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Our hearts are full today, thanks once again to our caring community and the dedicated staff with PCPS’ Hearth Project.
The Hearth Project is a longstanding organization that serves students who are homeless (or experiencing some degree of homelessness) in our district. One of Hearth’s many initiatives is providing Valentine’s Day cards to Polk elementary school students.
The cards are typically donated by PCPS employees, local residents and community organizations. There were so many cards donated last year that Hearth had plenty on hand for this Valentine’s Day.
Nearly 230 students received cards this year. Many of these children and their families are facing struggles far greater than anything related to Valentine’s Day, but you’d be surprised at what a simple gesture can do.
“In spite of what all these students are going through outside of school, being able to celebrate Valentine’s Day with your classmates makes a huge difference. It provides a little bit of normalcy in a chaotic world,” says Ben Ruch, a homeless liaison and coordinator with the Hearth Project.
“Some of these kids wake up in the morning, and they don’t know where they’re going to be sleeping that night. Participating in something as simple as a Valentine’s Day exchange can mean so much,” Ruch added. “A lot of things like this we take for granted, because we don’t have that housing instability. Sometimes you can lose sight of what it’s like for these kids.”
A big hug and thanks to all of the people and staff who support the Hearth Project, allowing us to help homeless students in Polk County. | <urn:uuid:8aaf94ae-5419-48b1-a923-eb68c3099641> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://polkschoolsfl.com/newsrelease/the-hearth-project-on-valentines-day-providing-a-little-normalcy-for-students-in-need/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.960232 | 350 | 1.734375 | 2 |
If there is one thing that CEO Tim Cook doesn't want people to know, it's what dwells behind his company's "signature." As a result, most efforts to explain design at Apple end up reducing a complex 37-year history to bromides about simplicity, quality, and perfection—as if those were ambitions unique to Apple alone. So Fast Company set out to remedy that deficiency through an oral history of Apple's design, a decoding of the signature as told by the people who helped create it. This is part 3 in the series.
TONY FADELL, senior VP, iPod division (now CEO, Nest Labs):
Design at Apple was product, product, product until about 2001. Then Apple's design became experiential. There was a product—the iPod—and then software that hinged to the product, iTunes. And then a retail experience. That's what created the Apple design philosophy as we know it today.
WALKER: All of the wonks were saying the personal computer was dead. And then one day—you never quite knew where Steve would get his ideas, because he would sometimes lay claim to others' ideas as his own—Steve woke up and decided not only was the computer not dead, but it was more important than ever. The computer was the center of this ecosystem and there were spokes: pictures, work, music.
Jobs unveiled the "Digital Hub" strategy at Macworld in January 2001, announcing a simple MP3 application, iTunes, that would allow Mac users to burn custom playlists and listen to Internet radio stations.
RUBINSTEIN: We were looking at all the devices you could use with a Mac. We looked at cameras and we just didn't see where we could add enough value. With cell phones and PDAs [personal digital assistants], we concluded that the PDA was just going to get consumed by the phone. Music players really stood out as the one thing where there were no entrenched competitors. The products on the market were crap.
WALKER: I'd like to tell you the iPod was because of some deep skunk works R&D operation, but it didn't happen that way. It started because Jon Rubinstein was at the Toshiba factory in Japan. They had these tiny hard drives, and Ruby saw the potential.
RUBINSTEIN: I would do regular visits with all of our suppliers to review all the products they were doing and see how they fit into our product road map. We went into Toshiba, and at the end of the meeting, they showed us the 1.8-inch hard drive. They didn't know what to do with it. I said, "We'll take all you can make." I went to Steve: "Hey, I'm gonna need about 10 million bucks." That's when I went looking for someone to manage the team—and that's when I found Tony.
FADELL: That hard drive—there was nothing else like it on the planet. It was the enabler that made the iPod work. At Fuse Systems [Fadell's previous company], we were creating this MP3 player for home stereos. It was rack-mounted because there was no storage that was small enough.
RUBINSTEIN: Tony has tried to rewrite history where he says that he came up with the idea, that he was working on it independently. That's total nonsense.
SATZGER: If you look up iPod creator, they called Jony "Jony iPod." The "Godfather of the iPod" is Tony. And there's "Mr. iPod" Rubinstein. It's like none of those three guys can accept that it was a team of people who changed the world when they created this product.
FADELL: I started in January 2001 as a contractor. The idea was "1,000 songs in your pocket"—a long-battery-life device that syncs with the Mac. In the fourth week of March, I showed the first design to Steve. It had a navigation control, and [marketing chief] Phil Schiller said, "You should do a jog shuttle wheel." And that was it. It all happened in a one-hour meeting. I made the device in foam models. We gave it to Jony to skin it.
SATZGER: Tony brought in a stack of foam models about the size of a cigarette package. We looked at soft shapes, metals, and the double-shot plastic that we ended up using. It couldn't get too wild. The package size was really defined by its components.
FADELL: It was basically a two-piece shell—a plastic top with a metal back—because we could get that done really fast. Once the iPod came out, all of the other products started looking like it: It was all the same language.
The minimalist design for the iPod did not come out of nowhere. Ive's team had been toying with similar designs for years, beginning with the G4 Cube desktop computer as well as the Titanium PowerBook G4, which was released shortly before the iPod.
RUBINSTEIN: The Cube was our only real crap-out, which was too bad, because it was actually a great product, just too expensive. We learned a lot about materials, curved plastics, touch switches—and it was a tremendous piece of industrial design. It set the foundation for almost all of our future products.
SATZGER: The market had outgrown the transparent stuff. Shortly after the iMac, we did the Titanium PowerBook, and then we redesigned the iBook in white. The white definitely came from Jony. I had to go to a couple of suppliers and say, "We want to do the whitest white." We pushed them to the limit of adding titanium to the base resin, and then we had to make sure we adjusted the blue levels, because too much blue makes it look like a washing machine.
LINDSAY: Steve always wanted to stay one step ahead. When the industry started to become very colorful and lickable, then he realized—and Jony and I realized—that we needed to take a different path. Let's go minimalistic, less color, focus more on patterns and textures, and different inspirations for design.
ZWERNER: We were kind of like, Who needs another Walkman? While the design [of the iPod] was great, it was just an MP3 player. The iPod languished for a while. It wasn't until the iTunes Store that everyone was like, Holy shit, this is gonna be phenomenal.
[Illustrations by Benoit Challand | Amanda Mocci] | <urn:uuid:31555b1e-f136-45bc-a39a-f310f3f67b8a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.fastcodesign.com/3016336/an-oral-history-of-apple-design-2001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00558-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986928 | 1,384 | 2.234375 | 2 |
An attempt was indeed made to snatch from Huygens and confer upon Galileo the glory of having first applied the pendulum to a clock, but this attempt not having been made until some time after the publication of “Huygens’ Memoirs,” it was impossible to place any faith in the contention. If Galileo had indeed solved the beautiful problem, both in the conception and the fact, the honor of the discovery was lost to him by the laziness and negligence of his pupil, Viviani, upon whom he had placed such high hopes. One thing is certain, that the right of priority of the discovery and the recognition of the entire world has been incontestably bestowed upon Huygens. The escapement which Galileo is supposed to have conceived and to which he applied the pendulum, is shown in Fig. 149. The wheel R is supplied with teeth, which lock against the piece D attached to a lever pivoted at a, and also with pins calculated to impart impulses to the pendulum through the pallet P. The arm L serves to disengage or unlock the wheel by lifting the lever D upon the return oscillation of the pendulum.
[Illustration: Fig. 152]
[Illustration: Fig. 153]
A careful study of Fig. 150 will discover a simple transposition which it became necessary to make in the clocks, for the effectual adaptation of the pendulum to their regulation. The verge V was set up horizontally and the pendulum B, suspended freely from a flexible cord, received the impulses through the intermediation of the forked arm F, which formed a part of the verge. At first this forked arm was not thought of, for the pendulum itself formed a part of the verge. A far-reaching step had been taken, but it soon became apparent that perfection was still a long way off. The crown-wheel escapement forcibly incited the pendulum to wider oscillations; these oscillations not being as Galileo had believed, of unvaried durations, but they varied sensibly with the intensity of the motive power.
THE ATTAINMENT OF ISOCHRONISM BY HUYGENS.
Huygens rendered his pendulum isochronous; that is, compelled it to make its oscillations of equal duration, whatever might be the arc described, by suspending the pendulum between two metallic curves c c’, each one formed by an arc of a cycloid and against which the suspending cord must lie upon each forward or backward oscillation. We show this device in Fig. 151. In great oscillations, and by that we mean oscillations under a greater impulse, the pendulum would thus be shortened and the shortening would correct the time of the oscillation. However, the application of an exact cycloidal arc was a matter of no little difficulty, if not an impossibility in practice, and practical men began to grope about in search of an escapement which would permit the use of shorter arcs of oscillation. At London the | <urn:uuid:bf7d9420-8b83-43ed-be41-968da4cd26c0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/17021/111.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00212-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966524 | 627 | 3.609375 | 4 |
In a response to a Freedom of Information request, the UK Foreign office has claimed that “ethnic cleansing has not taken place” in Tawergha.
The dark-skinned Tawergha minority – former slaves brought to Libya in the 18th and 19th centuries – resided until recently in a coastal town of the same name 250km east of the capital Tripoli. The town was emptied of its inhabitants in August 2011 after an assault by rebel militia who enjoyed NATO air support. All the people in the town have either been killed, are unaccounted for, in detention or scattered across Libya, usually in refugee camps, subject to continuing attacks by militia from Misrata.
Human Rights Investigations has been covering the fate of the Tawergha, since they were threatened with ethnic cleansing by the commander of a Misratan rebel brigade.
Our reporting has since been backed up by the Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Libya which was presented to the UN Human Rights Council on 9 March 2012. At that session the United Kingdom welcomed aspects of the report (primarily those which cleared NATO of wrong-doing) and expressed concern over the continuing human rights violations by the brigades.
It is worth quoting this report at length to understand what happened to the Tawergha (and is still happening):
The thuwar entered the town on 12 August 2011 and took control of it by 14 August 2011. Most Tawerghans fled the town between 10 and 12 August 2011, some in cars, others walking. Media reports from the time observed that many fled leaving behind their possessions including clothes, passports and family photographs. While Tawergha was being shelled, thuwar from Misrata remained on the outskirts of the town. The Commission has received multiple reports of Misrata thuwar shooting at Tawerghans as they left the town, with some fatalities. The Commission also received a report of thuwar from Misrata firing at an ambulance evacuating the wounded and the dead from Tawergha on 11 August 2011.
Some civilians remained within the town, either because they were trapped by the fighting, were not physically strong enough to flee or because they wished to protect their property from looting. In interviews conducted by the Commission, Tawerghans who had remained inside Tawergha stated that they were either arrested and and taken to Misrata, or were beaten (or threatened with violence) and made to leave.
Tawergha, a town with an estimated population of 30,000, was emptied of its inhabitants and remains empty today. The largest group of Tawerghans moved south and took refuge in Al Jufrah district. As detailed below, attacks by thuwar coming from Misrata caused many of them to relocate to the relative safety of Benghazi. Another group of Tawerghans fled to Tripoli and Al Khums, usually stopping for a few days in Al Hisha, a town 65 kilometres from Tawergha. Tawerghans living in various internally displaced peoples’ camps across Libya have expressed a desire to return.
In the days following 13-14 August 2011, the Misratan thuwar undertook house-to-house searches of the town. The Commission has received reports that adult male Tawerghans were beaten by thuwar and taken to unofficial detention centres in Misrata (see chap. III, sect. D). In one instance, the Commission interviewed a Tawerghan man who reported he had been beaten with metal sticks and had his legs trodden on and who could no longer walk properly as a result. The Commission has no reports of women being detained. In one interview, however, a Tawerghan woman stated that the Misratan thuwar made her crawl on all fours and bark while they insulted her and said that Tawerghans were “dogs” who did not deserve to live”.
The local authorities in Misrata as well as the Libyan national authorities have expressed the view that the Tawerghans left of their own accord “perhaps out of fear, due to the crimes they committed.” Based on more than 50 interviews with Tawerghans, the Commission does not consider this to be the full picture.
In the months after Tawergha was emptied of its population, houses and public buildings continue to be looted, shot at, and burnt by the Misratan thuwar. According to an analysis of UNOSAT satellite imagery, 49 structures were destroyed or damaged in Tawergha between 12 June 2011 and 20 August 2011, including multiple buildings that were destroyed and showing indications of fire. Between 20 August 2011 and 24 November 2011, while the town was empty, an additional 27 buildings were destroyed or damaged, all likely residential and commercial structures. On 24 November 2011 imagery, a relatively large smoke plume from a fire is visible in central Tawergha.
The Commission visited the roads bordering Tawergha on 21 January 2012 and found that all the roads into the town had been blocked by mounds of sand. There were bulldozer tracks leading to each mound. Investigators observed houses being set alight in the town and the sounds of active shooting. They were informed by members of the Misrata thuwar that buildings in the town were being used for target practice. The Commission observed that each building appeared to have been struck by multiple weapons. In some cases, buildings appeared to have been deliberately bulldozed. The Commission observed that, while some buildings were totally destroyed, all were uninhabitable with many now structurally unsound.
The Commission notes that the Independent Civil Society Fact-Finding Mission was in Tawergha on 21 November 2011 and stated in its report that “a number of apartment buildings and houses in separate compounds throughout the town began to burn. It was apparent that these fires were intentional, and there was a strong smell of petrol in the air”. According to Human Rights Watch, its investigators were present in Tawergha from 3 to 5 October 2011 and witnessed “militias and individuals from Misrata set 12 houses aflame”. Human Rights Watch investigators also were said to have observed “trucks full of furniture and carpets, apparently looted from homes” being driven out of Tawergha.
The Commission observed that the word “Tawergha” had been scratched off road and other signs. In some cases, the words “New Misrata” has been written over them. Public buildings such as the school and hospital had been vandalised and the word “slave” appears as graffiti throughout the town. This is consistent with the observations made in a Wall Street Journal article, dated 21 June 2011, where its reporter noted that “on the road between Misrata and Tawergha, slogans like “the brigade for purging slaves, black skin” have supplanted pro-Gadhafi scrawl”. Similar graffiti was noted by several other newspapers.
A video released on YouTube gives a flavour of the kind of treatment the Tawergha receive in Misrata, displayed and humiliated in a zoo:
The Foreign Office states that “In relation to your reference to ethnic cleansing, it is our understanding that ethnic cleansing has not taken place and we entirely refute any suggestion that the RAF would have been involved in any ethnic cleansing. The RAF conducts its operations in accordance with International Humanitarian Law.”
The Foreign Office have refused to provide anything other than one document on this matter and refused to confirm or deny holding any other relevant information, under section 23 (relating to the security services) and section 24 (national security). The FCO is holding that the public interest in revealing more information is outweighed by the public interest in keeping the information secret.
We do know from a NATO press release from the time that NATO air planes were directly involved in the assault on Tawergha. Given the lack of transparency in these matters however, and the apparent impunity of NATO for its actions, it remains an uphill struggle to bring NATO to account for its actions.
War Crimes and Ethnic Cleansing of the Tawergha
NTC Militias Terrorize Residents Of Tawergha
Obama’s “Libyan Rebels” Are Genociding Black Africans
No Tahrir In Benghazi: A Racist Pogram Rages On Against Black Africans In Libya
Empty Village Raises Concerns About The Fate Of Black Libyans
HRW Libya: Bolster Security At Tawergha Camps
Tragic Massacre Of Tawerghan Refugees In The Janzour Refugee Camp Today. Take Action!
Refugee Camp Massacre: Libyan Militia Launch Racist Raid
Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide And The Tawergha
Torture And Ethnic Cleansing Continue With Impunity In The New “Free Libya”
12 Tawerghan Refugees Killed By Racist Rebels
Rebels Step Up Attacks On Black Libyans
Black People In Post-Gaddafi Libya Caged By NATO’s “Revolutionaries”
NTC Militias Terrorize Residents Of Tawergha
Ethnic Cleansing Of Black Libyans
The Fate Of Tawargha People In New Libya
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A $2.3 million endowment is being directed to support educational programs operated by the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum. The funding will go to outreach programs dedicated to educating residents about the past, present and future of the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi.
At a small, private ceremony over-looking construction of the Mississippi Civil Right Museum in Jackson, officials from the Medgar and Myrlie Evers Institute, the William Winter Institute for Racial Reconciliation and the state Department of Archives and History were presented with an endowment from the William K. Kellogg Foundation in the amount of $2.3 million.
William Buster is the Director of the Mississippi and New Orleans Programs for Kellogg. He says the funding is part of the Foundation's ongoing commitment to improving the health and educational well-being of children in the state.
"This Museum could serve as an opportunity." Buster says. "Mississippi has such a deep history in civil rights and so teaching the children of Mississippi its deep rich history, not all the good [and] some of the not so good and the tough, is critical to making sure that state and the state's children grow up to be healthy citizens."
Among the many educational programs the endowment will make possible, it will fund a summer training course that will help educators to teach students about the civil rights movement, using the museum's resources. Lucy Allen is the Director of Museums at the Department of Archives and History.
"These documents, these letters, these films, these artifacts, they are the place that can help enrich these stories, and it would be good to use the primary resources in the classroom." says Allen. "That's what the teacher school will do."
The Mississippi Civil Rights Museum and its counterpart, the Mississippi History Museum, are slated to open in 2017. | <urn:uuid:e0b43c67-15b3-4d08-8683-278a2a325f82> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mpbonline.org/blogs/news/2014/10/16/state-funded-civil-rights-museum-receives-large-endowment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00018-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950186 | 368 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Sonoma County wine grape growers have been thrown many curves this year. The results of nasty weather have reduced the opportunity to harvest a normal crop. Yet the latest pitch, wildfires, has actually provided some limited benefits to the vineyards.
“Smoke from the Mendocino fire complex that has filled the air in Sonoma County for several weeks is actually protecting the vines by decreasing the impact of the hot temperature spikes,” says John Clendenen, who with his wife Kathy owns and operates Clendenen Vineyard Management, LLC, Healdsburg, Calif.
The smoke has acted as a screen protecting leaves from the burning effects caused by extreme heat, Clendenen says. It’s also reducing evapotranspiration. James King, viticulturalist at Clendenen, says leaf pressure bomb tests have shown no water stress in the leaves from the smoke.
Ironically Clendenen knows a lot about fires; he’s a former California firefighter with the U.S. Forest Service. The Clendenen family manages 600 acres of wine grapes in northern Sonoma County for Sonoma and Napa wineries.
“Freezing temperatures in Healdsburg dipped to 23 degrees in the spring followed by searing heat during bloom and three weeks of high winds that combined for the loss of one-quarter to one-third of the wine grape crop our company manages,” Clendenen says.
Cold temperatures in some vineyards killed vine shoots, stunting plant development. While the wine grape bloom in Sonoma typically occurs over a two to three week period, severe heat spikes caused some vines to progress through bloom in as few as four days. High winds for three consecutive weeks took their toll on the blooms.
The triple atmospheric attack hammered Chardonnay vines, as damage varied from block to block.
“We have a number of disappointed clients,” Clendenen says. “We’re currently conducting bunch counts to get a hard estimate on this year’s production.”
Clendenen grew apples in Humboldt County and worked as a vineyard manager for Preston Vineyards in Sonoma County’s Dry Creek Valley for 18 years. He formed his own company in 1992.
About 20 vineyard management companies operate in Sonoma County. Clendenen manages and develops vineyards for 20-plus clients including Bella Winery, Fritz Winery, Kathryn Hall Winery, Delectus Winery, Stryker Sonoma Winery, Martorana Family Winery, and Gann Cellars. Clendenen grows four acres of his own grapes which are sold to the Simi Winery.
About 75 percent of Clendenen’s grapes are grown conventionally with the remaining 25 percent organic. His organic customers include Kathryn Hall and Martorana.
“There is a great interest in high-end clients going organic,” Clendenen says. “Organic wine grape production costs up to 25 percent more than conventional.”
