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German AZuR initiates study on reality of end-of-life tire recycling
The German AZuR (Allianz Zukunft Reifen – “German Tyre Future”) – an organization engaging in the design of end-of-life tire management practices – has initiated a study on end-of-life tires in the country.
From retreading to tire pyrolysis, the research by AZuR will examine at different components of end-of-life tire value chain, including tire collection and recycling. The goal is to discover the actual facts pertaining to the reality of waste tire management.
In this regard, the study will evaluate the advantages of a variety of recycled rubber applications, as well as eventual destinations of end-of-life tires and, ultimately, the recyclability of products made from recycled tires.
This, Azur says, will in some ways, re-invent the wheel that SDAB in Sweden created a few years ago. AZuR, in constrast, is considering a free-market system, which may provide a more accurate picture of not only what is going on in Germany, but also what is going on with end-of-life tire imports from neighboring countries. It partially answers the concerns it is raising, such as whether pyrolysis is a more efficient choice than rubber matting, in its full media release.
AZuR’s research begins with an examination of rubberized asphalt. This section of the research will examine the costs and advantages, as well as how legislators who make road decisions can be better informed. Remarkably, the study’s final section will look at tire traceability in Germany and Europe, and it will take into account some EPR agencies’ claims of recovering more than 100% of tire arisings. In such cases, AZuR suspects double counting takes place. The study’s goal is to figure out exactly what the situation is in Germany. Any future company plan is overly vague without precise facts, AZuR pinpoints.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://kleanindustries.com/resources/environmental-industry-market-analysis-research/german-azur-initiates-study-on-reality-of-end-of-life-tire-recycling/
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These systems are typically used in applications where the accidental discharge of water would be catastrophic to the usage occupancy (for example; computer servers and high voltage electrical components). Preaction Systems are similar to Dry Pipe Systems in that the water is kept from entering the piping by a valve, in this case a preaction valve. This valve is held closed electrically, only being released by the activation of the detection system (heat or smoke detectors mainly) when an electrical signal is sent to the releasing solenoid valve. The water then fills the pipe, ready for the activation of the sprinkler heads. Preaction systems can be arranged to be activated by only one detection device type, or many.
The best areas to install these systems are computer rooms, process control rooms, data storage, and telecommunications rooms.
Click here to view more information on Pre-Action systems.
Pre-action sprinkler systems are specialized for use in locations where accidental activation is undesired, such as in museums with rare art works, manuscripts, or books; and Data Centers, for protection of computer equipment from accidental water discharge
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What if the 666 number is something that is found in nature, but are misused for self serving purposes? What would happen for example if someone would chant a prayer 333 times, 666 times or 999 times?I’ve remembered this scene in a 90s movie about a guy talking about an apocalyptic future. He argues barcodes being a 666 pattern and will be tattooed subcutaneously on the hand and the forehead to buy and sell. The movie is called “Naked”. Here’s the scene:
Of course there’s a lot of alleged signals / markers people say they can pick up with Bluetooth from those who had a Covid-19 vaccine. I guess there’s a code of sorts in that, if true (not sure how related to a barcode).
I’ve seen videos and tried a test myself in a crowd. But I couldn’t make sense of whether it was devices or people. A thread with more on this: Vaccinated persons emitting a code that can be captured by bluetooth
I’ve heard elsewhere that the hand and forehead represent what we do and think (hand = do; forehead = think). Also the 666 is the 6th day man was created, so means the absence of God (as a trinity) in man’s (people’s) conception of reality. Hence 666 = man, man, man. Some other interpretation for what it’s worth.
What if the 666 number is something that is found in nature, but are misused for self serving purposes? What would happen for example if someone would chant a prayer 333 times, 666 times or 999 times?
Why is it so when we practice something we have repetition? Why is it not enough to do once?
What if when we have repetition it creates a vortex or gravity? And certain number of repetition creates a certain pattern of the vortex?
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Adam and Eve was Klimt's first biblical painting. Certainly it was the only one to present humankind in a state of grace, for the scene would seem to be set before the Fall, perhaps at the moment of Eve's creation. As the sole truly chaste woman, Eve is a heroine very different from Judith. Klimt's contemporaries remarked that his ideal woman generally departed significantly from the Viennese notion of beauty: she was slender rather than buxom, redhaired or brunette rather than blond. This "Old Testament type" (as Klimt's typical heroine was euphemistically called) had an aura of exoticism that was both appealing and intentionally frightening. A sword that cut both ways, his conception of the femmefatale indulged latent anti-Semitic fears while at the same time glorifying the very subject of those fears. It is not surprising that, for this reason (and because many of his patrons were Jewish), Klimt was subject to anti-Semitic attacks. Be that as it may, it is curious to note that when he chose his model for the mother of the human race, he picked a blond, "pure-blooded Aryan" type - one of the few to appear in his paintings.
There are other aspects of Adam and Eve that distinguish it from the rest of Klimt's oeuvre. Thematically, it was an extension of the many versions of The Kiss and the preliminary drawings indicate that the composition evolved directly from these earlier works. However, whereas in all the incarnations of "The Kiss" the man dominates, here it is Eve who is pushed to the forefront. Studies suggest that Klimt considered posing her with her back turned (like the man in The Kiss), but decided to position both figures facing forward so that their faces could be seen (another departure from the prior works). As a result, Adam has more presence than most of Klimt's male characters, though his role is hardly a strong one. In a curious reversal of the usual symbolism, the man is passive, somnolent, while the woman is active, awake. Night (or the moon) was traditionally the female force, day (the sun) male, and they were thus portrayed in the Beethoven Frieze version of "The Kiss". Here, however, it is the man who seems associated with night, while the lighter female radiates sunshine. Klimt was gradually breaking out of the fin-de-siecle stereotypes of sexuality to embrace a broader and more original vision.
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What’s the best way to prepare a large batch of bacon?
The good news: it turns out that the best method is actually the easiest. Do not handle grates, household aluminum foil, or tidy baking sheets; simply place your bacon strips on a baking sheet and bake at 425°F until crispy to your liking (about 20 minutes was fine with me).
What can I do with lots of bacon?
Top pancakes with bacon. The blueberry pancakes are good and good, but believe us, the bacon pancakes are even better. Bacon, egg and cabbage sandwich. Maple Bacon Gum. Bacon salt. Vulgar bread with bacon. Whiskey Bacon Chicken. Bacon – wrapped shrimp. Poppy and chipotle cheese bacon.
How do you precook bacon for the crowd?
Preheat oven to 425 degrees or if using convection mode, preheat to 400 degrees. Position the oven racks in the lower middle and upper middle positions. Arrange the bacon in a single layer on two sheets lined with cling film. Place both sheets in the oven and bake until crispy and golden, about 18 to 20 minutes.
How much bacon do I need for 50 people?
How to use this chart for food quantities:
|type of food||Approximate quantity for 50 servings||Serving size per person|
|Turkey, whole, roasting||40-50 lbs. (2-3 large birds)||3 ounces|
|Bacon||6 pounds, 12-20 pieces per kilogram||2 parts|
|Ham, with bone, for roasting||18-20 lbs.||3 ounces, boiled|
|Purchased ready to eat||15 pounds||3 ounces, boiled|
How long should bacon be cooked in the oven?
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Cover the baking sheet with parchment paper. Place the bacon slices next to each other in the prepared baking sheet. Bake in a preheated oven for 15 to 20 minutes.
How to cook bacon in the oven without smoking the house?
Preheat the oven to 400 degrees Celsius. Cover the baking sheet with aluminum foil for easy cleanup. Arrange the bacon in a single layer. Bake for about 15-25 minutes or until golden and crispy. Remove the bacon from the oven and place the bacon pieces on a plate lined with paper towel.
What’s wrong with bacon?
Here are five foods you probably shouldn’t combine with bacon. Cereals. Crack some bacon into your next bowl with Froot Loops and let us know how it goes, especially when it’s all wet. Grapes. Citrus fruits. sorbet. It was black licorice.
Can you eat raw bacon?
Eating raw bacon can increase the risk of foodborne illnesses such as toxoplasmosis, trichinosis, and tapeworm. Therefore, it is not safe to eat raw bacon.
Is bacon harmful?
Each ounce of bacon contributes 30 milligrams of cholesterol (not to mention the cholesterol in eggs that often accompanies bacon. Eating foods high in saturated fat can raise cholesterol levels, increasing the risk of heart disease and heart disease. stroke.
Can I cook bacon the night before?
Yes, when you have a lot of work, it is good to cook the bacon in advance. I would only cook the bacon until it starts to crisp. That way, when it’s time to reheat, you can reheat it until it’s just crispy. It’s best to heat the bacon in the oven or in the toaster if you don’t heat it very much.
How to reheat bacon and keep it crispy?
You can enjoy soft, crispy, chewy bacon by following these tips for reheating it in the microwave: Spread a layer of bacon strips on a microwave-safe plate lined with a paper towel. Cover the bacon with another sheet of paper towel. Place the dish in the microwave and heat the bacon for 20 seconds.
How to cook 5 kg of bacon?
Instructions Preheat oven to 400 degrees F. Arrange bacon pieces close together in a single layer on a baking sheet. Place the baking sheet(s) in the oven and cook for 15-35 minutes, depending on how crispy and done you want and the type of bacon you are using.
How much bacon is too much?
According to a new study from BMC Medicine, people who eat more than 20 grams of processed meat a day – the equivalent of a thin slice of bacon or a slice of ham – are more likely to die of a stroke stroke, cancer or myocardial infarction.
Should you return the bacon to the oven?
Baking bacon is the easiest way to cook it because you don’t have to flip it. The only exception is if your bacon is sliced very thick. In this case, you may want to flip the bacon after it’s been in the oven for 12 minutes to make sure both sides are cooked evenly.
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https://www.clocktowerhistoricstaunton.com/cooking/faq-how-to-cook-a-large-amount-of-bacon/
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The Honourable Samuel L. Tilley, Provincial Secretary of New Brunswick, responded as follows, on behalf of his Province:
He said that the manner in which the toast had been received showed how deep and earnest was the general feeling respecting the grave question on which the Intercolonial Conference was engaged. His friend, the Hon. Dr. Tupper, had said he felt embarrassed, and he, too, felt embarrassed at observing a certain table (the reporters’ table), but at the same time he was reassured by the great forbearance these gentlemen had shewn on a recent occasion when several of them visited the Maritime Provinces (Laughter and cheers.).
The delegates from the Lower Provinces were not here seeking this union. They had assembled at Charlottetown a few weeks ago, in order to see whether they could not extend their own family relations, and then Canada intervened, and the consideration of the larger question was the result. He considered it right to make this remark, inasmuch as it had been asserted in certain quarters that the Maritime Provinces, weak and impoverished, were endeavouring to attach themselves to Canada, in order to reap the benefits arising from such a union.
This was not the case. Look at the immense amount of shipping they owned. He was in a position to state that, for the year 1864, after paying the interest on all their debts, and after providing liberally for roads, bridges, and other public works, they would have a surplus of half a million. (Cheers.) Therefore, they were not coming in as paupers – but were coming to put something into the capital that was worth having.
Next alluding to the Intercolonial Railway project, he said their feeling on this subject was – “We won’t have this union unless you give us the railway.” (Cheers.) It was utterly impossible we could have either a political or commercial union without it. With regard to the latter, he might say that he had at one time believed with others that we could have a commercial without a political Union; but he now held with his honourable friend (Mr. Tupper) that it was all but impracticable, as was easily shewn by the question of tariffs, to which that honourable gentlemen had referred.
Without going into details, he might say that it was the opinion of the Conference that union was desirable if the details would be satisfactorily arranged. Of course, in making these arrangements we should have to have due regard to the wants, requirements and even, in some degree, to the prejudices of the people. Even in the Lower Provinces the tariffs acted adversely to each other. He asked them as commercial men was it desirable that this state of affairs should continue? (Cries of “No,” “No.”) He saw no other way of obviating those difficulties than by a political union.
He would not now refer at any great length to the defence question, inasmuch as we had here the gallant Colonel from Prince Edward Island (Colonel Gray) who had made it his special study.
He would, however, remark that the anxiety respecting the subject of defence in New Brunswick was not intense among the masses of the people. This was because the population was very small, and the people felt that their individual efforts would be useless. But throw the three hundred thousand souls of New Brunswick in with the population of Canada and the other provinces, making a total of four millions; and twice as much in the way of a defence contingent might be obtained from New Brunswick, because the people would feel that they were part of a great nation. (Cheers.)
If details could be satisfactorily arranged it was advisable we should be united in one great Confederation. Look, for instance, at the example offered by Canada. Since the union of Canada its population had increased from a little over a million to two millions and a half. He (Mr. Tilley) hoped for the best; and with the intelligence of which the Conference was composed, he trusted they would overcome all difficulties; and that they would soon meet in Quebec, Montreal, or Ottawa, to consummate the union – despite the caution of his friend the President. (Laughter and cheers.)
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Description of original award (Fiscal Year 2016, $342,858)
The Second Chance Act Strengthening Relationships Between Young Fathers, Young Mothers, and Their Children provides funding to support the successful transition of young fathers and mothers as they return to their families and communities from incarceration. This program funds coordinated and comprehensive strategies that incorporate (1) mentoring and transitional reentry services proven to reduce recidivism, (2) effective parenting skills development and parent/child relationship engagement for young fathers or mothers, and (3) private and community service partnerships that promote public safety and support added positive outcomes for young parents and their children.
The Advocate Program, Inc., of Miami-Dade County, Florida, will partner with the Florida State University Center for Prevention and Early Intervention Policy to support the successful reentry of 48 juvenile offenders who are young mothers (ages 13 to 19) as they transition from confinement back to their families and communities, a time when they are most vulnerable. The project will support collaboration between a well-established local nonprofit organization and an innovative university partner to fill the gaps in juvenile justice services for pregnant and parenting female youth and their children in Miami-Dade County, a large and diverse urban area. Mentoring will begin prior to release and continue with home visiting using the Circle of Security, a relationship-based early intervention model. The goal of the project is to reconnect incarcerated young mothers to community services, promote meaningful relationships, develop parenting capacity, address issues of trauma, and reduce recidivism in the criminal justice system. CA/NCF
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For the first time the recipient of a womb transplant has given birth, marking a milestone in the treatment of infertility.
The 36-year old mother, whose name has not been made public, has Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuester-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, in which women are born without part or all of their womb or vagina. The success of artificial vaginas to treat some forms of MRKH was confirmed earlier this year, but a womb is a more challenging organ to replicate.
A team led by Professor Matts Brännström of the University of Gothenburg have indicated they will report in The Lancet on a successful birth from a transplanted uterus. Brännström had previously announced transplanting uteri from nine donors into women who either had MRKH syndrome or previous hysterectomies, in one case from mother to daughter. Seven of these transplants appear successful, with the women beginning to menstruate within 2-3 months. In the other two cases hysterectomies needed to be performed as a result of infection or clotting.
Even where the transplants are showing promise, the women's immune systems sometimes started to reject the new wombs - three times in the case of the eventual mother. However, adjustment of the corticosteroid drug regimes brought the problems under control in all cases. Unfortunately, these drugs have side-effects, so the wombs will be removed once the recipients no longer want more children.
A year after the 10-hour surgery was completed an early stage IVF embryo was inserted in the mother. Since her ovaries were unaffected by her MRKH syndrome, her own eggs were used.
"Our success is based on more than 10 years of intensive animal research and surgical training by our team and opens up the possibility of treating many young females worldwide that suffer from uterine infertility," Braennstroem told The Lancet.
The authors noted, "Absolute uterine factor infertility is the only major type of female infertility that is still viewed as untreatable." This can no longer be considered the case, even if the success rate of such treatments is yet to be established. Brännström has acknowledged that it is likely to be a long time before the procedure will be common, and concerns have been expressed about the health impact for live donors.
A caesarian was conducted 8 weeks prematurely as a result of pre-eclampsia, and both mother and son are doing well a month later.
The transplanted womb came from a 61 year old friend of the recipient who had experienced menopause seven years earlier, making for a much larger pool of potential donors than would be available if only pre-menopausal wombs were viable.
Two other hospitals are known to have attempted womb transplants, but both proved unsuccessful.
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It is not hard to come across arguments that hinge on the thought that client electricity is the essential to social transformation.
Pursuing the disappointing effects of the Amazon union election in Bessemer, Alabama, the New York Moments’ Farhad Manjoo opined that Amazon shoppers could “marshal [their] electrical power on behalf of Amazon’s workers” by emailing Jeff Bezos to complain about the company’s inhumane labor techniques.
In 2019, Uk prime minister Theresa May possibly asserted that consumers’ voices — much more influential than enterprises or governments — could conclude the global epidemic of slavery in our supply chains, although Slate contended that customers have a “moral obligation” to review compact enterprises on web sites like Yelp.
Still left-leaning people today are urged to discuss with our bucks to stop racism, resist Trumpism, and safe a environmentally friendly upcoming. On the Right, the rhetoric of consumer preference has been utilised to defend every little thing from personal wellness insurance plan to faculty vouchers. When Nike featured former NFL player and activist Colin Kaepernick in an ad, conservatives vowed to boycott the enterprise and liberals promised to demonstrate their approval by getting extra Nike goods. Across the political spectrum, neoliberalism asks us to cope with our shared feeling of political impotence by “voting” with our wallets.
These arguments make intuitive feeling to us since they conform to the age-old grammar of purchaser sovereignty. “The client is always suitable,” a phrase popularized by retail magnates like Harry Gordon Selfridge, is ubiquitous in customer discourses. Our rightness is comprehended to derive not only from the actuality that we pay out tough-earned bucks for goods and expert services, but also from the notion that intake is a patriotic contacting.
Tapping this prosperous rhetorical vein, neoliberals preached that the cost-free market would help the all-strong shopper to make rational spending options, which would carry about the most effective results for culture. It is legitimate that consumers collectively make or crack new items and organizations, a greater part of which are unsuccessful. But as buyers, we’re confined to playing in a perpetual dwelling activity for capitalism, which in the long run sets the phrases of our contest.
There’s no clearer illustration of this dynamic than the proliferation of customer-responses technologies, from community evaluate platforms like Yelp and RateMyProfessors to non-public analysis applications like Ziosk and Presto (all those tabletop tablets that let you buy, fork out, and rate your experience at chain dining places) and the ratings prompts created into gig services like Uber and TaskRabbit.
When we give suggestions using these applications — particularly when the suggestions is adverse — we sense like we’re using command and training electrical power. In truth, we have been coaxed into applying our leisure time to surveil and control personnel, furnishing data that tells companies what and whom to self-control. The full approach ultimately redounds to capitalists’ benefit at our very own expense.
Consumers are designed, not born.
Political scientist Joshua Sperber and many others have described how early buyers were designed, reared, and groomed by capitalists, whose income-in search of drove them to manufacture demand in which none beforehand existed. The changeover to a capitalist economy forced people today into wage labor and essential them to invest in mass-produced supplies that were being the moment produced or grown at dwelling. The conditions of wage labor caused new complications, like alienation (from every single other, our get the job done, and ourselves), which corporations had been then equipped to exploit for additional gain, advertising and marketing purchaser products and solutions as a means to fill the void.
Capitalism’s necessity of consistent advancement leads to the marketplace to encroach on every single inch of our pores and skin and just about every instant of our time, setting up financially rewarding connections within just every impulse of our hearts and minds. As every part of our humanness will become monetizable, we see ourselves reworked into details points, surveilled and manipulated for company optimization. Naturally, we sense powerless.
The current market features us approaches to get back what we have missing: a emotion of neighborhood membership and a belief that our voices matter. Social media, for case in point, gives us possibilities to specific ourselves and connect with many others. We can even converse instantly to our leaders and try to keep them accountable, regardless of what that indicates. This alleviates the inner thoughts of helplessness developed by our oligarchic political method and returns the perception of group that capitalism stripped absent.
In the same way, the score technological innovation that is progressively crafted into our consumer ordeals supplies us with a experience of managerial control, reinforcing the illusion that we have energy in our function as shoppers.
When we use Yelp or Google to level and evaluation an practical experience like dining at a restaurant, we have the perception of remaining component of a consumer neighborhood, answering a contact to civic obligation by contributing important information. We get to amplify excellent encounters and alert other folks about undesirable kinds. This faucets right into our inner thoughts of alienation and powerlessness under capitalism, perpetuating the fiction that our sovereign buyer voices can change the earth.
Managers refer to overview web sites like Yelp, so utilizing these platforms provides us a way to reply straight (and publicly) to enterprises we come to feel have mistreated us. But Joshua Sperber’s investigation, outlined in his book Purchaser Administration in the World wide web Age, indicates that managers routinely disregard testimonials that deal with matters like food items excellent, ambience, or “chasing” clients out, though routinely instrumentalizing opinions that offer with elements of company like perceived attentiveness or server affect. This selective incorporation of critiques demonstrates that clients, like staff, are structurally disempowered below capitalism. We’re inspired to increase our voices insofar as they even further the interests of management on behalf of money. When our pursuits conflict with base-line revenue desires, they are disregarded.
In the same way, instruments like Ziosk or the ratings options built into gig services like Lyft and DoorDash exploit both our marketplace-driven sense of helplessness and the popular plan that we can and need to derive authority from our position as individuals. Not like Yelp and other social media, these tools don’t offer you us a megaphone or a feeling of neighborhood membership. But they do seemingly help us to talk straight to strong corporations in order to curate use experiences about our exceptional preferences.
The a person-to-five ratings scales embedded in these equipment trick end users into considering that ratings of a few or four explain average, suitable encounters. In reality, workers often face harsh penalties for any rating beneath 5. Gig personnel can shed precious business enterprise or even get kicked off their platforms owing to one lower rating from an irate (possibly mistaken) client. In the situation of Ziosk and Presto, ratings dependent on food items good quality, wait time, and other components outside the house servers’ manage are nonetheless utilized to self-control servers, normally triggering serious monetary penalties in the type of lowered hrs or lousy area assignments.
Managers are legally barred from analyzing personnel in explicitly racist or sexist techniques, but shopper-managers are bound by no such regulations of fairness and decency. BuzzFeed’s Caroline O’Donovan interviewed servers who recounted stories of administrators highlighting and sharing degrading, sexualized Ziosk opinions — efficiently disciplining employees for their entire body forms.
Apart from the challenge of employee humiliation, these troubles stage to the fact that consumer scores techniques elevate each the capriciousness and the everyday bigotry of the general public. Like their religious predecessor, tipping, scores applications exacerbate inequality by providing supervisors a purportedly neutral excuse for making choices that disproportionately harm marginalized people today. Yelp has released a black-owned businesses attribute and an inform program that dings companies accused of racism. But its company model, like that of Ziosk, Presto, and the whole gig overall economy, relies on heightening the racialized precarity of the workforce.
Because the current market pushes capitalists to extract ever extra value from employees, management would like to control employees’ every single and each motion, facial expression, and vocal inflection. And without a doubt, employee surveillance courses seek to do just that. But as Sperber points out, micromanaging can destroy exactly the creativity and spontaneity (i.e., the humanness) that make shopper company transactions so rewarding. Consumer sovereignty discourses teach us we have a ideal to truly feel valued by cash, and people today-turned-automatons simply cannot give us that illusion.
The overly intrusive manager as a result poses a difficulty for companies. But the corporate method of “consumer management” solves that difficulty, enabling a surveillance scheme much extra productive than any video, audio, or movement-monitoring program. This is why Sperber and others have referred to ratings techniques as a “digital panopticon,” whereby staff need to always believe they are currently being watched and described on.
Capitalists have steadily recruited us into freely accomplishing the already low-wage labor of the secret shopper, who exists to foreclose each risk of staff dissent. Prior to these surveillance methods, workforce could converse back again to or even withhold provider from impolite consumers. Currently, customers’ capacity to retroactively and anonymously level an encounter tips an now imbalanced enjoying area even even more versus employees.
Servers and drivers ought to now think each cruel or bigoted shopper is a manager in disguise, ready to venture their limited voice in a way that tends to make it more challenging for staff to eat and pay rent.
Sperber suggests that purchaser administration signifies the acme of prosumption, a procedure by means of which people voluntarily develop benefit for capitalists.
Prosumption features every thing from assembling Ikea household furniture to navigating via numbered choices on a purchaser services simply call. With the advent of World wide web 2., which enabled providers to monetize user-manufactured written content, prosumption sophisticated from the menial labor associated in, say, filling up your personal gas tank, to the innovative mental labor of preserving a Twitter profile or developing products for YouTube or Substack.
With Web 2., Sperber argues, buyers have in a sense reached a maturity level at which capitalists can “free” us to have interaction our creative and intellectual powers on their phrases and terrain. With almost everything from terminate society to scores units, we see that the customer’s want to truly feel effective no more time represents any contest to the actual electricity of CEOs.
We can express ourselves all we you should our voices make low cost, participating articles for multibillion–dollar enterprises. And in the case of scores apps, our voices allow capital to impose harsher, extra dystopian self-discipline on wage laborers. In other words, our capacity to come to feel effective is predicated on our willingness to reproduce the coercive relations that induced our sense of powerlessness in the to start with place.
As we try to training authority vis-à-vis capital, the narrative of the sovereign consumer is understandably seductive. But our transformative electrical power doesn’t stream from our part as consumers. If it did, we would have selected anything other than leaded little one foods and hospitals exactly where we get bedsores from financial gain-pushed understaffing.
Most consumers are also employees, and in that job we do have power. We must resist the allure of technologies that offer you a false sense of company — encouraging what Sperber phone calls a “displaced assault on power” — while assisting firms squeeze a lot more and a lot more worth out of their personnel.
When capitalists look for to transform us in opposition to each and every other below the guise of shopper empowerment, we really should drop to engage in their video game. We can physical exercise our actual energy by displaying solidarity with other employees.
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(Published today in Quora)
There is a great deal of misunderstanding concerning this topic – Plato’s criticism of poetry in particular and art in general (Bertrand Russell is quite unreliable on his account of the history of Western philosophy; witty but severely flawed). Based on the evidence (Plato’s writings) it can be said that poetry is too important – it was so for Plato, a great poet himself – to leave it to the (bad) poets, and the same for music and the other art forms. There is much that could be writen about this. Importantly, the products of art are at a third remove from reality, while a manufactured object, such as a chair, is at a second remove – this concerns epistemology and ontology.
Plato admired Homer, even memorizing fragments of this great mythologer’s writings. As for music, he admitted for his Republic only two or three musical styles, which were more sober and noble than the loud and dissonant pieces that people were used to (and liked).
I would strongly recommend ‘Plato’s Defence of Poetry’, by Julius A. Elias (1984). Plato’s thrust was mainly a moral one, following on Socrates as a religious reformer: “The religious objections… stress the responsibility of poets who represent the gods and the moral order of the universe in an offensive manner. The gods indulge in all seven deadly sins with an enviable immunity… guilty conscience, venereal disease… “.
Concerning poetry, “… And if any man come to the gates of poetry without the madness of the Muses, persuaded that skill alone will make him a good poet, then shall him and his woks of sanity with him be brought to nought by the poetry of madness” (Madness=divine inspiration).
Plato – Phaedrus, 245
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The first week of October saw us take part in our first “Signs of Autumn” Twitter Project. We had done a successful project on the Signs of Spring earlier in the year, so, through Twitter one night, Mary Jo Bell suggested to me that we should organise a similar one to get pupils to record the signs of autumn. This was a hastily organised project, but it turned out to be another great success. Tweets were gathered together by everyone using the project hashtag #anfomhar
There were 52 contributors to the project in the first half of the week and 40 during the second half of the week. Lots of classes from all over the country took part in the project which also took on an international dimension with schools from USA and Canada also taking part. The big difference for me about this Twitter project compared to the last one in Spring was that there was a large increase in photos which were Tweeted during the week. I will try to find some time to gather these together and put them in a photo album on the Seomra Ranga Flickr Page. For me, these photos made the project a lot more real and my own class liked looking at these daily during the week. There was even an Animoto movie Tweeted during the week. I can definitely see us running this project again next year.
For anyone who did not take part in the project or who doesn’t know anything about Twitter, have a look at the transcripts below to get a flavour of what was happening during the week on Twitter. Even the transcripts have been very popular – the first one has been viewed almost 800 times with the second one viewed almost 200 times.
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A musical on friendship in the time of an eviction
LOS ANGELES — A new musical about two men—one Filipino and the other Irish—who form a friendship as eviction looms for the both of them, will be performed at the Sanctuary, Pico-Union Project this month.
Written by Carlene Sobrino Bonnivier and Reme Grefalda, “Warrior” is about two fictional residents of the International Hotel in San Francisco.
“They decide they have one last fight left in them. This is it. They will not leave,” says Bonnivier.
“The musical is deeply inspired by the nine-year struggle, waged by 150 old-timers who lived in the International Hotel—the last vestige of what had once been a vibrant community in San Francisco’s Manilatown.”
The hotel was a single-room-occupancy accommodation for many Chinese and Filipinos, some of whom had immigrated to the US as early as the 1920s.
Because of existing laws upon and after their arrival, Filipino immigrants were not allowed to marry white Americans, own businesses nor land—as such, some of the Filipino men grew into old age as bachelors with little savings and lived in working-class hotels such as the International Hotel.
Protests were held from 1968 to 1977 to fend off the eviction of the residents, most of whom did not have family support and had nowhere else to go.
“We have a very dramatic story. At one time, there were 8,000 protestors surrounding the hotel, locked arm-in-arm as a human shield, protecting the old-timers from the authorities,” says Bonnivier.
Sing with outrage
“The musical is about the astonishing struggle against all the political and legal power a city can bring to bear, but you won’t leave the theater in tears. You’ll leave singing with outrage and filled with love,” she says.
The production will be a “musical reading” or a concert-style performance, similar to a staged reading of a play.
“Combining cadenced dialogue and songs, the actors will move dynamically on the stage, and sometimes off, near the audience,” she says.
Opera singer Sal Malaki will play Gabi, the titular warrior, a World War II veteran from the Philippines.
Andrew Shubin will play Ian, the Bard of Hannigan’s Irish Pub—an actual pub at the hotel’s basement.
Also in the cast are jazz singer Charmaine Clamor, who plays an activist lawyer, and poet Oscar Peñaranda, who handles narration duties.
Though the musical is about an incident from the past, it addresses current (and recurring) issues.
Bonnivier says, “We are performing in a neighborhood that is undergoing gentrification, where eviction notices are served daily to people who have lived in their homes there for decades.”
The characters in this musical have been percolating in Bonnivier’s mind for over 20 years. The Gabi character, in particular, is a composite of the men from her childhood.
“I grew up in what is now called ‘Historic Filipinotown’ in Los Angeles. The manongs then were still young and were called ‘the boys.’ They came over to our house because they didn’t have any family here.
“My father died before I was born, so they were collectively my father. Most of them were farmers or bartenders or house boys/chauffeurs.”
Bonnivier has edited the anthology “Filipinotown: Voices from Los Angeles” and has authored fiction novels “Autobiography of a Stranger,” “Seeking Thirst,” and “Okinawa 9/11: Six Lives Breaking Symmetry.”
Co-writing the musical is Reme Grefalda, who is a playwright and director, and was previously artistic director of QBd Ink, a Filipino American theater group based in Washington, DC that was active in the 1990s to the early 2000s.
The music, by jazz musician, musical director and film composer Winston Raval, will incorporate gongs and flutes from the Banaue region of the Philippines.
“The music moves fluidly to the reeds and drums of ancient Ireland, to the music of the ‘60s and ‘70s, and to both smooth and searing contemporary jazz,” she says.
The reading will be directed by Nenita “Tita” Pambid and Ferdinand Galang.
Pambid has trained with Philippine Educational Theater Association in Manila and the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in Los Angeles. She works in theater, television and film.
Galang has worked in film and television in the Philippines and is currently developing several films under his production company Third Millennium Projects.
Part of the proceeds of “Warrior” will go to the Philippine Heritage Collection of Echo Park Public Library.
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He ruled his kingdom by his virtues rather than by force. To the orphaned, the widowed, and the destitute he was very charitable, so that some whiles in the winter he carried firewood to the needy on his own shoulders. He helped oftentimes to bury the poor, he set captives free, and went many times to the prisons at the dead of night to comfort with money and advice them that were detained therein. To a Prince of so tender an heart it was a great grief to be behoven to condemn any to death, however guilty. For Priests he had a most earnest respect, and with his own hands sowed the corn and pressed the grapes for the bread and wine which they were to use for the Sacrifice. He would walk around the Church at night with bare feet upon the snow and ice, leaving behind him bloody footprints that warmed the ground.
For his Bodyguard he had angels. For when Radislas, Prince of Gurinna, invaded Bohemia, and Wenceslas, to save the effusion of his people's blood, went out to meet him in single combat, two angels were seen serving him with arms, and heard to say to the adversary: Strike not. Therefore, his enemy was stricken with terror, fell down in reverence before him, and begged his forgiveness. When he went to Germany, the Emperor saw two angels carrying a golden Cross before him as he drew night him, and arose from his throne, embraced him in his arms, created him a King, and gifted him with the arm of the holy Martyr Vitus. Nevertheless, his godless brother, at the exhortation of their mother, bade him to a feast, and when Wenceslas, with a foreboding of the death prepared for him, went afterwards into the Church, and was praying there, Boleslas followed him thither, together with some accomplices of his crime, and when they had wounded him, despatched him with a lance. The stains of his blood may still be seen upon the walls. By the judgment of God, his unnatural mother was swallowed up by the earth, and his murderers, in divers ways, perished miserably.
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Date of Graduation
This dissertation presents a non-destructive automated damage detection system for the Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge. The goal of the system is to automate the damage detection procedure and enable early detection of structural damage. The system would complement the existing visual inspection procedure and eventually replace it. The designed system utilizes the method of strain energy mode shapes as the core damage detection method. The presented research covers both practical design issues and new theoretical developments in the area of non-destructive damage detection using strain energy mode shapes. The dissertation presents a methodology for exciting the structure, acquiring the vibration response of the structure, validating the acquired data, determining vibration characteristics of the bridge (such as natural frequencies), extracting the displacement mode shapes, applying the strain energy processing to the displacement mode shapes, and analyzing the strain energy mode shapes for damage indicators. The system employs a laser Doppler vibrometer mounted on a robotic gantry crane as the vibration sensor. Two testing techniques (sinusoidal dwell testing and random burst testing) are supported by the system. The system is capable of extracting damage indicators through a traditional formulation of strain energy method and a novel non-baseline variation of the strain energy method that does not require a-priori knowledge of the undamaged state of the structure. A fuzzy expert system enables the system to detect and locate damage on noisy data with the performance comparable to those of a qualified human operator. The test procedure is fully automated by a custom-designed application software. Investigated theoretical issues present new developments in the area of damage detection using strain energy mode shapes. An analytical study of the numerical properties of the strain energy processing allows proper selection of the sampling interval during acquisition of the displacement mode shapes, minimizing the effects of measurement noise and providing maximum sensitivity to damage, while improving the accuracy of damage location. A novel approach to the extraction of damage indicators from the strain energy mode shapes has been proven analytically and verified experimentally. The new approach significantly extends the applicability of damage detection using strain energy mode shapes to a structure with previously unknown damage state.
Sazonov, Eduard S., "An automated damage detection system for Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge." (2002). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 9716.
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Mushrooms, Mushrooms in all places! Mushrooms are actually utilised as foodstuff and medicines for Countless decades. Lots of people appreciate taking in numerous forms of mushrooms, in both Uncooked and cooked forms. Most are Shrooms online developed in Chester County, PA, from the city of Kennett Sq. and its bordering space, which can be often called "The Mushroom Cash of the World". With numerous wellness Positive aspects and a range of strategies to arrange them, it is not hard to realize why a lot of chefs like to include them into their tasty dishes.
Mushrooms contain in between 80 and ninety per cent water, are reduced in sodium, Unwanted fat, and energy, are incredibly nutrient dense, and are a superb addition for people who find themselves pounds aware. On top of that, they comprise no gluten, Excess fat, nor cholesterol. They're chock-full of potassium, which really helps to reduced hypertension and incidence of stroke. Actually, a single medium sized portabella mushroom is made up of far more potassium than a daily sized banana. They're also brimming with Vitamin B (perfect for the nervous and digestive programs), iron (good for Anemia and purple blood cells), copper (will help tends to make red blood cells), and selenium, (great for prostate gland function and will help minimize prostate most cancers).
Mushrooms are the sole grown meals which contains pure vitamin D, which aids in bone strengthening. Coupled with calcium that is also found in mushrooms, they will help with joint ache and Osteoporosis. Additionally they incorporate Beta-glucans, which aid to stimulate the immune program and increase allergy resistance, and so are present in numerous Shiitake and Oyster mushrooms. Mushrooms are popular for that contains Ergothioneine, a robust antioxidant that strengthens the immune procedure. Ergothioneine is definitely an amino acid which contains sulfur, which Lots of individuals deficiency in their diet. Diabetics have demonstrated enhancement having different different types of mushrooms, because of the purely natural insulin and enzymes which they contain. Numerous species of mushrooms also support diabetics from bacterial infections to their limbs, as they are a normal antibiotic.
Below is really a summary of some of the far more typical mushrooms:
White Buttons: The most typical of mushrooms in the US, research demonstrates that they assist with breast and prostate most cancers, although consuming close to three.five ounces every day. Great for weight-loss.
Crimini (precursor to Portabella): These brown mushrooms are identical in sizing to white buttons, and are firmer and have an earthier flavor. They also help with breast and prostate cancers. Great for weightloss.
Portabella: These huge, brown, umbrella formed mushrooms (the adult Model of Crimini mushrooms) have a meatier taste. Great for grilling and stuffing with artichoke, spinach, crab meat, and an "Italian" recipe of ground meat, tomato sauce, onions, peppers, and herbs. Also will help with weight-loss.
Shiitake: Have been employed by quite a few Asian cultures to take care of colds and flu. Analysis shows the extracts of the mushroom really helps to fight infections, improve the immune procedure, and aid battle tumor progress and breast cancer. Try to eat 4-5 ounces on a daily basis. Outstanding source of Vitamin D.
Reishi: Appears like a wood brown and white flower: Great for combating bacterial and viral infections, decreasing cholesterol and blood pressure level.
Maitake: Will help cleanse your body and stimulates the immune method.
Oyster: Ongoing exploration shows assure of helping to defend from HIV. Substantial in antioxidants
Porcini: A meaty mushroom that appears much like a portabella mushroom, In addition, it has anti-inflammatory properties
Mushrooms are a flexible food which might be Employed in numerous soups, salads, sandwiches, appetizers, stews, nutraceuticals, nutritional supplements, and Of course, even extra to athletics drinks! Only obtain mushrooms from dependable sellers, as numerous mushrooms developed in the wild is often poisonous and contain toxic large metals.
Mushrooms certainly are a delicious addition to individuals's diet programs, and also have many astonishing health and fitness Gains. Investigation has demonstrated they might help decrease cholesterol stages, shield diabetics from bacterial infections, assistance reduce versus breast and prostate most cancers, help with fat reduction, improve bone wellness, encourage the immune procedure, minimize blood pressure level, raise iron absorption, and are excellent suppliers of potassium, calcium, riboflavin, phosphorus, vitamin D, and selenium. Try using them in a number of recipes right now!
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It can be hard to tell the exact number of grains of rice are in a serving. Because of this, we will have to go off an average amount. You also could be dealing with a longer grain of rice like basmati as opposed to short-grain rice. This can change the number of grains per serving, causing such a large range in data.
One serving of rice is half of a cup. A whole cup of rice would have an average of 6,000-18,000 grains of rice in it. Therefore, one serving of rice would be closer to 3,000-9,000 grains. There are over 40,000 types of rice around the entire world that varies in size and shape. This affects how many grains are in a serving.
A Brown Rice Example
When it comes to Uncle Ben’s brown rice grains, there is about 10,340 grains in a cup. This means that half of that, being one serving, would be 5,170. It would take a while to count it by each grain, but people have and do at times of curiosity.
This is just one example out of the many different grains of rice around the world. The most common data on this subject is from the regular white rice you can get at any grocery store.
Finding Out the Amount by Weight
Another way people calculate this is based off weight in grams. When people weight their rice in grams, it is before the water is added. Cooked rice absorbs a lot of water, in turn making the cooked rice heavier in weight. Rice expands three times its original size after it is cooked. This is useful to know when trying to measure the rice to see how many grains are in a serving.
Those who measure their uncooked rice take a kitchen scale, or anything that can weigh grams, to figure this out. Typically, a cup of rice would weight 200 grams, or 7.05 ounces. One gram of rice contains around 48 grains.
This is at times a common project for children in grade school to help with their math skills.
One serving of rice is ½ a cup and would contain about 3,000 to 9,000 grains, depending on the type of rice. This can be measured by weight or counted grain by grain, usually uncooked.
How many grains of rice are in a bowl?
A standard bowl of rice would be between 2,500 and 3,000 grains assuming it is a serving of white rice. This can also be dependent on the type of rice.
How many servings are in a cup of rice?
A cup of uncooked rice will make enough for two to three adult servings of rice. Therefore, one serving of rice is just ½ a cup of uncooked rice.
How many grains of rice are in a bag?
There are about 21,000-25,000 grains of rice in a 1-pound bag of uncooked rice. There are 48 grains in a gram of rice.
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Being the top envelope selling company in Europe, Bestbuyenvelopes. Europe understand the necessity for envelopes. A recent study has also shown that the citizens of Europe are becoming more and more aware of recycled papers, especially recycled envelopes.
So as a way to respect the decisions of the people and for the overall benefit of the environment, bestbuyenvelopes.uk is offering a wide variety of recycled envelopes that come in all shapes and sizes.
Its sufficed to say that they house a great collection of colored envelopes, suited for almost every occasion. Be it a personal use or official use, all you need to do is to visit their website and make your order.
You can even take look at a few samples before finalizing your order. They also offer custom made envelopes created from the very designs you provide them with. Not only are they a great marketplace but they double in as a personal seller you might find near your residence.
Do you know the sorts that let you visit their shops and take a look around and suggest an amalgamation of more than one design? Well, Bestbuyenvelopes are them form your neighborhood, the only exception is their being on the internet rather than in an actual shop.
Citizens these days are becoming more aware of the environment and are actively taking a part to preserve it. This initiative by Bestbuyenvelopes is a great way to support that god spirit. Not only does it save precious natural resources but it also reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling paper also preserves huge quantities of water which is best put other uses.
For those of you who are afraid of the quality of the envelope, don’t fret. Recycled envelops are in no way inferior in terms of quality, compared to more traditional colored envelopes. Of course, there is a variety of options to choose from, but for casual purposes, try buying the recycled ones. They are sturdy, cheap and most important of all, recycled.
Recycled envelopes come in only a single color, is a myth. With the proper process, envelopes can be designed to a certain extent, enough to make them appealing in the eyes of any potential customers.
Startups, who are short on money, can use recycled envelopes to promote their trade. It’s cheap and Bestbuyenvelopes offer some pretty cool designs, even in the recycled envelopes section. Just hop on to their website and take a look for yourself.
The black and white designs appear to have a matte finish, which is quite compelling and soothing to the eyes as well as your fingers.
Bestbuyenvelopes.uk has some the widest envelope collection in all over Europe. Name an occasion, any occasion, and they will most probably have an envelope waiting for you, you just need to look for it. You can even make one up if nothing meets your fancy, which is highly unlikely.
So, visit Bestbuyenvelopes today and get ready to meet to the envelope of your dreams. Seriously, if envelope dating was a thing, this site right here would be considered as the Tinder among all other websites in Europe.
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“We were cut off from Ukraine for 41 days.” Interview with the mayor of Koriukivka
The Koriukivka municipality in the Chernihiv region was one of the first to suffer from the full-scale Russian invasion. The occupiers destroyed local roads and bridges, effectively isolating the municipality from the rest of Ukraine.
However, locals did not accept the presence of the enemy. Residents of the municipality literally stopped enemy tanks with their bare hands and blocked roads in order to prevent the advance of Russian military equipment. After the Armed Forces liberated the region, the Koriukivka municipality began its recovery and return to normal life. The U-LEAD with Europe Programme provided assistance, which allowed clearing the roads, repairing the local water supply and powering critical infrastructure facilities.
Ratan Akhmedov, Mayor of Koriukivka, told us what his municipality had to go through and how it is recovering after the occupation.
Ratan Akhmedov, Mayor of Koriukivka
The invaders were driving through our municipality for four days
Our municipality is right next to the border with Russia. So, in the first hours of the full-scale invasion, all the military vehicles of the invaders, which were moving in the direction of Chernihiv and Kyiv, were here in our municipality. In general, Russian troops were driving through our municipality for four days. This meant a huge amount of military equipment, destroyed roads and blown up bridges.
One of the villages of our community was damaged after some artillery ammunition detonated. The explosion affected the village council building, a school, a healthcare institution, a shop and some residential buildings. Fortunately, there were no casualties. As for everything else, we will restore and rebuild it together. Including with the help of our friends and partners.
Of course, no one was fully prepared for full-scale war. But we had a clear action plan, so when everything went down, we already knew where we would gather and what needed to be done. We decided to close all municipal institutions except for critical infrastructure facilities such as hospitals and utility companies. Together with the local authorities, they worked tirelessly from the first day of the invasion.
The aftermath of the Russian invasion in the Koriukivka municipality
For more than 40 days, we were a peninsula cut off from the ‘mainland’
The Russians did not set up occupation administrations in our municipality but simply marched through it closer to Chernihiv. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, all their forces were thrown at the regional capital city, and they guarded their supply routes. And secondly, we had a powerful resistance movement. People did everything possible to stop the enemy army.
Technically, we were in the rear for 41 days, but we did not have access to the ‘mainland’. The municipality was completely cut off. The occupiers damaged the bridges over the rivers, effectively turning us temporarily into a peninsula. The only way to leave the municipality was through the zone of active hostilities.
Opening a bakery and engaging farmers
Obviously, in the first days, panic was palpable in the municipality. My colleagues and I walked through all the institutions and thanked each and every employee who, despite everything, came to work that day. People were advised to stay together, remember what to do in emergency situations, how to provide first aid, etc.
Little by little, we began to restore the local economy. We managed to open a bakery that had been closed several years ago. The cheese factory resumed working in the neighbouring municipality. Local farmers got to work.
The biggest challenge was, probably, medicines. Medicines that were in the greatest demand disappeared from the shelves in the first days. And it turned out that some people were well-stocked, while others did not have any medicines at all. So the necessities were delivered from across the river, by boats. Later, the occupiers started firing at the boats, so we had to look for some alternative ways again.
But we had heating and electricity. However, the airstrikes of the Russians damaged the substation. There was a power surge and, unfortunately, some equipment failed. In general, however, the situation was under control.
The Koriukivka municipality is returning to its usual life
The best day in my life was when I saw our guys from the Armed Forces
Any collaboration with the occupiers was out of the question. Instead, I had to spend each night in a different place because the Russians kidnapped my colleague from the neighbouring municipality. After that, we equipped a kind of observation posts in each village. We knew where and what kind of enemy vehicles were moving, their direction and their numbers.
The Russians were driven out of our region in late March and early April. More than 2,000 battered vehicles and manpower left. To preserve even that, the invaders blew up all the bridges behind them. The happiest day for me is still April 5, when units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine came up to the town, and I saw our guys from Zhytomyr. This is the best day of my life.
Repair equipment from the U-LEAD with Europe Programme
We needed machinery and generators, and U-LEAD helped us
We have known and actively cooperated with the U-LEAD with Europe Programme for quite some time. Since 2016, when we were working toward unifying territories and forming our municipality. Then, at the time of our formation, more substantive cooperation began.
When the full-scale invasion began, U-LEAD came to our rescue again. In particular, Iryna Kudryk, Head of the Chernihiv Regional Office of the U-LEAD with Europe Programme, was in constant contact with the municipality, helped with the organisation of volunteer projects, the delivery of basic necessities, etc.
And when the occupiers were kicked out of our municipality, the work on the restoration of Ukraine began. Before February 24, we really wanted to develop infrastructure facilities. Obviously, the war threw a wrench into all our plans, and such projects hardly receive any financing today, because the funds are directed to the defence needs. That’s why we turned to U-LEAD, primarily regarding the installation of a backup power source for critical infrastructure facilities. We also needed tools and equipment for clearing rubble and dismantling facilities damaged by the invaders.
And we received this help. Moreover, it was incredibly fast. In addition, the Programme even fully handled the logistics and delivery of the equipment to the municipality. In the first stage, U-LEAD with Europe provided us with gasoline tools and generators, and in the second stage, with heavy repair equipment currently used in utility companies to ensure the day-to-day functioning of our municipality.
A lighting pole and a wheel loader provided by U-LEAD with Europe
Restoring the water utility and dismantling the barricades used to slow down the enemy
So we got front-end loaders, several dozen chainsaws, cutting machines. We were also given a lighting device that allowed us to work at night. We got good use out of all these things and still do today. We transferred part of these to the rural areas to provide their village councils and, for example, fire brigades with the necessary equipment.
Thanks to the assistance from the U-LEAD with Europe Programme, we were able, among other things, to restart the local water utility and restore water supply to the territories where the occupiers damaged the pipelines. In addition, preparations for the winter period are already underway, and here this equipment is equally essential.
And, of course, clearing debris on the roads. A powerful resistance movement was formed in our municipality, which did everything possible to prevent Russian vehicles from advancing. And all these barricades were also removed thanks to U-LEAD.
To date, all received generators have been distributed among the villages of the municipality, in locations where they are most urgently needed. Gasoline tools ensured the stable operation of mobile communities.
Repair equipment at work
We will definitely manage and rebuild everything
Before the full-scale invasion, we had grand plans for this year. These plans were cancelled by the war, but we will definitely return to them after our victory.
Now the main thing is to prepare for the heating season. The gas situation is uncertain, as it physically comes to us from the territory of Russia. That is why we are making preparations and, where possible, trying to switch critical infrastructure facilities to reserve solid fuel.
But we will manage. We will recover and prepare for winter. I believe we will be done by September. And we will also eliminate all the consequences of the stay of the Russian occupiers here. Yes, roads and bridges require money and time. Still, we can do it. After our victory, everything will be thoroughly repaired and rebuilt.
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16 August 2022
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Про результати співпраці громад розповідає Лілія Попова, начальниця відділу з питань моніторингу, аналізу політики та...
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The Rebirth of Google Glass
Remember Google Glass? It was the name coined for spectacles developed by Google’s (now Alphabet’s) X division (the company’s intellectual sandpit in which engineers develop way-out ideas). Looking at first sight like a cheap pair of non-prescription reading glasses, Glass functioned as a kind of miniature head-up display (a transparent screen that allows users to read data without having to change their viewpoint). Over part of the right-hand lens was a small rectangular block of glass which functioned as a miniature computer monitor. Inside the right-hand support (the part that goes over your ear) Google had packed memory, a processor, a camera, speaker and microphone, Bluetooth and wifi antennas, an accelerometer, gyroscope, compass and a battery. So when you put on your spectacles you were, in fact, donning a tiny wearable computer.
It’s been over five years since the introduction and subsequent demise of Google Glass. The original model was too pricey, too creepy, and not useful enough to justify either the hefty price tag or the social stigma of looking like the world’s most gung ho laser-tag player. By January of 2015, Google quietly announced no new products would be developed for Glass.
But the underlying idea of mixed reality continued to tick along. Apple’s new ARKit is already turning out some impressive demos. Facebook made it the centerpiece of its F8 conference this year. Microsoft’s HoloLens is truly impressive in person, even if the tech remains expensive.
And now the company is talking about its new effort, Glass Enterprise Edition. Google has quietly been at work on it for a while — it filed papers for a new version of its device in December of last year, and updated the Glass firmware one month ago. But a long profile in Wired shows that Google has completely shifted focus. Glass Enterprise Edition won’t be a consumer-tech item, meant for checking email, taking shower selfies, or creeping people out in a bar. Instead, it’ll be a workplace tool, meant for sectors where being hands-free but able to get information easily is highly valuable.
Wired looks at AGCO, a manufacturer of large-scale agricultural equipment that has quietly been using Google Glass Enterprise Edition in its factories and during field calls. Much of its work is custom-made for individual buyers, which means unique specs for each piece of equipment manufactured by AGCO. While that previously meant consulting a laptop kept open somewhere nearby, Glass allows AGCO workers to call up specs while still underneath the hood.
Google has also upgraded the hardware on Glass. The actual tech is now more of a clip-on you can add to safety or prescription glasses, has a beefier processor, better networking capabilities, longer battery life, and a higher-quality camera (that also has a red light that turns on when recording — even in the workplace, you don’t wanna be creepy).
In a lot of ways, the factory floor is where Glass should have always been; Google attempted to make it into a luxury consumer product when its applications were much more suited to the workplace. Tellingly, AGCO was already experimenting with Glass long before the Enterprise Edition came out. And Google is mainly coordinating efforts between would-be enterprise clients and those who can build out the specialized software each business will need — a tractor-factory worker will want and need different software than a medical worker — while selling the Glass for $1,300 to $1,500 a pop. This is the same price, roughly, that the first version of Google Glass cost consumers back in 2012, but the difference between what a business is willing to pay to help its workers be more productive or safer versus what a consumer will pay for a new gadget is vast.
It seems that AR (or mixed reality, depending on your preference) will, for the near future, fork in two directions. Consumers will rapidly start to see AR become more commonplace, but mainly through holding up their cell-phone screen to overlay information (or just some fun gimmick) on top of the world in front of them. Meanwhile, head-mounted solutions like Glass or HoloLens will be used by workers for training and on-the-job heads-up information. When and if the two forms intersect again could be years — or even decades — away.
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Do You Know How To Ice Skate? Yes, I know how to ice skate. I learned how to ice skate when I was a little kid and I’ve been skating ever since. It’s a really fun hobby and it’s great exercise too.
What is the easiest trick in figure skating? There is no easy trick in figure skating. Every move in figure skating is important and difficult.
How do you teach yourself to ice skate? There is no one specific way to teach oneself how to ice skate, but some methods may work better than others. One approach could be to watch instructional videos or read guides online, then practice in a safe area such as an open parking lot or backyard rink. It might also be helpful to attend a skating class or clinic, or go ice skating with someone who is already experienced. Over time, with patience and practice, most people are able to learn how to ice skate.
What is the easiest spin in figure skating? The easiest spin in figure skating is the waltz jump spin.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Do You Ice Skate Step By Step?
To ice skate step by step, you first need to put on your ice skates. Next, you need to hold onto the railing and walk yourself out onto the ice. Once you’re out on the ice, you can let go of the railing and start skating. To stop, put your foot down and drag it backwards.
Is It Easy To Learn How Do You Ice Skate?
Yes, it is easy to learn how to ice skate. All you need is some basic balance and coordination skills, and you can be up and skating in no time.
How Do You Do A Simple Spin On Ice?
To do a simple spin on ice, you first need to gather some supplies. You will need a bowl or other container to hold the ice, water, and food coloring; a spoon; and a clear glass or other object that is wider at the top than the bottom. Next, fill the bowl or container with ice and add water until it is about three-quarters full. Add several drops of food coloring and stir until the color is evenly distributed. Place the glass or object on top of the ice and spoon in the center. Hold the spoon against the glass and twist it quickly in one direction. The ice will spin around the glass.
How Do You Go Ice Skating For The First Time?
If you have never gone ice skating before, it can be a little intimidating. Here are some tips to help you make the most of your first time: -Find an ice skating rink that is open to the public. This will make it easier to find someone to help you if you need it. -Wear warm clothes and thick socks. It is also a good idea to bring a hat and gloves. -When you are ready to skate, start by standing on the edge of the rink and holding on to the railing. When you feel comfortable, let go and start skating. -Take your time and don’t try to do too much at once. It will take a little while to get
What Is The Trick To Ice Skating?
The trick to ice skating is to keep your center of gravity low and to use the edges of your skates to create power.
How Do You Do Cool Ice Skating Tricks?
There is no one specific way to do cool ice skating tricks. It largely depends on your own personal strengths, abilities, and creativity. However, some tips to help you get started include practicing regularly, mastering basic skills before attempting more difficult tricks, and watching other skaters to see how they do things.
Can You Teach Yourself To Ice Skate?
Yes, you can teach yourself to ice skate. It is a skill that can be learned relatively easily with some practice.
How Do You Ice Skate At Home?
To ice skate at home, one needs a sheet of ice and some skates. The sheet of ice can be created by using a freezer or an outdoor rink. To use a freezer, fill a large container with water and freeze it for several hours. Once frozen, remove the ice from the container and place it on the ground. To use an outdoor rink, shovel snow onto the ground to create a level surface and then freeze it. Once frozen, put on the skates and enjoy skating!
Is Ice Skating Easy?
Ice skating can be easy or hard, depending on your level of experience. For a beginner, it will take some time to get the hang of it and to stay up on the ice. With practice, though, ice skating can become quite easy.
How Do You Learn To Ice Skate?
There are a few things you can do to learn how to ice skate. A lot of people start off by going to a skating rink and renting skates. Then, they’ll go out on the ice and try to mimic what the other people are doing. You can also watch videos online of people ice skating to get an idea of the motions. Another way to learn is by finding someone who knows how to skate and having them teach you.
Is Skiing Easier If You Know How Do You Ice Skate?
Many people argue that skiing is easier if you know how to ice skate. This is because ice skating helps to improve your balance and coordination, which are both important skills for skiing. Additionally, ice skating can help to build up the strength in your legs, which is also beneficial for skiing.
How Do You Move In Figure Skates?
The way you move in figure skates is by using the edges of the blade to generate power and control. You use the inside edge to create power and turn, and the outside edge to stop and change direction.
Ice skating is a fun and relatively easy winter sport that can be enjoyed by people of all ages. While it may take some practice to perfect, anyone can learn how to ice skate with a little patience.
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“Okay so here’s the lowdown,” the photographer Meagan Abell wrote in a Facebook post on July 29. “I found four sets of medium-format negatives while I was thrift shop hunting a few weeks ago. They were sitting in a box of old vintage photographs in these plastic sleeves... from what I could tell, they had been taken sometime in the ’50s. So obviously I brought them home, and today finally had them scanned in, and holy wow they are beautiful!!”
The images feature two women, photographed separately, standing on a beach in dreamy pastel light. Their faces are turned away from the camera. In some frames, one of the women stands in the ocean, waist-deep and fully clothed.
The find sparked a crowdsourced mystery, with Abell asking strangers to share her story and help figure out the identity of the women and the person or people who photographed them. She asked people to use the hashtag #FindTheGirlOnTheNegatives on Twitter. “The only info I have is that the negatives were found in a thrift store on Hull [Street] in Richmond, [Virginia],” Abell wrote. “The owner of the thrift store had no idea where they came from.”
The Internet pretty quickly split into two camps on this one:
1. This is a viral marketing campaign and everything is terrible. (As Jia Tolentino put it for Jezebel: “Is this a mystery whose resolution will end in a marketing campaign for The Notebook 2: More Notebooks? Area Blogger Unable to Sustain Secondhand Awe Without Suspicion, next up on your shitty local news.”
2. This a gorgeous mystery and the world is magical. (As one commenter on Abell’s Facebook post put it: “This is literally the most beautiful thing I’ve ever seen.”)
Abell has published some updates to her original Facebook post, saying that—with help from Internet sleuths—what she originally thought were negatives turned out to be slide-film transparencies. Also: She’s now convinced that the photos were taken at Dockweiler Beach in Los Angeles.
In early August, Abell told her Facebook followers that she had “multiple leads with names that look fairly promising.” But she said she still wasn’t sure when, within a couple of decades, the photos were taken. “There are disagreements about the time period... based on the type of film, style of dress and hair, as well as the purpose for why these images were taken,” Abell wrote. “The timeline is anywhere between the late '40s to late '60s right now, with most people believing late 1950s is the most probable.”
Since that update, Abell posted about hitting a couple of dead ends, then later teased a “big announcement” that she ended up postponing due to “unforeseen obstacles.” She still hadn’t confirmed the identities of the photographer or the subjects, she said. (I contacted Abell to ask for the latest updates, but haven’t heard back yet.)
“I’ve been checking every single comment that I see, just in case,” she told PBS. “Who knows what a lead will come from?”
Here’s the original post:
So does anyone out there know these women and their story? I’ll be keeping my eye on this one—and I’m always up for a good Internet mystery. Let us know if you see one: email@example.com.
We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to firstname.lastname@example.org.
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No Co-production for Government Rough Sleepers Advisory Panel
To Heather Wheeler MP
Chair Rough Sleepers Advisory Panel
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government
Although I welcome the Government’s new Rough Sleepers Advisory Panel to support the upcoming Ministerial Taskforce, I firmly believe that any successful efforts to end rough sleeping requires the participation of all stakeholders at every stage of the process, with each having an equal say, co-production.
The Advisory Panel is made up of experts, charities and local government with the expectation that they will draw on their considerable experience and individual successes to support the Ministerial Taskforce. That being said, there is no representation of real lived experience of homelessness on the panel. The voice of those who have experienced homelessness is one that the Government should listen to, particularly as, you have acknowledged in your own words that “tackling homelessness is complex”.
The Government is “supporting those who are homeless and rough sleeping and bringing in the most ambitious legislation in decades that will mean people get the support they need earlier”, but surely that support cannot be created without listening to those who are or have experienced rough sleeping.
The argument that the working groups set up within the Panel on Data, Prevention, Interventions, Recovery and Long Term Societal Change, will co-produce their individual pieces of work is misguided, for who on the panel has the lived experience of homelessness to ensure that happens in a meaningful way?
As an organisation, Expert Link’s purpose is to use co-production to bring hope and change to those affected by combinations of homelessness, mental illness, substance and alcohol misuse, re-offending and victims of abuse and domestic violence. This approach is something that our Prime Minister has advocated for in the past by encouraging “shop floor” representation at board level.
