally filtering to his/her likes would surely be the ultimate form of marketing and surprisingly what cognitive computing is designed to do. The science that comes into play to perform this elaborate task is ‘Big Data Analysis’ and ‘Deep Learning Algorithms’; Two of the fundamental steps in cognitive computing. Such a machine can in practicality display the advertisements of the right firm at the right resting period of the individual after predicting his daily pattern with the data it has been given over collective time.
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Lakhs of Sabarimala pilgrims witness 'celestial light'
news Thursday, January 15, 2015 - 05:30
The News Minute | January 15, 2015 | 8.20 am IST Lakhs of pilgrims in Sabarimala Wednesday witnessed the "celestial light" and went delirious with joy as shouts of Swamiye Ayyapa reverberated all round this temple town. If there is one single event for which Sabarimala pilgrims wait patiently for hours together it is this light that appears thrice on the horizon and is popularly called "Makare Villeku". According to believers, sighting of the "celestial light" is auspicious and over the last few years, there has been a huge influx of pilgrims to witness it. Anxious pilgrims were waiting for this phenomenon at various points in the temple town that extends from the foothills and upwards to the temple located on top of a hill. Besides these areas, every inch of space in and around the neighbouring hills was also occupied. Following a stampede that killed 102 people four years ago, the Kerala government made elaborate arrangements by deploying close to 10,000 policemen. "We have been working to ensure maximum safety for the lakhs of pilgrims. Every aspect of security was taken care of and vantage positions were under the control of senior police officials," said Devasoms Minister V.S. Sivakumar. IANS
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Horse riding in Bodrum is a safari tour, the main part of which passes through the picturesque forest thicket, away from the city noise and dusty roads.
Horse riding in Bodrum - For a whole hour, you will be charged with positive emotions, get vivid impressions, enjoy the fresh air saturated with the scent of pine needles and eucalyptus, birdsong, and communicate with your four-legged partner. The tour program is suitable for both experienced riders and those who dare to sit in the saddle for the first time in their life.
Both fun and reward. Horseback riding in Bodrum will be more than just a pleasant and varied pastime. The benefits of horse riding have been known since the time of Hippocrates, and modern alternative medicine calls hippotherapy - a panacea for all diseases. Even simple communication with this amazing animal relieves stress, depression, nervous tension. Simple horseback riding or moderately active exercises help to maintain normal muscle tone, train the vestibular apparatus, improve blood circulation, especially in the pelvic organs, which is important for the beautiful half of humanity.
This is the only occupation to which all ages are submissive, and the list of contraindications is so small that it is limited only by the Private manifestation of an allergic reaction to the animal's fur, chronic diseases during their exacerbation, and the weight of the rider - up to 100 kg.
However, it should be noted that all this does not apply to professional training. Here, as in the well-known phrase: "Equestrianism cripples, and horseback riding heals." Iron horses can become an alternative to live horses - Quad bike safari in Bodrum is roaring motors, dust, drive, and extreme in one bottle. You can buy this excursion inexpensively and at a favorable price on our website.
You can ride horses in a small country equestrian club, to which you will be taken by a comfortable bus, included in the tour price. A professional trainer will give safety instructions, tell about the peculiarities of his wards, about the rules of conduct, being near the horse and while riding and will also be sure to give out protective equipment.
Of course, it is unrealistic to become a virtuoso horseman in a few hours, but to master elementary management skills is quiet. In addition, all farm animals are human-oriented, calm, and peaceful. They have undergone special training and understand their riders literally at a glance.
You can order horse riding in Bodrum Turkey both in the morning and in the second, in this case, a horse trip for two can become an unusual romantic date, in which a girl will feel like a princess, and a young man is the most, that neither is a real prince or knight. There is a restaurant on the territory of the ranch, having reserved a table, you can continue your fantastic evening with a candlelit dinner.
Need to know: the transfer from distant hotels it will be with a small surcharge/ there is also an optional program with horses on a two-hour tour in the mountains and then on the seashore.
Bodrum party boat, the foam, dance, disco party is a bright holiday that cannot be forgotten, because crazy dancing all night long, gorgeous views of Bodrum at night and the l ...
Bodrum Balloon tour enchanting bird's eye view and incredibly pleasing view of the Pamukkale valley, which will remain in memory for a lifetime. ...
Bodrum to Ephesus tour is an interesting and informative excursion to ancient places in the open air, a chance to touch the culture and lifestyle of the people of that time. D ...
Bodrum Fishing tour is on a boat in the Aegean Sea is one of the most popular types of water recreation in Turkey for the whole family. ...
Swim with Dolphins in Bodrum is an amazing and sincere interaction with dolphins, a rich program of performances and a rare chance to explore the depths with human friends ...
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Did You Connect Your Android To Your Pc Was It To Enable Bluetooth Tethering Or Something Else
Now that you managed to connect your phone to your laptop via Bluetooth, you should know that the connection remains active until you disable Bluetooth or turn off, unpair, or move one of the two devices out of range. Before you close this tutorial, were curious why you connected your Android to your Windows 10 computer. Was it to share files, enable Bluetooth tethering, or something else? Let us know in the comments below.
When Bluetooth Doesn’t Work Here’s What To Do
ByJim Martin, Editor| 14 Aug 2018
Bluetooth is pretty reliable these days, but its still annoyingly common to have problems. Whether thats a refusal of your car stereo to pair with your phone, or issues re-connecting a device that youve successfully paired in the past, here are a few things you can try to get things working again.
How Do I Set Up A Hands
Aftermarket hands-free car kits are available at affordable prices, so everybody has access to Bluetooth car phones, even on old cars – so long as your phone supports Bluetooth. Such a kit usually consists of a Bluetooth unit that connects to your phone, a microphone, and a speaker, so you can make and receive calls. The audio is played through the kit and not your car’s speakers. Opt for a good-quality product from a proven brand name, as the cheaper systems may lack certain functions and provide poor audio quality.
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Is Your Phone Compatible
Bluetooth is mostly backwards compatible, so older devices should be able to connect to newer phones. However, it doesnt necessarily work the other way around.
Older phones wont work with newer Bluetooth gadgets such as fitness trackers and smartwatches that require a Bluetooth Smart or Low Energy-compatible phone.
In this case, youll have to get a newer phone.
To Pair A Bluetooth Printer Or Scanner
Turn on your Bluetooth printer or scanner and make it discoverable. The way you make it discoverable depends on the device. Check the device or visit the manufacturer’s website to learn how.
Select Start > Settings > Bluetooth & devices > Printers & scanners > Add device. Wait for it to find nearby printers, choose the one you want to use, then select Add device.
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To Pair A Bluetooth Device
Turn on your Bluetooth device and make it discoverable. The way you make it discoverable depends on the device. Check the device or visit the manufacturer’s website to learn how.
On your PC, select Start > Settings > Bluetooth & devices > Add device > Bluetooth.
Choose the Bluetooth device, follow additional instructions if they appear, then select Done.
Your Bluetooth device and PC will usually automatically connect anytime the two devices are in range of each other with Bluetooth turned on.
How To Pair Multiple Speakers At Once
Some popular Bluetooth speakers can be connected in tandem to a single phone to achieve stereo sound or to enhance volume. If you have a pair of speakers that note they can connect at once, download the manufacturers mobile application from either the or Apple App Store to get started.
For example, Logitech’s popular brand of Ultimate Ears speakers can be paired by downloading one of the company’s available apps. Check with the manufacturer to see if the feature is possible with your speakers.
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Connect Your Android Phone To A Windows 10 Laptop Pc Or Tablet Through Bluetooth
After enabling Bluetooth on both devices, go back to Bluetooth settings in Windows 10 and click or tap the Add Bluetooth or other device button on top.
Add Bluetooth or other device to connect phone to laptop
In the Add a device window, click or tap on the first option: Bluetooth.
TIP: The Add a device wizard is used for connecting all types of Bluetooth devices to your Windows 10 laptop, PC, or tablet.
Choose Bluetooth in the Add a device wizard
Your Windows 10 PC starts searching for nearby Bluetooth devices. Give it up to 30 seconds to complete the scan and discover all the available options. Dont forget to keep the Bluetooth settings open, as discussed in the previous chapter. As soon as it finds your Android smartphone, click or tap on its name to start pairing.
Find your phone in the list of devices you can connect to Windows 10
This prompts both your phone and computer to begin connecting. Shortly after, the Windows 10 wizard displays a six-digit code, which should also appear in a pop-up window on your Android smartphone. Make sure the two codes match to avoid connecting to the wrong device, and then click or tap Connect in Windows 10 to continue.
If the devices you are pairing show the same code, press Connect
Immediately after that, tap on the Pair button from the pop-up on your Android smartphone or tablet.
Press Pair or OK as fast as possible on Android
Your phone was successfully connected to your Windows 10 laptop or PC
Pairing A Bluetooth Device To My Samsung Phone
You can pair devices together via Bluetooth to transfer data, play audio, conduct calls and other functions. Devices must be paired properly before any form of data can be transferred. Please follow the below options to find out how to pair devices together:
Please note: Screenshots were captured from a Galaxy S10 operating on OS Version 9.0 , settings and steps available may vary depending on your Galaxy device and Android OS Version.
Swipe down on your screen to access your Quick Settings and tap on the to enable Bluetooth.Locate and select the device you would like to connect to
If you are having troubles locating the Bluetooth device you would like to connect to, ensure you have enabled phone visibility or pairing mode, also check the Bluetooth setting has been turned on. If you are connecting to another Galaxy phone and Phone Visibility isn’t turned on head into Settings > Connections> toggle on Phone Visibility.
Tap OK on both devices to confirm the Bluetooth pairing request.Once the two devices are connected, you will be able to view under Paired Devices.Head into your Settings> ConnectionsToggle on Bluetooth to enable this setting, once enabled select the setting to pair nearby devices.Select device you would like to connect toA Bluetooth pairing request will pop up on both devices, ensure you tap OK on both devices to complete the pairing processOnce complete, you will be able to view the connected device under Paired Devices.Select Bluetooth
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Does Lg Tv Support Bluetooth
New LG Electronics televisions have been integrated with Broadcom Bluetooth capabilities. This will allow Bluetooth-enabled phones to communicate with televisions wirelessly. Some applications include allowing the mobile phone to become a TV remote control or allowing a mobile phone to be used as a QWERTY keyboard input device.
Is Your Phone Discoverable
Even if Bluetooth is turned on, your phone itself might not be discoverable. This means that a Bluetooth device you havent yet paired cannot see your phone.
To make it visible to other devices, open the main Bluetooth settings. On Android, phones remain discoverable so long as you stay on that screen.
On an iPhone, your phone will be discoverable when Bluetooth is turned on. It will search for Bluetooth devices available for pairing when you go to Settings > Bluetooth.
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View A List Of Discoverable Devices Nearby
Now, go to the smartphone, tablet, computer, music player, or whatever other device you want to connect the Bluetooth accessory to. Look for the Bluetooth settings or devices screen. This screen will display a list of nearby Bluetooth devices that are in discovery mode as well as devices paired to the device.
Be sure the Bluetooth hardware on your device is actually enabled. Youll often see a toggle in the Bluetooth settings area.
For example, heres how to do this on popular operating systems:
Why Wont My Bluetooth Turn On
Sometimes, the Bluetooth will not switch on. It is suggested that you reboot your phone and try to switch on the Bluetooth in times like these. While the problem is generally fixed with a reboot, if it appears again, consider deleting the cache and data of Bluetooth and restarting the device to correct the problem.
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How Do I Pair My Bluetooth Earphones
Press and hold the call control button for 5 or6seconds until the light starts flashing red and blue. Release the button andsetthe headset aside. Follow the pairinginstructionsfor your cell phone or other Bluetooth device.If promptedfor a passkey, enter 0000 .
Hereof, how do I pair my Bluetooth earbuds to my phone?
Press and hold Bluetooth to openBluetoothsettings. Tap Pair new device. On somedevices, Android willbegin scanning for devices to pair uponenteringBluetooth settings, and on others, you’ll need totapScanning. Tap the Bluetooth headphones you wishtopair to your phone.
Similarly, how do I pair my Bluetooth? Step 1: Pair
Similarly, you may ask, how do you sync a Bluetooth headset?
Make sure both the earbuds are powered offandthey are removed from the Bluetooth settings ofyourdevices. Power on right earbud and then press home key fortwoseconds until the earbud flashes blue. Press the right earbud once againtoenter pairing mode.
Why is my Bluetooth not pairing?
Some devices have smart power management that mayturnoff Bluetooth if the battery level is too low.Ifyour phone or tablet isn’t pairing, make sure itandthe device you’re trying to pair with haveenoughjuice. 8. In Android settings, tap on a device’s name,thenUnpair.
Solution : Toggle The Bluetooth Connection
If the Bluetooth connection could not be established or you fail to pair two devices, then the first and most basic troubleshooting step is to toggle the Bluetooth connection. Pull down the notification shade of your phone and look for the Bluetooth icon. Switch Off the Bluetooth connection, wait for 10 seconds, and switch it On once again. Now try to check if the phone can pair with the Bluetooth device or not.
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How To Fix An Android Phone Wont Connect Or Pair With Bluetooth
Bluetooth technology isnt new. Tired of wires and corded devices, we were quick to jump at the chance of devices that got rid of cords and worked wirelessly. But every technology has its shortcomings, and Bluetooth may have a few issues that can be easily solved. If your Android phone wont connect or pair with Bluetooth and you are looking for the solutions to fix it, we have some tips for you. We will identify the reasons for Bluetooth issues and look at the solutions that can help you fix the problem.
How To Pair Your Phone With Sync
To use any of the phone features for SYNC®such as making a call or receiving a text messageyou must first connect, or “pair” your Bluetooth®-enabled phone. Pairing is what allows Bluetooth devices to communicate securely with each other.
From your phones Bluetooth menu, search for SYNC and select it.
A six-digit number displays on the SYNC screen for three minutes, during which time SYNC actively seeks for the same number from your phone.
SYNC may prompt you with more phone options, like automatic phonebook download.
If you activate the feature, each time you connect your phone to SYNC, it automatically transfers your recent call history and any changes you make to your phonebook contacts.
A pop-up message may appear on your phone requiring you to grant access to SYNC. Choose yes.
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How To Enable Pairing Mode On A Speaker
Before you pair anything, place the Bluetooth speaker into pairing mode, allowing it to be discovered by your phone for the initial setup. While each speaker enters pairing mode in a different method, these two suggestions should enable you to figure out how to get your speaker to comply quickly. If the tips below don’t apply to your device, check the speaker manufacturer’s user guide for further instruction.
- Press and hold the Power button: Many Bluetooth speakers switch into pairing mode by turning the speaker off, then turning the device on while pressing and holding the Power button. When the speaker is in pairing mode, it typically emits a sound, or its light indicator flashes rapidly.
- Press and hold the Pairing button: Some Bluetooth speakers have a dedicated button that places the device into pairing mode. Find a button on your device with the Bluetooth symbol next to it, then press and hold it until the speaker emits a sound, or its light indicator flashes rapidly.
With your Bluetooth speaker now discoverable, pair it to your iPhone or Android phone.
Solution : Factory Reset
Resetting the phone to factory settings is a way of starting with a clean slate. This removes all data and all third-party applications from your phone. All data must be backed up when you reset your device to factory settings. Android devices already have the option to back up the phone data. Still, it is always preferable to transfer all-important photos, videos, and files to a computer before you choose to reset your phone.
- Go to the Settings menu of your phone.
- Tap on Backup and Reset.
- You can check the option Backup and Reset if you would like to backup your data before resetting the device.
- Tap on Factory Reset.
Your phone will begin the process of resetting your device by deleting all information and data stored on your device. Once the process of reset completes, you can try using Bluetooth to check if it works. If your problem is fixed, then you can restore all the data to your device.
On the other hand, if your Bluetooth problem persists, the chances are that there may be a problem in the physical connections, which can be causing the issue. To solve the problem, take your phone to a professional or the manufacturer. For phones that are under warranty, you may be able to get a replacement.
What to do when my Bluetooth connects to the device, but the Bluetooth shared has stopped?
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How To Fix Bluetooth Pairing Problems
by Suzanne Kantra on July 01, 2021in , , , ::
Bluetooth is a popular method of wirelessly transferring data between two devices such as your phone and your headphones, your media player and a speaker, or your iPad and a keyboard. Its one of the most widely used wireless technology in the world, according to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. More than 4.6 billion Bluetooth products are expected to ship this year alone, and that number will likely increase to more than 6 billion per year by 2024.
Bluetooth is all great when it works. But if youre someone who likes to play around with these kinds of connected gadgets, you know it can be frustrating when theres a hang-up pairing the two. Here are some common causes of pairing problems as well as advice on what you can do about them.
How To Pair A Bluetooth Device To Your Computer Tablet Or Phone
Chris Hoffman is Editor-in-Chief of How-To Geek. He’s written about technology for over a decade and was a PCWorld columnist for two years. Chris has written for The New York Times, been interviewed as a technology expert on TV stations like Miami’s NBC 6, and had his work covered by news outlets like the BBC. Since 2011, Chris has written over 2,000 articles that have been read nearly one billion times—and that’s just here at How-To Geek. Read more…
Wireless devices with Bluetooth radios must be paired with each other before they can communicate. This involves making them discoverable and potentially entering a PIN.
The pairing process works with Bluetooth profiles, and each device has to be compatible. For example, you can only pair a mouse or keyboard with a device thats been designed to work with that type of accessory.
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Why Wont My Bluetooth Connect When Connecting My Phone To My Car
Your Bluetooth might not connect for various reasons. For instance, you may have forgotten to enable Bluetooth on your phone, since it drains battery even when not actively in use. This goes hand in hand with low battery problems. Aftermarket kits sometimes won’t connect to devices with low charge. Distance shouldn’t be a problem if you’re in your car, since phones should detect your car when within 30 feet. However, there might be interference from Wi-Fi networks, or even other wireless signals. Last but not least, make sure your devices are still paired. Sometimes, connecting to multiple devices can cause your phone to forget some pairings.
To Pair A Bluetooth Device Using Swift Pair
Swift Pair in Windows 11 lets you quickly pair a supported Bluetooth device with your PC. If the Bluetooth device supports Swift Pair, youll receive a notification when it’s nearby and you put it into pairing mode to make it discoverable.
Turn on a Bluetooth device that supports Swift Pair and make it discoverable. The way you make it discoverable depends on the device. Check the device or visit the manufacturers website to learn more.
If this is your first time using Swift Pair, select Yes when asked if you want to get notifications and use Swift Pair.
When a notification appears that a new Bluetooth device was found, select Connect.
Before you start, make sure that your Windows 10 PC supports Bluetooth. For more info on how to check, see Fix Bluetooth problems in Windows 10. If you need help adding a device without Bluetooth capabilities, see Add a device to a Windows 10 PC.