The 16 varieties Clendenen manages are Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Zinfandel, Cabernet, Sirah, Petite Sirah, Grenache, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Primitivo, plus Nebbiolo, an Italian variety grown specifically for the Bella Winery.
“Our goal is producing very high quality fruit that commands a premium price for our clients,” Clendenen says. “When we’re establishing a vineyard, we seriously consider various issues including spacing, row orientation, and planting the best rootstock in specific soils and locations.”
Block sizes range from one-half to 20 acres. Most soils in Sonoma County’s valley floor are well-drained loams; perfect for white wine grape production. Gravelly clay soils on the hillsides best suit red wine grape production.
Most of Clendenen’s vineyard rows are spaced 6 to 8 feet apart with 3 to 6 feet between the vines. While some high-end Zinfandel vineyards are trellised without wire on a single stake, most vineyards have a single vertical trellis system.
“We’re learning that too much light exposure can come from an overly tight vertical trellis system so we’re experimenting with different kinds of cross arms on trellises,” Clendenen says. “Instead of having the wire press the canes tight together, there’s a slightly wider panel of foliage that goes above the fruit which provides more shade for the grapes.”
Ninety percent of the grapes are hand-harvested. The rest are mechanically harvested with the Korvan 3000 harvester from the Oxbo International Corporation. Clendenen has 90 employees, including 40 full-time workers.
While a few vineyards are dry farmed, most are drip irrigated. Annual water use equals about one-half acre-foot per acre. Sprinklers provide heat and frost protection during the growing season. While sprinkling twice is usually enough to combat normal spring frost, the heavy frosts this year required up to 20 nights of sprinklers.
On average, 1,000 vines are planted per acre. Clendenen’s preferred rootstocks include 110R, 420A, 1616 C, 5C, 101-14, and St. George. With the assistance of the University of California, Davis, Clendenen is investigating possible problems on two sites with the 101-14 rootstock that shows signs of substantial vigor decline and large nematode numbers on the rootstock.
Major disease challenges include powdery mildew that can be more challenging in organic vineyards. In the conventionally farmed vineyards, King uses the fungicides Pristine, Elite, JMS Stylet-Oil, and sulfur for mildew control. Though it is less expensive, dusting sulfur use has been reduced due to occasional burn on the fruit and winery concerns over possible sulfite formation in wines from these vineyards.
Pristine, Elevate, and Vanguard are used to control botrytis bunch rot, a fruit rot that also can produce early-season shoot blight after frequent spring rains.
Due to dry and dusty conditions this summer, Pacific and Willamette spider mite populations have increased. King prefers JMS Stylet-Oil for early season mite control and Acramite for later season control.
While the grape leafhopper, whitefly, and root knot and ring nematodes also pressure wine grapes, Clendenen and King have their eyes focused on a much larger threat; the vine mealybug. The insect infests grape vines producing large amounts of honeydew that damages the fruit and foliage resulting in unharvestable fruit.
The insect was first found in California in 1994 in the Coachella Valley, then moved north, and was found in Sonoma and Napa counties among others in 2002.
“The vine mealybug is a huge new headache for wine grape growers,” Clendenen says. “Fortunately, we don’t have it in any of our parcels yet, but we expect to see it at some point.”
Clendenen is also very grateful that the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) has not become established in the North Coast. The insect is a half-inch long leafhopper that spreads Pierce’s Disease, which kills grapevines by clogging the water-conducting vessels or xylem. He credits the California Department of Food and Agriculture, the local agricultural commissioner, and grape grower organizations for effective GWSS control efforts.
Clendenen’s outlay annually for wine grape pest and disease control is about $1,000 per acre, including equipment and products. While labor is his No. 1 cost, he is struggling with spiraling fuel costs. He spent about $100,000 on diesel and gasoline last year, up 25 percent from a year earlier.
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I’m pleased to inaugurate my first-ever blog interview. Today I’m speaking with Derick Varn, a Korea-based blogger and theorist. He writes at the (Dis)Loyal Opposition to Modernity on a broad range of cultural, literary and political theory and is a member of the Platypus Affiliated Society. Derick speaks about the background to Korean national and racial identity, the left and right in South Korea and the impact of neoliberalism on Korean society – all essential topics for understanding the current crisis in the two Koreas. I’ve added some photos of Korea for aesthetic purposes.
Q: You’ve had a long-standing interest in South Korea and been here a few years. In that time, what have you found most interesting about its political economy – or its politics – and how did that change your previous perceptions of the country?
A: That’s a complicated question: my interest in South Korea was personal and scholarly originally. I am not a Korean and my proficiency with the language is basic, but my aunt was Korean so I exposed to the culture briefly as a child. In graduate school, I became obsessed with Theresa Hak Kyung Cha and her novel/prose poem Dictee. While there is a lot going on in that book, one must have the context of the Japanese occupation of Korea and the French Catholic missionary history as well. When an accident of employment landed me here, I started doing historical research to further my literary research on Theresa Cha. I began to notice that, when looking for the origins of several crucial Korean ideas, such as 민족 (pronounced minjok. It means “race-nation”), that the traditions were modern and projected back on the past. Not only that, but often the origin of the ideology was either Japanese or Western. However, it had been obscured by some of the progressive nationalists’ attempts to construct a modern identity for Korean in the end of the Joseon period and the dissolution of the “Great” Han Empire. Even though you will hear the word 민족 in Korean historical dramas, portraying early Joseon or the Goryeo dynasties.
So there’s a strange history here: the Korean independence activist and historian Shin Chae-ho coined the word. Shin Chae-ho was linked to many anarchist publications and is revered in both North and South Korea today. He was, however, getting his idea of race-nation from the Japanese themselves, as a means to get a modern identity (and the Japanese had only come up with a similar concept in the late 1800s after exposure to German and Northern European racial notions.) It wasn’t hard for Chae-ho to adopt the concept: the Japanese themselves had used the idea that the Koreans and the Manchus were primitive versions of their own race. They had some sound linguistic evidence for this (Korean and Manchu are clearly linguistically related to Japanese) and cast their imperialism as a liberation attempt from the West. There is a good book on Japanese attitudes about this in English by E. Taylor Atkins called Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze. Still one finds that a lot of the ancient traditional image of Korea would be, if we were using European time frames, “early modern.” Hobsbawm’s invented traditions are all over the place in this in a strange way: a lot of the local ideas about ancient Korea, quite like the rebuilt palaces in Seoul which were burnt by the Japanese, are very modern.
Its political economy was interesting since, if one wants to think in Marxist terms, it industrialized before its bourgeois revolution, which really was achieved by coup in the 1980s and the death of President Park Chung-hee. Strangely, or perhaps not so strangely, his daughter was inducted into the Blue House in an election against a democracy activist that Park Chung-hee had jailed. The rapid development of Korean industries and the rise of the Chaebol system [large family-run corporations] pretty much happened under Park Chung-hee, so older Koreans are still fond of him. His daughter is center-right, and probably slightly to the left, of the last president here. Park Chung-hee himself is a hard man to figure out: he was a member of the 남로당 (the Korean Worker’s Party) and was removed from the army under accusations of being a member of a communist terrorist cell. He then went to the US and was trained there. He moved to the right pretty quickly and when in 1960, the prior President Rhee was overthrown by the April 19 Movement, Park led a coup against the democratically elected government.
I suppose in both North and South Korea one can see the pure blood ideology at play, as well as a particularly strict form of neo-Confucianism which lays down the ground work. The dominance of family dynasties in politics and, perhaps more importantly, in the Chaebol system is hard to understate. Yet I am also amazed at the speed of change here. Social liberalization is happening quickly, if very unevenly. Market liberalization has been de-stabilizing for South Korea, and nationalism here is sort of uneven too. A defensiveness to outside criticism is to be expected in a nation that has been used as a proxy war zone for so many different powers in only 150 years but has also had almost four decades of de facto peace.
In terms of capitalism, one can see that capitalism is different depending on the region as it’s cultural values here do look very different from that of either Europe or North America, but it still looks like capitalism. Even with its smaller-scale reliance on less-developed nations for cheaper labor (South Asian immigrants in this case), which has actually complicated the Korean sense of national identity in some ways.
Q: I find it fascinating that 민족 originated from a thinker with anarchist affiliations, and that Park Chung-hee himself was affiliated with the Workers Party. Are these coincidences or do they say something about the ability for left-wing ideas and activists to be coopted by the right?
More broadly, I’m interested in the impact of 민족 on the Korean left. I’ve noticed how insular some of the nationalist left is. If modernization has been monopolized by ideas of 민족- and the left usually wants to be modern – do you think there’s a relationship between the Korean left’s insularity and a racial, rather than territorial nationalist tradition? Or is this a mischaracterization?
A: I will be careful here because I think one can over-identify trends here, but yes, the Korean Worker’s Party would become pressured to compete with Mao Zedong and develop what they saw as a cult of state, but they did this more on nationalistic grounds and even used former members of the Japanese imperial propaganda campaign to strengthen their racialist language. Kim Il-Sung did not start that way, but during the Sino-Soviet Split there was a lot of pressure on the Kim family to develop alternative models–it’s hard to parse the man, but the North Koreans did adopt a third world nationalism rhetoric in the 1970s at the same time, but racial rhetoric moved in more and more. Still looking at the Korean anarchist movement could be helpful. The scholar Chong-sik Lee wrote in the 1960s that a lot of the early Korean left anarchists, communists, and even some liberals flirted with right nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s and exactly that happened, allowing increasing the “pure” nationalists to step up. In the process, a lot of other progressive forces were marginalized, such as the liberation theology-inspired Protestants in Pyongyang. When these groups were largely purged or became more conservative in exile in South Korea and the US, one saw Protestantism in Korea becoming Americanized.
The history of Korean anarchism is particularly telling. In the 1930s, the dominant Korean anarchists were reaching out to other pan-Asian anarchist groups, but one also see a strain of hyper-nationalism developing among them. By 1940s, however, the anarchists opposed the General Strike and the Anarchist Federation even sided with the American Occupation. The primary writer on the history of Korean anarchists, Ha Ki-Rak, said in the 1980s that he opposed the General Strike on pacifistic grounds, but supporting of the occupation seems hard to do on those grounds.
I think that is telling, personally. But the right was good at co-opting left ideas in Korea. Park Chung-hee, for example, operating the modernization of the economy on a series of five year plans. Now what does that sound like to you? Only after a decade did Park adopt the Yushin Constitutional reform of 1972, which used the same Chinese character as the Meiji. So one can see a shift in models and a mirror of a return to using models from Imperial Japan and its own racializing rhetoric. There are eerie parallels between North and South during these periods.
I am more comfortable talking about the history. While there are definitely internationalist leftists here, and the liberal-left alliance parties tend to be only mildly nationalist in a Keynesian form, it’s really important to see how much the idea rears its head after the 1920s. Furthermore, the distinctions to left and right are not entirely organic to Korea–as it was not really completely moved out of a Confucian feudal mode until the late 19th and early 20th century. Left and right as conceptions come with capitalism here, and it’s more muddled since liberalism at the root of both left (Keynesian) and right (neo-liberal) are mixed in with a lot of local history and politics. For example, the issues women have here are quite different than a lot of similarly developed places in the OECD.
In racial rhetoric, the neo-liberal “right” here have often pushed away from racial rhetoric and policies in the last five years to increase trade and honestly deal with the coming demographic shift, while also trying to fuel nationalism in issues like Dokdo. Furthermore, one of the reasons why internationalism is harder here is the National Security law can here can be used to crack down on anything that looks too friendly to the North. For example, during Occupy Yeouido, the Kim dynasty released a press release supporting the international Occupy movement. I am not sure it got much press, but I remember commenting that it effectively killed it any possibility of it having lasting effect here. Occupy Yeouido quickly shifted after a few weeks into the anti-FTA protests which did take a more nationalist tone. I don’t know that the shift was directly related to the North, but given what the Lee administration was doing at the time occasionally cracking down on leftists randomly for having Juche sympathies, it wouldn’t surprise me if they were related.
Most educated young people do know the “pure blood” theory of 민족 is not true, but they don’t know that it is a modern invention. So again, it’s changing, but unevenly. Furthermore, there are many international factors that play a role here. After all, it’s not like South Korea or North Korea has ever had the luxury of developing it’s own policy without massive pressures on it and severe resource constrains. 민족and Confucian familial notions, however, do complicate things here. No way around that.
Part Two will follow shortly. | <urn:uuid:b716c66d-91e8-4b42-bb89-f5c48560a004> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://rootlessmetropolitan.wordpress.com/2013/03/13/politics-race-and-history-in-korea-interview-with-derick-varn-part-one/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00557-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97532 | 2,424 | 1.945313 | 2 |
AI based Robot Safe Learning and Control
This open access book mainly focuses on the safe control of robot manipulators. The control schemes are mainly developed based on dynamic neural network, which is an important theoretical branch of deep reinforcement learning. In order to enhance the safety performance of robot systems, the control strategies include adaptive tracking control for robots with model uncertainties, compliance control in uncertain environments, obstacle avoidance in dynamic workspace. The idea for this book on solving safe control of robot arms was conceived during the industrial applications and the research discussion in the laboratory. Most of the materials in this book are derived from the authors’ papers published in journals, such as IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, neurocomputing, etc. This book can be used as a reference book for researcher and designer of the robotic systems and AI based controllers, and can also be used as a reference book for senior undergraduate and graduate students in colleges and universities.
KeywordsRobotics and Automation; Control and Systems Theory; Artificial Intelligence; Robotic Engineering; Safe Control; Deep Reinforcement Learning; Recurrent Neural Network; Force Control; Obstacle Ovoidance; Adaptive Control; Trajectory Tracking; Open Access; Robotics; Automatic control engineering; Artificial intelligence
Publication date and placeSingapore, 2020
Automatic control engineering | <urn:uuid:6d9e2242-ff8d-41ba-b190-b303f1854e45> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/39583 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.880277 | 364 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Enver Hoxha's legacy:
The Stalinist dictator built around 750,000 of these above-ground concrete bunkers, spread across the country, in fear of a foreign invasion. That's at least one bunker for every four Albanians. Not houses, or factories, or schools, or hospitals: these ugly monuments to brutal paranoia are what remain from 40-odd years of communist rule.
From Dutch photographer David Galjaard's limited edition book, Concresco. | <urn:uuid:762e895f-1b0c-474e-b1c7-05a76b318965> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mickhartley.typepad.com/blog/2013/02/albanian-bunkers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00538-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891566 | 98 | 1.898438 | 2 |
The installation procedure for both Windows and Linux is straightforward. After downloading the binary distribution, simply extract the files from the archive. Open a command or shell window, cd to ikvm\bin, and type:
If your system is operating correctly, you should see the following output:
usage: ikvm [-options] <class> [args...] (to execute a class) or ikvm -jar [-options] <jarfile> [args...] (to execute a jar file) ...
For convenience, you may wish to add the \ikvm\bin folder to your system's path, but this is not required. Now, if all you want to do is use IKVM as a Java VM, you're done -- no further configuration is needed. If you want to use IKVM for .NET / Mono development, read the configuration instructions below.
If you plan to do .NET development with IKVM.NET, you may wish to do the following:
Download a Java SDK
If you plan to develop code in Java that runs in .NET, you will need a Java compiler. IKVM.NET does not come with a compiler. You may use any Java compiler that emits standard Java .class files. The [Debugging] is a little difficult but possible. Because not every Java syntax can 100% mirror to .NET here is a syntax help for [Using_Java_with_.NET].
Windows: Install IKVM dll's in the Global Assembly Cache
When running .NET applications in Windows that use IKVM dll's, the .NET framework must be able to locate the dll's. It looks in the Global Assembly Cache, then in the current directory. If you want to be able to do development without having the dll's in the current directory, you must install them in the Global Assembly Cache. To do this in Windows, access the Microsoft .NET Framework Configuration item in the Windows Control Panel, and add the assemblies to the Assembly Cache. At a minimum, you will want to install the IKVM.OpenJDK.*.dll and IKVM.Runtime.dll. | <urn:uuid:390f9557-cbc0-4be7-a760-4f20a67d58d2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://sourceforge.net/p/ikvm/wiki/Installation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00141-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.84363 | 444 | 2.359375 | 2 |
How do those of us who form families across religious (or secular/humanist/atheist) differences find other families like us?
How do we share resources and support each other?
How do we talk about our identities, advocate for our right to exist, create space at all the tables, and encourage the academic study of our experiences?
To search, google, connect to each other, and join relevant conversations, we use the term interfaith families.
I have been using that term since I was born into an interfaith family in 1961. I have been using that term for more than a decade of blogging, writing books, and posting on social media on this topic. And I used it in founding the Network of Interfaith Family Groups.
As I have acknowledged in the past, the term is imperfect. For instance, “faith” is more central for Christians and Muslims than it is for Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, or (obviously) atheists. But the alternative often used in Jewish contexts, intermarriage, is loaded with all kinds of problematic linguistic baggage, as I wrote here.
So, why write about this now?
Today, the longtime Jewish organization doing outreach to interfaith families, interfaithfamily.com, unveiled a rebranding, moving away from the term “interfaith family” in their title. They are now “18Doors: Unlocking Jewish.” Of course, to explain the purpose of the organization, the “About” section refers to interfaith couples, families, and “Jewish interfaith relationships.” To my point, interfaith families looking for help are not going to find this organization, or understand that it is meant for them, without explicit use of the term “interfaith families.”
Interfaithfamily.com has always encouraged Jewish institutions to be more welcoming and inclusive, and has always supported interfaith families practicing Judaism. Thus, they play an important progressive role in Jewish institutional spaces. That is why I have worked on occasion with interfaithfamily.com since its inception, providing essays and reviews, and most recently, speaking to their rabbinic fellows.
On the other hand, it has been awkward, at times, having a Jewish organization devoted to a relatively narrow slice of interfaith families (those “making Jewish choices”) claim all rights to the language “interfaith family.” Interfaith families include families that don’t make Jewish choices–or any religious choices at all. Interfaith families also include Hindu and Muslim families, and Pagan and atheist families, and families celebrating Catholicism and spiritual practices of the African diaspora, and many more permutations. My work now is to support all interfaith families, of any or all religions or none. The Interfaith Family Journal takes this expansive and global approach to the interfaith family landscape. This approach, my approach, is more about creating and leading, and less about hoping for inclusion or to be welcomed, or hoping for any particular religious outcome.
With the change to 18Doors, the organization formerly known as interfaithfamily.com claims a hip, clever, and more explicitly Jewish title, leaving more space for all of the rest of us from the kaleidoscope of interfaith families worldwide to use the “interfaith family” language as the term of art.
Susan Katz Miller is an interfaith families speaker, consultant, and coach, and author of The Interfaith Family Journal, and Being Both: Embracing Two Religions in One Interfaith Family. | <urn:uuid:b5f93cb2-5289-4427-9c43-aed73ea98b43> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://onbeingboth.wordpress.com/2020/02/11/interfaith-families-why-i-still-use-the-term/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.939485 | 733 | 1.875 | 2 |
How can I measure latency of my TLPs through the block?
Note: This Answer Record is a part of the Xilinx Solution Center for PCI Express(Xilinx Answer 34536).TheXilinx Solution Center for PCI Express is available to address all questions related to PCIe.Whether you are starting a new design with PCIe or troubleshooting a problem, use the Solution Center for PCIeto guide you to the right information.
The latency through the TRN interface will depend on the following:
For this reason, to get the most accurate latency numbers, it is best to simulate the core under your expected conditions and your core configuration. It is best to pull the following three signals into your simulation:
Measure the time between the assertion of trn_tsof_n and when the "Start TLP" Special Character is shown on the TXDATA of the transceiver. Usually, it will be on lane 0 or for an x8 link it can be on lane 0 or lane 4.The "Start TLP" Special Character is K27.7 = 0xFB.CHARISK will assert at this time indicating the 0xFB K character.Revision History | <urn:uuid:f43a862e-ff36-4d5e-9bcf-2d484b4a4e8e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.xilinx.com/support/answers/38542.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00053-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.822181 | 242 | 1.617188 | 2 |
1770, alteration of chirurgical; see surgery + -ical. Related: Surgically.
surgical strike: There is no such thing. Don't use unless in a quote, then question what that means. [Isaac Cubillos, "Military Reporters Stylebook and Reference Guide," 2010]
surgical sur·gi·cal (sûr'jĭ-kəl)adj.