Minister, we live in a world and a system that is gravitating more and more toward co-production, with most of the Rough Sleepers Advisory Panel members being advocates. I would therefore urge you to take a strong stance and lead our country to a better place through co-production by including lived experience on your Panel.
Head of Expert Link
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With the retirement funding and the annuity calculator, you can get to know the various retirement plans and financial options that you have. There are many types of financial plans including, IRA, 401K, Annuity, Mortgage, Saving Account, etc. One of the best ways to save for your retirement is through an IRA or an Individual Retirement Account.
The IRA calculator helps you work out the returns you can expect from your IRAs. It is a must for people who are considering saving for retirement. The main purpose of the IRA calculator is to guide people on the type of IRA they should open and how much money it can save them on taxes. The calculator can also be used for tax planning. If you save more money with an IRA than you pay with taxes, you can definitely afford to save more for your retirement.
The annuity calculator helps you determine the monthly payments you can make on the annuity once you retire. The calculator helps you analyze the tax implications of purchasing annuities with the amount of money you have saved. The calculator helps you estimate the tax payments you would have to make upon retirement based on your annual contributions and the life expectancy of your annuity. This calculator is especially useful for people who buy term insurance policies on retirement.
The tax-deferred calculator helps you determine the effective tax rate when you invest in certain assets. It also helps you determine the total cost of retirement. The calculator determines the tax payments you would have to make on investment during retirement based on your investments and the type of IRA you have chosen. The calculator is also useful for retirement planning. If you are working towards a pension, the calculator can calculate how much you can save if you enroll in a Roth IRA or a traditional IRA.
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The calculator can help you make a more informed decision about IRA investments. It is imperative for every retirement plan participant to understand the benefits and risks of the plan chosen. The calculator can provide information that helps you make this decision. The calculator not only provides you with the basics about IRA investments but also helps you invest in more profitable investments.
The top 5 reasons you need an irr calculator are as follows: First, you have to determine the maximum contribution that you can make to your IRA. Second, you need to check the contribution rates of different IRA plans. Third, you need to estimate the revenue potential of your IRA. Finally, you must track your portfolio growth using the IRA calculator.
The first reason you need an IRA calculator to choose the right IRA is that it helps you determine how much money you can invest. You should not take the decision of which IRA is best without having the appropriate information. An IRA calculator can provide the necessary inputs that are necessary for you to make an informed decision. It calculates the total amount of money you can contribute based on the types of investments you make. It also provides information about the costs involved in investing. The calculator is very helpful for determining which IRA is most suitable for your retirement objective.
The second reason you need an IRA calculator is that it helps you keep track of your investments. Most people are attracted to the promise of high returns but they often forget that a large portion of their money goes unused. The calculator can help you analyze your investments and come up with a comprehensive list of what you should keep and what you should sell. The retirement calculator is important if you want to ensure that your retirement planning will be solid and long-lasting. The more complete your retirement plan is, the more financially stable you will be as you approach the time for you to retire.
The third reason you need an IRA calculator is that it helps you stay on top of your investments. The Internet is home to a number of online retirement calculators. You can use these calculators and keep yourself updated on your investments. The more accurate your information is, the more you can plan for your retirement. The best calculators also allow you to input parameters such as investment goals and rates of return, and these inputs will give you a good idea of where you stand today in your retirement plan.
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Container truckers at two carriers serving the Port of Vancouver have voted to authorize a strike, threatening another major disruption at Canada’s busiest port as it recovers from the shutdown of rail service.
Drivers for Aheer Transportation and Prudential Transportation “voted overwhelmingly to strike if necessary” to secure a new agreement, their union, Unifor, said in a statement on Tuesday. The drivers are seeking health and dental benefits and increased pay for waiting times.
“We’re talking about an environment where you have a shortage of truckers, you have containers setting record volumes, and truckers don’t even have health and dental benefits at all,” Unifor Western Regional Director Gavin McGarrigle told American Shipper.
A strike would affect about 200 of the roughly 1,700 drivers serving the port. It could come as early as next week, McGarrigle said.
If a strike goes forward, it would come as the port faces an enormous backlog of cargo from the shutdown of CN and Canadian Pacific’s rail service to Vancouver. As of Wednesday evening, 43 vessels were waiting to dock at the port.
“With the supply chain issues and the flooding and everything that we’ve had, you can’t afford to take 200 trucks out of the system,” McGarrigle said.
On Wednesday, CP trains arrived in Vancouver — carrying grain and fuel — for the first time since flooding and landslides led to the shutdown of a key portion of the railway’s line in British Columbia. CN was expected to resume limited service on Wednesday.
The port is no stranger to labor disputes involving truckers. In 2014, container operations slowed to a near-standstill after a two-week strike by about 400 unionized truckers.
While drivers from Aheer and Prudential represent a significantly smaller portion of port truckers, a strike could have a serious impact as the port handles the backlog from the rail shutdown coupled with existing record volumes this year.
Canadian labor expert Sara Slinn, a professor at York University’s Osgoode Hall Law School, said while the ability of the truckers to disrupt the supply chain gives them leverage, the catastrophic flooding in British Columbia brings “a pretty high risk of direct government intervention.”
“Port workers of all stripes have pretty significant bargain power right now, but at the same time, it really is a crisis situation in parts of the province right now,” Slinn told American Shipper. “I think it’s not an unreasonable argument that a strike would be a threat to the economy.”
Aheer Transportation and Prudential Transportation did not respond to requests for comment.
- CN to reopen route to Vancouver to limited traffic
- CP to resume Vancouver rail service Tuesday
- Port of Vancouver rail service could resume next week as backlog hits supply chain
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Rowlands, John Henry Lewis (1986) Church, state and society; the attitudes of John Keble, Richard Hurrell Froude and John Henry Newman. 1827-1845. Masters thesis, Durham University.
Keble, Froude and Newman's understanding of the Church in relationship to State and society is considered against an- eighteenth century background which, thanks partly to the Tractarians, has been painted in colours which portray Godlessness, belief in progress and the perfection of man with a tepid Church and a torpid religion willing onlookers. The Enlightenment was far more complicated than this caricature. Yet it is not always the accuracy of the picture but the supposed image which matters. In that sense, Keble, Froude and Newman shared the reaction of the Romantic Movement to what was seen as the prevailing Rationalist and Utilitarian spirit witnessed inside the Church by her powerful alliance with governments and political economists and outside by the united attacks from Roman Catholics, Radicals, Nonconformists and philosophers. Chapter 1 studies the political and social implications of The Christian Year, Keble's abhorrence of the 1832 Reform Bill and his sermon "National Apostasy". His views about Poor Law reform and the importance of Tradition are also considered. Froude's articles on "State Interference in Matters Spiritual", his influence upon the political and social outlook of Keble and Newman and the political significance of the posthumously published Remains are the themes of Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, Newman's opposition to Peel and Roman Catholic Emancipation in 1829, his attitude to the 1832 Reform Bill, his views on history in The Arians and the relationship of the Church to society are studied. His criticism of Peel in 1841, his views on change, development and progress between 1841 and 1845 and his final view as an Anglican of the Church as an imperial power are also considered. For Keble, Froude and Newman, the Church's mission to society was always spiritual with no thought of accommodation to the needs of the age. Saints are more important than reformers. The three figures studied upheld Tory paternalism in their concepts of the interrelationship between rich and poor and their detestation of democracy. Their understanding of the Church's relationship with the State, however, was different in that Keble was a critical orthodox thinker, Froude a radical catalyst and Newman a theoretician of profound development. They completely rejected the progressive spirit of Peelite Conservatism and brought to Toryism a powerful moral and spiritual temper, seen in Keble's perseverance in adversity, Froude's search for an alternative in Feudal times and Newman's advocacy of a transcendental, eternal and triumphant Orthodoxy and Orthopraxis.
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Laravel is the open-source and free PHP framework for the Web Artisans based on Symfony. It helps make a web application with the Model View Controller design pattern.
Laravel development company can create the Laravel application in two ways: one is the Laravel installer, and the other needs a Laravel package. In this article, you will learn about Laravel and how developers can use its composer. It will have the opinion about your front end as well as your backend. This cool feature is called MVC (Model, View, Controller).
This application is accessible yet powerful and provides the tools needed for large, robust applications. It is the super intervention for an expensive migration system, control container, and tightly combined unit testing support. Plus, this gives you the tools you need to make any application you are tasked with. To start with the project, the developer must know some points.
Here are some points:
● The developer can work on a Windows / Linux/ Mac machine with an installed Xampp Server.
● You have to install composer. It’s a Dependency Manager for PHP, and the developer has to install it in the Xampp path.
Laravel is basically an application with a PHP MVC framework. It helps in crafting web applications with the MVC design pattern. You can hire Laravel developers if you want to create a Laravel. If you want to understand Laravel, you can build a simple blog application with Laravel from the start. If you want to develop applications, you will need some tools installed on your computer.
These tools are:
● PHP >= 7.3: It is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. The PHP group newly produces the PHP reference implementation. PHP code is usually processed on a web server by a PHP interpreter applied as a module, a daemon, or a common (CGI) executable. The result is interpreted and executed on a web server by PHP code, which may be any date like generated HTML or binary image data.
● Database (MySql): MySQL is the most popular technology in the modern data ecosystem. They are often called the most famous database and are currently enjoying widespread, effective use regardless of industry. It is simple, and anyone involved with enterprise data or general IT should at least aim for the basic similarity of MySQL.
● Localhost web server: You must use WAMP for Windows, LAMP for Linux, and MAMP for MacOs. This web server comes instilled with the new version of the PHP and MySQL database. So the developers do not need to install them manually. However, if you want to install MAMP, WAMP, or LAMP, http://ampps.com/downloads and select the software for your platform.
● Composers: It is the dependency management software for PHP. If the developer wants to install it, you can visit https://getcomposer.org/ and download it from there.
● Code editor: It will be required, and experts recommend using Visual Studio Code. The developer can use any code editor like Sublime Text, ATOM, Brackets, and so on.
As mentioned above, there are two ways to create a Laravel application: one is you can install a Laravel installer, and the other is through Laravel packages with the use of composer and create project commands. Laravel projects are best to handle mobile app development. Being a part of app development, you can easily craft Laravel applications.
Here are some points you should know while creating a new Laravel application. If you want You should check his skills in handling a Laravel project for mobile app developers for hire.
Laravel developers for hire need to know the guidance of Laravel on MAC OS. Laravel has dependencies, and a single person can’t get into all of that. Here are the steps which Laravel developers need to know before starting their first project. If you are looking for a Laravel developer, you can hire dedicated developers for your projects. Without further ado, let’s get started.
Here are the steps:
Step 1: Install (Composer)
You should open your computer and point your browser address bar to https://getcomposer.org/composer.phar. After that, open the terminal and do the following test.
After testing, now the developer has to create a Laravel project, which is our second step.
Step 2: Create a new Laravel project
While in the terminal, a browser where you want to set up your project and run the following command.
After creating a project, you have to configure the virtual and system host.
Step 3: Configure virtual and system host
The developer needs to browse to XAAMP/etc/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf in any text editor at the end of the file as given below.
When you have done all the above commands. Now restart the Apache server via XAMPP manager.
Note: To enable the custom virtual hosts, you must uncomment below in xamppfiles/etc/https.conf
Laravel Project using composer is easy to make if you have proper knowledge of Laravel project and coding. If you are a Laravel developer, it would be a good guide for you to get knowledge about Laravel projects.
These are the steps that you have to do while creating a project on Laravel by the composer. You can do this easily if you are a Laravel developer or aware of Laravel. The above are the steps of creating a Laravel application by using a composer. If you are new to Laravel Projects, this article would best guide you in creating a Laravel Project.
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The Best Ways to Keep Your Basement Dry and Protected
When the ground outside is saturated, rainwater rushes downhill, and the basement is almost always one of the first places to flood. Basements are uncommon to flooding during heavy rains, spring thaw, and even winter. Basements are naturally susceptible to groundwater flooding because they’re often located below ground level and have limited natural ventilation. Water has nowhere else to go except directly into your basement when a heavy rainstorm or snow melts. Basements are also prone to water damage from plumbing leaks and humid environments such as laundry rooms, wine cellars, and finished rec rooms. This article will provide you with helpful tips on how you can keep your basement dry. These simple strategies will keep water from seeping through your foundation walls and floors so that you no longer worry about what might lurk in your dark basement when the lights go out.
Install a sump pump and check your drainage system
A sump pump is critical equipment for any home with a basement because it can quickly remove water from your home if it floods. There are two types of sump pumps – high water and low water. A high-water sump pump is made for use in homes with an increased risk of flooding, like those built in low-lying flood zones or below sea level. A low-water sump pump is best for homes without a high risk of flooding. Sump pumps are designed to work automatically, but they’re not infallible. Keeping them clean and maintained will extend their lifespan and help them perform properly when you need them most. Make sure there is no debris blocking the pump’s intake. A clogged sump pump is one of the first signs that your basement is flooding. Your drainage system is a series of pipes and gutters that divert rainwater from your foundation walls. You can check for clogs and blockages in your drainage system by removing the grate from your foundation wall and looking for obstructions like leaves and sticks. Clean out any debris you find, and significantly reduce the risk of water seeping into your basement.
Install waterproofing sealant and basement shoring
Waterproofing sealant is a cheap and effective way to waterproof your basement. You can hire the services of basement waterproofing in Georgetown. You can also hire a professional to install a waterproofing membrane. The membrane is a thin, durable fabric that’s wrapped around the outside foundation walls and inside the basement walls. It forms a waterproof barrier that can be installed in a few hours and should last more than 20 years. You can also install shoring, a system of wooden or steel beams between your foundation wall and the soil outside your home. The beams are driven into the ground to support your foundation and prevent the soil from saturating the ground around your house and seeping into your basement.
A flooded basement is one of the worst things to happen to a homeowner. Luckily, there are plenty of ways to prevent your home from flooding. These include installing a sump pump, cleaning out your drainage system, installing waterproofing sealant and basement shoring, and installing waterproof drywall. By taking these simple steps, you can significantly reduce your risk of a flooded basement. For the protection of your basement, you can call us today.
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From Of Countless Years Of of Research…
These are our Top Four Recommendations:
Goldco – Our Most Researched Recommendation
The United States Buck is frequently deemed the world’s reserve money. It is popular that the United States is facing a rising cost of living dilemma, which will weaken the acquiring power of the US Buck. As the power of the reserve currency lowers, individuals not just in the United States, yet all over the world, are likely to flock to the security of gold and also other precious metals.
The huge US trade and deficit spending in addition to an uncommonly large boost in the money supply throughout the last years will continue to wear down the United States Buck for the foreseeable future, which will result in boosting need, and also thus prices, for gold and silver. It is highly most likely that the rate of gold will certainly never ever again be as reduced as it is today. Unlike paper currency and also other commodities, gold has a background of holding its value, and also rising, during recessions.
Why is Gold So Important in Diversification?
Diversification suggests greater than simply having a variety of various possessions in a portfolio. A portfolio can have numerous different stocks or even mutual funds and still not be branched out. The trick to diversity is to have possessions that often tend to be drawn in various instructions during market occasions or conditions. Throughout boom times of high financial task as well as success, particular tech supplies might increase, while other a lot more ordinary stocks may stagnate.
What makes gold so one-of-a-kind and so needed in a diversification technique is that it tends to move in the opposite instructions of almost all other possessions, as well as what’s more, has a tendency to move the most when points are the most awful. In case of a stock exchange crash, gold ends up being a very useful asset to keep in your portfolio.
In these unpredictable times, with geopolitical stress increasing around the globe, unknowns such as migrations and also water lacks because of global warming and also environment adjustment, supply chain uncertainties as a result of a worldwide pandemic, political instability, and also worries of a misestimated stock market, gold is simply the most effective to hedge against every one of these risks.
Contributing to today’s uncertainty, there are climbing concerns among economic experts that the extremely uncertain and also volatile cryptocurrency market might create extra wild swings and also strains on our financial and also monetary systems.
Gold and other valuable metals can be unpredictable in the brief term, they have always not only held their value, yet have actually consistently gone up in the long term.
What is Goldco’s Refine Like?
” From Goldco’s web site, we entered our e-mail address as well as telephone number in order to obtain a free informative kit. A rep called us a few mins later on to obtain our address and walk us with a brief examination. The entire process was easy, tension totally free, and useful.
After briefly asking about our existing assets, spending objectives, threat tolerances, and also future plans, our account representative educated us on the essentials of gold and silver IRAs.
After our package arrived, which was filled with lots of info, we extensively experienced every one of our retired life assets. Seeing as how we were almost 100% purchased the securities market as well as nearing retirement, we determined a rare-earth elements IRA would benefit us.
We set up another telephone appointment with our account representative and he patiently strolled us with the rest of the procedure. We had an old individual retirement account that we made a decision to transfer right into a gold individual retirement account. He cared for all the documentation and contacted the broker agent company that held our possessions.
Within a couple of weeks, our assets were liquidated, and also the cash was moved to Goldco. The documentation for our brand-new gold individual retirement account was additionally established by our account representative. We got a very fair cost for our new gold and also received proof it was being held safely and also securely at our custodian center.
Going forward, we will certainly still be designated to our same account representative in case we desire to purchase even more gold or liquidate our gold if we require it. The entire process was straightforward and also tension cost-free.
Our general experience was really positive and we do advise Goldco for any individual significant about hedging their retirement against unpredictability.”
— Goldco Consumer
Opening a Gold Individual Retirement Account with Goldco
You have a great deal of financial investment possibilities when it comes to investing with Goldco. You could pick to buy coins and also bars of your favorite precious metals and have them safely saved on your behalf at a relied on vault at no extra charge to you. There is also the choice of opening up a gold individual retirement account which is additionally a risk-free means to safeguard your economic future. Opening up a gold individual retirement account with Goldco may be best for a newbie thinking about a long-lasting financial investment in precious metals that are managed by a group of professionals that recognize the industry.
As gold is a property that has been understood to hold its worth for years and also use security in times of rising cost of living when the fiat currency value is diminished, you can gain from a financial investment in a property that could assist you recoup from monetary instability. And also opening a Gold individual retirement account could be the very best method for you to get onboard the precious metals train.
The Minimum Investment Quantity
In the case of opening up a gold IRA with Goldco, you will certainly require to spend a minimum of $25000 and make sure to acquire the finest quality coins as well as bars from IRS-recognized suppliers. You will not need to trouble concerning this as the company has an existing collaboration with several of the very best mints where the most effective as well as purest quality bullions can be purchased on your behalf.
Setting up your Account
Gold IRA Opening
You will initially require to complete all the needed paperwork to start your dealings with the business. As well as once you have completed authorizing the conditions of the agreement, you will be directed to a specialized accounts manager who will be your consultant throughout the account arrangement procedure and past. The account setup process is very easy and short and all you require do is to connect with the company to begin the process.
Why you Should Open an Individual Retirement Account with Goldco?
Goldco is one of the most trusted companies worldwide today when it comes to investing in precious metals. As well as whether you are just seeking to purchase silver or gold coins as well as bars or looking to open an individual retirement account, you can be certain they have all you need to make a risk-free financial investment. Do not simply take this from me, check any of the websites with a Goldco individual retirement account review, as well as you will certainly discover they all have wonderful points to state regarding the company. For the past 5 years, the firm has been noted as part of the Inc 5000 firms to do service with.
There is additionally the truth that they take pleasure in an A+ ranking by the Bbb which goes to reveal that they are a reputable company to manage. As well as when it pertains to their client service, you can be sure that they have nothing but your passion in mind.
Making a risk-free financial investment for your future could be as easy as opening a precious metals individual retirement account and you wish to make sure that you deal with a credible company. The group at Goldco is committed to making sure that you get the most effective service in the market when it involves making the best investments in precious metals.
Augusta Priceless Metals Termination Plan
Augusta supplies customers the flexibility to market or return precious metals holdings at any time.
Anyone getting costs gold or silver can cancel their order within 7 days, no doubt asked, and also get their refund completely.
For its returns, the business keeps a 24/7 help workdesk.
A “sell” order is refined the minute it is placed, as well as the customer’s money is moved to their signed up savings account.
Augusta Valuable Metals Pros & Cons
We found a whole lot to such as throughout our Augusta Precious Metals testimonial, yet there are some areas the solution could improve on.
Profile Diversification– The financial investment chances that Augusta Rare-earth element provides diversify investment profiles as well as might reduce the danger of too much exposure to possession or market slump.
Excellent client service– Establishing a self-directed IRA account is a wind with Augusta’s customer service.
The Vault– You can see the vault where your rare-earth elements are saved.
Coin Option– There are a substantial variety of coins to choose from.
Purity– The pureness of its gold is above market standards.
High Financial Investment Minimum– The major disadvantage of Augusta Priceless Metals is that it calls for a minimal initial investment of $50,000.
Limited Options– You can only buy gold and silver with Augusta Valuable Metals. There are nothing else alternate assets.
Exactly how do I Get Started?
Contrary to what you may think, beginning with Augusta Priceless Metals is fairly a straightforward process that consists of 4 steps.
Action 1– The first thing you need to do is connect to the company as well as once you do that, you will certainly be connected to a representative who will address some standard queries in addition to be your factor of recommendation during the entire procedure. Ultimately, they are charged with the task of guaranteeing that all your demands are fulfilled by the company.
Step 2– Following, your representative will introduce you to the company’s economic analytics team that will ultimately call you via web chat or telephone call to clarify where the economy is currently and as well as precious metal markets.
Step 3– After this, you can choose whether to happen with the company or stop your trip. If you decide to proceed, your agent will onward your name to the company’s IRA handling group, that will after that assist you with loading your custodian application as well as moving assets.
Step 4– As quickly as the deal experiences, your funds will get to the custodian. At this moment, you will certainly be presented to an order workdesk that enables you to acquire pre-selected precious metals and also send them to a risk-free as well as protected area of your option.
Augusta Precious Metals Services
Augusta Precious Metals offers an array of services to people that have an interest in investing their retirement cost savings in silver as well as gold. The following are some of the key services offered by the firm.
Life time client support
Access to financial precious metal experts
Rare-earth element cash money purchases
Silver and also gold individual retirement account
Constant economic situation and also precious metal education
1. Rare-earth Element Individual Retirement Account Purchases
With its several years of experience, Augusta Precious Metals can aid you purchase IRS-approved precious metals in a tax-advantaged IRA.
To begin with, the firm places a lot of effort into helping customers and possible customers learn a lot more about the economic situation and also exactly how precious metals like silver and gold suit. They also let you in on bars as well as coins available offered for acquisition. This is since the company recognizes that the ordinary financier is most likely to be perplexed given the many choices to choose from.
Once you sign up for your gold IRA account with Augusta Precious Metals’ aid, you get to select from among a couple of insured depositories. In case, you have no suggestion concerning what you desire, the company suggests a vault known as the Delaware Depository in Wilmington, Delaware.
Augusta Precious Metals is committed to helping Americans choose how as well as where to conserve. Because respect, they collaborate with several depository facilities throughout the nation. You are enabled to select a location based on benefit as well as you can even arrange a browse through to see your rare-earth elements at the depository.
Currently, among the things that stands out most concerning the gold IRAs offered is that they are self-directed. What that suggests is that you get to supervise since you have complete control over all the purchasing and also sales choices regarding your account.
Lots of people value this because after that, they do not feel limited or at the grace of account supervisors. The team at Augusta Rare-earth elements is trained and also efficient in assisting you full the majority of the paperwork needed to make sure that you can have a much easier time.
2. Rare-earth Element Cash Money Purchases
Some individuals prefer to remain in physical belongings of their possessions (rare-earth elements) as opposed to having an individual retirement account. Augusta Rare-earth elements recognizes that as well as makes provisions for it to occur if that is what you choose.
The procedure is simple and additionally permits you overall control of your precious metals including how they are safeguarded and also stored. All you have to do is open an account with the business as well as transfer funds to it. Then, you wish to select from one of the pre-selected silver and also gold alternatives supplied by the business.
Last but not least, you will certainly be required to sign for the shipment as well as organize your rare-earth elements.
Lifetime Client Assistance
Spending is essentially putting your cash, (or in this situation your assets) on the line. You will like that Augusta Precious Metals is a firm that strives to retain a recurring relationship with its clients. The firm appoints you an individual representative whose task is to stroll you through the account opening procedure as well as help you with a lot of the documents.
The complying with are a few of the skilled professionals put in place to aid you.
A client support representative– This person is specifically appointed to you to address any kind of standard questions that you may have as soon as you reveal interest in opening up an account with them. Afterwards, the representative will link you to one more department as called for.
Financial analytics division– This is a group of experts whose work is to keep track of the economy as well as rare-earth element markets. Due to that, they have the ability to maintain you updated via internet chat or phone. They can determine any approaching threats to your cost savings in addition to educate you on exactly how markets operate. This comes in useful when it comes to assisting you determine exactly how to move forward as for optimizing your retirement savings.
IRA Handling Division– Once More, this is a team and also their task is to handle your documentation as well as contact a custodian on your behalf.
Portfolio assistance– These are agents whose job is to help you develop a personalized gold and silver portfolio.
Order desk help– These are specialist people whose job is to aid you in case you want to purchase even more silver and also gold for your portfolio. They also manage buybacks therefore they are in the most effective position to help you rebalance your profile when required.
From Of Countless Years Of of Testing…
Here are our Best 4 Choices:
Goldco – Our Best Choice
The US Dollar is often considered as the globe’s book money. It is well known that the US is encountering a rising cost of living crisis, which will certainly deteriorate the purchasing power of the US Buck. As the power of the book money lowers, people not just in the USA, however around the globe, are likely to group to the safety of gold and various other rare-earth elements.
The large US profession and also deficit spending along with an uncommonly huge increase in the money supply throughout the last years will certainly remain to erode the United States Buck for the direct future, which will lead to raising demand, and also hence prices, for gold and silver. It is extremely most likely that the cost of gold will never ever once more be as low as it is today. Unlike paper currency as well as various other commodities, gold has a history of holding its value, and even climbing, during economic crises.
Why is Gold So Important in Diversity?
Diversity means more than simply having an array of various properties in a portfolio. A profile can have a number of different supplies or perhaps mutual funds and also still not be branched out. The trick to diversification is to have properties that often tend to be drawn in different instructions throughout market events or problems. During boom times of high financial task and also success, specific technology stocks may escalate, while various other much more ordinary stocks might go stale.
What makes gold so one-of-a-kind and so needed in a diversity technique is that it often tends to relocate the opposite direction of mostly all other properties, and also what’s even more, tends to relocate one of the most when points are the most awful. In case of a stock market collision, gold becomes a very useful possession to keep in your portfolio.
In these uncertain times, with geopolitical stress climbing worldwide, unknowns such as movements as well as water scarcities due to international warming and also environment modification, supply chain uncertainties as a result of a global pandemic, political instability, as well as anxieties of an overvalued stock market, gold is simply the best to hedge against all of these dangers.
Including in today’s unpredictability, there are climbing concerns amongst economic experts that the extremely unforeseeable and also unpredictable cryptocurrency market may cause additional wild swings and stress on our financial as well as monetary systems.
Although gold and other precious metals can be volatile in the short-term, they have constantly not just held their worth, but have actually regularly risen in the long term.
What is Goldco’s Refine Like?
” From Goldco’s website, we entered our e-mail address and also phone number in order to receive a cost-free informative set. A rep called us a few minutes later on to obtain our address and walk us via a brief consultation. The entire procedure was simple, stress and anxiety free, as well as useful.
After briefly inquiring about our existing properties, spending goals, risk tolerances, as well as future strategies, our account representative enlightened us on the essentials of gold and silver Individual retirement accounts.
After our kit arrived, which was loaded with lots of info, we extensively underwent every one of our retired life properties. Seeing as how we were practically 100% purchased the securities market and also nearing retired life, we decided a rare-earth elements IRA would certainly profit us.
We set up one more telephone appointment with our account representative and also he patiently walked us via the remainder of the procedure. We had an old individual retirement account that we determined to transfer into a gold IRA. He took care of all the documentation and also contacted the brokerage firm that held our possessions.
Within a number of weeks, our assets were liquidated, and the money was moved to Goldco. The documentation for our brand-new gold individual retirement account was additionally established by our account representative. We got a really fair price for our new gold and got proof it was being held securely and also securely at our custodian center.
Going forward, we will still be appointed to our exact same account representative in case we want to acquire even more gold or liquidate our gold if we require it. The whole process was easy and also stress and anxiety totally free.
Our total experience was really favorable and also we do advise Goldco for anyone significant about hedging their retirement plan versus unpredictability.”
— Goldco Consumer
Opening a Gold IRA with Goldco
You have a great deal of investment opportunities when it pertains to investing with Goldco. You could choose to buy coins and bars of your favored precious metals and also have them safely kept in your place at a relied on vault at no extra charge to you. There is also the option of opening a gold IRA which is likewise a safe means to secure your financial future. Opening up a gold individual retirement account with Goldco might be best for a rookie curious about a long-lasting investment in precious metals that are managed by a team of specialists that recognize the sector.
As gold is a possession that has actually been recognized to hold its worth for years and also offer security in times of rising cost of living when the fiat currency worth is decreased, you can gain from a financial investment in an asset that could assist you recuperate from monetary instability. As well as opening up a Gold IRA could be the most effective means for you to obtain onboard the rare-earth elements train.
The Minimum Financial Investment Quantity
In the case of opening up a gold IRA with Goldco, you will certainly need to spend a minimum of $25000 as well as make sure to acquire the best coins and bars from IRS-recognized dealers. You will not have to bother about this as the firm has an existing partnership with a few of the very best mints where the best and also purest quality bullions can be purchased in your place.
Setting up your Account
Gold Individual Retirement Account Opening
You will initially need to finish all the needed paperwork to start your transactions with the company. And as soon as you have ended up signing the conditions of the contract, you will be routed to a devoted accounts supervisor that will certainly be your consultant all through the account configuration procedure and also past. The account configuration procedure is simple and also brief and all you require do is to contact the company to start the procedure.
Why you Should Open up an IRA with Goldco?
Goldco is just one of one of the most trusted companies in the world today when it pertains to purchasing precious metals. And also whether you are simply looking to purchase silver or gold coins as well as bars or seeking to open an individual retirement account, you can be sure they have all you require to make a safe financial investment. Do not just take this from me, inspect any one of the websites with a Goldco individual retirement account review, and also you will locate they all have fantastic things to state regarding the firm. For the past 5 years, the business has actually been detailed as part of the Inc 5000 firms to do company with.
There is likewise the reality that they appreciate an A+ ranking by the Better Business Bureau which goes to show that they are a trustworthy firm to handle. As well as when it concerns their customer service, you can be certain that they have nothing but your passion in mind.
Making a secure investment for your future could be as very easy as opening up a precious metals IRA and you want to see to it that you deal with a respectable company. The team at Goldco is committed to making certain that you obtain the most effective solution in the market when it involves making the best financial investments in precious metals.
Augusta Precious Metals Cancellation Policy
Augusta offers customers the freedom to sell or return precious metals holdings any time.
Anybody acquiring costs silver or gold can terminate their order within seven days, no questions asked, and obtain their money back in full.
For its returns, the company preserves a 24/7 help desk.
A “sell” order is refined the minute it is placed, and also the consumer’s cash is moved to their registered bank account.
Augusta Precious Metals Pros & Cons
We found a lot to like during our Augusta Precious Metals testimonial, but there are some places the solution might enhance.
Portfolio Diversification– The investment chances that Augusta Rare-earth element supplies expand financial investment portfolios and also might decrease the risk of too much exposure to property or market recession.
Excellent customer service– Establishing a self-directed IRA account is a wind with Augusta’s customer care.
The Depository– You can see the vault where your rare-earth elements are saved.
Coin Selection– There are a massive range of coins to choose from.
Purity– The pureness of its gold is above sector requirements.
High Investment Minimum– The major con of Augusta Priceless Metals is that it needs a minimum preliminary investment of $50,000.
Restricted Options– You can just invest in silver and gold with Augusta Priceless Metals. There are no other alternate possessions.
Just how do I Get going?
In contrast to what you might believe, beginning with Augusta Valuable Metals is rather an easy process that includes four steps.
Step 1– The first thing you require to do is reach out to the business as well as as soon as you do that, you will be attached to a representative who will resolve some standard inquiries along with be your point of recommendation throughout the whole process. Inevitably, they are entrusted with the job of making sure that all your requirements are met by the business.
Action 2– Following, your representative will present you to the company’s economic analytics group that will consequently contact you via internet chat or phone call to explain where the economy is presently and also in addition to rare-earth element markets.
Action 3– Hereafter, you can make a decision whether to go on with the business or halt your journey. If you determine to proceed, your representative will onward your name to the firm’s individual retirement account processing team, that will then assist you with loading your custodian application and also moving possessions.
Tip 4– As quickly as the transaction goes through, your funds will certainly reach the custodian. Now, you will be introduced to an order workdesk that enables you to get pre-selected rare-earth elements as well as send them to a risk-free as well as secure place of your option.
Augusta Priceless Metals Solutions
Augusta Precious Metals supplies a selection of services to people that have a rate of interest in spending their retirement cost savings in silver and also gold. The adhering to are several of the primary solutions offered by the company.
Lifetime client assistance
Access to financial precious metal experts
Rare-earth element cash money acquisitions
Silver and also gold individual retirement account
Continuous economic situation as well as precious metal education and learning
1. Rare-earth Element IRA Purchases
With its years of experience, Augusta Precious Metals can assist you purchase IRS-approved precious metals in a tax-advantaged IRA.
To begin with, the business puts a lot of initiative into aiding customers and possible customers find out more about the economic situation as well as how precious metals like silver and gold suit. They also allow you in on bars and also coins out there available for acquisition. This is due to the fact that the company identifies that the typical capitalist is likely to be puzzled provided the many choices to select from.
As soon as you enroll in your gold IRA account with Augusta Precious Metals’ help, you reach select from one of a couple of insured depositories. In case, you have no idea regarding what you desire, the business advises a vault referred to as the Delaware Vault in Wilmington, Delaware.
Augusta Precious Metals is committed to helping Americans select just how and also where to save. In that regard, they deal with numerous vault centers throughout the country. You are allowed to pick a location based upon comfort and you can even set up a check out to see your rare-earth elements at the vault.
Currently, one of things that stands apart most regarding the gold IRAs used is that they are self-directed. What that implies is that you reach be in charge since you have complete control over all the investing in and also sales choices concerning your account.
Many people appreciate this since after that, they do not feel limited or at the grace of account supervisors. The group at Augusta Precious metals is educated and capable of aiding you total a lot of the documentation needed to ensure that you can have an easier time.
2. Precious Metal Cash Purchases
Some people would rather be in physical possession of their assets (precious metals) rather than having an IRA. Augusta Rare-earth elements recognizes that and also makes provisions for it to occur if that is what you choose.
The process is straightforward and likewise permits you overall control of your rare-earth elements consisting of just how they are protected and also stored. All you have to do is open an account with the business and transfer funds to it. After that, you wish to choose from one of the pre-selected silver as well as gold options supplied by the firm.
Last but not least, you will be called for to sign for the distribution as well as organize your precious metals.
Life Time Customer Assistance
Investing is basically placing your cash, (or in this case your properties) on the line. You will love that Augusta Valuable Metals is a business that strives to maintain a continuous partnership with its clients. The company assigns you an individual representative whose task is to walk you with the account opening process along with assistance you with a lot of the paperwork.
The following are several of the qualified professionals implemented to assist you.
A client assistance representative– This person is particularly assigned to you to address any fundamental inquiries that you might have once you reveal interest in opening up an account with them. Afterwards, the representative will certainly attach you to an additional division as needed.
Financial analytics division– This is a team of experts whose work is to monitor the economy along with rare-earth element markets. Because of that, they are able to maintain you updated with web conversation or phone. They can identify any type of approaching risks to your savings along with enlighten you on how markets operate. This is available in handy when it concerns helping you decide how to progress as far as maximizing your retirement cost savings.
IRA Processing Department– Once More, this is a team and also their task is to handle your documents along with contact a custodian in your place.
Portfolio support– These are representatives whose work is to help you produce a personalized silver and gold profile.
Order workdesk aid– These are specialist individuals whose task is to aid you in case you wish to buy more silver and also gold for your portfolio. They also handle buybacks and so they remain in the very best setting to assist you rebalance your portfolio when needed.
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Are you leading others the correct way? If you don’t know about the importance of love and discipline in your leadership style, you might be making a huge mistake.
It’s important to understand what love and discipline are both are in the context of leadership. I defined both terms in Building the Best this way:
Love is to contribute to someone’s long term success and well being (to will the good of another)
Discipline is to promote standards in order for an individual to choose to be at their best .
What’s More Important
So what’s more important love or discipline if you are going to lead others in the correct way? Like most leadership questions it’s tricky. In our research of over 45k leaders from all different roles and industries, we have found the use of both love and discipline in their leadership approach is essential in order to elevate others, (which by the way is the key to successful leadership today.)
But, there is one that is more important than the other.
Love is more important. For one simple reason, you must:
Connect before you correct.
In this video, I share which one is more important (love or discipline) for leaders to leverage.
When both love and discipline are correctly used, our research indicates that leaders see:
– 14% increase in team performance and results
– 18% increase in the development of more leaders
– 11% decrease in voluntary turnover
Those leaders whose style is to elevate outperform all other leadership styles. So use high levels of love and discipline in the way you lead.
Take the Free Leadership Style Quiz? Join over 45k leaders and discover your current leadership style for free.
About the Author John Eades is the CEO of LearnLoft, a leadership development company making virtual training easy and effective. He was named one of LinkedIn’s Top Voices in Management & Workplace. John is also the author of Building the Best: 8 Proven Leadership Principles to Elevate Others to Success and host of the “Follow My Lead” Podcast, a show that transfers stories and best practices from today’s leaders to the leaders of tomorrow. He is currently scheduling virtual workshops and keynotes. You follow him on Instagram @johngeades.
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How To Make An Image Full Width Elementor
Elementor is a drag and drop page creator that works with WordPress. This page creator is ideal for those who want to share their works on the Internet to the world.
It is possible to create stunning web pages with the WYSIWYG editor. It is designed for you to create dynamic websites very quickly.
The page builder developed by Elementor utilizes the LESS CSS preprocessor. You can alter the appearance and feel of your pages using a range of options.
It also includes thousands of professionally themed elements that can make your sites easy to navigate. Here are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using Elementor:
– Pro – Pro Elementor templates are free. It is easy to locate and download the various styles that will aid in your website’s design.
The open source nature of the software allows it to be highly customizable. It is easy to add new blocks and modify existing ones.
Cons – The base Elementor WordPress theme creator doesn’t allow for you to install third-party plug-ins and widgets. In order to make your site better, you need to find the appropriate combination of widgets. Elementor offers a limited number of options for adding additional widgets. If you add too many widgets,
you may damage the theme. The best solution to overcome this problem is to download the different Elementor widgets from third party sites and install them on the Elementor WordPress theme builder. These widgets will enhance the theme and make your website a cleaner look.
Pro – Pro Elementor can be used with any web server that supports Linux, Windows, and Apple. Elementor is compatible with PHP and MySQL. It can also be used as an open-source framework. Because of its great performance, and its open source nature, many developers are drawn to Elementor. Elementor is completely free and you can add any third-party libraries you want to add. If you own websites that are similar to yours, you can convert your sites to Elementor format.
– Con – Some elements are easier to use as drop down menus than others. Elementor theme builders do not permit drop-down menus to be added. Since you can’t include a customer in an Elementor plugin, you are unable to drag and drop images.
Widget – A widget from elementor allows you to add new content without having to be attached to an element. The elementor widget is a great way to create new templates for product pages and sliders for products on Facebook. However the Elementor widget isn’t able to add flash objects.
Astragalus is an alternative open-source CMS. With astragalus, you can easily edit information and create different views. One of the best things about using a elementor theme using elements that is the flexibility of using various extensions for it. There are extensions available for astragalus for Facebook, Twitter and many more.
Elementor Editor/Block – Elementor is an all-in-one solution designed for WordPress novices and pros. With an editor for elementor, you will be able to edit your code from anywhere in a matter of a few clicks. This well-known CMS includes an editor built-in that supports various blocks and templates. This is what you require when you need to edit your existing code but don’t wish to master HTML. This feature is accessible to all through Elementor.
— Elementor Theme – If you are seeking an easy method to develop your own theme, the Elementor Theme Engine is a great option. You can make use of the Elementor theme engine to create your own theme from scratch or to modify an existing theme. You can use the Elementor theme engine to create your own logos and colors. Then you can use the provided code to format the website and make it search engine friendly. The plugin also allows you to add any additional widgets your theme may contain.
Elementor Search Engine Packs The Elementor Search Engine Packs offer many features that optimize your site for search engines. The plugin makes it simple to rank highly for keywords and key phrases. It also helps you optimize each web page to be search-friendly and offers a variety of tools that you can utilize to monitor traffic.
These are only a few of the many advantages of using elementor page builders. They offer a variety of amazing features that allow you to create stunning websites. It also doesn’t matter whether you are an absolute beginner or a pro.
No matter what your skill level, you’ll be able to use this incredible WordPress plugin to design websites that are ideal for your business and you.
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Southern California’s Mediterranean climate (also sometimes called “Dry-Summer Subtropical”), has an average of 263 sunshine days and only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually. This makes for great beach weather, but can be harsh on the soil!
With an advanced education in Agronomic Engineering (as well as Landscape Design), owner Mariela Guastavino has tended gardens on three continents and in numerous climate types. She has almost twenty years of experience in evaluating, conditioning, and nurturing a wide range of soil profiles, specializing in those that occur in Southern California.
At Le Quattro Stagioni, the goal is always to work with your garden, not just on it. To awaken the soil’s full potential in ways that are safe, sustainable, and effective, and that produce optimum growth, vibrant, colorful blooms, and full fruit trees.
Unless proactively tended to, soils become highly compacted and nutrient-depleted. This negatively impacts the health of flowers, trees, shrubs, lawns, and other garden populations. Soils require the ongoing addition of organic materials—in the form of compost, seaweed, etc.—besides fertilizers, to create a solid foundation (a “soil foodweb”), where highly beneficial microorganisms and friendly bacteria coexist.
A healthy food web occurs when:
“... all the organisms the plant requires are present and functioning. Nutrients in the soil are in the proper forms for the plant to take up. It is one of the functions of a healthy foodweb to hold nutrients in non-leachable forms so they remain in soil, until the plant requires the nutrients, and then the plant “turns on” the right biology to convert the nutrients into forms the plant can take up (but which are typically very leachable).
“The correct ratio of fungi to bacteria is present, and ratio of predator to prey is present, so soil pH, soil structure, and nutrient cycling occur at the rates and produce the right forms of nutrients for the plant.”
- Dr. Elaine Ingham, Soil Foodweb
Skillfully developing and enhancing your soil’s profile, Mariela and your assigned team may recommend and include any of the following practices:
- Identifying soil composition and chemistry. Initial analysis recommended, and then every two years.
- Removing significant debris (perhaps left from the original construction of your home) that undermines plants health.
- Balancing the topography of the terrain by bringing in new dirt to replace what is removed, while preserving the natural character of your garden and any attractive undulations or mounds that may exist (unless you wish them removed).
- Developing and maintaining an evolving, amendment, mulching and fertilization program.
- Applying select, custom-blended organic fertilizers tailored for each area of your garden, its specific plant materials, and by season.
- Nourishing the earth with compost and materials such as kelp, seaweed, mycorrhizae, and other organic elements as needed that will support a healthy base where plants can truly thrive.
- Adjusting your customized fertilization program to your garden’s evolving needs.
- Amplifying the soil enrichment program with deep cultivation (two or more times a year), especially to allow shrubs to compete successfully with larger trees. This ensures that smaller plants can get the water and nutrients they need.
- Ensuring your soil receives the correct amount of irrigation.
* While debris removal can be a time consuming task that needs to be done by hand—no machinery will remove a thin layer of dirt—the return on the investment of this time is very high. Time spent here will save many hours in future maintenance costs.
To schedule an evaluation and walk-through, or to learn more, please call us at: 310-452-5064 or contact us via email at email@example.com
We look forward to the pleasure of visiting your grounds and learning more about your dream garden!
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Water – drink water before and after your walk. Take water with you on your walk, especially in warm weather. Cool down – make sure you cool down after a long fast walk. Do a few stretching exercises.
Short answer: yes. “Rest days are important to prevent overuse injuries, and to allow for muscles and body to recover from the exercise,” Debra explained. “You are creating small tears in the muscles as you work them, so it is important to give them rest.
“However, following long periods of extensive exercise, the body's metabolic system may be stressed to its limit, therefore it is advised for anywhere from a minimum of 3-7 days of complete rest, hydration and sleep.
Taking a nap after exercise can support muscle recovery. When you sleep, your pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Your muscles need this hormone to repair and build tissue. This is essential for muscle growth, athletic performance, and reaping the benefits of physical activity.
Drink water: After your workout, make sure you sip on some water. Drinking water after a workout helps in regulating your body temperature and also makes up for the fluid loss because of sweating. Drink water is an important part of your weight loss regime. 2.
A. Early mornings are best for walking. 5 AM to 7 AM is the best time for any exercise, including walking.
A weekly day of rest is often advised when structuring a workout program, but sometimes you may feel the desire to work out every day. As long as you're not pushing yourself too hard or getting obsessive about it, working out every day is fine.
Take a Break: Why Active Recovery Is Essential. Most people can feel when it's time to recover and take a rest day. By taking a rest day just a couple of times a week, you'll see a noticeable difference in your exercise performance, progress, and energy levels.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommends adults perform moderate-intensity aerobic exercise such as a brisk walk a minimum of 30 minutes, five days per week (or a total of 2 hours, 30 minutes) to reduce the risk of disease later in life.
Something as simple as a daily brisk walk can help you live a healthier life. For example, regular brisk walking can help you: Maintain a healthy weight and lose body fat. Prevent or manage various conditions, including heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, cancer and type 2 diabetes.
Eat after you exercise
To help your muscles recover and to replace their glycogen stores, eat a meal that contains both carbohydrates and protein within two hours of your exercise session if possible. Consider a snack if your meal is more than two hours away. Good post-workout food choices include: Yogurt and fruit.
Showering after exercise should be an important part of your post-workout routine. It not only gets you clean and protects you from breakouts, but also helps your heart rate and core temperature naturally decrease. Taking a lukewarm or cool shower works best.
Drinking water prior to walking or any form of exercise will assist in keeping your body hydrated. Dehydration is not beneficial and not may lead to issues such as cramps, feelings of nausea and fatigue, and potential injury. So be sure to drink and drink often.
Rest for weight loss: 2 days a week
Give your muscles time to recover at least 2 days a week.
In short, you aren't producing as much energy as you used to. By the 25th day, you've already lost 10-15 percent of your muscle mass. If your weight has been steady, this means that your muscle has been replaced with equal parts fat. By the 29th day, strength levels have dropped by up to 30 percent.
For the rest of us, doctors recommend 150 minutes of physical activity. However, even in those 150 minutes, you can overdo it and push yourself too hard. To know the effects of over-exercising, you should assess how it makes you feel physically and emotionally.
It's recommended to take a rest day every three to five days. If you do vigorous cardio, you'll want to take more frequent rest days. You can also have an active rest day by doing a light workout, like gentle stretching. To determine when you should rest, consider the recommendations for aerobic activity.
By improving blood circulation, walking prevents the growth of acne, pimples, and several other skin related issues. Go for a brisk walk every morning and after sometime you will get to see your skin glow naturally. Also, remember that regular brisk walking will yield best results.
There is a belief that walking just after a meal causes fatigue, stomach ache, and other types of discomfort. However, the author and one volunteer participant had no such negative reactions, and found that walking just after a meal was more effective for weight loss than waiting one hour after eating before walking.
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Monastic and regional delicacies
The tradition of producing beer in a monastery with spring water from Szczyrzyc dates back to the 17th century. Although brewing no longer takes place at the monastery the company that represents it (Dominium) owns the licence for the Frater brand beer, developed in accordance with old Cistercian recipes and popular all over the country.
Friars from Kraków received the recipe for producing the Capuchin Balm from the Czech Republic at the beginning of the 20th century, reportedly as a thanksgiving for looking after a Prague monastery monk, who was wounded during World War I. The balm has been produced with no interruptions for almost 100 years and has been distributed as a natural preparation for strengthening the body and alleviating pain. It has enjoyed popularity and good reputation since the interwar period, while in the 21st century it became popular enough for the Capuchin Friars to increase production in 2005. Traditionally, it is the guardian of the recipe who produces the balm. He is the only monk who knows the secrets of the medicine’s composition comprising a mixture of beneficial herbs, honey, propolis and balsamic resins with intense smell and taste.
A line of delicacies and food products produced according to old recipes and traditions of monastery monks that have been rescued from oblivion. They include cold meat, dairy produce, fish, bread, honey, fruit preserves, dried herbs, juices, syrups, sweets, alcohol, and even cosmetics. They are prepared with the use of traditional methods, without preservatives and artificial colourings. The unique character of Benedictine products is emphasised thanks to traditional packaging. Benedictine monks implement their idea of sharing the monastic experience both locally and globally – by developing a network of stores in the country and abroad.
Krzonówka soup from Sułkowice
Krzonówka is a traditional Easter soup, popular in the Małopolskie Region. On 1 December 2010, it was entered in the List of Traditional Products kept by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. Thanks to being cooked using multiple ingredients, it is thick and rich. It is based on whey with addition of coldcuts and various sorts of meat, sausages, ribs and bacon. Its taste is enriched with horseradish and eggs. The soup, sprinkled with chopped green leaves, is served with bread.
Papal cream cakes
The story went like this: during his pilgrimage to Poland in 1999, pope St. John Paul II visited Wadowice, where, during a meeting with the local residents, he reminisced about the time of his youth, including the cream cakes from a no longer present cake shop of Karol Hagenhuber. Confectioners from Wadowice (and not only them) could not miss this marketing opportunity, so they added the adjective “papal” to the traditional cream cake, i.e. a cake consisting of two layers of French pastry and a large amount of cream filling.
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There’s been talk lately of a relatively little known beer style called Gose (pronounced "goze-uh"). Historically, extremely difficult to find outside of Germany, Gose is emerging as a revitalized niche beer amongst a handful of American craft brewers. Hailed as the second coming of the beer by some, and as the harbinger of doom that will "kill craft beer" by others, Gose is an old style that has stood the test of time and is finally making its way into the hearts, minds and palates of a small but vocal American craft beer audience.
Not to be confused with Gueuze (a dry, funky, sour lambic ale from Belgium), Gose originated over 1000 years ago in and around the town of Goslar in what is now Lower Saxony, Germany (which was also formerly part of East Germany). It is a style that embodies terroir in beer: the idea that, like wine, the environment in which a beer is produced imparts certain taste characteristics into that beer. Unique in flavor, Gose is tangy and slightly salty due to the high mineral saline quality of the Gose tributary, the primary water source for breweries in and around the town of Goslar.
Its rich history and water source (nowadays breweries add salt to mimic the Gose tributary's saline levels) isn’t the only thing that makes Gose distinct. In addition to barley, this beer style is brewed with a large percentage of malted wheat which, on its own, provides tartness and smooth mouthfeel. Then the beer is traditionally fermented with wild yeast and Lactobacillus (the bacteria that also sours yogurt, kimchi and sourdough) and is then spiced with coriander. The result is an unfiltered, dark pale, heady, medium bodied beer with floral and spicy aromatics and with secondary fruity notes of banana, apricot and citrus zest. The hop profile is low, but the beer finishes dry and puckery, with lingering wafts of brine.
... in the last century, Gose virtually died out due to two World Wars and a food shortage that caused the communist government of East Germany to allocate grain for bread-making instead of beer-brewing.
By the 1900s, Gose-brewing was primarily happening about 100 miles away in Leipzig, Germany, where it was the most popular beer style among its residents. It was so popular, in fact, that "traditional" Gose is now considered Leipziger Gose.
Unfortunately, in the last century Gose virtually died out due to two World Wars and a food shortage that caused the communist government of East Germany to allocate grain for bread-making instead of beer-brewing. It wasn’t until the Berlin Wall came down in 1989 that the style was resurrected by locals in Leipzig and now by craft brewers worldwide.
A handful of innovative American craft brewers are running with Gose and putting it on the map, relying on the spirit of terroir and the sour and salty framework of the classic, but also using modern techniques and new ingredients to make it their own. Some are dry-hopping their Gose with big, high alpha-acid American hops, some are adding New World herbs, some are adding Brettanomyces (or Brett) yeast to amp up the funk, some are adding flowers, some are barrel-aging, some are adding Brittany Gray sea salt, smoked sea salt, Himalayan red sea salt. The possibilities seem endless.
Jesse Friedman is cofounder of San Francisco Bay Area’s innovative Almanac Beer Company, which makes the refreshing Golden Gate Gose, the descendent of their very popular, draught only, one-off Flowering Gose. Friedman says that he brewed a Gose because the style was "pre-made for Almanac." He explains, "Every Almanac beer is tied in with California terroir and agriculture, and that’s why Gose, which is sort of like a fresh hop beer, is so great for us. We get our coriander from Dirty Girl Produce in Santa Cruz. They grow it just for us and it’s dried in the field in the sun, creating a coriander that’s floral and aromatic and bright and fresh. For the salt, we use San Francisco Bay sea salt."
Gose has one foot in the fresh beer world, a foot in the sour world and a foot in the wheat beer world.
Almanac’s nod to terroir, coriander and salt additions are upholding the traditional methods of Leipziger. Says Friedman, "Our Gose is fiercely non-traditional. Three years ago when we were developing this recipe, no one had heard of a Gose before. No one had any frame of reference at all for what a Gose should be." Along those lines, Friedman includes lemon verbena from Eatwell Farm (Dixon, CA) in his version and uses a yeast strain traditionally used in making a Saison style beer, which brings a lot more fruit character than one would traditionally find in a Gose.
Regarding the divisive salt addition, Friedman advocates going light. "If you can put your finger on it, you’ve overdone it." The resulting amalgam is the half-sister of the Berliner Weisse, like a slightly spiced, tart Witbier. "Pair Gose with seafood all day, it acts like the spritzy lemon wedge."
In addition to Almanac’s Golden Gate Gose (5% ABV), other American versions to try are Baltimore’s Stillwater Artisanal Ales' Gose Gone Wild, a (4.3% ABV) refreshing Gose dosed with West Coast Citra and Amarillo hops and fermented with the aforementioned Brett, hoppy and funky. Kansas City’s Boulevard Hibiscus Gose is a (4.2% ABV) floral, tangy, sweet and sour beer that pours a vibrant pink and finishes with a pop of citrus. Northern California’s Anderson Valley Blood Orange Gose adds the seasonal fruit to its (4.25% ABV) version. And Portland, Oregon’s sour mecca Cascade Brewing makes a "Northwest style" Gose with the hand-harvested French Sel Marin de Noirmoutier sea salt (7.5% ABV).
So, what is the future of Gose? Does such an admittedly weird beer style have a place at the bar? "Education is a key component of Gose," Friedman says, "and Gose is not going to be the next IPA, but it’s carving out a nice niche for itself. Gose has one foot in the fresh beer world, a foot in the sour world and a foot in the wheat beer world. It’s a really great introduction to the world of sours." Gose is, as Friedman explains, a gateway to a whole world of previously lost beer styles. It’s the beginning of craft beer, not the end.
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So you need printing – a book, a brochure, a point-of-sale display or a mailer. Whatever it is, you want a quality piece that reflects well on your brand and business. But with all of the production options available, how do you know what’s worthwhile and what’s not?
Printing is a complex. With over 35,000 firms offering differing equipment and capabilities, navigating the U.S. printing marketplace can be challenging. Depending on the design of the piece, some print options can be valuable. Others are waste of money.
When planning your next printed piece, consider these eight factors that can add significant cost to your next project. Some may be worth it, others are definitely not.
1. Size: Printing presses are built to specific dimensions and printing papers are stocked in commonly used sizes. Unusually sized pieces may not fit well within these standards, wasting paper and not fully utilizing press capacity. So to avoid inefficiency, a printed piece should be designed to fit well within the fixed dimensions of the equipment and materials.
Case in point. A client asked us to produce header cards to be mounted on an in-store display. On review of their previous work, we found that a slight reduction in size allowed us to print two cards simultaneously instead of one. This significantly lowered cost while maintaining the header’s effectiveness.
2. Equipment: Printers make significant investments in facilities so they have a vested interest in keeping their equipment busy. However, all printing presses are optimized to specific sizes and run lengths. While a project can be printed on one type of press, it may be more efficient to print it on another. A commercial sheetfed offset press can easily run 1 million flyers, but it’s usually more cost effective to print them on a web press.
3. Brand name paper: A specific substrate can make a big difference in the quality of a printed piece, particularly specialty materials, unique colors or custom finishes. But other times this makes no difference at all. Most printers inventory common paper sizes and weights and they usually purchase in bulk. Specifying a “name brand” paper, with no special characteristics, requires an expensive special order that often adds little to the quality. Before incurring this expense, ask your printer for a sample of their recommended “house” sheet – it may be perfect for your project.
4. Spot colors: Tight color matching, or use of unique colors, can be an important part of design. Sometimes, this requires printing spot colors as separate inks. Other times, these colors can be closely matched using combinations of CMYK process colors. Printing presses can only run a fixed number of inks simultaneously; several special inks may require multiple passes, or runs of the paper, through the press, at extra cost. Before requiring multiple spot colors, be certain they cannot be matched adequately in four color CMYK process.
5. Quantity ordered: Minimizing the print quantity may save a few dollars but, if stock runs out, additional pieces will require a reprint. Startup of an offset press requires a preparation process called the makeready. Since makereadies are incurred for each reprint, this additional cost would not be necessary if the initial quantity was adequate. When purchasing offset printing, carefully consider the quantity of each piece over its lifespan, then order as many as you’ll need.
Note this advice is most applicable to traditional printing methods as short run-digital printing does not require a significant makeready.
6. Printing everything at once: Projects that include multiple items may be less costly if several are printed at the same time. Combining, or gang running, items together can be more efficient since it requires only one makeready and press run for all pieces. Short run digital printing, as before, may be an exception to this rule.
7. Proofreading and QC: Lack of quality control can lead to mistakes that require reprints, which often cost as much as the original printing. Recently I saw the following display installed in a local supermarket, check out the typo in the headline:
Since taking this photo the display has been replaced with a corrected one, likely requiring significant expense for the reprint. To avoid this, take the time to review artwork and proofs to assure all everything is correct before printing.
8. Execution, logistics and final use: Before printing anything, consider how it will be used. Effective print communications, like any media, must deliver a valuable, instructional or actionable message to the intended target or it will not achieve its purpose. Efficient production will not compensate for a lack of planning.
I recently heard of a consumer products company that produced a booklet designed to look like a passport on the outside. Inside, its pages featured various lifestyle messages about the brand. The firm intended to seed these pieces around the marketplace, enticing the consumer to pick one up and read the contents. However, they didn’t have a plan to distribute them efficiently. As a result, most of the pieces sat in the warehouse and were eventually disposed of.
Experienced print buyers will find most of this advice elementary as experience teaches how to fit projects to the appropriate supplier then efficiently manage and monitor the process. Yet many firms that purchase a significant volume of printing no longer have this expertise in-house.
If any of these pain points are familiar, or you’re not certain you’re purchasing printing efficiently, feel free to reach out. We’re happy to be of help.
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By Sarah Laskow
Media Consortium’s Weekly Mulch
The natural gas industry is afraid that Josh Fox, director of the muckraking film Gasland, might win an Oscar on Sunday. Earlier this month, an organization called Energy in Depth, backed by the oil and gas industry, sent the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences a letter in which it argued that Gasland, Fox’s exposé on the natural gas industry, should be removed from consideration for best documentary feature because it contained inaccurate information.
After dealing with the industry for the past couple of years, Fox is not surprised by this tactic. “What this points to is the culture of that industry, which is bullying, which is aggressive, which is outlandish in their tactics, which will stop at nothing,” he told AlterNet.
The film is still up for consideration, and the industry should be worried about the impact its nomination, let alone a victory, could have. Even if the film doesn’t win on Sunday, millions of viewers will see a clip of the film that documents the real threat of environmental devastation that comes along with natural gas drilling and, in particular, with hydrofracking.
Nothing natural about it
The Media Consortium’s Weekly Mulch has been tracking the fight over natural gas drilling. As noted back in September, Sandra Steingraber, in Orion Magazine, has called the rise of hydrofracking “the environmental issue of our time.” In a more recent dispatch for the magazine, Steingraber reports from an Environmental Protection Agency hearing on fracking, a technique for extracting otherwise hard-to-reach gas from the ground.
In upstate New York, where the hearing was held and where natural gas companies have been buying up drilling rights and properties for the past couple of years, residents are hugely concerned about this issue: four hundred people signed up to speak, for 120 seconds each, as Steingraber reports, over two days. One speaker in particular stuck out to her, though:
Read full post at Media Consortium’s Weekly Mulch
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Both the reading passage and the lecture talks about TOPIC. While the author states that A , the professor firmly holds the opposite view which indicates that Ā
According to the lecture, Ā1.details. All these observations are contradictive to what the reading passage offers.
Meanwhile, the professor claims that Ā2。details.However, the reading proposes that A2。
Finally, the reading passage contends that A3。On the contrary, the lecturer finds that Ā3. He points out that details.
In summary, the lecturer lists three convincing sides to rebut what the reading passage suggests. Ā1，2，3.
The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about TOPIC. In her opinion, Ā.
The lecturer does not agree with the first point made in the reading—A1. She contends that details.