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Based on the vision of metaverse lovers, it is a new place the place people & artificially cl bots can work together with one another. Zuckerberg has aggressively pushed for the company’s workers to embrace the brand new vision – revealing in February that employees would often be known as Metamates quite than Facebookers in a broadly panned message posted to his public Fb account. Mark Zuckerberg’s fixation on remodeling the corporate previously often called Fb into a metaverse pioneer has reportedly irked some employees – with workers left frustrated and unclear about their y day responsibilities. The company reported the primary quarterly decline in its active person base in its history earlier this 12 months – with Zuckerberg citing elevated competitors from the likes of TikTok.
Investing in any new industry typically proves difficult, even for investors who have been active in the marketplace for years. The metaverse effort has additionally angered a few of Meta’s buyers. The metaverse effort is ramping up throughout a current downturn in Meta’s once-booming enterprise. And Facebook er, I assume now Meta introduced that it will associate with Coursera and edX to help push Meta’s curriculum in augmented and virtual actuality, which it calls the Spark AR Curriculum. Interestingly, Aglet 1, the platform’s virtual sneaker, was so popular with players that the company is now about to enter manufacturing in real life. Now we can not let these billion greenback opportunities slide. Meanwhile, Meta disclosed that its Actuality Labs section – the unit accountable for developing the company’s version of the metaverse – misplaced $10 billion as it increased spending on those initiatives.
Meta representatives did not instantly return a request for remark. Whereas the billionaire has touted the metaverse as the future of the internet and digital interaction, some Meta staffers are confused about the company’s ultimate targets. Because the Submit reported earlier this month, involved shareholders had been pushing measures to curb Zuckerberg’s power in the company’s annual assembly. Now is the appropriate time to replace our values and cultural operating system, Zuckerberg wrote after asserting the change throughout an organization-wide workers’ meeting. Zuckerberg directed a companywide shift towards the metaverse final fall – 메타 버스 going so far as to rebrand Facebook’s corporate identity to Meta – because the embattled social media platform contends a collection of scandals over its business practices and internal insurance policies.
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Duolingo (MOD All Unlocked, Premium, and all-free) is a language-learning platform that is highly recommended by professionals and offers the right learning path to each user.
Learning a language is been viewed as to be one of the primary aspects that open-minded individuals often require to improve their abilities to converse with a variety of languages. This article will present Duolingo the application that is well recognized and always relied upon for its high-quality lessons for each language. It is also the most convenient because it provides a wealth of small-sized lessons that are ideal for learning at any time at any time and anywhere. users need only 5 minutes to finish the lesson and put the lessons into action.
BITE-SIZED LESSONS FOR 5 MINUTE LEARNING
A lot of lessons on Duolingo can be separated into various classes. For those with limited time or wish to learn the information effectively in a short period of time this bite-sized course will be helpful. The lessons are streamlined and reduced however their content is adequate, appropriate for studying on the go or while at a desk. The majority of these lessons require 5 minutes, however users can modify and enhance the lessons to boost their performance in acquiring knowledge to new levels based on their requirements.
READ NEWS AND OTHER MAGAZINE
If you’re looking to unwind the app will offer several appealing and light categories, such as news and games that are casual. The categories are constantly refreshed regularly, and all content is either translated or comes with an audio-text function to ensure that the content is completely accessible to all users. Furthermore, every item or item in the program is intended to enhance their proficiency in learning languages and to continuously be able to monitor and assist people any time and anywhere. Additionally, it comes with an extensive personalization tool, providing users with a variety of impressive experiences of every content, and much more.
Duolingo is one of the top applications for teaching people who speak foreign languages. It’s not just that, it also provides a variety of impressive capabilities, including the ability to translate, a dictionary, and much more that users can discover and utilize in real-world situations.
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In a traditional steering system, when the driver turns the wheel, a series of shafts transfer this input down to the steering gear at the front of the car.
In a steer-by-wire car, when the steering wheel is pulled, a series of sensors monitor the movements and send the inputs electronically to the car’s steering gear.
Control units assess the information that is sent to the sensors. They consider a range of factors such as speed and yaw rate to turn the wheels a suitable amount.
What’s particularly clever about the system is that the electronics can filter out any unwanted feedback from the wheels and make sure that the correct amount of resistance is applied to the driver’s steering wheel.
Due to safety requirements, any existing steer-by-wire systems so far have been accompanied with a redundant mechanical system that’ll kick in if the system fails.
What are the benefits?
In theory, because there is no mechanical connection, the driver has the ability to change how heavy or light the steering wheel is, as well as how responsive it is.
The driver will also not experience any kickback or vibration from the car’s wheels, allowing for a smoother drive.
Steer-by-wire technology also means that a typical wheel doesn’t necessarily need to be used, which opens up the options for disabled drivers who may not be able to easily manoeuvre a standard steering wheel.
If the technology can be developed to a point where it is deemed reliable enough without a backup mechanical system, then steer-by-wire would allow for cars to be lighter. It would also offer fewer mechanical parts that could break or be damaged.
What are the problems?
The obvious disadvantage is the question of its reliability. It goes without saying that the driver’s ability to control the steering of a fast moving vehicle is vital for everyone’s safety and currently the confidence to rely just on this system alone doesn’t exist.
Feedback is the second key issue. So far there have been criticisms of the system’s ability to accurately provide enough feedback to the driver whilst driving.
Steer-by-wire systems have been in use for a while. Infiniti were the first manufacturer to really grab hold of the technology and emphasised its importance for future driverless cars.
It makes sense for driverless cars to use this technology, as oppose to traditional mechanical systems as this would require extra complicated hardware for the car to drive itself.
The recently announced Toyota bZ4X has revealed that it will have a steer-by-wire option that’ll come with a yoke steering wheel. This steering wheel has been chosen because the driver won’t need to apply as much pressure to turn the car.
A similar steering wheel can also be seen in the latest Tesla models which indicates that steer-by-wire systems will most likely play a big role in the future of steering, especially with the introduction of driverless cars into the automotive market.
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What are the names of Ravana wife?
Ravana was married to Mandodari, the daughter of the celestial architect Maya, Dhanyamalini, and a third wife.
Who is Ravana’s first wife?
Mandodari (Sanskrit: मंदोदरी, Mandodarī, lit. “soft-bellied”;) was the queen consort of Ravana, the king of Lanka, according to the Hindu epic Ramayana….
|Consort||Ravana and later Vibhishan|
|Children||Meghanada, Atikaya and Akshayakumara|
Who are the two wives of Ravana?
Ravana had only Two wives – Mandodari and Dhanyamalini.
Who slept for 14 years in Ramayana?
Lakshman conquered his sleep during Ram’s exile, and stayed awake throughout those 14 years to ensure the safety of Ram and Sita.
Who is the third wife of Ravana?
|Children||Narantaka Devantaka Trishira|
Who is Tara’s wife Ramayana?
In the Hindu epic Ramayana, Tara (Sanskrit: तारा, Tārā, literally “star”;) is the Queen of Kishkindha and wife of the monkey (vanara) King Vali. After being widowed, she becomes the Queen of Sugriva, Vali’s younger brother.
Who was Ravana in previous birth?
In their second life during the Treta Yuga, they were born as Ravana (Jaya) and Kumbhakarna (Vijaya), and both were killed by Rama. In their third life during Dvapara Yuga, they were born as Shishupala (Jaya) and Dantavakra (Vijaya) and both were killed by Krishna.
Is Urmila a God?
She was as dedicated to Sita as Lakshmana was to Rama. She is the reincarnation of Goddess Nagalakshmi. According to some folklore, it is said that she had a daughter called Somada.
How many wives did Laxman have?
Lakshmana was especially attached to Rama. When Rama married Sita, Lakshmana married Sita’s younger sister, Urmila. They had two sons: Angada and Chandraketu. Later, when Rama was exiled for fourteen years on the insistence of Kaikeyi, Lakshmana left his wife Urmila and joined Rama and Sita in exile.
Who is the second wife of Ravana?
In Hindu scriptures, Dhanyamalini was the second wife of Ravana. She was a gentle and caring woman. Her true identity is unknown but some stories refer to her as the daughter of Mayasur and sister of Mandodari. Dhanyamalini had three sons from Ravana, they were Narantaka, Devantaka and Trishira.
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Forging Ties, Forging Passports: Migration and the Modern Sephardi Diaspora with Devi Mays, University of Michigan.
March 2, 5:30p start time in Hill Hall, Moeser Auditorium. Free and open to the public. Directions/Parking.
This lecture is made possible by the generosity of an anonymous donor through an endowed lectureship in Sephardic Judaism.
In this talk, Devi Mays presents a history of migration and nation-building from the vantage point of those who lived between states. Devi Mays traces the histories of Ottoman Sephardi Jews who emigrated to the Americas—and especially, to Mexico—in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the complex relationships they maintained to legal documentation as they migrated and settled into new homes. Mays considers the shifting notions of belonging, nationality, and citizenship through the stories of individual women, men, and families who navigated these transitions in their everyday lives, as well as through the paperwork they carried. In the aftermath of World War I and the Mexican Revolution, migrants traversed new layers of bureaucracy and authority amidst shifting political regimes as they crossed and were crossed by borders. Ottoman Sephardi migrants in Mexico resisted unequivocal classification as either Ottoman expatriates or Mexicans through their links to the Sephardi diaspora in formerly Ottoman lands, France, Cuba, and the United States. By making use of commercial and familial networks, these Sephardic migrants maintained a geographic and social mobility that challenged the physical borders of the state and the conceptual boundaries of the nation.
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Average commuter spends 42 hours each year stuck in traffic
WASHINGTON – Every day AT&T collects millions of pings from its customers’ smartphones. These pings only provide a general idea – within 100 feet – of where an AT&T customer is and do not provide any user identification unless special measures are taken. Now AT&T is looking to capitalize on this location information through a combination of big data analytics and “Internet of Things” technology.
AT&T has partnered with the University of California at Berkeley and the California Department of Transportation to use aggregated data to help manage traffic patterns by using the pings to track commuter patterns and identify trouble spots.
Lessening congestion has a real economic impact. According to AT&T data: “The average American commuter spends 42 hours a year stuck in traffic. That’s almost two days wasted every year. It’s worse for drivers in Los Angeles, who spend 80 hours a year sitting in traffic. And congestion has a cost. In 2014, it cost Americans $160 billion, averaging $960 per auto commuter.”
Chris Volinsky, AVP of AT&T Labs, told RCR Wireless News, “By leveraging data from our networks, we can make cities more sustainable.”
AT&T can only use the data from its own network, meaning people not on an AT&T network are not included in the data. Volinsky points out this can be easily rectified because AT&T has a good notion of its market share in terms of population and can calculate accordingly.
Moreover, he points out the massive advantages of this real-time data. Urban planners and city officials can now see where people are working, living and shopping without waiting for slow and imprecise census data or cross-referencing multiple sources of information.
This technology is already proven to work. COMSAT is a system of tracking criminal activity and directing police resources accordingly. The system has been in place since the late 1990s and has helped reduce the crime rate nationally. Using big data analytics to track commuter patterns could have a similar impact on traffic congestion and mass transit projects.
AT&T has currently limited its efforts in this field to California Bay Area, but Volinsky is optimistic about the future. “I’d like to see a gradual implementation and there are benefits to scaling up the geographic scale of these systems,” he said.
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A medical background helps claims adjusters centered on medical and life insurance claims. An actuary career consists of utilizing statistical information and other available information to estimate economic cost of inevitable occasions similar to death, sickness, accidents, and natural disaster. Using their estimations, actuaries develop, take a look at, and administer issues similar to insurance policies, investments, and pension plans with the intention of minimizing threat and maximizing profitability for insurance coverage companies. Our business/finance profession category provides pertinent information about a big selection of business related careers corresponding to employment outlook, salary, training, a matching online diploma and much more.
For greater than 35 years, Minnesota Business Finance Corporation has been originating SBA 504 Loans for small businesses like yours. As a Certified Development Company, we work instantly with you to personally establish funds and send them your method. So whether it’s a new business thought, growth needs, proudly owning a storefront, or something distinctive to your particular business, we specialize in finding the right financial Business & Finance resolution. Calculate your estimated month-to-month cost with our simple small business loan calculator. Finance is the primary of a six-volume collection with the title Principles of Business. This useful resource is meant to introduce college students and researchers to the fundamentals of business matters utilizing easy-to-understand language. This title is the go-to useful resource for fascinated readers seeking understanding of finance.
A large portion of time on this course is spent on danger administration and commercial banks. Students additionally turn into acquainted with the Federal Reserve System and worldwide banking. Offered solely to finance majors, this concentration Finance focuses on the quantitative side of economic markets, focusing on the sensible application of quantitative strategies, along with utilizing financial theory.
Their interpretations are used to draw conclusions and guide choices for businesses, authorities, and other organizations. Personal monetary advisors who buy or sell insurance policies, shares, bonds or different financial products need licenses specific to those merchandise. Personal financial planners who run small investment corporations should register with state regulators; wealth managers or non-public bankers who personal bigger firms should register with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Personal financial planners use their knowledge of securities, pension plans, actual property and funding methods to assist people plan for the longer term. A personal monetary advisor profession involves evaluating purchasers’ insurance coverage protection, belongings, tax standing, liabilities and money circulate to assist them attain their monetary objectives. A personal monetary advisor career additionally includes explaining choices to shoppers, together with any risks related to proposed investments. Graduates of finance diploma programs usually work in fields corresponding to banking, cash administration, or real estate. These careers typically mirror monetary responsibility, and the principle focus of many roles is to work with cash, investments, banking, and shares. Common roles for finance degree holders embrace monetary analysts, accountants, auditors, and monetary advisors.
Why should I study finance?
Studying finance can prepare you not only for careers in the financial services sector, but also for tasks in your everyday life. And because finance revolves around planning and analysis, studying finance and becoming more financially literate enables people to make better personal financial decisions.
When contemplating crowdfunding as a small business finance choice, make sure to learn the fantastic print and compare the charges fastidiously. Also, research up on what makes for a profitable crowdfunding marketing campaign to boost your odds of having your proposal absolutely funded. If you’re contemplating a credit card for financing a start-up business, make positive you perceive the difference between private and business playing cards. While you would use a private credit card for business bills, that can get messy when it comes to accounting and submitting business taxes. When a bank wants collateral to safe a loan, but you don’t wish to threat property, you may want to considercash move loans. These use the expected amount of cash you’re anticipated to obtain in gross sales or liquidated belongings as the means for establishing threat. The bank can determine that you’re good for a particular amount based on money flow alone.
Every metropolis and utility worker – and governing official – plays a key position in maintaining a cyber protection that protects business operations. Walk via the fundamental parts of building an enterprise-wide cybersecurity program, including the means to avoid the operational, financial, and reputational hurt of a debilitating assault. Lively, fast-paced, and fun, Jon shares his expertise constructing an award-winning expertise growth program (Fortune’s Top 20 Companies for Leaders) from a small staff. Hear how he was able to impact change as a solo Talent Development government at a Fortune 500 firm with a staff of one assistant and an intern and how his expertise can apply to your organization. Meet with peers from utilities like yours to debate present points in threat administration and insurance coverage. Come ready to take part and convey your successes and challenges to the desk, overlaying subjects including renewals, how the polar vortex modified danger administration and insurance, and residual effects from the COVID-19 pandemic.
— SofiaITC (@SofiaITC) May 17, 2021
This course will develop mastery of mathematical abilities as they apply to actual life situations. The students will be taught to think critically and apply today’s technology while finding out matters from chance, consumerism, taxes, funding, credit and budgeting. Included in the course will be statistics in one or two variables and knowledge Business analysis. The Co-Op Diversified Occupations Program permits students to realize on-the-job experience of their chosen area while underneath the supervision of an authorized Co-Op Coordinator. The coordinator visits the student on the job and meets with each the student and the employer to develop and implement the student’s training plan.
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These days sim-swap in Rwanda has become a lengthy process that requires the subscriber to appear in person at a telecom service centre. Agents have been stripped of this service.
Sim-swap, a modern form of fraud, has resulted in several subscribers losing money.
The Sim-swap scam is not only a concern to Rwanda, but other countries across the East African region, continent and globe.
In 2019, South Africa reported that in a span of one year, SIM-swap incidents had doubled.
Fabio Assolini, a senior security researcher of Kaspersky Lab, said in a report in 2019 that the scams have become common in the United Arab Emirates, Turkey and Africa, especially South Africa.
Assolini said that the total amount of money lost in the frauds varies by country, though there are extreme cases.
For instance, a victim from the United Arab Emirates in 2019 lost $1 million while another from South Africa lost $20,000 to SIM-swap fraudsters.
A Kenyan national, Stanley Wanjiku, in July 2018 revealed that he had lost $18,000 to the fraudsters. “On average, fraudsters can steal $2,500 to $3,000 per victim, while the cost to perform the SIM-swap starts with $10 to $40 said Assolini.
SIM-swap fraud happens when someone convinces your mobile operator to switch your phone number over to a SIM card that a criminal possesses.
In some cases, there are telecommunications companies’ employees working together with criminals. Kenya’s leading telco, Safaricom, says SIM-swap occurs when “fraudsters replace and take over the customer line”.
“Fraudsters go to the extent of registering an existing number on a new SIM card in order to intercept notifications, one-time passwords, online banking profile and transactions as well as changing the account security settings,” says Safaricom on its website.
Hannington Oduor, a security system analyst at Kenya Power, disclosed to The Standard the tricks used by fraudsters to successfully conduct SIM swaps. “SIM-swap basically is a form of identity theft. In other circles, it’s called impersonation.
The fraudster would call you, and play mind games on you. For instance, after you’ve received the call, he or she will refer to you by your full name, saying they’re calling you from your network service provider,” said Oduor.
“They’ll thereafter read out your full ID number, and go ahead to ask you to confirm if the digits are correct. They do this to win your confidence. That’s what they want at Stage One, before continuing with the fraud.
“Stage Two of their deceit, is issuing out instructions. They’d be calm and patient, and you wouldn’t know that the commands that they’re making lead to them either getting more information about your mobile money, or allows them to activate the SIM-swap prompts,” added the cyber security expert.
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Introducing our latest ‘Named & Famed’ Provider: Science Museum
This venue is ‘Named & Famed’. Visit our FAQs page to find out more.
“The Science Museum is a major museum on Exhibition Road in South Kensington, London. It was founded in 1857 and to date is one of the city’s major tourist attractions, attracting 3.3 million visitors annually.”
For more information, please click here.
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Israeli Diplomats Abroad Kick Off Voting for 24th Knesset
JNS.org – Voting for the 24th Knesset begins on Wednesday night as 104 polling stations in 99 Israeli embassies and consulates across the globe open their doors to some 4,000 diplomats and representatives stationed abroad.