Of, relating to, or characteristic of surgeons or surgery.
Used in surgery.
Resulting from or occurring after surgery. | <urn:uuid:a375c608-b6bb-4910-9b79-9524f72d6c3e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/nonsurgical | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00048-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869848 | 116 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Scenario: In general a ubuntu machine (called server) runs in a network and gets an IP from it. Due to testing, sometimes a windows machine (client) is physical connected to the ubuntu machine exclusively. (Because the server is mounted on a car trailer and there is sometimes no existing network availible.)
It should run without any regular effort on the server.
Situation now: Because noone runs a DHCP server both will get a zeroconf (169.254.x.x) address. The problem is that Windows don't resolve names via mDNS otherwise I could simply use avahi.
My thoughts for solutions are
- server side
- after DHCP discover timout start an own DHCP server serving an IP for the client
- use static IP (zeroconf subnet) on DHCP discover timeout (thus client knows it)
- windows side
- install mDNS or Bonjour :( respectively
- both sides
- use static IPs (annoys and error-prone at the client side)
Do I consider all sorts of solutions? If yes which one seems to be the best? Ideally I don't want to install extra software on windows and don't set a static IP on the client all the time. So setting a static zeroconf address on the server seems to be the best? | <urn:uuid:cb745444-8314-4e4d-9f6a-c517df2b6bbb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://serverfault.com/questions/638191/how-to-get-a-connection-between-windows-and-linux-without-an-existing-dhcp-serve | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.89434 | 279 | 1.539063 | 2 |
The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Fire Management Program is responsible for protecting and restoring lands in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa and Pacific Islands territories.
Incident Management Team Assists with Hurricane
Six days after Hurricane Ike made landfall on Galveston Island, Texas, several U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service employees serving on the Southern Area Type 2 Incident Management Team were called to assist the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as part of an Infrastructure Assessment Task Force, assessing the impact to residents of the city of Galveston.
The assignment to support FEMA was very different from those the team usually undertakes managing large fires, such as in Virginia and North Carolina earlier in the year. Team Incident Commander Tony Wilder, Fire Management Officer at Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge, and team members had to solve atypical problems as they arrived to the hurricane-devastated area. Communication and planning were critical elements as the team established their Incident Command Post with no services or conveniences at their disposal.
Wilder and his team members worked with utility professionals to conduct the infrastructure assessment, including security, water, energy, accessibility and telecommunications for Galveston. They acquired information by any means possible about the status and condition of these services. Then they were tasked to produce a 72-hour report to outline their findings.
Wilder personally identified with the residents of the area because he lost his home to Hurricane Katrina in 2005. “What this assessment doesn’t show” he said, “is the human element.”
The team also worked extensively with local elected officials and media outlets to keep citizens of the area informed on the situation. In addition to Wilder, six other U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service employees from Service Regions 2, 5, 4, and 6 worked on the team in Texas as part of the post-hurricane assessment group c. Their assignment lasted for 13 days.
back to headlines
Back to News Archives | <urn:uuid:1352b3be-a277-4c93-9db2-dc7a20056b43> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.fws.gov/fire/news/national/hurricane_ike.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00109-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962428 | 413 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Australia is setting up an A$100-million ($89 million) fund to support regions that will be affected by the decision of US carmaker General Motors to stop production in the country by 2017. The fund will also directly support workers affected by GM’s decision. GM recently announced that it would end vehicle and engine production in Australia by the end of 2017 – a huge blow to the country’s already struggling auto industry – citing high costs, a strong Australian dollar and a small, yet fragmented and very competitive local market.
Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott is introducing the fund and related programs to help the country shift from heavy industrial manufacturing to "higher value-added" production.
"In the end, no government has ever subsidized its way to prosperity," Abbott remarked, adding that Australia government will hate to consider requests for subsidies. “We will be very loathe to do for businesses in trouble, the sorts of things that they would be doing for themselves."
The A$100-million fund will be provided by the Australian federal government (A$60 million), the Victorian government (A$12 million), and the South Australian government (remaining amount). According to Abbott, the government expects GM to contribute to the fund. Workers affected by the closure of GM’s Holden unit could access some support from the fund, which will help current components makers in Victoria and South Australia. | <urn:uuid:5cb99fc0-f7d7-4981-afc0-53296e9f18a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.4wheelsnews.com/auto/australia-to-set-up-fund-to-help-regions-affected-by-gm-exit-29863.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00477-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955006 | 284 | 2.046875 | 2 |
In the last post we learnt how to add a command button using command designer: https://dynamicsofdynamicscrm.com/2022/07/27/step-by-stepcreate-command-button-in-power-apps-using-command-designer/
In this post, we will explore various Power FX commands we can add using new command designer:
We will cover the formulas “Navigate”,” URL” and “Notify”.
First go to the site map for Account table and click in the three dots ,click on edit command bar. Thereafter select the Main grid.
Three buttons are created as per reference in my last blog.
On click of “Navigate Active Record” button, we will navigate to “My Active Accounts” view
- Formula for Navigate.
Navigate(‘Accounts (Views)’.’My Active Accounts’)
Now let us try to click on Navigate Active Records on Inactive Accounts view:
You can see that on click of the button we have navigated to “My Active Accounts” view:
Formula for URL:
Formula for Notify:
On click of Notification command button, we will try out Notify command:
Notify(“YouSelected”&Self.Selected.Item.’AccountName’,If(CountRows(Self.Selected.AllItems) > 0,true,false))
There is a show hide formulae also applied on this button(about which we will learn in my next article). The button will only be visible on selection of particular record:
On selecting a single account named “A.Datum dd” and clicking on the “Notification” button, you can see above that the name of the record is showing in the notification section.
Hope it helps!
Power 365ing as usual!
Any problem in Power Platform or Dynamics 365 – end user, Microsoft partner or an individual?
Problem Area – Technical, Functional, Training, Development or consulting?
Me and my team are here to assist, please fill the following form for your business needs: Click here
About the Author: | <urn:uuid:cc0b61ea-ce51-4382-85f9-683c03ddf693> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dynamicsofdynamicscrm.com/2022/08/04/step-by-stepadd-power-fx-commands-on-a-command-button-using-command-designer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.808551 | 507 | 1.578125 | 2 |
To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, what assessment he has made of reports from Aung Marm Oo, an ethnic Rakhine journalist in Burma, who is now facing arrest; and if he will make a statement.
5 June 2019
Press freedom and the rule of law are fundamental to any democratic society, and journalists must be allowed to work freely and without intimidation. The British Ambassador has been clear in making this point, and recently raised this case with Burma’s Minister for International Cooperation. The UK will continue to work hard to support media freedom within Myanmar. | <urn:uuid:c0d19692-9a48-4205-8001-7c0eb9b11064> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2019-05-22/257523/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.952242 | 125 | 1.570313 | 2 |
If you’ve ever left your mobile phone on an airplane, in a restaurant, or somewhere other than in your possession, you know it’s frightening enough to think of losing the device itself, which costs a premium, as well as your personal photos or information stored on the device. Now imagine if you lost your mobile phone, but it also had protected health information (PHI) associated with your health care work stored on it. The lost device suddenly presents the potential for reputational damage and legal or regulatory obligations, in addition to the inconvenience and cost of replacement.
Mobile phones are lightweight, palm sized, and cordless, which makes them convenient and easily portable. These same features make mobile phones highly susceptible to theft or loss. As such, there are serious compliance risks to consider and mitigate when allowing personal mobile device use for work purposes, or a bring your own device (BYOD) program, especially in a healthcare setting. Despite the known risks, current research shows that in some industries, up to 90% of employees are using their personal devices for work purposes whether “allowed” or not. For example, an assisted living nurse using a personal device for work purposes might send a text message to a patient’s primary care physician (PCP) to obtain guidance or to provide an update. That communication includes PHI, raising compliance obligations, such as state laws or HIPAA security requirements. In the long term care setting, it’s also a clear violation of applicable privacy laws and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services will, and has been, citing such infractions on surveys. We suspect the Division of Health Service Regulation would do likewise under state law if this occurred in an adult care home.
There is no quick and easy remedy to completely eliminate all risks associated with the use of mobile phones, particularly employee-owned devices. However, there are steps that can be taken to minimize those risks while allowing the use of mobile technology to provide enhanced and continuous care to patients. One such step is implementing a mobile device management (MDM) solution. An MDM solution allows a secure connection for employees to access work networks and information resources remotely, using an application installed on their personal device. That solution keeps “work applications” such as the employer’s email program technically separated from “personal applications” like social media apps. In addition, an MDM solution allows the employer to force technical controls on the device, such as password requirements, encryption or the ability to remotely wipe all data from the device.
Recognizing that employers must relinquish ownership and technical control to make a BYOD program work, employers also must implement robust policies and procedural controls. For example:
- Permissible Uses. Document the permissible uses of personal devices for work purposes, including whether employees are ever permitted to transfer PHI or other types of sensitive personal information on a personal device and the employment terms associated with such uses.
- Device Security Controls. Document the policies that govern device controls (such as requiring employees to use passwords, up-to-date malware protection, device time-out, authentication or encryption on the device).
- HR Policies. Review other important employment law considerations such as employee privacy rights, social media policies, and policies for removing applicable data from the devices of terminated or exiting employees.
There are many compliance considerations to keep in mind when deciding whether to implement a BYOD program. A comprehensive security framework, including technical controls, policies, procedures, and training, can reduce the high risks associated with the use of personal mobile devices for work purposes. | <urn:uuid:3d992f83-c1e5-4c0b-aa2b-e602a3cc5b62> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=938309f0-1a55-4f37-af11-1b16d12991d4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00430-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930721 | 729 | 2.140625 | 2 |
With the overturning of Roe v. Wade, banks and financial services companies could one day find themselves in potentially sticky legal and political situations if or when authorities investigate those accused of breaking anti-abortion laws.
Legal experts say that prosecutors potentially could subpoena customer payment data from financial service providers as part of efforts to collect evidence showing that someone may have broken such laws. This evidence might be something like a large payment at a known provider of abortion services, or expenses at pharmacies that predominantly offer abortion pills.
Barring a few narrow exceptions, abortion is now illegal in Ohio after a fetal heartbeat is detected.
Under the current state law, only doctors performing abortion services after that time are liable for penalties. The pregnant person — and anyone helping them — could not presently be charged with any crimes.
But a concern is that could one day change in the Republican-controlled state of Ohio, said Jessie Hill, the Judge Ben C. Green professor of law at Case Western Reserve University School of Law. Hill has done extensive work and research in the area of reproductive rights.
One Ohio lawmaker — a Baptist preacher — already has proposed an outright abortion ban in the state that is widely expected to become law.
It's not implausible that Ohio could one day add an aiding and abetting component to its abortion-restricting laws similar to what Texas has passed, Hill said, or put criminal penalties in place for those who receive abortion services.
These are, of course, hypothetical situations. Yet, they point to some of the questions that pop up with respect to how state laws restricting abortions could be shaped or enforced in the future.
It's possible penalties for aiding or abetting abortions could be in play in Ohio already because there are general laws against aiding and abetting crimes, Hill said.
Others agree that's a bit of a gray area.
"It's a nebulous thing," said Michael Gentithes, associate dean of academic affairs at The University of Akron School of Law, who has a background in criminal procedure and constitutional law. "This is a little difficult to define not just because the law in the books is a little amorphous but also because of the discretion by various actors on the ground, like prosecutors, who are making the decisions (of what to prosecute)."
It is an area that is shifting rapidly as members of the Ohio House and Senate think about how they want to approach abortion restrictions.
"Even if you criminalize abortion, there is still a lot of discussion among prosecutors on who to bring charges against," Gentithes said. "We already see some prosecutors in Ohio and across the country saying they won't pursue charges against doctors or mothers because they don't think it's a high priority. But it's also difficult to predict how this will shake out. We just don't know."
Damon Hacker, president and CEO of digital forensics and cybersecurity firm Vestige Digital Investigations, said it makes sense that authorities might go after bank customer information in these kinds of investigations.
"Could I see that kind of thing happening? Absolutely," he said. "Do I think banks are going to roll over on that, though? No, I don't."
But the jury is out on that.
"I think banks don't want to be involved in this," Hacker said. "But that's not to say that's not ever going to happen."
Banks looking to demonstrate their support of clients may try to resist such subpoenas, just as tech companies have when asked to give up their own user data.
"Banks and other institutions are going to be making a bit of a political choice on whether or not to respond to these subpoenas," Gentithes said. "They'll want to appear both supportive of investigations, but at the same time, they want to demonstrate to customers that they will put them first and protect their information even in the face of this kind of request."
Amalgamated Bank, a New York-based bank with about $7.7 billion in assets, recently told the New York Times that it would try to resist such requests for its customer data with respect to abortion-related investigations, if it can. The company declined to discuss this position further with Crain's.
"Amalgamated Bank will carefully scrutinize any subpoenas for information related to the prosecution of women for exercising their right to choose and object to the fullest extent possible," the bank said, as reported by the Times. Amalgamated said that it also plans to notify customers of such subpoenas absent of a gag order preventing them from doing so.
Some banking insiders say that companies in Ohio are considering what they might do in this kind of scenario.
But none of the largest banks in this market would comment for Crain's on how they might treat such subpoenas. That includes KeyBank, Huntington Bank, PNC Bank, Citizens Bank, JPMorgan Chase Bank, Fifth Third Bank, U.S. Bank and New York Community Bank (doing business here as Ohio Savings Bank).
Those who did respond tend to say they don't comment on hypothetical scenarios, especially those with possible legal implications.
At the same time, some (but not all) of these companies said they will support employees who may need to seek out abortion services in other states through efforts like covering their travel expenses.
How they would treat otherwise private customer data in these situations, though, is unclear. The Ohio Bankers League also declined to comment about how the industry might react in these scenarios.
The key takeaway, Gentithes said, is that data people tend to think is personal and protected often isn't, and that goes for details on how people spend their money.
"There is so much legal uncertainty right now and both sides are trying to stake out their views of the legal reality," Gentithes said. "That being said, you should know that your data is not protected. There is absolutely vulnerability there." | <urn:uuid:14eb8b77-8a8b-41ee-bb40-032380d92323> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.crainscleveland.com/finance/customer-payment-data-could-be-sought-part-future-abortion-investigations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.974226 | 1,211 | 1.835938 | 2 |
The Carter lovefest shows insensitivity to the buzzword of this year—the optics—not just with Israel but with American voters.
The latter in particular has become a buzzword for Silicon Valley start-ups.
Sustainability” is all the rage as a buzzword, but a $3.6 trillion budget is not “sustainable.
“It's for the conference set; the buzzword of 2013's business model,” she said, laughing.
The perilousness of ubiquity with a hashtag—or any buzzword, for that matter—is that people can too easily forget its origin.
Netconomy started as a buzzword, joining net, network, and economy.
A modish technical or arcane term used to make one appear sophisticated: The rhetoric has sputtered with buzzwords like ''anticolonialist'' and ''progressive''/ I avoid buzzphrases like ''this point in time''/ Buzzword of the Month Dept
[1946+; coined in the mid-1940s by students at the Harvard Business School and meaning ''a word used to describe the key to any course or situation'' in their specialized and amusingly stilted vocabulary; hence buzz may be a shortening and repronouncing of business] | <urn:uuid:db7708b4-eaa5-40b6-8b41-851380a7a665> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/buzzword?qsrc=2446 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00539-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934068 | 266 | 1.546875 | 2 |
A new airport for Beijing
China will build a brand-new airport for its capital Beijing. The new airport, to be positioned near the Hebei province border, will have a capacity of 72 million passengers per year, and two million tonnes of cargo.
The new airport will cost the equivalent of $14 billion. The decision to start building was made to help alleviate aircraft and passenger congestion levels at the existing Beijing Capital International Airport. Beijing Capital International Airport currently has a capacity of 80 million passengers. Experts forecast that in 2020 142 million air travellers set to arrive in Beijing each year. With a total of 83.7 million passengers, Beijing Capital was by far China's busiest airport in 2013. | <urn:uuid:eedc35c4-bd2f-4a05-ae5a-db3e2b5322f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bluebiz.com/en/bluebook/bluebook/a-new-airport-for-beijing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.941294 | 140 | 1.773438 | 2 |
More than 50 billion of 3M's Post-it notes are sold every year
Hit product reached market 12 years after it was invented
3M employee, Art Fry realized potential of Post-it Notes in church
Once the product was released in 1980, it spread "like a virus," he recalls
It’s been described as the solution to a problem nobody realized existed.
But that hasn’t stopped the humble Post-it Note from becoming a ubiquitous fixture of stationery cupboards worldwide, with manufacturers 3M producing 50 billion each year.
The sticky yellow squares did not always look destined to set the office supply world alight. In fact, it took 12 years from when the technology behind the product was first developed, to Post-its hitting the market.
The story of the Post-it – the self-attaching note that adheres in such a way that it can be removed without causing damage – begins in 1968.
Spencer Silver, a chemist for the giant multinational Minnesotan company 3M, was attempting to develop a better adhesive.
“It was part of my job as a researcher to develop new adhesives, and at that time we wanted to develop bigger, stronger, tougher adhesives,” he said. “This was none of those.”
What he came up with were microspheres, which retained their stickiness and had a “removability characteristic,” allowing attached surfaces to be peeled apart easily.
For years he struggled to find a use for his invention, preaching the merits of his creation to unreceptive colleagues.
“I got to be known as ‘Mr Persistent,’ because I wouldn’t give up,” he said.
But it never found a practical application, until in 1974 he was approached by a 3M colleague, Art Fry, who had heard him talk about his microspheres at a company seminar.
Fry had been in church for choir practice, grappling with a regularly occurring problem with his hymnbook, when he had his “eureka moment” – “the one where you get the adrenaline rush,” he says – regarding the way Silver’s microspheres could potentially help.
During his Wednesday night choir practice, Fry would bookmark his hymnbook with pieces of paper – but by Sunday morning they would have fallen out.
“I thought what I need is a bookmark that would stick to the paper without falling off and but not damage the sheets,” he said.
When the team started writing messages on the notes to communicate around the office, they realized the full potential of the idea.
“I thought what we have here isn’t just a bookmark,” said Fry. “It’s a whole new way to communicate.”
Not everyone saw the value in the idea, says Fry, but the team continued to lobby for their idea and eventually in 1980, after extensive market testing, 3M released the product on to the market. From that point, the Post-it was unstoppable.
“The Post-it notes took off so rapidly that I think it left a lot of people in marketing and sales gasping a little bit,” said Silver.
It spread “like a virus,” said Fry. “It was always a self–advertising product,” he said, because customers would put the notes on documents they sent to others, arousing the recipient’s curiosity. “They would look at it, peel it off and play with it and then go out and buy a pad for themselves.”
Silver says that like many winning innovations, the Post-it was a product nobody thought they needed until they did.
“It’s like having a cell phone with a camera on it,” he said. “Who would have thought that would have been useful for anything but you can’t buy one these days without a camera or music on it.”
The make-up of the Post-it’s adhesive strips remain a closely guarded secret, protected by the patents on microspheres. “Because we didn’t patent it, we didn’t have to tell people how we make it,” said Fry, whose car license plate reads “POSTIT”. “This is a product that looks so simple but is very high tech.”
People wrongly assume the co-inventors of the Post-it must be extremely wealthy, he said, but they have had great careers out of the invention, and he now enjoys a “comfortable retirement.”
The real satisfaction though, says Silver, is seeing a product they created embed itself in the culture – featured in films, office mosaic pop-art and the daily lives of millions.
“You see these computers (in movies) that are just festooned with Post-it notes,” he says. “The fact that the Post-it notes just exploded as a product is more than I could ever hope for.” | <urn:uuid:279a2e79-b45f-4144-8ff7-77e28a163aa6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cnn.com/2013/04/04/tech/post-it-note-history/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.983261 | 1,074 | 1.851563 | 2 |
I'm hoping this page will be visited by new comers to the goat world. I'd like it to be helpful and informative.