The lecturer goes on to refute the claim in the reading that A2, as details. On the contrary, she argues, Ā, details.
Additionally, the lecturer challenges A3 mentioned in the reading. The lecturer reminds us Ā3, details.
In the reading material, the author states that A. However in the listening material, the professor refutes that the argument is unconvincing.
First, according to the reading passage, the author suggests that A1. However in the listening, the professor claims that Ā1.details.
Second, the author in the reading material mentions that A2. Unfortunately the professor argues that Ā2. details
Finally, the author of the reading passage asserts that A3. In the contrary it obviously contradicts with the listening passage in which the professor contends that Ā3. details
In conclusion, according to the listening material, the argument that A is unwarranted.
· 小编推荐 ·
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Continuous improvement through research and monitoring
Research and monitoring are integral to the MoorLIFE 2020 Project. By experimenting with new conservation techniques and monitoring the impacts of conservation work, we can provide evidence of the benefits of blanket bog restoration.
Evidence led conservation
This helps us continue to be at the forefront of blanket bog conservation as we continue to refine our methods. Having good quality, reliable data allows us to evaluate our work in order to develop and demonstrate best practice for other conservation organisations, landowners and land managers.
As well as evidencing the immediate ecosystem services of blanket bog, such as water quality and carbon ‘sequestration’ (the accumulation of carbon stores, in the form of peat), we are also researching the socio-economic impacts of our conservation work on local businesses, land managers and visitors.
Our research and monitoring programme includes:
- producing a map of vegetation type covering project area
- monitoring changes to vegetation type and cover at a landscape scale using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
- creating experimental sites to investigate how targeted changes to vegetation types can impact flood prevention, water quality and biodiversity
- leading research into why and how peat pipes (underground tubes in peat) form and the problems they cause.
- identifying threats to blanket bog, predominantly wildfires
- researching the socio-economic impacts of blanket bog conservation
- auditing the carbon generated and mitigated by the project
You can have a closer look at some of the work we are undertaking as part of the MoorLIFE 2020 monitoring programme using the links below:
Read more about aspects of our research and monitoring
MoorLIFE 2020: using aerial imagery to monitor vegetation
Monitoring conservation using aerial imagery
MoorLIFE 2020: mapping vegetation on the moors
We have created a detailed map of the location and extent of the different habitats and land covers present in the Peak District and South Pennines
MoorLIFE 2020: species diversification
Monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem services helps us to evaluate the effects of our work
MoorLIFE 2020: investigating peat pipes
We’re working with a PhD student at the University of Leeds, to investigate the nature of peat pipes on blanket bogs, and how they contribute to erosion, water quality and flood risk
MoorLIFE 2020: wildfire database
We’re creating a database to record wildfires on the Peak District and South Pennine moors
MoorLIFE 2020: monitoring socioeconomic impacts
We are assessing the impact of the MoorLIFE 2020 (ML2020) Project on the local economy and population
You may also be interested in...
MoorLIFE 2020 conservation works
Working together to bring life back to South Pennine and Peak District moorlands
Working together to bring life back to the South Pennine Moors Special Area of Conservation.
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Mawson station remembered service men and women from Australia and New Zealand on Anzac Day. The day started with a dawn service (dawn at Mawson at this time of the year is around 8:30am). After three days of blizzards, Anzac Day dawned with overcast skies but only light winds. The reading of Ataturk’s tribute was very powerful, as was the tribute by Charlie Howell to his grandfather, who was a member of the Light Horse. We all then went back to the mess for a gunfire breakfast and a session of Two-up in the chippies workshop. Lest we forget.
This week at Mawson: 1 May 2015
Recreation or conflict resolution?
The question is often asked, how do you solve the big issues down in Antarctica? Issues like: ‘should you mix dessert and soup spoons?'; ‘is it okay to use a four slice toaster to toast only two slices of bread?'; or ‘can you put full fat milk in the skim milk jugs?'. These issues may seem trivial to you out there in the real world, but down here these minor things have a way of snowballing to gargantuan proportions.
Since we at Mawson are experts on everything and everyone’s opinion is always the right one, there has to be a way to solve issues when opinions clash. Thankfully there is!
The ping pong table!
Strategically positioned where most clashes of opinion occur, the Mawson ping pong table is the battlefield where issues are now resolved. In singles or doubles matches combatants of all skill levels, fitness levels and coordination levels duke it out to bring peace and order to the station.
The table is no place for the weak of will! Matches have been so heated that people turn into animals!
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Disclaimer: This post may contain affiliate links. I would earn a little money with no extra cost to you. The opinions expressed are my own. Read my disclaimer to learn more.
Are you ready for a simple budget that you can start today?
It’s actually one of the most common and easiest budgeting methods out there.
Starting a budget can feel OVERWHELMING!
I want to save you time researching to find the PERFECT budget template by telling you about the easiest budgeting method for beginners. Also, there’s no such thing as a perfect budget, just the one that works for you.
There are a few reasons I think the 50/30/20 budget template is great for anyone looking to start a budget:
- 50/30/20 budget has simple rules to follow (more on that below)
- It’s flexible and forgiving
- Organizes your finances in a logical way
- Best for beginner budgeters who just need a simple budget to get started
Using a budget can change your life.
We’ve used our budget to become debt free and created the ability to save at least 20% of our income every month for our BIG money goals. We started our budget in 2013 and it’s truly changed our life, values, and priorities.
Plus we’ve accomplished a LOTS of money goals we didn’t think were possible, like paying off $100,000 of debt in 5 years.
By the end of this short article, you’ll have a good idea of how to use the 50/30/20 budgeting rule and know if it’s right for you.
You can also get a cheap 50/30/20 budget template to start your simple budget today.
What is the 50-30-20 budget?
The 50/30/20 budget is a rule to help you set up your budget. I’ve found that budgeting is easier to do when there are rules and guidelines. Otherwise budgeting feels abstract and confusing.
So, what are the rules for setting up a 50/30/20 budget template?
You break your take home pay down into percentages for your different types of expenses.
- 50% of your income is for NEEDS
- 30% of your income is for WANTS
- 20% of your income is for SAVINGS and DEBT PAYOFF
All of your expenses and savings can be separated into one of those categories.
I like to think of it like having 3 buckets for your income. Each bucket carries specific expenses so it’s easier to manage and use your budget.
How does the 50/30/20 Budget Work?
Now let’s look at an example of how the 50/30/20 budget rule works with a real budget example.
Let’s say your monthly income and take home pay is $4,500.
Now you need to separate your income into wants, needs, and savings.
- 50% needs is $2,250
- 30% wants is $1,350
- 20% savings and debt is $900
Now every single thing you spend money on should fit into one of these three categories when you set up your 50/30/20 budget as a zero based budgeting template. Which means, at the end of the month, your income – expenses/savings should equal ZERO.
A great next step to setting up your 50/30/20 budget is to write down and brainstorm all of your expenses and savings goals. My Budget Workbook is a great resource to help you plan out your budget and expenses.
When you write down all of your expenses, you can easily separate them up into the correct percentage bucket and see if the 50/30/20 budget template is right for you.
If at first, one of your budget percentages is too high, it might be a good indication that it’s time to think critically about the expenses and savings goals that are most important to you and focus on including them in your budget.
And then find ways to lower expenses that you don’t care about as much.
You can also check out other budgeting rules and methods too.
Why the 50/30/20 Budget is the Easiest Budgeting Method
The 50/30/20 budget is one of the best budgets for beginners. That’s true for a few reasons.
- Simple to set up with your budget percentages
- Sets aside money to help you save money every month
- Focuses on paying off debt faster
- Isn’t super restrictive or limiting – you still get to spend money on WANTS every month. And 30% is a sizable chunk of your income.
Is the 50/30/20 Budget Rule Right for Me?
I honestly think the 50/30/20 budget template is perfect for anyone who just needs a place to start. Budgeting can feel OVERWHELMING at first. It feels abstract and like you should do things a certain way.
In many ways budgeting FEELS like starting a diet. The first thing you think of is limits and restrictions. But budgeting doesn’t have to be limiting.
A budget like the 50/30/20 budget rule will help you pay all of your bills AND give you permission to spend money on things you care about and value – like going out to eat, shopping, and Friday morning coffee runs.
I’m a big advocate for creating a values based budget, which focuses on your goals, values, and priorities in addition to paying all of your bills and debts on time.
The 50/30/20 budget template is perfect for including your values and goals into your monthly spending. It works great whether you use an annual budget or a monthly budget.
How to Create a 50/30/20 budget today
My goal in this blog post is to give you enough information and examples to actually make your 50/30/20 budget template today.
So let’s get started.
Know Your After Tax Income
Since this budget rule is based on percentages of your after tax income, you need to know how much money you’re making every month.
The best way to find this is to look at your pay stubs or your online banking if you have direct deposit.
Most budgets, ours included, are set up to pay all bills and expenses with two paychecks every month, so go back to last month and add up your direct deposits.
I love making a budget that pays all expenses with two paychecks, because twice a year we get 3 paychecks in a month. That means ALL of that 3rd paycheck feels like extra money we can use for fun and making faster progress toward goals like saving money and paying off debt. Read more on how extra paychecks is like finding extra money in your budget.
Set up your budgeting categories
Once you know your monthly take home pay, you can set up your 50/30/20 budget percentages.
I’m going to use our example of $4,500 take home pay we used earlier. That gives us budget categories that look like this:
- 50% needs is $2,250
- 30% wants is $1,350
- 20% savings and debt is $900
Determine wants and needs
This is where the work of making a budget happens. You need to figure out all of your expenses, savings, and everything you spend money on during the month.
I’ve found the best way to do this is to start writing them down. So grab a piece of paper and start writing. It doesn’t matter what order you write them in, just get them down on paper.
After you write down all of your expenses, it’s time to determine if that expense counts as a WANT or a NEED.
A good way to look at wants vs needs is if you can survive without it, or not.
Examples of Needs in the 50/30/20 Budget Rule
Here are a list of things I’d put in our NEED section of the 50/30/20 budget template:
- Gas for my car
- All utility bills for my house – electric, gas, internet, garbage
- Minimum debt payments
- Household supplies – toilet paper, soap, laundry, etc
- Dog Food
Of course your needs will be different from mine, and this is just a basic list to get you started. Add in any and all things you consider an absolute necessity.
Now onto the wants. This is where your budget can get really fun! There is really no limit to what your wants can be. The only RULE is to fit them all into 30% of your take home income.
Examples of Wants in the 50/30/20 Budget Rule
Let’s look at some examples of wants:
- Dining out
- Extra streaming services
- Gym membership
- Personal allowance (this is close to a need in our family)
- Drinks or food with friends
With your goals and big money priorities in mind, go through the list of expenses you made and write WANT or NEED next to each of them. This doesn’t need to be the final decision for your expenses, you can certainly make changes as you use your budget. But identifying wants and needs is a great place to start.
And when you start adding up the numbers to see if you’re within the percentage rule, you might find that some things don’t fit into your budget right now.
Remember, that won’t always be the case. You can add more wants into your budget as time goes on. It’s okay to say ‘no’ to things now so you can say ‘yes’ to more in the future.
What counts as savings and debt?
Alright, this is my FAVORITE part of our budget. I love saving money and I love paying off debt.
According to a traditional 50/30/20 budget template, a lot of important expenses fit into the savings and debt section.
Here are things to keep in mind for your 20% savings and debt section of your 50/30/20 budget:
- Sinking fund savings goals – vacations, new house, emergency fund, car, holidays, etc
- After tax retirement contributions like Roth IRA
- Extra debt payments (recommended if you’re using a debt snowball spreadsheet)
Saving money for big life goals is important, and that’s why we use a Sinking Fund Tracker to know how much money we have saved for each goal. In a glance I can see how much is in our emergency fund, vacation fund, home improvement, and how much we have saved for Christmas.
If you struggle to organize your savings account, I highly recommend the Sinking Fund Tracker. Go grab yours now.
Building your retirement portfolio is important, and there are lots of options to grow your nest egg. Many employers offer 401(k) options, which are amazing, especially when they offer an employer match.
It’s also a good idea to include after tax retirement options in your retirement portfolio, which aligns with this 20% savings and debt repayment.
A great place to start is a Roth IRA.
Making Extra Debt Payments
When making extra debt payments, it honestly doesn’t matter what kind of debt you have. Extra debt payments accelerate debt repayment for credit cards, student loans, even your mortgage.
My favorite way to pay off debt faster is with the debt snowball spreadsheet (you can download one for free right here). We used it, along with our budget, to pay off $100,000 of debt in 5 years as two teachers.
It’s been so effective for helping people get out of debt that I created a mini video course around it to give people the advanced strategies to accelerate debt repayment. You can get your debt snowball spreadsheet up and running in 20 minutes and have a clear roadmap to debt freedom.
It’s called the Debt Free Playbook. If you’re ready to get out of debt ASAP, this is a great tool for you. Go check it out.
In the 50/30/20, I look at debt repayment in two ways.
First, there’s your minimum debt payments. These are non-negotiable and belong on the 50% needs section of your budget.
But then there’s EXTRA debt payments, and those belong down here in the 20% budget category.
When you pay more than the minimum debt payments you will cut years off your debt repayment and save hundreds or THOUSANDS of dollars in interest. That’s what I teach and show you how to do in the Debt Free Playbook.
Get Started with Your 50/30/20 Budget Template
The 50/30/20 budget rule is perfect for anyone looking to start a budget. Whether it’s your first budget or your 20th budget, you don’t need any experience or past success to get started.
It’s the easiest and most common budgeting method, which is why so many people see success with it.
After calculating your after tax income, split it into three spending categories.
- 50% for needs
- 30% for wants
- 20% for savings and debt repayment
And remember, you’re going to have setbacks, forget to budget, and go over budget.
All of that is normal.
If you’re ready to start, grab my 50/30/20 budget template for just $5. This cheap budget breaks your spending down into a monthly budget template and annual budget all in one, easy to use spreadsheet.
If you have any questions about the 50/30/20 budget rule (or budgeting in general) leave a comment or head over to my YouTube channel for videos on budgeting, saving money, and getting out of debt.
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A news release from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) said the department is proposing changes to the privacy, security, and enforcement rules in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
According to the announcement, the changes would:
- Expand individuals’ rights to access their information and to restrict certain types of disclosures of protected health information to health plans;
- Require business associates of HIPAA-covered entities to be under most of the same rules as the covered entities. An article on the Compliance Week Web site said, the proposals extend all of the HIPAA enforcement provisions, and many of the privacy and security requirements to organizations such as billing providers, accountants, lawyers and consultants. Many of the rules would also apply to subcontractors of business associates under the proposal;
- Set new limitations on the use and disclosure of protected health information for marketing and fundraising; and
- Prohibit the sale of protected health information without patient authorization.
“To improve the health of individuals and communities, health information must be available to those making critical decisions, including individuals and their caregivers,” said HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, in the news release. “While health information technology will help America move its health care system forward, the privacy and security of personal health data is at the core of all our work.”
The proposed rule is at http://www.ofr.gov/OFRUpload/OFRData/2010-16718_PI.pdf. HHS also launched a privacy Web site at http://www.hhs.gov/healthprivacy/index.htmlto provide access information about existing HHS privacy efforts.
« Millenials Redefining Ethics in the Workplace
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Barnaul is almost equal in population to another city in Siberia, Tyumen – at 632,784 residents (2014), and it is among the five biggest cities in Siberia.
The city was founded in 1730 as a factory settlement for the silver production of Russian businessman Akinfiy of the famous Demidov dynasty.
Interestingly, Russians are the majority population of Barnaul. In a distant second place are … Germans.
What you should see in Barnaul:
Barnaul Ribbon Forests
Ribbon forests are unique forest formations that stretch along rivers as bands of 5 to 40 kilometers wide. Barnaul ribbon forest has a length of more than 550 km: from Barnaul and further along the Ob River to the Irtysh River.
In the Altai region there are only four ribbon forests, and they run parallel to each other.
According to a hypothesis of scientists during a severe cold spell glaciers came to Altai. After the end of the ice age melt water has brought a large amount of sand to the riverbeds. And since the glacier didn’t leave yet, there was a wide spill of rivers that distributed the sand around the surrounding areas. And on those sands later pine trees grew forming ribbon forests.
Demidov pillar is an obelisk that was mounted on the orders of Demidovnot far from the factory’s almshousein honor of the 100th anniversary of mining industry in the Altai (1839).
Demidov pillar is made of solid blocks of gray granite.
During the Bolshevik Revolution, it was decided to dismantle the obelisk and use its stones to make a monument to those who died for the revolution. Any attempts to destroy the pillar or carveon the pedestal the names of the fallen were in vain – granite withstood the onslaught and the pillar remained in its place.
State Art Museum of Altai Krai
The museum was replenished by the works from of the Russian Museum, the Hermitage, the Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum of History and others, as well as by auction purchases and special field trips.
The museum has a remarkable collection (more than 14,000 items) that covers:
Orthodox church art of 16th – 20th centuries, Russian art of 18th – 20th centuries, professional and folk art of Siberia and Altai of 18th – 21st centuries.
The inner space of the museum was transformed to become the most comfortable environment for visitors.
Irkutsk is the fifth most populous Siberian city (612,973 people in 2014).
The city was founded on the Irkut River in 1661 – a fort was set there. In 1879, the city center was almost completely destroyed by the Great fire. After the fire, the era of building stone houses began.
Irkutsk is located near the famous Lake Baikal. Many tourists perceive Irkutsk as a transit city.
Nevertheless, it is worth exploring the masterpieces of wooden architecture in Irkutsk. The most famous building is the Lace house (the House of the Shastins), but there are more wooden buildings in Irkutsk. The city center is filled with houses decorated with intricate wooden details. You should definitely spend on those streets at least a few hoursto feel the atmosphere of the old Siberian town.
Among the stone buildings particularly interesting are the Prince Vladimir Monastery (1888) and the Church of the Epiphany (1718-1746).
Spasskaya Church – the Cathedral of Christ the Savior
The Church of the Saviorwas one of the first stone buildings in the city. It is built in place of an old wooden church (1672) that burned down in 1716.
The church is decorated with paintings from the 19th century – a rarity for Siberian churches. The external painting of the church was restored.
On the eastern façade: the baptism of indigenous peoples, the baptism of Christ, the ceremony of initiation to the saints.
On the southern wall: Christ, St. Nicholas, St. Mitrofan and other saints.
What else to See in Irkutsk
In addition to the landmarks we mentioned, you should also visit a ringed seal aquarium where you can watch fun performances by Baikal ringed seals. Also interesting is the architectural and ethnographic museum “Taltsy” (50 km from Irkutsk). And, of course, make sure to try Baikal ciscoin Irkutsk restaurants.
Novokuznetsk completes the list of the 7 biggest cities in Siberia.
The city was founded around 1617 as the Kuznetsk fort on the shore of the Tomi River.
In the era of industrialization in the Soviet Union, not far from the old fort town, in 1931 a new city was founded – Novokuznetsk.
In honor of Stalin the city was renamed into Stalinduring 1932-1961.
Novokuznetsk is a rather dirty city due to metallurgical enterprises. But not far from the city there is Mountain Shoriya.
Mountain Shoriya is located in the south of the Kemerovo region of Siberia.
Mountain ranges over time got cut up by river beds. Frost, wind and sun smoothed over the surface. Today Mountain Shoriya is combined of picturesque narrow river valleys with rocky shores, soft contoured peaks, numerous caves and grottoes.
Snow-capped peakstower over coniferous taiga (fir, spruce, and cedar).
Very beautiful is the mountain range Mustag (Ice Mountain) that stretches for several dozen kilometers.
Ski resort Sheregesh near the mountain range Mustag
It is not surprising that in winter the Mountain Shoriya, the same as the Swiss Alps, attracts not only amateur skiers, but also ski championships of Russia.
Animal world of the Mountain Shoriya is amazing: Asian red deer, musk deer, roe deer, Siberian reindeer, brown bear … A lot of birds and fish.
Shors, the indigenous people of the Mountain Shoriya knew how to smelt iron from the very old times.
The fortress was built in 1800-1820. Military and political objective of the fortress was deterring aggressive plans by China with regards to Siberia. Later the fortress became a prison for common criminals – up until 1919.
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For me, there is a direct relationship between the level of my play in a sit n go tournament and the amount of self talk going on in my head. Before I enter a sit n go tournament, I already know by the level of my play in the sit n go tournament. Knowing your opponents is key to winning poker, but also keeping your mind in check. Possible reasons for poor play include overtired, distracted, getting worn, and poor bankroll management. These factors are the direct result of how you spend your self talk. For example, staying in your current sit n go bubble when it is getting late, or trying to impress a woman that is sitting next to you. These are the result of reasons to play when you are not fully focused. The result of reasons to play less than your skill level is to risk your poker tournament life.
The results of reasons to enter a sit n go tournament are sometimes easily affected by factors outside of your control. For example, an unforeseeable pocket pair may prevent you from playing value hands, or may force you to chase and go out with a weak hand. Often, the consequence appears to be of your own making, rather than the circumstances of the game. However, you can always fight and learn from your mistakes.
In one of the most cited books on poker, The Theory of Poker, authors David Sklansky and Mason Malmuth credit poker to the imagination of a single man who spent many years of deep thought before coming to a conclusion that poker is a game of deception. Although, Sklansky and Malmuth never mention the word poker when discussing the techniques of old poker players, they all agree that, poker is a game that is best explained by the imagination of the players.
In addition, theOND rumor is that no one knows the reason why poker tournaments are along so well, despite the hole card and hand rankings. The main reason why is that, until the last 10 years, no one knew how to play poker. Before poker came along, traditional bridge-maker rules were followed. The result was that, the game of poker was hidden from the world. Since then, many lovers of poker have dreamed of ways to learn to play poker, and ways to make the game more interesting and less frustrating. However, it has not been forgotten.
In 1654, the first actual poker book on the market was published. ‘Blackwood’ was the first title of the game, the one that gave it the name ‘poker’. The book was written by Jonathan Green. Although the book was published posthumously, Green’s book became the startling event in poker that proved t hat the game was worthy of the attention of the most able players. But it was too late for another book, ‘The complete poker hand Book’.
Just because a book was published does not mean that there is information in it still available to you. The book was a manual for beginners, but the information it contained was all that a beginner could want. The book was a valuable handbook, but you had to be a novice to find it. Books written several years later almost always contain more detailed information than the book from 1654. And, you may discover that the information in these later books is also generally taken out of context. That is, they were written by authors who are not so long since their last book.
If you want to know more about poker techniques, you should also visit the larger internet sites for advanced tactics and strategies. One must not overlook the fact that, when you play jayapoker online, you are playing a totally different game than when you play at the casino. and you may have to adjust the way you play quite a bit. The following are some of the considerations when you play poker online, and some of the considerations might even be different than when you play at the casino.
There are a number of different types of poker games available online. You can play no limit texas hold’em, pot limit omaha, omaha pot limit, and fixed limit hold’em as well as various mixed games. Unlike at the casino, you will not be playing against multiple opponents as you will in the casino. In addition, while you are playing online no one can see you or distract you so you can think clearly. For these reasons, you will be able to concentrate much harder than you normally would in a casino.
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All of us who live in Cornwall think there is something special about coming from the land of granite and tin.
But what of those people from past and present who are truly special having made their mark on the wider world?
How about the mother of a literary dynasty, a woman who helped concentration camp victims and a man who won 23 England football caps, not to mention a host of 20th century literary giants?
Here are 50 men and women from Cornwall who have had a massive impact, in alphabetical order.
1. JOHN COUCH ADAMS (1819-1892)
Born near Launceston, Couch Adams’ most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune using only maths. He is credited with co-discovering the planet as another mathematician, Urbain Le Verrier, made the same calculations at exactly the same time!
2. MICHAEL AN GOF (died 1497)
Along with Thomas Flamank, Michael Joseph – better known as Michael An Gof ('the blacksmith') led the Cornish Rebellion of 1497. They marched on London to protest against Henry VII’s tax levy to pay for a Scottish invasion.
The rebellion failed and both men were hanged, drawn and quartered and their heads displayed on London Bridge. His name – synonymous with Cornish pride – was later used by the Cornish nationalist organisation.
3. JOHN ARNOLD (1736-1799)
The first man to design a watch that was both practical and accurate was born in Bodmin. He also produced marine chronometers for use on board ships.
4. TOM BAWCOCK (1500s)
Legend has it that the Mousehole fisherman braved a vicious storm one Christmas to catch enough fish to feed the starving village. As a result we now have stargazy pie and the popular children’s story, The Mousehole Cat.
5. WILLIAM BLIGH (1754-1817)
The Royal Naval officer famed for being in command during the Mutiny on the Bounty was born in St Tudy, near Bodmin. He later became Governor of New South Wales.
6. MARIA BRANWELL (1783-1821)
Born and raised in Penzance, Maria met Patrick Brontë while visiting her aunt and uncle in Yorkshire, which means, yes, she was the mother of British authors Emily, Anne and Charlotte Brontë and their poet/painter brother Branwell.
7. CHARLES CAUSLEY (1917-2003)
The poet, writer and schoolmaster from Launceston is now known the world over for his poetry, for adults and children. He was known as the “greatest poet laureate we never had”. See also John Betjeman, who lived for many years at Trebetherick and is buried at St Enodoc Church.
8. NICK DARKE (1948-2005)
Arguably, the most famous playwright to come from Cornwall, Darke was born in Bodmin and lived most of his life in Porthcothan. Many of his plays reflect Cornish culture and have been staged by the Royal Shakespeare Company and Kneehigh Theatre among others, including Never Say Rabbit In A Boat, The Dead Monkey, Hell’s Mouth and The King of Prussia.
9. GRENVILLE DAVEY (1961-)
From Launceston and a visiting professor of the University of the Arts in London, the sculptor won the Turner Prize in 1992, the only Cornish person to do so in the art prize’s history.
10. SIR HUMPHRY DAVY (1778-1829)
There are certain names that are a given on a list such as this and Davy is definitely one. The Penzance chemist and inventor is best known for inventing the Davy Lamp for miners, an early form of the light bulb and for isolating substances such as potassium, sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium and boron as well as discovering the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine.
11. DAPHNE DU MAURIER (1907-1989)
Her Fowey home of Menabilly is almost as legendary as the author’s works, such as Rebecca, My Cousin Rachel, Jamaica Inn, The Birds and Don’t Look Now, many of which were set in Cornwall.
12. JOHN PASSMORE EDWARDS (1823-1911)
Born in Blackwater, near Truro, the journalist, newspaper owner and Liberal MP was a major philanthropist who championed the working classes, building hospitals, libraries, schools, convalescence homes and art galleries across England, many of which are still in use.
13. JOSEPH EMIDY (1775-1835)
The former slave from Guinea’s life story is begging for a film biopic. Sold as a child to Portuguese traders, taken to Brazil and Portugal, where he became a virtuoso violinist in the Lisbon Opera, Emidy was press-ganged by the British Navy during the Napoleonic wars and was ship’s fiddler.
Abandoned in Cornwall in 1799 he became leader of Truro Philharmonic Orchestra and one of the leading composers of the day. Sadly, no known copies of his works survive.
14. BOB FITZSIMMONS (1863-1917)
From Helston, Fitzsimmons was a professional boxer who made history as the sport’s first three-division world champion (middleweight, heavyweight and light heavyweight). One of the hardest punchers in history, Fitzsimmons had the delightful nickname, The Freckled Wonder.
15. MICK FLEETWOOD (1947-)
Born in Redruth, Mick formed one of the best-selling rock bands in history, Fleetwood Mac, whose Rumours is one of the seminal “break-up” albums.
16. SAMUEL FOOTE (1720-1777)
One of the leading British actors of his day, the Truronian and former mayor of the city mesmerised London audiences with his Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice at the Drury Lane Theatre in 1741. He was also a celebrated playwright and theatre owner.
17. DAWN FRENCH (1957-)
Educated in Plymouth and with Cornish blood, comedian, actress and author Dawn is arguably the most famous person to currently reside in Cornwall - certainly one of the most vocal in her love of the county.
Living in Fowey with husband Mark Bignell, Dawn is the chancellor of Falmouth University and has shone a dramatic light on the county in series like Delicious.
18. PATRICK GALE (1962-)
Although born on the Isle of Wight, the bestselling author has lived in Cornwall for 30 years and many of his books are set in the county, most notably A Perfectly Good Man and Rough Music.
Patrick chairs the North Cornwall Book Festival, is patron of Penzance LitFest and is a director of both Endelienta and the Charles Causley Trust. He can also be seen playing the cello in Cornish ensembles.
19. HELEN GLOVER (1986-)
Ranked the number one female rower in the world since 2015, the two-time Olympic champion, triple world champion, quintuple World Cup champion and triple European champion was born in Truro and grew up in Penzance, where she may well be better known for being a member of the family who run Jelbert’s Ices in Newlyn.
20. SIR WILLIAM GOLDING (1911-1993)
Born in Newquay and ending his days in Perranarworthal, Golding is best known for Lord of the Flies, which won the Nobel Prize for Literature, and Rites of Passage, which was awarded the Booker Prize.
21. WINSTON GRAHAM (1908-2003)
Okay he wasn’t Cornish, though he did live in Perranporth for 34 years and will always be an honorary Cornishman for writing the Poldark series of historical novels. Yes, we have him to blame for Aidan Turner and his scythe.
22. SIR GOLDSWORTHY GURNEY (1793-1875)
The prototype Victorian gentleman scientist and inventor was born at Treator near Padstow, attended Truro Grammar School and studied medicine in Wadebridge. He is best known for inventing limelight, which was used to illuminate theatres and music halls, and gave its name to the phrase “in the limelight”.
23. DONALD HEALEY (1898-1988)
Born in Perranporth, Healey studied engineering at Newquay College and went on to design Triumph cars before forming the Donald Healey Motor Company and cars such as the Austin-Healey. He was also a rally driver and speed record holder.
24. BARBARA HEPWORTH (1903-1975)
Barbara was as Yorkshire as they come, we’ll give you that, but her inspiration and the majority of her most celebrated work was created while a leading member of the St Ives school of artists during the Second World War.
Her modernist sculpture is among the most celebrated in the world and she was one of the few female artists of her generation to achieve international recognition.
25. EMILY HOBHOUSE (1860-1926)
Born and raised in St Ive, near Liskeard, Hobhouse is remembered for campaigning to change the deprived conditions inside the British-administered concentration camps to imprison Boer women and children in South Africa. Treated with hostility in her home country, her death went unreported in the Cornish press.
26. RICHARD D JAMES (1971-)
Born in Ireland, but having grown up in Lanner and educated at Redruth School and back living in the county, Richard 'Aphex Twin' James is very much a Cornish pioneer in techno and ambient electronic music.
He received a Grammy award in 2014 for his Syro album. One of the biggest cult musicians in the world, James has been cited as an influence by everyone from Radiohead to Daft Punk.
27. RICHARD LANDER (1804-1834)
The Truro explorer followed the River Niger through West Africa. On a second visit he was shot and died from his injuries. His statue now stands tall overlooking the city.
28. PETER LANYON (1918-1964)
One of the country’s most celebrated abstract painters was one of the few artists connected to St Ives who was actually born there. He died following a gliding accident and his reputation (and his works’ worth) has only grown in the ensuing years. David Bowie collected his paintings, several of which he loaned to Tate St Ives.
29. JOHN LE CARRE (1931-)
And not just because his real name is Cornwell … the author of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Spy Who Came In From The Cold and so many expert thrillers has lived in St Buryan for more than 40 years and owns a mile of cliff near Land’s End.
30. BERNARD LEACH (1887-1979)
The “father of British studio pottery” moved to St Ives after spending many years in Japan. He saw pottery as a combination of art, philosophy, design and craft. The Leach Pottery still flourishes.
31. BENJAMIN LUXON (1937-)
The Redruth boy went on to become an international opera star. Now retired and living in America, the baritone was a member of Benjamin Britten’s English Opera Group, English National Opera and has sung everywhere from the Royal Opera House to the Metropolitan Opera.
32. NIGEL MARTYN (1966-)
The St Austell goalkeeper started his career with Bristol Rovers and moved to Crystal Palace where he became the first £1 million goalkeeper in British football. He spent six seasons at Leeds United and won 23 England caps before retiring due to injury after three seasons with Everton.
33. THANDIE NEWTON (1972-)
Brought up in Penzance, Newton won a BAFTA for her role in Crash and was nominated for a Golden Globe and Emmy for the HBO sci-fi drama Westworld. She also gained rave reviews for her portrayal of DCI Roz Huntley in the BBC’s Line of Duty.
34. JOHN OPIE (1761-1807)
The only Cornishman to be buried in St Paul’s Cathedral, Opie – from Trevellas between St Agnes and Perranporth – was one of the great portrait painters of his age. His subjects included members of the royal family after he was introduced to the court of King George III.
35. ANDREW PEARS (1770-1845)
The farmer’s son from Mevagissey invented transparent soap, which was mass-marketed around the world after he established the Pears soap company in London. The global company is still going strong.
36. DAVID PENHALIGON (1944-1986)
The Liberal MP for Truro – where he was born and raised – was one of the most popular Parliamentarians to hail from Cornwall. It’s often been said that he was likely to lead the party if it hadn’t been for his tragic death in a car crash, aged just 42.
37. SUSAN PENHALIGON (1949-)
David’s cousin was known as the 'British Bardot' in the 1970s thanks largely to her performance in the controversial 1976 drama Bouquet of Barbed Wire. Other TV roles include Upstairs Downstairs, A Fine Romance and Emmerdale while she has acted in films such as No Sex Please, We’re British and The Land That Time Forgot. Her very successful stage career continues.
38. DOLLY PENTREATH (1692-1777)
Often dubbed the last native Cornish speaker, Dolly “tramped her fishy wares” around Penwith and Penzance and claimed not to have been able to speak a word of English until she was 20. She was particularly good at swearing in Cornish.
39. ROSAMUNDE PILCHER (1924-2019)
From Lelant, Pilcher published 28 romance novels, which are especially popular in Germany where over 100 TV productions of her stories ensure a steady stream of German tourists to Cornwall.
40. RICK RESCORLA (1939-2001)
Born and raised in Hayle, where he idolised the American soldiers stationed in preparation for D-Day. He later served in the US Army in Northern Rhodesia and Vietnam. A hero of the World Trade Center attacks of September 11, 2001, Rescorla (then director of security for Morgan Stanley) saved many lives before being tragically killed.
41. GEOFF ROWE (1948-)
The clue’s in the name. Better known as Jethro, Rowe is the most successful comedian to emerge from Cornwall – St Buryan to be exact. Announcing his retirement this year, Jethro was arguably at his height in the 1990s when he made many appearances on TV shows hosted by Des O’Connor as well as The Generation Game presented by his mate Jim Davidson.
42. SIR TIM SMIT (1954-)
Yes, he’s half-Dutch but Smit has lived in Cornwall for 30 years, first helping to establish the Lost Gardens of Heligan before creating the Eden Project, which is said to have contributed £1billion to the Cornish economy and is one of the most visited attractions in Britain.
43. RICK STEIN (1947-)
Naysayers are quick to point out that Stein isn’t Cornish but he’s done more than anyone to make Cornwall one of, if not THE, finest parts of Britain for dining. He owns four restaurants in Padstow, and other establishments in Falmouth, Porthleven and Newquay. And to think it all started from a mobile disco in what has become known as “Padstein”.
44. ROGER TAYLOR (1949-)
The most famous musician to emanate from Truro, Roger Taylor was already touring Cornwall in bands while still at Truro School. He formed Smile after moving to London to study dentistry, before the band morphed into Queen playing their first gig under that name in Truro. The rest is rock’n’roll history.
45. PETROC TRELAWNY (1971-)
The Helston School pupil joined BBC Radio Devon aged just 19, joining the newly formed Classic FM in 1992 before becoming one of the stars of Radio 3. He has introduced hundreds of broadcasts for the station, most notably at the BBC Proms.
46. RICHARD TREVITHICK (1771-1833)
Born in Tregajorran, the heart of Cornish mining country, Trevithick’s most famous invention was the high-pressure steam engine, responsible for the world’s first railway journey. Though he did a helluva lot more than that.
47. PHIL VICKERY (1976-)
Starting his rugby union career in Bude and then Redruth, Vickery was a member of England’s World Cup winning squad in 2003 and is a former England captain. He played in three Rugby World Cups and toured Australia and South Africa with the British and Irish Lions.
48. MARY WOLVERSTON (1525-1587)
From Suffolk, Lady Killigrew married into the ancient Cornish Wolverston family and was accused of piracy during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. She was sentenced to death but was eventually pardoned by the queen.
49. BRENDA WOOTTON (1928-1994)
Raised in Newlyn, Wootton is the most famous folk singer to emerge from Cornwall. A great ambassador for Cornwall, she took Cornish song and poetry to all the Celtic nations and as far as Australia and Canada. She is still fondly remembered 26 years after her death, with a blue plaque commemorating her life unveiled in Truro a few years ago.
50. LILIAN WYLES (1885-1975)
The first female detective in the British police force, Wyles was among the first police officers to take statements from female and juvenile assault victims. She wrote her memoirs in Penzance where she lived for almost 30 years.
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- A business partnership agreement is a legally binding document that outlines details about business operations, ownership stake, financials and decision-making.
- Business partnership agreements, when coupled with other legal entity documents, could limit liability for each partner.
- Business partnership agreements should always be written and/or reviewed by legal counsel prior to any signatures.
- This article is for business partners who want to formalize their partnership with an airtight business partnership agreement.
A business partnership agreement establishes clear rules for the operation of a business and the roles of each partner. Business partnership agreements are put in place to resolve any disputes that arise, as well as to delineate responsibilities and how profits or losses are allocated. Any business partnership in which two or more people own a stake of the company should create a business partnership agreement, as these legal documents could provide key guidance in more difficult times.
What is a business partnership agreement?
A business partnership agreement is a legal document between two or more business partners that spells out the business structure, responsibilities of each partner, capital contribution, partnership property, ownership interest, decision-making conventions, the process for one business partner to sell or leave the company, and how the remaining partner or partners split profits and losses.
"I highly suggest formal partnership agreements are put in place as businesses evolve from solo practices into a partnership or ensembles," said Rich Whitworth, head of business consulting for Cetera Financial Group. "The biggest reason is that it establishes the 'rules of engagement' between the business and its owners … and lays out a road map on how to deal with entity-level issues."
While business partnerships seldom begin with concerns about a future partnership dispute or how to dissolve the business, these agreements can guide the process in the future, when emotions might otherwise take over. A written, legally binding agreement serves as an enforceable document, rather than just an oral agreement between partners.
Key takeaway: Business partnership agreements are legally binding documents that partners agree to abide by throughout the life of the business at the start of their partnership.
Why do you need a business partnership agreement?
A business partnership agreement is a necessity because it establishes a set of agreed-upon rules and processes that the owners sign and acknowledge before problems arise. If any challenges or controversies do arise, the business partnership agreement spells out how to address those issues.
"A business partnership is just like a marriage: No one goes into it thinking that it's going to fail. But if it does fail, it can be nasty," said Jessica LeMauk, attorney at Voxtur. "With the right agreements in place, which I'd always recommend be written by a qualified attorney, it makes any potential problems of the business partnership much more easily solved and/or legally enforceable."
In other words, a business partnership agreement protects all partners in the event things go sour. By agreeing to a clear set of rules and principles at the outset of a partnership, the partners are on a level playing field developed by consensus and backed by law.
Key takeaway: Business partnership agreements can help settle disputes and clearly define internal processes across various circumstances.
What should a business partnership agreement include?
Business partnership agreements are necessarily broad, touching virtually every aspect of a business partnership from start to finish. It is important to include all foreseeable issues that could arise regarding the co-management of the business. According to Whitworth, these are some of those issues:
- Ownership stake: A business partnership agreement clearly spells out who owns what percentage of the business, making each partner's stake in the company clear.
- Business operations: Business partnership agreements should explain which activities the business will engage in, as well as which activities it will not.
- Decision-making: A business partnership agreement should outline how decisions are made and the responsibility of each partner in the decision-making process. This includes who has financial control of the company and who must approve the addition of new partners. It should also include information on how profits and losses are distributed amongst the partners.
- Liability: If the business partnership is set up as an LLC, the agreement should limit the liability each partner faces. To do so effectively, a partnership agreement should be paired with other documents, such as articles of incorporation. A business partnership agreement alone is likely not enough to fully protect the partners from liability.
- Dispute resolution: Any business partnership agreement should include a dispute resolution process. Even if partners are best friends, siblings or spouses, disagreements are a natural part of doing business together.
- Business dissolution: In the event the partners choose to dissolve the business, a business partnership agreement should outline how that dissolution should occur, as well as continuity or succession planning should any of the partners divest from the business.
To ensure that your business partnership agreement adequately covers each of these areas, closely involve your business's legal counsel in the development and review of the agreement.
Key takeaway: Business partnership agreements should be wide-ranging in scope and detailed in how they articulate internal processes, financial considerations, dispute settlements, liability and dissolution.
Steps to implement a business partnership agreement
A business partnership agreement does not have to be set in stone, especially as a business grows and develops over time. There will come opportunities to implement new elements of a partnership agreement, especially if unforeseen circumstances occur.
According to Whitworth, there are four major steps in implementing a business partnership agreement.
- Initial partnership: This is when two or more partners first enter into business together. It involves drafting an agreement that governs general operation of the business, the decision-making process, ownership stakes and management responsibilities.
- Addition of limited partners: As a business grows, it might have the opportunity to add new partners. According to Whitworth, the original partners might agree to a "small carve-out of minor equity ownership" for the new partner, as well as limited voting rights that give the new partner partial influence over business decisions.
- Addition of full partners: Of course, sometimes the addition of a limited partner will lead to their inclusion as a full partner in the business. A business partnership agreement should include the requirements and process of elevating a limited partner to the status of full partner, complete with full voting rights and influence equal to that of the original partners.
- Continuity and succession: Finally, a business partnership agreement should take into account what happens when the founders retire or leave the company without initiating dissolution. It should be clear how ownership stake and responsibilities will be distributed among the remaining partners after the departing partners take their leave.
"Partnership agreements need to be well crafted for a myriad of reasons," said Laurie Tannous, owner of law firm Tannous & Associates Inc. "One main driver is that the desires and expectations of partners change and vary over time. A well-written partnership agreement can manage these expectations and give each partner a clear map or blueprint of what the future holds."
Key takeaway: A business partnership agreement should anticipate the future of a business as well as the current state of the partnership.
Free business partnership agreement templates
If you're looking for a free template for business partnership agreements online, these resources could help you draft your own partnership agreement. You can find dozens of free business partnership agreement templates at the links below:
While these free online business partnership agreement templates are great to help you get started and think about what to include in your agreement, it is always best practice to have legal counsel review your draft agreement and help you revise and finalize the document before signing. Once a lawyer confirms that your business partnership agreement is thorough and legally binding, you and your partners can sign it to make it official.
How a business partnership agreement levels the playing field
A well-crafted and airtight business partnership agreement clarifies each partner's expectations, duties and obligations. In business, things are everchanging, so it is important to establish a business partnership agreement that can serve as a grounding document in turbulent or uncertain times. A business partnership agreement also serves as a guideline for how the business should grow and governs the addition of new partners to the business.
If you are going into business with a partner, establish a business partnership agreement while incorporating as an entity. Even if it seems unnecessary today, you might be glad you have an agreement in place later.
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Home > Health Library > Self-Esteem, Ages 6 to 10
Every day, children ages 6 to 10 may face new challenges at home with their families and at school with their friends and teachers. At the end of one day, they may feel good about themselves. They have fun with their friends, have done well at school, and are happy at home. The next day, it may all fall apart if even one thing goes wrong.
Many things influence children's self-esteem, which is a child's sense of worth and belonging. Such things include a child's nature or innate abilities, and how he or she is nurtured—the child's experience with parents, caregivers, and others.
It is normal for self-esteem to rise and fall in cycles, from day to day and even hour to hour, as a child builds and then rebuilds his or her self-concept. Children who feel as though they are not good in at least one thing tend to be emotionally vulnerable.
To help strengthen and support healthy self-esteem in your child:
Current as of:
February 9, 2022
Author: Healthwise StaffMedical Review: John Pope MD - PediatricsKathleen Romito MD - Family MedicineAdam Husney MD - Family MedicineKathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine
Current as of: February 9, 2022
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:John Pope MD - Pediatrics & Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine & Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine & Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2022 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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In this day and age, when there’s a will, there’s a relative who wants to do the family history work for you. This relative may volunteer to prepare your family tree or assist you in creating a memorial. However, even though they are a relative, they may not be a professional genealogist. So what can you expect from a genealogist?
A professional genealogist is the best source for your family tree. They can provide you with reliable information to ensure that you have accurate documentation. A professional will do all the footwork, which involves visiting cemeteries, libraries, and courthouses to locate anything that they refer to or are related to your ancestors. Their work is the groundwork for your family tree.
Professional genealogists can also provide you with a research plan to follow in completing your family tree. This means they will gather all the required information on what records are available and where to find them. They will also assist you in identifying missing ancestors, which helps complete the overall picture of your family tree.
Professional genealogists are adept at online research, which means that they can help you make the best use of search engines to assist in locating your ancestors. They will also teach you how to find any information you need by yourself without paying someone else for it. After all, one of the tenets of professional genealogy is to be able to work independently.
Professional genealogists can help you determine where your ancestors came from or how they got to the place where they settled down. They can also help you whether or not to accept information given by a distant relative. They will also teach you about DNA testing so that if it is appropriate for you, you can have the information you need.
Professional genealogists are experienced in writing reports that describe your family history. This helps you understand the results of their research, enabling them to present their findings in an organized manner. They will also help you edit these reports if needed to understand them by those who do not have a background in genealogy.
Professional genealogists can also help you in locating and obtaining sources for your family tree. They understand the importance of primary and secondary sources and will use these in their research. Their efforts to find the information you need will also help avoid any duplication of effort.
Expect a professional genealogist to provide you with references from past clients who have used their services before hiring them (see genealogist near me). In this way, you can verify that the genealogist has satisfied former clients and ask them about their experience if it is appropriate.
Professional genealogists are your best choice for family history research. A professional can provide you with all the services you need from a genealogist, which means that you do not have to hire other individuals to complete other tasks associated with your family tree. This saves you money and time in the long run. Now that you know what services a professional genealogist can provide for you, you can look into hiring one to get started on your family history.
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Business-to-Business grows on the straightforward fundamental concept of trading. With all the buzz over the previous couple of years pertaining to social media as well as electronic modern technologies, it is simple to forget this the majority of fundamental concept, which has actually existed for centuries. The effect of social as well as electronic modern technologies on the nature of trading, nevertheless, can not be underrated. They have actually transformed exactly how services involve as well as communicate in the acts of trading.
One continuous, study in the social scientific researches have actually confirmed, is the acts of trading are mostly goal-directed tasks as well as habits. These goal-directed behaviors as well as tasks are effective impacts on decision-making worldwide of B2B trading. Effective, in reality, B2B choice manufacturers typically choose methods, temporary strategies, as well as long-lasting strategies based upon the individualized objectives they might be making every effort for.
Purchaser Personas Represent Goal-Directed Motivations
At the core of customer personality growth is making use of a goal-directed study as well as modeling method made to relocate past simply comprehending the procedure of decision-making. It is meant to determine as well as brighten goal-directed inspirations as well as feelings, which disclose understandings right into why as well as exactly how choices are made. Personas, generally, stem from the idea of comprehending goal-directed habits. This idea is essential to buyer personas.
For company online marketers, the goal-directed idea as well as method functions as a prepared pen to identify genuine customer personalities from the excess of disinforming customer profiling web content impersonating as customer personalities. These customer accounts primarily highlight the standard process-based as well as item requirement-based sights of purchasers.
B2B Is Also Focused On Refine As Well As Trip
This is a crucial difference for company online marketers as well as vendors remain to look for understanding on the why as well as exactly how of decision-making. The video game of thinking likewise proceeds as made obvious by the different yearly studies revealing 70% or even more of web content is located to be unnecessary by purchasers. As discussed, the effect of social as well as electronic modern technologies has actually made this demand much more immediate. It has, in several methods, demonstrated how basically flawed the standard technique of comprehending acquiring habits totally via the standard organized acquiring procedure of Awareness-Consideration-Decision truly is.
The present state of B2B advertising and marketing as well as sales is just one of ongoing addiction on the procedure, channel, or the brand-new terms of the exact same point, trip. This technique, in the contemporary electronic globe, is extremely poor in assisting companies to comprehend the underlying objectives driving the why as well as exactly how of decision-making. The addiction proceeds as we attempt to “automate” these procedures using sales automation as well as advertising and marketing automation.
To genuinely comprehend such procedures as well as trips, we need to do so by comprehending them via the context of goal-directed tasks, habits, as well as selections. Or else, they provide none to extremely little discovery to goal-directed decision-making. (One such business I have had the enjoyment helpful in making this crucial contextual link is Thomson Reuters, as defined by CMO Tobias Lee as well as talked to by CMO Vala Afshar in this Huffington Message write-up: Avoid The Bermuda Triangle Of Leads.)
Deep Comprehending Of Objectives As Well As Goal-Directed Habits
Comprehending decision-making comes via obtaining a deep understanding of the underlying objectives, in addition to, the goal-directed habits driving choices. I am not doing so ostensibly when I refer to objectives. This needs to be mentioned for I have actually seen a couple of profile-based layouts, mislabeled as a customer personality theme, consist of a heading of, objectives, yet they do so complex purposes with objectives. Neither do they do so with understanding of the research-based sorts of objectives as well as their behavior impact on choices.
B2B purchasers are choosing within the context of both individual as well as business objectives they might be making every effort to achieve. These objectives typically can stay both on the mindful as well as subconscious degree. They can likewise typically go unarticulated straight by purchasers. This is what makes qualitative customer study, performed with the best study methods to discover underlying objectives, so crucial to customer personality growth
Getting a deep understanding of objectives as well as goal-directed habits are what B2B online marketers as well as vendors require to make the link to understanding choices. It assists to brighten the course purchasers are requiring to achieve objectives as well as their connections to services present. Most significantly, it takes the uncertainty out of exactly how to connect with purchasers. You do so by showing as well as connecting exactly how you as well as your company aid satisfy objectives.
Goal-Directed Choice Making
Regardless of the incredible pressures of adjustment taking place in the electronic age, essential trading in B2B stays greatly asserted on goal-directed tasks as well as habits. These goal-directed tasks as well as habits cause end results. Mostly B2B choices are end results based upon, in addition to, driven by significant as well as extensive objectives.
The course for B2B online marketers as well as vendors to be effective today is one, which causes comprehending goal-directed decision-making. It is not the simple as well as fast course guaranteed by wrong profiling layouts or online devices. It is a course where the focus as well as obligation turns into one helpful individuals as well as services to satisfy their objectives
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Photo by boaski via Wikimedia Commons
Visitors recently defaced Honolulu’s Chinatown with trash and graffiti. Last Saturday, the Chinese Chamber of Commerce organized a volunteer effort to clean up the trash and remove the graffiti, KHON-TV reports.
Chinese Chamber of Commerce member Wesley Fong is disappointed by the current state of Honolulu’s Chinatown but proud of the efforts made to restore it.
“What we really want to do is take back Chinatown and make it safe and secure for our local residents and tourists,” Fong told KHON-TV. “The ones who live, work and visit. When we have our local residents and our tourists coming to Chinatown, we don’t want them to be afraid anymore.”
In a photo gallery by Star-Advertiser, volunteers and city employees picked up trash, painted over graffiti and touched up vandalized streets.
“We have a crew out here helping to paint… we have crews out here also cleaning up utility poles, fire hydrants, mailboxes that are full of graffiti, ” Chinese Chamber of Commerce President Russell Lau told the Honolulu Star-Advertiser.
KHON-TV also reports that Honolulu Mayor Rick Blangiardi joined in on helping clean Chinatown.
“We made a promise to do something for Chinatown that has been talked about forever and has not been done,” Blangiardi told Yahoo! News. “The time has come.”
Alongside restoring Honolulu’s Chinatown, Blangiardi has plans to launch a Crisis Outreach Response and Engagement program. Blangiardi plans to use this program to use mental health and medical specialists instead of police to respond to calls that involve homeless people.
These efforts will hopefully restore Honolulu, according to Blangiardi.
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Key Difference – Viral vs Bacterial Infection
Bacteria and viruses enter the human body and multiply to cause diseases. Though, both bacterial and viral infections present differently according to the affected organ, the key difference between viral and bacterial infection is that the bacterial infections increase neutrophil and eosinophil counts while viruses increase lymphocyte count. Meningitis features fever, headache, photophobia, neck stiffness, and confusion. Sinusitis presents with face pain, fever, runny nose, blocked nose, post nasal drip and phlegm. Pneumonia features cough, sputum production, chest pain and fever. Urinary tract infections present with fever, lower abdominal pain, blood stained urine and painful urination.
When a bacterium or a virus enters the body, it encounters the protective mechanisms of the body. It meets white blood cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which engulf it and digest it. These bacteria and viruses contain molecules that are identified as foreign substances by the complex receptor system in the body. This triggers a complex series of reactions designed to destroy the foreign substances. Once the first few bacteria are digested, their foreign proteins get presented attach to the cell membrane of the cells which digested them. These proteins trigger B and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes form antibodies and T lymphocytes form toxic substances designed to destroy the invaders. Complement system gets activated, and it also forms a membrane, which binds to the bacterial cell membrane leading to its destruction. When cells are damaged due to the toxic substances released by the protective cells, acute inflammation starts up. If the organism is virulent, there will be a major reaction. If the organism is persistent, abscess formation and chronic inflammation may occur. If the reaction removes the organism or drug treatment interferes with the natural progression of the disease, healing with resolution or scarring will follow.
What are Bacterial Infections?
Bacteria are single cell organisms. They have a cell membrane, organelles, and a nucleus. They consume substrates and oxygen and produce energy. They multiply to procreate. They can be commensals, which live in harmony without causing any symptoms, and pathogens that cause diseases. Among commensals, there are organisms that cause diseases if the opportunity arises. These are called opportunistic pathogens.
Bacterial infections present according to the severity of the infection. Bacterial infection results in the release of specific inflammatory mediators. Extracellular bacteria trigger migration of neutrophils. Thus, full blood count shows high numbers of neutrophils. Intra cellular bacteria trigger eosinophils, as well as neutrophils, and therefore, the full blood count shows elevated numbers of those cells. Red blood cell count may be relatively low. Some bacterial illnesses cause an anemia. Platelet count remains normal in most cases.
What are Viral Infections?
Viruses are microscopic life forms with a nucleic acid strand, protein core, and a capsule. They are simple organisms that need a cell to thrive and multiply. There are RNA viruses and DNA viruses. DNA viruses incorporate its DNA directly into the cellular replication system and makes copies of itself. RNA viruses produce a compatible DNA strand from its RNA with reverse transcription and incorporate it into the cellular mechanisms to produce copies of it. (Read the Difference Between DNA Replication and Transcription)
When viruses enter the cells, some of it is digested and the foreign proteins get presented attach to the cell membrane of the host cells. This triggers the body reactions against the viruses. Lymphocytes predominate in the reaction against viruses. Some viruses inhibit bone marrow function and limit cell formation. Therefore, white blood cell count, platelet count, and red blood cell count may drop in viral infections. Some viruses increase vascular permeability and cause fluid leakage.
What is the difference between Viral and Bacterial Infection?
Bacteria are single cell organisms while viruses are more primitive.
Bacterial infections increase neutrophil and eosinophil counts while viruses increase lymphocyte count.
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International Seminar Series
The Fall International Seminar Series, A New Normal in a Global Context, continues at noon, Wednesday, September 29, 2021, with Dr. Lane Crothers’ talk on “It’s Not Just About US: Right Wing Extremism in Global Perspective.”
In his talk, Crothers will discuss three factors shaping contemporary political life: The reemergence of militia and associated groups in the United States after 2008, the rise of right-wing populist and militaristic parties and groups across the world, especially in Europe, and the ways those movements intersect in our globalized world. Crothers argues that the shocking events of January 6 were part of a global effort by right-wing groups to empower societies grounded in racial, ethnic, and cultural nativism. Adherents include overtly racist groups like the Proud Boys and the neo-Nazis, but also many police officers and armed forces worldwide. Supporters of these groups interact online, learning from each other about an array of topics ranging from combat tactics to hiding financial transactions. Globalization fuels both the movement and the forces the movement hates. It isn’t going away any time soon.
Lane Crothers is a professor of politics and government at Illinois State University, where he has taught since 1994. His work focuses on the ways the values, ideals, and social practices of American political culture shape the ways Americans interact both with their own political system and with political systems around the world. He has explored these interests as the author or co-author of more than 20 journal articles and nine books, including Globalization and American Popular Culture, now in its fourth edition, and Rage on the Right: The American Militia Movement from Ruby Ridge to the Trump Presidency, recently published in its second edition. He is currently managing editor of the international journal, Populism. From August 2015 to May 2016, Professor Crothers held the Fulbright Bicentennial Chair in American Studies in the Department of World Cultures at the University of Helsinki in Helsinki, Finland. From September 2007 to February 2008, he held the position of Eccles Centre Visiting Professor in North American Studies at the British Library in London, UK.
The faculty coordinator for this semester’s International Seminar Series is Dr. T.Y. Wang, university professor and chair of the Department of Politics and Government. The series continues with webinars each Wednesday through November 3, 2021, and is offered in collaboration with the Office of International Studies and Programs. The International Seminar Series has become one of the most popular internationally focused events on ISU’s campus and continues to provide international perspectives on critical issues around the world.
The seminar series events are free and open to the public: Advance registration is required to receive the log-in link. Those who have questions or who need an accommodation to participate fully should contact firstname.lastname@example.org or call 209-438-5276.
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DSCC pursuing multilateral measures to ease Dhaka's traffic jam: Taposh
Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) has undertaken a set of measures including revival of naval routes, construction of new roads and modernisation of existing traffic system in coordination with the government's multilateral approach to ease the city's acute traffic congestion.
The city corporation authority is also focusing on developing the existing roads, widening 53 intersections, registering non-mechanical vehicles, rationalising bus routes, ensuring adequate places for parking and removing illegal occupants of roads to make city traffic system smooth.
"We have taken various measures in coordination with the government and Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) to reduce the nagging traffic jam of the capital," DSCC Mayor Barrister Sheikh Fazle Noor Taposh told BSS in an interview at his Nagar Bhaban office.
The mayor said he along with the DNCC mayor and the concerned ministries have also taken an initiative to establish four inter-district bus terminals at Dhaka's entry points.
"We have taken initiative to set up four bus terminals at Batulia of Birulia, Hemayetpur of Savar, Tegharia of Kamrangirchar and Kanchpur of Sonargaon under Bus Route Rationalidation (BRR) programme," he said. Once the terminals are built, no-inter-district buses will be allowed to enter the capital city, which will help reduce traffic jam significantly, he added.
Barrister Taposh said they have also initiated to construct a six-lane road from Kalunagar to Postogola Bridge and a process is underway to appoint a consultancy firm to this end.
The mayor said measures were taken to develop 53 intersections by widening their left lanes and modernising the existing traffic system, adding, "We are implementing the Internet of Things (IOT) traffic system."
Barrister Taposh said that they have a plan to construct a four-lane road beside the canals and rivers of the new 18 wards after conducting necessary feasibility study.
The mayor said they will widen the footpaths to make those suitable to walk to inspire people walking to short distance destinations.
He said they have taken a project of Tk 5 crore to give facelift of the places under three flyovers after removing all the illegal occupants.
"Illegal occupation of the places under the flyovers has also contributed to the city's traffic jam. We will remove the illegal occupants by any means," he added.
As many as seven lakh of non-mechanical vehicles such as rickshaws, vans and carts have been plying the city roads alongside the mechanical vehicles which have greatly contributed to the city's nagging traffic jams, he added.
"We have drawn up an initiative to get the non-mechanical vehicles registered and their licenses renewed after 34 years. So far, 1.56 lakh non-motorised vehicles have already been registered and given digital number plates," he said.
No non-motorised vehicles having digital number plates will be allowed to ply the city routes, he said, adding that they will start working to implement the ban on plying of converted non-mechanical vehicles under the jurisdiction of the city corporation.
The mayor said that they are trying to ensure adequate parking places for vehicles.
"Mechanical and non-mechanical vehicles have been kept on our main city roads in a scattered way. We have taken an initiative to fix specific places for separate parking of those vehicles and none will be allowed to park their vehicles at undesignated places," he said.
The mayor said that they are reviewing the revised strategic plan taken by the DSCC to reshuffle the overall road management.
Under the management, he said that some roads will be fixed for only walking, some others for plying vehicles by making roads one-way and two-way while separate lanes will be fixed for different modes of mechanical and non- mechanical vehicles, he continued.
Taposh said that an initiative has been taken to make bus route rationalisation (BRR) to bring discipline in the mass transport system.
"We are going to introduce the BRR system on Ghatarchar to Kanchpur route with 120 buses on experimental basis from December 1 next," he said.
He added that after the successful test run of the BRR system, buses under 22 companies in nine clusters on 42 routes would ply.
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Dr. John Jamieson could be the next Canadian to go into space.
This week, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) announced the assistant professor of earth sciences and Canada Research Chair in Marine Geology has made the short list of a year-long campaign to find its two newest “star” candidates.
Since Navdeep Bains, minister, Innovation, Science and Economic Development, and minister responsible for the CSA, launched Canada’s fourth astronaut recruitment campaign in June, more than 3,700 Canadians have completed the application.
That began a rigorous selection process, which saw the group whittled down to just over 1,700 in late September, following the results of a public service entrance exam.