The Israeli missions in Morocco, Dubai and Abu Dhabi will make history, as Israelis have never before voted from those countries. The number of eligible voters will be 25 percent lower this election compared to the last, from around 5,000 to around 4,000, due to the coronavirus pandemic (family members of many Israeli diplomats abroad have remained in Israel, for instance.)
Voting will begin at around 10 pm at the Israeli Embassy in Wellington, New Zealand, and end on March 12 at 6 am in Los Angeles and San Francisco.
Unlike those voting in Israel, representatives abroad are required to cast their ballot on a blank piece of paper. The greatest number of eligible voters (550) will do so at the Israeli consulate in New York, the Israeli embassy in Paris (160) and the embassy in London (140). The smallest Israeli mission is in the Dominican Republic, where there are only four eligible voters.
The Israeli Central Elections Committee invests a great deal of time and money to ensure that this voting process takes place without a hitch. Despite these efforts, however, voter turnout abroad has been lower than that in Israel.
In the election for the 21st Knesset, for instance, a mere 76 percent (of 5,075 eligible voters) cast their ballots. In the election for the 22nd Knesset, only 69 percent (of 5,086 eligible voters) did so and in the election for the 23rd Knesset, only 66 percent (of 5,231 eligible voters) exercised their right to vote, compared to 71.5 percent of eligible voters in Israel.
The overall cost of operating the voting stations abroad is NIS 885,000 ($266,367). Once the voting period ends at all Israeli missions around the world, the ballots will be flown to Israel and stored in one place. They will only be counted on March 23, the day of the election.
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An essay is a lengthy piece of writing that usually reveals the writer’s opinion However the exact definition is unclear, encompassing both a letter essay, prose, and a novel. Essays are typically formal and academic. It is essential to know the meaning of the essay, and whether it is able to be classified into a specific category. If you are looking to compose an essay you must be aware of the structure for writing essays and the various types of essays. Before you begin writing your essay, you should know how to create an outline.
A well-written essay usually requires between five and eight weeks to finish according to the length of the write essay and the topic on which it is based. Because most college courses require a thesis, university students must write at minimum one essay. Students must write essays in order to support the thesis they choose. Essays have become a traditional and compulsory assignment in many colleges and universities.
The structure of the essay follows a predictable order beginning with the introduction and thesis statement, body of the essay, discussion, and conclusion. The introduction is the most crucial part of an essay. It will prepare the reader for the main part of the essay. The introduction is an essay “pre-claimer,” introducing the theme of the essay. It may include information about the author, the topic and his or her credentials.
The thesis statement is the central focus of the essay, and it is often found at the end of the introduction. The thesis statement outlines the main elements of the essay, and also provides additional details to help the arguments. It could contain extensive research and background information. The conclusion typically summarizes what was said in the introduction. The conclusion isn’t so crucial as the introduction, since it does not provide an entirely new perspective regarding the topic, but rather provides what was previously stated.
The paragraphs of an essay typically contain questions and responses that allow readers to take part in the discussion. The guidelines for writing essays generally suggest that essays include multiple paragraphs. However, in the case of research-driven texts such as novels it might be more appropriate to write one paragraph, and have the different characters respond to the questions within that paragraph, with the other paragraphs providing background information or supporting details.
The body paragraphs provide further information and interpretations of the thesis statement or the whole topic. The body paragraphs must be a discussion of the different arguments and perspectives that are found in the essay. It should also give the summary of the arguments and opinions discussed in the thesis statement. The conclusion can be an offer to the reader.
The last paragraph of an essay may have different interpretations. It could be that the author is able to reach a conclusion by doing research and then states it in the closing paragraph of the essay. It may also be that the writer is writing the conclusion in the last paragraph, with a suggestion that the reader read the entire essay to arrive at the conclusion. The conclusion of literature could suggest that a new text is needed to continue the discussion.
It is crucial that the essay contains a clearly defined thesis and a conclusion that contains a call to action. The thesis statement is the most important part of the essay and is usually the first to be read. The thesis statement is a sentence that summarizes the purpose of the essay in general, stating what it is about. The conclusion should include the reader with a call to action such a description of what might happen if the writer adheres to the directions in the text.
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“Know where to find the information and how to use it—that’s the secret of success.” —Albert Einstein
Do you know where to find the information you need? Internet searching is an indispensable skill. But sometimes the things you need to know can’t be learned online. There is no substitute for mentorship. Mentors are the people who contribute to our growth in some way or another – by offering information, teaching something, or coaching us through a process. You will need mentors at every stage of your career, so start forming those relationships now. Ask yourself these three questions:
- What is something I want to learn or get better at?
- Who are three people I know who are good at that?
- Are there people I haven’t met yet that I could reach out to for advice or coaching on this subject?
Then take action to begin those relationships and learn. Fortunately, you will soon realize that mentors are everywhere!! Because everyone has something to teach!
More to Ponder
Mentorship is part of how we grow. To expand what we are capable of, we need to try new things, get out of our comfort zones, stretch, fall occasionally, get up again, and learn. We need access to new information, knowledge, and skills. And all of these things are made possible by the same thing: other people.
This is not to say that you should rely on others to teach you everything you need to know. On the contrary, as you do your job, you should be taking the initiative to conduct independent research, think through the problems you encounter on your own, and proactively seek ways to gain new knowledge through any means you can find. But one easy and fun way to do efficient high quality work is to leverage the wisdom and experiences of others.
A mentor is simply someone who provides advice, guidance, coaching, or teaching, whether they coach you in a sustained way over time or simply offer a one-off insight in passing. Your mentors are the people whose wisdom and experiences make your own journey a little easier because they share information that gives you access to greater efficiency and expanded possibilities. You can’t really achieve your full potential without them.
Here’s the great news! Mentors are everywhere!! That’s because absolutely everyone knows more about something than you do. Want to start to cultivate a deeper professional relationship with someone? Enlist them as a mentor. Ask them questions about their expertise. Conduct an informational interview. Get their feedback and follow up. Show them what you have learned.
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How To Sleep In The 21st Century - Expert Dr.Nerina Ramlakhan Gives Her Top Tips
Dr. Nerina Ramlakhan is both a physiologist and a sleep and energy expert, and she has dedicated her career to helping people sleep, have more energy and find a better balance in their lives for well over two and half decades. Read on to find out why sleep is so crucial for our daily performance, and how to catch some shut-eye in this supercharged world!
Hi Nerina! Tell us what inspired you to get into the field of sleep?
Perhaps it was because I used to have huge sleep problems myself!
When I was six months old, my mother found herself taking me from one doctor to the next because I couldn’t sleep (which mean she couldn’t get any sleep…), and, of course, as I grew up, it became more of a problem. By the time I reached university, it worsened to the point where it made me very ill.
It was at this point that I picked myself back again and started to explore - it sounds a bit clichéd but I began a ‘healing journey’. My doctorate was all to do with sleep and the brain, but, rather than just looking at the theory, I began to think, “How can I help myself to get better sleep? How can I heal?”.
From here on, I started to be given more opportunities to work with people who had sleep problems and ended up working in a psychiatric unit for ten years – where I had once been a patient myself about two decades before that! (How mystical…) I read more and more books on the subject and gained a reputation of someone who understood sleep and how to help people sleep.
Is insomnia a 21st Century phenomenon?
Well, human beings have had issues with insomnia since the beginning of time, and we are remarkedly well-adapted to cope with bad sleep. If you think about hunter-gatherers, if they’d had an inflexible need to retire to the cave and sleep for hours and hours, we wouldn’t have survived as a species! So, we are well-equipped to cope with a lack of sleep.
However, there is something about today’s world that is making this more of a problem – and that’s that everything is going so fast! The demand has ramped up, and we have lost the ability to build rest into our day. If you think about it, we don’t take our tea or lunch breaks or our commutes like we used to – instead, we’re looking at our devices! We might even wake up in the middle of the night to check our emails. Think of a child who has been running around all day with no rest – by the time it gets into bed at night, it’s wired! That’s what’s happened to us. We’re wired by the time we get into bed, and that’s when those sleep problems become worse.
"We're constantly bombarding our brains"
We're never offline. This has worsened the situation because we’re putting more energy out, but we've lost the habits or rituals to put energy back in. We‘ve actually become over-reliant on sleep! It’s the way we’re living today – we’ve lost the ability to get downtime.
Do you think the way that we’re working so flexibly these days affects our sleep patterns?
Well, it’s wonderful that we can work so flexibly these days – we can work on the go; we can even work on the beach when we’re on holiday! (Although I’m not saying that’s right!) While flexible working can solve some problems, it can also create issues around boundaries. I, myself, work quite a lot at home and communicate across time zones on webinar platforms with thousands of people around the world – and that’s wonderful – but then again, when do we switch off? Where do we put the boundaries?
In the way that we live today, work has spilled into home, and home has spilled into work – but we do need, to some degree, boundaries in order to create different departments in our lives: this is when I’m working; this is when I’m playing; this is when I’m resting; this is when I’m sleeping; this is when I’m with my family; this is when I’m in the bathroom! (It's no wonder that the number of phone-in-toilet incidences has become an issue for insurance companies...)
Why is sleep important in terms of our performance both personally and professionally?
What does sleep really do for us? Well, this is a question that has fascinated me for decades now!
My work is a real blend of Western and Eastern science: although I may be trained as a Western scientist (my doctorate is in neurophysiology), to find an answer to this question, I have found myself digging deeper and looking at Indian science and medicine, as well as some of the older sciences like Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine.
There’s a reason why we have been intelligently designed to spend a third of our lives sleeping. It’s ingrained in our DNA - but why?
When we sleep at night, it appears that every organ and every emotional system in our body is healed. And, remember, this is about getting PURE sleep. You can get 4 or 5 hours of sleep that can be far more restful than 7 or 8 hours. Pure sleep restores the body physically, emotionally, mentally, and, I believe, spiritually. We wake up feeling connected to our family and wanting to give them hugs. We wake up feeling laser-focused and intellectually and creatively engaged with what we’re doing. And it gives us a fighting chance of living a life with meaning and purpose – that’s what I mean by spiritual energy. Feeling passionate and inspired about what we do, because there is nothing worse than repeatedly not sleeping well. I used to see this in the psychiatric unit – night after night, it erodes that passion; our inspiration and joy for life. But when we sleep well and deeply, it recharges and it rebalances.
What can workplaces do to help encourage their employees to rest?
There’s a competitive advantage for workplaces that can help employees go home, sleep properly and wake up with amazing energy and wanting to come back to work. For a start, they could make it culturally acceptable to come to work and rest – which means allowing employees to work with their physiology. It's built into our physiology to oscillate – and that means from every hour to hour and a half, we ideally (and naturally) need to seek some form of rest, even if it’s only for 2 or 3 minutes. We need to get away from screens and away from demand; we should walk around, eat a banana, drink a glass of water, take a break thinking, look at a picture of someone we love, look at a picture of a mountain that we climbed... just something unrelated to the previous task.
We might even take a nap! Enlightened organisations of the future will have nap pods because they will accept that people need to take breaks and get rid of all that information from the brain and switch of mentally so that when they come back to the task they’ll have energy.
"There's a competitive advantage to having well-rested, inspired and connected employees"
And what about anyone in their day-to-day life? What can people do immediately to get better sleep?
Over the years, I’ve developed '5 non-negotiables', which I talk about in my book ‘Fast Sleep, Wide Awake’. If you carry these out every day for the next 7 to 10 days, your body will start to respond.
1) Eat breakfast within half an hour of getting up. Even if it’s something as small as a handful of almonds and dates!
2) Cut back on caffeine. Caffeine is an artificial form of stress. I see lots of people not eating breakfast, but they’re living on caffeine. Instead, wait until after you’ve had your breakfast to have your cup of tea or coffee, and also remember to refrain from having any caffeine at all after 3pm.
3) Consume two litres of water a day to hydrate the body and keep the right part of your physiology working.
4) Withdraw from technology about half an hour before you get into bed - your bedroom should be a technology-free zone! Aim to generally have healthier boundaries with technology: if you’re watching TV, watch TV rather than looking at multiple screens!
5) Get to bed early three or four nights a week, during that 90-minute phase before midnight. You don't have to be fast asleep, but at least be in bed and resting, as opposed to stressing about your day in your mind. It’s anti-aging too!
Fascinating! So going into detail about just one of these non-negotiables, what’s the science behind eating breakfast before work and sleeping better?
A lot of people wait until they get to work, after they've commuted for an hour or so, but, by that point, the body is already adrenalised from fighting its way through the ticket barriers and onto the train for a seat. The body is in survival mode: it’s running on adrenalin and on cortisol, all of which stops the body from producing melatonin.
"There's a reason why sleep is ingrained in our DNA"
Eating breakfast, however, stabilises the blood sugar levels of the body and sends a message to the brain that it’s safe to produce melatonin so that you can sleep at night. It tells the body that you’re not living in a famine, but in a world of abundant food. It puts the body in a different state.
Thanks, Nerina! Any final tips?
My ultimate sleep tool is to acknowledge that there is a link between sleeping well and feeling safe. Let's take my cat, for example - if I put her bed in a place where she feels safe, she's happy to sleep, but if I move her bed, she's not! The world around us is chaotic and turbulent, but actually, while we’re built to cope with lack of safety and have this whole part of our physiology known as ‘fight or flight’, we also have a part of our physiology which is built for safety. It's this part of our nervous system that enables us to sleep. So before we go to bed, we need to take ourselves into a state of safety.
So - the most powerful antidote to the stress out there is to take yourself into your heart and to feel gratitude before you go to bed. Think about something or someone who you’re really grateful for. It’s impossible to feel stressed while we’re feeling grateful. When we feel grateful, we produce oxytocin, which is the hormone of trust. And, at the end of the day, sleep is an act of trust. It helps us produce melatonin - and this helps us to sleep better.
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This canticle was introduced in the Canadian Prayer Books as an Additional Canticle, and adopted in the 1979 Prayer Book to be used as the first Canticle in Morning Prayer on Sundays in Advent and Wednesdays outside of Lent, and the first Canticle on Thursdays in Evening Prayer. It was also appointed for Lauds on the feast of the Epiphany in the Mozaribic rite.
Arise, shine, for your light has come, * and the glory of the Lord has dawned upon you.
For behold, darkness covers the land; * deep gloom enshrouds the peoples.
But over you the Lord will rise, * and his glory will appear upon you.
Nations will stream to your light, * and kings to the brightness of your dawning.
Your gates will always be open; * by day or night they will never be shut.
They will call you, The City of the Lord, * the Zion of the Holy One of Israel.
Violence will no more be heard in your land,* ruin or destruction within your borders.
You will call your walls, Salvation,* and all your portals, Praise.
The sun will no more be your light by day; * by night you will not need the brightness of the moon.
The Lord will be your everlasting light, * and your God will be your glory.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit; *
as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be,world without end. Amen.
Isaiah 60 is one of the iconic lectionary appointments for the feast of the Epiphany. This Canticle, being a distillation of that chapter, provides an excellent meditation on the great themes of Epiphanytide: the dawning of the light of Christ over a dark world, nations and kings streaming to the Lord, the openness of the City of God to all the world, peace between Gentile and Jew and neighbor, and all because of the perpetual light of God made visible in the face of Jesus Christ.
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What are Testamentary Discretionary Trusts?
A Testamentary Discretionary Trust is a Discretionary Trust set up within a Will. The term “discretionary” means that the person or entity who has day-today control of the Trust, called the “Trustee”, has the discretion as to how assets and income of a Trust are distributed amongst the beneficiaries of the Trust.
Discretionary Trusts often have a wide range of beneficiaries, principally family members of the person/s nominated as the Primary Beneficiary/ies. Hence the term “Family Trust” is often interchangeable with “Discretionary Trust”.
In Testamentary Discretionary Trusts, the Primary Beneficiary is usually a spouse, child, or children of the Will maker.
In short, a Testamentary Discretionary Trust is usually set up for the benefit of the Primary Beneficiary and his or her family. It may be controlled by the Primary Beneficiary and/or trusted individuals who will act in the best interests of the Primary Beneficiary.
Can there be More Than One Testamentary Discretionary Trust in a Will?
Yes. It is common for Will makers to create a separate Testamentary Discretionary Trust for each of their children.
What are the Advantages of a Testamentary Discretionary Trust?
The share of an Estate which passes to a Testamentary Discretionary Trust may be divided amongst a range of potential beneficiaries, meaning there is huge flexibility as to the potential distribution of capital and income.
Possible Taxation Benefits
While we cannot give financial or taxation advice, we understand that Financial Planners and Accountants often advise clients that there may be some taxation benefits associated with a Testamentary Discretionary Trust.
Those taxation benefits include:
- Flexibility in Distribution of IncomeThe ability to distribute income amongst a number of beneficiaries. If some recipients of income are in lower tax bracket than the Primary Beneficiary, less tax may be paid on distributions made to those in lower tax brackets.
- Tax Free ThresholdsFamily/Children under the age of 18 are usually only entitled to receive a very small amount from Discretionary Trust distributions. In ordinary Family/ Discretionary Trusts, which are not created under a Will, the amount which may be distributed to children, tax free, is a little over $400 per year. With Testamentary Discretionary Trusts, the adult tax free threshold applies to children under the age of 18, meaning that each child can receive benefits up to the amount of the full tax free threshold before tax will apply to these distributions (assuming they have no other income).That threshold is currently $18,200. This means any child who is a potential beneficiary of a Testamentary Discretionary Trust might be able to receive up to $18,200 before tax would become payable. Across a number of children, the income that might be distributed could be significant before income tax would be payable.
Rather than an inheritance passing directly to a beneficiary, the inheritance is placed in a Trust which is typically for the benefit of that beneficiary and his/her family. Should that beneficiary encounter financial difficulties in the future, the assets held within a Testamentary Discretionary Trust may not be available to the child’s creditors, giving the possibility of the preservation of those assets, even if the beneficiary becomes bankrupt.
- Potential Family Law Benefits
Not only can asset protection benefits apply in respect of creditors, there is a potential that there may be some benefit in having a Testamentary Discretionary Trust when it comes to Family Law matters.In the event that a person who is a beneficiary of a Testamentary Discretionary Trust is embroiled in Family Court proceedings, the Trust assets may remain intact and not be the subject of a Property Adjustment Order to be distributed to a beneficiary’s ex-spouse in Family Law proceedings.Whether or not the assets of the Testamentary Discretionary Trust are able to be dealt with by the Family Court is primarily a question of who ultimately controls the Testamentary Discretionary Trust.If the person involved in Family Court proceedings controls the Testamentary Discretionary Trust, then the Family Court will likely be able to deal with those assets. However that person may receive credit for the contribution of the Testamentary Discretionary Trust assets as part of the pool of assets before the Family Court.
Essentially, Testamentary Discretionary Trusts are designed to give greater flexibility to the distribution of an Estate and income on inheritances, with some potential long-term asset protection benefits.
Should you need advice or assistance with estate planning please contact us.