Goats need shelter. They do not like to be out in the weather, nor would you! A large dog house is perfect for the Dwarf and Pygmy breeds, as well as for the Minis. For the larger breeds a storage shed or small barn would work nicely. Most importantly it must be dry, clean, and draft free. Your goats need fresh air but they also need to be warm!
Goats need feed. After much research we've done a complete feed change here. I have my own personal recipe which includes a whole grain sweet feed mix that is about 16% protein. We also add a 20% "dairy" pellet along with alfalfa pellets to our mix. Our does and kids receive a ration of calf manna or boostem to help boost their vitamins and minerals. We feed plenty of free choice prairie hay daily and alfalfa hay a couple of times a week. A loose mineral mix that we've discovered and absolutely swear by (made by Vita Ferm) completes our feed program. Our goats are healthy and happy! Fresh water must be provided daily! Goats do not like dirty water. I don't believe you would either!
Goats need regular hoof trimming. It is unbelievable to me how many people ignore this easy yet necessary task.You will avoid a great deal of hoof problems, leg problems, and foot problems if you follow a careful trimming regimen.
Goats need to be wormed on a regular basis. We are beginning to do our own fecals so we know exactly what parasites we're dealing with, and how to treat. Not everyone is able to do that however, so worming on a schedule is a good idea. For most worm medications you must follow the oral directions and double or triple it to achieve a complete kill. Repeat in 10 to 21 days to get the larvae that hatch from the eggs. All does should be wormed right after kidding. Stress causes eggs to hatch. And giving birth is definitely stressful.
We choose to vaccinate our animals with CD/T. Much can be prevented by this simple inexpensive task. It is however important to always carry your epinephrine in your pocket while giving these shots. Many animals have died from anaphylactic shock. Epinephrine is cheap and readily available. Don't give ANY type of shot, vaccine, vitamin, antibiotic, anything without your epinephrine!
Helpful Hints for Kidding Time
I've had lots of people ask questions about kidding out their does. These are some of the things we've learned through experience. Hope you find it helpful.
The secret to live birth kids is BEING there, making sure they get cleaned off, the lungs are clear, and they get their colostrum. Lots of full term kids are lost because no one is there to ensure they get the care they need, how much more those that are a little weak. We bottle raise everything here, however even those who choose to dam raise should be alert and monitor their does just in case.
You should have some sort of monitoring system. We use a Playschool baby monitoring system so I can hear what's up out there. Lots of folks are using barn cameras nowadays. My barn is too far for most electronics to work well, so I tend to do a lot of trudging back and forth through out the night...and I've been known to set up a cot and just stay with the girls.
You need to learn to read the tail ligaments. That will tell you without a doubt when and if that doe is ready to kid. They get soft and spongy in their back end around the tail head. It's the best and most accurate way, aside from heavy labor...that the doe is about to have babies soon. One of the hardest things for me is explaining where those ligaments are. After so many years, I can find those ligaments or lack thereof with my fingers, however a good method for those who are new is this; flatten out your hands, place them on the flat of the rump one on each side of the tail. Push them together under the tail head...if your hands are touching, your doe is very close. You should see kids in 12 to 24 hours.
A few more "signs" that labor is imminent...
Has the udder bloomed? Meaning gotten rather large, fully extended, rather stiff and firm? Is she waxing? Meaning does she have milk leakage---nothing serious now, but just a little filmy stuff on the ends of her teats. Have her sides dropped? Most of the time, the babies are carried rather high along the back bone. When the doe is a couple of days out...babies will drop, so there looks to be a hollow space on either side of the spine.
Signs of her back end softening.....
The flesh sort of falls away from the tail head. The tail is held crooked, looking very much like it's going to fall off the goat. Her vaginal area is swollen and protruding. She pees more than normal, and poops more than normal. These things begin a few days before the ligaments "fall out". All because everything is softening up back there, getting ready for delivery.
I always recommend that if at all possible, get to know your breeder and other goat people around you. There is a VAST amount of knowledge out there, and folks are usually more than willing to share.
Birthing Supply List
Regardless of whether or not you dam raise your babies, there are times when you'll need to step in and assist, so it's a good idea to have all the supplies on hand and ready.
I like to keep on hand the following items;
Lots of freshly washed towels for drying off babies.A bulb syringe or as I call it "a nose sucker"...that ball syringe that is used to suck junk out of mouths and noses. Lots of clean towels. Stainless steel scissors for clipping umbilical cords. Lots of clean towels. Dental floss for tying off cords, and 7% iodine for dipping cords. Lots of clean towels. Surgical gloves and lubricating jelly in case you have to go inside the doe. As an "old dog" I learned a new trick last year...get some of those plastic sleeves used by vets for cows. You'd be amazed at how much further you can get into your doe with one of those for the extra "slippage" they give you. Lots of clean towels. Karo syrup to jump start a weak kid. Worn out moms appreciate a goodly dose of Karo syrup as well! Did I mention clean towels? I use towels to clean the kids, I use towels to give myself additional grip on slippery legs when pulling kids. I use towels to lay newborns on though empty feed sacks work great too! I use towels to wipe my does after an especially messy kidding. Your laundry chores will quadruple, but towels are washable, reusable and a very good thing to have during kidding season!
JUST IN CASE, you should have a bottle or two as well as some colostrum on hand. If you have babies in the middle of the night, nothing will be open in order to get those items. There are times when mom's milk doesn't come down right away! If that should happen there is nothing there to feed babies for several hours! If you can get powdered kid colostrum, do so. It's easy to store, and will keep a LONG time if you store it in your freezer. IF you can't get goat...get cow. I have a packet of colostrum on hand...cost about 10 dollars. I keep bottles of pasteurized colostrum in my freezer.
Feeding Bottle babies;
This is the feed schedule that has worked wonderfully for me! I use this for my Dwarves. For Nubians and Alpines---I triple or quadruple the milk amounts as this would starve a large breed dairy goat.
Birth to 14 days;
1 1/2 to 3 oz = 5 times a day.
6am, 11am, 3pm, 8pm, 12 midnight
15 days to around 30 days
3 to 5 oz = 4 times a day
7am, 11am, 5pm, 12midnight
31 to 45 days
5 to 7 oz = 3 times a day
6pm, 2pm, 10pm
46 to 75 days
7 to 8 oz = 2 times a day
8am and 8pm
After 75 days cut back to 1 bottle a day, in the morning, for about a week. Then 1/2 bottle in the morning for about a week, then take it away completely. All changes in food should be done gradually.A lot of this depends on the thriftiness of the kid. If they aren't eating solid food well or if they start dropping weight then I put them back on the bottle for as long as each animal may need it. Sometimes, in rare cases, I bottle feed them until they are 5 months old(I like my babies).
Assisting Weak Newborns
Some years ago, my vet told me one of the most valuable techniques I could learn would be tubing newborns. So, I'm passing that advice on to you! I'm going to give you directions, however if you have to learn by seeing, ask a fellow breeder or your local vet to teach you. In the meantime, here's what we have on hand...and what we do to help the weaker kids along;
Feeding tube kit
mineral oil or vegetable oil
Heating pad (necessary!)
tiny diabetic syringes
Baby comes into the house! Wrap it well in the warmed heating pad. Give it 1 cc of karo syrup orally. (Give it every 10 minutes for 1 hour.) Prepare your tubing kit by making sure it is CLEAN! dip the tube in mineral oil, or in a pinch use vegetable oil. Warm 2 ounces of colostrum. Thread the tube in the kid....you'll be shaking like a leaf, but you CAN do it. Put your ear to the funnel and listen for breathing noises. Blow into it gently and listen...if you're in the stomach you'll hear slight gurgle noises. Once you're sure of your position, pinch off the tube, pour the colostrum into the funnel. slowly allow the colostrum to trickle into the tube and into the kid. The kid will jerk slightly...it's normal. Don't panic. Complete the tubing process by allowing the colostrum to drip into the stomach. Pinch off tube and remove. Often there is liquid left in the tube and you don't want to accidentally choke the kid with the fluid while removing the lifesaving tube! Continue with the karo...this is a sugar shot to the brain which helps the kid pop out of it's comatose type state, or just weakened state. Check kids temp...mouth with your finger and check it's rectal temp with thermometer. You want to pull it up to about 102.5...as quickly as possible with your heating pad. In an emergency, do not be afraid to use a sink full of HOT water. You have to get the kid's temp up, and this will do it quickly.
Once kid has had it's colostrum, we give it B12 to help give it a boost and thiamine to prevent polioencephalomyelitis. We continue with the karo, reducing dosages to every 20 to 30 minutes for the next few hours...the kid will get soft stool...but soft poop is WAY better than a dead kid! Once you have kid revived, put it in a laundry basket lined with soft bedding and the heating pad. I like to tent them in with a flannel cover to ensure it's staying warm. Check it frequently to make sure you don't get it too hot (been there done that!).
We pulled a comatose baby with no heart beat through one year for a friend using this method. The first thing with this particular kid though was give her mouth to mouth and shake her really well to get a heartbeat and get the lungs going. Once I had a heartbeat again, we moved forward with the warming/feeding process. This particular kid was 12 hours old, but had gotten chilled and probably hadn't gotten much colostrum at birth. We worked with her for several hours before I put her in her laundry basket 'nest' to finish cooking. I got this particular kid too hot during the reviving process and caused her to convulse some, which scared the bejeebers out of me! When recounting it to my vet, she laughed! Lesson learned! We're more careful with our temp checks!
Some of you will never face this situation, some will face it once or twice in your goat breeding life while others who have lots of kids per year will face it once or twice a kidding season. We go to monumental efforts to ensure our kids survive, leaving nothing to "mother nature". She has a tendency to be a hateful old witch sometimes! I so hope this helps some of you out.
Good luck this kidding season folks!
Hope some of this helps! | <urn:uuid:20b678c9-0510-4c13-8ae7-cfad8bc15487> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dillsalittlegoatfarm.com/generalcare.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00201-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961488 | 2,775 | 2.125 | 2 |
GLUGOT (pronounced as gloo-gawt) stands for GNU/Linux User Group of Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai and is the Free Software platform of the college. The GNU Linux User Group of TCE (GLUGOT) sprang into life on 20th December 2003. From that day on, the group has been growing. The mailing list created for GLUGOT serves as the main stream of communication on Free Open Source Software in the college. The Free software festival (FStival) is organized every year by the GLUGOT members as a part of creating awareness about Free software for people in and around Madurai.
GLUGOT fosters the spirit of freedom and enthusiasm. This group is very active and continues to spread the fragrance of freedom at TCE. The main focus of GLUGOT is to promote Free Software and the spirit of cooperation among TCE students and with the free software community. The Students are encouraged to take up opportunities that enhance their Open Source Project Development knowledge.
The TCE Students have completed many projects using FOSS technologies and tools and some projects are under development. They also finish up their Mini Projects during second, third Year and final year projects with Free Software Tools. GLUGOT has also contributed to the community in the form of awareness meetings and sessions. This group also facilitates the meeting of GNU/Linux User Group of Madurai in the TCE campus every month. | <urn:uuid:27444895-e8c5-460a-985a-f1b7c4d9f913> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://glugot.tce.edu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00190-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959672 | 295 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Occupant death: a study with directed graphs
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We apply directed graphs to an empirical analysis of traffic occupant fatalities based on a model by Crandall. In this paper, we use Crandall's data on US traffic fatalities for the period 1947-81 and extend the sample to include 1982-93. Based on the 1947-81 annual data, directed graph algorithms reveal that occupant traffic deaths are directly caused by income, vehicle miles, and safety devices. Vehicle mileage is caused by income and rural driving. Estimation is conducted using three stage least squares regression. Results show a difference between the traditional regression methodology and causal graphical analysis. We also find that forecasts from the directed graph model outperform forecasts from the regression-based models, in terms of mean squared forecasts error.
Applied Economics Letters
author list (cited authors)
ROH, J., & BESSLER, D. A.
complete list of authors
ROH, JAE-WHAK||BESSLER, DAVID A | <urn:uuid:9e1c1df0-72b6-448b-ac7d-392bab498bb6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vivo.library.tamu.edu/vivo/display/n196928SE | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.915095 | 265 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Entertaining and food seem to be areas of great interest to many interior and fashion designers. Perhaps it's only natural as most of these individuals have a keen sense of aesthetics. If a designer's home is his calling card, why would he or she sully the image with sloppy entertaining?
Ideas, tips, and recipes from designers abound- most of them have very definite opinions. So let's see what a few design legends have had to say on the subject. Some of the advice might seem outdated or rigid, while others might induce an "A ha!" moment.
* Elsie de Wolfe had a lot to say about entertaining. So much so that she wrote Elsie de Wolfe's Recipes for Successful Dining. de Wolfe believed that "the perfect meal is the short meal". Remember, de Wolfe wrote the book at a time when dining was a bit more elaborate than today. A few other tidbits: Never have high flower vases on your table. Keep your table decorations "low, low, low". And "Curried Veal Kidneys" is a recipe for successful dining.
* Dorothy Draper, the merriest of decorators, once wrote that a "delighted hostess is a delightful hostess" (this from Entertaining is Fun!). Dorothy had a point- who wants to be around a harried hostess? She also wrote that she never held up a dinner party for more than half an hour waiting for a tardy guest. And canned turtle soup with sherry is something that one should always have in his pantry. (Do they still make canned turtle soup?)
* Dorothy Rodgers thought (and wrote) a great deal about entertaining. The woman certainly was attuned to the details and planning of dinner parties, weekend house parties, and casual affairs. Rodgers' advice included using cloths on small tables as opposed to place mats, using matching crystal stemware, and passing crackers with the first course. Oh, "The Game", "Improbable Conversations", and "Botticelli" are all FUN parlor games, at least according to Rodgers.
* Genevieve Antoine Dariaux, the late directrice of Nina Ricci couture house, wrote all about Entertaining with Elegance. Did you know that yellow asters and orange chrysanthemums in a copper container make a chic floral arrangement? Or that Asparagus tips with a bit of mayonnaise rolled up in thinly sliced white bread makes a tasty tea sandwich? And that wine glasses should be filled one half to two-thirds full? You do now, thanks to Ms. Dariaux.
*Mark Hampton was not a fan of table linens made of polyester. He also thought one should avoid using colored candles (unless it was a Christmas celebration) as well as narcissus and lilies- too odoriferous for the dinner table.
*Bunny Williams likes to have a drinks tray set up on a table so that guests can help themselves to libations. She also uses Pepperidge Farm thin sliced bread for tea sandwiches and Duncan Hines brownies for dessert. | <urn:uuid:5bf1b425-b2a3-4567-9472-b1c6f0ba5226> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://thepeakofchic.blogspot.com/2008/07/entertaining-tips-from-pros.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00035-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969447 | 638 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Working with children requires many skills and strengths, some of which are acquired and others that are not. Child-care workers must demonstrate maturity and confidence to be able to interact with children on their level, while providing a secure environment. At the same time, you must be prepared to tackle a wide range of issues in a normal workday and rely on your abilities to think on your feet to make quick, important decisions.
Teaching kids how to interact with others is an integral part of a child-care worker’s responsibility and is best achieved by serving as a positive role model. Children are sensitive to the words you speak, and they watch your actions just as closely. You must be aware of your tone to be sure that you are nurturing their self-esteem and encouraging good habits. When you ask children to say please and thank you, you foster cooperation when you are polite at the same time. When children feel accepted and appreciated, they learn more effectively and behave more appropriately.
Whether you work in a commercial setting, such as at a daycare center, or provide personal care for children in their homes, you often are faced with scenarios that may call for different skill sets each day. While it’s important to organize activities and make plans to keep kids busy throughout the day, plan for interruptions and unplanned events on a regular basis. For example, kids may get sick and exhibit irritability, which can undermine your best organizational efforts. Be flexible to deal with parents’ vacation times, unexpected delays and irregular schedules as well.
Parents entrust you with the safety of their children, so you must maintain vigilance at all times when kids are in your care. It’s your responsibility to ensure that children are safe as you constantly monitor their activities. You must ensure that the food you give to children is safe and cooked properly. Often, a child-care worker will first notice developmental delays, physical ailments or emotional problems in children and bring those issues to the attention of parents.
No matter what age you’re working with, children will keep you moving, and you must be able to keep up with them physically. For a child-care worker, physical stamina is as important as your love of children. If you can’t keep up with the children in your care, you won’t be able to maintain the calm, patient attention they need from you.
- Thinkstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:d2b1dd9d-950a-44b8-acbe-042633b2e13b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://work.chron.com/strengths-childcare-worker-8302.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00118-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967683 | 499 | 3.40625 | 3 |
If you've ever noticed you have similar traits as other zodiac signs, it could be because you share the same modality. There are three modalities in astrology: cardinal, fixed, and mutable signs. This astrological grouping signifies each sign's tendencies and habits and how they interact with those around them. In the case of mutable signs — which are Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius, and Pisces — flexibility and adaptability are this modality's bread and butter.
What Are Mutable Signs in Astrology?
Mutable signs are the shapeshifters of the zodiac, always ever-changing and seldom stressing out about life shifting around. If your sign falls under the mutable modality, you are quick on your feet and can ebb, flow, and adapt to your surroundings. Change doesn't intimidate you much; in fact, you even crave progressiveness and thrive off the changing environment. On the flip side, you tend to be inconsistent and unpredictable when it comes to committing to completing a project.
Whether your sun sign is a mutable sign or not, knowing the different characteristics of each modality is a must when understanding your chart. If you don't align with your sun sign's modality, you might resonate more with your Mars sign, which represents your impulses and determination. If your Mars sign is one of the mutable signs, you have a knack for thriving, making the most out of unpredictability. Read on to learn more about how each mutable sign resonates with this modality.
There's a reason Geminis are known for being hot and cold. Ruled by Mercury, the messenger planet, Geminis tend to be a chatty bunch who are able to put on different "masks" in order to fit in to most social situations. Due to their inherent fearlessness, these multifaceted signs follow curiosity down interesting and unknown roads.
Virgo signs may be ultra-organized and volitional, but they understand that their plans may not always pan out the way they imagine. However, trust that these mutable earth signs always have a backup prepared. Don't let their need for order fool you; these stable signs are quick-witted above all else.
As the explorer of the zodiac, Sagittarius can navigate treacherous waters with ease. They're seldom ever satisfied with how things are, which is why they're always searching for bigger and better things. Not only do they expect change, but they also embrace it.
Pisces naturally have one foot in reality and the other in the clouds. The adaptable water sign is all about the supernatural and loves to explore the unknown. It's probably why they have a "come what may" attitude about things, adjusting their emotions and perspective to fit the occasion — no matter how unpredictable or eccentric. | <urn:uuid:ecdcf456-eead-479f-a5d6-f617116eb3bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.popsugar.com/smart-living/mutable-signs-48843483 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.946143 | 598 | 1.59375 | 2 |
- ground swells - waves formed over vast distances, well formed and powerful, mackers
- wind swells - waves formed close to the shore by local wind conditions, unorganised, tendency to be slop
- reef breaks - wave is formed over an underwater reef or rock, consistent
- beach breaks - wave is formed over sand and sand bars, can shift seasonally and from storm to storm
- point breaks - wave forms in reaction to the land form, consistent
- river mouth breaks - wave forms on the sediments deposited at the river mouth, similar to beach breaks but sometimes more susceptible to change
~ ~ ~
- backwash - flood of water returning off the foreshore against incoming waves
- cnoid waves - as waves come in to shallow water their shape changes to something called a 'cnoid' which has a short, steep crest and a long shallow trough - those are what we see as lines of corduroy.
- channel - a channel of deeper water where excess water, piled up by waves, flows out to sea
- clean - faces are unrippled - usually offshore or no wind
- face - clean, smooth wall on the shore side of a wave
- fetch - determines the size of a wave. wind speed X time X distance
- frequency downshifting - the increase of wave period within a fetch .... a decrease in frequency is an increase in period.
- impact zone - the point where the waves break for the first time
- inside - where waves continue to break, reform, and break again if it's big enough
- lip - curling lip at the top of a wave
- line-up - just beyond the impact zone where you wait to catch waves
- outside - offshore, beyond where the waves break
- pitch - the act of the lip throwing out in front of the wave
- period - time between waves. wind swell less than about 10 seconds /approx/ 12 seconds and longer is ground swell (the energy / power of a wave is proportional not only to its height but its period.)