That group was cut to 100 candidates in mid-December after a preliminary medical test conducted by the Canadian Forces Health Services Group. This week, the CSA released the names and backgrounds of their top 72 potential recruits, including one from Newfoundland and Labrador: Dr. Jamieson.
‘I’ve got to try’
“I thought about applying when the CSA did their last recruitment campaign in 2008, but I had just started my PhD,” said Dr. Jamieson.
“This time I thought, ‘I’ve got to try.’ I’m not one of those people who grew up wanting to be an astronaut, and it didn’t drive any of my career choices, but I’ve always had a space bug. So, when this opportunity came up, I thought, if I didn’t at least try, it would always be one of those things I’d regret.”
However, as he filled in the lengthy application, Dr. Jamieson realized he had much of the experience the CSA was looking for.
“I was checking off a lot of their boxes, and so I started thinking I might actually have a chance.”
His research in the Arctic and at sea fit the CSA’s criteria of experience working in harsh or isolated environments. They also wanted to know if he could work in operational environments or with robotics. While on ships, Dr. Jamieson works around cranes and high-tech electronics, and collects samples with underwater remotely operated vehicles.
“As I worked through the process, I saw I was checking off a lot of their boxes, and so I started thinking I might actually have a chance. That got me a little excited.”
Strict confidentiality agreements signed with the CSA prevent Dr. Jamieson from discussing the next elimination challenges until after they take place.
“I would like to continue exploring, and space, be it the International Space Station, the Moon, or even further, is the ultimate destination for discovery.”
However, he can say several events are coming up, but that he has only been given minimal information — just enough to be able to plan his life around them. And while he says the chances of him becoming Canada’s next astronaut are low, the experience has already been worth it.
“My career as a geologist has been driven by a passion for exploration, discovery, and scientific understanding. In this way, the job of both astronaut and geologist are very similar,” he said.
“Having ventured down to the depths of our oceans, I would like to continue exploring, and space, be it the International Space Station, the Moon, or even further, is the ultimate destination for discovery. The opportunity to be a part of this endeavour, and share these accomplishments and challenges with the rest of the world, would be a challenge and tremendous honour.”
In addition to Dr. Jamieson, there is another Memorial connection to the CSA’s shortlist: Crystal Laflamme, an Ottawa, Ont., native, earned a master’s degree at Memorial. She is a research fellow in geology/geochemistry in Perth, Australia.
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We had a great Independence Day at camp. You could feel the energy in the air right from the start of breakfast. The chants of “USA” and the spontaneous eruption of the Star Spangled Banner kicked off a great day. And amidst the patriotic cheers, we took a moment to talk about why the 4th of July is special at camp. North Star’s first summer was in 1945, and with the country at war, one of the main goals of camp was to teach our young men to be great citizens. While I’m sure they never imagined that 68 summers later, we would have campers and counselors from 13 different countries at camp, the Fourth of July continues to signify the importance of being a good citizen of camp, the country you come from and the world we all live in.
The morning was our Green-White Marathon. This is a relay race that includes nearly every event in camp. It starts with a running race and includes fun-bugging, swimming, canoeing, climbing, archery, riflery, biking, skipping, tent building, tennis volleying, bed making, basketball shooting, bucket filling, singing, and more, before leading to Boil Water Boil. In this final event, the whole camp gathers around as the two teams compete to build a fire that can boil a tin can full of water over the top first. It was a very close race with the White team making a late comeback during Boil Water Boil to take the lead and win the Marathon. The spirit for Green-White has been fantastic and it has continued to be a close competition all the way through the summer.
After lunch, we gave the boys some time to pretty themselves up for our Fourth of July picnic with camp Birch Trail. The ladies of Birch Trails were great hosts, and put on a Hunger Games themed social. Worry not, the campers were not left to fend for themselves with selected weaponry. Our boys were armed only with their wit and their charm! As we got off the buses, we were escorted through the trails where our staff members were kidnapped in the woods to become Tributes for the 2012 Social Games!
The Birch Trail staff planned a series of icebreaker games that got all of the campers mingling. After a great barbecue dinner, the music started and there was a great dance party. It was so neat to see our guys dancing carefree, just like they do when we’re at North Star, even with the girls around. It was a great Fourth of July!
Tonight we wrapped up a great Friday Night Service on attitude. Even through a hot and humid week, our staff and campers kept their spirit and energy up. We had a great sermonette by Andy Rodheim on how quickly a positive attitude can spread at camp, and it really does. Around camp, you see the positive attitudes spreading everywhere. We see it at the activities all the time as our boys take on new challenges over and over until they succeed. Those great attitudes are just one part of what makes North Star campers the greatest kids in the world!
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Make sure Nasco Education is on your preferred vendor and bid lists! Send inquiries to: [email protected]
Intro to Arts Attack Video-based Online Art Curriculum-1-Year License
Product Number: NZ10423
This item is shipped directly from our supplier. Allow extra delivery time.
Intro to Arts Attack is a video-based online art curriculum that teaches basic elements and principles of art, along with drawing, artist appreciation, art history, multicultural art, and self-expression. Perfect for classroom teachers, art specialists, or parent volunteers. Subscription includes:
- 12 video-based art lessons
- Lesson summaries
- Art print guides that include artist background, discussion questions, activities, and extensions
- Teacher training videos that include teaching tips, teacher's manual, How to Host an Art Show, and project demos
This is a 12-month subscription and is not downloadable. Must include the following information at checkout: first and last name, school, district and email address. Login credentials will be emailed following purchase.
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<urn:uuid:c68f6eb6-1f4e-4eab-a0fc-7f7c7a006c29>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.enasco.com/p/Intro-to-Arts-Attack-Video-based-Online-Art-Curriculum-1-Year-License%2BNZ10423
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|
We acknowledge the original custodians of this land, the Dharawal people and their language and all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in our land. We take responsibility for maintaining a sense of belonging and connectedness to our shared history and culture and strive to care for the land on which we all live.
We see children as insightful, capable and unique individuals, who come to our centre with their own interests, talents, skills, and ideas. We will ensure that every child exercises their right to play, privacy, participation, to be heard, practice their own culture and make decisions regarding matters that effect their lives.
Our educators will protect and cherish the innocence of children and thus provide a safe and secure environment that will support each child to thrive.
Children have a natural desire to play, explore, experiment and discover. It is through play that young children learn to make connections with others, to develop their ideas and express themselves. We encourage play that is child led and open-ended in which children can follow their interests and learn to organise and understand the complexities of the world they live in.
School readiness is a fundamental aspect of our program and underpins many of the experiences provided at our preschool. Using the EYLF as a guide, our program will see Educators use intentional teaching, which is deliberate, purposeful, and thoughtful in its delivery to supporting all children develop the core skills that will support them when starting school and provide positive long-term impact on their learning and development.
We view our families as our partners, supporting each other in providing the best outcomes for your children. We are equally committed to being active in our community by supporting local businesses, utilising our community resources and enhancing connections to community and culture past and present.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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http://littleshepherd.com.au/about-us/centre-philosophy
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When we reach the age of 40, our strength and flexibility start to decrease, heightening our need for healthier meals and regular exercise. However, amid this fact, we tend to take the foods we buy for granted. For instance, we put in the cart the foods we only want to eat, not minding its label and the risks it may bring. Other than that, you get to spend a lot more than what is needed.
As a provider of senior care in Arkansas, Le’Feather HomeCare is concerned with your health and budgeting strategies. So, here are some of the smart ways to shop healthily and cost-effectively:
- Look for products with discounts.
Various items are discounted for seniors. Out of all those products, buy the best ones that suit you. Then, ask the cashier for a store loyalty card for discounts and coupons with your receipt. Also, keep updated when discount days takes place.
- Make a list.
Writing down on paper all the necessary items you have to buy in the grocery stores helps a lot in faster shopping and saving money because you get to avoid purchasing things that are not on your list.
- Read the label.
If you want to avoid getting allergic reactions, read the labels. It will help you determine whether that product is healthy for you or not, or whether they are expired or not. But, it would be much easier if you hire home care in Little Rock, Arkansas; the caregivers can do the shopping for you, so you’ll have more time to relax at home.
If you’re looking for more home care services in Arkansas and its neighboring areas, feel free to browse our website. We’ll also keep you updated with more helpful tips!
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<urn:uuid:453a46cf-c845-4d02-b42c-5f45fb5bffc9>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.lefeatherhomecare.com/tips-for-seniors-how-to-be-a-smart-shopper
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Accrued liabilities are
Liability may refer to:
* Legal liability, in both civil and criminal law
** Public liability, part of the law of tort which focuses on civil wrongs
** Product liability, the area of law in which manufacturers, distributors, suppliers, reta ...
that reflect expenses that have not yet been paid or logged under
Accounts payable (AP) is money owed by a business to its suppliers shown as a liability on a company's balance sheet
In financial accounting
Financial accounting is the field of accounting
Accounting or Accountancy is the measurement, ...
during an accounting period; in other words, a company's obligation to pay for goods and services that have been provided for which
An invoice, bill or tab is a commercial
Commercial may refer to:
* a dose of advertising conveyed through media (such as - for example - radio or television)
** Radio advertisement
** Television advertisement
* (adjective for:) commerce, a sys ...
s have not yet been received.
Examples would include accrued wages payable, accrued sales tax payable, and accrued rent payable.
There are two general types of Accrued Liabilities:
*Routine and recurring
*Infrequent or non-routine
Routine and recurring Accrued Liabilities are types of transactions that occur as a normal, daily part of the business cycle.
Infrequent or non-routine Accrued Liabilities are transactions that do not occur as a daily part of the business cycle, but do happen from time to time.
Example: Accrued Wages Payable
Most companies pay their employees on a predetermined schedule.
Let's use an example with a company called "Imaginary company Ltd." It pays its employees each Friday for the hours worked that week.
This example will look at one month (June) and see how it records its Accrued Wages. Because wages are accrued for an entire week before they are paid, wages paid on Friday are compensation for the week ended June 5th.
If the total wages for the 4 Fridays in June are $1000.00 ($250.00 per week or $50.00 per day), "Imaginary company Ltd." will make routine journal entries for wage payments at the end of each week. As the company pays wages it increases the 'Wage Expense' account and decreases the 'Cash' account. In this example, "Imaginary company Ltd." would pay wages on the 5th, 12th, 19th, and 26th of June. Assuming that the company prepares Financial statements each month, they owe an additional $200.00 in wages for the last four workdays in June (the 27th, 28th, 29th, & 30th). The company will not pay these wages until the next Friday of the following month on July 3rd
; to make sure the company's report remains correct an adjustment must be made.
Wage Expense $1000.00
Wage Expense $200.00
Accrued Wages Payable $200.00
If the company does not record the 2nd
transaction, both Expenses and Liabilities are understated. This will make the company's Income appear higher than it actually is, which can have very serious consequences.
Accrued liabilities is the direct opposite of
A deferral, in ''accrual accounting'', is any Account (accountancy), account where the income or expense is not recognised until a future date (accounting period), e.g. Annuity (finance theory), annuities, fee, charges, taxes, income, etc. The ...
In accrual accountingAccrual (''accumulation'') of something is, in finance, the adding together of interest or different investments over a period of time. It holds specific meanings in accounting, where it can refer to accounts on a balance she ...
Liability (financial accounting)
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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http://theinfolist.com/html/ALL/s/accrued_liabilities.html
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| 0.947464
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A book, I think, is very like, A little golden door, That takes me into places, Where I have never been before, It leads me into fairyland, Or countries strange and far, And, best of all, the golden door, Always stands ajar. - Adelaide Love
Books are a necessary part of every functioning civilization. They transmit history, teach morals, keep laws, maintain a stable language, codify both religion and philosophy and spread ideas. There is no end to the importance of this treasure called the book.
The link between 23rd April and books was first made in 1923 by booksellers in Spain to honor the author, Miguel de Cervantes, who died on that day. As for today, the World Book and Copyright Day is observed in over 100 countries, where schools, private businesses, voluntary organizations and lots of more people and groups come together to pay a tribute to both books and their authors.
The annually celebrated World Book and Copyright Day, which is also known as International Day of the Book or World Book Day, is organized by UNESCO to promote reading, publishing and copyright amongst all public worldwide. This day symbolizes the celebration of the world well-known authors and encourages everybody, especially youth, to discover the gratification of reading.
We, at World Assembly of Youth (WAY), recognize that youth, nowadays, are struggling in extremely various situations with diverse traces and perspectives, mental and social growth. In addition, the existence of technology, which with no doubt brings in a lot of amenities into our life, has influenced young people’s preferences on entertainment leading most of them spending lesser leisure-time on reading.
Acknowledging on the challenges encountered in our society today, we urge young people to develop a habit of reading regularly so as to increase their knowledge on various subject matters. Our encouragement towards reading has even gone further than just raising awareness amongst young people as we continue to publish resourceful reading materials such as news, press releases and even book especially those related to youth issues which can be found at www.way.org.my/publication.
Therefore, through the commemorate of World Book and Copyright Day, we wish to reiterate our intention of encouraging young people to continuously appreciate books and treasure the value obtained by reading them. As we, at WAY, believe that books are the treasure of literacy; they are miraculous in their every word and imaginative sentences. They are the magic bean of creativity and the well of knowledge!
HAPPY WORLD BOOK AND COPYRIGHT DAY!
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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| 0.956749
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A landmark study has found that a low dose aspirin every day might lessen the risk of death and severe complications of COVID19 infection. It is not a planned treatment prescribed by the doctors but a preventive measure. The study has gathered data from the University of Maryland School Of Medicine. The study has shown that a low dose of aspirin helps people to avoid the worst outcomes of the disease. Experts have said that people who take aspirin daily are at a 47 percent reduced risk of death from fatal COVID19 infection. Such people are much less likely to be hospitalized in ICU or to be ventilator, said the experts. This study has been published in a journal called Anesthesia and Analgesia.
The lead author of the study Jonathon Chow has said that there is a need for random clinical trials to validate these findings. Once these findings of the study are confirmed, aspirin will be the first-ever easily available over the counter medicine to reduce the rate of death in COVID19 patients. Dr. Chow and his teammates have looked at the medical records of 412 COVID19 patients, who have been in the median age of 55 years. All these patients have been admitted to the hospital due to COVID19 complications. Nearly 25 percent of patients have been taking around 81 milligrams of aspirin either before being hospitalized or right after. Experts have shown that aspirin use has been linked with a 44 percent reduced risk of being on a ventilator. The usage of a low dose of aspirin is linked with 43 percent of decreased risk of being in ICU as well.
The study has noted that people who have been taking aspirin are at a 47 percent reduced risk of death due to COVID19 infection as compared to other patients who have not taken aspirin. Experts have revealed that patients who have been taking aspirin have not witnessed any raise in severe complications like major bleeding. Experts have said that though constant aspirin use can lead to major bleeding or something like peptic ulcer, however, a low dose of aspirin every day can prevent heart diseases such as heart attack or a stroke, which are caused by blood clotting.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://scoop.market.us/experts-say-a-low-dose-of-aspirin-every-day-might-reduce-the-risk-of-death-due-to-severe-covid19-infection/
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Natural Cures to Acne - Fast and Easy Elimination
by Errika Miller
with embarrassing acne. Instead of buying treatments that must be bought again and
again, why not use a natural, permanent cure? The key to naturally curing the
problem is finding out when and why the formation of acne exists. First try to find the
origin of the problem to begin proper treatment.
Why do I have acne?
Most appearances of acne either come from awful eating habits, hormones, or
constipation. While there may be other origins such as improper facial cleansing or
allergy breakouts, these can easily be modified with proper facial care and selection
of sensitive facial products. The major source of acne is chronic constipation. Many
of us eat high contents of starches, sugar, and fatty foods. We don't realize that the
accumulation of these foods causes chronic constipation. For our bowels to move
properly we must consume the proper amount of whole grains, fiber and drink high
volumes of water. If for any reason we don't consume these bulk forming foods and
liquids, our bowels are not able to release the toxic matter from our bloodstream
into our intestines for elimination. High toxicity levels in the bloodstream can cause
several medical conditions, sometimes death. When your body is unable to eliminate
the waste from your bowels, it then attempts elimination though you pores which
result in acne. Awful eating habits and chronic constipation go hand in hand.
Is there a natural treatment to acne?
Indeed there is a natural cure to acne. Wasting hundreds of dollars annually on
creams and ointments can be a waste when it is not curing the root of the problem.
The administration of these substances only prevents acne for a short period of time.
This is why after a week of not administering any substance on your pores, you
break out. The root of the problem is your eating habits which in turn causes
The constipation then leads to waste or toxins being released from your pores
because of the inability to be released from your bowels. To begin, the person with
acne should choose a cleansing program that will work for their lifestyle. Over the
counter laxatives are not recommended, your entire colon needs cleansing. It is best
to use natural remedies that can be found in local grocery stores. One such remedy
that has been used by many is going a week or two only eating raw vegetables, raw
fruits and water. There are several remedies out there to choose from.
About The Author
For more in depth information on treatment for acne and other natural cures visit
[http://naturescures.the-ideal-solutions.com] Also, for a step by step guide to
dieting and diet plans visit [http://healthydieting.the-ideal-solutions.com].
Acne is the most common skin
disease found in all ages and ethnic
groups. It is an inflammatory
condition affecting our sebaceous
glands and follicles of hair that are
present on our face, neck, back, and
shoulders. Many of us who have had
acne know that it can cause a low
self esteem and low confidence. While
many of us have bought many over
the counter treatments and drug
prescriptions for a possible cure,
others have had no success and
struggle with the day to day fight of
embarrassment from our facial flaws.
There is hope for all of us who suffer
|Copyright © EveryNutrient.com
|These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The content on
this website is for educational purposes only. Please consult with your physician before using natural
remedies and before making any drastic changes to your diet or exercise program.
Extra-Virgin Coconut Oil
Coconut Oil Reviews
Coconut Oil Research
|
<urn:uuid:5fac3c30-7ff6-4709-8a22-7431e929e726>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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http://everynutrient.com/natural-cures-to-acne-fast-and-easy-elimination.html
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|
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Reading: Psalm 23: 5-6
Verse 6: “Surely goodness and love will follow me all the days of my life”.
Yesterday we looked at how our Shepherd provides and cares for us, the sheep of His fold. Today we look at the last third of Psalm 23. God prepares a table for us. In the eternal, this will be the banquet feast in heaven. In this life it is a place to gather, to relax, to share in a meal. Usually we gather at the table with family and friends. It is the place we laugh and enjoy community. It is where we share our day or week, our joys and concerns. The table can also function as the place we gather to learn and discuss our faith. Many groups gathers around many tables in many churches and homes to grow deeper in our faith.
Our psalmist includes someone that maybe we’d rather not have at the table – our enemies. At the table is the best place to become not enemies. To sit and talk with someone who has wronged you or that you have wronged often leads to healing and reconciliation. It also often leads to the common ground that allows a friendship to begin. Jesus was very clear that we are to love and pray for our enemies, to forgive them, to be reconciled to them. If we are truly loving God with all of our heart, soul, mind, and strength, then there is not room in our hearts for enemies. When we truly live with no enemies then our head is anointed with the oils of blessing and our cup overflows with love and mercy and goodness.
The psalmist names this blessing in verse 6, saying, “Surely goodness and love will follow me all the days of my life”. When we dwell in the house of the Lord, we are filled with His presence and love and peace and grace and strength… Yes, indeed our cup overflows. The more it overflows the less room we allow in our hearts for enemies and hate and prejudice and stereotypes… There is then more room for God. May we each actively seek to be reconcilers and people of grace and mercy and forgiveness this day and every day, all for the glory of God and the building of His kingdom.
Prayer: Lord, may I be filled with your love. Drive all hate and evil from my heart. Let “enemy” not be a term in my life. Grant me words of healing and mercy and life today. Amen.
|
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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|
en
| 0.952578
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|
The big difference between Japanese and Western saws is that they cut on the pull stroke rather than the push stroke. The bonus is that they can use thinner steel resulting in a thinner Kerf, faster cut, way more precision, and less waste. A traditional Japanese hand saw is a two-sided Ryōba saw. One edge has a rip saw tooth pattern, the other is used for cross-cutting. The word Ryōba literally translates as Double-edged.
Another favorite, the Dōtsuki saw is a single-edged Japanese saw with the added advantage of a stiffening spine like some traditional dovetail and tenon saws have.
Handles are wrapped in Traditional style, Ryoba models.
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<urn:uuid:7a5b887b-904f-4ef7-80ce-dfea90fa302c>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://newtonwoodcraft.com/products/japanese-style-hand-saws?_pos=1&_sid=9b5dbb0f1&_ss=r&variant=39903148343382
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957403
| 146
| 2.796875
| 3
|
A lot of people think it is just too hard to get fitter. But you can make serious fitness improvements much more easily than you think. All you need to do is make some lifestyle changes that can boost overall fitness levels and help you reach your goals.
Buying new clothes for your workouts may be the confidence boost you need to stay motivated. Even if it’s not very flashy, you’ll still want to wear it to the gym.
To tone up your triceps, you should try to do some simple push-ups. The trick is to take the normal pushup and directly target your triceps. This is done by rotating your hands 45 degrees. Your fingertips should now be facing each other. Doing this targeted exercise can tone and strengthen those difficult to reach triceps like few other exercises can.
The frequency of your workouts depend on exactly what you are trying to achieve. If you are looking to build large, strong muscles you will want to workout every other day. If you want to be leaner with more defined muscles, increase the number of strength training sessions.
If you have difficulty staying motivated to continue your fitness program, you should consider mixing things up with a variety of fitness classes. Constantly trying new classes will help you find those you can stick with long term and lets you get your money’s worth out of your gym membership. You may want to join a yoga or dance class. Endure a kickboxing or boot camp session. You are not making a long-term commitment to these classes, and each time you try something different, you will be shedding pounds.
Keep track of all of your activities each day. Keep notes on everything, including all exercise activities, food and beverages consumed, etc. You can even note the day’s weather. You will later begin to pick out certain patterns. If you need to skip exercise at any time, include the reason in your daily record.
For someone who demands significant, sustainable results, a personal trainer is well worth the investment. A personal trainer will offer insight in addition to the motivation you need to keep working at an exercise routine. They aren’t for everyone, but a trainer can have a great effect on some people.
Treadmills and other forms of indoor exercise equipment are great, but they don’t compare to exercising in the great outdoors. Running on the pavement is better in the winter than using an indoor treadmill.
When you are lifting doing more reps with less weight will get you bigger muscles. You want to build endurance to build muscle mass. This is a very popular technique among many professionals.
If you perform repetitive movements, try counting backwards from your desired total. This helps you know how many more you have left while keeping you motivated to finish.
Although reaching your fitness goals will take hard work, in the end it will be worth it. By improving your fitness level, you not only improve your looks, you also improve your overall health and well being. Being fit will allow you to experience life to the fullest and tackle tasks with ease.
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<urn:uuid:283e15f4-e685-4323-a7d1-79e40b76a76b>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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http://itsallaboutmakeups.com/use-these-tips-to-help-you-get-fit-2/
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en
| 0.95785
| 632
| 1.75
| 2
|
Canada: From energy superpower to world colony?
Canada is embarking on a series of free trade deals with China, the EU and with Pacific countries, but the silence on the subject of these agreements is deafening.
There is a stark contrast between the level — and volume — of debate about Canada’s free trade deals today and the original Canada-US Free Trade Agreement in 1988.
An election was fought on that free trade deal, but today Canada has signed FIPA — a free trade deal with China — with not much more than a whimper, and other deals are in the offing.
Politicians across the political spectrum are jumping on the bandwagon: the Conservatives, NDP and Liberals all support the Canada EU Free Trade deal. This political group-think means these deals aren’t getting the public scrutiny they desperately need.
Free trade? Really?
Free trade cheerleaders love to portray critics as economic naifs who just don’t understand the wonders of free trade.
But ever since the original US-Canada FTA, these deals have often been so lopsided they can’t be called “free trade” at all.
In both the US-FTA deal and the China-FIPA agreement, Canada surrendered full access to its markets without getting access to US and Chinese markets in return.
This leaves Canada with nothing left to bargain away to actually achieve free trade with China or the US. With China, it’s not as if there will be a chance to renegotiate: while NAFTA has a six-month cancellation clause, FIPA’s 31-year term means it doesn’t expire until 2045.
Consumers are often warned about sales pitches that sound just too good to be true, but that is just the way the Canada-EU Free Trade deal is being sold to Canadians: as a huge economic opportunity.
Is this even the same EU we’ve been reading about for nearly a decade? The economic basket case wracked by non-stop currency and debt crises, grinding austerity and pockets of youth unemployment over 50 per cent?
Number crunchers suggest Canada will be a net loser in the EU deal.
One single concession by Canada — caving in to the demands of European pharmaceutical companies for longer patent protections — will cost us more in higher drug prices than the benefits for every other Canadian business sector combined.
In exchange, Canada will allow European companies to bid on municipal and provincial services currently delivered by public employees and scrap agricultural “supply management” in dairy — even though, as Stephen Harper himself said in 2006, it is just about the only sector of Canadian agriculture where farmers are making money.
One supposed benefit of allowing China, the US and the EU so much access is that they can bring foreign investment to Canada, creating growth and jobs.
But plenty of “foreign investment” isn’t new at all: new owners are buying an existing, profitable company. Alcan and Tim Hortons were snapped up by Brazilian companies, and Nexen, an oil company, was purchased by a Chinese state-owned oil company.
Money for nothing
Many economists and politicians don’t seem to care about where ownership and management live: but it should be obvious, especially in an era of incredible CEO pay, that it makes a difference as to whether or not Canadians do the gruntwork while the profits and performance bonuses all leave the country.
One of the most controversial aspects of these free trade agreements is the “Investor-State Dispute Settlement” (ISDS), which was first included in NAFTA. The ISDS is something quite extraordinary. It essentially creates a new right for foreign corporations: the right to have their profits guaranteed by government.
There are two ways it works. One is that it tends to create a “ratcheting effect,” making it easy for governments to degrade labour and environmental regulations but hard to improve them, if it reduces corporate profits.
But the other is that the “dispute settlement” is a tiny international tribunal that can, by decree, order governments and Canadian taxpayers to compensate corporations for lost profits.
This is not free trade, or free enterprise: it is a business model of permanent government bailout, with taxpayers ensuring a steady stream of dividends for shareholders and bonuses for executives. Economists call this kind of deal “rent-seeking” — a polite way of saying “getting money for nothing.”
In The Globe and Mail, Gus Van Harten, a Law Professor at Osgoode Hall wrote that, “several countries have faced catastrophic awards under these treaties, the arbitrators have steadily grown their role, investors increasingly sue developed states and the amounts at stake have escalated to tens or even hundreds of billions of dollars.”
When he was first elected, Stephen Harper boasted Canada would become an “energy superpower.” With no pipelines being built and the price of oil dipping below $50, that goal is in doubt.
Instead, we are pursuing free trade deals that strip citizens and governments of political power while guaranteeing returns for the benefit of idle absentee owners. A country like that is usually called “a colony.”
Canadians deserve a debate about just what kind of country we intend to be, and whether we want the world as our customer — or as our landlord.
Dougald Lamont is a Winnipeg writer and former Manitoba Liberal leadership candidate.
|
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/canada-from-energy-superpower-to-world-colony-1.2899433
|
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| 0.955942
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Before we answer the question "What is the daily dose of cod liver oil?" We need to know how it works and what exactly it contains.
FISH OIL OMEGA 3 is suitable for the prophylaxis and prevention of:
- cardiovascular disease
- cerebrovascular diseases
- autoimmune disorders
- chronic fatigue
- vision loss
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids, which means that they can not be synthesized by the human body, but are but are vital for normal metabolism.
Fish oil is derived from the fat of a number of fish, including anchovy, tuna, herring, sardines, trout, salmon, and mackerel.
As small fish, anchovy have far fewer toxins, particularly due to their short life span, and therefore you are protected by the adoption of a large amount of toxins compared to the same product but from large fish! The Natural Resources Defense Council categorizes anchovies as fish with the least mercury that are safe to consume.
Wild anchovies - natural feeding and processing of food without artificial foods and additives in farmed fish.
EPA and DHA are two of the main ingredients of interest to health and food experts. They are two types of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids.
EPA is an abbreviation for Eicosapantaenoic acid, known as the precursor of prostaglandin-3, thromboxane-2, leukotriene-5. Fish does not produce EPA, but accumulates it from the algae it feed on.
DHA is an abbreviation for docosahexaenoic acid. This fatty acid is the main component of the human retina and the cerebral cortex.
Omega-3 fatty acids play an important role in the production of potent hormone-like substances called prostaglandins. They help to regulate many important physiological functions, including blood pressure, blood clotting, inflammatory and allergic reactions, the function of the kidneys and the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the production of other hormones.
Over the recent decades numerous studies have examined the positive impact of the intake of fish oil.
- Improved cerebral circulation
- Improved mental abilities
- Protection and prevention of cardiovascular system
- Maintain healthy levels of cholesterol and triglycerides
- Prerequisite for healthy weight loss
- Support for optimal functioning of the brain and retina
- Protection from vision loss – an adequate intake of DHA protects from aging-related vision reduction
- Easing of inflammations, especially at the joints, arthritic pain
- Benefits to patients suffering from multiple sclerosis
It favors the maintenance of the normal state of the heart and circulatory system. Helps protect vision and mental abilities. Contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress.
Composition of 1 capsule:
Omega-3 acids: 370 mg
Eicosapentaenoic acid /EPA/: 180 mg
Docosahexaenoic acid /DHA/: 120 mg
Total fat - fish oil: 1 g
Saturated fat: 0 g
Unsaturated fat: 1 g
DL - alpha tocopherol (vitamin E): 4.5 mg
Energy value: 10 kcal
Calories from fat: 10 kcal
Additional Ingredients: Gelatin, Glycerin, Purified Water (Capsule).
1-2 capsules daily, during or immediately after meals.
Do not used as a substitute for a varied diet. Do not exceed the recommended daily dose. Do not take during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Packing: 30 capsules x 1000 mg
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PORTLAND (Oregon) • Deadly wildfires raging across Oregon have kept half a million people under evacuation alert even as weary firefighters took advantage of improved weather to go on the offensive against the blazes on Friday.
The fires have destroyed thousands of homes in days, making Oregon the latest epicentre in a larger summer outbreak of fires sweeping the West Coast of the United States, killing at least 25 people and collectively scorching a landscape the size of New Jersey.
At least five people died in Oregon this past week, and Governor Kate Brown has warned that the death toll could be far higher. She said on Friday that dozens of people had been reported missing in three counties in the state.
Oregon Office of Emergency Management chief Andrew Phelps said disaster teams searching the scorched ruins of a half-dozen small towns laid to waste were bracing themselves to encounter possible "mass fatality incidents".
The Pacific North-Western region as a whole has borne the brunt of an incendiary onslaught that began around Labour Day, last Monday, darkening the sky with smoke and ash that has beset northern California, Oregon and Washington state with some of the world's worst air-quality levels.
The firestorms, some of the largest on record in California and Oregon, were driven by high winds that howled across the region for days in the midst of record-breaking heat.
Scientists say global warming has also contributed to extremes in wet and dry seasons, causing vegetation to flourish then dry out, leaving more abundant fuel for wildfires.
"This is a climate... emergency. This is real and it's happening. This is the perfect storm," California Governor Gavin Newsom told reporters from a charred mountainside near Oroville in the state.
More than 3,900 homes and other structures have been incinerated in California alone over the past three weeks.
In southern Oregon, an apocalyptic scene of charred residential subdivisions and trailer parks stretched for kilometres along Highway 99 south of Medford through the neighbouring towns of Phoenix and Talent, one of the most devastated areas.
Molalla, a community about 40km south of downtown Portland, was an ash-covered ghost town after its more than 9,000 residents were told to evacuate, with only 30 refusing to leave, the city's fire department said.
The logging town was on the front line of a vast evacuation zone stretching north to within 5km of downtown Portland. The sheriff in suburban Clackamas County has set a 10pm curfew to deter "possible increased criminal activity".
Oregon's Governor Brown told a news conference that more than 500,000 people were under one of three evacuation alert levels, advising them to pack and be vigilant, and to be ready to flee at a moment's notice, or to leave immediately. About 40,000 of those had already been ordered to leave.
In neighbouring Washington state, online video from the Tacoma area showed fires in a residential area setting homes ablaze and locals scurrying to warn their neighbours.
"Everybody out, everybody out!" a man screamed as firefighters tried to douse the flames.
After four days of treacherously hot, windy weather, a glimmer of hope arrived on Friday in the form of calmer winds blowing in from the ocean, bringing cooler, more moist conditions that helped firefighters make headway against blazes that had burned largely unchecked earlier in the week.
"The weather is going to be favourable for us," said Mr Doug Grafe, fire protection chief for the Oregon Department of Forestry, adding that the break in the weather was forecast to continue into this week.
The overall death toll from the West Coast fires that began last month jumped to 25 after seven people were reported killed in mountains north of Sacramento, California, and Oregon's fifth fatality was reported in Marion County, outside of Salem, the state capital.
Meanwhile, Paradise, a town devastated by California's deadliest wildfire in 2018, has posted the world's worst air quality index reading at 592, according to the PurpleAir monitoring site, as two of the state's largest blazes burned on either side of it.
In southern Oregon, police arrested a 42-year-old man on Friday for starting a fire in the town of Phoenix, the Jackson County Sheriff's office said.
The suspect, identified as Michael Bakkela and described as a "local transient", has been charged with arson, criminal mischief and reckless endangering, the office said in a press release.
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A press release from Office of Rep. Marilyn Strickland.
Congresswoman Marilyn Strickland (WA-10) released the following statement after the House passed H.R. 4, the John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2021. This legislation will correct the partisan, anti-democratic barriers keeping voters — especially voters of color — from the ballot box by restoring the critical protections of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
“With the passage of H.R.4, we are one step closer to protecting the right to vote for all Americans,” said Congresswoman Strickland. “The attempts to silence voters across our nation – especially communities of color – reveals just how urgently we need to restore the vital protections established by the original Voting Rights Act. Congress should honor John Lewis’ powerful legacy by making it easier, not harder, to vote.”
For decades, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA) empowered the federal government to block certain states and localities with dark histories of discriminatory barriers to voting from enacting restrictions on the right to vote. However, in its disastrous Shelby County v. Holder decision in 2013, the Supreme Court gutted the U.S. Department of Justice’s “preclearance” power under the VRA. In July 2021, the Court further weakened the law in its decision in Brnovich v. DNC, which made it more difficult for the federal government to challenge discriminatory voting laws. As a result of the Shelby decision, states began passing voter suppression laws, because there was no preclearance requirement hindering them. According to the Brennan Center for Justice, 18 states have already enacted 30 laws that restrict the right to vote, and more than 400 voter suppression bills are still actively being considered across the country.
H.R. 4 restores the preclearance requirement and eliminates the heightened standard for challenging voter suppression laws, which was created by the Brnovich decision. H.R. 4 will also:
- Allow federal courts to halt measures that put voting rights at stake until a final ruling is made.
- Empower the Attorney General to request that federal election observers be present anywhere in the country where discriminatory voting practices pose a serious threat.
- Require reasonable public notice for proposed voting changes to increase transparency.
- Allow the federal government to review already-enacted but not-yet-implemented measures.
- Help plaintiffs seek injunctive relief for voting rights violations ahead of an election.
- Establish a grant program for small jurisdictions to help them comply with the bill’s requirement to provide public notice for proposed voting laws.
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India is trying to regulate cryptocurrencies — but not everyone is on board, including the RBI governor
RBIgovernor Shaktikanta Dashas been one of the most vocal opposers of cryptoin India.
- Das said that the central bank has major concerns about cryptocurrencies and how it might affect the country’s financial stability.
- 80% of India’s crypto accounts are worth ₹1000 to ₹2000, according to him.
AdvertisementThe governor of India’s central bank, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Shaktikanta Das, isn’t a fan of cryptocurrencies. And, he’s making no secret of it. He once again recommended caution amid voicing his concerns about the proliferation of crypto in India.
“I would only like to say that when the RBI as the central bank of the country, which is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining financial stability, after due internal deliberation says that there are serious concerns on macro-economic and financial stability, there are deeper issues. I’m yet to see serious, well-informed discussion in the public space on these issues,” he said while speaking at an online event by the State Bank of India (
Das’ comments came less than a week after Prime Minister Narendra Modi chaired a meeting on cryptocurrency regulation in India, which was followed by another Parliamentary Committee meeting with crypto exchanges and stakeholders. However, this isn’t the first time the central bank chief has voiced his concerns about cryptocurrencies.
India’s central bank isn’t on board with the cryptocurrency hype
Last week, Das said that cryptocurrencies are a “serious concern” for India’s central bank. “The government is actively looking at the issue and will decide on it. But as the central banker, we have serious concerns about it, and we have flagged it many times,” he said, while speaking at a conference organised by Business Standard.
At the SBI conference, Das said that 80% of crypto accounts in India are small accounts, worth ₹1,000 and ₹2,000, which puts into perspective the burgeoning numbers of crypto users in the country, shared by some reports. Nishcal Shetty, founder of WazirX had earlier said that the country has about two crore crypto users.
Das’ commentary on cryptocurrencies has been in stark contrast to the general growth of both crypto and the decentralized finance (DeFi) space in India. The country has generated two unicorns — Coinswitch and CoinDCX — in the short span of less than six months, while the native token of WazirX, called WRX, had hit a billion dollar valuation back in March this year.
“Cryptocurrencies are a serious concern to RBI from a macroeconomic and financial stability standpoint. The government is actively looking at the issue and will decide on it. But as the central banker, we have serious concerns about it and we have flagged it many times," Das said at an event on November 9.
Das isn’t the only voice against the industry either. “The question is, how do you legalize 8,000-9,000 headless chickens running around the internet? Legalising cryptocurrencies would be like legalising trolls on social media," a person from the Parliamentary Committee, which met with crypto stakeholders earlier this week, told Mint.
AdvertisementThe Indian government has been working on regulations on cryptocurrency for over two years now. The RBI had imposed a blanket ban on cryptocurrencies in India back in 2018, which was struck down by the country’s Supreme Court last year. Since then, India has amassed crores of new users. A crypto bill is expected to be tabled during the Winter session of the Parliament, though stakeholders have said that it’s unclear whether the government will take more time.
For a more in-depth discussion, come on over to Business Insider Cryptosphere — a forum where users can deep dive into all things crypto, engage in interesting discussions and stay ahead of the curve.
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Is it the same that you are thinking about? If not, then read the article.
Yes, you can take advantage of the psychology of customers with your designed popcorn boxes.
What distinguishes a product? What makes a customer select your product over those of your direct competitors when they are kept side by side on a shelf?
Some of it originate from brand loyalty. Ingredients, composition, manufacturing practices, and ethical sources are all factors. The other factors are:
If you think your boxes are boring and predictable, consider how colours and contrasts affect your customers.
The majority of it is psychological in nature. A customer who has never heard of, seen or tried any of the popcorn flavours will choose one of them, and the packaging is how you attract them to your product.
The use of psychology in packaging and product design is not limited to large businesses. After all, some famous brands do not have an exclusive agreement with the colour white. Your products require packaging, and design differences impact your customers’ perception of the products inside.
Colour Scheme Selection
Colour is, without a reservation, one of the most immediately noticeable aspects of product packaging. A lot goes into colour selection.
You’ve probably heard of colour psychology: how colours have an emotional tone and how that tone varies by culture. For example, many popcorns’ primary colours are simple, representing health, nature, taste and energy. Other companies have their own colour-based brand identities, i.e., custom printed popcorn boxes with logos ranging from flavours and some pattern designs.
While selecting the right colours for emotional resonance is important, other factors must also be consider. What role does colour play in reinforcing your brand’s identity? Does your colour choice allow you to stand out from the crowd? Is your popcorn box’s design suitable for every age group? Is colour only one aspect of the psychological impact on consumers? No, it’s not. The others are the following.
Analyzing Shape, Structure, And Form Factors According To Gender And Age:
Have you ever noticed that toys for children, mainly the more gendered toys, have different general shapes?
Sometimes the same applies to the psychological level of custom popcorn boxes. Adult Popcorn packaging boxes have a similar degree of stratified construction but are more subtle. Squat, narrow products are perceived to be strong and bold. Even the most complex shapes have their own set of emotions that can be incorporated into branding. Consider the evolution of the popcorn box.
Furthermore, this design element evolves over time. It wasn’t long ago that future technology was bold, blocky, and angular. It’s all sleek now, with round corners and fewer gaps. Cultural shifts force design to adapt and update, and older designs become obsolete and then retro before the cycles repeat.
For more interesting Blogs, Please Visit Cooper Manning Wife
Choosing packaging material
Even the materials used to make your boxes have an impact. In fact, they have an effect in three ways:
- First and foremost, you have your presentation. Unless that design is part of the brand aesthetic, a high-end luxury product will never be packaged in plain corrugated cardboard. The fact is that cardboard material is used to give the impression of low-cost, labour-intensive, function-over-form packaging. The general concept is that it’s the product that counts, not the box. Large cardboard popcorn boxes are kept in high-material boxes to give a higher-quality impression.
- Second, there is texture. Packages aren’t just for storing goods. They are here to be touch and handled. For some products, wholesale popcorn box printing receives more attention than the product itself. The texture of the material should be pleasant to the touch, whether that means flat, rough, easy to hold, or simply weighty. Each value can be good or bad depending on the context of the product.
The third factor is complexity. To minimise waste and the appearance of wastefulness, a product with packaging designed to be open and discarded should be simple. A product designed to be used as a long-term container should be sturdy and well-built so that customers become fearless of falling out of the box. A level of complexity that does not correspond to the product’s intend use is unsettling.
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Trends in asthma self-management skills and inhaled corticosteroid use during pregnancy and postpartum from 2004 to 2017
Effective disease management is important in the care of pregnant, asthmatic patients to reduce the number of asthma exacerbations and use of oral corticosteroids. The researchers compared the self-management skills and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) non-adherence rates in three cohorts of asthmatic pregnant women between 2004 and 2017. They also explored the number of educational sessions required to achieve maximum improvement in these skills. Researchers compared data from three prospective studies in pregnant women with asthma: 2004 (2004–2006), 2007 (2007–2009) and 2013 (2013–2017). They compared medication use, adherence, knowledge and inhaler technique between each cohort, and explored the effects of patient education on self-management skills.
Results demonstrated that self-management skills in these participants did not improve between 2004 and 2017, with 41%, 29% and 38% of the 2004, 2007 and 2013 cohorts using ICS therapy, respectively. Medication knowledge increased significantly after two sessions for controller medication and three sessions for reliever medication, and correct inhaler technique was achieved and ICS adherence was improved after just one session.
Researchers concluded that high prevalence of non-adherence and poor self-management existed in all cohorts; however, such factors can be improved after education.
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Curiosity accelerates our learning whether you are a young child, student or microscopy hobbyist. There are a number of reasons as to why curiosity among children, in particular, should be encouraged.
By encouraging their curiosity, children will continue to learn especially in those areas of interest, but also develop an interest in a wide variety of fields of study, greatly adding to what they grasp in school.
With the help of the parent, the child will gradually assimilate knowledge and understand their environment, from a spider web to their own bodies; how they are made, their functions and with the help of a microscope view the smallest of details.
For instance, having seen the fine structure of how a spider web is made using a microscope, a child can go on to look at and learn about its appearance in its entirety. This would significantly contribute to their understanding of how it functions.
There are many microscope experiments for hobbyists, students and kids that are cheap, easy and fun providing endless microscopy opportunity. Whether at home or in class, the use of microscopes create a fun learning atmosphere by eliminating the classroom monotony sometimes associated with the theoretical part of learning.
For many, the hands-on approach sparks a greater curiosity.
Before putting your microscope to good use with beginner microscope experiments, the microscopy enthusiast should dive into proper techniques.
Here on MicroscopeMaster, hobbyists, students, kids as well as parents and teachers, will learn about a number of fun and easy experiments.
Beforehand, it is interesting and worthwhile to learn about the following:
More ideas below:
Check out Petri Dish with Agar - Preparation, Requirements and Procedure
Enjoy your beginner microscope experiments and be sure to let MicroscopeMaster know about what you have discovered!
More Advanced Experiments:
For the Electron Microscope:
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Surface dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are investigated experimentally in CO2 from atmospheric pressure up to supercritical conditions. Two discharge regimes are generated using 10 kHz ac excitation. The 'standard' regime is similar to previously studied surface DBDs in terms of onset voltage as a function of pressure, as well as electrical and optical emission characteristics. However, a 'field-emitting' regime emerges starting from 0.7 MPa that exhibits constant onset voltage up to 7.9 MPa, purely continuum emission spectra in the visible/near-infrared range and current waveforms similar to an atmospheric-pressure Townsend discharge with ionization instabilities. The maximum amount of negative charge deposited as a function of the applied voltage amplitude is consistent with the Fowler-Nordheim equation, which demonstrates the presence of field emission. Furthermore, this behavior cannot be attributed to the Townsend or streamer ionization mechanisms, secondary electron emission or non-discharge processes. No field-emitting structures are specially added to the electrodes. The onset voltage of the field-emitting regime does not follow the modified Paschen's law for field emission-assisted breakdown.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
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Apps characterize a really promising, burgeoning market and panorama by which to disseminate well being behavior change interventions. Initial outcomes present an ample use of gamification in well being and health apps, which necessitates the in-depth examine and analysis of the potential of gamification to vary well being behaviors. Developers and health practitioners trying to affect behavior change and well being outcomes should contemplate complete integration of behavioral theory, unbiased of whether or not video games or gamification is used.
This framework allows educators and sport designers to compare and validate new serious games in a consistent way. Developers of video games in the health area ought to think about this “convergence of motivations” if they need their product to be motivating from the attitude of their learners. However, even a serious sport performed for hours can fail to succeed in its instructional function if developers neglect to consider the important thing instructional options which is able to enable the educational process and which are developed under. Enjoy a variety of interactive actions that will help you understand the importance of being wholesome.
This analysis represents, to our knowledge, the first complete evaluation of gamification use in health and health apps. The results present that use of gamification in well being and health apps has turn out to be common, as evidenced by the variety of apps found within the app store containing no less than some parts of gamification.
This paper has the potential to not solely influence the burgeoning industry of gamification in well being and fitness apps, but to supply a framework for efficient follow of integrating video games and behavioral theory into cell interventions to higher influence the health of populations. The results of this examine show the need for further examination of games in health by way of large sample research in managed settings so as to measure the true benefits of gamification for health.
Jennet et al. explained that “immersion involves a lack of awareness of time, a loss of awareness of the true world, involvement and a sense of being within the activity surroundings” . However, if immersion allows learners to remain targeted on the sport, emerging evidence suggests that high ranges of immersion may permit them to grasp the game, but to not obtain the learning outcomes . Thus, when the educational objectives are more complex than easy retention and require a deep understanding of ideas, decrease ranges of immersion should be most popular. Combining the motivation for the exercise of learning itself (intrinsic motivation) with the motivation for a future fascinating outcome (extrinsic motivation) is thus essential to develop motivating severe games (Fig.1).
They work for lifestyle intervention, therapy, rehabilitation and health care professional training. It principally features as a neurotransmitter – a chemical launched by nerve cells to ship alerts to different nerve cells. The brain includes several distinct dopamine methods, one of which plays a significant position in reward-motivated conduct. Most kinds of reward increase the extent of dopamine within the brain.
For particulars, please visit the data for authors on the journal website. The Journal explores the event, applications, use and results of fixed and portable games and recreation-related gadgets and activities to immediately or not directly improve physical and psychological health and nicely-being. The first peer-reviewed journal devoted to advancing the impression of game analysis, technologies, and purposes on human well being and properly-being. The memory consolidation hypothesis Müller and Pilzecker described 100 years ago continues to guide reminiscence research . Processes that allow memory to consolidate have turn into more and more properly understood .
The authors demonstrated that this activation was primarily the consequence of the gameplay of the Re-Mission game which involved plenty of interactivity quite than the consequence of the results of vivid and dynamic sensory stimulation. Such studies can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which severe video games may be motivating and improve studying. In drugs, one of the best proof of the effectiveness of an intervention is the result of randomized managed trials (RCTs) and of systematic evaluations of these research.
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As a man, getting a perfect diet is hard to maintain, especially if you don’t know what to eat. This article will help you determine the best FDA-approved vitamins and supplements you should take to improve your health.
Every man has their own and unique way of getting fit and healthy. Some of them focus on getting fit by going to the gym, engaging themselves in sports, eating the right food, and getting the right amount of sleep every day.
There are many reasons why everyone has unique nutritional needs—factors like genetics, food availability, lifestyle, and sometimes the place of living.
Some are getting the right amount of minerals and vitamins needed, and some aren’t.
This fact is the reason why multivitamins don’t work for everyone. It is not always the best answer for resolving vitamin and mineral deficiencies. We should be aware of getting a more personalized approach that can cater to our health needs.
Family background, levels of activity, and stress in a day are factors that can help you find the right supplement you needed to take. We should take other variables should like smoking, alcohol, and caffeine when consuming supplements. If you don’t consider these variables, you might risk the status of your health.
Thousands of products are being introduced in the market nowadays. Still, experts took their expertise to the next level by researching the five most effective supplements that can best improve men’s health, reducing the risk of getting deficiencies. If you want to boost your health most successfully, you may want to take note of the following recommended vitamins and supplements:
3. Vitamin D
4. Omega 3
5. Saw Palmetto
Magnesium for general well-being
Magnesium is one of the best supplements a doctor can recommend. There is a lot of food such as dark chocolate, avocados, and nuts that can give you the amount of magnesium you needed. But if you want to take your well-being to another level, you may want to consider taking a supplement with ample amounts of this crucial mineral.
It’s also for your own good: magnesium has been found to improve muscle and nerve function, keeping healthy blood sugar levels in the body, as well as regulating blood pressure. Men can take the recommended daily intake of 400-420 mg per day, while women can take 310-320 mg.
It’s essential to take only the right dosage because overconsumption of magnesium has serious side effects. People with diabetes, heart, or kidney disease should not take this mineral unless prescribed by their doctors. Too much magnesium can cause slowed breathing, irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure, or serious complications. Consult your doctor before taking any supplement.
Boron for good metabolism and bone health
Boron is another recommended supplement you may want to take for better metabolism and bone health. Boron has also been shown to regulate hormonal levels while boosting coordination and cognitive skills. Boron is found in vegetables, low-fat milk, raisins, peaches, and apples. A person’s daily diet usually contains 1.5 to 3 mg of boron.
Like magnesium, taking large doses of boron can lead to some side effects. Taking this mineral might not be safe for adults and children. High amounts of boron can cause poisoning, giving you signs like skin inflammation and peeling, irritability, tremors, headaches, and convulsions.
Vitamin D for strong bones
Vitamin D plays an essential role in balancing calcium and maintain phosphorus levels in the blood. It can also help in regulating insulin levels in our body and support lung function and cardiovascular health. Vitamin D may also boost testosterone levels in men that can help prevent low metabolism, having low libido, and fatigue.
There are many sources that you can get Vitamin D that you may take into account in your daily diet. Food like salmon, tuna, egg yolks, cheese, and fortified cereals and juices. Exposure to the sun can also produce sufficient Vitamin D.
Consuming excessive amounts of Vitamin D can cause bone calcification and hardening of blood vessels. Other common symptoms linked to excessive Vitamin D consumption, include headache, nausea, loss of appetite, constipation, and diarrhea.
Omega 3-for a healthy heart
Omega 3 fatty acids are a part of polyunsaturated fats that gives several health benefits. It is an essential part of the diet, and you may take it as supplements like fish oil. Omega 3 can lower blood pressure, reduce the chance of having abnormal heart rhythm, heart attack, and stroke. It can also lessen the chance of sudden cardiac death in people with heart disease.
The American Heart Association suggests that people should eat fish at least twice a week. Fishes like salmon, mackerel, and tuna are rich in Omega 3. People who do not like to eat fish can take fish oil as a supplement. You may want to see your doctor for more detailed information about taking Omega 3 because several studies show that this supplement’s heart-healthy benefits are unclear. Excessive consumption of Omega 3 fish oil may cause side effects like loose bowel movements, gastrointestinal discomfort, and nausea.
Saw Palmetto for prostate and reproductive health
Saw palmetto is an ingredient used in many supplements. Research has supported the claims that saw palmetto may help boost testosterone levels, reproductive health, and function, as well as improving T levels. Saw palmetto also has been shown to improve urinary tract function, apart from containing fatty acids good for both heart and skin.
Always remember to consult a doctor first before taking saw palmetto extract to avoid unnecessary risks. Studies show that saw palmetto is most effective when taken as 160-320 mg per day.
Side effects of taking a high dosage of saw palmetto extract include blood clotting and increased bleeding risks. Taking excessive amounts of saw palmetto may also result in dizziness, headache, constipation, and diarrhea.
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Dsp Book By Salivahanan Pdf ~UPD~ Free Download
Dsp Book By Salivahanan Pdf Free Download
Dsp Book By Salivahanan Pdf Free Download. — DOWNLOAD (Mirror #1). Reference Books: 1. Introduction to Digital Signal Processing — wger8kqs.gotdns.chn, .
Sample Digital Signal Processing – therest.com.top. Although RSR has stopped sending the signal because they probably decided to get back to work.
Digital Signal Processing (coursebook) – Professor – August 1, 2009 — Digital Signal Processing First. do not accept registered mark,.
My sample Digital Signal Processing – class – March 25, 2009. As a follow up to my last post: Digital signal.
Digital Signal Processing. Introduction to the Digital Signal. Click here to download the Digital Signal Processing eBook.
DigitalSignalProcessing – Kindle edition by Daniel Barnouin,. A PDF version of the book may be downloaded.
Free Download Digital Signal Processing By Salivahanan Solution Manual Free .
Salivahanan Books.pdf – Free download Ebook, Handbook, Textbook,. Salivahanan Digital Signal Processing By S Salivahanan Electronic .
Salivahanan Solution Manual Free Download. – CVNTG 13: 499—505,. * Salivahanan, Digital Signal Processing, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,.
Salivahanan Books.pdf – Free download Ebook, Handbook, Textbook,. Digital electronics book. The Fourier analysis plays the same fundamental role .
Free eBook ‘Digital Signal Processing In C’ PDF – Download and Read. I will give you the pdf file of Digital Signal Processing In C. You can download.
Digital Signal Processing Books-Salivahanan Book-Salivahanan Ebook-Digital Signal Processing By Salivahanan Solution Manual Free .
Digital Signal Processing (Coursebook) – Professor – August 1, 2009 — Digital Signal Processing First. do not accept registered mark,.
DSP – an Introduction (PDF eBook Download) – eReaderIQ.comYou can buy or read this book online from here – In this book, Salivahanan has.
DSP – an Introduction (Online eBook Download) – eReaderIQ.comYou can buy or read this book online from here –
A book that is compiled from a series of articles presented in computer. This article is focused on providing the reader with an introduction to using. From Textbook: Digital Signal Processing” (Salivahanan and Beghadir, 2001, ISBN.Increasing capacity and reducing cost in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) drives is a very active field of research. For example, local flux barriers are typically used to decrease eddy currents and allow operation at a higher flux density than would otherwise be possible without the local flux barriers. Local flux barriers can be active or passive.
While active flux barriers are very effective at reducing eddy currents, such devices can be extremely expensive to make and operate. Passive flux barriers can be made of a low coercivity material to lower material costs, but often lack sufficient resistance to flux leakage. A typical approach for dealing with this tradeoff is to include a layer of a high coercivity material between a stator and a passive flux barrier. Unfortunately, this increases the flux leakage.
Another approach to deal with the tradeoff is to use an active flux barrier. Active flux barriers can be made of a lower coercivity material and can be powered to energize the barrier and to prevent flux leakage. While more economical than passive barriers, active flux barriers are not without disadvantages. They typically require a relatively large amount of power to function, which can be substantial to the cost of operation, and they often require complex circuitry to control their operation. As a result, they have limited applications, especially in single phase applications, and to reduce cost even further, it is desirable to provide for active flux barriers that can operate in the absence of significant current for example, in a single phase application.
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In the British Journal of Cancer this week, researchers from the US, China, and Japan target colon cancer stem cells using the curcumin analog GO-Y030. The team examined colon cancer stem cells, which are characterized by ALDH-positive and CD133-positive subpopulations. The ALDH+/CD133+ cells showed higher levels of STAT3 than ALDH-negative/CD133-negative colon cancer cells, which suggests that STAT3 is activated in colon cancer, the authors write. GO-Y030 then inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation, cell viability, and tumorsphere formation in colon cancer stem cells. "Our results indicate that STAT3 is a novel therapeutic target in colon cancer stem cells, and inhibition of activated STAT3 in cancer stem cells by GO-Y030 may offer an effective treatment for colorectal cancer," the team adds.
Also in the British Journal of Cancer this week, researchers in Germany say that connective tissue growth factor is over-expressed in malignant melanoma and promotes invasion and migration of the cancer into healthy cells. The team analyzed CTGF expression in melanoma cell lines and tissue samples, and found that CTGF expression is up-regulated in nine melanoma cells lines and in primary and metastatic melanoma in situ. "Melanoma cells, in which CTGF expression is diminished, show a strong reduction of migratory and invasive properties when compared with controls," the authors write. "Further, treatment of normal human epidermal melanocytes with recombinant CTGF leads to an increase of migratory and invasive behavior of these cells."
Finally in the British Journal of Cancer this week, researchers in the UK write that circulating tumor markers can define which patients have normal colons, which have polyps, and which have cancer. Early diagnosis is the best opportunity to cure colorectal cancer, but current screening program use fecal occult blood testing, which has limited sensitivity, the authors write. In this study, the team looked at a series of previously described diagnostic markers using circulating free DNA, and found that the best cfDNA model was able to "discriminate normal from populations with adenoma or carcinoma using three DNA markers and carcinoembryonic antigen ... with a positive predictive value of 81.1 percent for polyps and cancer diagnosis."
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SERVICE ALLOCATION TO CANDIDATES RECOMMENDED BY UPSC BASED ON THE CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION-2013
Service allocation to the recommended candidates by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) on the basis of Civil Services Examination (CSE), 2013 to IAS, IFS, IPS and Central Group ‘A’ and Group ‘B’ Services has been made and uploaded by the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT), Government of India in its website on 14.08.2014.
Service allocation to the candidates is done after taking into consideration the rank obtained, preference of service indicated, status of medical fitness (I.e. fit for all services, ‘fit’ for only technical/non-technical services, temporarily unfit or ‘unfit’ for all services etc), category of the candidate (i.e. Un-Reserved (UR)/Scheduled Caste(SC)/Scheduled Tribe(ST)/Other Backward class(OBC)/Physically Handicapped(PH)), vacancy available in a particular service at his/her turn, meeting of Physical Requirement (PR)and Functional Classification (FC) criteria by the PH category candidates etc.
The General Merit (GM) candidates who have qualified without availing of any relaxation admissible to their respective categories (OBC, SC & ST)are first considered for allocation for service against the unreserved vacancy (UR). But in case they get service of their higher preference they are allocated such service in their own category. Allocation to candidates under OBC category against vacancy reserved is done only after satisfying the fact that the candidate falls in the non-creamy layer segment. First, service allocation to Physically Handicapped (PH) candidates is done against the vacancy available in the relevant sub-category (i.e. Visually Impaired (VI)/Hearing Impaired (HI)/ Locomotor Disability and Cerebral Palsy (LDCP)) as per their rank, findings of medical board, meeting PR&FC requirements, at their turn.
Thereafter, service allocation to rest of the candidates other than PH category is finalized.
UPSC has recommended names of 1122 candidates who had successfully cleared the CSE 2013. Service allocation has been done in respect of 981candidates. Out of 981candidates allocated to various services, allocation to some of the candidates has been kept provisional because they have a chance for up-gradation to a better service as per their preference due to non-receipt of medical status or lack of confirmation of creamy layer status in respect of candidates above them in rank. After such medical reports and OBC status are finalized, provisional allocation may be confirmed with or without up-gradation.
In respect of the remaining 141 candidates service allocation has not been done due to following reasons. Some candidates have indicated preference only for limited number of services. As per rules they may be allocated to a service only after service allocation has been done to all candidate from the main as well as the reserve list is complete. OBC status of some candidates is under verification. Candidature of some candidates has been kept as provisional by UPSC due to non-submission of some essential documents by them. In respect of some candidates their medical examination is not final.
These candidates would be considered for service allocation after verification of their status. Candidature of some candidates has been cancelled due to non completion of medical examination despite ample opportunities, non-verification of OBC status, non-fulfillment of physical requirement, functional classification of the service to which they were entitled to be allocated in (PH) category.
While every effort is being made to resolve the issues for clearing provisional allocation in time bound manner, the candidates are instructed to get the pending medical examination completed immediately without any further delay.
The candidates are hereby informed that the specific reasons for their non-allocation of service are being uploaded in the DoPT’s site, which can be accessed through the web authentication code provided to the candidates.
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Before you start on this article let me ask, “How do we find the Truth?”
We try to find all the information related to the subject. The Good and the Bad, the Pros and the Cons, then we make our own decisions. The mainstream and social media has only gave us one side for so long that most of the people can no longer see the forest for the tree. A writer/journalist is not always right just because of who they work for. You used to see articles that actually did that with statements from both sides or a statement from the lead prosecutor if it was a criminal story so they where committed to right a wrong and could be held accountable in the next election.
(Natural News) The climate change hoax has collapsed. A devastating series of research papers has just been published, revealing that human activity can account for no more than a .01°C rise in global temperatures, meaning that all the human activity targeted by radical climate change alarmists — combustion engines, airplane flights, diesel tractors — has virtually no measurable impact on the temperature of the planet.