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How to Trick a Tiger is a lively story with amusing illustrations which will prove attractive to boys and girls alike. What would you do if a tiger threatened to eat you for breakfast? This is a lively Indian folk tale in which the brain of a farmer's wife outwits the brawn of the mighty Tiger. It fulfils the National Curriculum requirements for stories from other cultures
How to Trick a Tiger is one of thirteen books that make up Independent Reading Level A, for children in Year 3/Primary 4. This phase of Cambridge Reading aims to extend children's experience of fiction and motivate them to enjoy reading. How to Trick a Tiger provides children with a good introduction to the short story form and will help to improve their independence as readers.
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Financial Inclusion should be the norm and not the exception. But it usually doesn’t happen this way Financial inclusion seems a far cry for many living on the outer fringes of society. Economic autonomy is about access to financial services like bank accounts, loans and insurance. It is not only about financial independence and security for individuals, but it also plays an important role for sustainable development efforts in society.
Financial autonomy is desirable for everyone, but it is unequal even today especially, where women are concerned. While the government has been trying to take a lot of steps to improve the situation of women and empower them, it is something that takes time. The simplistic appearing task of pulling women out of this gender inequality and enhancing their economic status. is to empower them financially.
ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES.
Women need to have access to financial services and in today’s highly digitised world, it is imperative that women have access to digital financial services as well Digital financial services would basically mean having access to financial services such as remittances. payments, savings, loans etc. through digital channels such as mobile phones.
STEPS BY GOVERNMENT:
The government has taken many steps to ensure that women in rural and urban India have digital access and are slowly empowered to understand and adopt digital financial services. All of this has been done in a bid for financial inclusivity: Financial empowerment will enable women to make more crucial choices and better decisions regarding their personal and professional lives and will probably seek to enter the labour force.
This will not just help them become financially independent, but rather as a society, we will increased mobile have improved physical mobility, reduced discrimination and improved safety,
Women who have been taken into the financial autonomy fold are better equipped to take decisions regarding education and professional training, employment prospects, and have better access to information to enable them to opt for entrepreneurial their doorstep opportunities. There has been a significant focus from the government for empowering women in rural India by providing them with financing instruments that will enable them to have access to the financial digital transactions mainstream.
BharatNet, Startup India, and Saubhagya Vojua (rural electrifi cation), have contributed to the country digitizing phenomenally today. Startups are also acting as the perfect catalyst to bridge the infrastructural gap in the country. With fortified digital infrastructure and in created mobile penetration in India, more and more women have access and to financial services.
Mobile Vans or Bank on Wheels travel to the local villages spreading financial and digital literacy apart from allowing the banks customer and public at large to make bill payments, withdraw cash and perform various basic banking activities at their doorstep.
Created by Bengaluru (Bengaluru) based XPay Life, the mobile van is running successfully in over ten states across many DCCBs at the district level enabling rural digital transactions.
By leveraging technology and offering last mile connectivity through mobile vans and local entrepreneurs, these large fintech companies are throwing the limelight on women and giving them the opportunity to access better financial opportunities and services to step up and gain financial independence.
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The Running Sky records a lifetime of looking at birds, organised into a bird's year from one summer to the next. Dee maps his own observations and encounters over four decades, from watching storm petrels on the island of Mousa in Shetland (a trip I've made twice and can recommend to anyone who loves birds) to exploring the variety of birds in Zambia.
There are explorations of the nightingale's song and how the birdlife of the English city of Bristol has changed over his lifetime, plus musings about birds in literature. The writing is often beautiful and thoughtful:
"[The jackdaws'] genius for riding the air seems to show its shape; pockets and waves and channels and funnels; but as I peer at them, the wind watering my eyes, I find myself marvelling at their irreducible and specific marking of the sky at that moment. If you try and empty your head and open your eyes and just watch the birds, you see they are not a metaphor for anything..."
I had a real problem with the January chapter that focussed on a very large collection of dead birds and eggs that had been collected by someone in Zambia. This was presented entirely without context and although it was obvious that most of the collection was historical (and therefore useful for scientific study without being currently problematic, as of course attitudes were different back then...) it seemed as though the collector was still active in collecting nests and eggs, which fact wasn't commented on. (These days we know this is something we shouldn't do, surely?). Plus, alongside this account was a narrative about a current scientific study of birds nests, which didn't entirely dispel the sense that these nests were being raided to study the eggs. This section desperately needed a statement about the importance of not collecting nests or eggs.
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A Therapy dog team visits patients with the intentions of making them feel better. For example, a certified therapy dog team might visit a hospital, children’s home, or nursing home. Generally these dogs are trained at service dog training standards because of the importance of safety and control in these environments. ASA provides trained therapy dogs, therapy dog handler training, therapy dog team testing preparatory classes, and certification. Other types of therapy dogs can be found at:
Libraries ready to provide no-judgement listening ears to children learning how to read.
Funeral homes offering a shoulder to cry on and grief relief.
Psychiatry offices calming, redirecting, and comforting patients.
Tragic events and disaster situations, easing those in a state of panic or overwhelming grief.
Warning: Therapy Dogs tend to make people, smile, giggle, and sometimes even laugh out loud!
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Legislation prioritizes mental health awareness for students
- Ben Cheever
- Communications Director
SACRAMENTO – Assemblymember Carlos Villapudua (D-Stockton) has introduced an Assembly Bill which was proposed by Eshika Arora, a student from Lincoln High School and winner of the There Ought to be a Law program for the district.
“When I was elected to represent Assembly District 13, I wanted to find a way to foster a sense of civic engagement among our student community, and develop a relationship between them and Sacramento,” said Assemblymember Villapudua. “We are proud to be able to introduce Ms. Arora’s bill proposal to the Legislature and are looking forward to working closely with her on this key piece of legislation.”
Our mental wellbeing is an important subject matter to address and be in touch with, especially for the student population that faces a number of stresses that are unique to them. Ms. Arora’s proposal aims to grow awareness of mental illness in schools by providing proper education and safe spaces for students to learn about and discuss mental health.
Studies have shown that our youth are increasingly experiencing academic stresses, loneliness, and other factors that can lead to mental health illnesses. Encouraging dialogue, providing resources, and empowering students with greater knowledge on the topic puts us on the right path to addressing and destigmatizing mental illness throughout our schools, and society at large.
“The importance of youth mental health will never disappear,” said Ms. Arora. “Throughout high school, I and my friends have struggled with it ourselves. There needs to be an improvement within our schools when it comes to educating students, providing resources, and spreading awareness.”
Ms. Arora will have the opportunity to work closely with the Assembly office as this bill makes its way through the Legislature.
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Exciting research projects are taking shape in Wakefield District over the next year. One of the most high profile is the ‘Born and Bred in Wakefield’ (BaBI Wakefield) cohort study, which aims to recruit and track the progress of all babies born in Wakefield District. Other important initiatives include the HENRY trial (Health and Nutrition for the Very Young), and our Adult Population Health Survey.
We want all of our residents to have the opportunity to take part in research, and to benefit from the findings of major studies. It’s also important that all our residents and communities take part in shaping research questions as the Council and its partners plan future research activity.
This role is an exciting new opportunity to work with communities and individuals who have traditionally been underserved by research or who may face barriers to participating in research studies. Working closely with the local VCSE and community organisations, you will use innovative ways to explain the benefits of research in our District and to understand the priorities of local communities in planning future research. An immediate priority will be to work with different communities to support fully representative recruitment of expectant parents to the BaBI project. It’s really important that this study recruits as large and diverse a sample of parents and babies as possible, so in this role you will help to identify and address any barriers to participation in different communities.
You should have skills, enthusiasm and a strong track record of working with underserved communities. It would also be helpful for you to have an interest in research and some understanding of how research studies work, although this is less important than your experience of working with communities. You should enjoy a challenge and be a self-starter who can develop new ideas and ways of working quickly.
The role will require regular attendance at community events and venues around Wakefield District. A level of flexibility to attend weekend and evening events, compensated by time off in lieu, would be helpful. The office-based portions of the role can be undertaken either working from home or from Wakefield One. The Public Health team continues to be a strong supporter of hybrid working models.
Particularly given the short duration of this role, applicants wishing to work part-time are very welcome, as are applicants interested in an internal secondment (with the agreement of your line manager).
For further information or a discussion about the role, please contact Clare Offer (firstname.lastname@example.org).
Want to Know More?
If you would like to know more about the role, the recruitment process or working for Wakefield Council feel free to contact Clare Offer.
PR2692 001 Research Co-production and Engagement Officer.doc
To apply please click the Apply Now link below.
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The latest cognitive intent behind the players try examined utilizing the MMSE, that was established from the Folstein when you look at the 1975 . The fresh MMSE is a useful appliance to assess internationally cognitive form possesses appropriate degrees of sensibility and you may specificity to help you select some body having cognitive disability compared to normal subjects . In most previous degree, intellectual impairment is commonly identified as a keen MMSE get ?twenty four things . But not, it standard is not suitable to have outlying Chinese for their lowest knowledge height . I made a decision to make use of the conditions advised by Ming-yuan Zhang ; these standards was indeed widely passed by almost every other Chinese experts and you may was ideal for be reproduced to area surveys .
Of numerous past research has provided assistance to your theory that middle-lifestyle blood pressure level try a threat factor to possess cognitive disability [5,several,13]. Specific research shows you to later-lives blood pressure escalates the risk getting intellectual disability [22–25]. However, most other research shows you to highest blood pressure level may be beneficial to own cognitive overall performance regarding the older [14,fifteen,26–28]. In some possible, long-name pursue-upwards education, the fresh new hypertension of people that afterwards setup dementia presented an inverted You-shaped trajectory through the years (i.age., an increase off middle to help you later lifetime and decreasing membership after that) [30,30]. According to research by the results of these studies, it is reasonable to hypothesize you to high blood pressure levels are absolutely related with cognitive impairment in the middle-aged but this particular confident organization refuses having expanding decades. Elevated blood pressure can even be adversely coordinated that have cognitive impairment regarding older. Element of so it theory could have been supported by the outcome of earlier education. A recent study by the Ogliari, Grams et al. revealed that the correlation coefficient between high blood pressure and you may MMSE score is actually greater than 0 from inside the 75-year-olds and you can went on to improve as we grow old; which outcome is equivalent to the current finding that the Or anywhere between high blood pressure and you may intellectual handicap try below step 1 about 75-year-olds and you may continued so you can refuse with age. not, earlier in the day studies have rarely included each other center-aged and you may elderly subjects. Whether or not hypertension and years was basically thought to be continued details otherwise categorical data, the outcome support the theory explained more than the relationship between hypertension and cognitive disability alter regarding center to help you retirement.
The partnership between blood pressure level and cognitive disability changes as we grow old, but most previous studies have not put specific hypertension targets for different age range [13, 31–34]
The results regarding earlier studies which have examined whether lowering bloodstream tension protects intellectual mode is inconsistent [13,31–34]. For the one hand, this inconsistency may be as a result of the latest range of your own antihypertension drugs and you will victims included in the degree; likewise, our very own lookup suggests among the numerous factors. Additionally, among methods utilized in training out of interventions to preserve cognitive setting is to enhance the new sample that have senior citizens [31–34] so you can hasten the chance to have intellectual refuse which means that probably clean out the size of the analysis months and you can total cost . Yet not, the analysis indicates that high blood pressure levels is actually undoubtedly correlated with cognitive handicap in the middle-aged anyone, but that dating is quicker obvious regarding earlier and can even getting negative. For this reason, it is important to carry out subsequent knowledge with center-old users.
Statistically, it matchmaking ranging from elevated blood pressure and you will intellectual impairment will likely be just conveyed just like the an otherwise that’s more than one in the middle-aged, refuses off middle so you can senior years, will get less than step one at a certain years, and consistently decline as we grow old
Brand new components hidden the new relationship anywhere between hypertension and you can cognitive disability try cutting-edge. In terms of we know, raised blood pressure can damage cognitive means using several paths. High blood pressure levels adjustment cerebrovascular structure and you can mode, which results in notice lesions particularly mind atrophy, stroke, lacunar infarcts, diffuse light number wreck, microinfarcts, and microbleeds ultimately contributes to intellectual disability. Which path is crucial getting VCI . Elevated blood pressure as well as impairs your metabolic rate and you will transfer from amyloid-? necessary protein (A?), quickening cognitive disability [5,6,9], that is an advertising-relevant path. Yet not, raised blood pressure is a great idea to possess intellectual results in some unique populations [14,15,26–28]. The adequate emotional perfusion you to is a result of raised blood pressure get lead to that it helpful impression [thirty six,37]. Earlier in the day studies have shown one to highest blood pressure may be needed to keep up mind perfusion for the older individuals with age-dependent atherosclerotic vascular ruin [38,39]. This phenomenon could be partially as a result of the new attenuation of cerebrovascular autoregulation feature, which results in a good rightward shift of the stress-move contour and results pÅ™Ãklady profilů tsdates in the necessity for higher challenges to maintain equivalent mental perfusion . Such alterations determine emotional perfusion, especially in your situation out of hypotension or arterial occlusion [thirty-six,40]. Ergo, our browse people indicates the second: in-between-old, new “VCI” path and Advertisement-associated path enjoy major spots, given that “emotional perfusion” path be more essential which have expanding years. That it theory provides a possible reason to your most recent performance, but way more scientific studies are must understand the precise apparatus.
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Born January 29th 1936, James Jamerson was one of the most influential bassists of all time. Today marks the anniversary of his passing on August 2nd 1983. His premature death stemmed from complications resulting from longstanding alcoholism, a tragic yet all too familiar tale in the annals of music history.
Regardless, his extensive work continues to blow away and inspire in equal parts. An elegant and highly-gifted master of low-end theory, he was the resident bass player of the iconic Motown record label during the most decorated part of his lifetime. It is his work for Motown that underpins a great deal of his legacy. If one is to think of any of Motown’s most significant records, Jamerson is likely to have lent his expertise to it.
Like many of his contemporaries, Jamerson started playing the upright bass as a child in the 1950s, in a church band before switching to the electric bass as an adult. His early musical life was informed by gospel, blues and jazz. Technically, these influences can be heard in his playing, precise but soulful. The impressions of legendary bassists Ray Brown, Paul Chambers and Percy Heath all permeate his work.
After leaving high school, Jamerson played in bands in Detroit nightclubs. It was in this circuit that he would genuinely cut his teeth. Before too long, he joined Washboard Willie’s backing band and toured with the inimitable Jackie Wilson. Providing a robust rhythmic ballast to the likes of Willie and Wilson built Jamerson’s reputation. As people started to heed his skill, session work opportunities began to appear for him at several local recording studios.
In 1959, he found himself regular work at Berry Gordy’s Hitsville U.S.A. studio, the home of the prestigious Motown record label. He first leant his bass to the Smokey Robinson single ‘Way Over There’ (1959). This then started a meteoric rise for both the label and Jamerson, which included John Lee Hooker’s 1962 album Burnin’ and The Reflections’ unmistakable hit ‘(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet’ (1964).
While working for Motown, he became a critical member of the group of musicians who labelled themselves “The Funk Brothers”. This extensive yet close-knit group performed on the majority of Motown’s output in the ’60s. By the early ’60s, Jamerson had switched from the double bass to the electric Fender Precision Bass, which he would use in most of his subsequent recordings. This instrument is most closely associated with the bass icon—giving him that signature, warm, mid-range bass tone that carries all of Motown’s most significant hits.
In a 1983 interview, Jamerson talked about Motown’s songwriting team: “[They] would give me the chord sheet, but they couldn’t write for me. When they did, it didn’t sound right. When they gave me that chord sheet, I’d look at it, but then start doing what I felt and what I thought would fit. I’d hear the melody line from the lyrics and I’d build the bass line around that.”
Motown founder, Berry Gordy, also weighed in on Jamerson’s brilliance. He labelled the bass player an “incredible improviser” and stated: “I, like some of the other producers, would not do a session unless at least two of the Funk Brothers were present – namely, Benny Benjamin and James Jamerson.”
Jamerson would move with Motown from Detroit to L.A. in 1972 when the label moved its headquarters. He would continue to feature on many of the label’s hits, including ‘Neither One of Us’ by Gladys Knight & The Pips (1973) and ‘Boogie Fever’ by The Sylvers (1976). During the ’70s he also played on records by Robert Palmer, Dennis Wilson, Smokey Robison and the unforgettable Ben E. King.
However, by the advent of the ’80s, Jamerson’s star began to fall. No longer a part of a group of musicians like The Funk Brothers, he felt cooped up, less free to improvise. He fell out of favour in the recording circuit, and his alcoholism began to impede his work more seriously. At the turn of the decade, other musicians would begin to make use of the latest technological advancements. This included modern amplifiers, round-wound strings and new playing styles such as slapping. Somewhat of a traditionalist, Jamerson’s style fell out of favour. Simultaneously wracked by alcoholism, by 1982 he was unable to secure any worthwhile jobs as a musician.
Soon after this stark and rapid decline, he would, of course, pass away. Nevertheless, he has not been forgotten. It is a testament to his skill that he influenced a significant number of four-string icons. Paul McCartney, Jaco Pastorius, Jack Bruce, Flea, John Entwistle, Geddy Lee and Bootsy Collins are just some of the legends that have cited Jamerson as an influence. His influence was so far-reaching that even Jason Newstead, former bass player of metal titans Metallica, cites Jamerson as a hero.
It is telling that in his lifetime, Jamerson performed on 23 number one hits. This feat is only surpassed by one other — Paul McCartney, a dedicated disciple of Jamerson’s rhythmic licks. Throughout his career, Jamerson also performed on a staggering 56 number one hits on the R&B charts, making him a true soul icon.
Without further ado, join us as we list James Jamerson’s ten greatest basslines.
James Jamerson’s ten best moments
‘You Can’t Hurry Love’ – The Supremes (1966)
One of Jamerson’s greatest basslines underpins this soul classic. This song can only be described as a match made in heaven. Diana Ross‘s unmistakable and brilliant vocals, heartfelt and yearning, the swooning backing vocals of Mary Wilson and Marlene Barrow, and the music of The Funk Brothers all comprise this classic.
Apart from Ross’s vocals, the standout element of ‘You Can’t Hurry Love’ is undoubtedly Jamerson’s walking bassline. Warm and comforting, Jamerson wraps the listener in a tonal blanket of 5th notes that perfectly match Ross’s melodic vocal melody. Through this self-aware classic, Jamerson’s legacy lives on.
‘My Girl’ – The Temptations (1964)
Another stellar moment. The listener knows exactly what is coming when Jamerson teases the rest of the song with the faint rumble of his bass. Another warm, tonally dialled-in piece of bass work, ‘My Girl’ is one of the more docile basslines in Jamerson’s back catalogue.