- section - any appreciable length of wave that has common characteristics and timing
ie: breaking in sections - sectiony
- shore-dump / soup / slop - unorganised sloppy foam, no good for nothing
- sine waves - in deep water swells are very well-approximated by pure sine waves.
- steep - refers to angle or pitch of wave face
- shortboard - shortboards are the most common, they range in length from 5' to 7'6", and tend to be used for high-performance contest-style surfing. Shortboards usually have pointed noses and three fins, although other configurations are common. A shortboard sacrifices paddling and floatation for the sake of performance.
- longboard - longboards are usually over 9' in length. Because of their size they are easier to paddle and get into waves sooner. On the downside, they are less manoeuvrable and can get pretty unwieldy in steep waves.
- gun - a board for big waves they are long, narrow, and pointy both at the nose and the tail for maximum rail contact. Usually thick and heavy and ranging in length from 7'to 10'
aka "elephant gun", "rhino chaser" so named because you take it with you when you are hunting big game...
- hybrid - hybrids range from 7'-9' and attempt to give some of the floatation and paddling of a longboard as well as the performance of a shortboard.
- fun board - mid size board designed for ease of ride in small conditions,
- fish - short board with added width and thickness, designed to improve wave catching capability while maintaining performance, a shorboard for small conditions
- kneeboard - aka kneelo
- bodyboard - aka boogie boards, sponge, a paipoboard modified in 1971 by Tom Morey to ride dangerous shallow reefs safely. Lay prone and augment with swim-fins
- paipoboard - Hawaiian wooden bodyboard
- skimboards - glassed plywood disc or oval for riding shallow beaches on the waters' edge.... run - throw it down - hop on
- log or stick - slang for surf board
- tanker - longboard
- mal - a longboard most places except America
- mini-mal - mid size board with longboard characteristics
- twinzer - four fin board, two normal size fins with two smaller fins mirrored a few inches outside and forward of them
- quad - four fin board, two normal size fins with two smaller fins in line behind them
- tri fin - three fin board, one large and two smaller fins
- twin - two fin board
- thruster - three similar size fins
- toe in - pushing the front of the fins in, for some boards they would put the toe in such that a string from the nose of the board to the fin was the alignment for the fins--toe-in. Of course this represents a lot of toe-in! Toe-in causes pressure on the outside of the fins to be greater than on the inside, ie., making the board want to swivel to either side with a little surfer input, this eliminated tracking on the earlier twin fins, and makes for a looser more responsive board.
- Cant - angling the outside fins toward the rail so that the inner angle is 90 degrees + some number. Cant really puts the fin in a place where it needs to be. As when you are doing a bottom turn ,the inside fin is angled more toward the rail and is in a better position to hold the board in, especially now that you have 1 or more fins out of the water. This makes the board handle better on its rails
- bonzer - in Australia, bonzer is equivalent slang for "Bitchen". The term was adopted by the Campbell Brothers of Southern California in the 70's for their 5 fin surf board.
- egg - refers to the slow rounded shape of a nose, tail or rail
- rail - side edge of a board,
- hard rail - sharper edge to grab a wave
- soft rail - rounder edge so the board is looser
- down rail - the deck curves down to meet the flat bottom at a hard edge
- rhino - a gun - a board for big waves they are long, narrow, and pointy both at the nose and the tail for maximum rail contact. Usually thick and heavy and ranging in length from 7'to 10'
aka "elephant gun", "rhino chaser" so named because you take it with you when you are hunting big game...
- rocker - the arc of the tail that bends up, more rocker = easier turning & less speed
- tail kick - an increase in the rate of rocker near the tail
- flick nose - an increase in the rate of rocker near the nose
- spoon - concave in the underside nose of a longboard. Increases lift for nose riding
- swallow tail - double pointed tail with an indentation in the center. Functional on single fin boards to aid in the holding characteristics of the board.
- pin tail - pointed tail, aids in stability of board
- square tail - with the introduction of multi fins, it became a advantageous to loosen the board up with a clean profile tail design
- squash tail - wide, rounded tail, introduced after the advent of advanced fin systems to loosen the board up
- leash - a line attaching the board to the riders ankle (shortboard), calf just below the knee (longboard) or wrist (bodyboard). Before the mid seventies we used surgical rubber tube. Modern leashes have little elastic property, in line swivels to stop fouling, and optional quick release pins at the ankle.
- reverse V - hard chine protruding ridge running lengthways on the bottom of a board
- concave - soft chine indentation running lengthways on the bottom of a board, believed to create lift
- air - getting airborne
- aerial - airborne manoeuvre
- amped - charged up - stoked - fired
- backdoor - to pull into a tube from behind the peak
- bail - to abandon a board - jump off - usually without regard to the boards future
- bake - a closeout
- bashing - body surfing
- boost - getting airborne off the lip
- brah - from bruddah, Hawaiian pidgin for brother
- bro - a buddy or friend
- bucket - helmet
- bump - a swell
- bumps - the build-up of wax on a surfboard deck.
- carve - symmetrical, fluid turns
- cheater five - five toes on the nose - keep your weight back on the board to maintain trim and speed, squat down and extend one foot forward
- clucked - afraid, intimidated by the wave
- crew - a group of surfers defined by break or area
- dogging - going backside in the pit.
- drop - as in dropping from the crest of the wave to the pit
- dropping in - catching a wave that is already occupied ... taking off on the shoulder while someone is taking off deeper
- drop in late - catching the steepest part of a wave
- dune - a big peaky wave
- falls - the pitching lip of the wave - don't get sucked into this
- fan - a fan of spray off a turn such as a water skier throws
- fluff - spray off the lip
- falls - top of the wave pitches out and throws a waterfall shoreward.
- frigged - snaked.
- fully - with commitment and intensity
- full on - with commitment and intensity
- gash - very sharp turn
- gnarly - awesome and intimidating
- going off - a break under optimum conditions
- gouge - sharp, fast turn
- gremmies - grem or gremmie is short for gremlin - Sixties US term for young, possibly or probably mischievous surfer, pre-adolescent surfer
- green room - inside a full cover-up tube
- grommet - adolescent surfer
- gunned - undergunned or overgunned refers to the size of your board in relation to wave conditions
- hiddie - from hideous, intense
- hoot - howling and yelping approval and encouragement to buddies
- jag - retreat after getting worked
- nipped - nipples rubbed raw by board or suit
- noodle - exhausted, overall condition or specific as in noodle armed
- meatball flag - black with a yellow dot in the middle, means no surfing today
- pop - kickout
- pit - the hollowest portion of a breaking wave
- pitch - throw - angle of any run to rise
- pitted - being in the pit of the wave
- pearl - to go pearl diving, the nose of you board submerges and usually the wave pushes the rest of the board over the nose, you too
- poser - a non-surfer playing the role of a surfer
- pucker factor - the effect an intimidating wave has on ones ability to remain relaxed
- puff - a spitting wave.
- pumping - above average large swell
- quiver - a surfer's collection of boards, a board bag that holds several boards
- rip - to surf to the height of one's abilities
- room - inside a large barrel.
- schlong - thick, long, old style single-fin surfboard
- squid - unlikeable individual
- scab - a reef or rock
- scabbed - getting damaged by a reef or rock
- shred - ability to execute rapid repeated turns - shortboard term
- sick - excellent, top notch - describing a surfer, stunt, manoeuvre or conditions
- sideslip - when your board stops tracking forwards and moves sideways
- slam - bounce off the lip as it begins to pitch
- slash - cutback.
- snake - paddling around behind someone who is in position and stealing their wave. Effectively the snake is taking ownership of the wave by being the closest rider to the breaking portion of the wave.
- stink-eye - hard, cold, menacing stare
- stoked - geared up, wound up, full of enthusiasm
- stylie - with good form - with grace
- surfer's knots - large bumps on the tops of feet and on knees caused by callusing where one continuously contacts a board
- stuffed - getting driven under the water by a wave coming down on you
- swish - a meek or fearful surfer
- thrashed - when a wave lays a beating on you
- throwing tail - sliding the tail in a turn, breaking the grip of the fins
- tow-ins - getting towed into waves that are too large to paddle into
- trim - adjusting your position on a board so that it planes, and achieves its maximum speed
- tube - the cylindrical or cone shaped hole created when the lip pitches out far and clean enough to create a space between the wave and the falls
- vertical - turn straight up the wave
- waffling - rapidly working the board back and forth
- wannabe - wan-na-be, someone who wants to be
- wax - paraffin + colour + scent + additives to make it apply at specific temperatures. Used on deck of boards for traction
- wipe out - a fall, particularly a spectacular fall
- worked, getting - the action a wave plays on you. It feels like being in a large washing machine.
♠ learn to surf
» Learning to Surf by Chris Payne
» How To Surf by Tim Maddux
» Learner surfer's FAQ by Stephen Whelan
» The Complete Surfing Guide for Coaches by Bruce Gabrielson
» PD's Trick Tips Backside Roundhouse
♠ more surf stuff
» Ding repair FAQ
» wave / board / surf terminology
» Surfboard Design Guide
» surfboards we love
» Rip Currents & Undertows - Ray McAllister - Steve Baum - Neil Savage
» about waves & sets - John Sidles - Timothy B. Maddux
» foam in the surf? - James G. Acker
» Lud's Wave Prediction - Ludwig Omachen
» cold water & rubber
» local surfing Q & A
» surf travel tales and pics
» bc/pnw surf comps archive | <urn:uuid:ab3d8778-530a-4d3a-9b3c-c04388f490dc> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://coastalbc.com/surf/lingo.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00167-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902434 | 3,026 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Seminar: Approximation algorithms for AUV mission planning
Abdullah Ali Faruq
M.Sc. Thesis Proposal
Supervisor: Dr. Antonina Kolokolova
Approximation algorithms for AUV mission planning
Department of Computer Science
Friday, October 4, 2013, 11:50 a.m., Room EN 2022
An AUV is an autonomous underwater vehicle that travels without any active human assistance. For years, AUVs such as Slocum gliders have been used for ocean survey, iceberg mapping and many other types of missions. During a mission, the gliders visit a number of waypoints. These gliders are small in size and relatively slow while travelling, but they can stay in water for a long time. As the number of waypoints grows, the problem of finding an optimal mission plan, that is the order of waypoints minimizing the total time, becomes non-trivial.
We can model this problem as a directed weighted complete graph, where nodes represent the waypoints and edges represent the travelling time between the nodes. We can make use of historical ocean current data (like NetCDF) and path planning algorithms to produce this graph. The solution
to this problem is a tour that visits each node exactly once such that the total cost of the tour is minimal. In the literature, this problem is known as the Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP) and is one of the well-studied NP-hard problems. The solution space is exponentially large and there is no known algorithm that produces an optimal solution in polynomial time. Rather, we will concentrate on approximation and look for "good enough" solution of the problem. In the worst case, even approximating TSP to within any constant factor is NP-hard. However, appropriate restrictions
on the type of the graph and weight distribution such as triangular inequality on the weights allow for better approximation algorithms.
The goal of this thesis is to analyse the “industrial” class of instances of TSP that come from the glider mission planning problem. As this is a very specific type of data, it can possess additional properties which could make them amenable to better approximation algorithms. We plan to investigate such properties and adapt available algorithms to our settings accordingly. | <urn:uuid:980f1cbd-2f3f-4f3f-b8bb-80016bd610f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mun.ca/computerscience/departmental-events/seminar-approximation-algorithms-for-auv-mission-/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.940197 | 467 | 1.78125 | 2 |
There are many ways to help protect East Gippsland's forests.
Camp Kuark Citizen Science Film Launch - May 12 2015 @ 6.00pm
Bar 303, 303 High St Northcote Victoria
See the spectacular forest of Kuark and the citizen science campaign to protect it in. Beautifully shot on location at Camp Kuark in March, the four minute film will be accompanied by great speakers, music and good timesSpeakers:Damien Cook, ecologistDamien has over 24 years experience as an ecologist, during which time he has developed an expert knowledge of flora and fauna species from wetland and terrestrial ecosystems across Victoria.Vanessa Elizabeth Bleyer, senior lawyerHear from Lawyers for Forests Principal Lawyer about the latest Environment East Gippsland court case to protect owl habitatEd Hill, campaignerEd brings ten years of campaign experience in Tassie and East Gippsland to the citizen science campaign.
Music: Robbie Bundle
Robbie Bundle is an indigenous singer-songwriter and musician from Gippsland who has been writing and performing music for more than 35 years. He has performed with artists such as David Gulpilil, Kutcha Edwards, Dave Arden, Bart Willoughby, Archie Roach and many others. Also a filmmaker, MC and a musical historian of the Songlines, Robbie’s latest album, Universal Ark, is out now.
All proceeds to GECO - $12/$8 on the door
Donate to our pozible campaign
Please donate and share his link to help us protect the spectacular rainforests of Kuark. We rely solely on grassroots fundraising initiatives like this to carry out the amazing work we do and appreciate all the help we can get. No donation is too small. Please help us get over the line so we can keep Kuark forest safe forever.http://www.pozible.com/project/193507
Film Screening - 31 May 2015 @ 6.30 pm
LongPlay, 318 St Georges Rd Fitzroy
Camp Kuark Citizen Science plus more....
What you can do to help:
action in the city or the forest to make the world aware of the dire situation
Letters, tweets, emails to
politicians and newspapers
Banner drops bridges, buildings, billboards. Be creative
Citizen Science: Threatened species or environmental surveys (finding and photographing
Benefit gigs to raise money for surveying and direct
action. Big or small, its all good!
To come to Goongerah:
People are always welcome to come to Goongerah and
help with the campaign. There is no
“environment centre” as such any more.
People usually camp at the Goongerah campground, on the beautiful
Brodribb River. If you want to find out
more about how to help, email or facebook us.
your own camping gear.
Gippsland is a cool climate, high rainfall area. Please bring wet weather
gear, warm clothing and warm bedding.
- If you
are coming alone or in a small group and plan to go out into the forests
bring compass, maps, GPS and wet weather gear. These items are essential.
to the Errinundra National Park and surrounds is extremely limited (locked
gates on all roads) due to weather conditions, between the months of May
to October. Road conditions are available from regional DSE offices
(Bairnsdale, Orbost, Cann River, Bendoc) in Victoria.
- If you
can't come to Goongerah, donations are very welcome. Of course, there is
heaps to do wherever you are. Contact your local environment group to find
out how you can help.
How to get there
We are situated at the base of
the Errinundra plateau in the mountains of East Gippsland 70 km north of Orbost
on the Bonang Highway. | <urn:uuid:dc6bed9e-261a-46a7-88f5-0232a6ce1afb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.geco.org.au/get_involved_east_gippsland.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.895377 | 905 | 1.96875 | 2 |
The Department of Defense (DoD) protects readiness, people, and the environment by identifying and managing risks associated with emerging contaminants (ECs). Remedial Project Managers (RPMs) maintain awareness of ECs and their potential impact on the management of Department of the Navy (DON) Environmental Restoration (ER) sites.
Jump to Resources to access Policies & Guidance, Publications, Related Sites, and Tools
The DoD defines an EC as “a chemical or material that is characterized by a perceived or real threat to human health or the environment with no published health standard, or an evolving standard.” These contaminants may be difficult to assess because many have insufficient or limited health and science data available. Since the standards, toxicity values, and/or science continually evolve, so does the list of chemicals currently considered ECs.
Click here to view the list of DoD ECs. ECs that are commonly associated with DON past operations are: per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), 1,4-dioxane, perchlorate, asbestos, and lead.
The DoD EC Instruction (DoDI 4715.18) establishes policy for the identification, assessment, and risk management of ECs that have the potential to impact the DoD. Under this policy, the Chemical and Material Risk Management (CMRM) Program is responsible for early detection of ECs from the pool of chemicals and materials used by DoD. The CMRM uses the Scan-Watch-Action process to identify, evaluate, and mitigate risks associated with DoD ECs. This process also describes how DoD addresses associated ECs applicable to the DON ER Program. To assist RPMs with any tasks associated with ECs, subject matter experts from the NAVFAC EXWC and the Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center are also available for consultation regarding changes in toxicity values.
Although typically consensus has not been reached regarding the potential toxicity of many ECs, there may be situations where it is still possible or recommended to evaluate the nature and extent of a release, estimate potential risk, or even implement response actions in response to a release of an EC. In such situations, it is important to ensure the actions taken are consistent with existing DON guidance and policy on ECs. Please refer to Chapter 13.5 of the DON Environmental Restoration Program Manual for more information on managing sites with ECs. | <urn:uuid:949769ba-3a43-462a-a012-2021f63a7540> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://exwc.navfac.navy.mil/Products-and-Services/Environmental-Security/NAVFAC-Environmental-Restoration-and-BRAC/Focus-Areas/Emerging-Contaminants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.928652 | 496 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Beautiful paintings accompany this thougtful post on the creative process by the talented artist and blogger Janet Weight Reed.
Like a flying jewel, the hummingbird darts lightly through the world, teaching us to appreciate the wonder and magic of every day existence……….
How does the creative process work?
Initially the seed of an idea is sewn.
The seed then enters into an incubation period which can be short lived, or take years to come to fruition.
The seed of an idea As we go about our daily lives, just like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle being revealed, the seed sprouts ideas that give us more information…..This can happen at any time.
It’s vital to record these ideas, because even when we think we couldn’t possibly forget a moment of inspiration……we can, and do, which is why it’s important to always have a sketch/notebook at hand.
Like a ghostly apparition sometimes the answer seems almost within reach – but then it disappears and returns to incubation….it was just a…
View original post 134 more words | <urn:uuid:db2a0c6c-0074-4e50-ba42-1086f49d1b70> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://davidjrogersftw.com/2018/01/24/how-does-the-creative-process-work/?like_comment=7204&_wpnonce=dc9d18acea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.925618 | 235 | 1.804688 | 2 |
As part of a proposal to reform state taxes that he unveiled yesterday, Gov. John Kasich has said he would like to increase the tax on cigarettes. Whatever beneficial effect this would have on state revenues, the real benefit would be in saving lives.
And, if it will disproportionately save the lives of the poorest Ohioans, all the better. This, of course, is the flip side of the argument against the governor’s proposal: Some critics say a cigarette-tax hike would disproportionately fall upon the poor, who are twice as likely to smoke.
According to government data, 45 percent of those in households earning less than $15,000 a year are smokers. Meanwhile, just 20 percent of smokers live in households earning at least $50,000 a year.
Such objections are shortsighted.
If the state could get Ohioans to quit smoking, the savings — in lives and government expenditures — would be enormous. Overall, just 23.3 percent of Ohioans smoke. But an astounding 42 percent of those on Medicaid smoke, and Ohio spends more than $1 billion a year to treat their smoking-related ailments.
Raising the cigarette tax would reduce the amount Ohioans spend subsidizing this deadly habit. And, studies show, it would help people quit while preventing many from starting.
The rule of thumb, according to the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, is that for every 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes, there is a 3 to 5 percent drop in use. And price increases are more effective in reducing smoking among men, African-Americans, Hispanics and the poor.
In his mid-biennium budget review, released yesterday, Kasich proposed raising the cigarette tax by 60 cents a pack, from $1.25 to $1.85. He also seeks to apply the tax to other tobacco products, including the currently untaxed e-cigarettes.
This would boost the state’s cigarette-tax revenue, now at $770 million a year, by an additional $204 million in fiscal year 2015. Over three years, the additional tax revenue would total $848 million, the administration estimates.
But there’s a more-pressing reason to raise the cigarette tax: Smoking is the No. 1 cause of lung cancer, which kills more Americans than breast, colon and prostate cancer combined.
In the 50 years since the U.S. Surgeon General released a report linking smoking with illness and cancer, society has made significant gains in reducing tobacco use and banning smoking in public places, approved by a statewide vote in Ohio.
But Ohio’s tax structure impedes the fight against smoking. The state’s cigarette tax, last raised in 2005, is lower than those in 28 other states.