Finnish scientists spearheaded the research, releasing a paper entitled, “No Experimental Evidence for the Significant Anthropogenic Climate Change.”
The paper explains that IPCC analysis of global temperatures suffers from a glaring error — namely, failure to account for “influences of low cloud cover” and how it impacts global temperatures. Natural variations in low cloud cover, which are strongly influenced by cosmic radiation’s ability to penetrate Earth’s atmosphere due to variations in the strength of our planet’s magnetosphere, account for nearly all changes in global temperature, the researchers explain.
As this chart reveals, more cloud cover is inversely related to temperature. In other words, clouds shield the surface of the Earth from the sun, providing shade cover cooling, while a lack of clouds results in more warming:
Cloud cover accounts for the real changes in global temperatures
This is further supported by researchers at Kobe University in Japan who published a nearly simultaneous paper that reveals how changes in our planet’s magnetic field govern the intensity of solar radiation that reaches the lower atmosphere, causing cloud formation that alters global temperatures.
That study, published in Nature, is called, “Intensified East Asian winter monsoon during the last geomagnetic reversal transition.” It states:
Records of suborbital-scale climate variation during the last glacial and Holocene periods can be used to elucidate the mechanisms of rapid climate changes… At least one event was associated with a decrease in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field. Thus, climate records from the MIS 19 interglacial can be used to elucidate the mechanisms of a variety of climate changes, including testing the effect of changes in geomagnetic dipole field strength on climate through galactic cosmic ray (GCR)-induced cloud formation…
In effect, cosmic rays which are normally deflected via the magnetosphere are, in times of weak or changing magnetic fields emanating from Earth itself, able to penetrate further into Earth’s atmosphere, causing the formation of low-level clouds which cover the land in a kind of “umbrella effect” that shades the land from the sun, allowing cooling to take place. But a lack of clouds makes the surface hotter, as would be expected. This natural phenomenon is now documented to be the primary driver of global temperatures and climate, not human activity.
Burn all the oil you want, in other words, and it’s still just a drop in the bucket compared to the power of the sun and other cosmic influences. All the fossil fuel consumption in the world barely contributes anything to actual global temperatures, the researchers confirmed.
As they explain, the IPCC’s climate models are wildly overestimating the influence of carbon dioxide on global temperatures:
…the [IPCC] models fail to derive the influences of low cloud cover fraction on the global temperature. A too small natural component results in a too large portion for the contribution of the greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. That is why J. KAUPPINEN AND P. MALMI IPCC represents the climate sensitivity more than one order of magnitude larger than our sensitivity 0.24°C. Because the anthropogenic portion in the increased CO2 is less than 10%, we have practically no anthropogenic climate change. The low clouds control mainly the global temperature.
The entire “climate change” hoax is a fraud
Carbon dioxide, in other words, isn’t the “pollutant” that climate change alarmists have long claimed it to be. CO2 won’t destroy the planet and barely has any effect on global temperatures (the IPCC’s estimate of its effect is, according to Finnish researchers, about one order of magnitude too large, or ten times the actual amount).
In fact, NASA was forced to recently admit that carbon dioxide is re-greening the Earth on a massive scale by supporting the growth of rainforests, trees and grasslands. See these maps showing the increase in green plant life, thanks to rising CO2:
Importantly, reducing our global consumption of fossil fuels will have virtually no impact on global temperatures. The far bigger governor of climate and temperatures is the strength and configuration of Earth’s magnetosphere, which has always been in flux since the formation of the planet billions of years ago. The weaker the magnetosphere, the more cosmic rays penetrate the atmosphere, resulting in the generation of clouds, which shield the planet’s surface from the sun. Thus, a weaker magnetosphere causes global cooling, while a stronger magnetosphere results in global warming, according to this research. This phenomenon is called the “Svensmark Effect.”
This suggests that the increase in cosmic rays was accompanied by an increase in low-cloud cover, the umbrella effect of the clouds cooled the continent, and Siberian high atmospheric pressure became stronger. Added to other phenomena during the geomagnetic reversal — evidence of an annual average temperature drop of 2-3 degrees Celsius, and an increase in annual temperature ranges from the sediment in Osaka Bay — this new discovery about winter monsoons provides further proof that the climate changes are caused by the cloud umbrella effect.
The “war on carbon” is derived from sheer stupidity, arrogance and scientific illiteracy
The extreme alarmism of climate change lunatics — best personified by Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’ insistence that humanity will be destroyed in 12 years if we don’t stop burning fossil fuels — is all based on nothing but fearmongering media propaganda and faked science. (The IPCC and NOAA both routinely fudge temperature data to try to create a warming “trend” where none exists.)
It’s all a massive, coordinated fraud, and the mainstream media deliberately lies to the public about climate change to push anti-free market schemes that would destroy the U.S. economy while transferring literally trillions of dollars into the pockets of wealthy globalists as part of a “carbon tax” scheme.
Yet carbon isn’t the problem at all. And the “war on carbon” is a stupid, senseless policy created by idiots, given that humans are carbon-based lifeforms, meaning that any “war on carbon” is a war on humanity.
This article brings up some pretty good points and if you researched just a few of them you are left to wonder what is going on and what is the Truth. It seems that all you have to do anymore is follow the money to know something is not right or true.
Some of us were educated to look for the answers, NOT memorize the answers.
Some of us look beyond ourselves through books, travel, and learning about the people and places, near and far, around us.
Sadly, I have talked to people that have never left the block, city or town, or even the state or country they grew up in. They never learned to think in school and never questioned what they read in a newspaper or watched on TV.
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Frequently Asked Questions
First, it analyzes the entire audio file for stereo content. If you manually checked your files, you would probably spot check them, listening to short segments. But what if an audio file is mono at the point you listened to it, but switches to stereo in a different part of the file? In this case you would miss the stereo content.
Next, StereoMonoizer automatically converts the files for you, in a fraction of the time it would take if you were splitting them manually in your DAW or another application.
Finally, StereoMonoizer renames the converted files, removing the .L or .R extension that is typically added by file conversion utilities. This keeps the track naming in your session cleaner and easier to read.
At the heart of StereoMonoizer is its detection algorithm, which analyzes your audio files to determine their stereo content. A simple batch processor would require you to actually tell it what files to convert, but StereoMonoizer does all this for you. It will show you a list of your files along with the stereo content of each, and will let you know which files need to be converted to mono.
Depending on your DAW, there are different pan depths available. For example in Pro Tools, your session can be at any of 4 pan depths: -2.5db, -3db, -4.5db or -6db. When you convert a stereo track to a mono track, if you don’t compensate for this pan depth, the resulting mono sound would be lower in volume by the amount that your pan depth is set.
So for example if your session uses a -3db pan depth, a mono sound would be 3db lower than the same sound, if it was played back on a stereo track. In order to compensate for this, you can use Pan Depth Compensation in StereoMonoizer to raise the converted mono tracks, compensating for the pan depth setting.
The other mode is Choose Output Folder. This mode will leave your original files completely untouched, and will place the new mono files in a folder of your choosing.
Windows 7 or 8 is required for the PC version.
Still have questions? We’re here to help. Ask us here, and we’ll get back to you within 24 hours.
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At aikiForest, we believe that every child is unique. Classes are deliberately kept small with instructor-to-student ratio of 1:7 to ensure quality classroom interaction.
Through our colourfully illustrated Big Books, we tell simple yet interesting stories to the young ones. Each story reveals a fundamental Aikido movement or technique. Our creative and age-appropriate curriculum and pedagogy is simply unrivalled, with a range of teaching materials that few martial arts schools can match.
We make learning easy and fun.
4 – 5 years old
→ Focus on Fundamental Motor Skills
→ Colourful Big Books
6 – 9 years old
→ Ukemi (Breakfall) oriented
→ Focus on Posture & Balance
→ Smooth Coordination of Body Movement
10 – 15 years old
→ Technique oriented
→ Focus on Precision of Execution
→ Appreciation of Connection and Extension
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Things You'll Need
3/16-inch diameter nylon rope
2 conway buckles
2 eye snaps
Barrel racing pits rider and horse against the clock in a show of speed and skill at the rodeo. Barrel racers pilot their horses around three barrels in a cloverleaf pattern, vying for the best time. The competition requires specially crafted reins that contain knots to improve grip and control. These reins can be handmade using leather strips, parachute cord, or nylon rope. Simple braiding techniques weave the strips together, and create a sturdy pair of reins fit for competition.
Video of the Day
Wear a pair of gloves to protect your hands. Cut three pieces of 3/16-inch diameter nylon rope, each 9 feet long, with a knife. Light a match. Pass its flame back and forth across the end of one piece of rope until the fibers melt together. Repeat this step for both ends of all three pieces of rope to prevent them from fraying.
Match the ends of the three nylon rope pieces side by side. Light a match. Run it over the three ends, squishing the ends together as they melt. Extinguish the match, and let the combined ends cool and harden. Secure the joined ends with a clamp onto a tabletop.
Braid the three nylon ropes together. Start with the left rope, and cross it over the center rope. The left rope should now be the center rope, and the center rope should now be the left rope. Cross the right rope over the center rope. The right rope should now be the center rope, and the center rope should now be the right rope. Continue to braid the ropes to their ends.
Line up the three "unbraided" ends of the braided rope, and light a match. Pass the flame of the match back and forth across the ends, and squeeze them together as they melt. Hold the ends together as they cool and harden.
Tie an overhand knot in the reins 16 inches from one end. Hold the reins parallel to the ground, and bring one side over the other to form a loop. Stick one end through the loop, and pull it completely through to make a knot. Tie additional overhand knots every 16 inches along the length of the reins.
Thread one end of the reins through the top part of a conway buckle. Thread an eye snap onto the reins, and then pull the end of the reins through the bottom portion of the conway buckle to secure. Repeat this process on the opposite end of the reins. Attach the eye snaps to the bridle.
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HND Creative Media Production: FilmThis page is generated by course-detail.php which is a template withing the omega-child-theme.
HND Creative Media Production: Film
Mode of Study
32 UCAS points from a Level 3 qualification in a related subject. GCSE grade 3/D or above in English Language and maths. Other qualifications and experience will be taken into consideration.
Leads on to
Once you have successfully completed your HND, you can then choose to complete a top up year at a university to achieve a full Bachelor’s degree. You can also pursue an advanced apprenticeship or enter employment.
6165 fees are listed per year
ABOUT THE COURSE
This course will aid you in the advanced use of Digital Cameras, sound, lighting and editing equipment. Whilst you plan productions to a professional standard, you will follow industry procedures including casting, ownership and distribution. You will be using Apple Mac computers, utilising the Adobe software package. Workshops, seminars and lectures are designed to get you thinking about all areas of the media industries as a creative medium. At the end of the course, you will create a digital portfolio of work, which will showcase your creative input and skills in the areas of camera, sound, lighting and editing. You will learn:
•Project Design, Implementation, Evaluation
•Special Subject Investigation for Media Production
•Career Development for Moving Image Industries
•Moving Image Documentary Production
•Sound Design for Moving Image Production
•Work Experience in the Creative Media Sector
•Script Writing for Moving Image Fiction
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The Agony and the Ecstasy of the History Senior Seminar
As seniors, most of our history majors finish out their Denison careers with History 430, the senior seminar. In the “senior sem,” students build on the skills and interests they’ve been developing as history majors to dig into the historiography of that semester’s seminar theme and then to select their own topics to investigate.
Senior seminars provide the challenge of independent research projects mixed with the camaraderie of a seminar. At the end of the semester, student present their research finding to the history department faculty before finalizing their individual research papers.
Sound like hard work? It is.
Sound like fun, too? Maybe you have what it takes to be a history major!
Take it straight from these students: their senior seminar experiences are something they’ll carry with them long after Denison.
Katie Kerrigan ’21
Title of senior seminar paper: The Power of Language: Indigenous Ascendancy during Early Encounters in North America
My research aims to answer:
What do these language dynamics reveal about the power relations between the Europeans and the Native Americans during these early years of encounters. How can we use linguistic works to tie into the bigger questions of power; specifically, how do these works define the relationships between indigenous groups and the Europeans during these early years of interactions?
By exploring the ways that linguistics functioned in the New World during the late 16th and 17th centuries, my project reveals that European reliance on the indigenous peoples resulted in increased agency for the indigenous populations in Eastern North America as they had jurisdiction over the interactions.
One of my most interesting primary sources was A Key into the Language of America by Roger Williams from 1643. It is a detailed translation and observation book of the Algonion people of northeastern North America. Williams’ 200-page book includes many words and phrases that cover most areas of interaction between the groups. He explained all aspects of indigenous life: their social practices, eating and entertainment habits, structures for sharing news, among other things.
Overall, my favorite part of this experience was how much I loved the friendships I made with my classmates. We just had such a great dynamic—we really go to know each other and Professor Proctor.
Camron Alten-Dunkle ’21
Title of senior seminar paper: We Never Knew What Friends We Had: Americans’ Efforts to Relate to the Russians Beyond the Iron Curtain 1945-1950
My project focused on these questions:
Given the development of the policy of containment and government propaganda framing Russians as ideologically incompatible with and fundamentally different from Americans, what was the perception among Americans of the Russian people in the midst of this growing hostility? How did some American civilians reject the notion of Russians as an abstract, enemy monolith with whom cooperation was impossible and instead try to relate to them simply as people?
I found that by publishing their thoughts about and experiences with the Russian people, some American hoped to share their own nuanced understanding of the Russians that deconstructed the otherness that US foreign policy worked to establish. In this way, some American civilians implicitly challenged their government’s foreign policy approach insofar as they made efforts to humanize, relate to, sympathize with, understand, and cooperate with the Russian people.
One source that was especially interesting to me was a magazine article written by an artist, who sketched portraits of people, sharing his perspective on Russians that he met in Alaska. He revealed to the reader that, as he sketched their portraits, he thought about how he wanted the Russians to be “seen and known and loved as individuals, because their sacrifices had been so great that we in America almost forgot that every dead Russian was a person like ourselves—loved life just as dearly, had just as many ties of parents, wife, and children.” Further to this end, he wrote, “The attempt in some places to build them into the bogey of ‘Our Next Enemy’ makes my blood run cold. In all my contacts with the Russians I felt strongly their likeness to us as a people—as individuals surprisingly like us, as a people very close to us in the problems they face and in the aspiration with which they face those problems.” This incredibly thoughtful view of our wartime allies turned Cold War enemies is so striking because of the extent to which the author understands that one must never conflate a government with its people.
I very much enjoyed working with Professor Threlkeld to refine my research topic and research questions until I arrived at a focus that I found incredibly enjoyable to read and write about, making completing the project not only easier than I expected but also much more fulfilling.
Michael O’Hara ’21
Title of senior seminar paper: Legitimizing Slavery: A Cause For the Order of Christ.
My main research questions were:
At the advent of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, how were coastal Africans and islanders recorded differently? And what factors contributed to these perceptions?
And looking specifically at my main primary source (one of few surviving sources from the Portuguese exploration of West Africa in the 1400s), I asked: In what ways does Alvise Cadamosto’s work construct ideas and knowledge about Africa’s exploitative potential?
In answering these questions, my main argument is that Alvise Cadamosto’s chronicle served to legitimize the Christian cause (conversion, commercial exploitation, and enslavement) in the Atlantic world through constructing the people and landscape as exotic, fertile, and exploitable. He posits relationships between the quality of the land and its peoples to construct the emerging Atlantic space. In essence, Africa is subdivided by its utility to European expansionist interests.
In selecting my primary source, I chose to focus on the chronicle of a 23-year-old Venetian explorer, licensed to sail for the Portuguese in 1455 and 1456, because his work has created a foundation for early encounter historiographical debates. For example, were the ‘Portuguese’ racist from the outset of their expansionist endeavors? To what extent does our modern understanding of race support or construe historical analysis of early perceptions? I basically landed on the notion that he was a racialist and ethnographer; he saw phenotype differences as demarcated by the land. However, his judgments and observations were relatively complicated when it came to recording them. He provided Africans with positive and negative attributes that largely focused on their cultural and religious practices. Debate is still warranted, though. There is a subtext of biological and environmental determinism when he talks about their qualities in relation to where in Africa they live. Although again, I believe that he aims to exoticize them for his own personal gain—if not via the influence of his patrons, the Portuguese Order of Christ and its larger interests to justify slavery, as war capture gave way to commercial trading of peoples.
I liked that the semester-long process of research and writing was iterative. I read the source, thought I knew some stuff, and then read a swath of secondary sources on the Portuguese, the Crusades, and the Pope. I went back to reread my primary sources relentlessly and found new connections between the relevant literature and material I’ve covered in previous courses. For example, historians were keen to note that Cadamosto noted the fertility of the land and its improper uses. What was not mentioned was the idea of wilderness as a construct (borrowing from environmental historian William Cronon). If the land was uncultivated by European standards, then its people were naturally primitive in comparison to Europe. I saw this as an important consideration to critique the positionality of the author as well as the larger cultural and political biases that shaped the account’s observations.
Maddie Hopkins ’21
Title of senior seminar paper: Woman Suffragists, the Anti-Imperialist Movement and the Woman’s Journal
My key research questions were:
In what ways did the Woman’s Journal influence the anti-imperialist movement? How did suffragists use the Woman’s Journal as a platform for the anti-imperialist movement?
My paper analyzed how women suffragist shaped the principles of anti-imperialism to advance American women’s rights. In the first section, I argue that suffragists used different rational connections to the anti-imperialist movement to coax support for women’s suffrage. The second section argues that anti-imperialists were hypocritical because they used their principles to challenge inequality in U.S territories, but did not apply the same beliefs to argue for women’s suffrage in America. The last section argues that suffragists claimed to support the anti-imperialist sentiment that the U.S. was obligated to intervene in the Philippines in order to uphold American values; but instead, suffragists advanced the white American women’s rights movement by placing themselves in a superior position to women living in U.S. possessions.
The primary source I focused on was the Woman’s Journal. My favorite article from the Journal was “Mrs.Stanton Blatch” by Harriet Stanton Blatch because Blatch advocated for women to have lives outside of the household.
My favorite part of the overall experience was presenting to the history department professors because I worked extremely hard all semester and it was very rewarding to present my hard work to the faculty. It was fulfilling to explain my research and I was very proud of my semester-long project.
Benny Mandlebrot ’21
Title of senior seminar paper: Slavery and Freedom in the North
I argue that slavery in the North did not end with the American Revolution and slaves’ ability to be free was undermined by having to pay into manumission.
My research questions were:
Why did Venture pay 71 pounds for his freedom? Why is there more scholarship on Southern slavery than ongoing slavery in the north? And what was the impact of the American revolution on slavery? These questions changed throughout the project, as I was unable to find manumission records but I was able to find four meaningful primary sources that demonstrate the experience of slavery.
One of my most interesting primary sources was dictated by Venture Smith who, after being captured in Africa and sold into slavery, paid for his freedom and become successful enough to have a narrative about his life published. His determination to buy his freedom and questioning of the amount he paid for his manumission was what kicked off my research.
My favorite part of this semester was conducting research on a region I grew up in and knew well and learning about a topic that I had never previously thought about.
Gary Wang ’21
Title of senior seminar paper: The French Contributions to the Black Legend: French Narratives of Spanish Peru—Opulence, Silver Mining, and the Mita
My project investigated two main questions:
How did the French contribute to the creation and diffusion of the Black Legend? And what did the French anti-Spanish Black Legend look like?
I learned that the France-Spain rivalry from the 15th and 16th centuries did not end, and French plans against the Spain were always part of French strategies and considerations of King Louis XIII’s successor, Louis XIV, in the 17th century. French spy Acarete and Frézier confirmed the French contribution to the anti-Spaniards Black Legend.
My favorite primary source was Acarete du Biscay, An account of a voyage up the River de la Plata, and thence over land to Peru (London, 1698) because is the only record of a festival that was held in Potosi upon receiving the news of the birth of Prince of Asturias.
Thinking over the whole semester, I really appreciated the opportunity to explore an history area that I am not familiar with and to learn a lot of new things about this topic and time period.
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Today, I decided to play around with the Image Overlay feature in Google Earth Pro. Given the canonical sizes of Mata Nui and Metru Nui, I created some size comparisons, and eventually decided that the given size of the Great Spirit Robot - 40 million feet - is far too tall.
All of these images are to scale, and made using Google Earth Pro and official renders at their highest resolution.
Here, we have Metru Nui placed next to the Chicagoland area, my hometown.
Here it is compared to Long Island and New York City.
This is the Coliseum, slightly transparent, overlaid on downtown Chicago, centered on the Willis Tower. I found the Coliseum to be approximately 3 miles from end to end, including the outer towers.
Here is Metru Nui overlaid on Manhattan, with the Coliseum centered over downtown NYC.
Next, I made an overlay of Mata Nui.
Here’s Mata Nui in the Chesapeake Bay. I cut out a lot of the water in the original image to make the coastline of the US more visible.
Here is that same image, zoomed way out so you can see the whole US. The island is larger than quite a few states. It’s about the size of Indiana.
Here it is in the North Sea, making the comparison to Denmark obvious. It’s comparable in size to Ireland as well.
Here it is in the Sea of Japan.
Here, I’ve made the island transparent, and laid Naho Bay over Chicagoland, showing that nearly the whole city will fit in the bay.
Finally, here is a to-scale size comparison between Mata Nui and Metru Nui.
After Mata Nui, I moved on to the robot that shares its name. Here, I’ve shown that Greg Farshtey’s assertion that Mata Nui is 40 million feet tall must be incorrect, given the canonical size of the island. I’ve calculated a more reasonable size to be 4925 km, or 3060 miles, or 16.16 million feet.
Here is the Great Spirit, at 40 million feet, overlaid on North and South America.
However, the island of Mata Nui, comparatively, is far too small!
I began to size down the robot until it roughly matched this concept image.
However, because Faber sketched the island over the face of the robot rather than digitally overlaying it, the dimensions are slightly off.
After a bit of work, I got to this point.
Here is an image of the robot at this new scale. Larger than Faber’s estimates of 3300 or 3150 km, but smaller than Greg’s estimate of 12200 km, this is likely the most accurate estimate of the robot’s size: 4925 km, or 3060 mi.
As a fun aside, here is where I estimate Metru Nui to be located.
This is the city to scale with Mata Nui’s head. Small brain!
Thank you for reading, and thanks for your time. If anyone would like to see more size comparisons to other Earth locations with these renders, let me know, and I’ll happily oblige.
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28 March 2014
Controlling Biological Activity with Light: Diarylethene-Containing Cyclic Peptidomimetics
Oleg Babii, Sergii Afonin, Marina Berditsch, Sabine Reisser, Pavel K. Mykhailiuk, Vladimir S. Kubyshkin, Thomas Steinbrecher, Anne S. Ulrich and Igor V. Komarov
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2014 53 (13), 3392–3395
Enamine scientists in collaboration with research at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT, Germany) published a study on antibiotics activated by light. It deals with synthesis of analogues of the antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S which conformations can be switched by light. This property was rendered by incorporation in its structure of an amino acid designed based on a photoisomerizable diarylethene scaffold. The biological activity of the resulting peptidomimetics can be reversibly controlled by ultraviolet/visible light.
Success of Enamine’s innovative product pipeline and service portfolio is based on the commitment of the company to the scientific research. Enamine caries out and supports research projects within the company as well as off-site in collaboration with many academic centers in Ukraine and abroad. About 30 scientific papers were published by Enamine scientists in renowned scientific journals in 2013.
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The Risālah is the “Message” that was communicated from Allāh to the human beings by way of Prophethood. A Prophet is one who conveys “news” or “tidings” from his Lord. The words Prophet and Messenger are often used interchangeably by Muslims. However, there are some subtle differences. Muslims believe that Islām was revealed to the first of the Prophets, the “father” of humankind, Ādam (peace be upon him), and it is therefore the first religion of humankind. The Disciple of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), Ibn `Abbās (may Allah be pleased with him) stated that mankind were upon the worship of Allāh for ten generations after the Prophet Ādam, then there appeared five righteous men, who, after some time passed away. Then Satan appeared to the people in the form of a person and cunningly convinced the people to make statues and images of these righteous men as symbols of remembrance. Years later, once Satan had caused them to forget the reason for the making of those statues, he appeared once again and convinced them that their forefathers would worship these statues. That is how idolatry entered into human beings. It was then that Allāh sent the Messenger, Nooh (Noah) to the guide humans back to the Religion of Allāh. This calling the people back to Islām continued with Prophet after Prophet till the sending of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), the final Prophet.
Prophets are human beings chosen by Allāh (the Most High) to carry out a special role as conveyors of His Revelation. There are some Prophetic narrations that state that Allāh sent 124,000 prophets and 315 messengers. The Qurān names 25 odd, and a few more are named in the ahādeeth. The difference between a Prophet and a Messenger is that a Messenger brings with him new Revelation from Allāh, whereas a Prophet is appointed to confirm and establish the Revelation that has already been revealed. The most notable of the Messengers are five: Noah (Nooh), Abraham (Ibrāhīm), Moses (Moosā), Jesus (`Īsā) and Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). They are known as the Messengers of “Firm Resolve”. The Jews believe in Moses, the Christians in Moses and Jesus, and the Muslims in Moses, Jesus and Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon them all). The Prophets received Books, and we know the names of a few: The Torah (Taurāt) was revealed to Moses, the Psalms (Zaboor) were revealed to David (Dawood), the Gospels (Injeel) was revealed to Jesus, and the Qurān to Muhammad. Muslims believe that each Prophet brought the same religion, and fulfilled completely what he was commanded to do. Each Prophet led a good life and was sent forth by Allāh as an example for others to follow.
All the Prophets are treated with respect and honor – it is forbidden to disbelieve in any of them or to make fun of them or to criticize them. For this reason, Muslims always supplicate for them and ask Allāh’s peace, blessings and salutations for them every time the Prophets are mentioned. This why you find the words, “peace be upon him”, or “peace and blessings of Allāh be upon him,” being used often by Muslims when mentioning the Prophets. Allāh said in the Qurān:
“Say, [O believers], “We have believed in Allah and what has been revealed to us and what has been revealed to Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and his Descendants and what was given to Moses and Jesus and what was given to the prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and we are Muslims in submission to Him.” (2:135).
Also: “Allāh sent Prophets as bearers of good news and as warners, and He revealed to them the Book with the Truth.” (Al-Baqarah)
Choose a Prophet that came before Muhammad and find out what the Qurān and Sunnah say about his life.
In an exam on the “Risālah” you would be expected to know some of the Prophets and the duty of a Prophet.
Islām teaches that that message brought by the earlier Prophets was changed by the people after the Prophets passed away, and was altered to such a degree that it no longer represented the call to Allāh’s Religion.
Only the Qurān is seen as an accurate, unchanged Revealed Book. Muslims believe that each of the earlier messages was passed on perfectly by the Prophets but it was later partly forgotten, misunderstood, or distorted by the people. That means, for example, that the Taurāt and Injeel are the undeniable words of Allāh, but there were later entered into them serious distortions that deemed them unreliable. And that remains the case till this day.
The Words of Allāh are brought down to the Messengers by an Angel. Angels are beings created from light who are utterly obedient to Allāh, and do not commit sins. Muslims do not believe that Satan (Iblīs) was a “fallen angel”, rather Allāh stated in the Qurān that he was from the Jinn.
The Angel charged with Revelation is Gabriel (Jibreel). There are also Angels that record the deeds of humans and carry that record up into the Heavens. These records are recorded in a book that is presented as evidence in front of Allāh on the Day of Judgment. There are two Angels (Munkar and Nakeer) who will question the people in their graves regarding their Lord, their Religion and the Prophet sent to mankind. There is an Angel (Isrāfeel) appointed to blow the Horn for the Hour to be established.
Symbolism and Imagary
People sometimes associate the crescent moon and star with Islām and regard it to be an emblem of Islām. This is an erroneous concept and has no basis in Qurān and Hadeeth.
- Explain what Muslims understand by the word prophet.
- Name the first and last prophet according to Islam.
- Name the books we know were revealed to four of the Messengers.
- How did the prophets receive their message from Allāh?
- Why are the prophets still important in Islam today?
I initially compiled these worksheets for my students at the Redstone Academy (aged between 13 and 16 years), Moseley Road, Birmingham, UK who are working towards their General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). I felt that others who do not attend the school can also benefit from these topics since they are presented in simple bitesize chapters. I have relied upon GCSE text books and adapted them for my classes.
There will inevitably be typos (or other mistakes). Please leave a reply below if you see any.
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According to the Center for Disease Control, this year's flu season is the worst this country has experienced in years. The CDC reports that flu is widespread in at least 13 states, and only Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. have reported no cases (USATODAY.com - Flu Shot Shortage is Feared, Dec., 17, 2003). Hospitals in Arizona and North Carolina report patients swamping pediatric emergency rooms. Health departments are scrambling to get vaccines. Paper masks are being handed out in waiting rooms. Doctors in places such as the Vanderbilt Medical Center are discouraging most flu patients from visiting the emergency room because of increased wait times, the danger of increased spreading of the illness and because, according to Vanderbilt spokesman John Howser, "There's no treatment that will make flu go away." (CNN.com - Flu Sufferers Jam Emergency Rooms, Dec. 17, 2003). January 2004
An Ounce of God-Ordained Prevention is Worth a Ton of Worldly Cure
Because there is no curative treatment for the flu, methods to prevent its spread are truly critical. According to the CDC, the best ways to prevent the flu are such measures as vaccinations, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, washing your hands, and avoiding touching your eyes, nose or mouth (CDC.gov - Preventing the Flu, Dec. 18, 2003). Thus, after thousands of years of fighting the common cold and flu, man's best preventative strategies are still to bolster the immune system that God so wisely designed and to put in practice preventative measures that He so thoughtfully ordained.
Our Immune System
The immune system is the defense mechanism in each person that helps our bodies fight disease. When you get an infection, your body reacts by producing substances called antibodies. These antibodies fight the invading antigen (virus or bacteria) and help you get over the illness. The antibodies usually stay in your system, even after the disease has gone, and protect you from getting the same disease again. This is called immunity. Vaccines are made from disease causing viruses (and bacteria) that are killed or weakened. Vaccines make the body think it is being invaded by a specific organism, and the body reacts by producing antibodies. Then, if a person is exposed to the organism in the future, he or she is protected. In this way, vaccines or "immunizations" strengthen our natural God-given immune defenses against a specific infection.
An interesting question one could ask is whether this immune system was necessary prior to the Fall? On the one hand, because God is omniscient and foreknew the Fall, He certainly would have known that the immune system would be needed. On the other hand, the immune system does not only protect against disease, it also helps the body to distinguish between self and non-self. For instance, it helps to keep the normal bacteria in our colon from spreading into the bloodstream where it would be harmful. Since such helpful bacteria would likely have existed before the Fall, it is likely that our immune system was present to shepherd them in this way (www.answersingenesis.org, Vaccines and Genesis, Nov. 4, 2002).
As was mentioned earlier, CDC advocates that the best ways to prevent the flu outside of vaccinations and medications are to avoid close contact with people who are sick, wash your hands and avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. CDC also advises the sick to stay home and cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. This may seem obvious to us today. However, just 128 years ago, before Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch proved that disease is passed from one individual to another through germs, physicians believed that disease-producing organisms arose spontaneously from within a patient's body. Yet, God through the Bible had a lot to say about sanitation and hygiene 3,500 years before Pasteur and Koch were born.
The instructions recorded by Moses in Leviticus, Exodus, Numbers and Deuteronomy are strikingly similar to modern disease-prevention techniques. They pertain to:
- childbirth [Leviticus 12:2,3]
- sexual relationships [Leviticus 18,20:10-16; Exodus 20:14]
- hand-washing [Numbers 19:11-13,19; Leviticus 11:24-28,40]
- wound and discharge care [see also Leviticus 15:2-11, 17:11]
- quarantining [Leviticus 13:1-14:57; Numbers 5:2-4; Deuteronomy 23:10]
- burial precautions [Numbers 19:11,14-16,19,22; Leviticus 11:24-28,40]
- waste disposal [Deuteronomy 23:12-14; Leviticus 11:33, 13:47-58, 15:12]
These Mosaic rules regarding hygiene were thousands of years ahead of their time. For example, it wasn't until a little more than 100 years ago that precautions such as "no touch" surgical and dressing techniques were instituted in modern medical facilities to prevent disease from spreading (Creation 26(1), December 2003 - The First Book of Public Hygiene). According to Dr. Rex Russell in his 1996 publication titled "What the Bible says about health living,"
"Results have always been impressive when biblical standards for health and hygiene are followed. Roman Empire, Roman cities and camps planned their sewage and cisterns in the center of their compounds...leaving themselves vulnerable to seeping epidemics and plagues. In contrast, both Jewish and Muslim communities in many eras have been spared such tragedies...Did jealousy regarding this apparent 'favoritism,' as well as rapid spread of the faith around the world and the early Christian refusal to pay homage to the gods of Rome, play together to make Rome want to persecute Christians?"
According to Dr. Russell, a similar reaction was seen in the opponents of the Jews during the "black plague" that killed millions during the middle ages. Many European Jews likely suffered great persecution because others noticed they were spared the disease.
In accordance with Leviticus 13:1-14:57, if there was any doubt as to the certainty of a diagnosis, the person was to be isolated for observation (quarantined). Once a person was diagnosed with a contagious condition, he was to stay outside of the camp "all the days wherein the plague shall be in him." Moreover, he was required to wear a covering over his mouth, and to warn others by shouting "Unclean, unclean! (Numbers 5:2-4; Leviticus 13:45-46).
Thousands of years later, in response to the current flu epidemic, modern day doctors are using techniques similar to those prescribed by God through Moses. Those sick with the flu are being asked to quarantine themselves and to stay away from emergency rooms for fear of further infections. Sick individuals who do show up at emergency rooms are given paper masks for the protection of others. Hospital professionals practice careful hand-washing and waste disposal methods. Moses may not have understood the basis for these modern medicine practices, but God certainly did. And God offered this sound advice to the people of Israel in 1500 BC that we would do well to continue to heed today:
"If you listen carefully to the voice of the Lord your God and do what is right in his eyes, if you pay attention to his commands and keep all his decrees, I will not bring on you any of the diseases I brought on the Egyptians, for I am the Lord, who heals you." (Exodus 15:26)
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Vancouver is a numbered referencing style, predominantly used in medical fields. It is based on the AMA manual of Style, 11th edition.
This guide is primarily for students completing assignments at Curtin University. If you are publishing (e.g. journal article, PhD), please consult the above publication as the reference examples provided here may differ from the requirements outlined in the official style guide.
Download and use this guide to the Vancouver referencing style including examples for in-text citations and reference list entries.
Learn how to reference tables and figures (graphs, charts, maps, drawings, photographs, clinical images etc.) in the Vancouver style.
Please check your unit outline/Blackboard for assignment formatting requirements (such as fonts, headers, spacing, word counts etc.) and assignment cover sheets. PhD and Masters by research students should consult the relevant publication manual for formatting information.
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Here’s a quick tip…want to find out the exact number of actuation’s (aka the shutter count) on your Nikon DSLR? Well, here is a simple way using Photoshop CS3. The information is only viewable in RAW files so open your latest one and go to ‘File’ then ‘File Info’ and click the tabs as per the image below. Viola!
Use a different version of Photoshop? Or want to use other software? lets have a quick look at those options too…
CS2 and CS4 work in the same way as CS3, although the file structure may be slightly different for 4. The folder you are looking for has the same name though regardless, as per the image below taken from CS4 on a Mac.
Don’t have photoshop?
Well that’s ok too. There is plenty of software that’s available to read the full EXIF data, one popular one (that’s also free) is Opanda IExif. As mentioned in the reply below from Pete, Opanda may not be completley accurate with Nikon bodies, especially if you shoot JPEG + RAW using dual cards on the D3.
I try to set my naming convention in camera so it makes it easy to know roughly how many shots the camera has taken at all times. Well, as you can see from the first image, I’m not far off…but, with the file number only containing four digits, shooting two cameras and having to remember to make a slight change to the file number prefix every 9999 shots, it can be easy to forget! So this useful tip helps keep things in order. On a side note Mr Nikon, why IS file naming set to four digits when the D3 amongst others have shutters rated at six figure numbers…?
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When is a shark just a shark? Consider the movie Jaws. What could the shark symbolize in our culture, society, or collective human mythology other than a man-eating fish? Why? Support your answer.
Next, think about a theatrical staging of Jaws. Describe the artistic choices you would make to bring Jaws, the movie, to Broadway. What genre would you choose? Describe at least three other elements of production and how you would approach them in your staging of Jaws as a stage play or musical.
Submit your assignment in one of the following formats using the Assignment Files tab:
- A 700- to 1,050-word paper
- A four- to seven-minute podcast or video
Apply appropriate APA formatting.
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The average human now has an attention span of 8.25 seconds, while a gold fish averages 9 seconds.
That’s a contentious statistic, of course, however there are elements of relevance for us. We live in a faster, more connected world where people live busy lives in an almost non-stop blended delivery model. Technology and connectedness dominate our lives and our students’ lives in both social and professional domains.
Delivering content in online bite-sized chucks fits with how we and the world now operate.
This recording covers a series of examples of how free features available in H5P, an interactive web based HTML5 content creator tool, have been used to break up the online content into chunks. Features such as image hotspots, virtual revision cards and interactive slides will be presented along with a detailed analysis.
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DEVOTIONALS from the Book of Job
THE LIFE OF JOB – LESSONS IN HOLINESS AND HUMILITY
Job in God's Crucible - Some Light Begins to Dawn
Gordon E. Johnson
Rio Grande Bible Institute
God's hand remains heavy on Job. The prologue introduces us to the background of spiritual warfare in heaven. God suggests to the devil that he might consider His servant Job. Job was totally unaware of that context. God will bring suffering into Job's life to purify his faith and bless him greatly. After the satanic onslaughts under divine restraint, Job seems to excel beyond our expectations (Job 1-2).
However, for seven days his troubles silently percolate in him; he cannot restrain his anguish and could wish himself to have never been born. He conjectures concerning a desired non-existence being better than his lot (Job 3). The first round of the three "comforters" found Job a very verbal respondent with a mixture of anguish and self-defense (Job 4-11). Now the first round in the spiritual boxing match is over and Job will defend his cause.
Job's Reflections and Defensive Response Job 12:1- 13:28
To use the boxing analogy, Job comes out of his corner swinging. Unaware of the depths of his own self- righteousness, Job will take on his "comforters." God, fully aware of Job's problem, allows the divine process of his "unlearning self" to proceed.
If Zophar has used satire and sophistries, Job will respond in kind. It becomes tit for tat. To all three he speaks with sheer sarcasm: "No doubt you are the people, and wisdom will die with you! But I have understanding as well as you. I am not inferior to you. Indeed, who does not know such things as these" (vv.2, 3). Later he boasts: I am not inferior to you" and then adds that they are "forger of lies, all worthless physicians" (13:1-3). His sharp response reveals a hither to unknown side to Job's character. Earlier he had been more of a victim. Now are seen resistance and self-confidence. Suffering does unmask aspects of the old sin nature unknown to man but known to God whose love motivates Him to deal with such aspects of the old "ego."
His friends had painted a one-sided picture life - the evil are cursed and the good blessed. But Job reminds them that life is not that neatly divided: "The tents of robbers prosper and those who provoke God are secure -- in what God provides by His hand" (v.6).
Job proceeds to give his hearers a lesson in what he knows - an aspect of pride. With the unique feature of Hebrew poetry, he multiples parallels from nature, backed up by the wisdom of the ages (vv.7-12).
He continues to address the sovereignty of God in all areas of life: He breaks and no one can rebuild; He imprisons and no one can release; He plunders princes, overthrows the mighty; He makes nations great and destroys them; "He enlarges nations, and guides them; He takes away the understanding of the chief of the people of the earth . . . and makes them stagger like a drunken man" (vv.13-20). His examples are multiplied. God answers to no one. Job sums up his reaction to his "comforters' counsel. "Your platitudes are proverbs of ashes, and your defenses are defenses of clay" (v. 12).
Job's Point of Departure Affirmed "Though He slay me . . ." Job 13:10-28
Then suddenly we see another side of Job and his basic faith in God. "Hold your peace with me, and let me speak, then let come what may! Why do I take my flesh in my teeth, and put my life in my hands? Though He slay me, yet will I trust Him. Even so I will defend my own ways before Him. He also shall be my salvation, for a hypocrite could not come before Him" (vv.13-16).
Out of the crucible of suffering, Job re-affirms that steadfast faith seen earlier in the prologue. He had been overwhelmed with the onslaught of his sufferings. His friends with consistently wrong-headed counsel had totally misread his situation. Job is now prepared to affirm his original commitment. His forthright statement: "Though He slay me, yet will I trust Him" comes through strong and clear. Amid all the varying counsels given in the book of Job, this one stands out as a pinnacle of faith.
In an earlier state of depression he had lamented on not having a mediator (9:32-35). But in the absolute need and absence of the same, Job envisioned that which would be the very nature of the Messiah's coming. Out of suffering and a death once again life springs.
Now in a similar fashion, Job lets faith direct his will in spite of his feelings--the principle of "the corn of wheat that falls into the ground and dies will begin to bear much fruit" (John 12:24-27). The eternal truth of death or separation from the self-life is a constant theme that runs throughout the Old and is expounded fully in the New Testament. God teaches our renewed will through the suffering that He sends; they are always measured out for our good and His glory.
Of course, Job is a work in progress, as are all of us. He follows up the clarion affirmation: "Even so, I will defend my own ways before Him. He also shall be my salvation." His insistent accusers did not know that Satan had incited God to "destroy him but without cause" (Job 2:3). God was intent on blessing Job in yet a greater measure when he will have cleansed him of his self-righteousness.
Poor Job with a deep sense of need now honestly seeks God's face. "Only two things do not do to me, then I will not hide myself from You: withdraw Your hand far for me, and let not the dread of You make me afraid. Then call, and I will answer; how many are my iniquities and sins? Make me know my transgression and my sin" (vv.20-23).
We must feel the pathos of Job; he was not conscious of any overt sin, for, on the contrary, he had sought to be the priest of the family and had stood the early tests of calamity. After this expression of openness to God, he relapses into despair again. "Why do You hide Your face, and regard me as Your enemy? . . . For You write bitter things against me, and make me inherit the iniquities of my youth" (vv.24, 26). Conscience still speaks but the offerings of blood sacrifice can still the guilt.
Job's Soliloquy on Man's Brevity and Yet a Question Surfaces Job 14:1-22
Job's darkness has enveloped him again. With a variety of expressive comparisons, he laments: "Man who it born of woman is of few days and full of trouble. He comes forth like a flower and fades away; he flees like a shadow and does not continue" (vv:1,2). He adds that there is hope for a tree that, if cut down, may bud and bring forth branches like a plant. Man simply disappears (vv.7-11).
Out of this troubling dilemma Job asks a question that infers hope. "If a man dies, shall he live again? All the days of my hard service I will wait, till my change comes. You shall call, and I will answer You; You shall desire the work of your hands. For now You number my steps, but do not watch over my sin. My transgression is sealed up in a bag and You cover my iniquity" (vv.14 – 17). Once again the sheer logic of being God's creation must bring forth future hope. But again Job relapses. Progress is slow but hope is there in the bosom of faith and will yet burst forth.
The Last Rounds Begin Job Emerges with a Sure Hope Job 15 – 25
In the greater interest in Job and his reaction, I will summaries briefly the last two rounds. The three "comforters" respond to Job's suffering: Eliphaz (Job 15), Bildad (Job 18), Zophar (Job 20), Eliphaz (Job 22), Bildad (Job 25). Zophar has given up on any hope of convincing Job.
l will rather turn to Job's self-righteousness defense but all along, God is doing His deepening work of grace. Job is slowly "unlearning" his righteousness, as God continues to test his faith.
**** Eliphaz turns on Job with a full condemnation: "Are you the first man who was born? Or were you made before the hills? (15:7). "If God puts no trust in His saints, and the heavens are not pure in His sight, how much less man, who is abominable and filthy, who drinks iniquity like water! (vv.15,16). Eliphaz then appeals to the wisdom of the ages to shame Job into thinking that he can resist God's judgment (vv.17-35).
Job's response to Eliphaz is curt. "I have heard many such things; miserable comforters are you all! Shall words of wind have an end? . . . God has delivered me to the ungodly, and turned me over to the hands of the wicked . . . I have sewn sackcloth over my skin, and laid my head in the dust. My face is flushed with weeping and on my eyelids is the shadow of death; although no violence is in my hands and my prayer is pure" (Job 16:2, 3,11,15-17).
But once again Job exclaims: "O earth, do not cover my blood, and let my cry have no resting place! Surely even now my witness is in heaven, and my evidence is on high"' (vv.18,19).This is the fourth outburst of faith--my witness is in heaven. The prologue has already established that gracious fact, unknown, of course, to poor Job.
It is worthwhile to review the earlier brief expressions of a growing faith. 1) He needs someone to place His hand on both; a mediator there must surely be (Job 9:35). 2) Then "Though He slay me, yet I will trust Him . . . He also shall be my salvation" (13:15,16). 3) If a man dies, shall he live again? All the days of my hard service I will wait, till my change comes (14:14). 4) Now this expression of growing faith: "My witness is in heaven" (16:19).
**** Bildad takes his turn to double down on Job wickedness, hence God's punishment is more than justified. "How long till you put an end to words? Gain understanding, and afterward we will speak [caustic comment indeed]. Why are we counted as beasts, and regarded as stupid in your sight" (18:2, 3). It is clear no resolutions can ever be between Job and his friends. Bildad paints a stark picture of the wicked (vv.5-21).
Job's response to Bildad repeats his anguish. "How long will you torment my soul and break me in pieces with words? These ten times [innumerable times] you have reproached me; you are not ashamed that you have wronged me" (19:2,3) .
But now listen to Job as he makes his supreme statement of faith, in spite of all his words of anguish. Job is a deeply wounded man in the depths of his divinely ordained suffering at the hands of his friends: "Have pity on me, have pity on me, Oh you my friends, for the hand of God has struck me! . . . Oh, that my words were written! Oh, that they were inscribed in a book! That they were engraved on a rock with an iron pen and lead, forever! (vv.21-24).
Now come the most outstanding words written in the Old Testament by one under God's chastening hand; Job knew nothing of the context of his sufferings or the love that moved God to submit him to such sufferings as never before envisioned by any mortal.
The only greater sufferings were those of God Himself when "it pleased the Lord to bruise Him; He has put Him to grief" (Isaiah 53:10); God's own suffering were shared by His only begotten Son in our behalf to pay the "kofer" or price to redeem us. He became our propitiation at infinite cost to the Triune God (Romans 3:25).
**** And now the fifth and greatest affirmation of faith and immortality in the Old Testament. "For I know that my Redeemer lives, and He shall stand at last on the earth; and after my skin is destroyed, this I know, that in my flesh I shall see God, whom I shall see for myself, and my eyes shall behold, and not another. How my heart yearns within me! (19:25-27).This is Job's consummate expression of faith amid the darkness of deep trial. For a moment the clouds break and the "Son" shines through.
Job's confident affirmation of his seeing in his flesh [glorified], the Messiah, his Redeemer, is evidence of the divine inspiration of Scripture. He could not know that final grand day without it being a revelation to his severely tested faith in God. This glorious truth must have cheered thousands of Old Testament saints who walked by faith and not by sight. "These all died in faith, not having received the promises, but having seen them afar off were assured of them, embraced them, and confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth" (Hebrews 11:13).
The second speech of Zophar (Job 21), the third speech of Eliphaz (Job 22) and brief speech of Bildad (Job 25:1-6) follow but with very little new development of reason. Job responds to them in defense his own self-righteousness (Job 23, 24, 26, 27, 28 – five chapters of his discourses on a variety of topics [107 verses]. No one has convinced any one. There is much value, however, in Job's responses as he shows a remarkable knowledge of nature and how God rules over his world.
Job concludes this section with a concise summary and ends it with precise counsel of the Old Testament. "From where then does wisdom come? And where is the place of understanding? It is hidden from the eyes of all living, and concealed from the birds of the air. Destruction and Death say, ‘We have heard a report about it with our ears'.' God understands its way, and He knows its place. For He looks to the ends of the earth, and sees under the whole heavens, to establish a weight for the wind, and mete out the waters by measure. When He made a law for the rain, and a path for the thunderbolt, then He saw wisdom and declared it. He prepared it, indeed, He searched it out. And to man He said, ‘Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom, and to depart from evil is understanding'" (Job. 28:20- 28).
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Sensor-Enabled Real-World Awareness for Management.. (SERAMIS)
Sensor-Enabled Real-World Awareness for Management Information Systems
Start date: Oct 1, 2013,
End date: Apr 30, 2017
The objective of the SERAMIS project is to push the boundaries of current RFID implementations, thus turning them into powerful tools for intelligent information management. For this purpose, SERAMIS develops models, procedures, and tools for the handling of massive RFID data sets. The project aims at covering the entire causal chain from the initial investment in an RFID data collection infrastructure to the impact of data processing on firm performance and customer satisfaction. Not least, SERAMIS puts special emphasis on the analysis of privacy issues arising from RFID data. The project results are put into practice by two leading European fashion retailers and innovators in RFID usage. Our ultimate aim is to create benefits for individual business processes, strategic and industry-level impacts as well as guidelines for handling the trade-off between the interests of technology users and the privacy rights of their customers. The project outcomes are developed for the largest reuse possible and address the needs of players in the retail industry and beyond.
Get Access to the 1st Network for European Cooperation
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Completely sustainable and odourless wastewater and sewage systems for both domestic and commercial use.
Simply put… ‘We do it Simpler, Nature’s Way!
As an exceptional septic tank alternative, NaturalFlow is the wastewater solution for New Zealand’s rural homes and businesses. These robust, power-free sewage treatment systems in NZ have very little maintenance requirements and are cost-effective throughout their lifetime, making them good replacements for traditional septic tanks.
As a trusted wastewater treatment company, we are committed to delivering nationwide installation and quality support on time – every time. Find out how nature is harnessed to treat wastewater and the benefit from the NaturalFlow difference today.
Use the sustainable forces of nature to treat your water and save on power bills. Meaning there’s no power required during the treatment processes and on very flat sites a small pump is all that maybe needed to move the treated water from the NaturalFlow system to the Land Application Field.
NaturalFlow takes care of itself without constant monitoring and mechanical repairs, just like a natural ecosystem, giving you the chance to spend more time on the important areas in your life. You are assured of a robust, long-lasting system.
With uncomplicated installation, daily operation and no power required in the treatment processes, the NaturalFlow system is cost effective from day one and financially sustainable into the future. With an option to reuse your grey water, you can save valuable water resource.
The NaturalFlow is a modular system designed to suit your individual site needs. From primary through to secondary treatment, your system is designed for your specific site and your particular needs. With our expert Wastewater Engineers, you are assured of a system that works with optimal performance.
NaturalFlow is a revolutionary passive wastewater system that treats wastewater using zero power. Using nature’s filtering processes, the NaturalFlow system is lightweight and requires minimal maintenance. Contact our dedicated team today and we’ll equip your site with a new septic system that brings nature’s power to your business or your home.
Keeping it simple is our philosophy; using power free natural aerating processes, instead of mechanical pumps etc, to treat wastewater to advanced secondary levels.
Nature is one huge recycling mechanism, and the ‘NaturalFlow System’ works with ‘Nature’ by harnessing these forces, that have been quietly working together for thousands of years to break down and decompose waste all around us, and positioning them in an enclosed eco-system that simulates the forest floor, to treat and break down your wastewater until it is perfectly safe to be re-introduced into the environment, via the soil, and of course – ‘Nature’ does all this, for you, for FREE!
NaturalFlow provides practical and eco-friendly replacements for septic tanks.
One of the oldest and most basic approaches to treating sewage and wastewater is the classic septic tank. In this traditional system all your sewage and wastewater goes into one tank for separation. The solids then sink and settle to the bottom and the lighter oils etc float to the top to form a scum layer, a process that the ‘industry’ allows 24hrs to fully accomplish. The middle layer then contains the liquid component that is now ideally clear of solids and can be disposed of out to the soakage field.
The issues we experience with this approach is; as the solids and scum layers build up in the tank over time and the middle layer becomes narrower, the passage of wastewater through the tank is faster, so that the separation process is not fully completed and solids can get pushed out to your soakage field, resulting in the foul odours that septic tanks are famous for. The same thing happens when there’s a sudden influx (or shock loading) of sewage and wastewater into your tank (when the families around), and again the solids do not have time to separate and settle, resulting in solid matter (carry-over) passing through to the fields.
This then has a major impact on the soakage fields as the effluent with ‘carry-over’ from the septic tank causes ‘clogging’ or ‘creeping failure’ in the field which can cause pooling or even runoff. This can result in contamination and overflowing trenches, harmful to both humans and animals.
NaturalFlow presents an innovative septic tank alternative by solving these problems from the start. NaturalFlow’s approach separates the solids and liquid right at the beginning of the treatment process, reducing them down to harmless humus by way of vermiculture and other natural media processes. The liquid, now extremely free of contaminates, is furthered filtered before being returned to the environment.
Traditional septic tanks need to be pumped out every 3-5 years. The septic tank replacements that NaturalFlow provides requires little to no system maintenance, while still promising to operate at peak performance for years.
Based on a number of innovative modules, the NaturalFlow Wastewater and Sewage Systems are very flexible and adaptable to any site challenges you may face at your place.
Our range of products accommodate domestic and commercial requirements and are suitable for various household sizes or staffing capacities. Our products are developed for New Zealand conditions, backed with years of research. Our NaturalFlow systems also come with warranties that cover components up to 15 years.
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Waterflow NZ Ltd has professional Installers and Designers that cover every region of New Zealand, so where ever you are situated from the Cape to the Bluff, just call our friendly team now to find out the closest one to you.
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“NaturalFlow system is such a basic and easy system to look after and operate. We are very pleased with it and are glad we went with the system. The grey water has certainly been great on the gardens and the black water bed once planted looks after itself. Great!”
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“Back in 2008 along with our building projects we decided to go for the NaturalFlow sewage system as it didn’t require any power, on our site. We have been very impressed with the performance of this system, with very little maintenance, it basically looks after itself.
Without hesitation I would recommend the NaturalFlow system to anyone as I have had no difficulties with product or the friendly team at Waterflow NZ Ltd.
Just a quick email to say a huge thank to you , ken & the team.
Stoked with the work done , the boys on the diggers did a awesome job .
Every thing was left nice & tidy , super happy !!
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This manual is intended as a tool for state and local worker advocates to reform policies that affect worker health and safety. It highlights successful local campaigns to adopt workplace safety standards and offers a series of innovative proposals.
The document is organized around three sets of policy proposals on the following subjects:
2.Making sure crime doesn’t pay; and
About the Center for Progressive Reform
Founded in 2002, the Center for Progressive Reform is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit research and educational organization comprising a network of scholars across the nation dedicated to protecting health, safety, and the environment through analysis and commentary. CPR believes sensible safeguards in these areas serve important shared values, including doing the best we can to prevent harm to people and the environment, distributing environmental harms and benefits fairly, and protecting the earth for future generations. CPR rejects the view that the economic efficiency of private markets should be the only value used to guide government action. Rather, CPR supports thoughtful government action and reform to advance the well-being of human life and the environment. Additionally, CPR believes people play a crucial role in ensuring both private and public sector decisions that result in improved protection of consumers, public health and safety, and the environment. Accordingly, CPR supports ready public access to the courts, enhanced public participation, and improved public access to information. CPR is grateful to the Public Welfare Foundation for funding this manual as well as to the Bauman Foundation and the Deer Creek Foundation for their generous support of CPR’s work in general.
The Center for Progressive Reform
455 Massachusetts Ave., NW, #150-513
Washington, DC 20001
About the Authors and Contributors
Rena Steinzor, JD, is the President of the Center for Progressive Reform and a Professor of Law at the University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law. After working for the U.S. Congress and in private practice, she entered academia, where she specializes in administrative law and policy. Professor Steinzor has written numerous scholarly articles and several books, including the forthcoming Too Big To Jail: Industrial Catastrophes, Industry Malfeasance, and Government Inaction.
James Goodwin, JD, MPP, is a Senior Policy Analyst at the Center for Progressive Reform. He works with CPR’s “Clean Science” and “Government Accountability” issue groups.
Michael Patoka, JD, is a Policy Analyst at the Center for Progressive Reform. He writes about a number of issues, including food safety and worker safety, the need for strong regulation of toxic coal ash, and the role of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in weakening public protections.
Matthew Shudtz, JD, is a Senior Policy Analyst at the Center for Progressive Reform. In addition to advocating for stronger worker protections in this role at CPR, he is a co-editor of the American Bar Association’s treatise Occupational Safety and Health Law, Third Edition.
Liz Borkowski, MPH, is a researcher at the George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health. Her areas of interest include U.S. regulatory policy; health challenges of low-income workers; and paid sick, family, and medical leave. She is a co-author of the annual publication The Year in U.S. Occupational Health and Safety and a regular contributor to the public health blog The Pump Handle.
Celeste Monforton, DrPH, MPH, is a Professorial Lecturer at the George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health. She collaborates with and provides technical assistance to COSH groups, worker centers, and national organizations on strategies to improve worker health and safety. Her affiliation with GWU began in 2001, following a decade of service at the U.S. Department of Labor.
Erin Kesler is the Communications Specialist for the Center for Progressive Reform and a contributor to this manual. She edits CPR’s blog and works to promote its scholarship in a variety of media. Kesler has worked with a wide range of advocacy and nonprofit organizations, helping them create and expand their commuications and outreach efforts.
The authors owe a debt of gratitude to a number of occupational health and safety experts who reviewed various pieces and drafts of this document. Their knowledge and experience make this a better document. Organizations are listed for identification purposes only.
Thomas McGarity, CPR Member Scholar, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Endowed Chair in Administrative Law at the University of Texas School of Law—Austin
Sidney Shapiro, CPR Member Scholar, University Distinguished Chair in Law at the Wake Forest University School of Law
Frances Ansley, Attorney
Gail Bateson, Executive Director, Worksafe
Laura Boston, Executive Director, Fe y Justicia Worker Center
Charlotte Brody, Vice President of Health Initiatives, Blue-Green Alliance
Peter Dooley, National Council for Occupational Safety & Health and LaborSafe
Sally Dworak-Fisher, Attorney, The Public Justice Center
Rick Engler, Director, New Jersey Work Environment Council
Marcy Goldstein-Gelb, Executive Director, Massachusetts Coalition for Occupational Safety and Health (MassCOSH)
Tom O’Connor, Executive Director, National Council for Occupational Safety and Health (National COSH)
Ben Palmquist, Program Associate, National Economic & Social Rights Initiative
Randy Rabinowitz, Attorney
Catherine Rylatt, Co-Founder, Illinois Grain Handling Safety Coalition
Peg Seminario, Director of Safety and Health, AFL-CIO
Michael Silverstein, MD, MPH
Emily Speiler, Hadley Professor of Law, Northeastern University School of Law
Keith Wrightson, Worker Safety and Health Advocate, Public Citizen
Table of Contents
- Health and Safety Committees: Involving Workers in Prevention
- Education and Training: Providing Workers a Knowledge Base for Action
- Whistleblower Protection Laws: Deputizing Workers to Identify and Report Hazards
- Workers’ Right to Refuse Dangerous Work: Empowering Workers to Demand a Safe and Healthy Workplace
- Citizen Suits: Empowering Workers to Sue Employers over Hazards
- Fix It First: Closing the Loophole that Allows Employers to Avoid Fixing Health and Safety Hazards
- Expanded Civil Penalties: Making It Expensive to Endanger Workers
- Expanded Criminal Liability: Treating Egregious Workplace Deaths, Injuries, and Violations Like the Crimes They Are
- Shaming Scofflaw Employers and Industries: Using Government Data Effectively
- Systematic Criminal Enforcement: Ensuring that Police and Prosecutors Prioritize Workplace Health and Safety
- Robust Fatality Investigations: Ensuring Effective Responses to Workplace Deaths
- Responsible Contractor Laws: Holding Government Contractors Accountable for Worker Safety and Health
- Cross-Agency Partnerships: Working across Government to Protect Workers
- Annual State-Level Audits: Grading Agency Performance
On June 7, 2011, on a stretch of North Carolina highway between Raleigh and Durham, Jesús Martínez Benitez, 32, and Luis Castaneda Gómez, 34, were working on installation of new water mains. The two worked alone at their assigned task: descending into an underground bunker that housed valves critical to the water lines’ operation. When coworkers came to pick up Benitez and Gómez, they found the men slumped inside the four-bysix foot bunker, 12 feet below ground. Both had died of asphyxiation, most likely the result of one of the men passing out in the low-oxygen enclosed space and the other making the fatal decision to rush to save him without adequate protection. The company that employed Benitez and Gómez had a history of violating occupational health and safety (OHS) laws, including failing to train workers on how to avoid unsafe conditions. Sadly, the men’s deaths, like thousands of others every year, were completely preventable.
Cold comfort though it may be to their families, friends, and co-workers, Benitez’s and Gómez’s deaths helped advocates propel a new ordinance through the Durham City Council that requires potential contractors to answer detailed questions about their compliance records and safety plans. The ordinance will help ensure that future contracts do not go to companies that disregard their duties to protect workers.
Such reforms are emblematic of the progress that can be made at the state and local level when workers and their advocates are prepared to offer practical solutions and policymakers are ready to act. In this manual, we outline nearly two dozen proposals for state and local policy reform that would empower workers, fix OHS laws, and strengthen the agencies that strive to promote workplace safety. Some proposals are simple to understand and self-contained, that is, they focus narrowly on problems with OHS laws or agencies. For example, beginning in the section on "Expanded Civil Penalties," we describe how the fines for violating OHS laws are too weak to provide strong deterrent effects and should be strengthened so that the punishment not only fits the crime but also induces other employers to be more conscientious about their OHS-related responsibilities.