That funky rhythm at the break, before the instrumentation comes back in is sheer brilliance on Jamerson’s part. Temptations frontman Smokey Robinson summed it up: “I can be in a foreign country where people don’t speak English and the audience will start cheering before I even start singing ‘My Girl’. They know what’s coming as soon as they hear the opening bass line. ‘Bah bum-bum, bah bum-bum, bah bum-bum.'”
‘Shotgun’ – Jr. Walker & the All Stars (1965)
‘Shotgun’ is one of the most recognisable singles Motown ever produced. However, it is not common knowledge that the bass licks are Jamerson’s. It would not be unreasonable to say that this is one of the coolest basslines Jamerson ever produced.
‘Shotgun’ is a funky, jiving classic. As soon as it kicks in, you want to move your feet. Headed up by the brilliant keys, and the wailing brass section the song is a continuous groove. It is a shame it doesn’t run for longer. The strength of this jam owes to Jamerson’s technical skill and knowledge of scales. He covers the fretboard in style, and it is clear to see from where the likes of Flea and Pastorius take their cues.
‘For Once in My Life’ – Stevie Wonder (1968)
Initially recorded by Connie Haines but first released in 1966 by Jean DuShon, ‘For Once in My Life’ had numerous early versions before Stevie Wonder made it his own in ’68. Some early versions of the hit were attempted by legends such as The Four Tops, The Temptations, Diana Ross and Tony Bennett.
Wonder’s version is an uptempo take on what was originally a slow ballad. It is also the most successful, becoming a top three hit on both sides of the Atlantic. As well as Wonder’s undoubted brilliance, ‘For Once in My Life’ is also hailed as a classic Jamerson bassline.
The track is held in the utmost regard by bassists worldwide because of Jamerson’s unfettered genius. It is the finest example of his improvisational skill. No two bars of the song feature the same notes, and it is melodic as it is technical.
It serves brilliantly as a bassline as it holds up the rhythm of the song perfectly whilst managing to complement Wonder’s vocals. This is no mean feat. Bassists often fall into the trap of being either too flashy and technical with their lines or too rigid, relying on root notes. Jamerson finds the perfect balance on this classic, and it is this that makes it so enduring.
‘Ain’t No Mountain High Enough’ – Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell (1967)
Arguably the most iconic of all the Motown releases, ‘Ain’t No Mountain High Enough’ had two leases of life. The Gaye and Terrell version became a hit single upon release in April ’67. It then found an even wider audience in 1970 went former Supremes leader Diana Ross released a hit take on the original. It would become her first number one hit as a solo artist, for which she would receive a Grammy Award.
The Gaye and Terrell is the better version of the hit. A brilliant vocal duet, it effectively reflects the lyrical content of the chorus: “There ain’t no mountain high enough/ Ain’t no valley low enough/ Ain’t no river wide enough/ To keep me from getting to you, baby”.
The song is also iconic as it features Jamerson and his syncopated bass. The introduction of the track, with the technically brilliant interplay between the bass and cymbals, draws the listener in before catapulting you into the euphoric chorus. This effectiveness of the rhythm section on ‘Ain’t No Mountain High Enough’ is a defining factor in the song’s everlasting stature within pop culture history.
‘I Heard It Through the Grapevine’ – Gladys Knight & the Pips (1967)
Although Marvin Gaye’s version of the song is the most well-known, Gladys Knight & the Pips‘ offering is musically the more respected. This owes to Jamerson’s bassline. Well-respected in bass circles but relatively unknown in the mainstream, when you listen to this version you instantly understand why it is so hallowed.
There is not much more to say about Jamerson’s work here than it is a funky, walking groove that spares the dynamics no rest.
‘(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher’ – Jackie Wilson (1967)
When one thinks of the most iconic basslines in soul and Motown, you would be right in thinking that Don Ciccone’s bassline in the Frankie Valli and The Four Season’s Northern Soul classic ‘The Night’ takes the top spot. However, Jamerson makes a strong claim for the throne with his work on Jackie Wilson’s uplifting 1967 hit ‘(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher’.
Similar to Ciccone’s bass work in the Valli classic, Jamerson gives us a busy exercise in movement up and down the fretboard. It is a warm swelling of notes that keep the groove in Wilson’s classic. Jamerson perfectly captures the sentiment of Wilson’s optimistic lyrics and vocal melody. It is the sonic equivalent to one of those rare days where everything goes right.
‘Dancing in the Street’ – Martha and the Vandellas (1964)
A pure soul classic. Most famously covered by Bowie and Jagger in 1985, everyone from The Kinks to the Mamas & Papas and even Van Halen have made the song their own at different points in the past. However, the most iconic recorded version is Martha and the Vandellas original. The lyric “Can’t forget the Motor City” is best delivered by the Motown starlets.
The song also found a life as a Civil Rights anthem amongst the racial tensions and civil unrest that engulfed America in the ’60s. Along with the song’s glorious lyrics and the defiant vocal performance, the song is characterised by Jamerson’s bassline.
In one of his more pinned back songs, Jamerson expertly shows that a bassline does not have to be flashy as he perfectly holds up the rhythm and vocal melody with a simple piece of tonal work.
‘What’s Going On’ – Marvin Gaye (1971)
Marvin Gaye‘s most iconic single, featuring his sultry yet powerful vocal performance was the title track and lead single from the concept album, 1971’s What’s Going On. The album is regarded as one of the greatest musical works of all time, and its lead single is an embodiment of this.
Unmistakably Jamerson, the bassline is his best. However, getting him in the studio for the song’s recording session was not easy. According to The Funk Brothers in the 2002 documentary Standing in the Shadows of Motown, Gaye desperately wanted to feature Jamerson on ‘What’s Going On’.
This is where Jamerson’s alcoholism comes to the fore. Gaye was so in need of the bass maestro’s services that he went to multiple bars around Detroit in the hope of locating him. Eventually, he tracked down the elusive Jamerson and prized him away from the bar and into the studio.
In the most brilliant example of Jamerson’s alcoholic curse but a musical gift, Jamerson was so intoxicated when Gaye located him that he couldn’t stand upright. He recorded the famous line whilst lying on his back. We’ll leave that there.
‘Bernadette’ – The Four Tops (1967)
Described as a “hard-driving rocker” by Billboard upon its release, ‘Bernadette’ is a distinguished performance by all involved. Lead singer Levi Stubbs’ passionate cries of “Bernadette!” are of course the song’s most defining feature. However, The Funk Brothers expertly provide a platform for Stubbs to do his thing.
The song is a sonic representation of one wearing their heart on their sleeve. Jamerson’s bassline is clinical in supporting and reflecting this sentiment through his tracking of Stubbs’ vocals. This is a fine example of Jamerson at his commanding best.
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In the web journal “Busted Halo”, Dr Christine B. Whelan reflects on an Anglican wedding which she attended. The bride and the groom were both preparing for ordination to the Anglican priesthood. She refers to the ceremony of the rings:
“When Andrea reaffirmed her vows of Christianity as she started her journey toward the Anglican priesthood, she put a gold band on her ring finger to symbolize her commitment to her faith. Now it’s on her right hand, and her wedding band is on her left. These two gold bands signify both vows, both life callings.”
What a graphic illustration of the difficulty of the calling of a married priest! Of all the eight fingers and two thumbs upon which we wear our rings, our culture has determined that the second to last finger on the right hand should be the “ring finger”.
Historians of ritual know that the ring is a potent symbol of authority. The authority has a two-fold character (reflected in the story of the centurion who says to Jesus “I am a man under authority, with [authority over the] soldiers under me” Matt 8:9): The giver of the ring exercises authority over the ring bearer, and the ring bearer exercises that authority over others. Of course, the ring also symbolises commitment and faithfulness, but it is of the servant who is faithful to the master.
Now consider the ring of pastoral authority/religious commitment (traditionally worn by the Bishop, but also by religious and by priests in some traditions) and the ring of marriage. Traditionally, both are worn on the “ring finger” of the right hand. Both represent the total giving of one’s life to a specific calling. And here is the rub: there is only room for one ring such ring on the ring finger. Any other ring must be relegated to second place—eg. The ring finger of the left hand.
On which hand will the married priest wear his wedding ring? Which calling will have the first place in his life? The dilemma is very practical as well as theological. Jesus himself said “No man can serve two masters” (Matt 6:24). St Paul said “the married man is anxious about worldly affairs, how to please his wife, and his interests are divided” (1 Cor 7: 33,34).
I have never come across any symbol of this tension more graphic than that with which Dr Whelan provides us in this story about the bride who moved the ring of her religious vocation to her left hand in order to make way for the ring of her marriage vocation.
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According to a recent report published by Allied Market Research, titled, "RFID Reader Market by Product Type, Frequency Band, and Industry Vertical: Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2019–2026," the global RFID readers market was valued at $8.87 billion in 2018, and is projected to reach $22.46 billion by 2026, registering a CAGR of 9.8% from 2020 to 2026.
The RFID reader is a device used to gather information from an RFID tag, which is used to track an individual object. The radio-frequency waves are used to transfer data from the RFID tag to the reader. Most of the RFIDs are generally used to store information, which is used when interpreted through user. RFID is a technology similar to bar codes. However, the RFID tag does not have to be scanned directly, nor does it require line-of-sight to a reader. The RFID tags must be within the range of an RFID reader, that is 3 to 300 feet. The RFID reader contains RF module, which acts as transmitter and receiver of radio frequency signals.
Providing robust security to the systems and technological advancements in the automotive industry are major factors that drive the market growth. Despite such advantages, high cost and problem associated with multiple tag reading impede the growth of this market. In future, rapidly updating public transportation system and increase in penetration of RFID sensor in applications such as manufacturing & management, security, retail, and location tracking are the factors expected to create lucrative RFID reader market opportunities during the forecast period.
The RFID reader market holds high potential for various applications in sectors such as retail, defense, aerospace, transportation, healthcare, and others. The current business scenario is witnessing an increase in the demand for RFID reader, particularly in the developed regions such as the U.S, China, and others. Companies in RFID reader market are adopting various innovative techniques to provide customers with advanced and innovative feature offerings.
RFID readers are used in many industries to make the operation feasible. Various transportation companies are using tags on vehicles to identify them when arriving at sites. The vehicle information along with yard space is fed into the IT systems for proper planning of loading or unloading the bay resources. RFID is used in the railway transport to provide information about the route being followed, speed of the railcar, and load that exists in each wagon. RFID is also used to identify whether the vehicles are sent to the right loading bay or filling station.
RFID reader market trends such as rise in adoption of RFID technology in the healthcare sector, which can validate RFID technology as a favorable asset to healthcare organizations is expected to drive the RFID readers market growth. RFID reader helps the healthcare industry to save time and money by providing real-time traceability, communication, identification, and location data for resources. In addition, RFID help workers to access and record data securely via mobile devices. These factors create lucrative opportunities for the RFID reader market during the forecast period.
Major companies in North America are adopting automated item identification systems for supply chain management to improve inventory allocation efficiencies. Furthermore, rise in demand for supply chain management is expected to create lucrative opportunities for the RFID market during the forecast period. In addition, higher need for RFID technology in the healthcare industry is anticipated to create lucrative opportunities for the RFID readers market growth. In addition, presence of largest manufacturers and OEMs in Asia-Pacific and surge in demand for tracking, monitoring, locating objects for security, safety, and resource optimization are the key factors that drive the growth of the RFID readers market during the forecast period.
The retail sector is witnessing high adoption of RFID readers for inventory and supply chain management. RFID reader helps retail enterprises and consumers to identify, transact, engage, locate, and authenticate their assets and personnel. In addition, high growth in retail sector and integration of advance technology in RFID reader boost the growth of the RFID reader market during the forecast period.
Key Findings of the Study:
- Based on product type, the handheld RFID reader segment generated the highest revenue in the global RFID reader market in 2018.
- Based on frequency band, the ultra-high frequency segment generated the highest revenue in the global RFID reader market share in 2018.
- Based on industry vertical, the transportation & logistics segment generated the highest revenue in the global RFID reader market size in 2018.
The key players operating in the global RFID reader industry are Alien Technology, Applied Wireless Identifications Group, Inc., Avery Dennison Corporation, CAEN RFID S.r.l., Honeywell International Inc., Impinj, Inc., Invengo Technology Pte. Ltd., Motorola Solutions, Inc., Zebra Technologies Corp., and Unitech Electronics Co., LTD. These key players adopt several strategies such as new product launch and development, acquisition, partnership and collaboration, and business expansion to increase the global RFID reader market during the forecast period.
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Bell Helicopter supports their parent company, Textron, in their Achieve 2025 goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20%, reduce energy use by 10%, and reduce waste generation by 10%. This helps reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals for Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure and Responsible Consumption and Production.
Loyola Marymount University
Through their partnership with Avfuel Corporation, they want to utilize Neste MY SAF (Sustainable Aviation Fuel). Bell Helicopter is taking action to achieve its aim of lowering greenhouse gas emissions. According to estimations, AVfuel's SAF can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 80%. Cole states, “This provides us the confidence we need to help our planet and atmosphere while still upholding our personal business goals.”
Bell was the first rotorcraft customer to use sAF from AVfuel by incorporating SAf into its Training Academy and customer demonstration fleet aircraft. This year, the Bell 505 and Bell 525 are being tested solely with the use of blended fuel. Bell Helicopter actively supports the General Aviation Manufacturers Association’s sustainable fuel initiative.
Cole says that in addition to this innovation, other efforts are also being made to support responsible production for sustainability. "In my current program, we also support this goal by using green refrigerants in the environmental controls systems. We are still in the critical design phase, but we want to implement these process controls in the future."
Bell Helicopter CEO Mitch Snyder is leading the company and supporting all R & D, manufacturing, and test operations to be successful in creating sustainable innovation efforts.
Bell Helicopter was inspired by Textron’s goal, which was published in their 2020 Corporate Responsibility Report, to provide resiliency within the industry. The report states "Bell continues to support the aviation industry in its objectives to achieve carbon-neutral growth and reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050"
Bell Helicopter is committed to meeting Textron’s goal by 2025 to reduce greenhouse gases by 20%. "We will not stop until they meet that goal and are pioneering our engineering excellence to support that goal every day," says Cole.
"We can’t accept excellence if we aren’t taking care of our planet and the safety of our employees and customers," says Cole. "I take a lot of pride in supporting our government and our planet by being an employee of Bell."
Using SAF and the other efforts within Bell Helicopter will create a sustainable footprint as a leader in air flight and implement clean aviation. This impact will allow us to preserve our atmosphere and non-renewable resources. The Bell Helicopter is taking a giant leap in saving our world as we know it. It is known that humans are the source of deteriorating our earth, and Bell Helicopter is working hard to keep our environment safe.
SAF is used as a replacement for fossil jet fuel and reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 80%. It is made from 100% renewable waste and residue raw materials and doesn't require any additional investment into existing jet engines and fueling infrastructure as it is already compatible with them.
SAF is also utilized by other aerospace and aviation companies for responsible consumption, production, and operation in order to innovate global sustainability. Companies like Boeing are also using SAF as they stated in a 2022 article titled "Boeing Buys Two Million Gallons of Sustainable Aviation Fuel for its Commercial Operations."
Bell Helicopter is reducing CO2 emissions by recycling them.
SAF is also utilized by other aerospace and aviation companies for responsible consumption, production, and operations in order to innovate global sustainability. Carbon emitted by fossil fuels is nonrenewable and largely squandered. By utilizing SAF, Bell Helicopter preserves these fossil fuels, which is beneficial to the environment. Additionally, this will greatly enhance the air quality. In addition, SAF minimizes the amount of emitted particles and sulfur in the atmosphere.
On the business side, SAF promotes fuel efficiency. It has a higher energy density than fossil jet fuel and helps the business by making vehicles go farther and using less fuel per hour.
Ashten Cole, ECS Thermal Senior Engineer
Keep this story going! Share below!
Fort Worth, TX, US
Business Website: https://www.bellflight.com/
Year Founded: 1935
Number of Employees: 10000+
Texton Inc. is the sole owner of Bell Helicopter, which was created in 1935 in Fort Worth, Texas. They were the first business to certify a helicopter for commercial use. They have a significant position in the global aerospace industry and participated in NASA's first lunar mission. They manufactured innovative tiltrotor systems. Currently, they have personnel in 90 countries spanning six continents. Their objective is to provide unparalleled airplane experiences effectively, dependably and foremost, safely.
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RCIA (How to Become Catholic)
Whoever follows me will not walk in darkness, but will have the light of Life. (John 8:12)
Is God calling you into a deeper relationship with Him? Is there something missing in your life? Are you searching for something more in life; its meaning, its purpose? If you answered “yes” to any of these questions, we invite you to explore the RCIA, Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults.
The RCIA is a process of learning about the Catholic faith. Through this process, the Church introduces you into its rich traditions and deep roots as the family of God. The Church invites you to become one with Jesus and His grace-filled community through Baptism into the Catholic faith if you are not baptized, or into the full communion of the Catholic Church if you are already baptized.
The RCIA is a process, not a program. The process is designed specifically for those not Baptized, but includes adaptations for the already Baptized. This journey of faith has four periods bridged by Liturgical Rites:
- Period of Inquiry – a time to ask questions and learn the basics of the Catholic faith.
Rite of Acceptance – a celebration during Mass in which the inquirers publicly expresses their intention to become Catholic. Inquirers become Catechumens (Un-baptized) and Candidates (Baptized).
- Period of Catechumenate – a time of continued and deeper study of God, scripture, the teachings of the Church, personal prayer, and the life of the Church.
Rite of Election – a celebration at Mass and at the Cathedral with the Bishop in which the Catechumens express their firm commitment to enter the Church at the next Easter Vigil. The Catechumens become the Elect. Candidates remain Candidates.
- Period of Purification and Enlightenment – a time of serious reflection on what it means to follow Christ in the Catholic Church and intense spiritual preparation for the celebration of the Sacraments of Initiation at the Easter Vigil.
Celebration of the Sacraments of Initiation – During the Easter Vigil, the Elect receive the Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, and Holy Eucharist and so become full members of the Catholic Church.
- Period of Mystagogy – a time of reflection on the Sacraments of Initiation, of deeper understanding of the sacramental life, and of entering more fully into the daily life, mission, and prayer of the Catholic Church.
We, the parishioners of Saint Agnes Church, welcome your interest in the Catholic Church. We pray that you will be open to God calling you into a deeper relationship with Him through the Catholic Church. We invite you to listen to Jesus’ call to you:
“Come, and you will see.” (John 1:39)
RCIA sessions are held at Saint Agnes Church every Sunday at 9:00 a.m. before the 10:30 a.m. Mass in the Parish Conference Room. We invite anyone seeking to know more about the Catholic faith to give us a call or email. We would love to learn about your faith journey and to share our faith with you. For more information, please contact Paula Fritz at (859) 431-1802 or [email protected].