While the Ohio Wholesale Marketers Association worries that some of its merchants would lose sales to border states if taxes increase, that’s an acceptable cost considering the much larger benefit. Only a quarter of Ohioans smoke, and many don’t live near a border state. Ohio’s $1.25 cigarette excise tax is lower than Michigan’s $2 and Pennsylvania’s $1.60, but already higher than Indiana’s 99.5 cents, West Virginia’s 55 cents and Kentucky’s 60 cents.
Ohio cigarette merchants are worried a higher tax will kill their business. The governor is worried the cigarettes they sell will kill Ohioans, which is why he also seeks to invest $35 million in prevention and cessation programs over four years.
The argument against the cigarette-tax increase is as insubstantial as smoke. | <urn:uuid:6b9eafde-63b8-43c0-a1d9-74f30742518a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/editorials/2014/03/12/cigarette-tax-hike-is-sound.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00173-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959197 | 744 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Spinning off the Playhouse Disney preschool block into a 24-hour stand-alone channel is on Disney’s kids TV agenda for 2003. And since successful State-side formulas are often adopted by Disney’s roster of international kidnets, it’s likely that some significant new opportunities for preschool fare are poised to open up soon.
Getting a jumpstart on filling this potential programming need, Walt Disney Television International’s senior VP Paul Robinson says his outfit plans to boost its European production activities, with preschool programming earmarked as the starting point. Robinson and his team, which includes director of acquisitions and programming Mary Bredin, will be looking for concepts that can play in the U.S. and also be adapted cost-effectively for the international channels.
Anne Sweeney, president of ABC Cable Networks Group, offers the Playhouse Disney cooking segment Bite Size as a good example of the strategy at work. The show features local recipes that kids in each territory will be familiar with. ‘The result is certainly cost-efficient, but it also creates consistent Playhouse Disney positioning throughout Europe,’ she says.
Set up in a Television Without Frontiers directive to ensure that half of all European TV airtime is filled with programs originating across the pond, EU quotas are also behind Disney’s move to focus on Europe as a production center. Disney would like to match the success it has had in France, a particularly stringent territory when it comes to Euro content mandates. According to The Business of Children’s Television report, Disney France plugged US$787,000 into local market production in 2000, co-producing five series with other channels and one, Les Nouvelles Aventures de Alfred, exclusively.
Despite the unavoidable need to comply with European broadcast regulations, Robinson stresses that Disney’s local investment is driven by much more than that. ‘We can always achieve quotas by acquiring, but the point is that we are going to tap into our global network to source local talent–they’ve got contacts and new ideas.’
Because cultural issues and differences are much less prevalent among preschoolers than older kids, the demographic provides an easier starting point for a globalization push. Says Robinson: ‘More than environment and culture, the one thing that characterizes preschool children is their stage of development. They’re taking their first steps, learning about relationships and learning new skills–and these are common elements shared by members of this demographic around the world.’ | <urn:uuid:4a65d5da-88bc-461c-9ec6-e3558a677ebd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://kidscreen.com/2002/04/01/disney-20020401/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00382-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951499 | 511 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Artist/Maker: Yannis Papayannis (b. 1962)
Object/Materials and Techniques: Acrylic on paper
Date: Painted in 2010
Dimensions: H. 30 cm. x W. 40 cm.
Art style: Abstract art/Pop surrealism/Lowbrow art
Current Location: Artist’s collection
Curator’s note: |’n Art| presents three paintings from a series of works Yannis Papayannis made after reading the book, The Hellenics and Hellenic Love, by James Davidson. A book with rare insights into the complex and peculiar – for a great number of people- world of Ancient Hellenic love and homosexuality. The artist chose some intriguing stories from the book and animated them.
Inspired by cartoons’ characters and scenery, herein, he displays a narrative of mythology and classical antiquity, employing abstract imagery based on comics and underground aesthetics.
This painting alludes an ancient myth according to which Plataea young couples had to face three huge oval-shaped rocks. The winged Eros, the Ancient God of Sensual Love and Desire and prostate of amorous, hustles to provide them valuable aid in order to overcome the obstacles. Eros functions here as deus ex machine, the unexpected saviour that resolves the otherwise irresolvable plot situation in order to bring the tale to a happy amorous ending.
The effect of the winged Eros is a direct and immediate emotional response and just like the audiences of plays in ancient times, the viewers of the painting may experience a feeling of wonder and astonishment due to this divine intervention; an element that further adds to the moral effect of the depicted difficulty.
Behind Yannis Papayannis’ this phenomenally naïve, animated depiction, a powerful mandate passes out, as a reflection of the widely accepted expression ‘love can conquer all’. Hence, his cartoon-tainted motifs, in their simplicity, suggest a strong thought-provoking allegory and succeed in transcending the painting to become universal and timeless.
- It is widely known that in Ancient Hellenic plays a seemingly insoluble problem or an apparently inextricable difficulty is suddenly and unexpectedly solved with the introduction ofdeus ex machine, through the use of an established stage machine.
- Plataea was a Hellenic ancient city located in south-eastern Boeotia, south of Thebes where the glory Battle of Plataea in 479 BC took place, in which an alliance of Hellenic city-states defeated the Persians. | <urn:uuid:4db806c4-f5d5-4bec-9f93-bd9fd24721c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.n-art.org/product/yannis-papayannis-the-three-stones-2-3-from-a-series-after-the-book-the-greeks-and-greek-love-by-james-davidson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.940963 | 533 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Taking the total tally of martyrs killed during the Madhesi uprising to 39, the Nepalese Government has declared that 16 more persons were killed during the unrest three years ago.
The cabinet meeting chaired by Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal made a decision in this matter, according to Madhav's press advisor Bishnu Rijal.
Earlier, the government had declared 23 people killed during Terai agitation as martyrs as per the demand made by the Madhesi based parties. The families of those declared martyrs would be provided with Rs 1 million compensation each.
The Madhesi parties had launched an agitation for greater autonomy, more rights and representation for the Madhesi people.
Similarly, the cabinet also decided to sanction Rs 200 million as relief to farmers engaged in maize cultivation in Terai districts due to unfavourable weather condition this year.
Many farmers in various Terai districts including Bara, Parsa and Rautahat had to bear heavy losses this year as the maize planted in their fields failed to bear fruit due to unfavourable weather condition. | <urn:uuid:57359511-6a65-4906-b56a-4752420dd171> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/government-declares-16-more-madhesi-as-martyrs/story-8RD4U1pBDh5OEZEmFLsroJ.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00301-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980769 | 223 | 1.921875 | 2 |
NEW YORK, July 21, 2010 – Hannah Pakula, author of The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China, recounted one of Henry Luce’s close friends as saying, "The trouble with Henry is that he is torn between wanting to be a Chinese missionary like his parents and a Chinese warlord like Chiang Kai-shek."
Henry Luce, the founder of Time, Fortune, Life, and Sports Illustrated, and Madame Chiang Kai-shek shared ambition, vanity, and a Protestant Christian upbringing that inevitably drew them together in their pursuit of a modern China.
Alan Brinkley, the author of The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century, and Hannah Pakula discussed the complex relationship between these two luminaries of the twentieth century at Asia Society New York during a discussion with moderator Orville Schell, the Arthur Ross Director of the Center on US-China Relations.
Elucidating the shared beliefs of Madame Chiang and Henry Luce, Pakula stated, "May-Ling and her family, and I exclude Chiang from this, were the kind of people that Henry Luce admired. They believed in educating women, in a day when girls' feet were still bound so that they couldn't get away from their husbands, to whom they'd been married with no say-so whatsoever. They believed in industrially improving China. It was a very forward-looking family..." In this way, the two were drawn together with hopes for the future of China.
The son of an American missionary in Shandong Province, Luce was immersed in the complexities of China in the early twentieth century. Brinkley explained the challenges facing missionaries like Luce's father: "As missionaries in the traditional sense of the word, they were terrible failures. But they realized it fairly early on, and they turned themselves into educators. And they created schools and colleges, and they taught people physics and chemistry and all the disciplines that were important for developing a modern economy. And that is what Luce absorbed." This understanding drove Luce in his quest to inform America of China's potential, most visibly in his hallmark publication, Time Magazine.
In trying to reconcile the two figures, Eleanor Roosevelt most eloquently stated the reason behind the failure of Madame Chiang and Luce's vision of a democratic, modern China: "She could talk brilliantly about democracy, but she didn't know how to live it."
Reported by Alex Berman and Paige Costello | <urn:uuid:61a24f1c-0844-47fe-ad82-553f299f6d80> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://asiasociety.org/wrong-side-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00417-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971849 | 515 | 2.359375 | 2 |
I am reading an reference at csun.edu/~bashforth/305_PDF/ … atives.pdf
Many students tend to overlook the basic criteria in using participle clauses. The two actions in the sentence must refer to the same subject, be they active actions that the subject does or passive actions done to the subject.
I wonder what is the meaning of ‘be’? Please help me understand.
Thank you very much.
“be” is a subjunctive, describing a hypothetical state. The last part of the sentence means:
“… regardless of whether they are active actions … or passive actions …”
(In fact, one could also write “regardless of whether they be”, but most people would use “are” instead.)
I do not understand the latter part at all (given below)
…be they active actions that the subject does or passive actions done to the subject.
“be they” is an inversion of “they be”, in which “be” is a subjunctive form describing a hypothetical state. The inversion creates the meaning “(regardless of) whether they be …” (= “(regardless of) whether they are …”).
“be they…”, and similar forms such as “were it…”, “were he…”, etc., are possibly frozen instances of some old grammar rule that is no longer productive. These forms are mostly used in formal and literary settings.
Edited: It occurred to me that the pattern “Had I/he/it/etc…”, meaning “If I/he/it/etc. had…”, may also be related.
OK, thanks a lot! Seems to me I’ve got familiar with “be they” form. The wording of the rest makes more problems to me than the form “be they”.
Can you help about it as well!
Let me guess…, the sentence could be a combination of the following two sentences.
- Regardless of whether they are active actions that the subject does.
- Regardless of whether they are passive actions (which are) done to the subject.
…be they [color=blue]either active actions that the subject does or passive actions done to the subject.
I would have got this meaning earlier if “either” was used in the sentence.
Did I put “either” on the right place? Thanks
You did, but it’s not needed.
“Be our enemy vanished or not, we are not bothered.”
Is this sentence OK or not?
Is this sentence a type of inversion?
The sentence is okay.
Please see Dozy’s reply in message #4 above. | <urn:uuid:f1085827-c25b-4af1-b385-d5f9307d3878> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forum.english.best/t/what-is-the-meaning-of-be/57509 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.938342 | 614 | 3.625 | 4 |
In a major announcement on Friday morning, Europe time, the pharmaceutical giant Merck reported positive news from its ongoing phase 3 trials of an anti-Covid pill. The pill, known as molnupiravir, “significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization or death,” according to the pharmaceutical giant.
Specifically, in their study cohort of Covid-positive patients with so-called “mild to moderate” Covid-19, 14% of those given a placebo ended up hospitalised or dead after 29 days. Of those given molnupirovir, 7% were hospitalised and none died.
There were approximately 1,400 participants in the study. They were recruited within five days of first symptoms, and all had a health condition associated with elevated risk for Covid (diabetes, age over 60, obesity, et cetera).
Because of the eight deaths in the placebo group and the much better outcomes in those given malnupiravir, recruitment for the study has had to cease. Merck says it will now seek emergency use authorisation from the US FDA “as soon as possible.”
Reuters had already reported on Wednesday that the drug is expected to be effective against Covid-19 variants, including delta. The delta variant was not in wide circulation when the current phase 3 trials commenced, but Merck say the new pill’s efficacy is “consistent” across variants.
The pill also had no notable side-effects. In fact, the company said, “Fewer subjects discontinued study therapy due to an adverse event in the molnupiravir group (1.3%) compared to the placebo group (3.4%).”
Covid-19 has obviously been the target of massive prevention measures including vaccines and social distancing. However, the Merck pill may be the first successfully proven direct treatment of the disease.
This is as opposed to steroidal treatments whose intention is to suppress an overactive immune system response to SARS-CoV-2, and supportive therapies like fluids and oxygen support. The new pill also had the advantage of being able to be taken at home rather than in hospital.
“Merck has entered into supply and purchase agreements for molnupiravir with governments worldwide, pending regulatory authorization,” the company said in the announcement. It says pricing will be “tiered” according to governments’ ability to pay.
The Merck Group is a 350 year-old German company. Merck the US pharmaceutical company was its subsidiary until being nationalised by the United States during World War I.
Follow Christian on Twitter for more news updates. | <urn:uuid:7a3be2d0-95a3-41d7-bffe-73d76f6cd24a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://arichlife.com.au/mercks-anti-viral-covid-pill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.972067 | 559 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Every single particular person needs to protect their home from the extreme hazards. While it will possibly shoot stills quite happily (although at a fairly limited 10.2MP decision), the Lumix GH5S needs to be seen in the beginning as a video camera – if you want to do both you’ve acquired the Lumix GH5 to fill that transient, because of it is 20.3MP sensor and constructed-in image stabilization system.
With slide movie, the developed movie is simply mounted for projection Print movie requires the developed movie detrimental to be printed onto photographic paper or transparency Previous to the appearance of laser jet and inkjet printers, celluloid photographic unfavourable photos needed to be mounted in an enlarger which projected the picture onto a sheet of sunshine-sensitive paper for a certain size of time (usually measured in seconds or fractions of a second).
Probably the most highly effective mode on the S9 is Pro mode, which lets you save pictures as RAW information and gives you quick entry to numerous controls: focus, aperture, shutter velocity, ISO, white balance and light-weight metering – the final being essentially the most helpful.
The timestamps provided by SurfaceTexture.getTimestamp() for a SurfaceTexture set because the preview texture have an unspecified zero level, and cannot be directly in contrast between different cameras or different instances of the same camera, or throughout a number of runs of the identical program.
This gadget is made up of three fundamental elements: the mechanical element (the Camera body itself), the optical aspect (the Lens), and the chemical element (the Movie although there are additionally digital cameras that don’t make use of the normal film). | <urn:uuid:d9470496-ca38-4a15-b488-52529fa67e9e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ielda.com/how-to-make-better-footage-using-photoshop.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.91726 | 342 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Urine, Feces and Darts...a normal day on California's Death Row.
From the SFGate...
...For the first time in 30 years, journalists got a glimpse of conditions inside Death Row -- three antiquated buildings at San Quentin State Prison that house 614 condemned inmates.
The visit was part of a campaign by prison officials to drum up public support for a $220 million bond for a new Death Row facility -- despite a $26 billion shortfall projected for California's budget this year.
...Condemned prisoners arrive faster than they leave. About 30 new Death Row inmates arrive each year, and their appeals typically stretch out about 20 years. But executions average about one per year.
...Outside on one of the exercise yards, inmates shoot hoops or play cards for six hours a day. Some puff on cigarettes lit from a slow-burning "wick" -- tightly rolled toilet paper that a guard ignites because inmates aren't allowed to have matches. Some prisoners grouse about conditions, or yell out questions to a correctional officer.
....Lt. Art Munoz says work in this unit is especially dangerous and stressful. He points to the solid doors on several of the revamped 40-square-foot cells. On the other side of the unit, older style doors are covered with metal grates, and officers slide a plastic shield in place for protection from inmates, who sometimes fling urine, feces or darts from their cells. "This is the kind of job that anything can happen," Munoz said.
....On Tuesday, some inmates on Death Row argued against spending money on a new facility for people who are scheduled for death. "They should spend the money on education or on the legal defense fund to help people like me who are innocent," said one 32-year-old condemned convict.
...Death Row inmates have more privileges than the other prisoners at San Quentin, which houses about 5,966 convicts. The best-behaved condemned are allowed an unlimited number of phone calls, contact visits and quarterly boxes of candy, cigarettes, soup and other treats. If the convicts assault staff or another inmate, those incentives are curtailed.
read the rest...full of nuggets.. | <urn:uuid:38f87566-28c8-445f-ae03-37768c4325a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://deadmaneating.blogspot.com/2003/02/urine-feces-and-darts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00360-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938995 | 451 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Coenzyme Q10 is very common in nature and is one of the basic body coenzymes. It is a natural food ingredient, present in all cells of the body. Coenzyme Q10 is essential for the maintenance of all biological processes in the body because it participates in the production of cellular energy. Our body naturally produces coenzyme Q10, but as we age, that amount decreases.
Coenzyme Q10 levels began to decline in the 1930s. A small amount of coenzyme Q10 can be absorbed through food, more precisely for a daily requirement of 100 mg you should eat approximately 3.5 kg of beef or 120 cans of sardines or 60 avocados or 33 tablespoons of olive oil. With a deficiency of coenzyme Q10 in the body, the body ages faster, the immune system is weakened, and energy and endurance levels decline.
Q10 Natural Complex is a dietary supplement that, with a significant amount of highly purified 98% coenzyme Q10, contains a combination of active substances of natural origin – beetroot extract, garlic extract, rosehip extract (natural source of vitamin C) and soybean seed extract (natural source of vitamin E ). Also, the formulation is fortified with chromium and B vitamins. A total of 10 active ingredients.
The daily dose consists of only one capsule with a high 100 mg of coenzyme Q10, which in that amount is sufficient for the daily needs of an adult.
* VITAMIN B1 – contributes to normal heart function
* VITAMINS B6, B12, FOLIC ACID – contribute to normal homocysteine metabolism
* VITAMINS B6, B12 – contribute to the normal production of red blood cells
* VITAMINS B6, B12, FOLIC ACID, VITAMIN C – help reduce fatigue and exhaustion
* VITAMINS B1, B6, B12, VITAMIN C – contribute to normal energy production metabolism
* VITAMINS C, E – contribute to the protection of cells from oxidative stress
* CHROME – helps maintain normal blood glucose levels | <urn:uuid:a15adb0c-5c7c-43a5-b159-4f954a56facb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hugyourlife.eu/en/hug-products/q10-natural-complex/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.87641 | 448 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Public Records Requests The North Carolina Office of Recovery and Resiliency is committed to transparency and will furnish all requested public records as promptly as possible. Under North Carolina public records law General Statue §132 and various other statutes, certain personal or confidential information is not public, and must be redacted or protected. We are not required to create a record that does not exist, nor compile a record or records in any format that does not already exist. Making your request as exact as possible including names, dates, and specific search terms will help expedite fulfilling your request. Please allow additional time to review/redact very large requests. Excessively large requests will be provided in batches as they are completed. We will provide electronic copies unless otherwise requested. Many public records are already available online without making a public records request. Quick Links Frequently Asked Questions Links to Online Public Records Contact Us NCDPS Public Records Requests Submit a Public Records Request If you are a member of the media working under a deadline, please include this information in your request. Frequently Asked Questions What is a public record? According to North Carolina General Statutes Chapter 132, public records are defined as, “all documents, papers, letters, maps, books, photographs, films, sound recordings, magnetic or other tapes, electronic data-processing records, artifacts, or other documentary material, regardless of physical form or characteristics, made or received pursuant to law or ordinance in connection with the transaction of public business by any agency of North Carolina government or its subdivisions.” These items are considered to be the property of the people, and copies shall be provided for free or at minimal cost. What is NOT a public record? Examples of items that are not considered public record include: Social security numbers and other personal identifying information. Sensitive public security information; Emergency response plans; Law enforcement agency recordings; 911 databases; Criminal investigations; Intelligence information records; Trial preparation materials; Attorney-client privileged communications; State tax information; Public enterprise billing information; Innocence Inquiry Commission records; Alarm registration information; For full details regarding items not considered public record, see NCGS Chapter 132. Submitting a public records request Submitting a public records request Public records requests may be submitted in person, by mail, by phone or through electronic means. The preferred method for receiving public records requests is through the online public request form, which allows NCORR to better track requests and respond in a timely manner. Once a request is submitted, a staff member will contact the requester to acknowledge the request. How quickly are requests provided? By law, state agencies are required to respond to public records requests “as promptly as possible.” Response times may vary based on a variety of factors, including the complexity of the request, the volume of records requested, the amount of time needed to redact confidential information and the resources required to fulfill the request. Per policy, if staff find a request to be ambiguous, overly broad, or very time-intensive, a staff member may contact the requestor and attempt to clarify, narrow, or revise the request. A narrowly-tailored request limits the expenditure of department resources, and therefore allows the agency to respond to requests in a shorter timeframe. To assist our staff in providing a timely response to your request, we recommend the following when crafting your request: Be specific – Carefully consider what records you would like to request. Are there specific documents you are interested in? What divisions or staff members are included in your request? The more detail you can provide, the easier it is for our staff to locate any responsive public records. Provide dates – A date range can further help staff narrow the request to a particular timeframe, allowing for more efficient collection of records. In many cases, simple public records requests can be fulfilled within a matter of days. Complex requests, especially those that require collecting and reviewing large quantities of emails or redacting confidential information, may take weeks or months to complete. | <urn:uuid:8dc0f841-cd9c-48cf-b88c-c2c31a7de423> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rebuild.nc.gov/public-records-requests | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.92471 | 803 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Sriharikota |India today completed its landmark mission for a regional navigational system on par with US-based GPS with the successful launch of IRNSS-1G, the seventh and last in the constellation of satellites that make up the system.