Other proposals in these pages are more ambitious, addressing serious problems with solutions that would fundamentally change the relationship between workers, employers, and government enforcement agencies. For example, giving workers the right to sue their employers for violating OHS standards and establishing corporate manslaughter laws are policies that might only be adopted by truly progressive state legislatures under pressure from workers and a strong coalition of allies.
We present this broad range of proposals so that workers and their advocates have a full menu of ideas to consider. The manual is divided into three main chapters and 14 individual sections, each addressing a particular problem and outlining progressive solutions to that problem. The individual solutions are designed to stand on their own so that workers and their advocates can refer to individual sections without having to read the manual cover to cover.
In Chapter 1, we focus on empowering workers, addressing five topics: health and safety committees that effectively involve workers in preventing occupational injuries and illnesses; education and training designed to provide workers a knowledge base for action; improved protections for whistleblowers; the right to refuse unsafe work; and statutes that would give workers and their advocates the power to sue employers for failure to abide by OHS standards and regulations.
In Chapter 2, we turn our attention to making sure that companies tempted to cut corners on worker safety know that they can expect to pay a high price for doing so. We identify ways to strengthen the criminal and civil penalties imposed on employers that do not comply with OHS standards, reform laws so that employers must correct dangerous conditions as soon as they receive citations from OHS inspectors, and utilize government statistics to engage in “shaming” campaigns against scofflaw employers.
In Chapter 3, we set our sights on the government agencies that can promote improved occupational health and safety. In addition to suggesting improved oversight of OHS agencies and better procedures for investigating occupational fatalities, we address how other agencies could bolster the work of officials who are directly empowered by OHS laws. Government contracting and procurement decisions, for instance, should take better account of bidders’ OHS programs. Code-enforcement agencies, like fire marshals and building inspectors, could partner with OHS agencies to expand oversight.
We encourage workers and their advocates to use this manual as a starting point for discussions about how the ideas presented here correlate to their individual and organizational goals. We focus on changes to laws and policies that are designed to prevent occupational injuries and illnesses, not the safety nets available to workers after they are hurt (e.g., workers’ compensation, tort law, and disability insurance). Those safety nets are important, but space and resource constraints prevent us from addressing them here. This manual also does not address organizing strategies, research and resource needs, partnership opportunities, or other issues necessary for successful campaigns, since those issues depend on local factors. Such work is vital, but we focus here on the ideas around which such campaigns might be built.
Despite notable improvements in occupational health and safety over the last few decades, far too many workers still suffer on-the-job injuries and illnesses that could have been prevented. Four to five thousand workers die on the job each year, an average of more than 10 every day. The number of workers who suffer occupational injuries or illnesses each year is hundreds of times the number who die on the job.1 The sad truth is that the people who bear the brunt of unsafe working conditions are increasingly the working poor, immigrants, and others struggling simply to put food on the table and keep a roof overhead. These victims and their equally at-risk co-workers have both a real and a perceived lack of power in relation to their employers, leaving them unable to demand the engineering controls, improved work practices, and other actions that employers should take to eliminate occupational hazards.
That is precisely why strong laws and regulations are so critical. Workers’ advocates—unions, local worker centers, legal aid organizations, plaintiffs’ attorneys, and a variety of other public interest groups—are a powerful force for stronger safeguards, as evidenced by many hard-fought victories over the years.
Chief among those victories was passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) of 1970. A watershed achievement, the OSH Act established the basic structure of today’s occupational health and safety (OHS) regulatory system: The federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Fed-OSHA) has the power to write health and safety standards and to enforce them through unannounced workplace inspections and a graduated system of civil and criminal penalties; employers can challenge alleged violations through an administrative process overseen by the independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission; and, critically, individual states can opt to establish their own OHS agencies that take the place of Fed-OSHA so long as the “state-plan” agency is at least as effective as Fed-OSHA in carrying out Congress’s mandate to “assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the Nation safe and healthful working conditions.”2
The OSH Act also preserved individual states’ workers’ compensation programs. In the early part of the 20th century, state legislatures throughout the United States enacted new laws that limited workers’ right to sue their employers following an on-the-job injury or the onset of an occupational illness. With limited access to the courts, workers instead file claims for compensation, which are resolved through an administrative process. Critically, workers do not need to prove that an employer was at fault to obtain compensation, so the workers’ compensation system is—theoretically—a simpler route to recovering the costs of occupational injuries and illnesses than was the process of suing an employer in court. For employers, the workers’ compensation system provides some level of cost control and predictability, since workers’ compensation payments are disbursed by insurance providers rather than the employer. The OSH Act was designed to complement the workers’ compensation system—OHS standards should prevent many occupational injuries and illnesses, while the workers’ compensation system should provide medical care and financial compensation when workers are injured. In practice, some injured workers receive prompt and adequate compensation, while others face substantial hurdles and may never receive the compensation they should get (see the Appendix for more on shortcomings in the workers’ compensation system).
The OSH Act, as implemented by Fed-OSHA and its state-plan partners, has succeeded in reducing overall injury and illness rates significantly over the last 45 years. But the Act is imperfect, the agencies struggle to fulfill their mission with insufficient resources, and workers still face substantial OHS risks. By some measures, we have hit a plateau in our collective efforts to ensure safe and healthful working conditions for all. This is not because workplace health and safety is an unachievable goal. Rather, the better explanation is that our current OHS system needs reforms to address the changing nature of work in the United States and the changing role of government in our lives.
One of the most significant economic trends affecting workers’ health and safety is the increasing mobility of the workforce. It has become rare for a worker to spend an entire career with a single company, and transient workers have less bargaining power than long-term employees. In fact, such major retail companies as Walmart and Amazon employ hundreds of thousands of workers through their supply chains but rely increasingly on staffing agencies to fill their labor needs—a strategy that allows them to change the size of their workforce on a day-to-day basis, while also passing the buck on OHS and workers’ compensation responsibilities. Changes to the way government works have also slowed progress toward safer workplaces. The federal rulemaking process is so ossified, so paralyzed, that Fed-OSHA is, for all intents and purposes, unable to begin work on even a single new standard and finalize that standard within any one presidential administration.
The good news is that workers’ advocates at the state and local levels are mounting successful worker safety campaigns on a regular basis. In recent years, at the urging of advocates, state and local governments have tackled a wide range of issues, including the following:
- After two workers died while working inside a manhole on a city-funded job with a company that had racked up dozens of health and safety citations, Durham, North Carolina adopted a new policy for choosing companies to complete city projects. Companies bidding for the contracts are now required to provide information on their safety and health programs, injury data, and workers’ compensation rates.
- In response to temporary workers encountering problems getting payment or workers’ compensation from temporary staffing agencies, Massachusetts passed the Temporary Workers Right to Know Act. Now, staffing agencies must provide workers with written information about their job assignments, health and safety training requirements, protective equipment that should be available, wages, and information about the staffing agency and its workers’ compensation carrier.
- Following a newspaper series on cancer-stricken health care workers and a campaign by health care workers and other advocates, Washington State adopted a regulation to protect health care workers from exposure to chemotherapy agents and other hazardous drugs. Employers whose workers may be exposed to such drugs (e.g., through touching, breathing, or needle sticks) are now required to develop control programs with procedures for the drugs’ storage, use, and disposal.
- Waste recycling workers face a multitude of health and safety hazards. Some have been fatally injured. In California, Worksafe, the International Longshore Warehouse Union, the East Bay Alliance for a Sustainable Economy, and other allies pressured municipalities to require that new franchise agreements with waste collection and recycling companies include provisions ensuring these workers earn decent wages and benefits and are protected from dangerous working conditions. Accordingly, Oakland and Fremont city councils passed resolutions in early 2014 that direct their city managers to address these issues when negotiating contracts.
These groups and their counterparts in other cities and states throughout the country have the opportunity to transform OHS policies in ways that, largely for political reasons, have not worked at the national level. In doing so, they may provide the momentum that is needed to push Congress and others to establish better protections for all workers. National right-to-know laws, which promote better understanding of chemical hazards in the workplace, for instance, came to be adopted only after workers and their allies succeeded in passing similar laws at the state and local levels in the 1970s and early 1980s. The proposals described in the pages that follow could be a starting point for discussions among workers and their advocates about the next generation of OHS reforms. Success at the local and state levels could again lay the groundwork for national reform.
This manual is intended for workers’ advocates who want to press their state legislators, state agencies, and local officials to adopt laws and policies that will better protect workers from occupational health and safety hazards. Each section of the manual has four principle pieces: a description of a problem, a proposed solution or interrelated set of solutions, notes on challenges related to the proposed solutions, and some useful examples. We cite some examples of national-scale efforts to reform the OSH Act or Fed-OSHA policies, but these references are intended only to provide guidance on the substance of the proposals. Given the deadlock in the U.S. Congress and the slow pace of action at Fed-OSHA, this manual proceeds from the premise that for now, state and local advocacy is the best approach to testing the solutions outlined below.
The manual outlines a menu of ideas from which state and local advocates might choose issues around which to build campaigns. We have steered away from ideas centered on particular hazards, focusing instead on crosscutting issues designed to empower workers, eliminate the economic benefits of ignoring the law, and strengthen the institutions that enforce the law. We have also limited our discussion of workers’ compensation, tort law, disability benefits, and other “safety net” programs that provide benefits to workers who have suffered occupational injuries or illnesses. Other individuals and organizations in the community have applied their expertise to such topics; our main focus here is on laws and standards that will prevent tragedies in the workplace.
We want to emphasize that this manual is merely a starting point for collaborative discussions about improving OHS conditions. Our hope is that organizations operating at the state and local levels will use the manual to prompt discussions among worker-members and client groups about their most significant OHS concerns. So we present a broad array of ideas, some more readily achievable than others, but all with the potential to transform the way workers, the public, and lawmakers approach the issue of occupational health and safety.
The manual does not discuss organizing strategies, research and resource needs, partnership opportunities, or other issues that undergird successful campaigns. Local conditions dictate how best to achieve campaign goals, so discussion of those issues is beyond the scope of this document. Again, others in the community have greater expertise on organizing strategies; we stick to policies in these pages.
Recognizing the vibrant community of workers’ advocates who have achieved success in many arenas but may be new to the world of Fed-OSHA and state-plan OHS agencies, we have included a short overview of the OSH Act and workers’ compensation at the end of the document.
Advocates who are interested in campaigning for any of the reforms discussed in this manual should prepare for employers to argue that federal law “preempts” new state laws or regulations. While a detailed discussion of preemption is beyond the scope of this manual, we provide a brief overview and note special preemption-related issues at appropriate points in the recommendation sections below. We urge advocates to consult with an expert on the preemption issue as they prepare to campaign for any of the solutions recommended in this manual.
In general, state-plan states have substantial leeway to expand upon the minimum OHS requirements set by Fed-OSHA, while states covered by Fed-OSHA are more constrained. These principles are derived from the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1992 Gade (pronounced “Gay-dee”) decision, in which the Court ruled that if Fed-OSHA has issued a standard covering a particular OHS issue, only state-plan states may establish their own standards on that issue. Legislators in states under Fed-OSHA’s jurisdiction are therefore limited to writing laws that address issues not covered by a Fed-OSHA standard. The Supreme Court also left open the possibility that “laws of general applicability,” which are aimed at enhancing public safety (not just worker safety) and only regulate employers insofar as they are members of the general public, may not be preempted by Fed-OSHA standards.
To help clarify where preemption is a significant hurdle, we have included symbols at the beginning of each “Solution” section of the manual. The solid map of the United States icon indicates that the proposed solution is possible in both stateplan states and states within Fed-OSHA’s jurisdiction. The green map of the United States icon indicates that the proposed solution is only possible in state-plan states.
See the Appendix for a more detailed description of Fed-OSHA and state-plan jurisdiction.
Experience shows that when workers are empowered—when they act collectively to influence working conditions—positive change is eminently possible. To truly empower workers would require revolutionary changes to the labor market, political institutions, and the social safety net. But within the boundaries of occupational health and safety (OHS) law and policy, workers’ advocates can campaign for targeted reforms that give workers more power with respect to individual employers— an important step in long-term organizing efforts. In this section, we describe health and safety committees, expanded OHS education and training requirements, stronger whistleblower protections, and “citizen suits” as promising campaign issues that hold the potential to generate real power for workers to demand changes from their employers.
The reforms in this section are designed to empower workers to act without having to rely on state or federal OHS agencies. The federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (Fed-OSHA’s) total budget and the pass-through funds that go to support stateplan OHS agencies have never been sufficient to protect workers and have failed to keep up with inflation and changes in the workplace, preventing Fed-OSHA and state-plan OHS agencies from maintaining an inspection workforce that keeps pace with the growing U.S. economy. The most striking way to illustrate how this resource shrinkage has played out is to look at how the ratio of OHS inspectors to workers has changed over time.3 In the late 1970s, Fed-OSHA had about 15 inspectors per 1 million workers, and even that was not enough to adequately enforce the law. Today, that number has dwindled to about seven inspectors per 1 million workers. These inspectors are hardworking and dedicated to protecting workers, but there are simply too few of them to be the main bulwark against employers who create dangerous working conditions. Furthermore, government-created OHS standards are a floor upon which to build, not a ceiling intended to inhibit protections. Workers can demand additional protections if they are empowered. The reforms outlined in this section will give more workers the power to demand the protections they deserve.
Inadequate protection for workers against employer retaliation, incomplete training on workplace hazards, difficulty stopping dangerous work, and myriad other problems that prevent workers from having safe and healthful work can all be linked to the large power disparity between workers and their employers. That power imbalance is related to the “representation/participation gap”—that is, the difference between the worker-management relationship that workers want and the relationship that they actually experience.4 One measure of the gap is the oft-cited decline in private-sector union participation, which has dropped from a high of about one-third of the private workforce in 1950 to less than 10 percent today. Some employers have experimented with different forms of non-union employee representation (e.g., Volkswagen’s “works councils”), but their mandates vary and OHS issues are not always a focal point.
Joint labor-management health and safety committees can give workers a stronger voice in the OHS policies at their workplaces. State legislatures can adopt legislation—some have already—requiring employers to establish health and safety committees. Such legislation is possible in both state-plan states and states covered by Fed-OSHA. Even without legislation, committees can be established through a union contract or by collective action of a group of workers.
The basic concept of a health and safety committee is simple: A select group of nonmanagement workers at each worksite sits on a formal committee, alongside an equal or lesser number of management-selected representatives. Committee members meet regularly to discuss health and safety issues, including hazards related to equipment and chemicals, the effect of pace and duration of work on health and safety, and the workers’ education and training needs. Committee members might conduct regular inspections or safety audits, review “close calls” (when injuries and fatalities are narrowly avoided) and incident reports, or accompany OHS agency officials during an inspection. Effective committees play an important role in ensuring that hazards are identified and corrected through these activities, as well as by making formal recommendations on work practices and engineering controls. Committees can also help implement whistleblower protections and workers’ rights to refuse dangerous work, as discussed below.
Health and safety committees hold great promise as a tool for giving workers more power over their working conditions. Worker involvement in health and safety policy decisions builds on workers’ expertise and knowledge and promotes localized, worksite-based problem solving. When the committees identify hazards and use their authority to pressure employers to fix problems, they have the potential to make health and safety improvements faster than could be achieved by filing a complaint to the relevant OHS agency and waiting for the inspection and appeals process to play out. And committees can protect whistleblowers by making abatement recommendations or filing OHS complaints on their behalf and thereby shielding them from managers who might retaliate.
State legislation can set forth critical aspects of health and safety committees, including:
- A size trigger: State laws on health and safety committees can establish a trigger that determines when a committee is required, based on the number of employees (e.g., committees are required for all employers with more than 5, 10, or 25 employees). The smaller the trigger the better, since there is evidence that, especially in high-hazard industries, small firms have worse safety records than larger firms.
- Structure: The size of the committee and its makeup can be flexible, within limits—employer representatives must never outnumber worker representatives, and, for large worksites, the number of worker representatives should be proportional to the number of workers (e.g., one worker representative for every 100 employees at a worksite with 500 or more employees).
- Membership: Worker representatives should be elected by workers for set terms, with the ability to serve multiple terms. At unionized worksites, worker representatives should be selected by the workers’ bargaining representative or union. Contingent or temporary workers have unique concerns that should be represented in the committee’s membership, perhaps through a position on the committee reserved for a contingent or temporary worker (who would be elected by other contingent workers). The chairperson for the committee should alternate between a management representative and a labor representative.
- Compensation: Worker representatives should be paid their normal wages (including overtime, if appropriate) for time spent on committee duties.
- Locations: Employers with multiple locations should have a committee at each location. Exceptions may be appropriate for construction companies, trucking companies, or other firms that can be adequately served by a centralized committee.
- Frequency and conduct of meetings: Committee meetings should happen on a fixed schedule (e.g., monthly). Effective committees establish their own rules governing how agendas will be set, who will chair meetings, and how the minutes will be recorded.
- Duties and functions: The most important work for health and safety committees occurs outside of the regular meetings. Committees should develop policies and practices that encourage workers to identify and report hazards and ensure that employers do not have programs in place that discourage employees from reporting hazards or injuries. They should also ensure strong whistleblower protections and effective policies on the right to refuse dangerous work. Committees should develop worksite-specific training requirements and tap the worker representatives on the committee to act as peer trainers, delivering the worksite-specific training to their co-workers. To aid in the development of good training programs, the employer should pay for annual health and safety training for all worker representatives on the committees. Health and safety committees should conduct investigations of incidents that led to injuries or fatalities, and act as a clearinghouse where workers can report “close call” incidents. The committee should investigate the incidents and make recommendations for preventing similar incidents in the future.
- Recommendations: Committees (and individual committee members) should have the power to issue recommendations to the employer on ways to correct hazards.
- Enforcement: OHS agencies must have the power to cite employers that fail to ensure compliance with committee composition, activity, and recordkeeping requirements. This enforcement authority is critical to preventing “paper tiger” committees that do little to help workers.
Many states have adopted statutes that require employers to develop health and safety committees or create financial incentives for doing so. Often, these requirements are tied to workers’ compensation programs, since committees can be an effective way to reduce OHS risks, which in turn reduces workers’ compensation costs.
Most state legislatures have a recurring process in which they consider reforms to their workers’ compensation programs on a biennial or some other regular basis. In recent years, much to the chagrin of workers and their advocates, these review cycles have tended to focus on cutting benefits and otherwise limiting workers’ compensation programs instead of strengthening them. Health and safety committee requirements have been a bright spot for workers, though. Many legislatures have included committee requirements in their workers’ compensation reform efforts either as a concession to workers who are losing on other aspects of the legislation, or as a way to cut costs and create a more “business friendly” climate in their state.
The most serious issue standing in the way of health and safety committees is the potential conflict with the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). Written improperly, a state law requiring health and safety committees might demand a committee structure or set of duties that conflict with the NLRA, thereby invalidating the law. Advocates who are considering pursuing a campaign to establish health and safety committees should consult with an NLRA expert.
Briefly, the issue is that the NLRA prohibits employers from interfering with or dominating labor organizations. A joint labor-management committee is likely to be considered a “labor organization” under the NLRA if it has members who are elected by workers to deal with an issue—health and safety—that is a mandatory topic of bargaining under U.S. labor law. The NLRA’s prohibition on employers interfering with or dominating labor organizations would prevent an employer from contributing financial or other support to the committee. That would mean the committee could not meet on company property and workers’ representatives could not be paid for time spent on committee functions. Practically speaking, there is no way the committee could function effectively. The relevant provision of the NLRA, section 8(a)(2), was intended to stop employers from forming “company unions,” a tactic employed in the early part of the 20th century to disrupt union organizing. But because of the broad language of the NLRA, modern-day programs intended to give workers more power over their working conditions can run afoul of the law. A full discussion of the relevant law is beyond the scope of this document, but the key takeaway is that there are ways to work around the NLRA problem. It is possible to structure the committees and their powers in a way that ensures management does not dominate or interfere with the committee’s work, thereby securing compliance with the NLRA. As outlined below, 23 states require or encourage the establishment of health and safety committees. Labor law experts can help workers’ advocates design state legislation in a way that ensures compliance with the NLRA, while accomplishing the goal of requiring health and safety committees.
When Congress considered amending the OSH Act in the early 1990s to include a requirement that all employers with more than ten employees establish health and safety committees, trade associations and their member companies objected on other grounds.5 As with any proposal designed to benefit workers, employers raised concerns about costs. But they came up with inflated numbers that were hard to reconcile with cost analyses produced by Fed-OSHA and state agencies that had recently established health and safety committee mandates. Employers also argued that they should have the flexibility to decide whether to establish a health and safety committee, not a mandate. However, employers are unlikely to establish voluntarily the committee structures, policies, and procedures that ensure meaningful worker involvement and effective committees. A formal study conducted for the Department of Labor concluded that voluntary committees often amount to little more than “paper tigers.” 6 And a more recent study of health and safety committees established under Pennsylvania’s voluntary program found that too much flexibility can lead to ineffective committees.7 Nonetheless, some flexibility can be written into the law by giving employers the opportunity to seek variances from the law’s requirements upon a showing that their programs are at least as effective as the statute’s requirements. (Legislation based on a strict mandate also helps minimize the NLRA problem because an employer is less likely to be found to illegally “dominate” a committee when the employer did not voluntarily create it.)
Mine workers bargained to establish the first joint labor-management committees with a health and safety aspect to their work over a century ago. Since then, thousands of companies in many different industries have voluntarily created such committees, labor unions have bargained for their establishment in many contracts, and 23 states have adopted some form of law or policy that encourages their formation. In the early 1990s, members of the U.S. Congress introduced two bills that would have amended the OSH Act to require employers with 11 or more employees to form health and safety committees.8 The bills provide a useful example of legislative language that sets the basic parameters for health and safety committees that would be effective and would fit within the constraints of the NLRA.
Advocates might also find successful models for health and safety committees where they were created without a statutory mandate but are overseen by OHS experts. For instance, many collective bargaining agreements have health and safety committee requirements that were designed by unions’ OHS experts.
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems
In this manual, we present recommendations about health and safety committees separately from recommendations about improved education and training, but the two issues are closely related. In many workplaces, both effective joint labor-management health and safety committees and job-specific training programs are part of a comprehensive occupational health and safety management system, sometimes referred to as an injury and illness prevention program (I2P2).
Occupational health and safety management systems vary in design, but the most effective systems share a core set of features that include management leadership, employee participation, planning, implementation and operation, evaluation and corrective action, and management review. (See the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z10 consensus standard.)
Thirty-four states either require employers to establish occupational health and safety management systems or have guidelines that encourage them. Fed-OSHA maintains a website with links to the programs, which may be a useful resource for advocates interested in pursuing reforms related to health and safety committees or improved education and training requirements. (https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/index.html)
Too often, workers get incomplete information and insufficient training from their employers. To stay safe on the job, workers need to know about the hazards they may encounter, how to perform their job tasks safely, and what they can do to address unsafe conditions or access workers’ compensation after suffering a job-related injury or illness. Various laws and regulations require employers to make specific kinds of information available and provide certain types of training, but these piecemeal rules often leave workers with only a partial understanding of the hazards they face, their employers’ duties to eliminate or manage the hazards, and how to exercise their rights.
The problem of insufficient OHS education and training is especially acute in the sectors of the labor market that have made widespread use of temporary labor. Take, for example, the tragic death of Day Davis at the Bacardi bottling plant in Jacksonville, Florida. Hired as a temp worker and eager to prove his mettle on his first day at a new job, Davis was crushed by a piece of equipment that was set to run while he was underneath it cleaning broken bottles. Among other violations, Fed-OSHA determined that Bacardi had failed to train Davis on the hazards associated with the equipment or safe use procedures—such as cutting power to machines when workers are making repairs or cleaning up.9 Insufficient training has been an issue in so many cases involving temporary workers in the last few years that Fed-OSHA has taken steps to clarify the joint responsibilities of staffing agencies and host employers with regard to training requirements.10
Further complicating matters, training, warning signs, and hazard communications are not always in the language or format best suited for the workers who are supposed to benefit from them. Improper language and format is an acute problem in industries or geographical regions that rely heavily on foreign-born workers or those with low literacy.
Improvements to education and training requirements can ensure that workers have the knowledge they need to demand better OHS protections. To get a full picture of the health and safety aspects of their jobs, workers need to know about all potential hazards, past and present exposures to any hazards that may be variable (e.g., chemical exposures), the type and severity of the harm the hazard can cause, the regulatory and legal system that places responsibility on employers to eliminate hazards, and the mechanisms for redress when injuries or illnesses occur. State legislatures can enact laws that provide for OHS information-sharing and training. Unions can also make these demands in contract negotiations, but the recommendations below focus on statutory changes that would help non-unionized workers, too.
State legislators in every state can take the simple, commonsense step of requiring employers to inform workers about the education and training requirements that apply to their jobs. This requirement would force employers to regularly review the OHS standards relevant to their industries and keep track of the training requirements that apply to all jobs that their workers undertake. Fed-OSHA has more than 100 standards that mandate some type of training for workers across a range of industries.11 Only a small number might apply to a given job, but it is the employer’s responsibility to know what those requirements are and to ensure they comply with them. State laws mandating that employers disclose to workers the relevant training regulations would also provide workers with a virtual checklist that they could use to keep tabs on whether their employer is providing sufficient OHS training.
Only state-plan states’ legislators should attempt to expand on Fed-OSHA’s education and training requirements. The OSH Act’s preemption provisions bar legislators in states covered by Fed-OSHA from adding to the federal OHS education and training requirements. State-plan states that opt to expand on the minimum federal standards could greatly enhance workers’ knowledge of OHS hazards by requiring a more comprehensive hazard analysis and communication program. Critical elements of that program might include:
- A mechanism for providing all new hires with OHS-specific training: Legislators should outline in general terms the minimum requirements of new-hire training and should authorize the state’s OHS agency to establish regulations and guidance that will provide employers with additional details. Legislation could set out a minimum number of hours for training on hazards and on the employer’s duties to eliminate and manage those hazards (e.g., eight hours for new hires). It could also mandate that workers receive training on best practices for identifying hazards and the procedures for reporting hazards to management, refusing unsafe work, and reporting unresolved problems to government agencies.12 As described above, joint labor-management health and safety committees can be responsible for developing worksite-specific training materials, and worker representatives on those committees can be responsible for training other workers.
- A requirement that ensures workers get “refresher” and “new task” training: Refresher training reinforces to employers that they bear the ultimate responsibility for workers’ health and safety. It also gives workers an opportunity to refresh their knowledge of hazards and the ways they are supposed to be eliminated or controlled, to discuss new or emerging hazards, and to review policies and procedures for dealing with OHS concerns. Employers also should be required to provide specialized training any time workers are assigned new tasks or begin using new equipment.
- Expanded access to injury and illness records: State legislatures could improve access to individual firms’ injury and illness records, such as OSHA-300 logs, company audits, and workers’ compensation records, by requiring that the data be posted online through the state-plan OHS agency’s website (without revealing workers’ identities). Doing so would enable workers to access the data at the time and place of their choosing. It would also allow potential employees, customers, competitors, contractors, suppliers, and the media to access the data, increasing the number of potential actors who might press a firm with high injury and illness rates to take action to create a safer workplace.
A comprehensive hazard analysis and communication program could be tied to the work of health and safety committees. For instance, the health and safety committee could develop training programs, conduct training, and verify effectiveness. Worker representatives on the committee also could serve as a resource for co-workers who need help understanding the OHS-related information that employers might be required to provide.
State lawmakers in all states can also mandate that employers provide workers with information about the other key program relevant to their on-the-job health and safety: workers’ compensation. Most states require employers to put up posters that give workers rudimentary information about the workers’ compensation system, such as the name of the employer’s workers’ compensation insurer and claims administrator.13 But workers deserve to know more than just the basics, including:
- The process for filing a claim, including relevant timelines and documentation requirements;
- Information about benefits available through the workers’ compensation system, including a clear statement describing benefits that will be unavailable if a claim is not filed;
- The percentage of claims that the employer or its insurer appeals, so that workers will know ahead of time the employer’s track record for challenging workers’ compensation claims; and
- A disclosure about workers’ rights to enlist an attorney at any time after the injury, to help navigate the complicated procedures for obtaining benefits.
Workers also need to know about whistleblower protections, their legal protections when they refuse unsafe work, the proper channels for raising OHS concerns in the workplace, and how to file a complaint with an OHS agency if hazardous conditions are not satisfactorily addressed. (The two sections of this manual immediately following this section provide details on whistleblower protections and refusing unsafe work.) These issues can be addressed in plain-language documents provided to workers before the first day on the job and on an annual basis thereafter, as well as on a prominently displayed poster within the workplace.
Fed-OSHA and various state-plan OHS agencies provide sample documents that employers can use to educate workers, often in English and Spanish. State lawmakers in all states should mandate that employers educate and train workers in a language and vocabulary that they understand.
The first counter-argument that advocates should expect to hear when pushing for improved OHS education and training requirements is that Fed-OSHA regulations preempt states from acting. This argument is primarily a concern in states that do not have a Fed-OSHAapproved state plan. The U.S. Supreme Court, in its 1992 Gade decision,14 invalidated an Illinois regulation that established certain training and certification requirements beyond what Fed-OSHA’s standards required. The Court’s ruling creates a barrier to expanding OHS education and training requirements in states where Fed-OSHA has authority. Nonetheless, legislators in states covered by Fed-OSHA might work around this problem by mandating that employers simply inform workers of the education and training requirements that apply under Fed-OSHA’s standards. By not adding new education or training requirements, the problem of preemption may be avoided.
For workers, the problem with improved OHS education and training requirements is that, in reality, knowledge is not power—power is power. Workers need a mechanism that gives them an enforceable power to demand improved working conditions, based on the information they receive through improved OHS education and training requirements. This need is addressed by some of the other recommendations in this document, including the creation of workplace health and safety committees with genuine worker involvement, the enhanced whistleblower protections, the establishment of a right to refuse dangerous work, and citizen-suit provisions. Those recommendations go hand-in-hand with improved OHS education and training requirements, which would strengthen workers’ ability to use those tools.
In 2012, the Governor of Massachusetts signed a law known as the Massachusetts Temporary Worker’s Right to Know Act, which was designed to combat a number of problems that plague the temporary or third-party labor market. One of those problems is that temp workers are often sent to jobs without any knowledge of what they will be doing or what health and safety protections they should expect. The Temporary Workers Right to Know Act therefore requires staffing agencies to provide workers with “job orders” that include, among other things, disclosure of whether the position requires special clothing, tools, licensing, or training.15 This type of reform could be enacted in any state because it does not expand on Fed-OSHA standards; it merely requires an employer to explain the duties it owes workers.
California’s workers’ compensation regulations provide a useful example of state disclosure requirements that relate specifically to workers’ compensation. Employers must post in each workplace a one-page poster that provides workers with an easy-to-understand overview of the workers’ compensation claims process, as well as some basic information necessary to initiate the process, such as the employer’s claims administrator, workers’ compensation insurer, and contact information for individuals who can advise injured workers.16 Even more useful, California requires employers to provide workers with a “Time of Hire” pamphlet that explains the workers’ compensation system in more detail, but still in plain, easy-to-understand language.17
A Win for Workers: The Massachusetts Temporary Worker Right to Know Act
A Massachusetts coalition of faith leaders, labor organizations, and safety and other advocacy groups worked with state agencies and representatives of the staffing industry on legislation to better protect temporary workers from employer abuse. Far too many low-wage temp workers are not told what their job will be or how much they will be paid. The new state law, which took effect in January 2013, requires staffing agencies to provide temporary workers basic information about their job assignments; name and contact information about the staffing agency; its workers’ compensation carrier; and any special clothing, tools, and safety training for each job assignment.
Workers face powerful disincentives to raise OHS concerns. Those who do may face retaliation, including having their hours cut or being fired. Indeed, some employers overtly threaten workers with such consequences if they report health and safety problems. Workers may also face retaliation for filing workers’ compensation claims for injuries and illnesses that occur because of unsafe work environments. All these forms of retaliation are illegal, but workers report that they occur often.
Fear of retaliation can strongly discourage workers from reporting OHS concerns or from filing workers’ compensation claims. The fear of retaliation can be greatest for vulnerable, low-wage workers, particularly those working on a contingent basis, with limited English language skills, or without protection from a union contract. Beyond employer retaliation, those workers brave enough to report OHS problems to management or a public agency have paid a heavy toll, including strained relations with family members and former co-workers, financial struggles, and extreme emotional trauma.18
All states have some form of whistleblower protection law, though they vary widely in their scope and implementation.19 A state law’s narrow coverage or weak remedies can discourage workers from reporting OHS hazards when they fear retaliation. For instance, state laws vary with respect to the back pay and benefits that whistleblowers can recover if an employer illegally retaliates. When state statutes establish a system that relies heavily or exclusively on overburdened government agencies to act as the gatekeepers for whistleblower claims, poor implementation can also be a huge discouragement.20 Across the country, agencies responsible for reviewing whistleblower complaints have significant backlogs. Workers can look to the protections afforded by more than 20 federal whistleblower laws, though Fed-OSHA is struggling to manage the caseload that comes with such broad jurisdiction.21
As the eyes and ears on the ground, workers are the experts in identifying workplace hazards and recommending fixes before injury or illness occurs. This whistleblowing role is critical as OHS agencies’ budgets dwindle, since fewer inspectors, combined with weak penalty provisions in the law, make it less likely that employers who break the law will be punished severely enough to discourage them from breaking the law in the future.
Every state, whether operating under a state plan or Fed-OSHA’s authority, can improve its whistleblower protection laws and make management changes to ensure improved enforcement of both new and existing laws. Strong whistleblower protection laws must shield workers against employer retaliation and encourage them to identify and report OHS hazards. Such laws are necessary to counter the disincentives that potential whistleblowers face. Society has a strong interest in rooting out hazardous workplaces because of the costs they impose on public health and safety.
A strong state whistleblower protection law should have five characteristics:
- Comprehensive coverage: The law should cover both public and private workers, including those in traditional employment relationships as well as those working on a contingent or temporary basis. The law’s definition of “employer” should include both host employers and staffing agencies that provide temporary labor. Activities protected by the law should include filing a workers’ compensation claim for an occupational injury or illness, as well as identifying and reporting OHS issues, including reporting injuries and illnesses to the employer. Oral complaints should be sufficient to establish coverage under the whistleblower protection law.
- Simplified process for exercising whistleblower rights: To be covered, a whistleblower should only be required to demonstrate that he or she had a “good faith,” or sincere, belief that the company’s actions or workplace conditions violated a law or regulation or were otherwise inconsistent with an important public policy promoted by an existing law or regulation.22 Workers cannot be expected to have a sophisticated or exhaustive understanding of relevant law, so they should have the right to be protected from retaliation even if the problem they reported turns out not to be a violation of the law. Whistleblowers should be granted flexibility in how they exercise their rights, so that they are free to report OHS hazards, as appropriate, to a supervisor, a government official, or the media.23
- Strong safeguards against employer retaliation: The law should prohibit employers from taking any form of retaliation, including outright dismissal, suspension, demotion, adverse changes in work schedules or job tasks, reductions in compensation or elimination of benefits, negative reviews or documentation in the worker’s personnel file, or pitting worker against worker. To give the prohibition teeth, the law should create a private right of action that empowers workers who have been retaliated against to sue their employers in court. The law should allow workers one year (or more) to bring a claim, starting from the day when the worker acquired actual knowledge of the retaliatory action. It should define a successful claim as one in which a worker is able to establish by a “preponderance of the evidence” that:
This private right of action should serve as a backup to the existing administrative process for resolving whistleblower retaliation claims, whether pursued by Fed-OSHA or stateplan OHS agencies. Administrative processesare typically underfunded and fail to provide effective safeguards for whistleblowers who have experienced retaliation.
- he or she engaged in a protected whistleblower action,
- the employer knew about the protected whistleblower action,
- the employer took some prohibited retaliatory action against the worker, and
- the protected whistleblower action was a “contributing cause” of the prohibited retaliatory action (as opposed to a “but-for cause,” which makes it too easy for employers to defend prohibited retaliatory actions as the result of other factors, unrelated to the worker’s whistleblowing activity).
- Powerful remedies: The court hearing the case should have the authority to “make whole” a worker who was retaliated against for exercising his or her protected whistleblower rights. The remedies available should include restoration to the worker’s former position with back wages plus interest, reinstatement of seniority or other advanced employment status, the reward of any other lost “fringe benefits” associated with his or her employment, and the removal from a worker’s personnel file of any negative reviews or documentation related to a retaliatory action. The court should compensate workers who win their cases for all reasonable legal costs, and the court should have the authority to award punitive damages in cases involving particularly egregious conduct by the employer. The law should require the relevant state agency to maintain a publicly available database of all successful civil actions brought by workers who were retaliated against for exercising their protected whistleblower rights, including the employer involved, a brief description of the case, and details on any resulting penalties or orders awarded by the court. The law should specifically authorize the judge to order preliminary reinstatement of a worker to his or her former position, along with wages and applicable benefits, if the judge reviewing the worker’s retaliation claim makes a preliminary determination that the claim is not frivolous.24 One of the disadvantages of relying on a private right of action to provide workers who experience retaliation with some measure of justice is that resolution of these claims can take a long time, and many workers simply cannot afford the delay. Preliminary reinstatement can go a long way toward eliminating the burden of delay that many whistleblowers face.
- Effective notice of whistleblower rights: The law should require employers to clearly explain these rights in a language that workers understand by means of a poster that is prominently displayed in the workplace and a written pamphlet to be distributed to workers at the time of hire and once per year thereafter. Employers should be required to make the poster and pamphlet notifications available to workers employed directly by the company and to contingent and temporary workers.
Two important aspects of a strong whistleblower protection law—the right of workers to sue their employers in court if they experience retaliation and the powerful remedies available in successful suits—are likely to be the most contentious. Advocates pushing for a law that includes these provisions will likely face a fierce backlash from business groups and their political allies, particularly in more conservative states. A successful campaign to enact a strong whistleblower protection law will likely require a lot of time and effort, but it has the potential to significantly improve OHS protections for workers.
Business groups claim that strong whistleblower protection laws undermine their ability to manage their employees effectively. They claim that disgruntled workers abuse the laws’ protections, enabling those workers to make false accusations either to antagonize their employers or to avoid doing work. Businesses also fear that even well-meaning workers will exercise their whistleblower rights too frequently, leading to workplace disruptions and decreased productivity.
To respond to these arguments, advocates can point out that the power to address these concerns resides with the employer. Businesses can avoid any problems by providing their workers with effective notice on how the whistleblower protection law works—which the law should instruct them to do—and by cultivating a law-abiding spirit within the company that promotes the early detection and prompt correction of all OHS hazards. These efforts will not only preserve workplace harmony; they will also benefit the company’s bottom line by avoiding the costly fines, litigation, and negative publicity that result when unaddressed hazards are discovered during inspections or following serious accidents and disasters.
The law would leverage the power of state civil courts to screen out frivolous whistleblower claims. Civil courts would ensure that whistleblowers meet the burden of proving the four elements of a retaliation claim, as described above. Employers would also have the opportunity to rebut the claim by proving that they would have taken the same allegedly retaliatory action regardless of the worker’s whistleblowing activity.
Every state has some form of whistleblower protection law, although they vary considerably in their coverage and the safeguards they provide.25
As one of the most comprehensive state whistleblower protection laws, New Jersey’s Conscientious Employee Protection Act (CEPA) provides a great model for activists.26 Though the law extends to all forms of potential workplace wrongdoing—including any “activity, policy or practice of the employer . . . that . . . is in violation of a law, or a rule or regulation . . . or [that] is fraudulent or criminal”—it has been used in several cases to protect workers who reported OHS violations. CEPA has several strengths: public- and private-sector workers are covered; workers who have been the subject of a prohibited retaliatory action are empowered to sue the employer; workers have up to one year to initiate this lawsuit; workers need only show that the protected whistleblower action was a contributing cause of the employer’s prohibited retaliatory action; workers who succeed in their retaliation lawsuit can obtain powerful remedies, including restoration to their former position with back wages, reinstatement of seniority or other advanced employment status, the reward of any other lost “fringe benefits,” and reasonable litigation costs; and, employers must educate workers about their whistleblower rights.
CEPA has a few small weaknesses. Workers must report wrongdoing to their employer first—with limited exceptions—even though there might be several circumstances in which an employee would be better off reporting to an outside party first. The law does not provide for preliminary reinstatement of workers while their whistleblower retaliation claims are pending in court. Also, CEPA does not provide for a public advocate to help workers bring their whistleblowing claims in court.
One difference between CEPA and the law recommended above is that CEPA employs a “reasonableness” standard by requiring that workers have a reasonable belief that the employer’s activity, policy, or practice constitutes a covered form of workplace wrongdoing. As noted above, the recommended law employs a “good faith” standard for workers to trigger their whistleblower rights, although some advocates may find that CEPA ’s “reasonableness” standard fits their circumstances better.
Too often, when workers encounter a dangerous work situation, they have a tough choice to make: They can either do work they know to be dangerous or risk losing their job. It takes a strong sense of job security for a worker to ask an employer to fix a dangerous working condition. Especially in low-wage industries, areas with high unemployment, or worksites with a weak health and safety culture, workers who ask their employers to fix hazards often feel that they are putting themselves at risk of being fired or suffering other forms of retaliation. To make matters worse, workers know that any dangerous assignment they refuse will likely be passed on to a fellow worker instead.
Fed-OSHA regulations provide a limited right to refuse dangerous work. Workers are not covered unless they have a “reasonable” belief that:
- the working conditions pose a real danger of death or serious injury, and
- there is no time to get dangerous conditions fixed by calling in a Fed-OSHA inspector.
These conditions are nearly impossible to satisfy, so the regulations provide little meaningful protection. Very few states have right-to-refuse laws, and the laws that exist could be strengthened to ensure a meaningful right for workers to refuse dangerous work.
Legislatures in all states—both state-plan and Fed-OSHA states— can adopt a law that protects workers’ right to refuse dangerous assignments or tasks until the identified hazards have been corrected. Ultimately, the law would give workers the power to compel their employers to fix dangerous conditions that could cause injury, illness, or death. Unions can also establish right-to-refuse procedures through collective bargaining agreements, although statewide protections for all workers are a more protective solution.
The central issue for advocates in campaigning for a right-to-refuse law is how to define when a worker is protected in exercising the right. If the language is too broad, then it will encounter vigorous opposition from business groups who will complain that the law could be too easily abused by workers making false or weak claims. If the language is too narrow, then it may be too difficult for workers to exercise their right to refuse and the law would not provide any meaningful protections. The two most common standards are a “good faith” standard and a “reasonableness” standard.27 The “good faith” standard is arguably easier for workers to satisfy than the “reasonableness” standard and would therefore be likely to offer greater protections to workers.
Advocates should consider pushing for a law that requires a worker to have a “good faith,” or sincere, belief that a task or assignment violates a law, standard, regulation, or “clear mandate of public policy” (including those related to OHS matters), or otherwise amounts to a criminal act. This language would empower workers to refuse to work in many dangerous situations while also providing a clear legal standard that will help assuage employers’ concerns about potential abuse by disgruntled employees.
Some recognized occupational hazards do not technically violate laws, standards, regulations, or policies, so a worker would not have a protected right to refuse work based on these hazards. For example, few states have clear standards to adequately protect workers while they are working in excessive heat. Without such a standard, a worker is left to argue that such conditions violate a clear mandate of public policy, which may be a difficult point to prove. Nonetheless, the suggested language is arguably the broadest and most flexible language that is also politically viable in most states.
A strong right-to-refuse law will include other key elements:
- Broad coverage: State right-to-refuse laws should cover all workers. The law should cover both public- and private-sector workers, including contingent and temporary workers as well as workers in a traditional employer-employee relationship.
- Effective notice: The law should require employers to provide workers with effective notification of their right to refuse dangerous work, exactly as provided for in the recommended state whistleblower protection law described above (i.e., through a prominently displayed poster and written pamphlets distributed at the time of hire and every year).
- A “private right of action:” The law should authorize workers to sue their employers in court and to seek a wide variety of damages if they experience retaliation for exercising their right to refuse covered work tasks.
In workplaces with joint labor-management health and safety committees, the committees can play a critical role in disputes about a worker’s right to refuse dangerous work. For example, Ontario’s right-to-refuse law only requires that the worker have reason to believe that a particular task or assignment is dangerous and then relies on some kind of independent worker representative or an established health and safety committee to investigate and filter out any potentially invalid claims.28 This approach has the advantage of allowing workers to bring a wider range of claims to trigger their right to refuse—even those that do not technically violate laws, standards, regulations, or policies. Relying on a third party to help initially address workers’ claims would help to ensure that the law is not abused, which would make the proposed law more politically viable.
The other advantage of a right-to-refuse law that relies on health and safety committees for sifting out valid claims is that the law can also establish a clear process for resolving those claims in a way that both addresses the dangerous conditions and minimizes disruption of the workplace. For example, similar to the Ontario law, a state right-to-refuse law could mandate the following process:
- Internal investigation: After receiving notice from a worker about a hazard, the law should require the employer or supervisor to investigate the allegedly hazardous conditions in cooperation with a member of the health and safety committee. Based upon this investigation, if the employer agrees that a hazard exists, the employer must consult with the worker and the health and safety committee member on the appropriate ways to correct the situation. Alternatively, the employer must explain why the conditions are not actually hazardous.
- External review: If the reporting worker does not accept the employer’s explanation that the workplace conditions do not pose a hazard, or if the reporting worker does not agree that the employer’s actions to fix the hazard are adequate, then he or she should report the situation to the appropriate OHS agency. In state-plan states, the law should require the state-plan OHS agency official to consult with both the reporting worker and the health and safety committee involved as part of the investigation. The worker may continue to refuse the dangerous work task until the government inspector has determined that conditions are safe following an investigation of the situation.
- Documentation: The law should require the employer to keep a written record of the event, explain how any reported OHS concerns were addressed, and provide a copy to the worker who brought the hazard to the employer’s attention.
- Maintenance of benefits: The law should specifically require the employer to maintain the reporting worker’s normal compensation rate at all times while the worker is exercising his or her right to refuse dangerous work. The employer may give the worker an alternative work assignment while the situation is being resolved.
- Information sharing: Whenever a worker exercises his or her right to refuse a dangerous work task, the law should require the employer to inform any other workers of the reported dangerous conditions before assigning that task to them. The law should authorize the other workers to independently assert their own right to refuse the task on the basis of the reported dangerous conditions.
Business groups will likely charge that a strong state right-to-refuse law would undermine employers’ ability to effectively manage their workforces. Specifically, they might argue that the law could encourage workers to abuse the law’s protections in order to harass their bosses or shirk their assigned duties. They might also contend that even appropriate uses of the right to refuse dangerous work could become a needless distraction, resulting in decreased productivity.
Advocates can respond to these arguments in several ways. They can point out that the fundamental reason for the right-to-refuse law is to ensure that hazards are identified and fixed before harm occurs. As a result, its provisions could actually promote productivity for many businesses and eliminate costs associated with injuries, illnesses, and “close call” incidents. Advocates can also explain that the procedures for exercising the right to refuse dangerous work are designed to discourage abuse and to promote a cooperative and productive relationship between employers and workers. Under a law with the characteristics described above, workers would need to have a “good faith” belief that undertaking the task or assignment would violate law, standard, regulation, or policy. Tying the workers’ right to laws, regulations, or policies will give employers an objective tool for denying potentially abusive claims, and encourage workers to exercise this right only when it is appropriate. Similarly, a law that relies on an independent third party, such as a joint labormanagement health and safety committee, to screen cases will help filter out potential misuse of the law’s protections.
A study of Ontario’s strong right-to-refuse law suggests that business groups’ concerns about abuse and disruption are misplaced. Researchers found no evidence that workers used their right to refuse dangerous work to harass their employers, but they did find that workers made more frequent use of the right in workplaces with poor labor relations.29 These results underscore the importance of ensuring that workers have a properly balanced power relationship with their employers, which a strong right-to-refuse law can help to promote.
Business groups may also argue that states would be preempted from adopting a strong right-to-refuse law, because Fed-OSHA regulations establish a limited right to refuse dangerous work. This argument is relevant in states without Fed-OSHA-approved state plans, but it is not a strong argument. Advocates can respond by noting that according to the U.S. Supreme Court, only federal “health and safety standards” preempt state laws covering similar issues (see the How to Use this Manual section, above). Advocates can make the case that Fed-OSHA’s right-to-refuse regulation is not a “health and safety standard” as that term is defined in the OSH Act because it is not aimed at correcting a particular hazard or risk. Thus, states without Fed-OSHA-approved state plans, like their state-plan neighbors, can adopt strong right-to-refuse laws.
New Jersey’s Conscientious Employee Protection Act (CEPA ) provides a good model for advocates that want to campaign for a strong right-to-refuse law that does not rely on health and safety committees. Pushing for a law that establishes health and safety committees may be politically impossible in some states, so advocates may prefer to push for a right-to-refuse law based on CEPA , which can provide effective protections for workers on its own. Alternatively, advocates may prefer to campaign for a right-to- refuse law based on Ontario’s. The disadvantage of this approach is that, in states that do not require health and safety committees, advocates would have to push for a strong law on health and safety committees, along the lines described above, first or simultaneously with their efforts to push for a strong right-to-refuse law. Advocates may find this extra challenge to be worth the effort, since an Ontario-like right-to- refuse law would arguably provide broader protections for workers, and it could include provisions that clearly establish the process for workers to exercise their right to refuse dangerous work, as explained above.
Unlike federal environmental laws, many of which have so-called “citizen suit” provisions, the nation’s OHS laws do not allow workers to sue their employers in court for failing to comply with health and safety standards.30 OHS agencies’ resource constraints are the root of the problem, but a budgetary fix is unlikely. With approximately 9 million worksites in the United States and new health and safety challenges arising constantly, OHS agencies simply do not employ enough inspectors to keep a close watch on employers’ compliance. Fed- OSHA employs approximately 1,000 inspectors and supervisors.31 State-plan states add perhaps 1,200 more inspectors to the total. With a combined inspection workforce that is rivalled in number by some suburban high schools, it is no wonder that major workplace disasters are often followed by media reports that the employer had rarely, if ever, seen an OHS inspector.32
AFL-CIO calculates that it would take Fed-OSHA and state-plan OHS agencies anywhere from 30 to nearly 300 years to inspect every worksite in the United States, based on the number of worksite in each state and the number of inspections that the state’s inspectors typically conduct in a year.33 At that rate, the average worker might as well assume that she will never see an OHS inspector. So what is she to do when her employer fails to comply with the basic rules set out by state or federal OHS standards? To take preventative action before she or a co-worker is injured, the best course of action is to file a complaint with an OHS agency.34 If the complaint alleges an OHS violation with sufficient specificity, the agency will dispatch an inspector to the worksite to investigate But even here, agency resources constrain responses. Fed-OSHA has adopted a policy stating that these inspections will only focus on the alleged hazard and whatever clearly visible other hazards an inspector comes across in the course of investigating the complaint. It is rare that an inspection instigated by a complaint will result in a “wall to wall” approach and identify hazards that are not immediately visible.
State legislatures can empower workers by giving them the power to file lawsuits demanding compliance with OHS laws, similar to the right to file citizen suits on violations of environmental laws. State and federal environmental agencies face an imbalance between their enforcement resources and the size of the regulated community that’s comparable to OHS agencies’ shortfalls. The solution in the environmental arena, as it should be in the OHS context, was to give concerned citizens the power to enforce environmental laws. “Citizen suit” provisions in certain statutes essentially deputize the entire U.S. population to help enforce the law.
Legislators in state-plan states could enact legislation that incorporates the citizen suit into their state-law programs. The basic contours of the statute could parallel existing environmental citizen suit provisions, giving any person the power to file suit against any other person or entity that violates OHS laws. This “private right of action” would be available after the person who intends to file the lawsuit has provided the employer and the state-plan OHS agency a “notice of intent to sue” that identifies the alleged violations. Upon receipt of the notice, the state-plan OHS agency should treat it as it would a formal complaint. The notice gives the employer an opportunity to correct the problem or—if it fails to do so—gives the state-plan OHS agency the opportunity to open an investigation and issue citations. The purpose of requiring potential citizen suit plaintiffs to file a notice of intent to sue is to reduce burdens on the court system.
In complex environmental cases, companies faced with a potential citizen suit often urge the environmental agency to file a suit to forestall the citizen suit, on the assumption that the agency might settle the case on terms more favorable to them than the private lawsuit would. The same could be expected of employers faced with a potential OHS citizen suit. To prevent sweetheart deals that leave workers at risk, OHS citizen suit laws should clarify that a person who files a notice of intent to sue will be presumptively included in the inspection as a worker representative and will be allowed to participate in settlement negotiations and intervene in litigation if the employer contests any citation or abatement order.
Courts that hear environmental citizen suits have struggled with the issue of “standing,” a constitutional constraint on courts’ authority to hear particular cases that is intended to ensure that only parties with a legitimate interest in the outcome of a lawsuit can initiate it. Any legislature that adopts an OHS citizen suit statute should clarify that the intended beneficiaries who have standing to sue include not only workers who fit longstanding definitions of “employees,” but also independent contractors and temporary workers supplied by staffing firms. Legislatures should also grant standing to third-party representatives such as unions, worker centers, and other community-based organizations with close ties to workers.
A final important piece of the puzzle is to ensure that workers and their representatives can afford to bring these suits. In other lawsuits, judges and juries can require those who lose the case to pay large sums of money in damages, which can be used to pay for the winning side’s legal costs. These damages would not be available in citizen suits, but the plaintiffs need a way to recoup the costs of bringing a case. A state law allowing OHS citizen suits should include a provision that awards reasonable attorney’s fees to individuals or organizations that initiate successful citizen suits or citizen suit-based inspections. That provision could be modeled on the federal Equal Access to Justice Act, which ensures that a party that is successful in certain kinds of litigation, including many citizen suits, can recoup reasonable costs of bringing the case in federal court.
Empowering the public to bring citizen suits to enforce OHS laws would be such a revolutionary change to the way those laws are enforced and to the power relationship between workers and employers that advocates can expect fierce opposition to any campaign aimed at winning a citizen suit law at the state level. Advocates have mounted such campaigns in the past and failed—indeed, citizen suits were part of the debate in the lead-up to passage of the OSH Act in 1970. A state-level campaign to establish OHS citizen suits may be worth pursuing because it offers a good narrative about the need to empower workers as a solution to problems arising from government austerity measures.
The employer community’s main arguments opposing the OHS citizen suit idea will likely center on courts’ crowded dockets. State legislators often work to cut down on the number of lawsuits filed by private plaintiffs, so making every worker a potential litigant, without requiring evidence of physical harm, may be contrary to their goals of reducing litigation. But advocates could counter by explaining the plaintiffs’ incentives in citizen suits do not encourage excessive litigation. The remedies will often be injunctive— that is, a judge will require an employer to take or stop a particular action—so no lawyers will be winning huge pay days and this new field of law is unlikely to attract the attention of attorneys looking to pad their purses. Many cases will settle out of court since the standards at issue have been enforced by government agencies for years and few questions about applicability and enforceability remain. The proposed requirement of a notice of intent to sue will also ensure that most cases are resolved administratively.
For workers, the biggest challenge with citizen suits will be dealing with retaliation. As noted above, the anti-retaliation provisions in state and federal whistleblower laws are inconsistent and rarely give workers sufficient protection. Workers need assurances that filing or providing support in a citizen suit will not endanger their prospects for continued or future employment. A strong whistleblower protection law would be an essential companion to a citizen suit law to enforce OHS standards.
The federal Clean Air Act (CAA) and Clean Water Act (CWA) provide the best examples of how a citizen suit provision can strengthen a public health statute.35 Like OHS agencies, the Environmental Protection Agency and its state agency partners have resource constraints that make it difficult to monitor the thousands of permits issued to businesses that pollute air and water. Environmental advocacy groups, however, have used the citizen suit provisions in the CAA and CWA to enforce the pollution limits set out in permits.
Fed-OSHA and its state-plan partners spend a majority of their resources on enforcement activities. In a typical year, they will conduct roughly 100,000 worksite inspections, and inspectors find serious hazards in a majority of cases. The consequences for employers who put workers in harm’s way need to fit the gravity of the situation. Too often, employers get away with what amounts to little more than a slap on the wrist for sending workers into unsafe trenches or oxygen-depleted confined spaces, or for using old machinery without proper guards for protecting against unexpected start-ups. Significant fines and the threat of extended time in prison would serve two functions: penalizing employers who are caught endangering workers, and deterring other employers from making similar bad choices about worker protections.
In this section, we suggest ways to strengthen the penalties that can be imposed on employers who violate OHS laws and describe a change to administrative procedures that would ensure employers start fixing dangerous conditions as soon as OHS agency inspectors issue citations. We conclude the section with a list of government databases that workers and their advocates can use to target employers or local industries that deserve shaming for their failure to provide safe and healthy workplaces.
In all but two states, when an employer receives a citation for failing to comply with OHS laws, the agency that uncovered the violation lacks authority to force the employer to fix the problem immediately unless workers face an imminent danger, a shortcoming in the law that leaves workers exposed to dangerous conditions. Experts often refer to this as the “abatement during appeals” problem. When OHS agencies issue citations, the law requires that they include an abatement order that sets a reasonable date by which the employer must fix the cited problem. But because of a loophole in the OSH Act and most state laws, the employer can avoid fixing the problem by simply filing an appeal of the citation or the proposed abatement date. The appeals process can last months or even years, and the longer it takes, the more likely it is that the unfixed problem will lead to injury or death. In 2009, for example, a construction worker died after falling through an improperly guarded floor hole at a Connecticut casino. While the company was contesting Fed-OSHA’s citation, another worker fell through a similarly improperly guarded hole and was permanently disabled. According to Fed-OSHA, there were 33 contested cases between 1999 and 2009 in which another worker died at the same worksite while the employers fought the citation.36
Agencies that want the most serious hazards to be fixed right away are forced to bargain with employers, quickly settling for sharply reduced penalties in exchange for faster abatement.37 The case against Tesoro Corporation following a comprehensive inspection of its Anacortes, Washington oil refinery provides a striking example. In 2008, before Washington enacted a law that closed the loophole, the state-plan OHS agency found 17 violations, many of which implicated poor management of “process safety,” involving highly hazardous chemicals that have the potential to cause a catastrophic incident. When Tesoro challenged the citations, the agency ended up reducing the proposed penalty from $85,700 to $12,250 and withdrawing 14 of the cited violations in order to persuade the company to drop its appeal, fix the hazards, and submit to an independent audit.38
This loophole is a growing problem. Fed-OSHA enforcement data show that employers are challenging citations at an increasing rate. From 2005 to 2008, employers appealed 11 percent of state and federal safety citations, and over the next four years, that rate doubled to 22 percent. In 2011 alone, employers contested more than 33 percent of citations.39 Some industries are notorious for routinely filing appeals. From 2000 to 2010, oil refineries contested 53 percent of all safety violations, and the average contested case took 20 months to resolve.40 In all these cases, the employer may forestall fixing the hazard until the appeal is resolved, leaving workers exposed to hazards that OHS agency officials have determined violate the law.
State-plan jurisdictions can ensure that workers are better protected by adopting legislation that requires employers to fix serious hazards by the deadline stated in the abatement order, whether or not they choose to appeal the underlying citation. Mandating a quick fix ensures immediate protection for workers and puts employers and enforcement officials on more equal footing in settlement negotiations. When employers are already required to fix problems right away, they cannot use their workers’ safety as a high-stakes bargaining chip to demand penalty reductions. An effective campaign would emphasize that the issue is about scofflaw companies that are using the appeals process to “game the system” at workers’ expense, not employers raising legitimate disputes over inspection findings. Closing this loophole in Fed-OSHA states would require action by Congress.
Since employers sometimes have genuine disputes about the existence of violative conditions, these laws should include an expedited process through which an employer could object to the abatement order. This would be a process separate from the normal appeals procedures in which the employer challenges the underlying citation. The laws should address five issues related to the expedited process for appealing abatement orders:
- Issues for consideration: The expedited process should give the employer the opportunity to raise legitimate questions about the reasonableness of the abatement deadline. It should also give the employer the opportunity to challenge the existence of a violation, since the absence of a violation would negate the need for abatement. Since the expedited process focuses on the abatement order—not the underlying citation—challenges to the characterization of a violation (serious versus willful, for example) and challenges to proposed penalties should not be addressed.
- Remedies: The expedited process will result in a limited remedy for the employer. If the official who hears the challenge agrees with the employer, the official should only have the authority to grant a stay of the abatement order. Thus, the employer would be allowed to postpone fixing the alleged hazards until its appeal of the underlying citation is resolved.
- The criteria for deciding the challenge: The employer should bear the burden of proving two points to obtain a stay of the abatement order. First, the employer must demonstrate a substantial likelihood of success on the contested issues. In other words, the employer must prove that it is likely to win when it contests the period of abatement or existence of a violation in the actual appeal. Second, the employer must show that a stay would not adversely affect workers’ health or safety.
- Workers’ rights to participate: The law should require that employees and their representatives be notified and allowed to participate in the abatement hearing, in case they want to argue against a stay. The employer or any affected employees that were parties to the hearing should have the right to appeal the decision to grant or deny the stay.
- Timelines: The hearing should be scheduled soon after an employer files the motion for a stay of abatement (e.g., within 15 days), and the decision on whether to grant the stay should be made quickly as well (e.g., within 15 days of the hearing). Throughout this process, the period of time given by the OHS agency to fix the hazard would remain in place (i.e., the clock would continue to tick on the abatement order).