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I’ve written before about the Gateshead conference amendment about online snooping. The speech from Dr Jenny Woods on the amendment is now online, and it’s a great introduction to the issue:
The text of the amendment, passed by conference, reads:
a) ensuring that there shall be no interception of telephone calls, SMS messages, social media, internet or any other communications without named, specific and time-limited warrants;
b) guaranteeing that any communications data kept by service providers in accordance with the EU Data Retention Directive are kept securely by the service providers, and that they be only released to government bodies with strict and strengthened safeguards;
c) ensuring that service providers are not mandated by law to collect communications data by any method that would also provide access to content information, unless specifically authorised by a warrant;
d) ensuring that service providers are not mandated by law to collect third-party communications data for non-business purposes by any method;
e) renegotiating the EU Data Retention Directive and changing how it is implemented into UK law, to provide a better balance towards privacy.
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Many publications have come from the database of Agria Djurförsäkring (Animal Insurance) in Sweden.
This article is a brief overview of findings, from the perspective of both health and longevity and in regard to human-animal interaction issues.
Age Patterns of Disease and Death in Swedish Dogs, Cats and Horses
J. Comp. Path. 2010, Vol. 142, S33-S38
From 1995 to the present Agria Animal Insurance, Sweden (Agria Djurförsäkring, Stockholm, Sweden) has
provided data on both health care and life insurance claims for descriptive and analytical research. From these
data we have published extensively on insured dogs and horses and have recently submitted a study on cat mortality.
Over the periods studied most extensively (1995-2002 for dogs, 1997-2004 for horses and 1999-2006
for cats), Agria has insured approximately 200,000 dogs, 100,000 horses and up to 200,000 cats per year.
Estimates based on formal research or market surveys suggest that Agria insures approximately 40% of
both the Swedish dog and horse populations and 50% of the purebred cat population. Where animal insurance
is so widely embraced, the Agria-insured populations are likely to be representative of the national population.
This paper focuses on age patterns of disease, differences between breeds and genders, body system and disease
process and changes over time. An increase in survival over the years for dogs and cats is undoubtedly
affected by owner, societal and veterinary factors relative to the availability of, and willingness and ability to
access, and continue, veterinary care. In addition, marked differences in survival across breeds suggest that
comparisons between people and companion animals in terms of health, disease and longevity must consider
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Colleges and Universities as Talent Magnets
The remote work revolution presents a unique opportunity for higher education institutions to reinvent themselves and become talent magnets.
In Knowledge Towns, David J. Staley and Dominic D. J. Endicott argue that the location of a college or university is a necessary piece of any region's effort to attract remote knowledge workers, and thus accelerate economic development and creative place-making. Just as every town expects a church, bank branch, post office, and coffee house, a decentralized network of institutions of higher education will flourish, acting as cornerstones for the post-pandemic rebuilding of our society and economy.
In calling for a "college in any town," they are not simply proposing placing a traditional college within a town or city, envisioning instead a particular kind of higher education institution called a "knowledge enterprise." In addition to providing the services of a traditional college, a knowledge enterprise acts as a talent magnet, attracting workers looking to move to cheaper and more attractive destinations.
With the post-COVID-19 shift to more remote work, and millions of people moving to more affordable and livable cities, a place that wants to attract talent will require a thriving academic environment. This represents a new opportunity for "town and gown" to create thriving collaborative communities. The pandemic has accelerated existing trends that put at risk the viability of many colleges and universities, as well as that of many towns and cities. The talent magnet strategy outlined in this book offers colleges and towns a plan of action for regeneration.
About the Authors
David J. Staley (COLUMBUS, OH) is an associate professor of history, design, and educational studies at The Ohio State University. He is the author of Alternative Universities: Speculative Design for Innovation in Higher Education. Dominic D. J. Endicott (WOLFEBORO, NH) is a partner at Northstar Ventures and an advisor at the MET Fund.
Other Titles by David J. Staley
Other Titles in EDUCATION / Higher
Other Titles in Higher & further education, tertiary education
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Annual Events and Activities
Student Affairs is involved in many traditional events and activities that take place on an annual basis. Whether it is through direct leadership to departmental events or advising student organizations or even providing support to university events, Student Affairs works very hard to enrich the lives of our students.
Although it would be impossible to list all of the special events throughout the year that we're involved in, below you will find information about what we call traditional or yearly events that take place at the University of New Orleans.
Start Fresh Fest
A festival that enables freshmen and other students to become acquainted with UNO. Held on the Wednesday during the first week of school each year, Start Fresh Fest features music, food and fun, as well as campus and community resources. Vendors include the UNO Credit Union, area companies, UNO campus departments and UNO student organizations
Taking place all across campus during the first six weeks of classes, Privateer Plunge offers new students “an array of fun filled and educational opportunities to help you understand the resources available to you and to meet other UNO students, faculty and administrators.” Students who participate are eligible to win prizes!
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The new edition of Seeds contains new information on many topics discussed in the first edition, such as fruit/seed heteromorphism, breaking of physical dormancy and effects of inbreeding depression on germination. New topics have been added to each chapter, including dichotomous keys to types of seeds and kinds of dormancy; a hierarchical dormancy classification system; role of seed banks in restoration of plant communities; and seed germination in relation to parental effects, pollen competition, local adaption, climate change and karrikinolide in smoke from burning plants.
The database for the world biogeography of seed dormancy has been expanded from 3580 to about 13 600 species. New insights are presented on seed dormancy and germination ecology of species with specialized life cycles or habitat requirements such as orchids, parasitic, aquatics and halophytes. Information from various fields of science has been combined with seed dormancy data to increase our understanding of the evolutionary/phylogenetic origins and relationships of the various kinds of seed dormancy (and nondormancy) and the conditions under which each may have evolved.
This comprehensive synthesis of information on the ecology, biogeography and evolution of seeds provides a thorough overview of whole-seed biology that will facilitate and help focus research efforts. Most wide-ranging and thorough account of whole-seed dormancy available. It contains information on dormancy and germination of more than 14 000 species from all the continents – even the two angiosperm species native to the Antarctica continent. It includes a taxonomic index so researchers can quickly find information on their study organism(s). It provides a dichotomous key for the kinds of seed dormancy.
Topics range from fossil evidence of seed dormancy to molecular biology of seed dormancy. Much attention is given to the evolution of kinds of seed dormancy. It includes chapters on the basics of how to do seed dormancy studies; on special groups of plants, for example orchids, parasites, aquatics, halophytes; and one chapter devoted to soil seed banks. It contains a revised, up-dated classification scheme of seed dormancy, including a formula for each kind of dormancy. Detailed attention is given to physiological dormancy, the most common kind of dormancy on earth.
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Ecologically Meaningful Germination Studies
Chapter 3. Types of Seeds and Kinds of Seed Dormancy
Chapter 4. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Nondeep Physiological Dormancy
Chapter 5. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Morphophysiological Dormancy
Chapter 6. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Physical Dormancy
Chapter 7. Germination Ecology of Seeds in the Persistent Seed Bank
Chapter 8. Variation in Seed Dormancy, Germination and Size Within and Between Individuals and Populations of a Species
Chapter 9. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Tropical and Subtropical Zones
Chapter 10. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones
Chapter 11. Germination Ecology of Plants with Specialized Life Cycles and/or Habitats
Chapter 12. Biogeographical and Evolutionary Aspects of Seed Dormancy
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I bet you have heard at least one rags to riches story in your lifetime. Well I want to show you how anyone (including yourself) can go from rags to riches. No matter what your financial situation you can be rich, it just takes a little hard work and a bit of education. This short article will teach you the basics of going from rags to riches.
Create Or Buy Assets
The major thing that sets the rich apart from the poor is the way they spend their money and their time. You don’t get rich working for someone else, you get rich in your spare time by creating or acquiring assets. The first step towards becoming rich is know what an asset is. If you know what an asset in then you can focus on creating or buying them and that will make you extremely rich over time
An asset is something that generates you income on a regular basis. To put it simply an asset puts money in your pocket. A liability is something than takes money out of your pocket. Rich people focus on using their money to buy assets that generate them income. When the rich invest they invest into things that give them cashflow, not things that cost them money to own. Poor people buy things that increase their expenses and thus make them poorer.
So if you want to be extremely wealthy, and if you want to go from rags to riches the you need to change the way you spend your money. By spending your money on acquiring assets you are constantly increasing your income. This then gives you more income to spend on more assets, which in turn will increase your income even further. This is how the rich get richer and richer.
If you are poor then you are poor because of what you know and what you are doing with what you know. Rich people know better and therefore they do better. Knowing the difference between assets and liabilities is an example of how rich people know better and thus they can do better by buying assets. I suggest you invest into your education and focus on increasing your financial intelligence.
The best investment I ever made was my investment to get a library card. The card was free and it allowed me to learn from some of the greatest wealth teachers in the world. It’s free to hire a book and the more you read and learn from rich people the richer you will become. If you do want to go from rags to riches then you need to never stop learning, keep learning and keep improving upon your knowledge.
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The BJP’s lost the plot
The latest issue of Organiser, the RSS mouthpiece, has an interesting analysis to offer for Mayawati’s triumph in the UP elections and the BJP’s dismal performance in the same polls. The article blames the BJP’s half-hearted and apologetic Hindutva campaign for the party’s debacle. It argues that a mix of Hindutva rhetoric and promise of development and governance diluted the BJP’s campaign, alienating, in turn, the Hindus as well as the poor.
The article goes on to argue that the traditional vote of the BJP went to Mayawati because the BSP supremo, like Indira Gandhi in the past, used a version of ‘soft’ Hindutva in order to woo the upper-caste Hindu votebank of the BJP. Had the BJP not put issues like the Ram temple on the backburner and had it not turned away from adopting an aggressive Hindutva line, concludes the Organiser, it would have achieved greater success. This analysis is significant because the RSS had sent its organisational secretaries across UP in order to create support for the BJP, and has failed miserably.
This analysis is also curious at various levels. In the first instance, there is the belief shared among the various constituents of the Sangh parivar that there is, indeed, a unified, undifferentiated, monochromatic and seamless Hindu community in the country. The misplaced aspiration of the RSS and its inspired organisations to don the mantle of this community has repeatedly come to grief.
In sharp contrast, Mayawati did make an attempt to reach out to what traditionally were seen as her foes by conducting bhaichara (caste harmony) campaigns and the Brahmin Jodo Abhiyaan (‘Include the Brahmins’ campaign). But she also managed to create a momentum that made the Muslims and sections of the OBCs vote for her. Moreover, Mayawati’s attempt at what is being described by commentators as ‘social engineering’ has an inclusive democratic rationale in sharp contrast to the Sangh parivar’s self-righteous and sanctimonious efforts at the so-called Hindu consolidation.
The RSS too, however, has been trying to simulate in some measure Mayawati’s agenda. The only difference is that whereas in her case, the attempt was one of the ever-increasingly empowered Bahujan Samaj reaching out to the upper-castes and creating a coalition, the efforts of the RSS at social consolidation and harmony are inevitably reduced to forging Hindu unity.
Take, for instance, the annual report presented by Mohan Bhagwat at the RSS Akhil Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha held on March 9, 2007, at Lucknow. It speaks of the evils of casteism and untouchability being prevalent “even now”, and then moves on to delineate the issues connected with this problem. In the day and age of Dalits wresting political and economic power, the report anachronistically speaks of “issues like making temples, festivals and sources of drinking water open and common to all”. The RSS’ campaign to eradicate these evils is predictably called the Hindu Samarasata Sammelan.
Resolution No. 3 of the same conference speaks of the inspiration for the message of social harmony (samajik samarasata) coming from the establishment by “saints of various religious denominations” of the VHP in 1964. The resolution goes on to argue that the VHP had, at its inception, given the slogans of ‘A Hindu is never fallen’ and ‘All Hindus are brethren’. Following this tradition, the VHP meeting in Allahabad in February 2007 had passed a resolution “to open the doors of temples to all Hindus for entry and darshan”. It does speak of securing social justice and economic empowerment for the deprived sections, but advocates the way of “providing equality of opportunities and social dignity on the basis of social harmony and goodwill”. There is silence, then, on the issue of reservations and positive discrimination.
The BJP effortlessly inherits this baggage from the RSS and its performance in the UP elections are a direct result of over-articulation of ideology. Just as the Congress has none or little of it, the BJP has to contend with the RSS and its ever-changing definitions of key concepts. The RSS, BJP and other auxiliary organisations of the Sangh parivar, therefore, speak of rashtriyata or nationalism — meaning, implicitly, Hindu nationalism — when out of power. Increasingly, however, the idea of Hindutva has got diluted to meet the pressures of pragmatism and realpolitik. Like the cognate Hinduism from which it is derived, Hindutva too has been reduced to a staggering constellation of meanings and interpretations, while retaining its essential intolerant core and its ever-present fear of dealing with complexity.
Mayawati’s victory in UP is the beginning of the end for the politics that the BJP has practised over the last two decades. In turn, Mayawati has found a way of factoring in the non-sectarian aspirations of the Hindus, while uniting various caste groups and religious communities under a benign Dalit Bahujan rubric. In that sense, the triumph of the BSP is also part of the complex that BR Ambedkar delineated as part of the meaning of democracy. He argued that as long as the “governing class retains its power to govern, it is wrong to believe that democracy and self-government have become realities... self-government and democracy become real not when a constitution based on adult suffrage comes into existence but when the governing class loses its power to capture the power to govern”. Mayawati’s gloss on Ambedkar is the natural inversion that this democratic process has brought about, almost quietly and unobtrusively. In a sociological sense, it would be right to speak of it in terms of an inverted pyramid, but politically the governed of yesterday have captured power without incurring the resentment of those who governed for all these years.
It would take enormous political acumen, statesmanship and tact on the part of Mayawati to make this work. But there is little doubt that this marks a paradigm shift in the nature of Indian politics as a whole. The significance of this for the BJP can hardly be underestimated. The RSS and the BJP are deeply entrenched in a version of Hinduism and Hindutva that feeds on the smugness of manuvaad and a faux religiosity. Their fate seems beyond hope and redemption.
Jyotirmaya Sharma is a political commentator.
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Brain attack: correlative anatomy.
Brain attack is a synonym for stroke. Brain attack or stroke is defined as a sudden neurologic deficit caused by interruption of blood flow to the brain.[1,4] This interruption of blood flow may be caused by cerebral thrombosis, embolism or hemorrhage.[1,4] The increasing use of the term brain attack by health care professionals is an attempt to convey the seriousness and urgency of stroke to the public.[1,2,3] Approximately 10% of brain attacks are preceded by transient ischemic attacks. Public education is being focused on prevention, recognition of symptoms and early treatment of brain attack.[1,2,3] Despite advances in the treatment of brain attack, it continues to be the third leading cause of death in the United States. Half of all patients hospitalized for acute neurological diseases are diagnosed with stroke, and stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability in the United States. Persons with brain attack are treated throughout the entire health care delivery system and require nursing care during the preventive and acute phase of illness on into the rehabilitative phases. Understanding brain anatomy as it relates to brain attack can provide the nurse with valuable knowledge. In addition to enhancing assessment skills and documentation, this knowledge can be used to plan nursing care. This article reviews basic cerebral arterial circulation and related brain anatomy, while correlating specific neurological deficits with the involved vessel and location of the brain attack.
Cerebral Arterial Circulation
The human brain has higher requirements for oxygen and glucose as compared to other organs. Approximately 20% of the resting cardiac output is supplied to the brain at a rate of 800-1000 ml of cerebral blood flow per minute.[8,23] Interruption of blood supply to the brain tissue for 2-5 minutes may result in permanent damage. Brainstem centers maintain blood pressure and cerebral perfusion.
Blood supply to the brain originates from the subclavian and the common carotid arteries. The common carotid artery bifurcates in the neck forming two branches: the internal carotid and the external carotid arteries. The external include arm apraxia and expressive aphasia. In distal occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery, the clinical, picture differs slightly with symptoms including contralateral upper and lower extremity weakness, contralateral sensory loss in the foot and motor and/or sensory aphasia.[4,8]
The middle cerebral artery (Figs 1, 2) also arises from the internal carotid artery. There are four branches of the middle cerebral artery. The main stem of the middle cerebral artery is the lenticuiostriate artery. This artery supplies blood to parts of the basal ganglia and fibers of the internal capsule.[4,8,12] Near the sylvian fissure, the middle cerebral artery separates into three cortical branches: the anterior temporal artery, superior trunk and inferior trunk.[4,8] These three vessels supply blood to the cortical surfaces of the parietal, temporal and frontal lobes. The pattern of middle cerebral artery occlusion determines which clinical symptoms a patient exhibits (Table 1). In complete occlusion symptoms include contralateral gaze palsy, hemiplegia, hemisensory loss, spatial neglect and homonymous hemianopia.[4,8] Global aphasia is present with left hemisphere lesions. Occlusion of the superior trunk of the middle cerebral artery will result in the following symptoms: contralateral hemiplegia and hemianesthesia in the face and arm with lesser involvement of the lower extremity, ipsilateral deviation of eyes and head, and Broca's aphasia (with dominant hemisphere occlusion).[4,8] Occlusion of the inferior trunk of the middle cerebral artery usually results in contralateral hemianopsia or upper quadrantanopia, Wernicke's aphasia (usually with left sided lesions) and left visual neglect (usually with right sided lesions). Motor or sensory deficits are usually absent.[4,8] Other occlusion patterns involving parts of the middle cerebral artery generally contain some degree of hemiplegia and aphasia with or without sensory loss.
Table 1. Correlation Between Anterior Blood Supply and Symptomatology in Brain Attack Artery Brain Structure Anterior choroidal Globus pallidus, lateral geniculate body, posterior limb of internal capsule, medial temporal lobe Ophthalmic Orbit and optic nerve Anterior cerebral Anterior three quarters of medial surface of cerebral hemispheres caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and the internal capsule Middle cerebral Cortical surfaces of the parietal, temporal and frontal lobes Basal ganglia and internal capsule Artery Signs/Symptoms of Occlusion Anterior choroidal Contralateral hemiplegia Hemihypesthesia Homonymous hemianopia Ophthalmic Transient mononuclear blindness or complete unilateral blindness Anterior cerebral Contralateral sensory and motor deficits greater in leg than arm Incontinence Deviation of the eyes and head toward the lesion Contralateral grasp reflex Abulic symptoms Arm apraxia Expressive aphasia (in dominant hemisphere occlusion) Motor and/or sensory aphasia (distal occlusion) Middle cerebral Complete: Spatial neglect and homonymous hemianopia Global aphasia (left lesion) Superior trunk: Contralateral hemiplegia and hemianesthesia in face and arm Ipsilateral deviation of eyes and head Broca's aphasia (usually left-sided) Inferior trunk: Contralateral hemianopsia or upper quadrantanopia Werknicke's aphasia (left lesion) Left visual neglect (right lesion)
[Figure 1-2 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
The posterior circulation (Table 2) is responsible for approximately only one fifth of the total cerebral blood flow. The posterior cerebral circulation is supplied by the subclavian arteries. The right subclavian artery is a branch of the innominate artery. On the left, the subclavian artery branches directly from the aorta. Each subclavian artery branches into a vertebral artery. Major branches of the vertebral arteries include: posterior spinal, anterior spinal and the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (Fig 3). The anterior and posterior spinal arteries supply blood to the spinal cord. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies blood to the medulla and the cerebellum.10 Symptoms associated with occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery vary and depend upon specific areas of brain injury. Infarction of the medial branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery produces vertigo, nystagmus, ataxia and persistent dizziness. When there is occlusion of the lateral branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery the clinical picture includes unilateral clumsiness with gait and limb ataxia. Often there is an inability to stand or a sudden fall. Vertigo, dysarthria and nystagmus or eye deviation may be present. When larger portions of the cerebellum and medulla are involved symptoms will be more extensive with changes in level of consciousness caused by increased intracranial pressure.