When the IRNSS-1G becomes operational in about a month’s time, the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) would offer services like terrestrial and marine navigation, disaster management, vehicle tracking and fleet management, navigation aide for hikers and travellers, visual and voice navigation for drivers.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi lauded the scientists and congratulated the people of the country on the achievement saying, with this successful launch, we will determine our own paths powered by our technology. The world will know it as Navic.
The new technology will benefit our people, our fishermen. This is a great gift to people from scientists, Modi said.
ISRO’s workhorse Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C33) lifted off from the first launch pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in this spaceport, about 110 kms from Chennai, at 12.50 PM and soared into clear skies.
The four-stage rocket injected IRNSS-1G into the intended orbit about 20 minutes after the lift-off as the PSLV marked yet another textbook launch and its 34th consecutive successful mission, reaffirming its dependability.
While IRNSS was already operational with four satellites, the remaining three were required to make it more accurate and efficient, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said.
The IRNSS comprising the seven satellites will offer services with much ‘better accuracy’ and targeted position in navigation on par with the Global Positioning System of the United States.
Subscribe to our email newsletter. | <urn:uuid:11545877-ea64-4b9c-bdce-bf851da502f9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://metrovaartha.com/en/2016/04/28/india-completes-navigation-system-with-launch-of-7th-satellite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00034-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919292 | 370 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Homer Simpson Turns 56 Today – Homer Facts And Homer Audio Montage
56 years ago, a bouncing baby boy with a big head and 5 o’clock shadow was born in Springfield…yes, Homer Simpson celebrates his 56 birthday today, at least according to the birthdate given Homer by his creator, Matt Groening.
So…in celebration of getting one year closer to 60, some Homer fun facts and audio montage follow the jump.
- Homer’s full name is Homer Jay Simpson
- He was named after Matt Groening’s dad – Homer Groening.
- Homer is voiced by Dan Castellaneta. who also does the voice for Krusty the Clown, among others.
- His parents are Abraham and Mona
- Some sources list his birthday as May 12th, but we’re going with May 10th, 1955, although his on-screen age is supposed to stay around 40.
- Matt Groening sketched and came up with idea of the Simpson’s family while sitting in the lobby of James Brooks as he was about to meet him to pitch some ideas for TV shows his way.
Here’s a collection of some ‘Homerisms”…enjoy!
OH….or should I say D’OH, but wait…here’s a bonus video of the actors who do the voices for the Simpson’s characters.
Subscribe to Kicks 105 on | <urn:uuid:6ebc8064-c6d2-4ba8-9099-f86cfe1cea4f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://kicks105.com/homer-simpson-turns-56-today-homer-facts-and-homer-audio-montage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00174-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965258 | 303 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Getty Images file
In this file photo, a worker holds a white rat in a lab. Scientists have developed a 3-D model of a rat brain research, they report in a new study.
After six years and several million dollars, scientists have created a 3-D model of a rat brain circuit.
The accomplishment is a first step toward creating a complete computer model of the brain that will allow a deeper understanding of how our noggins work — and what causes them to malfunction, according to the scientists behind the feat.
For a starting point, researchers at the Max Planck Florida Institute are focused on how the rat brain processes information gathered by a single whisker.
They did so because studies in their lab and elsewhere have shown that a single whisker is able to detect, in complete darkness, whether a gap is safe to jump over and, if so, trigger the order to jump.
What's more, there's a specific region of the brain "that is dedicated to processing information from a dedicated whisker," Marcel Oberlaender, a researcher at the institute and the first author of a paper explaining the research in the journal Cerebral Cortex, told me today.
That region is called the cortical column, a vertically-organized series of connected neurons that form a brain circuit and an elementary building block of the cortex.
The cortex is the part of the brain responsible for many of the higher functions, such as memory and consciousness.
To build the model, the researchers studied the cortical column in awake and anesthetized rats as well as brain slices and then used computer software and other tools to reconstruct it.
"The model we built is really based on a complete reconstruction of these nerve cells," Oberlaender said. "So how the model looks in the end resembles how it would look in the real animal."
It is composed of 16,000 neurons, each of which can be divided into one of nine different cell types that has characteristic functional, structural and connectivity properties, he added.
The model can now be used to run computer simulations that show, in realistic detail, how signals flow within the brain. So, they can begin to understand, for example, what neurons fire as the rat detects the gap and decides whether or not to jump.
Until now, researchers have only been able to see how a single neuron or a small group of neurons interact during such a process. "We can now, in simulation experiments, mimic what is really going on in these circuits," Oberlaender said.
Going forward, the researchers should be able to use the methodology developed to build this model to add more parts to it, thus incorporating other brain functions such as the motor system that sends a signal down the spinal cord and makes the limbs move so that rat can jump over the gap.
More on brain science and technology:
- 3-D brain model could revolutionize neurology
- Test-tube brain aces 'plop' quiz
- 'Brain in a dish' may lead to stroke recovery
- Cat brain inspires computer of the future
- IBM unveils brain-like chip
- Breakthrough chip mimics human brain function
Kids' play has moved to tablets and PCs. In this new age, toy makers and researchers alike are sorting out the benefits — and detriments — of playful educational interaction in virtual space. | <urn:uuid:38cf3a7b-674f-44a6-a0af-46f6a4206128> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://futureoftech-discuss.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/12/07/9281008-3-d-model-of-rat-brain-circuit-created?chromedomain=cosmiclog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00273-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945016 | 684 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Friday, July 8, 2011
Thirty Years of Jobbers – Chapter 4-3
One of the effects of technology has resulted in the compression of time. For example, in Ernest Thayer’s poem, published in 1888, “Casey at the Bat,” he described, in nerve-racking detail, a fictional event which later became known as ‘the world’s most famous baseball poem.’
‘And now the leather-covered sphere came hurtling through the air, and Casey stood a-watching it in haughty grandeur there. Close by the sturdy batsman the ball unheeded sped-“That ain’t my style,” said Casey. “Strike one,” The umpire said.’
If we compress time, the entire story could have been reduced to simply, ‘Casey struck out’ and it would still be accurate, but if you go back and study the text in its entirety, it sheds light on just WHY Casey struck out, and that information was lost with the compression of time.
A compressed view of a business is like receiving the results of an equation without knowing how to we came by the results. If ‘4’ is the answer, is it the result of ‘0 + 4’, ‘1 +3’, ‘2 + 2’, ’3 + 1’ or ‘4 + 0’? It might even be ‘2.58745 + 1.41255’.
A simple explanation of micro-management is to have a method of filtering, selecting and scrutinizing each minute detail that affects a business cycle, in which case the end of a period, say one month, becomes just one more event in the cycle. I'm not suggesting you must personally spend your days studying every product purchase and sale that goes through your POS. That would be ridiculous. Please, don’t miss this point.
Whatever management exercises we perform, we must be able to refer back to the detail with great accuracy, so when problems do occur, we are able to determine why we lost a nickel on a particular tender instead of simply wondering why a general category is failing.
Three things are necessary for micro-management to be successful. First, you need access to the information; second, you have to have a way to organize, manage and examine that information; and third, the analysis of that data must be simple and straightforward.
It's of little help to simply collect the data and leave it lying around. You need some way of foraging through the information so you can get at what is relevant and you need to organize the data in some form that will be meaningful and interesting to the person who requires it. Businesses MUST learn how to get the information they need without waiting for computer programmers to decide what they think they need.
At the time we collect the detail to be used for analysis, we probably have no idea what information may be relevant later on. Knowledge gathered through experience creates new questions. Scientist use petri dishes, test tubes, refrigeration, heat and microscopes. Small businesses use computers, cash registers, pump controllers, scanners and people.
Organizing the data properly is no secret. There are but a few simple rules and techniques that our computer forefathers, James Martin, E. F. Codd, Clive Finklestein, Ed Yourdan and others, gave us three decades ago. The problem is, very few programmers today adhere to these rules. | <urn:uuid:737f764f-7346-4404-80d4-d244bbd93b67> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.csforum.com/2011/07/thirty-years-of-jobbers-chapter-4-3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00477-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9562 | 737 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Of the many baking choices, biscuit-making is maybe one of the most un-scaring. The possible traps of utilizing yeast are kept away from, and those with a more 'natural' innovative methodology can pull off rugged edges and lopsided hills of batter. Possibly we're romanticizing beloved recollections of spinning out of control with dough shapers, however we're amazingly partial to these sweet treats. All things considered, a visit over tea and biscuits on a blustery day is similarly British as you get. Check out biscuit production line manufacturers.
Saying this doesn't imply that there's not a craftsmanship to making biscuits. For each fundamental treat formula there's an affected, show-halting gingerbread house, and we have everything covered. Peruse on to track down the right biscuit formula for you…
Need a few hints from the specialists? Watch our video and figure out how to make biscuits with our very basic formula.
Fundamental biscuit making pack
Ladybug biscuits with red lace
Accomplish a simple all around flawless wrap up by putting resources into a great shaper. Everything from felines, hearts and initials are accessible online, and it thumps attempting to cut out shapes utilizing a margarine blade.
Regardless of whether you need to finish off your treats with a chocolate shower, or flood ice your biscuits in a multifaceted plan, channeling packs will assist you with accomplishing the neatest completion.
Smooth-beat biscuits, for example, shortbread can be tidied up with a light cleaning of icing sugar. Make your own layout, or use the regularly disregarded doily to make a 'slip' design.
Slip design biscuit
A definitive biscuit formula
Follow this one formula for essential mixture, utilize the accompanying three strategies and you'll have yourself 10 distinct biscuits…
Essential biscuit mixture formula
1. The roll and cut out strategy
This is the most ideal way of making distinctive molded biscuits. Whenever you've made your group of mixture, partition it in two, envelop by stick film and chill for thirty minutes until firm. Carry it out onto a daintily floured surface to the thickness of a £1 coin, then, at that point, utilize a shaper to get rid of biscuits. Any decorations can be gotten together and yet again rolled.
Utilize this method for…
Vanilla biscuits (30)
Vanilla biscuit on plate
Hotness the broiler to 180C/160C fan/gas 4. Make a clump of the essential biscuit batter, then, at that point, chill until firm, carry out and cut out shapes as above. Heat on a non-stick baking plate for 10-12 minutes until pale brilliant. Cautiously move to a wire rack to cool and fresh up.
Squiggle hearts (30)
Heart biscuit with chocolate
Hotness the stove to 180C/160C fan/gas 4. Set up the essential biscuit mixture, then, at that point, chill. In the wake of carrying out the mixture, utilize a 7cm heart-molded cutout to get rid of your biscuits, then, at that point, prepare as above and move to a wire rack. As the biscuits are cooling, liquefy 100g every one of white and milk chocolate in little heatproof bowls in a microwave for 2 minutes on medium hotness. While the biscuits are as yet on the rack, utilize the prongs of a fork to 'squiggle' the liquefied chocolate over the top. Pass on to set until hard. | <urn:uuid:fcde5513-f854-408a-9bbd-23537ae0cbe5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://canvas.instructure.com/eportfolios/148264/entries/1938082 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.91294 | 751 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Fundamentals of Human Nutrition/Potassium< Fundamentals of Human Nutrition
Potassium is an essential mineral found inside the cells of our bodies. It is important for the proper function of all body cells, tissues, and organs. Specific roles include nerve function, blood pressure regulation, and muscle control (Potassium, n.d.). It is also an electrolyte, a substance that conducts electricity. Potassium levels are controlled by the kidneys and come from many different sources including banana and tomatoes (Micronutrient Information Center, n.d.).
Potassium can be found in a variety of vegetables, fruits, legumes, and meats. For example, foods with high levels (300 milligrams or higher) of potassium include baked potatoes with skin, dried plums, lima beans, yogurt, nonfat milk, chicken, canned tuna, and spinach (Micronutrient Information Center, n.d.). Foods with moderate levels (100-300 milligrams) of potassium include apples, peaches, lamb, broccoli, beets, ham, strawberries, and peas. Foods with less than 100 milligrams of potassium are bread, pasta, eggs, blueberries, bacon, corn, and black olives (Potassium and the Diet, n.d.).
Potassium function includes blood pressure regulation, muscle control, nerve impulse function, heart function, and electrolyte regulation. Its primary role is to regulate mineral and water balance throughout the body (Potassium and the Diet, n.d.).
Potassium works with sodium to maintain a person’s blood pressure. As sodium accumulates in the blood, the body holds onto water to dilute the sodium (Health Risks and Diseases, n.d.). This increases the amount of fluid around the cells and the volume of the blood in the bloodstream. The increased volume forces the heart to work harder and the pressure can harden blood vessels, leading to high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. Potassium have the opposite effect on blood vessels. High potassium levels can relax blood vessel and excrete sodium, which both lowers blood pressure (Health Risks and Diseases, n.d.).
Potassium plays a role in nerve conduction, specifically through the sodium-potassium pump. The sodium-potassium pump works to move three sodium ions out of the cell, while moving two potassium ions into the cell. There is a lower concentration of potassium ions outside the cell and a lower concentration of sodium ions inside the cell. Since the process requires active transport, the ions are moved across a membrane and against their concentration gradients; energy derived from ATP during cellular respiration is required (Nave, n.d.).
In nerve cells, the generation of an action potential is required to transmit electrical signals. The action potential is brought about by changes in the penetrability of the axon cell to sodium and potassium. The channels that allow sodium and potassium to pass through are voltage-gated. The channels remain closed when the cell membrane is at resting potential. An electric current can stimulate the channels to open, allowing sodium to flow in. Sodium ions flow inside in large quantities causing the charge on the inside of the cell to become more positive and results in depolarization. The sodium voltage-gated channels then close and the potassium ion channels open. Potassium moves out of the axon cell allowing the charge on the inside of the cell to become more negative, resulting in the repolarization of the cell. The sodium-potassium pump moves ions in either direction continuously so that many action potentials can be generated (Jones, Fosbery, Gregory, & Taylor, 2013, p. 319).
Potassium also functions to maintain pH levels. Sometimes, an individual can enter an alkalotic state where there is excess of base in the body fluids or tissues that can in turn produce weakness or cramps. The amount of hydrogen in the extracellular fluid is low during alkalosis, so the cells will release hydrogen to increase acidity. As a result, blood serum potassium is absorbed and its level drops. Overall potassium levels are stable, but it is the serum potassium that is affected. Should the level of serum potassium drop below 3.5 mEq/L, the individual is expected to exhibit symptoms of hypokalemia derived from the initial alkalotic condition (Vroman, 2011).
Potassium can help regulate water retention as well. An individual may develop edema, a condition where watery fluid accumulates in tissues and cavities throughout the body causing it to swell. Excess water is most commonly stored around the legs, feet, and ankles. Edema can be caused by overindulging in sodium. Potassium is able to combat sodium’s effects since consuming more potassium causes sodium to be removed from the body through urine. Even though potassium can reduce water retention, excess potassium in the blood can also be detrimental to an individual’s health (McNight, 2015).
The adequate intake (AI) levels for potassium established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine is categorized by age and sex (Micronutrient Information Center, n.d.). For infants between ages 0-6 months, the recommended AI levels for potassium is 400 milligrams (mg) for both males and females. For children between 1-3 years old, 3,000 mg is adequate for both males and females. For children between ages 4-8, the AI is 3,800 mg. For children between ages 9-13, 4,500 mg is adequate. Adolescents between 14 years old and older for both male and female need about 4,700 mg (Micronutrient Information Center, n.d.). The difference between male and female is when the female is breast-feeding. The female needs more potassium (5,100 mg) to accommodate for their baby (Potassium and the Diet, n.d.).
Most people get their recommended levels of potassium from their diets. However, potassium imbalances and the consequences of an imbalance can still occur. For example, hypokalemia is a medical term for low levels of potassium with symptoms of muscle cramps, bloating, intestinal paralysis, weakness, nausea, upset stomach, and an irregular heartbeat. Hypokalemia can be life threatening and should be treated by a professional or doctor (Potassium, n.d.). Some causes of low potassium levels include use of diuretics, kidney diseases, metabolic disturbances, or excessive vomiting. The use of diuretics, severe vomiting or diarrhea, alcoholism, laxative abuse, eating disorders, and congestive heart failure are all conditions that increase the risk of hypokalemia (Micronutrient Information Center, n.d.).
1. Health Risks and Disease. (n.d.). Retrieved August 31, 2015, from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/salt-and-sodium/sodium-health-risks-and-disease/
2. Jones, M., Fosbery, R., Gregory, J., & Taylor, D. (2013). Regulation and control. In Cambridge International AS and A level biology (3rd ed., pp. 314-328). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. McNight, C. (2015, May 8). The Effects of Potassium on Water Retention. Retrieved December 2, 2015, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/225763-the-effects-of-potassium-on-water-retention/
4. Micronutrient Information Center. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/potassium
5. Nave, R. (n.d.). The Sodium-Potassium Pump. Retrieved December 2, 2015, from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/nakpump.html
6. Potassium. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2015, from https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/potassium
7. Potassium and the Diet. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2015, from http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09355.html
8. Vroman, R. (2011, January 17). Electrolyte Imbalances | EMSWorld.com. Retrieved December 2, 2015, from http://www.emsworld.com/article/10218948/electrolyte-imbalances | <urn:uuid:dcaa2882-953d-489d-a2ea-075078b0ab93> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Human_Nutrition/Potassium | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725475.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00510-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883477 | 1,785 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Problems in the Workplace
All employees are expected to perform their jobs in an efficient and effective manner. However, there may be occasions when supervisors must deal with workplace problems. These problems may be disciplined-based, performance-based or both. In either situation, the supervisor should communicate directly and immediately with the employee when problems or deficiencies first arise. Any delays in making an employee aware of unacceptable conduct or behavior and deficiencies in work performance may appear to sanction such behavior.
In counseling with an employee, a supervisor should state what the performance deficiency is, provide suggested ways of overcoming the deficiency, a time period for that improvement, and the consequences if no improvements are made. It is advisable that a written record be made and/or written notification be provided to the employee.
A few examples of problems that could result in disciplinary action include:
l An employee who forgets to do an assignment or who flagrantly refuses to do an assigned task. (insubordination or refusal to accept a reasonable and proper assignment from an authorized supervisor)
l Receiving and making excessive or lengthy personal phone calls. (excessive use of the telephone for personal reasons)
l Speaking to a co-worker or supervisor or anyone using undesired and/or vulgar language. (use of profane/abusive language)
l Disappearing or leaving the work area without informing a supervisor for an indefinite or unreasonable period. (leaving work station without authorization)
A supervisor may seek advice from the Human Resources Department about how to effectively deal with employees who exhibit undesirable workplace conduct or behavior.
An employee may seek advice on ways to deal with a personal issue or workplace problem that could involve a supervisor or co-worker by contacting the Human Resources Department or the Employee Assistant Program. Employees who receive disciplinary actions they deem unfair, may contact the Human Resources Department for appropriate review and intervention.
Performance-based workplace problems may be exhibited by substandard job performance, relating specifically to deficiencies in job duties and objectives. Supervisors should provide employees with adequate notice and the opportunity to improve prior to dismissal and prior to the annual performance appraisal.