In 2013, California lawmakers attempted to close the abatement loophole and ran into challenges that advocates can expect to see in other states. One of the main arguments raised by opponents of the bill was that they would be denied “due process” if they were required to fix hazards before having the opportunity to prove through the appeals process that Cal/OSHA’s citation was invalid or that no violation actually occurred.41
But this argument ignores all the procedural protections for employers that would be built into the new system. Employers would have the chance to argue for a stay at a promptly scheduled hearing, and if it appeared that their arguments against the citation or the abatement requirement were sound, and workers wouldn’t be put in danger, they would likely succeed. Even if a stay request were denied, the employer would still have the opportunity to appeal that decision to a higher reviewing body.
The California legislature ultimately passed the bill, but the Governor vetoed it, arguing that the creation of a new, separate hearing process for deciding stay requests would be unnecessarily costly and duplicative. The experiences of states that already require abatement during appeal, however, suggest that separate hearings will not be too burdensome or costly: In Washington, employers request a stay of abatement less than 2 percent of the time, and only 10 percent of those cases actually go into the expedited hearing process. An agency official in Oregon said that the number of stay requests he received over 23 years could be “counted on one hand.” Advocates can also note that, far from being too costly, an abatement law would bring the state more revenue, because employers would not be able to demand penalty reductions in exchange for fixing hazards promptly.
The governor of California claimed the problem of unabated hazards could be solved merely by expediting the existing appeals process and/or making sure that appeals of serious violations are put at the front of the line. But that approach would be inadequate. Employers would continue to obtain automatic stays by filing appeals, which could delay the fixing of hazards for months even with an expedited process. Just as important, government promises to speed up the process may be unreliable. Even if delays are reduced at first, changes in department budgets and staffing can result in growing backlogs of cases.
Advocates can look to a number of different models in designing a bill to close this loophole. Two pieces of federal legislation are particularly well developed and offer the strongest protections for workers. The Protecting America’s Workers Act (PA WA, introduced in Congress in 2009, 2011, and 2013) and the Robert C. Byrd Mine and Workplace Safety and Health Act (introduced in Congress in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013) are two bills that would have closed the abatement loophole in the OSH Act, thereby ensuring quick fixes in every state.42 These bills formed the basis for the solution proposed above. The relevant language is nearly identical in both bills.
Mine workers, whose health and safety is policed by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) instead of Fed-OSHA, benefit from a statute that requires their employers to abate hazards by the time stated in the citation, regardless of any appeals.43 Under the Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, employers who want to challenge the citation or the deadline for fixing the hazard are entitled to an expedited hearing.44
Examples of Existing and Proposed State Laws that Require Abatement during Appeals
- Oregon: Since the inception of Oregon OSHA in 1973, its statute has required employers to correct serious violations as they are appealing the citations. If they choose to challenge the abatement deadline, a hearing on that issue is conducted “as soon as possible.” (ORS 654.078(5)-(6)) Employers complained loudly about the policy at first, but they quickly adapted once it was put into place.
- Washington: In 2011, the state enacted a law requiring employers to correct hazards even if they choose to appeal the citations. Compared to the solution proposed above, this law sets a more lenient standard for granting stays: Stays are granted unless the evidence suggests there is a “substantial probability” of death or serious harm to workers, and if employers appeal, they can obtain a stay unless it is “more likely than not” that it would result in death or serious harm. Also, employers who have requested stays do not have to abate the hazard while their requests are being considered, which could take up to 120 working days (almost six months) from the issuance of the citation. (RCW 49.17.140)
- California: In 2013, lawmakers passed a strong bill that blended elements of the PA WA bill (the criteria for granting stays) and Washington’s law (allowing the state OHS agency to postpone the requirement to fix hazards while the employer’s request for a stay is pending), but, as noted above, the governor vetoed it. A similar bill has been introduced in 2014, giving the agency discretion to grant a stay as long as it will not adversely affect worker health and safety. (AB 1634, 2013-2014 Reg. Sess. (Cal. 2014))
- Tennessee: In February 2014, lawmakers introduced a bill that would require immediate fixes only for willful, repeat, and failure-to-abate violations. In all other respects, the bill closely follows California’s approach in 2013. (HB 2017, 108th Gen. Assembly, Reg. Sess. (Tenn. 2006))
Maximum civil penalties for OHS violations are far too low to effectively deter employers from breaking workplace health and safety laws. In states covered by Fed-OSHA, serious violations (causing a substantial probability of death or serious physical harm) carry a maximum penalty of just $7,000, and penalties for willful and repeat violations are capped at a mere $70,000 (with a minimum of $5,000 for willful violations). Such penalties offer little deterrent effect. Moreover, because the penalty amounts are not indexed for inflation and have not been updated since 1990, they effectively become lower each year (see Figure 1). If the penalty amounts had been indexed for inflation, they would be 80 percent greater than what they are now (as of 2014). These penalty amounts, which are largely mirrored in the state-plan programs, are embarrassingly low, especially when compared to penalties for actions that threaten the environment or wild animals. For example, the EPA can impose a penalty of $25,000 per day for some violations of the Clean Air Act, and the maximum penalty for a single violation of the South Pacific Tuna Act is $350,000.
In practice, most penalties never even approach the meager maximum permitted under the law. The OSH Act requires Fed-OSHA to consider the employer’s size, good faith, and history of violations in determining the appropriate penalty amount. Over the years, the “consider” requirement has morphed into written policies that require inspectors to apply significant penalty reductions based on these factors in virtually all cases. For example, Fed-OSHA starts with a penalty based on the gravity of the violation, then routinely reduces this penalty by 20, 40, or 60 percent for the employer’s size, by another 15, 25, or 35 percent if the employer has documentation of an OHS management system, and by another 10 percent if the employer has had no citations in the last few years. For most violations, Fed-OSHA also reduces the proposed penalty by 15 percent if the employer fixes the hazard during the inspection or within the next 24 hours. Significantly, agency officials apply these reductions before even issuing citations, so the already-reduced penalties attached to citations become the baseline for settlement negotiations between the agency and the employer. During these negotiations, penalties are often further reduced to a mere fraction of the amount originally proposed.
Between July 2007 and June 2009, 98 percent of employers cited by Fed-OSHA received penalty reductions, and the Office of Inspector General concluded that $127 million in reductions (about one-third of the total) may have been inappropriately granted.
Many state programs have an even worse track record. A number of states automatically reduce their proposed penalties just because the employer was “cooperative,” without any further justification. The average penalty for a serious violation under the state plans is a mere $1,011, compared to $1,895 in Fed-OSHA jurisdictions; the average in South Carolina is just $538. For repeat violations, the average state-plan penalty is $2,412, compared to $6,272 under Fed-OSHA (both a far cry from the $70,000 maximum).
Solution: Update civil penalty amounts
Legislators in state-plan states should enact laws that strengthen the penalizing and deterrent effects of OHS agencies’ civil penalties.45 The updated laws should address four issues:
- Economic “benefits” of noncompliance: Legislators should set penalties so that employers cannot simply absorb them as if they were merely a cost of doing business. Effective deterrence would require that the imposed penalty at least recapture the amount of money that the employer “saved” by failing to comply, and take an additional chunk out of its profits—large enough to put it in a significantly worse position than employers who complied.
- Enhanced penalties for violations that cause or contribute to a death or serious bodily harm: When an employer’s failure to abide by the law results in more than increasing the risk of injury—when it actually results ininjury or death—enhanced penalties are appropriate. Legislators could mandate penalty ranges of $20,000 to $50,000 per serious violation and $50,000 to $250,000 per willful or repeat violation for violations that result in a worker’s death. Those ranges are appropriate for violations that lead to serious bodily harm as well, since whether workers or killed or “simply” injured is often a matter of chance. More ambitious ranges or even flat mandatory penalties without a rangemight be feasible in some states.
- Inflation: All federal public health agencies except Fed-OSHA update their civil penalties to account for inflation, making automatic adjustments based on the Consumer Price Index once every four years.46 Just as Congress should amend the law to cover Fed-OSHA, state legislatures could adopt a similar statute to cover state-plan agencies.
- Repeat offenders: The mandatory minimum penalty for willful violations should be extended to repeat violations, to ensure chronic violators receive more than just a slap on the wrist.
Solution: Mandatory minimum penalties for certain persistent hazards
Some specific and deadly OHS violations recur with disturbing regularity, despite the obvious nature of the hazard and the existence of clear safety standards or wellknown methods of mitigating the hazard. These violations, described in detail in the box below, are likely to lead to injuries and fatalities by exposure to poison gases in a confined space, cave-ins of unsupported holes or trenches that trap the people digging them, crushing or suffocation in a grain storage bin or silo, and mangling or crushing by a machine that was not guarded.
States should adopt special mandatory minimum penalties to deter these violations. Given the nature of the hazards and the obvious and simple prevention measures available, mandatory minimum penalties should be set at three-quarters of the relevant maximum penalty for the violation at issue (i.e., serious, willful, repeat). Whether the violations are discovered during a routine inspection or in the aftermath of a fatality or serious injury, they should be subject to the new mandatory minimums. These minimums would send a clear message to employers that they will pay a substantial amount if they continue to disregard these well-known hazards.
Advocates may want to consider other hazards that warrant mandatory minimum penalties. High-profile fatalities or catastrophes may provoke sufficient public outrage that legislators will become inclined to enact mandatory minimums for violations like the ones that caused those events.
Solution: Improve penalty calculations and eliminate unwarranted reductions
Legislators can further strengthen civil penalties by putting constraints on OHS agencies’ penalty-adjustment policies. As noted above, OHS agencies must consider an employer’s size, history of compliance, and “good faith” before proposing penalties. A law increasing the maximum available penalties may not have any real impact if state-plan OHS agencies continue routinely to reduce penalties by significant amounts for such reasons.
One approach to improving penalty calculations is to discontinue the use of reductions that have essentially become entitlements. OHS officials apply some reductions to virtually every citation thus undercutting any meaningful incentive for employers to improve their safety practices. Advocates could directly lobby their state-plan OHS agencies to stop this practice. However, the best way to ensure that these changes become permanent would be to convince the state legislature to prohibit such unwarranted reductions by law.
The most powerful change that state-plan states could make would be to eliminate the requirement that OHS agencies consider the size, history, and good-faith penalty-reduction factors. If it is not possible to convince a state legislature to establish mandatory minimum penalties for particular violations or to increase statutory maximum penalties across the board, eliminating the penalty reduction factors would ensure that current maximum penalties attach to all cited violations, effectively increasing penalties. As inflation has eroded the real cost of penalties and agency budget cuts make it less likely that inspection histories provide any meaningful insight into a company’s OHS record, the penalty reduction factors have become less justifiable.
More targeted reforms may be easier to push through a legislature. One fix would be to prohibit agencies from applying the maximum allowed reduction for employer size when the employer has a history of serious violations. Another fix would be to eliminate reductions that reward the employer for doing what it should already be required to do—bring its operations into compliance with the law. For example, states could abandon reductions for “cooperating” with the agency, and for quickly fixing hazards.47 After all, drivers cannot get a reduced fine on a speeding ticket by politely promising the officer that they will pay their ticket within the allowed time period and observe the speed limit henceforth.
An even more limited approach to improving penalty calculations is to ensure that all stateplan OHS agencies have adopted the most recent Fed-OSHA penalty-reduction policies. In October 2010, Fed-OSHA improved its policies for calculating and adjusting penalties. Since the changes were put into effect, the average Fed-OSHA penalty has more than doubled, although penalty amounts remain far below the statutory maximums. State legislators could instruct state-plan OHS agencies to adopt the same policies as Fed-OSHA, which include:
- Higher gravity-based penalties for serious violations: For each violation, Fed-OSHA selects a baseline penalty from which other reductions are applied. Known as the “gravity-based penalty,” it is tied to the severity of the hazard involved and the probability that an injury or illness will result. The gravity-based penalty is only set at the statutory maximum in limited cases where there is a heightened probability of injury from a high-severity hazard. Fed-OSHA’s new penalty policy increased the gravity-based penalties for all other serious violations. For example, the gravity-based penalty for the lowest-gravity serious violation is now $3,000 instead of $1,500.
- An extended look-back period for prior violations: Limited agency resources mean that employers do not often see OHS inspectors, so if agencies consider an employer’s history over too short a period of time, the data will be sparse and misleading. Fed-OSHA now looks for violations over the past five years (the old look-back period was three years).
- Limited penalty reductions for medium-sized employers: Fed-OSHA does not allow size-based penalty reductions for employers with more than 250 employees. The 2010 penalty policy also limited reductions for employers with 26-250 employees, allowing no more than a 30-percent reduction.
- Serial, rather than summed, reductions: Fed-OSHA now applies the size, history, and good faith reductions one after another, rather than summing the percentages together and reducing the gravity-based penalty by the total percentage. As a result, the cumulative effect of the reductions is diminished. Although Fed-OSHA recommended that states adopt similar reforms to their penalty calculation policies, only two states (Nevada and Wyoming) have done so as of this writing.
Advocates should argue that the states that have not adopted these administrative changes do not have a program that is “at least as effective” as Fed-OSHA, a requirement established by the OSH Act.48 Advocates could press this point and urge state policymakers to match or exceed Fed-OSHA’s policies.
Examples of Violations for which Mandatory Minimum Fines Are Warranted
Confined Spaces: Confined spaces, such as manholes, cargo tanks, sewer lines, and pipes, can be especially dangerous places to work. These enclosed areas can often contain poisonous gases and not enough oxygen. Employers are required to train workers who are expected to enter a confined space and provide them with a monitoring device to test for gases while they are inside of it. If the atmosphere in the confined space is hazardous, it must be ventilated or otherwise purged to ensure it is not dangerous before a worker can enter the space. When a worker enters a confined space, another trained individual must remain outside the confined space to keep an eye on the worker. Confined spaces can be unpredictable, and someone needs to be able to begin appropriate rescue procedures if the worker inside the space shows signs of being overcome by poison gases. The employer must ensure that training for rescue procedures is conducted and the equipment necessary for a safe rescue is available. An OSHA regulation designed to save the lives of workers who have to enter confined spaces has been on the books since 1993. (29 CFR 1910.146)
Trenching: Working inside a deep dirt hole that is not properly secured can be deadly. If the soil caves in, a worker can be buried alive, or suffocate while others attempt a rescue. Employers are required to take a number of steps before any worker is allowed to enter a trench that is more than five feet deep. When a worker is supposed to enter a trench, an individual designated by the employer who has received special training must examine the trench’s condition. It must be inspected daily, or whenever conditions change in the trench or in the surrounding area. Depending on the trench depth, the specially trained individual will also determine whether the trench needs to be made with a particular design or reinforced with special barriers to prevent a cave-in. Employers are also required to ensure that workers have a way to safely enter and exit the trench, such as ladder or ramp. An OSHA regulation designed to save the lives of workers from trench collapses has been on the books since 1989. (29 CFR 1926.650 – 1926.652)
Grain handling: Grain silos (tall and skinny) and grain bins (round and squat) are often part of the scenery in farming communities. These structures can hold hundreds of thousands of bushels of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, and other dried crops. When workers are required to enter them without the proper equipment and training, the silos and bins can be deadly. The grain can behave like quicksand, pulling a worker in to die from suffocation. Employers are required to provide workers with a body harness and lifeline that is that is fastened before the worker enters the grain bin. Another trained individual must be stationed outside the structure and must keep the worker in constant sight. Toxic gases can also accumulate in grain bins and silos. Employers are required to provide the appropriate equipment to allow workers to test the air inside the bin for enough oxygen. An OSHA regulation designed to save the lives of workers who enter grain storage structures has been on the books since 1987. (29 CFR 1910.272)
Safety guards: Many pieces of machinery—from saws at lumberyards and punch presses in manufacturing, to meat slicers, mortar mixers, and industrial garbage compactors—have guarding systems that prevent workers from being struck by or caught in the equipment. Some guards create a barrier between the moving parts and the user, while others use light sensors, tripping devices, or other electronics to prevent the machinery from operating until a worker’s hands or other body parts are out of the danger zone. Employers are responsible for ensuring that all machines and tools are equipped with effective guarding systems and that those systems are maintained. Machine guarding is one of the oldest safety practices put in place to protect workers’ limbs and lives. Fed-OSHA’s standards on guarding systems date back to 1970. (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.212)
If history is any guide, the business community will strongly resist any effort to increase fines, framing the issue as one of severe government overreach. They will likely argue that the new penalty ranges and mandatory minimums will strain already struggling businesses, require them to cut jobs, and prevent economic growth. Advocates can counter this rhetoric by focusing on the high rate of workplace injuries and fatalities that have gone undeterred by existing penalties and on the massive disparity between outdated OSH Act penalties and the much more severe penalties available for environmental and financial violations.
Mandatory minimums for particular kinds of hazards are likely to be especially controversial, with some industries claiming to have been unfairly targeted for high penalties. In deciding which hazards are appropriate for mandatory minimums, advocates should select ones that will resonate with the public and policymakers. Even the business community should be able to agree that certain kinds of violations are so obviously dangerous that only truly bad actors would allow them to occur, and that the only response that stands a chance of deterring bad actors would be the guarantee of a severe penalty in every case.
Advocates may also face strong opposition from the state agencies themselves. Most of the state-plan states objected when Fed-OSHA recommended in 2010 that they adopt the new methods for calculating penalties. They disagreed with the wisdom of increasing civil penalties, arguing that it would lead employers to challenge citations and penalties much more frequently.49 But that argument, taken to its logical conclusion, suggests that civil penalties must be kept so low that employers find them virtually unobjectionable—not worth contesting, and by the same token, not high enough to deter future violations. Avoiding lengthy legal challenges is no excuse for maintaining inadequate penalties. Instead, states should consider ways to reform their appeals process to prevent employers from wasting state resources on frivolous challenges and ensure that legitimate challenges are heard and resolved promptly.
Small business associations and OHS agencies may complain that even modestly increasing penalty amounts will adversely impact small employers, since large businesses are better able to absorb even the highest amounts. But employers do not have a license to ignore worker safety standards just because they are “small,” and penalty amounts are so low that they fail to deter some small businesses from violating the law. A worker who may be killed on the job does not care if his employer is a small business or a Fortune 500 company.
Several states have set mandatory minimum penalties for violations that cause or contribute to a worker’s death. For example, Virginia’s OHS program does not permit any penalty reductions for such violations; instead, it automatically assesses the maximum allowable penalty in all cases: $7,000 for a serious violation and $70,000 for a willful or repeat violation.50 In 2010, the Minnesota legislature adopted a law that set minimum non-negotiable penalties for fatality cases: $25,000 for a serious violation and $50,000 for a willful or repeat violation.51 Minnesota also has a mandatory minimum penalty of $25,000 for all willful violations by employers with more than 50 employees.52
Some states already impose mandatory minimum penalties for violations related to certain kinds of hazards. For instance, California applies a $140,000 penalty, which is not subject to any adjustment, for serious or willful repeat violations of any crane standard.53
Expanded Criminal Liability: Treating Egregious Workplace Deaths, Injuries, and Violations Like the Crimes They Are
OHS agencies’ enforcement cases almost never lead to criminal charges, even though many cases exhibit the basic characteristics that, in any other setting, would be considered criminal acts. If you run down a child while driving drunk, you are prosecuted in a criminal court. The consequences should be no less severe when a boss sends a worker to the edge of a rooftop without a harness. An average of 40 workers are killed each year after falling from residential roofs, despite how easily preventable such incidents are. Fatal falls and many other workplace deaths are no different from the cases of reckless homicide or involuntary manslaughter that fill local courts’ dockets—the only distinction is that they occur on the job.
The prospect of criminal liability can have a uniquely powerful deterrent effect against employers who put their workers at risk. No company wants to face the stigma of criminal investigation and prosecution (which is often more damaging than the fines), and nothing scares individual bad actors like the thought of time in prison. But so far, employers have had little reason to worry: Prosecutors seldom pursue criminal penalties for OHS misconduct, except perhaps in the most extreme cases.
Such prosecutions are so rare that the Department of Justice, which handles criminal cases for the federal OHS agencies, sent shockwaves through the legal world when it announced it was opening investigations into the disasters at Massey’s Upper Big Branch mine and BP’s Gulf spill drilling site. Both cases offered copious evidence of systemic corporate dysfunction and a degree of callousness toward worker safety that all but demanded ambitious criminal charges against the companies and several mid-level managers. But it remains to be seen whether prosecutors will be able to pursue indictments against the high-level managers and executives who drove their companies to catastrophe, since the dearth of previous criminal cases under the federal OHS statutes leaves many legal issues unclear. The fact that it takes this kind of massive tragedy to pique the Justice Department’s interest in prosecuting employers following worker deaths underscores the various legal obstacles that make it difficult to pursue criminal penalties:
- High bar to filing charges: Under the OSH Act and most state plans, prosecutors may only file criminal charges for violations classified as “willful,” and only in cases in which the willful violation led to a worker’s death. A willful classification requires prosecutors to produce a great deal of evidence to show that the employer acted either with intentional disregard of the requirements of the law or with plain indifference to employee safety.
- Inadequate prison terms and fines: The OSH Act and most state-plan OHS laws only allow judges and juries to impose a maximum prison term of just six months for a first conviction, or one year for additional convictions. In most state-plan states, the crimes are deemed misdemeanors, with felony convictions barred by the law. In addition, the maximum fines available under state-plan OHS laws are often trivial and out of date. In 1984, Congress standardized OSH Act fines to be in line with penalties for other federal offenses, resulting in maximum fines of up to $250,000 for individuals and $500,000 for organizations.54 But many state-plan OHS laws still reflect the original limits specified in the 1970 OSH Act: $10,000 for a first conviction and $20,000 for subsequent ones.
- Legal hurdles to prosecuting corporations for manslaughter: A criminal prosecution for manslaughter (the unintentional killing of a person resulting from recklessness or criminal negligence) carries the moral condemnation of the community and can permanently damage a company’s reputation and financial standing, all of which offer additional deterrence value. Often, when a worker dies on the job, the corporation itself deserves to be criminally prosecuted for manslaughter, apart from any charges brought against its individual executives or managers.55 Many workplace deaths are the result of underlying corporate policies and practices that put profit over protection and create conditions of unacceptable risk—for example, relentless demands for faster and cheaper work, poor training and supervision, and “siloed” management structures that spread decision-making authority so thin among multiple actors that no one is accountable. But the existing framework of criminal law makes such prosecution exceedingly difficult. Courts in some jurisdictions are still hesitant to conclude that corporations can be held liable under manslaughter statutes. More importantly, restrictive ideas of legal causation may prevent courts from finding the necessary link between the corporation’s misconduct and the sequence of events that directly resulted in the death.56 Corporate prosecutions tend to be skewed toward small businesses, where chains of authority are easier to identify.57
Solution: Expand the scope of criminal liability and set steeper penalties
State legislatures in state-plan states should update their OHS laws to strengthen criminal sanctions in three ways. First, criminal penalties should be available to prosecutors not only for hard-to-prove willful violations in fatality cases, but also for knowing and negligent violations in cases where the violation has the potential to cause death or serious injury. Most OSH Act violations classified as “serious” would be eligible for criminal prosecution under the knowing-or-negligent standard. To establish a serious violation of the law, Fed-OSHA bears the burden of proving that an employer either knew or could have known, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, of the physical circumstances that violate the Act. This standard tracks the well-established concept of negligence in criminal law, which requires prosecutors to show that the defendant failed to take the level of care that a reasonably prudent person would take in the same circumstances. Second, the strongest criminal penalties should be available not just when the violation causes a death, but also when it causes serious bodily harm. Such misconduct should be deemed a felony, not a misdemeanor, to reflect the seriousness of the offense. Third, the maximum prison terms and criminal fines available for OHS violations must be substantially increased to effectively deter bad actors and send prosecutors the message that these cases are worth pursuing.
State legislators could accomplish these three goals by establishing a criminal penalty structure with the following elements:58
- Knowing or willful violations that cause or contribute to death or serious bodily harm: A felony conviction should be possible under these circumstances, and the maximum prison term should be 10 years if a worker dies or 5 years in the case of a worker suffering serious bodily harm. Fines should also be on the table, with a maximum of $250,000 per violation for individuals. For organizations (including corporations), the maximum fines should be much greater: up to $1.5 million for the first conviction; between $500,000 and $2.5 million per violation if the organization had a previous conviction for a knowing or negligent violation that didn’t result in death or serious harm; and between $1 million and $3.5 million per violation if it’s the organization’s second conviction for the same crime in seven years.
- Negligent or knowing violations with the potential to cause death or serious injury: A misdemeanor conviction should be possible in these cases, and the maximum prison term should be six months. Individuals should be subject to criminal fines of up to $5,000 per violation. Organizations should be liable for criminal fines of up to $10,000 per violation.
- Repeat violations with the potential to cause death or serious injury: A misdemeanor conviction should be possible here, and the maximum prison term should be one year. Individuals should be subject to criminal fines of up to $100,000 per violation. Organizations should be liable for criminal fines of up to $200,000 per violation.
- Knowingly making false statements in documents submitted to an OHS agency, or interfering with a fatality investigation: A felony conviction should be possible for these violations, and the maximum prison term should be five years. Individuals should be subject to criminal fines of up to $250,000. Organizations should be liable for criminal fines of up to $500,000.
Criminal Sanctions Outside the OHS World
In contrast to OHS laws’ “willful” trigger for criminal liability, many environmental statutes extend criminal liability to “knowing” violations of the law that put a person in imminent danger of death or serious harm. In that context, a “knowing” violation is one in which the defendant was aware of the facts that constitute the violation—a conscious and informed action, as opposed to an accident or mistake—regardless of whether the defendant knew that the action was actually against the law.
Maximum sentences under OHS laws pale in comparison to other laws that provide for 15-to-30-year maximum sentences—even where no one directly lost his or her life—for mail fraud, counterfeiting, and violations of certain environmental protection laws. Shipping illegally obtained fish or plants across state lines can land someone in prison for five years—ten times the maximum prison term for a willful OHS violation that kills a human being. (Lacey Act, 16 U.S.C. § 3373(d)(1))
Solution: Corporate manslaughter laws
State legislators in every state could establish a “corporate manslaughter law,” which would make it significantly easier to hold corporations criminally liable for the deaths of their workers. Governments abroad are increasingly adopting such laws, and they have begun to receive some attention in the United States, as well.
While the laws vary in their design, an effective proposal should include at least the following essential elements:59
- Definition of the offense: Liability should result whenever a corporation knowingly, recklessly, or negligently causes a death through the conditions that it creates or tolerates. One critical design choice will be how high up the corporate ladder the jury must look to find illegal conduct that can be attributed to the corporation. The law should focus on the conduct of owners and management officials (with responsibilities across the organization or within the particular business unit), but it could also include the conduct of supervisors, perhaps for a lesser-degree offense.
- Evidence: Because corporate misconduct takes many forms, the law should permit consideration of a broad range of evidence. First, juries should examine the knowledge and conduct of individual actors who had a duty to communicate information to others in the company. A particularly innovative approach would also consider the “collective knowledge” of the corporation, to account for the diffuse nature of information and authority in modern corporations. Second, prior violations of OHS regulations could be introduced to show the organization had been made aware of its dangerous conditions. Third, the law should explicitly allow evidence of “corporate culture” to be introduced—foreign jurisdictions have defined this term to include the corporation’s attitudes, policies, systems, and accepted practices.
- Forms of punishment: The law should authorize not only heavy fines (millions of dollars per death), but also a set of flexible probationary orders that could be tailored to address fundamental deficiencies in the corporation’s management. Courts could require corporations to submit to judicially supervised restructuring, to institute an effective OHS program with meaningful worker involvement, or to fund independent OHS research on a subject related to the corporation’s misconduct.
Typically, corporate manslaughter laws cover not only employee deaths, but also the deaths of consumers and members of the general public caused by corporations. So, advocates should be able to garner additional support for such a campaign from environmental, consumer, social justice, and other public interest groups.
The business community is sure to argue that increasing criminal penalties would “over-deter” corporate action, chilling legitimate business conduct and increasing the costs of doing business, to the point of destroying industries or forcing their relocation. Criminal sanctions, they would say, impose a lasting stigma that companies are unable to shake off—and excessive fines end up punishing people who did nothing wrong, including shareholders who lose the value of their stock, employees who might be laid off, and consumers who have to pay higher prices.
Advocates can counter these specious economic arguments by emphasizing that criminal penalties would only apply to employers that are truly blameworthy—those that have clearly violated legal and moral boundaries. Indeed, prosecutors will have to satisfy the most rigorous standard of proof (“beyond a reasonable doubt”) in order to obtain a conviction, which helps to ensure that criminal liability will be imposed fairly and accurately.
Any resulting stigma is not an unfortunate byproduct to be avoided, but rather an intended consequence of criminal punishment, showing society’s intense disapproval. If employers become overly cautious about OHS, so much the better—it would serve as a much-needed counterweight to their strong profit incentives to cut corners. The potential for extreme losses will pressure shareholders to monitor corporate practices and demand improvements, and consumer price increases will be limited by the employer’s need to remain competitive.60
With respect to corporate manslaughter laws, one of the biggest challenges may come after such a law is adopted: It will be necessary to ensure that prosecutors aggressively take advantage of the law’s new possibilities. Most prosecutions under corporate manslaughter laws in other countries still target relatively small companies, convictions have been rare, and the resulting fines are still small.61 To avoid those problems in the United States, workers’ advocates will need to push for thorough fatality investigations that can facilitate corporate manslaughter prosecutions by, for instance, encouraging greater scrutiny of “corporate culture” (see recommendations later in this manual).
Examples: Broader criminal liability and steeper penalties
Among state-plan states, California has the broadest framework for criminal penalties: It extends misdemeanor liability to knowing and negligent violations of OHS standards, provides for high corporate fines, and permits up to four years in prison for repeat willful violations. Other noteworthy state-plan states include Arizona (also criminalizes knowing violations), Minnesota (permits criminal penalties for any willful or repeat violation, regardless of whether an employee died), Puerto Rico (permits prison sentences of up to four-and-a-half years for a second conviction), and Michigan (prison sentences of up to three years for a second conviction).
In 2006, an Indiana state lawmaker introduced a widely discussed bill that would have authorized, among other things, a set of new criminal penalties against managers, corporate officers, and members of boards of directors who violate OHS rules—not as ambitious as the penalty framework proposed above, but nevertheless very significant. Under the bill, reckless, knowing, and intentional violations resulting in serious bodily injury would be misdemeanors, punishable by up to one year in prison. Violations resulting in death would be felonies, punishable by imprisonment up to three years (for reckless violations) or eight years (for knowing or intentional violations).62
Examples: Corporate manslaughter laws
The United Kingdom adopted a new system in 2007 for corporate manslaughter that shares many of the features discussed above, although several of its standards are harder to satisfy: Unlike the model law given above, the United Kingdom law
- requires a “gross breach” (conduct more extreme than ordinary negligence) and
- requires the involvement of “senior management.” 63
As of early 2014, prosecutors had obtained only five convictions under the law. However, use of the law may be accelerating: Corporate manslaughter cases increased by 40 percent from 2011 to 2012, and the last four convictions all occurred within the past two years.64 Similar reforms have recently been adopted in Canada and in the Australian Capital Territory.65
The 2006 Indiana bill mentioned above would also have authorized charges of corporate manslaughter against organizations for reckless, knowing, and intentional violations of workplace OHS rules. However, it did not allow for the use of new kinds of evidence (such as evidence of corporate culture or collective knowledge), and it did not provide for new forms of corporate punishment.66 The bill has been re-introduced several times (most recently in 2012) but so far has not made it past committee.
Killed on the Job: A Criminal Act
On July 28, 2010, the lives of Catherine Rylatt and her family changed forever. That was the day her nephew, Alex Pacas, was buried alive in a grain storage bin in rural Illinois. Alex, 19, had taken a summer job with his friends Wyatt Whitebread, 14, Chris Lawton, 15, and Will Piper, 20 at a corn storage facility run by Haasbach LLC in Mt. Carroll, Illinois. The boys did various tasks around the facility, including entering the massive grain storage bins to break up large chunks of rotten corn so that it could flow freely toward the mechanisms that transfer corn out of the bins. The most dangerous way to do this, often called “walking down the grain,” involves climbing atop the grain while equipment is running and the grain is moving. Fed-OSHA regulations prohibit walking down the grain because the practice is so dangerous. Regulations also require employers to provide workers with special training and equipment before entering grain storage bins.
Alex and the other boys had received just five minutes of “instruction” before beginning their jobs and were never informed about the safety harnesses and lifelines that sat dusty in a storage shed a few yards away from the scene. Not long after they began walking down the grain, three of the boys felt the corn give way beneath them. As Wyatt sank below the surface, Alex tried to save him, only to be pulled under himself. With his last breaths before the corn filled his lungs, Alex recited the Lord’s Prayer and told his friends about his wish to see his brothers graduate high school.
Fed-OSHA investigators cited Haasbach for a dozen willful violations that led directly to the boys’ deaths, yet the Department of Justice declined to file criminal charges. Alex’s aunt, like many other family members who lose loved ones to workplace tragedies, was shocked to learn that Fed-OSHA’s approach to enforcement is, in essence, “an administrative process—it is not about the victims.”
Thousands of other children take on part-time farming jobs every year, working for employers who often treat them as if they have knowledge and maturity beyond their years. Safety is not always the first order of business, and enforcement agencies that fail to take strong actions against employers who violate the law only exacerbate the problem. “A stronger message,” notes Rylatt, “would be sent by actions from the criminal justice system.”
Convincing legislators to strengthen civil and criminal penalties is difficult work, and it generally requires sustained advocacy over long periods of time. For that reason, it is useful for advocates to also use short-term tactics to penalize employers who put workers at risk. Because many companies go to great lengths to cultivate a positive public image, the effective use of “shaming”—bringing attention to businesses’ acts of wrongdoing—can push companies to improve their practices and fulfill their legal duty to provide a safe and healthy workplace. Public pressure through shaming is especially important because the weak enforcement tools available to OHS agencies have insufficient deterrent effect on their own. Educating the public and policymakers about the worker safety and health records of particular companies (or even entire industries, such as construction or agriculture) can also help bring needed attention to more general worker health and safety problems, thus spurring needed reforms.
Information about the health and safety records of employers and dangerous industries can help advocates pressure employers to improve, and can strengthen campaigns for stronger worker protection laws. Too often, however, available OHS data are difficult to find, are of questionable accuracy or reliability, or are presented in ways that make them difficult to use effectively. As a result, these data often are under-utilized by advocates, the media, and policymakers for informing and influencing policy debates to strengthen OHS protections.
Workers’ advocates can enhance their shaming campaign efforts by familiarizing themselves with available government data sources and by understanding those sources’ strengths and weaknesses. Statistics from the data sources can then help advocates convince policymakers, the media, and allied advocacy organizations to address workplace health and safety issues.
Available OHS data sources include:
- The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI)67: The annual CFOI compiles a range of data on all fatal work-related injuries, including demographic data in aggregate form on the victims (e.g., the percentage of victims in each gender, age range, and occupational category). The CFOI also provides aggregate information on the industries involved, nature of the injuries (e.g., fall from height, struck by equipment, and asphyxiation). BLS presents some of the data in charts and graphs to help users identify trends in specific industries and occupations. Some of the data can be queried to allow users to customize reports to support their campaigns. BLS fails to make the companies’ and victims’ names available, even though the agency has that information, and even though it is a matter of public record. Another problem is that the CFOI fails to include data on deaths from work-related diseases.
- BLS Survey of Occupational Illness and Injury (SOII)68: The SOII attempts to provide an annual estimate of injury and illness cases and rates by industry classification codes. The SOII data are not an actual count, though, since the vast majority of employers are not required to submit their injury and illness records to BLS or OHS agencies. Instead, the SOII estimate is generated by a sample of employer-provided injury and illness records. BLS’s annual SOII report provides the estimated number of cases, nature of the injuries (e.g., burns and amputations), severity (based on days of restricted duty or lost time), and demographics on the injured or ill workers (e.g., gender and age range), as well as injury and illnesses rates to assist with comparisons between industries. As with the CFOI, the SOII can only be used to identify industrywide and occupation-based trends. In addition to these limitations, well-conducted studies on the validity of SOII reveal that it undercounts injury and illness records by as much as 25 to 68 percent.69 This is mainly because BLS gets its information from only a sample of employers, and relies on those employers to truthfully self-report on the injuries their workers experience.
- Fed-OSHA Reports of Fatalities and Catastrophes70: During the Obama Administration, Fed-OSHA began posting on its website initial reports of fatalities in which OHS agencies intend to conduct post-fatality inspections. The weekly reports (and annual summaries) give the date of the incident, name of the employer, location of the incident (city and state), and nature of the fatal injury. As presented on Fed-OSHA’s website, the data are neither searchable nor sortable. Not all fatal work-related injuries are investigated; in fact, the majority are not. Even with its limitations, the weekly reports of fatalities and annual summaries include information that advocates may find useful for shaming campaigns. Groups may want to join forces to push OHS agencies to disclose more complete fatality information.
- MSHA Accident Reports, “Fatalgrams,” Investigation Reports, and Enforcement Data71: Within a week of a fatal injury involving a mine worker, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) posts an initial report of a fatality on its website. The notice includes information about the mine site; employer and controlling company; and the worker’s name, age, occupation, and years of experience. Information on other serious non-fatal and non-injury incidents—for example, explosions, unintended rock falls, and amputations—is also available on MSHA’s website. MSHA’s data retrieval system gives the public access to mine-specific data on each inspection conducted, including the violation cited, a hyperlink to the specific regulation at issue in the violation, the penalty assessed, and the disposition (or result) of the case. The system, however, is not designed to search records by other factors, such as the type or severity of the violation. Nevertheless, the volume and specificity of the enforcement data made available to the public could be a model for other OHS agencies. Even advocates in “non-mining” localities may find these data sources useful, since they cover workers at stone quarries, which exist in nearly every county in the United States.
- Washington State Summary of Workplace Fatalities and Hospitalizations72: Similar to the Fed-OSHA Reports on fatalities and catastrophes, the State of Washington’s OHS program posts a report called “Fatalities Summaries,” which provides basic information about deaths resulting from workplace injuries and illnesses in the state. Both the fatalities and the hospitalizations summaries include information about the company involved and a general description of the incident. The hospitalizations summaries are searchable by industry and incident type. The summaries have the same general strengths and weaknesses as the Fed-OSHA reports. As the website warns, the summaries do not present a complete list of all work-related fatalities and hospitalizations that have occurred in the state, and as such these data systematically understate the extent of many of Washington’s workplace hazards.
- Tennessee Work Related Fatality Investigations73: On its website, Tennessee OSHA provides narratives for all of the fatality investigations it has conducted. (The agency updates the list annually, although resource constraints have delayed the posting of narratives for 2013 fatalities.) Each narrative provides a brief description of the incident, some basic details about the worker killed, and citations that Tennessee OSHA issued as a result of the investigation. Significantly, the narratives leave the employer unidentified. Another weakness of this source is that the investigation records are not presented as a searchable database.
- Wyoming Fatal Accident Alerts74: The Wyoming Department of Workforce Services (DWS) posts alerts with brief summaries of onthe- job deaths and what the agency found while investigating these incidents. Like Tennessee OSHA, DWS posts incident descriptions without naming employers and does not have a searchable database. In addition, it has not posted new items since 2012. The DWS narratives list “Significant Factors” and “Recommendations” that can help other employers improve workplace safety.
- Fed-OSHA’s Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP)75: Beginning in 2010, Fed-OSHA began to designate some particularly recalcitrant employers as “severe violators.” The agency’s criteria set a very high bar for an employer to receive the “severe violator” designation, such as repeat violations for certain standards and violations classified as willful. Fed-OSHA posts quarterly the names of the companies that have been designated “severe violators” and any enforcement actions against them.76 Fed-OSHA has also directed state-plan states to create SVEP-like programs. To date, 17 of the 27 state-plan states have adopted programs identical or similar to Fed-OSHA’s SVEP. 77
- Fed-OSHA’s Occupational Safety and Health Information System (OIS)78: OIS is a tool that allows the public to search the enforcement histories of companies that have been subject to an OHS agency inspection. The search results provide information about each individual inspection, including the employer involved, the regulation violated, and any resulting citations and penalties. For inspections conducted by Fed-OSHA, the search results also provide a hyperlink for each citation to the text of the health or safety standard that was violated. While advocates can use the OIS records data for shaming scofflaw employers, they have important limitations. OIS does not allow users to search or sort key data points—such as types of violations or penalty amounts—and that makes it difficult to draw broader conclusions about trends in workplace hazards. It does not provide information on whether the company has multiple worksites or is part of a larger corporate entity or conglomerate. The data can also be unreliable if the name of the company in the database is even slightly different than the name used by the individual doing the search (e.g., U.S. Steel Company instead of US Steel, Inc.).
- Department of Labor (DOL) Enforcement Database79: The DOL Enforcement Database pulls data from Fed-OSHA and MSHA data systems, as well as other U.S. Department of Labor enforcement agencies. It is organized and presented in a different format than Fed-OSHA’s and MSHA’s individual databases, and has more options to search and download the data.
Advocates may want to explore other data sources in their state—such as online business records databases maintained by state records offices—which might provide additional information on the health and safety histories of individual firms.
Where appropriate, advocates should consider employing shaming campaigns that make effective use of OHS data. Depending on how they are used, these data sources can help illustrate the extent of inexcusable workplace hazards and provide concrete instances of how particular hazards have harmed workers. These sources can add persuasive force to advocates’ campaigns for tough enforcement actions against a scofflaw employer or for stronger worker protection laws or standards, or for policies that bar purchasing or contracting with employers that have shameful records.
Business groups have argued shaming campaigns unfairly stigmatize companies and industries. They say the campaigns inhibit their ability to conduct business and, as a result, harm the economy. In particular, they argue that such campaigns improperly lead people to conclude that particular companies or industries do not adequately protect the health and safety of their workers, and they will insist they are not at fault. Many companies are quick to blame workers for their injuries, assert that “accidents happen,” and continue to do so long after the incident.
Without allowing the power of their messaging about injured workers to be undercut by debating such criticisms, advocates can respond by pointing out that employers themselves are well-positioned to avoid such risks by maintaining safe workplaces and by properly educating others about their worker health and safety records, if indeed their records can withstand scrutiny.
Separately, because of the limitations noted above, groups may encounter policymakers and reporters who don’t regard injury rates of a firm or industry as being particularly high. Advocates may face challenges in explaining the limitations of the data, such as its reliance on self-reported injury-and-illness rates given by employers, and the fact that most workplaces never get a Fed-OSHA inspection. Some advocates may find that injury or illness records might actually undercut advocacy efforts, since these data understate injury rates. In any event, advocates should refer to the limitations in available OHS data as part of their efforts to push OHS agencies to disclose more information about worker fatalities, such as the victims’ names, along with a link to the related inspection records and resulting citations. In addition, advocates can focus not just on the data, but on the stories underlying the data—stories of individual workers hurt and killed on the job.
Several advocacy organizations and investigative journalists are already making effective use of existing OHS data sources to shame scofflaw employers or bring attention to particular hazards in inadequately regulated industries.
For example, members of the Fe y Justicia Worker Center have been engaged in a multiyear effort to address wage theft in the Houston, Texas. They recognize that some employers’ labor-law abuses not only involved wage and hour violations, but also workplace health and safety hazards. The worker center reviewed Fed-OSHA’s list of “Severe Violators” and identified at least one company with an egregious record of repeat violations that also had a record of wage theft. Worse still, the firm had a longstanding contract with the city of Houston for excavation projects and was receiving an average payment of $1 million per month. The worker center collaborated with a local television reporter to expose the misdeeds. The worker center will be using this case, along with others, in its efforts to get Houston to adopt a responsible-contractor ordinance.
United Support & Memorial for Workplace Fatalities (USMWF), a group of family members whose loved ones have suffered fatal workrelated injuries, use OHS agency data in their advocacy activities. Fed-OSHA’s OIS database provides information on whether post-fatality inspections resulted in any violations and the monetary penalties assessed with them. In some cases, the penalties paid have been as low as $1,500. USMWF uses this information to shame OHS agencies for penalties reductions, and to fight, for example, for changes to raise the penalty maximums.
Investigative journalists, nurses, and other patient-care professionals have used BLS’s SOII data to draw attention to the high rates of musculoskeletal injuries among health care professionals. These data have aided the push for state-based “safe patient handling” programs to ensure that nurses and other health care professionals have the appropriate tools, procedures, and training to lift and move patients safely. Nine states—California, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Texas, and Washington—now require that health care facilities have comprehensive programs to ensure safe patient handling.80
In this section, we discuss how states can institutionalize the structures and procedures necessary to effectively pursue criminal cases against employers who violate OHS standards and to improve occupational fatality investigations. We also describe how government contracting procedures and local oversight of building codes are underutilized means of protecting workers. We conclude with a recommendation that state-plan states conduct independent audits of their OHS agencies’ work, which may provide advocates and state legislators with valuable information about how to improve the agencies’ functioning.
Systematic Criminal Enforcement: Ensuring that Police and Prosecutors Prioritize Workplace Health and Safety
Aside from the legal hurdles and inadequate penalties that make it difficult to hold employers criminally responsible for OHS incidents (addressed above), states lack the infrastructure to ensure that such cases are properly pursued. Workplace tragedies typically fall through the cracks of a criminal enforcement system that is preoccupied with guns and drugs. At an institutional level, prosecutors and law enforcement are not adequately engaged in the investigation of workplace fatalities and serious injuries. They generally lack both the training and the incentive to identify evidence that could suggest criminal wrongdoing by an employer. Instead, they too often view these potential crimes as blameless “accidents” and cede the investigation to the OHS agency.
The investigative follow-up to 23-year-old Erik Deighton’s death exemplifies the disregard that law enforcement officials often show for occupational fatalities. Deighton was crushed inside a plastic molding machine when it cycled on while he was attempting to clear an obstruction. Any number of employer failures may have contributed directly to this incident—hazardous work methods, a lack of safety training, or a lack of safeguards that guarantee the machine will not turn on while being serviced—many of which could rise to the level of criminal culpability. The response of local law enforcement, however, was sadly typical: After conducting a preliminary investigation and finding no evidence of a traditional “crime,” the police concluded that it fell under the jurisdiction of the state OHS agency. “We’re done with it,” said the police captain. “It’s an unfortunate accident.” 81
Incident investigations by agency inspectors typically lack the rigor and quality of a criminal investigation conducted by police and prosecutors, in terms of gathering evidence and interviewing witnesses. Also, OHS agency investigations tend to focus too narrowly on finding technical violations of regulatory standards, instead of examining the root causes of the incidents. While OHS agencies can refer a case to a local prosecutor (or, in Fed-OSHA’s case, to the Department of Justice) if they think the office may be able to charge the employer with a criminal offense, referrals are rare due to the perceived difficulty of building a winning case and a lack of institutional motivation to try.
Sporadic criminal investigations and occasional prosecutions are insufficient to deter fatalities and injuries. Instead, criminal investigation and prosecution should be made regular components of state and local responses to workplace incidents and serious violations. Achieving that will require states to institutionalize the structures and procedures necessary to pursue these cases.
First, in state-plan states, state law should require OHS agency inspectors to immediately notify local prosecutors whenever they learn of a workplace fatality or serious injury. Because the criminal penalty system suggested earlier in this manual would enable misdemeanor charges for virtually all serious violations, even where no one was injured, state-plan OHS agencies should devise a clear set of rules for deciding which of these violations to refer for possible prosecution. Perhaps agencies could focus on hazards that have been difficult to deter by other means (e.g., those that should be subject to mandatory-minimum civil penalties, as suggested earlier in this manual), or violations that exposed workers to particularly grave hazards or made it very likely that workers would be harmed. However, these referrals may not have much of an impact if local prosecutors have little experience in such incidents or lack the institutional motivation to investigate them.
A more ambitious structural reform, in either Fed-OSHA or state-plan jurisdictions, would be to establish an OHS section within the state or local prosecutor’s office, similar to the “environmental crimes” sections found in many jurisdictions. This permanent, specialized unit would ensure that workplace fatalities, injuries, and serious violations do not get lost or ignored among all the other crimes considered by prosecutors. The attorneys and investigators assigned to the OHS section would, over time, develop expertise in these kinds of cases. The OHS section should be responsible for training law enforcement officials on how to investigate workplace incidents with an eye toward potential criminal prosecution.
Ideally, a deputy district attorney and an investigator from the office should be on call 24 hours a day to respond to reports of workplace fatalities or serious injuries. Once at the worksite, they would be responsible for directing the collection of all physical and testimonial evidence that might be useful in building a criminal case, in cooperation with the law enforcement officers on the scene.
Because most prosecutors are likely to be found in major cities, advocates may wish to campaign for an “OHS circuit prosecutor” program to ensure equally effective enforcement in less-populated areas. The state would provide funding for a small team of roaming prosecutors to help crack down on workplace incidents and violations in rural areas, where local district attorneys typically lack the resources and expertise to prosecute anything but standard criminal cases.
Advocates can work with local lawmakers to require police departments to investigate all workplace fatalities as potential cases of manslaughter or reckless homicide, and in each case provide a written report to the OHS agency explaining whether such charges are appropriate. This requirement would ensure that police officers no longer view such fatalities as “just accidents.” Work-related fatalities should not be viewed by law enforcement as distinct from all other deaths—exclusively under the jurisdiction of regulatory agencies—simply because they occur on the job.
Efforts to institutionalize a strong response to workplace fatalities, injuries, and other serious violations will face a number of challenges. Foremost among them will be social and cultural issues. The notion that workplace deaths are merely unfortunate “accidents” is so deeply entrenched that many communities may bristle at the thought of prosecutors treating well-regarded business owners like criminals. Circuit prosecutors brought in from other areas may be dismissed as outsiders, with no understanding of rural or industrial life.
Political pressure may also threaten these programs. If the company responsible for a fatality is a significant contributor to local political campaigns and/or one of the area’s major employers, prosecutors may face intense pressure from up their chain of command to drop the case.82 Resource constraints will also be a challenge. Creating an OHS section in the local prosecutor’s office is likely to be a tough sell when state and local budgets are stretched thin, so advocates will need to make great efforts to raise the profile of workplace fatalities.
The best model for institutionalizing criminal enforcement is the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s Office, which pioneered most of the reforms suggested above. In 1984, it became the first local prosecutor’s office in the country to establish a section devoted to OHS-related crimes. The office then began educating law enforcement on techniques for investigating workplace fatalities by holding seminars and distributing training tapes.83
The office’s practice of conducting its own workplace investigations led to much more frequent criminal charges in L.A. County—brought in about 10 to 20 percent of all occupational fatalities—than in other counties where prosecutors relied on case referrals from Cal/OSHA, California’s state-plan OHS agency.84 Utilizing its statutory authority, the office also filed charges for a number of serious violations where the risk of death was particularly high, even though no one had been injured (e.g., an “unshored” 18-foot-deep trench that had not collapsed).85
Several other institutional innovations were also introduced in California. It is one of only a handful of states that require safety inspectors to automatically notify prosecutors of workplace fatalities.86 Cal/OSHA includes a criminal Bureau of Investigations, which is made up largely of former police officers. And in 2001, California initiated a Circuit Prosecutor Project to help pursue criminal charges for workplace deaths in rural areas. Despite bringing several trailblazing cases, the small project faced intense resistance from judges and communities and was ultimately terminated.87 A separate circuit project for environmental crimes is still in operation and would serve as a useful model for worker safety advocates.88
Investigations of work-related fatalities by OHS agencies are not typically conducted with the depth, diligence, transparency, and family participation that the situations warrant. These problems prevent agencies from identifying the multiple factors that led to a fatality, holding the employer properly accountable, and gathering information that can lead to new rules to help prevent future incidents.
First, OHS fatality investigations often do not begin until many hours or even days after the death occurs. Under Fed-OSHA regulations—and virtually all the state plans as well—employers have up to eight hours to notify the agency of a work-related fatality or an incident causing hospitalization of three or more employees.89 In other words, employers have ample time to disturb the “scene of the crime,” whether intentionally (by hiding evidence of a safety violation) or inadvertently (by cleaning up the area in order to allow work to continue). Employers can use that time to discuss the incident with the victim’s co-workers, intimidate them from speaking to investigators, or make them doubt their own recollections. Aside from any employer influence, witnesses may begin to forget crucial details if their statements are not taken immediately after the incident.
Second, when OHS agency inspectors show up to a fatality scene, their focus is too narrow. The goal of these investigations is typically limited to assessing the working conditions that immediately led to the fatality, with an emphasis on uncovering citable violations. Often, a worker’s death is the result of practices, policies, or management system failures that increase OHS risks, a link that can only be identified through a comprehensive examination of the incident’s root causes. These failures may include inadequately controlled hazards like a lack of sufficient training, language barriers, ineffective maintenance of equipment, worker fatigue, or a culture that emphasizes speed and production over worker safety. The more superficial analysis typically conducted by OHS agencies is likely to lead to changes in the workplace that fail to resolve root causes and thus leave workers vulnerable to future injuries and fatalities.
Third, victims’ families and other workers’ advocates often feel shut out by the opaque investigation and settlement process carried out by OHS agencies. In 2012, Fed-OSHA issued a directive intended to improve communications with victims’ families. Under the new policy, Fed-OSHA contacts the family early in the process to obtain information that might be useful and to explain the process and timeline for the investigation. Fed-OSHA is then supposed to provide updates to the family, supply them with copies of citations issued to the employer, and explain the results once the investigation is closed.90 But even with this new policy, family members still report being unable to obtain access to any information in Fed-OSHA’s case file (e.g., inspector’s notes, photographs, or surveillance camera footage) until all litigation between the employer and the agency is over, which is typically not until months or years after the fatality occurred. And families often feel their voices are not being heard, especially when they learn—after the fact—that the agency and its attorneys cut a deal with the employer in settlement negotiations, with drastically reduced penalties and downgraded violations.
Solution: Ensure that evidence is preserved
Advocates in state-plan jurisdictions should consider campaigning for a law that requires quicker reporting of workplace deaths. Unions could also add such a requirement to collective bargaining agreements. There is no need for employers to be given an eight-hour window to make a simple phone call to the state agency. Employers should be required to report a work-related fatality no later than 15 minutes from the time they learn about it, or would have learned about it with diligent inquiry. This reporting requirement should also be triggered by incidents that cause serious bodily harm to one or more employees, especially if such incidents could potentially result in criminal liability under the state’s law (one of the reforms we suggested earlier in this manual). The short timeframe will ensure that the agency has the best chance of arriving at the scene while the physical evidence is unchanged and the event is still fresh in witnesses’ minds.
Employers should be required to take all appropriate measures to prevent the destruction or alteration of any evidence that might be useful in an investigation. A violation of this requirement should be classified as a felony, punishable by up to five years in prison (similar to the punishment for making false statements in OHS documents suggested earlier in this manual), to ensure executives and managers take it seriously.
Solution: Give victims and their families a greater voice
As a first step, advocates in stateplan jurisdictions should consider urging their state OHS agency to adopt Fed-OSHA’s 2012 directive on improving communications with families, if it has not done so already.91
But states should go significantly beyond that directive. State-plan OHS agencies should be required by law or regulation to give victims, their families, and their representatives the right to meet with the agency administrator to discuss the investigation before the agency’s decision to issue a citation or take no action. Families should be informed within 24 hours of any notice from the employer that it is contesting a violation. They should be provided an opportunity to appear and make a statement in any proceedings before the agency’s review commission. They should be notified of the date and time of all proceedings and receive an explanation of their rights to participate in them, before the agency enters into an agreement to modify or withdraw a citation. Families should have an opportunity to appear and make a statement before (or send a letter to) the parties conducting settlement negotiations. Families should also be notified that they can designate someone to be their representative with respect to their communications with the agency and their exercise of these rights.
While some of these rights could potentially be granted in an agency policy statement or a regulation, cementing them in a law would be the most enduring long-term solution.
Solution: Require a public inquest into the circumstances of workplace deaths
Advocates in both Fed-OSHA and state-plan jurisdictions should consider urging legislation at the state or local level to require an inquest for each workplace fatality. Among the other benefits outlined below, inquests would ensure detailed investigation of the management system failures and other “root causes” that are often overlooked during fatality investigations performed by OHS enforcement agencies.
Historically, coroner’s inquests were routinely held after an individual’s sudden or unexplained death. The purpose of the inquest was not to determine anyone’s culpability for the death, or to assign civil or criminal liability, but rather to determine the causes and circumstances of the death. For the most part, the role of these inquests in the United States has been supplanted by modern forensic science, with many states converting from coroners to “medical examiners.” In other countries, however, inquests are still common—and in some cases mandatory— following workplace fatalities.
A public inquest would be an extremely useful tool for improving the quality and transparency of investigations into workplace fatalities, for a number of reasons:
- Prompt factfinding: An inquest should be held as soon as possible— and no later than six months—after the fatality. It would produce a detailed and definitive account of the facts surrounding the worker’s death. This account could be introduced in subsequent civil lawsuits or criminal prosecutions, not as a showing of guilt or liability but as a credible explanation of what happened.
- Transparency and publicity: The details of the worker’s death would be aired in a public forum, permitting attendance by the worker’s family and friends, as well as coworkers and members of the media. Attendees would be able to see the evidence presented, including inspector’s notes, photographs, and video footage. The publicity surrounding an inquest could also help bring attention to each worker’s individual story and the inadequacies of existing regulation.
- Public participation: The inquest should be presided over by a local magistrate or state court judge. The judge would ultimately decide whom to call as witnesses, after taking suggestions from various parties. At the inquest, witnesses could be questioned not only by the judge, but by any interested parties, including relatives (and representatives) of the deceased worker. Local prosecutors, police officers, and agency inspectors could be called to give testimony based on their observations. The evidence would be heard by a jury of local residents, which would ultimately deliver a factual account of the fatality.
- Comprehensive analysis of the cause: If there was a history of dangerous practices or “close calls” leading up to the fatality, or an attempt by other workers to bring attention to hazardous conditions, these facts would likely come out in witness testimony and become part of the factual account. This in-depth examination would help to identify root causes of workplace deaths and uncover dysfunctional corporate cultures. Over time, a series of inquests would produce a public record of deaths in particular industries, allowing observers to identify trends and patterns.
- Recommendations on record: An inquest jury can make recommendations designed to prevent similar deaths in the future, including desirable changes to laws and regulations. While they would be non-binding, these recommendations would put employers, lawmakers, and regulators officially on notice about the changes that need to be made, which would be increasingly difficult to ignore as incidents continue to occur.
Advocates can expect varying levels of opposition to the solutions recommended above. Some employers may argue that, in the aftermath of a workplace fatality or serious injury, they have responsibilities that are far more pressing than quick reporting of the incident to a regulatory agency. They may claim that their immediate focus will be on calling and assisting emergency services and dealing with distraught workers. But those activities do not have to be done by the same person. An employer can assign one or more employees with the task of immediately reporting the incident, or the person who calls 911 can also call the OHS agency. Also, the reporting requirement is very minimal. All that is required is a phone call giving the name of the establishment, the time and location of the incident, the names of affected employees, and a brief description of what happened.92
Employers will likely oppose granting new rights to victims and their family members on the grounds that emotional victim statements may unduly sway agency officials and decisionmakers at hearings. OHS agencies and their lawyers are likely to be wary of granting these rights as well, suggesting that they might hamper the agency’s flexibility and delay the timely resolution of cases. However, none of those concerns outweighs the family’s right to be heard in review commission proceedings and settlement negotiations. Most victims and family members have acquired a deep understanding of the factors that contributed to the incident, and they typically have valuable ideas for improving worker protections that deserve to be considered. Family members consistently say that it is too late to help their loved one and so their greatest motivation is to see that the penalties and interventions help to ensure that another family does not have to endure the grief that they have experienced.
The biggest challenge to creating a system of public inquests is the novelty of such a process in modern U.S. law. The public and policymakers may have misconceptions about the purpose of the inquest and what it entails. States will likely object to an increased workload for magistrates and judges. And employers will strongly resist the idea of being questioned by victims’ families and other parties in a public forum. Advocates will have to educate lawmakers on the value of inquests in other countries, using examples of reforms they have helped to bring about, the increased transparency they provide, and the great importance placed on them by workers, their families, and the public.
Examples: Quick reporting and evidence preservation
The most prominent example of a quick reporting requirement is found in federal mine safety rules. Since 2006, the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act (Mine Act) and Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) regulations have required mine operators to report to MSHA within 15 minutes from the time they know or should know that a reportable incident has occurred. This requirement applies not only to fatalities, but other serious injury incidents, structural collapses, fires, and other very serious events and close calls.93 An employer who fails to meet the 15-minute deadline faces a penalty between $5,000 and $65,000.94 The Mine Act also contains provisions requiring the employer to preserve evidence that would assist in an investigation.95
Examples: Giving victims and their families a greater voice
The Protecting America’s Workers Act (PA WA) bill proposed a broad set of victims’ rights provisions, which forms the basis for the reforms suggested above.96 Also, MSHA already requires the assignment of a family liaison in fatal mine incidents, as required by the 2006 MINER Act97, and MSHA meets with the victim’s family to explain any citations before the company receives them.