Table 2. Correlation Between Posterior Blood Supply and Symptomatology in Brain Attack Artery Brain Structure Vertebral Anterolateral parts of the medulla Posterior cerebral Occipital lobe, medial and inferior surface of temporal lobe, the midbrain, third and lateral ventricles Posterior inferior Medulla and cerebellum cerebellar Anterior inferior Cerebellum and pons cerebellar Superior cerebellar Upper part of cerebellum, midbrain Basilar Pons and midbrain Artery Signs/Symptoms of Occlusion Vertebral Contralateral impairment of pain and temperature sensation Posterior cerebral Contralateral hemiplegia, sensory loss and ipsilateral visual field deficits Posterior inferior Medial branch: cerebellar Vertigo, nystagmus, ataxia, persistent dizziness Lateral branch: Unilateral clumsiness with gait and limb ataxia Inability to stand Sudden falling Vertigo, dysarthria, occulomotor signs Anterior inferior Horner's syndrome, and contralateral cerebellar loss of pain and temperature sense of the arm, trunk and leg Superior cerebellar Slurred speech and contralateral loss of pain and thermal sensation Basilar Limb paralysis, bulbar or pseudobulbar paralysis of cranial nerve motor nuclei, nystagmus, coma or locked in syndrome
[Figure 3 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
Branches of the vertebral arteries supply the anterolateral parts of the medulla. Signs and symptoms of vertebral artery occlusion depend on location of blood supply interruption. In lateral medullary syndrome, clinical findings include contralateral impairment of pain and temperature sensation, ipsilateral Homer's syndrome, dysphagia, diminished gag reflex, vertigo, nystagmus and ataxia.[4,7]
The vertebral arteries join together at the medullopontine junction to form a single basilar artery (Fig 4). The basilar artery terminates at the junction of the pons and midbrain (Table 2). It is responsible for supplying blood to the pons and the midbrain.[8,10] Symptoms consistent with basilar artery occlusion include limb paralysis, bulbar or pseudobulbar paralysis of the cranial nerve motor nuclei, nystagmus, eye movement disturbances and coma.[4,8] Locked-in syndrome may occur with a complete occlusion of the basilar artery. Symptoms include consciousness with complete motor paralysis and the inability to communicate orally or by gesture.[4,8]
[Figure 4 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
Basilar artery branches include the posterior cerebral, posterior choroidal artery, anterior inferior cerebellar and superior cerebellar arteries.[10,12] The posterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the occipital lobes, medial and inferior surfaces of the temporal lobe, midbrain and third and lateral ventricles. When the posterior cerebral artery is occluded, the clinical symptoms include contralateral hemiplegia, sensory loss and ipsilateral visual field deficits.[6,23] The weakness seen with occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery is usually greater in the face and upper extremities.
The posterior choroidal artery penetrates the brain supplying the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and the dorsal surface of the thalamus. Infarct of this vessel has not been observed. The anterior inferior cerebellar artery is responsible for supplying blood to parts of the cerebellum and pons.[10,12] Clinical findings vary. These symptoms may include vertigo, nausea, vomiting, nystagmus, tinnitus, ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia and Homer's syndrome, contralateral loss of pain and temperature sense of the arm, trunk and leg.
The superior cerebellar artery (Table 2) supplies blood to the upper part of the cerebellum and the midbrain.[10,12] Brain attack of this vessel causes ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia, nausea, vomiting, slurred speech and contralateral loss of pain and thermal sensation.
The Circle of Willis (Fig 4) located at the base of the skull is a small area of less than one square inch. It is formed by branches of the internal carotid arteries and the vertebrobasilar system. These branches include the two anterior cerebral arteries, the anterior communicating artery, the two posterior communicating arteries and two posterior cerebral arteries. The anterior and meninges.[8,10] The external carotid artery can also serve as collateral circulation for an occluded internal carotid artery. The internal carotid artery continues through the neck and enters the skull before branching into the main arteries of the anterior cerebral circulation. The bilateral internal carotid arteries each supply two-fifths of the cerebral blood flow. The main branches of the internal carotid artery include: the ophthalmic artery, anterior choroidal artery, the posterior communicating artery, the anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery.
The ophthalmic artery (Table 1) supplies blood to the orbit and the optic nerve. Occlusion of the ophthalmic artery may result in transient mononuclear blindness or complete unilateral blindness. Transient mononuclear blindness or amaurosis fugax is characterized by a brief unilateral visual deficit lasting 15-30 minutes in length.[10,19] The multiple small branches of the ophthalmic artery connect with extensions of the external carotid circulation to provide a path for collateral circulation in cases of internal carotid occlusion.
The anterior choroidal artery (Table 1) is responsible for supplying blood to deep structures of the brain including the globus pallidus (basal ganglia), lateral geniculate body (thalamus), posterior limb of the internal capsule and medial temporal lobe.[8,17] Occlusion of the anterior choroidal artery results in contralateral hemiplegia, hemihypesthesia and homonymous hemianopia.
The anterior cerebral artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery (Fig 1). The anterior three quarters of the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, portions of the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and globus pallidus) and the internal capsule are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery.[4,8.10] When there is occlusion of the entire anterior cerebral artery territory the clinical symptoms include contralateral sensory and motor deficits which are greater in the foot and leg than the arm (Table 1). Usually the face and hand are not involved.[4,8] In addition, clinical symptoms include incontinence, deviation of the eyes and head toward the lesion, contralateral grasp reflex and abulic symptoms.[4,8] These include apathy, decreased spontaneity and limited speech.[4,6,8] When the left anterior cerebral artery is occluded, additional symptoms may communicating artery connects the right and left internal carotid systems. The posterior communicating arteries allow for the connection of the anterior cerebral and posterior cerebral circulation.[8,10] In certain situations, the Circle of Willis maintains cerebral blood flow despite individual cerebral artery occlusion by permitting adequate blood supply to reach brain structures. Collateral cerebral circulation is dependent upon patency of the Circle of Willis vessels. Anomalous vessels may interfere with compensatory blood flow.[4,12] Collateral blood flow may also come from branches off the external carotid system.
Lobes of the Cerebrum
The frontal lobe is the largest lobe in the human brain, comprising almost 60% of the cerebrum. It's posterior margin lies on the fissure of Rolando (central fissure), thus dividing it from the parietal lobe. The inferior margin borders on the Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure) separating it from the temporal lobes.[18,23] The prefrontal region lies anterior to the motor area, located just anterior to the central fissure, while Broca's area is situated at the inferior frontal gyrus.
The prefrontal region provides added cortical space for cerebration to occur and assists the thalamus and hypothalamus with certain autonomic functions (respirations, gastrointestinal activity and blood pressure). It also facilitates concentration, abstract thought, memory, judgment, ethics, insight, emotion, tact and inhibition.[12,13,14] The prefrontal area sequences thoughts appropriately, evaluates consequences of actions and solves complicated intellectual functions. It guides behaviors in accordance within societal laws/morals and chooses behaviors that are appropriate to various situations.
The motor cortex is arranged somatotopically so that certain areas of this region control specific areas of the contralateral body. The giant Betz cells (pyramidal cells) control motor function of the various muscles spatially arranged on the strip. For example, muscle control for the feet is located in the area of the longitudinal fissure while facial control is located at the opposite end of the strip. The motor association area also provides connections for cranial nerves III, IV, VI, IX, X and XI.[12,18] Broca's area is primarily concerned with expressions of speech such as word formation and memory of motor patterns, depending on hemisphere dominance. Articulation, pronunciation, voice and speech production are all functions of this region of the frontal lobe.[12,14,23]
Deficits from a brain attack affecting the frontal lobe's anterior and middle cerebral arteries manifest a variety of symptoms. Memory, abstract thinking, judgment, ethical behavior, emotions, insight, tact and inhibition may all be altered in the individual. There may also be problems associated with turning of the eyes and head, trunk movement, flexion and extension of the extremities and coordinated eye movement. Nonfluent aphasia will often result with involvement of Broca's region. Words and syllables are uttered with effort because mouth, tongue and cheek motor functions are impaired. Comprehension of spoken language may be preserved; however, the individual may be apraxic and unable to correctly follow verbal cues even though he/she understands the meaning of the command.
The parietal lobe lies between the central sulcus and the parieto-occipital fissure. The lateral fissure divides the parietal and temporal lobes (Fig 3). Divisions of this lobe are the angular, supramarginal and postcentral gyri.
The primary function of the parietal lobe is to provide an interpretation of sensory input.[12,14] The primary somesthetic area is located in the postcentral gyrus which exercises sensory control over the opposite side of the body. The sensory cortex is arranged in the same type of topographical scheme as the motor strip with the feet being controlled by an area in the longitudinal fissure and facial muscles controlled by the temporal region.
Specific sensory qualities include two-point discrimination, pressure, weight, texture, body interpretation and orientation, pain, proprioceptive interpretation as well as deep bone and fascia sensations. The parietal lobe also recognizes the nature of complex objects by touch and form as well as the presence of one's own body.
Sensory deficits may occur with a brain attack. Unilateral neglect syndrome is common. If an individual reacts to what is perceived, he/she will attend to that specific perception. If an individual sees what is on the right side, he/she will only recognize the right side; consequently, left-sided neglect results. Other deficits in the parietal lobe could include paresthesias and/or diminished sensations for pain, touch, position sense and pressure.
The temporal lobe lies below the lateral fissure and posteriorly to the parieto-occipital fissure (Fig 3),[11,23] Primary auditory and associational areas are the major functional areas in this region.
The primary auditory area, also known as Wernicke's area, is located in the superior temporal gyrus. Its primary function is to receive and discriminate sounds. The secondary auditory area, which surrounds the primary area, is responsible for interpreting the sound. Also in this general area are olfactory tracts which originate in the inferior portion of the frontal lobe. They receive olfactory stimuli from cranial nerve I. These receptors distinguish odors and produce visceral and emotional responses to the perceived quality of the scent.
The interpretive areas located in the supramarginal and angular gyri provides an integration of the somatic, auditory and visual association areas. It also influences types of cerebration such as detailed memories and memories that require more than one sensory modality. A dominant temporal lobe (usually the left side) generally emerges in the adult where these functions will develop and specialize.
When deficits occur in the dominant temporal lobe as a result of damage to the middle and posterior cerebral arteries or the anterior choroidal artery, severe communication problems result. The person with Wernicke's aphasia exhibits major problems with comprehension and repetition of spoken language.[9,23] Individuals may use jargon or neologisms and maybe unaware that they are speaking nonsense. Reading comprehension may be spared in some individuals.
The occipital lobe is located behind the parieto-occipital sulci and above the cerebellum (Fig 3).[11,23] It is the primary visual receptive and association area of the brain. The primary visual area receives impulses from the retina, transmits them to cranial nerve II and then sends them to the brainstem for further interpretation. It detects spatial organization of vision and is stimulated by sharp borders, colors and contrasts.
The secondary visual area provides complex visual interpretation and perception of form and meaning. This function assists an individual to learn tasks based on visual images and perceptions. The occipital gaze center is also located in this region and predominantly affects eye fixation movements.
Decreased or absent blood supply from the posterior cerebral artery causes deficits in the occipital lobe. This causes visual disturbances end interpretative disorders. Unilateral infarcts cause contralateral visual field abnormalities such as inferior and/or superior quadrantanopia. Contralateral hemianopia results when both regions are involved. Visual field loss may be partial and perception may be altered.
The thalamus, the largest portion of the diencephalon, is located in the ventromedial area of the hemispheres and is connected to the midbrain (Fig 5). It borders and surrounds the third ventricle and is the major integrating center for afferent impulses of the cerebral cortex. All sensory and motor pathways have direct contact with the thalamus except the olfactory pathways.[11,12,14]
[Figure 5 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
A thalamic stroke can cause contralateral hemiplegia, contralateral hemisensory deficits and deficits of vertical and lateral gaze. Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) may occur with lesions of the thalamus. Symptoms include diffuse burning, coldness, numbness and tingling, fuzziness, itchiness, aching, throbbing, cramping and tearing sensations.[20,22] Burning is the most common symptom. The pain is usually unilateral and almost always steady in nature.
The hypothalamus is an important area of the brain located anterior and inferior to the thalamus that forms the floor of the third ventricle (Fig 5). It consists of a group of nuclei divided into the anterior and posterior regions. The hypothalamus has many significant functions. The processing of internal stimuli which evokes the autonomic nervous system occurs in the hypothalamus. It functions to maintain blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, water metabolism and fluid osmolality, feeding responses, physical expression of emotions, sexual behavior, pleasure-punishment feelings, level of arousal/wakefulness and hormone synthesis.[11,23] In addition, the hypothalamus also regulates salivation, peristalsis, sweating and blood sugar.
Irregularities in hypothalamus function from brain attack include serious clinical manifestations. The individual may experience alterations in temperature regulation, impaired fluid volume status causing diabetes insipidus,[18,24] blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate variations, aversive expressive of emotions and sexual behavior, unusual feeding patterns, impaired blood sugar regulation and impaired gastric motility.[11,14] Because of the vital role the hypothalamus plays in autonomic regulation, its destruction would result in human death.
The pituitary gland lies just below the hypothalamus. It is divided into the anterior and posterior regions, each with specific hormonal control. The anterior pituitary releases prolactin as well as corticotropin, somatotropin, thyrotropic and gonadotropic hormones. Together, with the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary forms the command center for the endocrine system. The posterior pituitary is primarily responsible for the release of oxytocin and the antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin.
Clinical manifestations of pituitary dysfunction from brain attack include impaired adrenal cortex functioning, alterations in general body growth, disorders of the thyroid, breast development and lactation. Water permeability in the body, vasoconstriction, uterine contraction and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics are also affected. Of primary importance are the disorders related to vasopressin and thyroid hormones. Vasopressin stimulates the kidney to retain free water by concentrating the urine. If this action is interrupted, diabetes insipidus ensues with uncontrolled free water loss, dehydration and hypernatremia. When thyroid hormones are altered, conditions such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and the potentially fatal thyroid storm arise. These thyroid disorders influence metabolism, temperature regulation, heart rate, blood pressure, gastric motility and mood.
The basal ganglia are a group of structures made up of brain gray matter called nuclei. These nuclei are located bilaterally in the inferior cerebrum, diencephalon and the midbrain. The main structures of the basal ganglia are the substantia nigra, corpus striatum, caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus. The main function of the basal ganglia is the production of dopamine and the coordination of muscle movement and posture.
Basal ganglia brain attack may result in disorders related to movement and posture. These include but are not limited to: loss of postural reflexes, tremor, rigidity and involuntary movements such as chorea, athetosis and dystonia. Hemiballismus may also be seen in a patient with basal ganglia infarct.
The midbrain, or mesencephalon, is approximately a one half-inch segment lying between the diencephalon and the pons. It is composed of three layers: the tectum, tegmentum and the cerebral peduncles. The tectum is formed by the superior colliculi which is related to the visual system and the inferior colliculi which are part of the auditory system. The crus cerebri and the tegmentum, also known as the cerebral peduncles, are composed of the corticospinal and corticopontine descending motor tracts. The substantia nigra is located between the tegmentum and peduncles. Its primary function is to synthesize the neurotransmitter dopamine and protect the basal ganglia. Other important structures in the midbrain are the nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV as well as the aqueduct of Sylvius which carries cerebrospinal fluid.[12,23]
Dysfunction in the midbrain may cause several neurological deficits. Motor visual problems may result from alterations in cranial nerves III and IV. Damage to the substantia nigra results in a decreased production of dopamine thus predisposing the individual to Parkinsonism. Auditory and visual reflexes may also be interrupted.[12,23]
The pons is approximately one inch in length and lies below the midbrain and above the medulla (Fig 6). The nuclei of cranial nerves V-VIII are located in this structure and connect the brain to the pons. It's primary function is the transmission of information from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and between the two cerebellar hemispheres. All of the sensory pathways, reticular formation as well as the corticospinal tract pass through this region. In addition, the pons is an important structure for regulating the respiratory system.[11,12,211]
[Figure 6 and 7 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
Clinical manifestations resulting from damage to the pons result in a variety of sensory and motor problems. Alterations in cranial nerves V-VIII may cause the following symptoms: impaired mastication and facial sensations (trigeminal), impaired eye movement (abducens), altered taste, facial expression, eye lid closure and salivation (facial) and problems with equilibrium and hearing (acoustic).[11,15] Deficits in this area also may cause respiratory insufficiency since the rate and character of normal breathing may be affected.
The medulla extends from the spinal cord at the level of the foremen magnum and is located just below the pons and fourth ventricle (Fig 6). The anterior section contains the descending pyramidal tract which contains the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts. These tracts decussate (except for the anterior tract) in the lower medulla before entering the spinal cord. The lateral portion of the medulla contains the inferior olivary nuclear complex which is important in controlling movement, posture changes and equilibrium. It also contains nuclei for cranial nerves IX-XII. The posterior segment transmits discriminative tactile information, proprioception and vibration sensation to the thalamic nuclei. Also located in this area is the reticular formation. It plays a major role in blood pressure and respiratory regulation as well as the maintenance of arousal and initiation of sleep.
Problems arising in the medulla can be very severe. Damage to this system may result in a persistent vegetative state and contralateral sensory and motor deficits. Other manifestations may include alterations in postural sense, proprioception and vibration in addition to respiratory insufficiency and cardiac/vasomotor dysfunction.[11,23] Dysfunction in the nuclei of cranial nerves IX-XII may also result in problems with swallowing (vague), head and shoulder movement (spinal accessory), tongue movement (hypoglossal), salivation and pharyngeal (glossopharyngeal) function.