Examples: Public inquests for workplace fatalities
In England and Wales, coroner’s inquests are held within six months of all workplace fatalities, since they are considered unnatural or sudden deaths.98 And in Scotland, a unique form of inquest called a “fatal accident inquiry” is held after every workplace death—before a judge, with no jury. A public prosecutor presents evidence in the public interest, and other parties can be represented as well.99
Some provinces in Canada require a coroner’s inquest for deaths in certain industries. In New Brunswick, an inquest is mandatory whenever someone dies at a “high-risk” workplace, such as a woodland operation, sawmill, lumber processing plant, food processing plant, fish processing plant, construction project site, or mining site.100 In Ontario, inquests are mandatory for all construction- and mining-related fatalities; a jury of six citizens hears the case and can make recommendations to any entity. The coroner cannot require the recommendations to be adopted, but recommendations made to the Ministry of Labor are evaluated by a legislative committee that has the authority to adopt new regulations. Workers’ advocates throughout Canada have been fighting to require inquests for all workplace deaths.101
Killed at Work: Surviving Family Left in the Dark
Sherman Holmes spent nearly his entire life in and around rural Michigan’s stately forests. He worked in the logging industry after graduating high school in the 1970s, and when he moved on to a job as a bus driver and custodian for the local school system he spent his off hours in the woods hunting and fishing. His love for the outdoors was so strong that he went back to work in the logging industry after retiring from the school system. By that time, though, things had changed. Holmes was especially surprised by his employer’s attitude toward workplace safety. In the 1970s, he was issued a hardhat and wore it every day. When he went to work for K & K Forest Products in 2010, the company told him they could not afford to provide him with a helmet.
On February 2, 2011, K & K sent Holmes and several other employees to fell groups of clumped trees before an impending storm. Under pressure to get the work done, Holmes and his co-workers were working quickly and close together—closer than OSHA regulations allow. Tragically, one of the felled trees struck Holmes in the head and killed him before an ambulance arrived on the scene.
Holmes’s daughter Danielle Dole recounts a stream of indignities following her father’s death that exemplify the problems that might be addressed by improvements to OHS agency policies. No one called Danielle or the rest of Holmes’s family; they learned that he might be in danger only after seeing a cryptic message on Facebook: “A Holmes was killed in the woods today.” Frantic, they called various hospitals and the police station in search of details. No representative from Michigan’s state-plan OHS agency (MIOSHA) reached out to the family, who had to call several times to learn the status of the investigation into Holmes’s death. The first contact the family had with anyone who had official knowledge of the incident was a call from K & K’s insurance company, offering to issue them Holmes’s final paycheck. Later, when the family went to collect a workers’ compensation payment, Danielle recalled that no one could look them in the eye or give them any information about Holmes’s death.
MIOSHA fined K & K Forest Products $1,525 for Sherman Holmes’s death. Holmes’s daughter criticizes the small penalty, noting that the tree that killed her father garnered more than $3,000 in profits for K & K. Dole is haunted by the way both the company and government officials treated her father’s death. “Workers need advocates,” she says. “We have nobody for us.”
Responsible Contractor Laws: Holding Government Contractors Accountable for Worker Health and Safety
Without robust policies to ensure that their contractors have effective OHS programs, government agencies run the risk of subsidizing construction firms that operate hazardous worksites. Agencies typically hire the lowest bidder, so companies that cut corners on worker health and safety on the assumption that it reduces project costs may be rewarded with lucrative government contracts. By failing to set a high standard for worker safety in their public works projects, state and local authorities are missing a major opportunity to reshape the market and incentivize safer worksites throughout the industry.
Construction is one of the most hazardous industries for workers. Frequent injuries and deaths from falls, electrocutions, and striking objects impose unbearably high costs on individuals, families, and local economies. Public Citizen estimates that, between 2008 and 2010, fatal and nonfatal construction injuries cost the states of Maryland $713 million, Washington $762 million, and California $2.9 billion in medical services, lost productivity, administrative expenses, and lost quality of life.102
The firms responsible for many of these injuries and fatalities, and those with histories of citations for unsafe practices, continue to receive contracts from state and local governments. For example, by early 2013 SER Construction Partners had been repeatedly cited for serious, repeat, and even willful violations of Fed-OSHA standards for excavation and trenching, and yet the company was still raking in $20 million over a ten-month period from contracts with the City of Houston, not to mention a slew of other Texas municipalities. And in late 2013, after a 28-year-old worker named Angel Garcia died after falling four stories while working on a large, publicly funded renovation project at Texas A&M University, the company was found to have violated Fed-OSHA’s demolition standards. Just six months earlier, four workers had been seriously injured on the same campus when a construction site collapsed; the two companies responsible both had extensive rap sheets of Fed-OSHA violations before being hired to work on the university project.
Advocates should campaign for legislation that would require state and local agencies to consider a bidder’s OHS policies and performance before awarding public contracts. Such laws or ordinances could be enacted in both state-plan and Fed-OSHA states. The most effective way to implement this requirement would be through a prequalification process, in which firms are not allowed to enter bids until they pass a rigorous OHS evaluation. This requirement should apply to both general contractors and subcontractors seeking to work on public projects, to ensure that all the companies involved in managing the worksite pass muster.
The benefits of such a program, including improved worker safety, increased productivity, and lower insurance costs for employers, reach far beyond public contracts, since companies hoping to remain eligible for bidding would have to maintain a good OHS record in all their work—including projects done for private clients.
A committee of national experts has developed a strong model bill, included in a series of reports by Public Citizen, for state legislatures to use in designing a prequalification system.103 The bill instructs the state labor department to develop, in consultation with stakeholders, a standardized questionnaire and rating system for evaluating potential bidders on objective criteria, including among other things:
- Planning: Employers should use written, site-specific OHS plans.
- Leadership: Employers should demonstrate a commitment by management to worker health and safety.
- Training: Employers should provide effective and regularly scheduled OHS training of workers and supervisors, in a language and format that each employee can understand.
- Employee participation: Employers should have policies that encourage workers to report unsafe conditions and workrelated injuries. They should grant workers the right to immediately stop working in hazardous conditions.
- Compliance record: The rating system considers numerous aspects of an employer’s compliance record, including: Fed-OSHA lost-time incident rates and injury-and-illness rates; workers’ compensation experience modification rates (EMRs, which reflect the number and value of a firm’s workers’ compensation claims, as compared to those of other firms in the same industry); citations and penalties by state and federal OHS agencies; and stop-work orders issued for violating OHS or other laws.
- Other factors: The state labor department should consider any other factors it finds useful in evaluating OHS performance.
Building on this model bill, advocates may want to consider pushing for additional disclosures, such as:
- records of any state or federal OHS agency inspections, regardless of the outcome;
- copies of any settlement agreements with agencies;
- decisions issued by OHS review commissions (or any other independent bodies that hear employers’ challenges to OHS agency citations and penalties); and
- records of “close call” incidents that could have resulted in worker injuries.
Requiring potential bidders to disclose five years’ worth of these items would provide agencies with broader context for a firm’s compliance history. Firms should also be required to identify and submit any OHS policies they use that go beyond mere compliance with specific Fed-OSHA or state-plan standards. Also, bidders could be required to establish a whistleblower protection policy and to supply proof of workers’ compensation coverage. The state department of labor should set a minimum passing score for the questionnaire, and bidders should have to undergo the evaluation at least once a year to remain eligible.
Advocates may also want to urge legislators to incorporate safety audits into the rating system. Insurance carriers often provide audits at the employer’s request, in an effort to identify potential OHS violations and hazards so the employer can correct them before workers are injured and file workers’ compensation claims, or an OHS agency discovers them upon inspection and imposes penalties. While the information in these audits is much more valuable than simple injury-and-illness statistics, requiring employers to submit their recent safety audits as part of the prequalification process could discourage employers from requesting the audits in the first place. Instead, contractors should be encouraged to submit any safety audits prepared in the past five years, along with information about any corrective actions they took in response. The state’s prequalification scoring system could give potential bidders credit both for submitting the audits and for any corrective actions. This way, employers would have new incentives to monitor for hazards and to fix them when they are discovered.
Debarment, or prohibiting noncompliant companies from receiving contracts, is another critical issue. By creating the possibility that a firm would be prohibited from bidding on or receiving government contracts, state legislatures or local governments could establish significant economic incentives for firms to improve their health and safety programs. One justification for debarment is to preserve the integrity of the prequalification process. Prospective bidders would have strong incentives to submit false records, so they should be required to attest to the accuracy of their responses under penalty of perjury. If the department discovers that a firm provided misleading information, the firm should be debarred for a substantial period of time (e.g., five years), meaning that it would be unable to bid on public contracts until the debarment expired. Another justification for debarment is to penalize continued non-compliance with OHS-related laws and regulations. Just as prequalification ensures that worker safety is taken into account at the front end of the public bid process, state and local agencies also need the authority to debar irresponsible contractors from bidding on future contracts based on chronic safety violations, either for a fixed period of time or permanently (depending on the severity of the violations).104
So far, responsible contractor programs have focused almost exclusively on the construction industry, but there are many other industries, including health care and security, that contract with state and local agencies and whose workers face serious job hazards. Advocates may want to explore ways to implement similar programs for these industries as well.
It may be useful to frame these contracting policies as a responsible use of taxpayer dollars. Such a strategy might help to make the idea more appealing to politically conservative policymakers and the broader public, for whom issues of worker safety may not resonate as strongly.
Trade associations fighting against prequalification programs say that rigorous prequalification is impractical. They claim that general contractors will not have time to adequately screen subcontractors and verify their safety records during the hectic bidding process, since they often have to accept sub-bids at the last minute.105 However, if the state maintains a standing list of contractors and subcontractors that have already been prequalified, then general contractors can quickly and easily select from that list with confidence during the bidding process. Massachusetts, for example, has successfully implemented such a database.
The shortcomings of existing measures of employer safety also present a challenge. Because there are too few OHS inspectors, and because some employers fail to report on-the-job injuries, inspection records and official injury reports may not reflect the actual incidence of hazards or occupational injuries and illnesses. Employers might also argue that these OHS recordkeeping requirements were intended for monitoring industry-wide trends and writing better rules, not for singling out firms for different treatment based on their numbers.
Employers whose workers are represented by a union or other labor organization may have a reported injury-and-illness rate that is higher, or history of OHS inspections that is greater, than non-union competitors. Workers with union backing may not feel as discouraged from reporting injuries and may be less likely to fear retaliation for reporting OHS hazards or for contacting a government agency for unresolved OHS problems. For these reasons, unionized firms may fear that too much emphasis on these metrics will put them at a competitive disadvantage in the bidding process. Labor unions might object as well because a firm’s inability to secure contracts would result in fewer jobs for their members.
A similar concern arises with workers’ compensation EMRs, because these reflect only the injuries for which workers file compensation claims. Many employers pressure workers into not filing claims for on-the-job injuries, and weighing this factor heavily in contracting decisions could result in employers increasing the pressure on workers to not file compensation claims.
These concerns can be addressed by designing a prequalification process that looks at a wide range of factors, not just a firm’s reported injury rates, EMRs, and inspection histories. These metrics could be components of the evaluation, but they would be balanced by more qualitative factors, including a firm’s written safety plan and its programs for employee training and participation.
Many states have prequalification programs in place, although most do not address issues of worker safety at all, instead focusing on companies’ financial health, bonding capacity, and previous experience. The few programs that do address worker safety take into account only a limited set of factors, such as the firm’s EMR, its history of citations, and its record of safety meetings. Moreover, these programs—with the exception of California’s—do not guarantee that the OHS factors will be consistently and meaningfully incorporated into the evaluation.
Public Citizen and the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health (National COSH) have been urging state and local officials to consider bidders’ safety records before awarding public contracts. Bills closely resembling the model legislation described above have been recently introduced in Maryland106, North Carolina107, and Tennessee.108
States with Existing OHS Prequalification Programs
- California does not require agencies to adopt a prequalification system, but for those that choose to, the state has developed a model questionnaire with scoring guidelines. (Cal. Pub. Cont. Code § 20101; http://www.dir.ca.gov/od_pub/prequal/PubWksPreQualModel.pdf)
- Massachusetts requires prequalification for contractors and subcontractors bidding on projects costing $100,000 or more. A record of excessive safety violations or injuries found to qualify for workers’ compensation may be cause for taking a company off the qualified list. (810 CMR 9.00 et seq.)
- Connecticut requires prequalification for projects costing more than $500,000. (C.G.S. § 4a-100)
- Tennessee requires contractors (who have already been awarded contracts by the state’s Department of Transportation) to certify that they have an effective Employee Safety and Health Program before work can begin. (Tennessee Department of Transportation, Construction Division, Contractor Employee Safety and Health Program, http://www.tdot.state.tn.us/construction/Safety_Health_Program/EmployeeSafetyandHealth.pdf)
Innovative Contracting Policies at the Local Level
- Montgomery County, MD has developed a detailed set of terms and conditions that govern OHS in construction contracts, which it recently updated to require prequalification of subcontractors as well. (http://www6.montgomerycountymd.gov/apps/News/press/PR_details.asp?PrID=8703)
- Durham, NC requires bidders to answer detailed questions about their compliance records and safety plans. (Appendix B, http://durhamnc.gov/ich/op/pwd/consproj/Documents/RainCatchers/All%20Apendices.pdf)
- Fairfax County, VA evaluates bidders across a wide range of safety criteria, with false submissions resulting in disqualification, debarment, or contract termination. (http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/dpwes/construction/bids/constrsafety.pdf)
- The Los Angeles Unified School District uses a robust questionnaire that covers subjects from training documentation to reporting of “close call” incidents. Contractors’ safety practices are also directly evaluated during the course of the work, and sometimes again upon completion, to provide more information for future prequalification efforts. (http://www.laschools.org/new-site/prequalification/forms)
- The New York City Council in 2013 introduced an ordinance that would require all contractors and subcontractors applying for financial assistance on city development projects (1) to have apprenticeship programs, including safety training, and (2) to disclose any OHS violations within the past 10 years, to be posted on the city’s website. (Int. No. 1169)
- The Oakland and Fremont, CA city councils passed resolutions in early 2014 that direct their city managers to address wages, benefits, and OHS conditions at waste recycling facilities when negotiating franchise agreements.
- The Austin, TX City Council adopted an ordinance in July 2010 that requires all construction projects with a city permit to provide workers a rest break of no less than 10 minutes for every four hours worked. (http://austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Contract_Management/Rest_Break_Ordinance_posters.pdf)
OHS agencies are denied the resources they need to inspect all, or even a significant number, of the 9 million workplaces in the United States. The AFL-CIO calculates that it would take more than a century for these agencies to inspect every workplace at current funding levels. Thus, Fed-OSHA and the state-plan agencies rely on workers and their advocates to identify dangerous working conditions. Each year, they conduct tens of thousands of inspections based on complaints from workers or their representatives and referrals from other agencies. As described above, workers who can identify conditions that violate OHS standards may file a complaint and wait for an OHS inspector to conduct an investigation, but many workers are afraid to blow the whistle on unsafe working conditions because they understandably fear their employers will retaliate against them.
Officials from other government agencies who observe potential OHS violations, by contrast, need not fear employer backlash for reporting the dangerous conditions to OHS agency officials. These referrals can be a valuable tool for OHS agencies, providing another source of reliable information about worksites that may need improvements.
Various state and local government agencies could do a better job of referring cases to Fed- OSHA and state-plan OHS agencies for investigation. Building inspectors, fire marshals, and other agents who enforce local codes often have legislatively granted powers to remove people from buildings or stop work at construction sites when they observe conditions that are particularly dangerous for workers or members of the public. Although this authority arises out of the agencies’ power to enforce building and fire codes, the linkages to OHS concerns are often clear. In New York City, for instance, the Department of Buildings (DOB) Environmental Control Board enforces local codes dealing with excavation and demolition—hazardous jobs that are carried out increasingly by immigrant and other vulnerable workers.
Workers’ advocates can capitalize on the stopwork powers of state and local inspectors by campaigning to ensure that inspectors have a strong understanding of how their codes overlap with OHS regulations. Advocates could campaign for training programs that would educate inspectors about the overlapping issues and ensure that the inspectors submit referrals to an OHS agency every time they issue a stopwork order or code violation that directly relates to worker safety.
An important facet of this approach to strengthening OHS protections is that it can be accomplished without buy-in from a legislative body, although legislative support would certainly strengthen the program. For instance, advocates could consult with OHS experts who could review state or local codes and develop a “cross-walk” document that links provisions of those codes to state or federal OSHA regulations. That document could be the centerpiece of a campaign to connect various code enforcement agencies with OHS agency enforcement staff. Importantly, many localities have adopted consensus standards (e.g., National Fire Protection Association codes and standards) as their local codes, creating an opportunity for a multijurisdiction cross-walk document and outline for OHS referral procedures.
Examples of major OHS hazards that might be covered in both building codes and OHS regulations are: demolition, excavation and trench digging, scaffolds, cranes, fire hazards, and access to fire exits. When building inspectors find code violations related to these hazards, they should immediately submit a referral to the state-plan OHS agency or local Fed-OSHA area office.
Wage-and-hour officials whose primary job is to ensure that workers are being paid fairly are the other group of enforcement authorities who may have the opportunity to ask workers if they have observed conditions of concern at their workplaces. As a practical matter, employers who violate wage and hour laws are likely to be the same ones that violate OHS regulations. Cal/OSHA collaborates with state agencies that enforce wage-and-hour laws, workers’ compensation requirements, contracting, licensing, and other work-related programs.109 This California Labor Enforcement Task Force investigates worker complaints and has developed an innovative inspection-targeting program that combines the agencies’ staff, knowledge, and authorities. A firm with health and safety problems that might not rise to the level of “imminent danger” required for a Cal/OSHA stop-work order might nonetheless be ordered to shut down if sufficient wage-and-hour or workers’ compensation violations are also uncovered by the task force during a joint inspection.
Major budgetary constraints and overworked staff are problems in almost every government agency. Proposals that would add OHS-related responsibilities on top of code inspectors’ existing workloads may not garner sufficient support from code inspectors to be workable. Certainly if OHS advocates go to the state legislature in hopes of securing a legal mandate to develop partnerships between code enforcers and OHS agencies, a lack of support from the code enforcers could doom the proposal. Workers’ advocates must develop the evidence that improving linkages between stop-work authority and OHS standards is a low-cost, high-impact concept. On the cost side of the equation, advocates can explain that the burden on code inspectors would be as minimal and easy as a phone call to the state-plan OHS agency or local Fed-OSHA area office. Some referrals— including unsafe excavations, rickety scaffolding, and blocked fire exits—are problems that should obviously be referred to OHS agencies. With improved education and training, some less obvious hazardous conditions, such as improperly stored chemicals or inadequate protection for employees working at heights, could lead to referrals that will keep workers safe. Workers’ advocates could further strengthen their case by compiling statistics comparing the number of building code inspections in a locality with the number of planned inspections by the relevant OHS agency.110
The issue of preemption will inevitably arise when advocates begin discussing how regulations other than those adopted by Fed-OSHA might be used to protect workers in Fed-OSHA’s jurisdiction. The recommendation laid out above, though, is simply that government officials who enforce other laws and regulations should refer more cases to Fed-OSHA when violations of their regulations correspond to potential violations of OHS regulations. The other officials’ laws and regulations are, by definition, the laws of general applicability that are not preempted by the OSH Act (see A Brief Explanation of Preemption, above).
New York City’s Department of Buildings (DOB) is a prime example of a local code enforcement agency that issues stop-work orders for OHS-related violations. The department has numerous code provisions that relate directly to workers’ health and safety, including requirements related to cranes, hoisting equipment, scaffolding, demolition, and excavation. Many are simple notice or permitting requirements that mandate, for instance, that firms obtain a permit and notify neighbors before excavating below certain depths. Stop-work orders can be issued for failure to meet those obligations. Scofflaw employers who neglect to follow these building codes might very well take the same cavalier attitude towards OHS requirements, so it is critical that building inspectors refer such cases to OHS enforcement officials.
Workers in every state experience injuries, illnesses, and fatalities due to workplace hazards, but without adequate information on what the state-plan OHS agencies are doing or not doing to address those problems, it will be difficult for advocates to pinpoint exactly what changes these agencies need to make to better protect workers.
Fed-OSHA evaluates the performance of the state-plan OHS agencies in its Federal Annual Monitoring and Evaluation (FA ME) audits to determine whether they are “at least as effective” as Fed-OSHA—the minimum legal standard that determines whether states can continue to run their own OHS programs. The evaluations focus mainly on a set of quantitative measures that states are required to track, from average penalty amounts to the promptness of agency activities.
Fed-OSHA’s reports, while valuable, cover only certain aspects of agency performance. Advocates will need more information about their state-plan OHS agency’s practices in order to identify problems and pursue much-needed reforms.
Legislatures in state-plan jurisdictions should create a system for conducting annual performance audits of the state’s OHS agency. A legislative oversight committee, for example, or an independent commission with worker members could be the entity responsible for conducting these audits, preparing detailed reports, and posting them online. The oversight body would develop qualitative and quantitative measures to evaluate the agency’s performance, prepare a detailed report, and post it online. The oversight body’s purpose would be broader than Fed-OSHA’s: Instead of simply determining whether the state program meets the (fairly low) bar set by Fed-OSHA, the committee would focus on maximizing the program’s effectiveness, ideally to a point that far surpasses the performance of Fed- OSHA and other states.
State-level audits could be useful in persuading lawmakers and the public of the need for reforms, including many of those suggested in this manual. Also, once a state adopts any of these reforms, the oversight body could be responsible for monitoring implementation.
The following are just a few examples of the topics and metrics that could be examined by the oversight body:
- What are the mean and median number of days or hours for the agency to respond to complaints, fatalities, and imminent danger situations?
- What are the average initial penalties and average “final” penalties for each citation category (serious, willful, repeat, etc.)?
- What percentage of serious hazards is corrected during the inspection?
- How effective is the agency’s outreach to industry about particular hazards (e.g., fall protection on construction sites) in reducing the number of fatalities and injuries related to the hazard?
- In what percentage of inspections do union representatives participate with the OHS agency staff?
- In what percentage of inspections do representatives from community-based organizations participate with the OHS agency staff?
- What are the language abilities of the OHS agency inspectors?
- Has the agency taken proactive steps to encourage second-language ability among its staff (e.g., recruiting inspectors with second-language skills; paying for tuition, books, and time off when workers take language classes)?
- What percentage of the agency’s citations are overturned or have the penalty reduced on appeal?
- Is the agency adequately preserving its enforcement records and making enough information publicly available to enable workers and advocates to monitor the agency’s progress and identify areas for improvement?
Lawmakers and agencies may object to the overlap between the state-level audits and Fed-OSHA’s FA ME evaluations, claiming that the state audit would entail an unnecessary duplication of effort. Advocates can point out that Fed-OSHA’s evaluation criteria set a low bar for performance. State officials should want their program to be more effective than Fed-OSHA.
State-plan OHS agency staff may be concerned that the metrics are unfair because they don’t take into consideration their inadequate funding. Advocates can respond by indicating that the oversight body’s report has the potential to provide evidence that the agency needs additional resources.
A major source of tension in designing an audit plan will be developing the evaluation metrics. Some groups are likely to prefer outcome-based measures, designed to reflect the impact of agency performance on workplace safety (e.g., injury and fatality rates). Others may prefer activity-based measures, which focus on the agency’s practices and procedures (e.g., the number of inspections conducted). Both types have strengths and weaknesses, and advocates could argue for a combination of both. Also, audits should consider quantitative measures (e.g., the percentage of inspections with violations), as well as qualitative measures (e.g., interviews with workers or their representatives on the agency’s effectiveness) to obtain a more comprehensive picture of agency performance.
State-plan OHS agencies may feel that activitybased metrics invite too much scrutiny of specific agency practices, leading to micromanagement by the oversight committee and depriving the agency of flexibility and discretion in how it operates its program.111 And employers are likely to be wary of any audit program that might influence agencies to step up their enforcement practices.
Advocates should also be aware of any unintended consequences that may result from agencies attempting to satisfy the audit measures. For example, if an agency is judged only on the number of inspections performed, it might begin to conduct a greater number of relatively simple “safety” inspections while neglecting to conduct more complex “health” inspections. To avoid these kinds of unintended consequences, advocates could emphasize the need for an independent body with worker representation that would be responsible for developing the auditing program.
State legislative audits of agency performance are common, and indeed, many state legislatures have offices that specialize in conducting these audits on behalf of standing oversight committees. In Maryland, for example, the Office of Legislative Audits (located within the Department of Legislative Services) undertakes performance audits of state agencies at the request of the legislature’s Joint Audit Committee. On some occasions, the legislature may even request outside watchdog groups or research organizations to conduct an audit.112
Fed-OSHA’s FAME reports offer a good starting point for what these audits could look like, but as suggested above, advocates should encourage a much broader investigation into agency performance.113
Activists, organizers, and other workers’ advocates operating at the state and local level will usher in the next generation of OHS policies. Because of resistance in Washington to worker protections, forward-looking Members of Congress and progressive officials at Fed-OSHA often get mired in political fights when they seek to enact changes to federal OHS laws and policies so as to better protect workers. Their counterparts in state legislatures, city councils, and state-plan OHS agencies also face opposition from moneyed interests, but grassroots organizing and a closer connection between workers and elected officials can lead to more victories and improved worker protections. This manual proposes a broad array of changes to law and policy in an effort to give workers and their advocates in every locality a starting point for discussing new campaign ideas. By collecting these ideas and presenting them to advocates around the nation, we hope to have achieved a modest first step toward big improvements in workers’ health and safety.
Fed-OSHA and the OSH Act
The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) is a federal law enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1970. It established a new federal agency—the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), within the U.S. Department of Labor—to develop and enforce occupational health and safety standards. The agency is charged with developing and enforcing a variety of workplace safety standards.
The law also established a process whereby states could petition Fed-OSHA to recognize a state agency as an effective replacement for the federal program in that state. Upon recognition and after a period of “concurrent jurisdiction” meant to ensure a smooth transition, the “stateplan” agency has full authority to establish and enforce occupational health and safety standards. Fed-OSHA does not extend OSH Act protections to public-sector employees (e.g., police, firefighters, teachers, etc.), but approved state-plan agencies do. Twenty-one states and Puerto Rico have gone through this process and established “state-plan” agencies that establish and enforce standards within their jurisdictions. Four other states and the U.S. Virgin Islands have obtained Fed-OSHA’s approval to operate partial state plans that cover only public-sector workers (Fed-OSHA retains jurisdiction over private-sector workplaces).
Fed-OSHA has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., but most inspection work is conducted out of area offices at the state and local levels. Inspections are initiated for a variety of reasons. Many are prompted by a complaint from a worker, a reported fatality or injury, or even an inspector noticing something amiss while driving down the road. Sometimes other government agencies refer cases to Fed-OSHA. Roughly 60 percent of OSHA inspections are scheduled through its system for randomly selecting worksites and its industry- or hazardspecific “emphasis programs.” State-plan states operate in a similar fashion, although their emphasis programs often target industries that present unique challenges in their geographical jurisdictions.
The OSH Act also established the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. When an employer challenges a citation issued by Fed-OSHA, the case is litigated before an administrative law judge and can be appealed to the Review Commission. The Review Commission’s decisions are reviewable in federal appellate court. State plans also give employers an opportunity to challenge citations through an administrative process and ultimately appeal the decision in a court, although the exact procedures vary from state to state.
In every state but Texas, employers are required to carry workers’ compensation insurance that will pay medical expenses for employees injured or made ill on the job and replace income for those who are out of work recovering for extended periods of time. States have different laws spelling out which employers must have coverage. Texas does not require any employers to have workers’ compensation coverage, while California requires anyone with at least one employee to have the insurance. In many states, smaller employers or employers in certain industries, such as agriculture, are exempt from this requirement. If injured workers miss a certain number of consecutive work days—three days in many states, seven in others—they are entitled to receive payments equal to a portion of their wages for the time they are unable to work.
Ideally, the workers’ compensation system encourages prevention by offering lower premiums to employers who keep their workplaces healthy and safe. The system should also ensure that workers who are injured at work or who suffer job-related illnesses get prompt care that allows them to recover and return to work, and that those who must miss several days of work—or, in the worst cases, cannot work again—receive prompt cash payments and avoid severe financial hardship.
In many cases, however, the system simply does not work as it should to encourage prevention and give prompt assistance to injured and ill workers. Some employers who are required to have insurance may avoid purchasing it or lie about what kind of workers they employ. Some keep their workers’ compensation premiums low by pressuring workers not to file workers’ compensation claims, or by fighting the claims in administrative proceedings. Insurers generally also argue that occupational diseases cannot be proven to have stemmed from a particular workplace exposure, so workers with occupational illnesses receive compensation much too rarely. Adjudication of workers’ compensation claims can be a lengthy process, and in some cases workers face long delays before getting the medical care or cash benefits they desperately need, and to which they are entitled.
Many workers have reported feeling helpless and harassed when they tried to secure compensation, and stories of these difficulties can discourage other workers from filing compensation claims. As a result, workers’ families, private health insurers, and public programs like Medicaid and Social Security end up bearing costs that should have been covered by the workers’ compensation system.
Some states are working to improve their workers’ compensation systems, but sometimes efforts for “reform” are aimed at reducing employers’ costs without improving prevention or compensation for workers. In recent years, advocates have come together to fight efforts to decrease maximum dollar amounts or time limits for workers’ compensation benefits.
To learn more, visit the nonprofit website Workers’ Comp Hub, (http://workerscomphub.org), a project of the National Council on Occupational Safety & Health (National COSH) and the National Economic & Social Rights Initiative (NESRI). The site offers resources on the workers’ compensation system in general, as well as specifics for programs in various states; for instance, Pennsylvania workers can download PhilaPOSH’s Injured on the Job handbook.114
- See J. Paul Leigh, Economic Burden of Occupational Injury and Illness in the United States, 89 Milbank Q. 728 (Dec 2011).
- 29 U.S.C. § 651(b). OSH Act provisions related to standard- setting, enforcement, adjudication, and state-plan approval are found in 29 U.S.C. §§ 655, 658, 659, 660, and 667.
- Chart adapted from AFL-CIO, Death on the Job: The Toll of Neglect, 90 (May 2014), available at http://www.aflcio.org/content/download/126621/3464561/DOTJ2014.pdf (last accessed June 9, 2014).
- Freeman and Rogers, WHAT WORKERS WANT (2D ED.) (Cornell Univ. Press, 2006).
- Gregory R. Watchman, Safe and Sound: The Case for Safety and Health Committees under OSHA and the NLRA, 4 Cornell J. L. & Pub. Pol’y 65 (1994).
- Ruth Ruttenberg, The Role of Labor-Management Committee in Safeguarding Worker Safety and Health, p.1, prepared for U.S. Dep’t. of Labor, Bureau of Labor-Management Relations and Cooperative Programs (1991).
- Liu et al., The Pennsylvania Certified Safety Committee Program: An Evaluation of Participation and Effects on Work Injury Rates, Rand Center for Health and Safety in the Workplace Working Paper WR-594-PA (Aug. 2008), available at http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/working_papers/2008/RAND_WR594.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- H.R. 1280 (103d Cong); H.R. 3160 (102d Cong).
- U.S. Dep’t. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Admin., “US Labor Department’s OSHA cites Jacksonville, Fla.-based Bacardi Bottling following death of temporary worker on 1st day,” Region 4 News Release 13-149-ATL, Feb. 11, 2013, available at https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=23640 (accessed May 6, 2014). See also Grabell, Pierce, and Larson, Temporary Work, Lasting Harm, PROPUBLICA, Dec. 18, 2013, at http://www.propublica.org/article/temporary-work-lasting-harm (accessed May 6, 2014).
- U.S. Dep’t. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Admin., “OSHA launches initiative to protect temporary workers; Workers’ Memorial Day remembers those who died on the job,” OSHA News Release 13-800-NAT, Apr. 29, 2013, available at https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=23994 (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See U.S. Dep’t. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Training Requirements in OSHA Standards and Training Guidelines, OSHA Pub. 2554 (revised) (1998), available at https://www.osha.gov/Publications/2254.html (accessed May 6, 2014).
- For more information about what makes a good training program, advocates may wish to refer to OSHA’s Susan Harwood Best Practices (https://www.osha.gov/dte/sharwood/best-practices.html), NIEHS’s Worker Education Training Program (https://www.niehs.nih.gov/careers/hazmat/about_wetp/), or voluntary standards like the ANSI/ASSE Criteria for Accepted Practices in Safety, Health and Environmental Training (ANSI/ASSE Z490.1-2009).
- See Society for Human Resource Management, Workplace Posting Requirements (Mar. 2014), available at http://www.shrm.org/legalissues/stateandlocalresources/stateandlocalstatutesandregulations/documents/stateposting.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- 505 U.S. 88 (1992).
- Annotated Laws of Massachusetts, General Laws ch. 149, § 159C(b)(2) (2013).
- State of California – Dept. of Industrial Relations, Division of Workers’ Compensation, Notice to Employees – Injuries Caused by Work, available at https://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/NoticePoster.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- State of California – Dept. of Industrial Relations, Division of Workers’ Compensation, Time of Hire Pamphlet, available at https://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/DWCPamphlets/TimeOfHirePamphlet.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- Elizabeth C. Tippett, The Promise of Compelled Whistleblowing: What the Corporate Governance Provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley Mean for Employment Law, 11 EMP. RTS. & EMP. POL’Y J. 1, 16 (2007) (citing survey of eighty-four whistleblowers which found that 82 percent of those whistleblowers experienced harassment after blowing the whistle, 60 percent were fired, 17 percent lost their homes, and 10 percent admitted to attempted suicide).
- See Center for Effective Government, Securing the Right to a Safe and Healthy Workplace: Improve State Laws to Protect Workers (2013), available at http://www.foreffectivegov.org/files/regs/right-to-safe-workplace.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014); Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, Whistleblower Paradox: Laws Improve as Prosecutions Mount (last accessed May 6, 2014. No longer available online).
- Roy Maurer, OSHA Finds Widespread Problems with State Whistle-Blower Programs, Soc. for Human Resources Management, Sept. 21, 2012, at http://www.shrm.org/hrdisciplines/safetysecurity/articles/pages/osha-problems-state-whistle-blower-programs.aspx (accessed May 6, 2014).
- U.S. Gov’t Accountability Office, Whistleblower Protection: Sustained Management Attention Needed to Address Long-standing Program Weaknesses, GAO -10-722 (Aug. 2010).
- A “good faith” standard is arguably easier for workers to satisfy in order to trigger their whistleblower protection rights than the alternative “reasonableness” standard found in many statutes. A whistleblower protection law that employs the “good faith” standard would, therefore, likely offer greater protections to workers. A “good faith” standard simply asks whether the worker’s belief was sincere or honest. In contrast, a “reasonableness” standard asks whether a hypothetical “reasonable person,” facing the same circumstances as the worker, would reach the same conclusion about whether the workplace conditions potentially violated a law or regulation or were otherwise inconsistent with an important public policy. Both standards are well recognized in law and could be readily administered by the courts. Advocates may find that the adoption of a “good faith” standard will likely be singled out by business groups as one of the more contentious aspects of a whistleblower protection law. In contrast, a whistleblower protection law that employs a “reasonableness” standard may be more politically viable in some states. Another disadvantage of the “good faith” standard is that it could potentially invite personal attacks on workers who invoke their whistleblower protection rights. For example, an employer might attempt to dredge up negative aspects of a worker’s employment record in order to argue that the worker was not acting in good faith when exercising his or her whistleblower rights.
- Gerard Sinzdak, An Analysis of Current Whistleblower Laws: Defending a More Flexible Approach to Reporting Requirements, 96 Cal. L. Rev 1633 (2008).
- See, e.g., 30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(2) (providing for temporary reinstatement of whistleblower mine workers).
- Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER), State Whistleblower Laws – Overview (last accessed May 6, 2014. No longer available online.); National Whistleblowers Center, State Whistleblower Statutes, at http://www.whistleblowers.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=742&Itemid=161 (accessed May 6, 2014).
- N.J. Stat. sections 34:19-1 through 34:18-14.
- A “good faith” standard simply asks whether the worker’s belief was sincere or honest. In contrast, a “reasonableness” standard asks whether a hypothetical “reasonable person,” facing the same circumstances as the worker, would reach the same conclusion about whether the workplace conditions potentially violated a law, standard, regulation, or “clear mandate of public policy” (including those related to OHS matters), or otherwise amounted to a criminal act. Both standards are well recognized in law and could be readily administered by the courts. Advocates may find that the adoption of a “good faith” standard will likely be singled out by business groups as one of the more contentious aspects of a right-to-refuse law. In contrast, a right-to-refuse law that employs a “reasonableness” standard may be more politically viable in some states. Another disadvantage of the “good faith” standard is that it could potentially invite personal attacks on workers who invoke their right to refuse dangerous work. For example, an employer might attempt to dredge up negative aspects of a worker’s employment record in order to argue that the worker was not acting in good faith when exercising his or her right to refuse.
- Occupation Safety and Health Act, Revised Statutes of Ontario, §§ 43 – 49.
- Robert Hebdon and Douglas Hyatt, The Effects of Industrial Relations Factors on Health and Safety Conflict, 51 Ind. & Lab. Relations Rev. 579 (July 1998).
- Some states, such as Ohio, have common law rights-of-action available to workers, which allow them to sue their employers when they act with “reckless disregard” for worker safety. The solution proposed here would not require workers to prove such a high degree of wrongdoing.
- AFL-CIO, Death on the Job: The Toll of Neglect, p.88 (Apr. 2013), available at (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See, e.g., Randy Lee Loftis, OSHA no match for workplace dangers that kill thousands, Dallas Morning News, Nov. 23, 2013, available at http://www.dallasnews.com/investigations/20131123-osha-no-match-for-workplace-dangers.ece (accessed May 6, 2014).
- AFL-CIO, Death on the Job: The Toll of Neglect, p.107 (Apr. 2013), available at http://www.aflcio.org/content/download/79181/1933131/version/1/file/DOTJ2013.pdf (accessehttp://www.aflcio.org/content/download/79181/1933131/version/1/file/DOTJ2013.pdfd May 6, 2014).
- If a worker has been injured, the workers’ compensation system is available. And if the employer has acted with a sufficient degree of disregard for employee safety, the tort system may be available, too. The purpose of a citizen suit provision in public health laws, however, is to provide members of the public with a cause of action that does not require an injury—that is, citizen suits complement the preventative function of administrative enforcement. Workers’ compensation and the tort system only come in to play after an injury or fatality has occurred.
- See 42 U.S.C. § 7604 (CAA citizen suits), 33 U.S.C. § 1365 (CWA citizen suits).
- Testimony of David Michaels, Assistant Sec’y, Occupational Safety & Health Admin., U.S. Dept. of Labor, before the Subcomm. on Workforce Protections, Comm. on Educ. & Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, March 16, 2010, available at https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=TESTIMONIES&p_id=1062 (accessed May 6, 2014).
- For non-serious violations, and serious violations of low or moderate gravity that did not result in serious injury or illness, employers can agree to fix the cited hazard during the inspection itself (or immediately afterward), and OHS agencies will reward this effort by applying a 15-percent “quick fix” reduction to the gravity-based penalty. OSHA Field Operations Manual 6-14 to 6-16 (2011), available at https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/Directive_pdf/CPL_02-00-150.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- Jim Morris, Chris Hamby & M.B. Pell, Regulatory Flaws, Repeated Violations Put Oil Refinery Workers at Risk, Ctr. for Pub. Integrity, Feb. 28, 2011, http://www.publicintegrity.org/2011/02/28/2111/regulatory-flaws-repeated-violations-put-oil-refinery-workers-risk (accessed May 6, 2014).
- These percentages are derived from data in the “osha_violation” table, available at OSHA Enforcement Data, http://ogesdw.dol.gov/views/data_catalogs.php (accessed August 26, 2014).
- Jim Morris, Chris Hamby & M.B. Pell, Regulatory Flaws, Repeated Violations Put Oil Refinery Workers at Risk, Ctr. for Pub. Integrity, supra n.38.
- See, e.g., California Chamber of Commerce, Governor Vetoes Bill Presuming Employer Guilt in Safety Citations (Oct. 14, 2013), at http://www.calchamber.com/headlines/pages/10142013-governorvetoesbillpresumingemployerguiltinsafetycitations.aspx (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See Protecting America’s Workers Act, H.R. 1648, 113th Cong. § 309 (2013); Robert C. Byrd Mine & Workplace Safety & Health Act of 2013, S. 805, 113th Cong. § 704 (2013).
- Compare 29 U.S.C. § 659(b) (OSH Act) with 30 U.S.C. § 815(b)(1)(a) (Mine Safety and Health Act).
- 30 U.S.C. § 815(b)(2).
- Of course, the U.S. Congress should also update the OSH Act’s penalties.
- 28 U.S.C. § 2461 note. See also, Protecting America’s Workers Act, H.R. 1648, 113th Cong. § 311 (2013).
- If a hazard can reasonably be fixed on the spot, or within one or two days, the inspector should require that it be fixed within that timeframe, not rely on unnecessary financial incentives to get the employer to do so.
- 29 U.S.C. § 667(c)(2).
- Letter from Occupational Safety & Health State Plan Assoc. to David Michaels, Assistant Sec’y for Occupational Safety & Health, U.S. Dept. of Labor, Aug. 6, 2010, available at http://op.bna.com/env.nsf/id/sbra-89jqgs/$File/oshpaaug6.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- VA. Dept. of Labor & Industry, Occ. Safety & Health, Field Operations Manual, Ch. 11, at p.16 (2013), available at http://townhall.virginia.gov/L/GetFile.cfm?File=C:\TownHall\docroot\GuidanceDocs\181\GDoc_DOLI_5354_v1.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- Minn. Stat. § 182.666(2a).
- Minnesota Dept. of Labor and Industry, Occupational Safety and Health Division, OSHA Workplace Inspections, p.4 (2012), available at http://www.dli.mn.gov/osha/PDF/inspectionbooklet.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- 8 CCR § 336(i).
- Compare 29 U.S.C. § 666(e) (original OSH Act criminal fines of $10,000 and $20,000) with Historical Notes for OSH Act, available at https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=OSHACT&p_id=3389 (accessed May 6, 2014) (describing how the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 raised the maximum criminal fines for misdemeanors resulting in death to $250,000 for individuals and $500,000 for organizations).
- Where prosecutors can identify individual managers or executives who were directly responsible for corporate policies that led to workplace fatalities, they should prosecute those individuals. Where the corporation’s dysfunctional practices are systemic—the product of a corporate culture that tolerates high levels of danger in its drive for profits and productivity—they should charge the corporation itself. The two situations are not mutually exclusive: In some cases, prosecutors should include both individual officers and the corporation in the indictment.
- See James W. Harlow, Corporate Criminal Liability for Homicide: A Statutory Framework, 61 Duke L. J. 123, 144-49 (2011).
- See id. at 131-34 for specific observations on the current state of corporate homicide prosecutions.
- These suggestions include and expand upon California state law and the Protecting America’s Workers Act legislation. See Protecting America’s Workers Act, H.R. 1648, 113th Cong. § 312 (2013); Cal. Lab. Code §§ 6423, 6425. See also 18 U.S.C. § 3571 (describing the criminal fines available for various types of federal offenses).
- See James W. Harlow, Corporate Criminal Liability for Homicide: A Statutory Framework, 61 Duke L. J. 123, 153- 165 (2011) (outlining a strong model statute for corporate manslaughter).
- C.M.V. Clarkson, Corporate Culpability, 2 Web Journal of Current Legal Issues (1998), available at http://www.gigablast.com/get?q=&c=dmoz3&d=203910500167&c nsp=0 (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See, e.g., Steven Bittle, Still Dying for a Living: Corporate Criminal Liability After the Westray Mine Disaster (2012).
- H.B. 1144, 114th Gen. Assembly, 2d Sess. (Ind. 2006), available at http://www.in.gov/legislative/bills/2006/IN/IN1144.1.html (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See James W. Harlow, Corporate Criminal Liability for Homicide: A Statutory Framework, 61 Duke L. J. 123, 149-53 (2011); Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act, 2007, c. 19 (U.K.).
- Browne Jacobson, Sentence Handed Down Following Fifth Corporate Manslaughter Conviction (Jan. 17, 2014), http://www.brownejacobson.com/about_us/resources/bulletins/sentence_handed_down_following.aspx (accessed May 6, 2014); Pinsent Masons, New Corporate Manslaughter Cases Opened by CPS up 40% in 2012, http://www.pinsentmasons.com/en/media/press-releases/2013/new-corporate-manslaughter-cases-opened-by-cps-up-40-in-20121 (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See Chris W. Johnson, Corporate Manslaughter Legislation, Public Policy, and the Legal Response to Workplace Accidents, 46 Safety Science 349 (2008), available at http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~johnson/papers/Corporate_Killing/Chris_Johnson_Corporate_Manslaughter.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- H.B. 1144, 114th Gen. Assembly, 2d Sess. (Ind. 2006), available at http://www.in.gov/legislative/bills/2006/IN/IN1144.1.html (accessed May 6, 2014). See Shirah, The Corporate Manslaughter Act - New Bill in Indiana, Daily Kos (Jan. 19, 2006), available at http://www.dailykos.com/story/2006/01/19/179510/-The-Corporate-Manslaughter-Act-New-Bill-in-Indiana# (accessed May 6, 2014).
- U.S. Dept of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries – Current and Revised Data, at http://stats.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoi1.htm (accessed May 6, 2014).
- U.S. Dept of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) - Information for Respondents, at http://www.bls.gov/respondents/iif/ (accessed May 6, 2014).
- J. Paul Leigh, et al., An estimate of the U.S. Government’s undercount of nonfatal occupational injuries, 46 J. Occup. Envir. Med. 10 (2004); Kenneth D. Rosenman, How much work-related injury and illness is missed by the current national surveillance system?, 48 J. Occup. Envir. Med. 357 (2006); Leslie I. Boden & Al Ozonoff, Capture-recapture estimates of nonfatal workplace injuries and illnesses, 18 Annals of Epidemiology 500 (2008).
- U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Reports of Fatalities and Catastrophes, at https://www.osha.gov/dep/fatcat/dep_fatcat.html (accessed May 6, 2014).
- U.S. Dept. of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, Preliminary Accident Reports, Fatalgrams and Fatal Investigation Reports, at http://www.msha.gov/fatals/fab.htm (accessed May 6, 2014) and U.S. Dept. of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, Mine Data Retrieval System, at http://www.msha.gov/drs/drshome.htm (accessed May 6, 2014).
- Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Workplace Fatalities and Hospitalizations, at http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/TrainingPrevention/FatalitiesInjuries/ (accessed August 26, 2014).
- Tennessee Dept. of Labor and Workforce Development, Work Related Fatality Investigations Conducted by TOSHA, at http://www.tn.gov/labor-wfd/tosha/tosha_invest_toc.shtml (accessed August 26, 2014).
- Wyoming Dept. of Workforce Services, Fatal Accident Alerts, at http://wyomingworkforce.org/employers-and-businesses/osha/Pages/fatal-accident-alerts.aspx (accessed May 6, 2014).
- U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Severe Violator Enforcement Program, Directive CPL-02-00-149 (June 18, 2010), available at https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=4503 (accessed May 6, 2014).
- The most recent logs are available as a downloadable Excel spreadsheet on OSHA’s Enforcement page: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA Enforcement, at https://www.osha.gov/dep/ (accessed May 6, 2014).
- U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Federal Program Change Summary Report | Severe Violator Enforcement Program, at https://www.osha.gov/dcsp/osp/standards_fpc/fpc_cpl_02_00_149.html(accessed May 6, 2014).
- U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Establishment Search Page, at https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.html (accessed May 6, 2014).
- U.S. Dept. of Labor, Enforcement Data | Search & Share, at http://ogesdw.dol.gov/views/search.php (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See American Nurses Assn., Safe Patient Handling and Mobility (SPHM), at http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/Policy-Advocacy/State/Legislative-Agenda-Reports/State-SafePatientHandling (accessed May 6, 2014).
- Frank DeFrank, Man, 23, Killed in Shelby Township Industrial Accident, Daily Tribune, Mar. 5, 2014 , http://www.dailytribune.com/general-news/20140305/man-23-killed-in-shelby-township-industrial-accident (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See PBS Frontline – A Dangerous Business (2003), transcript available at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/workplace/etc/script.html (accessed May 6, 2014) (describing how the New York Attorney General refused to allow his prosecutors to pursue a negligent homicide case against McWane, Inc. for a fatal explosion after the company’s lawyers threatened closure of the plant and political fallout for the Attorney General).
- See Ira Reiner & Jan Chatten-Brown, When It Is Not an Accident, but a Crime: Prosecutors Get Tough with OSHA Violations, 17 N. KY . L. Rev. 83 (1989).
- Kevin Donahue, State Increases Cal OSHA Penalties, EHS Today, Nov. 10, 1999, http://ehstoday.com/news/ehs_imp_32581 (accessed May 6, 2014).
- Ira Reiner & Jan Chatten-Brown, When It Is Not an Accident, but a Crime: Prosecutors Get Tough with OSHA Violations, 17 N. KY . L. Rev. 83, 96-97 (1989).
- David Barstow, When Workers Die: U.S. Rarely Seeks Charges for Deaths in Workplace, The New York Times, Dec. 22, 2003, available at http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/6839 (accessed May 6, 2014). See, e.g., California Division of Occupational Safety and Health, Policy & Procedures Manual – Accident Investigation § C(3)(c), http://www.dir.ca.gov/doshpol/p&pc-170.htm (accessed May 6, 2014).
- Lee Romney, Circuit Teams Ride to the Rescue of Overtaxed Rural Prosecutors, L.A. Times, Mar. 3, 2003, http://articles.latimes.com/2003/mar/03/local/me-circuit3 (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See California Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Circuit Prosecutors Project, https://www.calepa.ca.gov/enforcement/environmental-circuit-prosecutors-project/ (accessed May 6, 2014).
- 29 C.F.R. § 1904.39. For a breakdown of the reporting requirements in each state, see Amer. Staffing Ass’n., OSHA Reporting Requirements, at http://www.americanstaffing.net/events/lawconference13/handouts/OSHAReportingReqs.xlsx (downloadable document--accessed May 6, 2014).
- U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Communicating OSHA Fatality Inspection Procedures to a Victim’s Family, Directive CPL 02-00-153 (Apr. 17, 2012), available at https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/Directive_pdf/CPL_02-00-153.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014). Shirah, The Corporate Manslaughter Act - New Bill in Indiana, Daily Kos (Jan. 19, 2006), available at http://www.dailykos.com/story/2006/01/19/179510/-The-Corporate-Manslaughter-Act-New-Bill-in-Indiana, (accessed May 6, 2014).
- OSHA maintains a list summarizing which states have adopted the directive and which have not: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Federal Program Change Summary Report|Communicating OSHA Fatality Inspection Procedures to a Victim’s Family, at https://www.osha.gov/dcsp/osp/standards_fpc/fpc_cpl_02_00_153.html (accessed May 6, 2014).
- 29 C.F.R. § 1904.39(b)(2).
- Federal Mine Safety & Health Act (Mine Act) § 103(j), 30 U.S.C. § 813(j), as amended by the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109- 236 (June 15, 2006).
- 30 C.F.R. § 100.4(c).
- 30 C.F.R. § 305; Mine Act § 103(j), 30 U.S.C. § 813(j), as amended.
- Protecting America’s Workers Act, H.R. 1648, 113th Cong. § 307 (2013).
- Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006 § 7, Pub. L. 109-236 (June 15, 2006).
- For the rules governing inquests in the UK, see Coroners (Inquests) Rules 2013 – England and Wales, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1616/pdfs/uksi_20131616_en.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See Judiciary of Scotland, Fatal Accident Inquiries, at http://scotland-judiciary.org.uk/10/0/Fatal-Accident-Inquiries (accessed May 6, 2014).
- New Brunswick, Canada, Government Institutes Mandatory Inquests for Workplace Fatalities, Press Release (Apr. 16, 2008), available at http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/news/news_release.2008.04.0455.html (accessed May 6, 2014).
- Douglas Quan, Dying to Be Heard: Should Inquests Be Mandatory for All Workplace Deaths?, Canada.Com, Jan. 17, 2014, http://o.canada.com/news/national/dying-to-be-heard-should-inquests-be-mandatory-for-all-workplace-deaths (accessed May 6, 2014).
- Public Citizen’s reports on state construction industries are available at http://www.citizen.org/Page.aspx?pid=5554 (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See Public Citizen, The Price of Inaction: A Comprehensive Look at the Costs of Injuries and Fatalities in Maryland’s Construction Industry, Appendix B (Aug. 2012), available at http://www.citizen.org/documents/price-of-inaction-maryland-worker-safety-report.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- Maryland recently passed a law that prohibits people from entering into contracts with the state if they have been convicted of breaking any of several state or federal laws, including laws addressing wage payment and workplace health and safety.” For details, see Kenneth Quinnell, Maryland Passes Responsible Contracting Law, AFL-CIO NOW (Apr. 15, 2014), at http://www.aflcio.org/Blog/In-The-States/Maryland-Passes-Responsible-Contracting-Law (accessed May 6, 2014) and S.B. 699 (Md. Gen. Assembly 2014) http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2014RS/bills/sb/sb0669e.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See Cole Stangler, Maryland Workplace Injuries Cost Hundreds Of Millions, Report Says, Huffington Post, Aug. 7, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/07/maryland-workplace-injuries-cost-public-citizen_n_1753225.html (accessed May 6, 2014).
- First introduced in 2013, reintroduced in 2014 as HB 951.
- HB 906 (2013).
- HB 2018 (2014).
- California Dept. of Industrial Relations, Labor Enforcement Task Force, at http://www.dir.ca.gov/letf/letf.html (accessed Apr. 28, 2014).
- New York City’s Department of Buildings, for instance, provides monthly lists of complaint inspections. In January 2014 alone, the agency responded to more than 9,000 complaints. Fed-OSHA’s Manhattan area office, by contrast, conducted 452 workplace inspections in all of CY2013. U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Establishment Search Page, at https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/establishment.html (accessed May 6, 2014) and New York City Dept. of Buildings, 2014 Monthly Statistical Reports, available at http://www.nyc.gov/html/dob/html/codes_and_reference_materials/foilmonthly.shtml (accessed May 6, 2014).
- See, e.g., Courtney M. Malveaux, OSHA Enforcement of the “As Effective As” Standard For State Plans: Serving Process or People?, 46 U. Rich L. Rev. 323 (2011).
- For example, in 2002, a Maryland state senator asked the Environmental Law Clinic at the University of Maryland School of Law to assess the state’s capacity for solving its most significant environmental problems. Keeping Pace: An Evaluation of Maryland’s Most Important Environmental Problems and What We Can Do to Solve Them (2002), available at http://www.law.umaryland.edu/programs/environment/documents/frosh-report.pdf (accessed May 6, 2014). The “Frosh Report,” as it is commonly known, was the precursor to an annual report now prepared by the Maryland Office of the Attorney General.
- See U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Federal Annual Monitoring and Evaluation (FAME) Reports, at https://www.osha.gov/dcsp/osp/efame (accessed May 6, 2014).
- Philaposh, Injured on the Job (Fifth Edition), available at http://www.philaposh.org/pdf/IOJ_5thEditionr.pdf (accessed August 26, 2014).
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The Sun and Moon are in good aspect to Uranus and the Moon's North Node in a Taurus 6th house. There is a karmic influence here and the possibility of sudden changes economically, financially and in the British nation's health and working practices, spurred on, it might seem, by the general public who are showing increasing signs of losing faith in the status quo. It is clearly time for change; yet the British, and all of us, should be mindful about what we wish for.
unexpected, especially with disruptive Uranus exactly conjunct the IC or nadir of the chart. Also expect the public to be expressive and vent their feelings. This could also be in reaction to unexpected and even shocking developments.
finance and the world economies. There may be bitter arguments and repercussions surrounding money and security, but it ought to be only temporary.
Similar to the 2008 global economic crisis, the world’s economy has been thru a shock again in 2020 which would make it more difficult to make money in the following year and everyone should definitely be careful where and what to spend their hard-earned money on. In this post, we listed the world’s most expensive […]world’s … Continue reading world’s most expensive cities to live in right now — Delusional Bubble (Reblog)
Saturn and Capricorn stand for the existing political structures. Pluto, by its very nature, is said to be transformative, at best a difficult though necessary cleansing, at worst a drastic enforcer of change which threatens to bring down, or rip up virtually everything - root and branch.
Intriguingly, this conjunction falls close to the Moon's south node, which has strong karmic associations. What might this mean?
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Capture the requirements and objectives of the project and translate them into a coherent concept
Concept & Strategy
Every company has different goals. Therefore, every company needs a precisely tailored web strategy.
We help to develop a strategy that is optimally tailored to your goals.
- Determine requirements
- Define goals and target group
- Market and keyword analysis
“Content is King!” When designing the content of your website, it is crucial to tailor it to your corporate goals. Strategic, target-group-specific communication is indispensable.
Of particular importance is the consistent appearance that creates recognition and familiarity.
- Write texts
- Produce or research images and video
- Produce and process graphics
Apart from a modern and appealing User Interface (UI), one of the big challenges in web design is creating an intuitive user experience (UI), as well as an engaging and easy to use interaction with the website’s content.
This interaction has to be guaranteed on different devices and screen size. A responsive design that automatically adjusts to the screen size of the user is inexplicable.
- CI & Logo development
- User interface design
- User Experience Design
As a full service online agency, we specialize in the development and implementation of websites with WordPress.
WordPress allows us to develop flexible and quickly customizable websites with the most up-to-date standards and best practices. The global community of WordPress developers make it possible to benefit from this collective intelligence and to incorporate the added value into each project.
- WordPress CMS
- SEO optimized
Testing & project completion
Last but not least, the whole system will be put through its paces, tested in different browsers and given the final touch.
After the official launch of the website, we continue to support the project as needed to define and implement continuous optimization, carry out marketing campaigns and strengthen defined SEO successes in the long term.
- Cross browser testing
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https://webnique.de/en/webdesign-munich/
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1946: The Making of the Modern World
With the end of the Second World War, a new world was born. The peace agreements that brought the conflict to an end implemented decisions that not only shaped the second half of the twentieth century, but continue to affect our world today and impact on its future. In 1946 the Cold War began, the map of eastern Europe was redrawn, Chinese Communists gained a decisive upper hand in their fight for power, the state of Israel was conceived and the independence of India was all but confirmed. It was a pivotal year in modern history in which countries were reborn and created, national and ideological boundaries were redrawn and people across the globe began to rebuild their lives.
In this remarkable history, Victor Sebestyen draws on contemporary documents from around the world - including personal notes from the Potsdam peace conference - to examine what lay behind the political decision-making. Sebestyen uses a vast array of archival material and personal testimonies to explore how the lives of generations of people across continents were shaped by the events of 1946. Taking readers from Berlin to Washington, from London to Moscow, from Delhi to Shanghai, this is a vivid and wide-ranging account of both powerbrokers and ordinary men and women from an acclaimed author.
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The computer has proven itself as an indispensable tool for sourcing information and social networking. In these tough economic times, however, it can be used as a valuable source for bargain hunters. Taking your shopping online can result in unprecedented savings, but only if you know where to look.
Not so long ago it seemed inconceivable that the Australian dollar would overtake the US dollar. Now, while we may have dropped back below parity it is only by a few cents, and the current economic climate is presenting savings in online shopping never seen before. The best savings to be had at the moment are on the largest online shopping network, Amazon.com.
There are millions of fantastic new and used items, some which are not available in Australia. Many people naturally feel some trepidation when it comes to shopping online, because of misinformation, mistrust or misconception.
Many people believe that the shipping costs are just too high for there to be any real savings from shopping overseas. This is a common misconception and there are certain tricks which can help to ease the pinch.
Buying several items from the same online Amazon ‘store’ can reduce shipping costs. You could also consider buying nearly new products, as opposed to brand-new items.
Amazon is a trustworthy site when it comes to keeping your information safe, but it is also important to remember to keep vigilant. Only buy from sellers with high recommendations. You can find this out by clicking the link to the seller’s details.
Hit the garage sales
With so many people trying to ease the relative ‘squeeze’ of these tougher economic times the number of people both holding and attending garage sales is greater than ever.
The humble garage sale has moved from the side of the highway to the information superhighway, or at least the two are sharing information for the good of bargain hunters everywhere. If you would like to stay abreast of all the garage sales in your area, make sure to head to egaragesales.com.au
This website contains a great search feature which pinpoints garage sales happening close to you in the near future. It also has heaps of advice and advertising opportunities for those hoping to have a garage sale of their own.
Click NEXT to discover more ways to save money shopping online Always keep your eyes open
Many businesses are increasing their online presence so if you keep your eyes open there are plenty of unbelievable deals to be had. One site which offers bargains from several different companies, usually as a result of over-stocking, is ozbargain.com.au . It has a feed of deals which is frequently updated. You can sort the deals by ‘most popular’ or ‘freebies’, and there are always fantastic savings if you look hard enough. If you order more than one item you can usually get a good deal on shipping, so consider shopping with a friend.
eBay secrets revealed
While everyone may have heard of eBay, not everyone is aware of the secrets which can save you valuable cash.
- Try not to get into a bidding war too early
- Watch out for postage prices
- Look for auctions which are finishing early in the morning or late at night
- Bid 32 cents more than you normally would – most people bid whole numbers, so this will give you an edge when winning auctions.
For more information on how to use eBay safely and how to win auctions read Rachel’s guide to Ebay.
The search engine giant is a powerful tool when it comes to shopping online. You may think you have found a bargain, but it never hurts to browse, exactly as you would in a store.
Use Google to check the value of the item in other online shopping stores to ensure that your item is, in fact, a bargain. Comparison shopping is essential to make absolutely sure you’re not just falling for an elevated RRP or some creative advertising. Google has a handy ‘shopping’ tab, and when you search your item, it will show you a cross section of prices and present you with the cheapest options available.
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