The cerebellum is located in the posterior fossa and is separated from the cerebrum by the tentorium cerebelli.[11,12] It is connected to the brainstem by the superior, middle and inferior peduncles. Fissures divide the cerebellum into three lobes: the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. The anterior lobe receives most of the proprioceptive input, maintains equilibrium, coordinates automatic movements and regulates muscle tone. The posterior lobe coordinates voluntary movements and maintains connections with the cerebral cortex. The flocculonodular lobe integrates with the vestibular system and influences muscle tone, equilibrium and position. The cerebellum is also connected to many afferent and efferent pathways in the brain which provide muscle synergy throughout the body.
Disturbances to the cerebellum result in decrease muscle tone on the ipsilateral side, poor coordination of fine motor movements and problems with gait. Other problems include ataxia, intention tremor, diadochokinesia, dysmetria, hypotonia and asthenia. Another important problem which may occur, especially in a hemorrhagic stroke or other situations leading to increased intracranial pressure, is the downward movement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foremen magnum resulting in a tonsillar herniation and compression of the medulla.
Case Study 1: MCA Brain Attack
JR, a 72-year-old black male, has a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. He was found unresponsive at his home by his daughter. Upon admission to the emergency department, he began to awaken but was very confused and agitated. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed that JR experienced a thrombotic cerebral infarct affecting the frontal and temporal lobes resulting from an occlusion to the middle cerebral artery. Upon a thorough neurologic exam, he was noted to have hemiplegia to the right limbs and expressive aphasia. He also was incontinent of urine. After stabilization, JR was transferred to a step down unit. He continued to be agitated and began to exhibit his nude body to visitors and made several attempts to improperly touch the female nurses. His speech showed some improvement in that he was able to speak slowly but telegraphically. He continued to experience right-sided hemiplegia. About 10 days after his infarct he was transferred to a rehabilitation facility. Over a period of 3 weeks, he regained marginal strength to his right side. His speech improved considerably; however, he still experienced poor judgment, angry outbursts and socially inappropriate behaviors. JR improved enough with regards to his speech and motor function, that he could be considered moderately independent; however, his judgment deficits and social disinhibition (from frontal lobe damage) made him a poor candidate for unsupervised living.
Case Study 2: Brainstem Attack
GP, a 56-year-old white male, has a history of hypertension and obesity. He was admitted to the neurological intensive care unit (NICU) after he experienced a sudden collapse and respiratory arrest at his law office. When emergency personnel arrived at the scene he was unresponsive, with a BP of 86/48 and a rapid thready pulse and absent respirations. He was intubated and ventilated with 100% oxygen. Intravenous (IV) fluids were begun and a dopamine drip was started. He began to arouse; however, was still unable to breathe or move anything except his lips, jaw and eyes. He was transported to the hospital where a MRI of the brain revealed a hemorrhage of the basilar and vertebral arteries affecting the brainstem. His symptoms of respiratory insufficiency, limb paralysis, dysphagia and absent gag reflex were all consistent with the MRI results and the diagnosis of brainstem infarct.
He was intubated and on the ventilator for one week. He remained unable to spontaneously initiate a breath, was paralyzed below the neck and had a diminished gag reflex. Another week passed and his condition remained unchanged.
Since his respiratory status showed no improvement, a tracheostomy was performed and he was extubated, although he still remained on the ventilator. A gastrostomy feeding tube was also inserted because his gag reflex was absent and oral intake was impossible. Attempts at weaning from the ventilator were made, however, they were all unsuccessful. As an alternative to mechanical ventilation, phrenic nerve stimulation was successfully instituted. GP's oxygen saturations were greater than 92% on 35% trach collar oxygen. He was transferred to the step down unit 3 weeks after infarct with a gastrostomy tube, tracheostomy with oxygen and phrenic nerve stimulators. He developed his own methods of communication through lip smacking and eye movements. He fatigued very easily and remained in bed almost exclusively. He experienced episodes of anxiety and depression. Major issues in care centered around his fluctuating respiratory status, immobility, eye care, nutrition and psychosocial concerns. Months after his brain attack, he was transferred to a long-term care facility with no neurological improvements noted since the day of infarct.
Case Study 3: Thalamic Hemorrhage
JS, a 62-year-old retired black male, has a several year history of hypertension and was noncompliant with his antihypertensive medications. On the morning of admission, he awoke feeling drowsy and dull. He also commented to his wife that his left hand felt numb and clumsy. In addition, he had a headache. JS and his wife assumed that he was probably coming down with a flu. After a light breakfast he returned to bed. Sometime later, he began vomiting and complained of an increased headache despite having taken acetaminophen. At this point, his wife brought him to his local doctor for evaluation. Upon examination the doctor found the following symptoms: BP was 172/110, there was a slight weakness in the left arm and leg as well as left downward gaze weakness. An immediate CT scan was performed, identifying a 4 mm thalamic hemorrhage. JS was admitted to the hospital neurological unit for evaluation. His symptoms did not progress. He was discharged to his home two weeks later with no neurological deficits.
Brain attack continues to be a leading cause of illness and disability. Knowledge of anatomy provides the nurse with the ability to understand why brain attack victims exhibit certain deficits. This information is useful for planning individualized nursing care with realistic client goals. In addition, understanding brain anatomy permits the nurse to be an active informed member of the health care discharge planning team. This positively influences client outcomes and assures that individuals achieve their maximum level of functioning.
[1.] American Heart Association: Stroke Lecture Series: Current Advances and Treatment. American Heart Association, 1996.
[2.] American Heart Association: Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. American Heart Association.
[3.] Amidei CS: Editorial: Brain Attack: A body of knowledge, a coalition of support. J Neurosci Nurs 1996; 28(1):03.
[4.] Adams R, Victor M, Ropper A: Principles of Neurology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1997.
[5.] Blevins D, Cassermeyer V: Management of persons with problems of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands. Pages 1219-1243 in: Medical-Surgical Nursing, Phipps W, Cassermeyer V, Sands J, Lehman M (editors). Mosby, 1995
[6.] Cammemmeyer M: Cerebrovascular disease. Page Ij1 in: Core Curriculum for Neuroscience Nursing, Cammermeyer M, Appledorn C (editors). American Association for Neuroscience Nurses, 1993.
[7.] Caplan L, Pessin M, Mohr J: Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. Pages 443-515 in: Stroke Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management, 2nd edition, Barnett H, Mohr J, Stein B, Yatsu F (editors). Churchill Livingstone Inc, 1992.
[8.] Caplan L: Stroke: A Clinical Approach. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993.
[9.] Caplan L: Neurologic management plan. Pages 61-113 in: Management of Persons with Stroke, Ozer M, Materson R, Caplan L (editors). Mosby, 1994.
[10.] Gilman S, Newman S: Pages 114, 265-69 in: Manter and Gatz's Essentials of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology, 8th edition. FA Davis Company, 1992.
[11.] Henze R: Normal structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous system. Pages 948-962 in: Pathophysiology: Adaptations and Alterations in Function, Bullock B, Rosendahl P (editors). JB Lippincott Company, 1992.
[12.] Hickey J: Pages 35-79, 543-66 in: The Clinical Practice of Neurological and Neurosurgical Nursing. JB Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997.
[13.] Hinkle J, Forbes E: Pilot project on functional outcome in stroke. J Neurosci Nurs 1996; 28(1):13-18.
[14.] Kunkle J: Cerebrum: Anatomy and physiology. Page Ib1 in: Core Curriculum for Neuroscience Nursing, Cammermeyer M, Appledorn C (editors). American Association for Neuroscience Nurses, 1993.
[15.] Kunkle J: Adult neurological assessment - The neurological exam. Pages Va6-Va9 in: Core Curriculum for Neuroscience Nursing, Cammemmeyer M, Appledorn C (editors). American Association for Neuroscience Nurses, 1993.
[16.] Kunkle J: Cerebellum and brainstem: Anatomy and physiology. Pages Ia1-IIa2 in: Core Curriculum for Neuroscience Nursing Cammemmeyer M, Appledorn C (editors). American Association for Neuroscience Nurses, 1993.
[17.] Liebman M: Neuroanatomy Made Easy and Understandable. Aspen Publishers, 1986.
[18.] Marshall S, Marshall L, Vos H, Chesnut R: Neuroscience Critical Care WB Saunders Company, 1990.
[19.] Mohr J, Gautier J, Pessin M: Internal carotid artery disease. Pages 285-335 in: Stroke Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management, 2nd edition, Barnett H, Mohr J, Stein B, Yatsu F (editors). Churchill Livingstone Inc, 1992.
[20.] Ozer M, Ng L: Central post-stroke pain. Pages 463-465 in: Management of Persons with Stroke, Ozer M, Materson R, Caplan L (editors). Mosby, 1994.
[21.] Seeley R, Stephens T, Yate P: Anatomy and Physiology. Mosby, 1995.
[22.] Segatore M: Understanding central post-stroke pain. J Neurosci Nurs 1996; 28(1):28-35.
[23.] Sunderland P: Structure and function of the nervous system. Pages 397-436 in: Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, McChance K, Huether S (editors). Mosby, 1994.
[24.] Thelan L: Nursing management: Hypothermia. Page 481 in: Essentials of Critical Care Nursing, Urden L, Davie J, Thelan L (editors). Mosby Year Book, 1992.
[25.] Tortora G, Anagnostakos P: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Harper Collins Publishers, 1990.
[26.] Urden L: Endocrine assessment and diagnosis. Pages 375-398 in: Essentials of Critical Care Nursing, Urden L, Davie J, Thelan L (editors). Mosby Year Book, 1992.
RELATED ARTICLE: Earn Two Contact Hours
In this issue, the article Brain Attack: Correlative Anatomy has been approved for continuing education credit. Objectives are listed below. Test questions follow at the end of the article along with further directions.
1. Correlate signs and symptoms with specific vessel involved in brain attack.
2. Understand the function of predominant brain structures.
3. Utilize knowledge of cerebral anatomy to plan nursing care for clients experiencing brain attack.
Questions or comments about this article may be directed to: Linda Testani-Dubour, MSN, RN, CRRN, Shepherd Center, 2020 Peachtree Road NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30309. She is a clinical nurse specialist.
Camille A. Marano Morrison, MSN, RN, is an adjunct faculty member in the department of nursing at York College of Pennsylvania in York, Pennsylvania 17405-7199. Copyright C American Association of Neuroscience Nurses 0047-2603/97/2904/0213$1.25
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|Title Annotation:||includes continuing education post-test|
|Author:||Testani-Dufour, Linda; Morrison, Camille A. Marano|
|Publication:||Journal of Neuroscience Nursing|
|Date:||Aug 1, 1997|
|Previous Article:||Nursing for Continence, 2d ed.|
|Next Article:||Guglielmi Detachable Coils: an alternative therapy for high-risk aneurysms.|
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Anisucoumaramide, a Bioactive Coumarin from Clausena anisum-olens
journal contributionposted on 03.04.2017, 19:11 authored by Yun-Song Wang, Bi-Tao Li, Shi-Xi Liu, Zheng-Qi Wen, Jing-Hua Yang, Hong-Bin Zhang, Xiao-Jiang Hao
A new coumarin, anisucoumaramide (1), and a new δ-truxinate derivative, anisumic acid (2), were isolated from Clausena anisum-olens. Their structures were elucidated from extensive NMR and MS data. The absolute configurations of the coumarins were assigned using the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. Anisucoumaramide (1) represents the first example of a naturally occurring coumarin of which the terpenoidal side chain does not comply with the biosynthesis isoprene rule due to the presence of an unprecedented acetamido motif directly connected with the terpenoidal side chain. The δ-truxinate derivative was isolated from Clausena species for the first time. Compound 1 showed high selectivity for the MAO-B isoenzyme and inhibitory activity in the nanomolar range. Putative biosynthesis pathways toward 1 and 2 are proposed.
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The 1960s TV sitcom The Addams Family was brilliant, but could only go so far because of the sensitivities of the times. Barry Sonnenfeld’s 1991 creature feature comedy classic The Addams Family, which celebrates its 30th anniversary this month, is marvelous, but Raul Julia is far too handsome to capture the repugnance of Chas Addams original drawings. The Addams Family 2, an animated sequel recently released in theaters and on demand, turns Cousin It into a plush toy.
Linda H. Davis is the author of Charles Addams: A Cartoonist’s Life, the only biography written about Addams. She says the creator of The Addams Family would have mixed feelings about the continued success of his New Yorker magazine creations. Davis tells Den of Geek the artist would have been happily surprised by the characters’ endurance, “and very disappointed that he missed out on all the really big money.”
The biographer also believes the films and series slightly missed their marks. “It seems to me that the knowledge of Addams’ cartoons isn’t deep enough,” Davis says. “They’re not nearly as dark as the original cartoons. The cartoons are really more sinister and don’t rely on pratfalls.”
To illustrate the difference, the biographer takes an almost forensic look at Addams DNA.
“Gomez in particular is a really revolting-looking man. He was inspired by Thomas E. Dewey, though there was a little bit of Peter Lorre, but crossed with a pig. I think that Hollywood just can’t bring themselves to cast somebody who looks like that. And Morticia, of course, has always been prettier.”
But the general consensus of the press which followed Charles Addams, the artist and man about town, occasionally in a full set of medieval armor, based the character Morticia Addams on his first wife, Barbara Jean Day.
“They liked to play that up, because she had dark hair,” Davis explains. “She’s a prettier, softer version of Morticia, but I will say that all three of [his wives] did bear a resemblance to Morticia. And he liked to draw them as Morticia. He did like that type. All three wives had dark hair and were that certain type, though he did date blondes and redheads too.”
The world of cinematic horror comedy is also missing out on a treasure chest of dark ideas by focusing so closely on the family Addams created to mimic his own. “There are so few Addams Family cartoons, that I wish that somebody would look at his other cartoons and add them to the script,” Davis says. “There are a lot of other dark cartoons that could work.”
When pressed to name which cartoons lend themselves to motion pictures, Davis singles out one “from the 1930s, which shows a woman entering the gates of a rest home. She’s wearing a mink or fur as women in those days did. And there are vultures sitting on the post. There are a lot of cartoons about husbands and wives doing away with each other or trying to. He illustrates the idea, of course, not the act, which wouldn’t be funny. One of them, a very early cartoon, I think it’s from the ’50s, shows a man opening the door of his car. It’s overlooking a really steep cliff.”
The panel says “Darling, will you step out for a moment?”
The Addams Family 2 is available in theaters and on VOD. The newly restored cut of Barry Sonnenfeld’s The Addams Family will arrive on Digital 4K Ultra HD on Oct. 19, and on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray and Remastered Blu-ray Nov. 9. Charles Addams: A Cartoonist’s Life will be re-released by Turner Publishing on Oct. 19, 2021.
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Maritime and Admiralty Law - Jordan Maxwell
Jordan was one of the very first people to give me some real occult(hidden) insights into words, terms and symbols and sparked my joy for learning and research. I was really impressed with his talks about the law of the land and the law of water.
Jordan Maxwell, pen name of Russell Joseph Pine (December 28, 1940 – March 23, 2022), is an American author-researcher who studies theology, secret societies, etymology, and occultism. Maxwell is regarded as a big name in the world of 'conspiracy theorists' and has served as an example for several authors and researchers in the field, including Michael Tsarion and David Icke. Maxwell was an editor at Truth Seeker Magazine for three years, made documentaries for CBS TV Network and hosted his own ABC radio show.
One of Maxwell's hobbyhorses, in addition to symbolism and word interpretation, is so-called 'astro-theology' (not invented by him), a theory that states that religions are based on astronomical events. Thus, the story of Jesus (birth, crucifixion, resurrection, the twelve apostles), like many other religions in the world, is said to be based on the belief of the sun god Horus. Maxwell argues that all these beliefs bear similarities to the cult of Horus, however minor at times.
Jordan Maxwell is an "independent scholar in the field of occult / religious philosophy. His interest in these subjects began as far back as 1959. He served for three and a half years as the Religion Editor of Truth Seeker Magazine, America's oldest Freethought Journal (since 1873). His work exploring the hidden foundations of Western religions and secret societies creates enthusiastic responses from audiences around the world.
"He has conducted dozens of intensive seminars, hosted his own radio talk shows, guested on more than 600 radio shows, and written, produced and appeared in numerous television shows and documentaries (including three 2-hour specials for the CBS TV network, as well as the internationally acclaimed 5-part Ancient Mystery Series - all devoted to understanding ancient religions and their pervasive influence on world affairs today."
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Jerome (Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus) lived between the 4th and 5th centuries. He translated the Bible into Latin as the Vulgate (Biblia Vulgata). How would he have pronounced the Latin language?
In particular, did he use the 10-vowel system (a, e, i, o, u, short and long each) or the 7-vowel system (a, i, u, open/closed e, open/closed o), or something in between? Did he merge ae/oe with e? Did he palatalize the c's before e's and i's?
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The use of electronic media and information and communication technologies in education is becoming increasingly popular. And it’s easy to see why. Encompassing everything from text and images to videos and audio, e learning is cost effective and material can be taught across vast distances. It can even be used in conjunction with traditional face-to-face education in the latest trend, blended learning.
The question is: Which is the most suitable online learning tool for you? Here is a roundup of some of the most common methods used in e learning courses and their benefits:
Webinars or web-based seminars use video conferencing software to transmit lessons across the web. It is like virtual attendance in a classroom so that a student can experience a presentation, lecture or workshop without physically being in attendance. These webinars are interactive and allow students to communicate with the teacher directly if they have any questions in real-time.
For webinars to work all parties must have access to an internet connection with a large bandwidth for streaming the content. If the bandwidth is not large enough the calls may drop and interaction will fall or even stop completely. An easy way of combating this is by inviting students to a nearby learning centre which will have the technology to support the class. There are many of these across the UK meaning travelling is minimal.
Videos and podcasts are a great way of learning if you cannot commit a set few hours on selective dates. This flexible teaching method allows students to learn at any time anywhere as long as they have a mobile electronic device. They can even be downloaded and played later on in the day if there is no access to Wi-Fi.
Community Learning Portals
Community learning portals use shared areas to produce forums and blogs where teaching resources can be posted and topics can be discussed. Many people state that they learn better when they are working as part of a group and these portals transform programmes into learning environments of online collaboration. Often there is even a chat option so you can privately message other participants.
Gone are the days where you had to walk to the library, search for a book and rent it out for a few days. You no longer have the worry that someone else may have it booked out when you need it you can read it whenever you like and as many times as you’d like these days. There is also never the fear that a volume will go out of print!
Electronic books saved as pdfs are a great resource for students as they appear just as an actual book would but digitalised. If you have an e-reader you may like to download these as reading material while on the move.
Are you a visual learner? Or perhaps you learn better kinaesthetically or audibly? Discovering this may help you decide which of these online tools would suit you best.
Author:Global knowledge work across the UK to provide individuals and companies with IT and business skills learning. With nearly 20 years in the industry only the best Cisco, Juniper and Microsoft training is offered, among other subjects, with flexible bespoke learning. If you are a Learning Manager looking for information head over to their Global Knowledge today!
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