An EPMS Planning stage document is required prior to issuing a Warning Notice of Substandard Performance. During the warning period, the supervisor should meet with the employee periodically to monitor, review and discuss progress. Documentation of these sessions for the personnel file is required to remind the employee of performance expectations.
For more information on the requirements of a warning notice of substandard performance and supervisory responsibility, see the section on Evaluating Employee Performance and refer to HR Policy, Performance Appraisal for Classified Employees. | <urn:uuid:cc96eef1-8019-4001-8bcc-79a021ea34e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.citadel.edu/root/hr-employee-relations/178-human-resources/2990-problems-in-the-workplace | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00165-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925816 | 531 | 2.046875 | 2 |
The federal finance minister said last week that quantitative easing is “not on the table” but some believe that he should not have made the comment as it encroaches on the Bank of Canada’s territory. Joe Oliver was responding to a question about the weakness in the economy but Ian Lee, an economics professor at Carleton University's Sprott School of Business says that it is BoC governor Stephen Poloz who makes the call on such issues.
Lee told the Ottawa citizen that although the governor is not technically bound by what the government says, in reality issues like this could put him in an untenable position: "The governor of the Bank of Canada has two choices: either he resigns or he bows down to the government because they are elected and they have the electoral legitimacy which of course an appointee does not have.” There’s no suggestion that there is a rift between the two in this matter.
Are you looking to invest in property? If you like, we can get one of our mortgage experts to tell you exactly how much you can afford to borrow, which is the best mortgage for you or how much they could save you right now if you have an existing mortgage. Click here to get help choosing the best mortgage rate
More market watch: | <urn:uuid:5a55c0c9-4200-45cb-9d42-653f0a557cf5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.whichmortgage.ca/article/finance-minister-accused-of-overstepping-the-line-193623.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977561 | 261 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Considering the obesity rates climbing at such a dramatic velocity many people are becoming more aware of morbid obesity associated health problems that are plaguing the generation of ours. The common conditions which are associated with more than weight problems are heart attacks, artery blockages, strokes, hypertension, high blood pressure, diabetes, exipure fda approved — Visit Home Page, etc. You can still find a selection of studies being done all over the planet and the results of these are shocking — every time a study is done with reference to obesity a new unwanted effect is now being uncovered.
This is the reason many people are becoming extremely conscious of the weight of theirs. It’s essential to keep your fat proportionate to the height of yours to keep all these medical problems plus diseases at bay. The most effective way to keep your weight is to have a normal healthy diet and a good exercise routine. But to lose the extra weight you have to control your food intake and boost the exercises. Most people that are looking for really fast results go on diets which help them shed pounds really fast.
You will find a selection of diets on the market which can assist you. But there are a few pitfalls that you ought to be suspicious of. The first one is to never remove any meal from the day. To starve the body is going to make it go into survival mode where it will attempt to protect the pounds in planning for a no food situation. Therefore this won’t help. Also you should not cut out any one food group to help shed pounds. Most people think that if they start an all protein diet and completely cut out carbohydrates and fats then they will lose weight faster. This’s very unsafe because this increased protein intake can put a great deal of pressure on your kidneys and liver. Hat you need to undertake is to reduce your fat intake and try not to try eating anything with Trans fat in it. Switching to fresh fruits and vegetables is low and healthy in calories. Set an acceptable calorie limit and stick to that rather compared to «don’t consume this and don’t eat that»! Also try to split 3 regular meals into six smaller ones that may be consumed at 2 hour intervals.
If you would like to take some dietary supplements then it’s a good idea to talk to a dietitian for possible negative effects and allergic reactions that you could experience. | <urn:uuid:81fff7d0-f109-4f94-b1db-4eeb8f7a2d6a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mup-ochistnye.ru/2021/12/29/the-dos-and-donts-of-fat-reduction-diets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.964571 | 484 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Time To Talk: Universal Wellbeing Payment
We should all be in this together.
Workers across the state have once again been plunged into financial precarity as COVID lockdowns mean industries are put on hold, casual shifts are cut, and patchy government support leaves many unable to afford the essentials.
We’re not all in this together, but we could be.
No matter who you are or what you do, everyone has the right to share in the wellbeing of our country – during the good times and the hard.
Exclusionary supplements and arbitrary thresholds on disaster payments just don’t cut it. The Government can and should guarantee an income for everyone, so that we all have what we need to live a good life without anyone falling through the cracks.
What’s more, taking the stress of keeping food on the table and paying the bills off everyone’s shoulders will make it that much easier to follow the rules to keep everyone safe, and ensure we make it through this pandemic together.
No conditions, no strings attached – just the certainty of knowing that, whatever happens, you will have enough money, not just to survive but to thrive.
This health crisis is new, but the inequality it has exacerbated isn’t. It’s time to talk about visionary solutions to COVID precarity and what a basic income could mean for NSW – now and post-COVID.
Join me in conversation as we discuss the need for a Universal Wellbeing Payment and what it would mean for young people across the state.
Dylan Griffiths is a Greens candidate for Inner West Council and is campaigning to make council services more affordable. He currently works at the University of Sydney and is a member of the NTEU. He has previously spent far too long on the phone arguing with Centrelink.
Harpreet Kaur Dhillon is a queer community organiser dedicated to the safety, security, mental and physical wellbeing of others. She has lived experiences of family violence, sexual violence, homelessness and discrimination that she seeks to eliminate in society.
Avery Howard is a queer non-binary person who uses their personal experience of poverty and homelessness to advocate as an anti-poverty activist. They are also the Greens Candidate for the North Ward of Liverpool City Council. | <urn:uuid:727f0e32-bab6-43d9-8899-c116a7131a47> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.abigailboyd.org/timetotalk_universalwellbeingpayment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.96066 | 479 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Suffolk County Department of Health
Drug Rehab Center in Riverhead, New York
About This Riverhead, NY Facility
Learn more about Suffolk County Department of Health from this summarized breakdown.
Suffolk County Department of Health is a Government Funded Drug Rehabilitation Facility located in Riverhead, NY. Professionally treating a variety of drug and alcohol related issues by utilizing multiple levels of care. Treatment here is covered by most insurances.
Riverhead is a hard-hit city with residents dealing with substance and alcohol abuse. Thankfully, you have several recovery options to help you get back on your feet.
Conditions and Issues Treated
A detailed list of the primary issues commonly treated.
Getting sober on your own is not only dangerous during the initial detox, it is also more likely to result in a relapse later on. Addiction treatment centers provide a monitored environment where you will get the medical attention you need, as well as the emotional support to overcome drug or alcohol abuse.
Substance Abuse + Addiction Treatment
Rehab centers exist in Riverhead, NY to help individuals bounce back from substance abuse, which is an umbrella term for drug and alcohol addiction. Drug addiction refers to the use of illegal drugs and improper use of prescription drugs. Centers like Suffolk County Department of Health provide individuals a chance to access individual and group therapy that can be monumental for recovery.
Substance abuse includes all problems that stem out from using various psychoactive substances. It is also a diagnostic term used by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) to define the mental and physical impairment or distress caused by misuse and overuse of certain substances in a period of 12 months.
Opioid + Opiate Addiction Treatment
Opioid addiction involves addiction to legal or illegal opioids. It may happen very quickly with any opioid use. Sometimes within a matter of days. Opioid addiction is a known as a high-risk factor for future heroin addiction.
Opioid withdrawal can be extremely uncomfortable and lead the user to continue to use even if they want to quit. Stopping using an opioid requires careful medical observation. Sometimes the withdrawal can persist for many weeks, which can put the user at a high risk for relapse.
It is recommended to receive inpatient treatment and a medically supervised detox like those offered at Suffolk County Department of Health in Riverhead, NY, NY, to manage the withdrawal process while learning lasting tools to maintain recovery. In some circumstances medications can be used to manage opioid addiction.
Alcohol Abuse, Opioid Addiction, Substance Abuse
Levels of Care Offered
Suffolk County Department of Health offers a variety of treatment.
This center offers a variety of custom treatment tailored to individual recovery. Currently available are Aftercare Support, Detox, Drug Rehab, Outpatient, with additional therapies available as listed below.
Detoxification is a process that allows the patient to stop using opioids without experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms. This can be necessary for those who have been addicted for a long period of time or who are struggling with chronic pain.
During this process, addicts will receive medication and psychological support from doctors and other medical professionals until they can control their cravings.
Outpatient treatment can be considered the lowest intensity level of addiction treatment in Riverhead, NY. It is ideal for early phase addiction or lower intensity addictions. Suffolk County Department of Health peer group support, 12-step programs, and individual counseling may still be involved.
After treatment, addiction treatment can be frightening for newly sober people. Aftercare support provided by Suffolk County Department of Health is designed to give resources and help on a continued basis. It can involve finding housing in and around New York, setting up 12-step meeting groups, continued medical monitoring, and counseling.
Suffolk County Department of Health‘s Therapies & Programs
The methods used to care for each individual.
Group therapy happens at Suffolk County Department of Health in a controlled group environment, as opposed to a one-on-one setting. It supports Riverhead, NY patients’ recovery by offering a sense of comfort and letting them know that they are not alone. Through shared conversations, patients also learn to develop faith and understanding and gain insight on their addictions.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) sees a person suffering from substance addiction to have illogical reasoning, counterproductive actions, and does not see things clearly. Due to this, REBT deals with cognition, images, and behavior extensively to rectify the client’s bad habits. REBT pushes an individual to become more reasonable and choose a life without the repercussions of addictions.
Patients at Suffolk County Department of Health in Riverhead, NY learn how to self-soothe by conducting rational self-counseling. REBT provides their patients with the skill sets necessary in handling problems all by themselves, without seeking professional help. The process calls for practice, reiteration, and bolstering the new way of thinking being introduced to the patient.
Aftercare, Anger Management, Cognitive Behavioral Treatment (CBT), Detox, Discharge Planning, Drug Rehab, Employment Counseling / Training, Group Therapy, Health education services other than HIV/AIDS or hepatitis, HIV or AIDS education, Intervention, Matrix Model, Naloxone and overdose education, Outpatient Treatment (OP), Substance Use Counseling
Payment Options Accepted
For specific insurance or payment methods please contact us.
Is your insurance accepted?
Ask an expert, call (888) 674-0062
Specifics, location, and helpful extra information.
Read past patient experience, or leave your own experience.
300 Center Dr S
Riverhead, New York 11901
Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, Opioid Addiction, Substance Abuse
Riverhead, New York Addiction Information
More than 2 million New Yorkers are currently suffering from some type of substance abuse and many of those are minors. Alcohol abuse, in particular, is prevalent among those underage. As a result of the high prices and regulation of prescription drugs, many New Yorkers turn to heroin instead. This has led to a serious heroin epidemic in the state.
According to recent statistics 9% of the population in Riverhead, NY has a substance abuse disorder, and 4% are addicted to drugs or alcohol. There's also a serious problem of alcohol addiction as well, with 16% of people having a history of alcohol abuse or misuse. There are many different types of drug rehab facilities available in Riverhead, NY. Some common options include inpatient rehab, outpatient rehab, and residential rehab.
Centers near Suffolk County Department of Health
The facility name, logo and brand are the property and registered trademarks of Suffolk County Department of Health, and are being used for identification and informational purposes only. Use of these names, logos and brands shall not imply endorsement. RehabNow.org is not affiliated with or sponsored by Suffolk County Department of Health. | <urn:uuid:941297a8-ba19-4050-9b03-fa7519c63f60> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rehabnow.org/center/suffolk-county-department-of-health-riverhead-ny/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.929753 | 1,468 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Questions and Answers
Do you have other questions? Feel free to ask them and we’ll be happy to answer!
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity, or biological diversity, means the multitude of living beings, ecosystems and their interrelationships, in space and in time. It is divided into three components: genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
Is there a charge for use of the BioKits?
The PDF files may be downloaded for free. You can print them at home and take them on your outings. However, there may be a charge for access to some sites and rental of a GPS unit.
How do I print up the BioKits?
To print the logbook format, you must have access to a printer with the automatic two-sided option:
- In your PDF software, under File choose Print.
- In the Page Handling section, select the Booklet Printing option in the Page Scaling scroll down menu.
- Print the entire document.
- Fold the document in half, making sure to put the cover page on top.
- Staple the document near the centre fold.
To print the letter format on two sides :
If you have access to a printer with the automatic two-sided option, you can simply print the entire document, following your printer’s instructions. Then staple the document.
If not, follow these steps:
- Print the odd-numbered pages of the PDF document.
- Print the even-numbered pages on the other side of the odd-numbered pages, according to your printer’s instructions.
- Staple the document.
What materials do I need?
In addition to your BioKit and a pencil, whatever materials you need to perform the suggested activities are indicated at the beginning of the kit. Generally, the necessary materials are easy to find and to carry: magnifying glass, pocket mirror, camera, and binoculars. Are you missing one of these items? No problem! You’ll be able to do most of the activities using just your five senses.
Do I have to have a GPS?
In some BioKits (e.g. Île Sainte-Hélène, Cap Tourmente and Montréal Urban BioKits), use of a GPS is suggested, but it’s not compulsory. You will be able to follow the circuits of the île Sainte-Hélène and Cap Tourmente BioKits with a map and the instructions provided in the kit. If you don’t have your own GPS, you can rent one for a small fee at the Biosphere and at the Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area. Note that the use of a GPS is highly recommended to find the geocaches (points of interest located with GPS coordinates)!
Where can I use the BioKits?
Anywhere in Canada! The BioKits are a fun way to discover the places you’ll visit all over Canada, whether in the city or in a natural setting. Some BioKits, such as the Ile Sainte-Hélène or Cap Tourmente BioKits, are designed for a specific site, while others, like the Nature or Urban BioKit, can be used from coast to coast.
- Date modified: | <urn:uuid:bf4e6201-b041-4a31-8e7b-ca891149bec2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ec.gc.ca/biotrousses-biokits/default.asp?lang=En&n=9B2B4A82-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00117-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8696 | 698 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Update on February 07, 2013
I hate to be the bearer of bad news, but the following information I received from the Greater Yellowstone Coalition is not good:
GYC NewsMontana Won't Limit Yellowstone-Area Wolf Hunts
January 28, 2013Matthew Brown | Associated PressEditor's note: This is disappointing, but GYC will continue to push for prohibiting trapping and hunting of Yellowstone wolves in certain areas around the park. Montana's hunting season closes in about a monthl.
BILLINGS, Mont. — Montana wildlife officials are abandoning efforts to shut down gray wolf hunting and trapping just outside the gates of Yellowstone National Park.
Hunting and trapping were briefly suspended last month on about 60 square miles north of the park over concerns that too many wolves wandering out of Yellowstone were dying.
But after a judge issued an injunction saying not enough notice was given before the closures were enacted, wildlife officials are dropping the matter.
Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks spokesman Ron Aasheim said Monday the agency does not have enough time to seek an order dissolving the injunction before wolf season ends on Feb. 28.
Wildlife advocates say Yellowstone's wolves deserve special protections.
No-hunting buffer zones for the park would be barred under a proposal now before the Legislature. | <urn:uuid:ccf46dc7-7fbf-43c3-a3ed-631b4feb9364> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.causes.com/posts/787765-update-on-february-07-2013 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00553-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938235 | 257 | 1.976563 | 2 |
The Church of Greece yesterday criticized a European Court of Human Rights ruling that the presence of crucifixes in classrooms is a breach of human rights after hearing a case brought by a mother from Italy. «It is not only minorities that have rights, the majority has them as well,» said the head of the Greek Church, Archbishop Ieronymos, adding that the matter would be discussed by the Holy Synod if necessary. «Youngsters will soon not have any symbols to inspire and protect them,» said Bishop Nikolaos of Fthiotida. Bishop Anthimos of Thessaloniki said he hopes Greek officials will appeal any decision that could lead to the removal of religious icons from classrooms. The court found that the right of parents to educate their children according to their own beliefs, and children's right to freedom of religion, were breached by the presence of a crucifix in classrooms. | <urn:uuid:54522a1f-c192-4291-ad9e-402eadf52e52> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ekathimerini.com/66097/article/ekathimerini/news/church-slams-ruling-on-classroom-crucifix | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975987 | 179 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Paris and London have long held a mutual fascination, and never more so than in the period 1750-1914, when they vied to be the world's greatest city. Each city has been the focus of many books, yet Jonathan Conlin here explores the complex relationship between them for the first time.
The reach and influence of both cities was such that the story of their rivalry has global implications. It is a history of surprises: Sherlock Holmes was actually French, the can-can was English and the first restaurant served English food in Paris. By borrowing, imitating and learning from each other Paris and London invented the modern metropolis.
Tales of Two Cities examines and compares five urban spaces - the pleasure garden, the cemetery, the apartment, the restaurant and the music hall - that defined urban modernity in the nineteenth century. The citizens of Paris and London first created these essential features of the modern cityscape and so defined urban living for all of us. | <urn:uuid:bde5ac1c-daf5-46ac-bedc-d89acc091c61> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ebookmall.com/ebook/tales-of-two-cities-paris-london-and-the-birth-of-the-modern-city/jonathan-conlin/9781848870260 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00309-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959853 | 196 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Has anyone ever told you to stay positive? You should take those words to heart, literally. Paul J. Mills, a professor at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, is a specialist in disease processes. Mills has examined how gratitude can have a positive effect on the heart.
Mills and colleagues recruited 186 male and female adults with prior heart damage, including heart attack, hypertension, or infection. Instead of analyzing heart health through diet, fitness, or lifestyle choices, the participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire aimed at evaluating their level of gratitude.
The results of the research, published in Spirituality and Clinical Practice (2015), found that participants who expressed more gratitude were healthier, including heart health.
“We found that more gratitude in these patients was associated with better mood, better sleep, less fatigue and lower levels of inflammatory biomarkers related to cardiac health,” Mills commented in an American Psychology Association news release.
A follow-up study led by Mills involved 40 participants who were asked to journal about gratitude in their daily lives over a period of two months.
The participants in the follow-up study were tested for biomarkers of heart disease, such as inflammation and heart rhythm, before and after the study. Interestingly, those who wrote more frequently in their journals were found to have a decreased risk of heart disease.
Mills believes that gratitude reduces stress, which is a factor in reducing heart disease risk. “It seems that a more grateful heart is indeed a more healthy heart, and that gratitude journaling is an easy way to support cardiac health,” Mills noted.
How much gratitude do you feel? It appears that a grateful heart is indeed a healthier heart. A feeling of gratitude, as well as writing about it, may have a significant effect on your heart health. Keeping a gratitude journal is a wonderful, heart healthy alternative you can easily employ.
It is important to make your heart health a priority. Doing what you can to decrease your risk for heart disease can help you live a longer, healthier life. Heart disease is the number one killer of adult Americans, responsible for more than 600,000 deaths each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Two of the major contributors to heart disease are poor diet and lack of exercise, and obesity can increase the risk for a variety of diseases.
Here are a few ways to improve heart health, suggested by the American Heart Association (AHA):
Increase physical activity. The AHA recommends 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week. This includes those morning walks around the park at a brisk pace.
Keep your blood pressure in check. High blood pressure isn’t called the “silent killer” for no reason. Hypertension can cause a myriad of health issues, and significantly increases your risk for cardiovascular disease.
Shed some extra pounds. Studies have found that a weight loss goal of seven pounds over a period of one year may reduce your blood pressure by 11 points. This is significant if your systolic pressure is hovering just over 140 mm Hg.
Eat a healthier, more nutritious diet. Proper nutrition is the foundation to losing weight, getting your blood pressure under control and improving energy levels so that you can become more active.
Are you grateful, healthy and happy?
—The Alternative Daily | <urn:uuid:ad0cc356-350c-4865-b434-973de2d12cd1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thealternativedaily.com/gratitude-may-reduce-risk-of-heart-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.940199 | 824 | 2.9375 | 3 |
What does it mean to be an entrepreneur? According to Merriam Webster, an entrepreneur is “an individual that earns a living by being engaged in any kind of form of service activity.” So, from this description, it would show up that an entrepreneur is a person who earns a living by being taken part in any type of form of entrepreneurial company task. A lot more particularly, a business owner is specified as “a proprietor or business owner of a small company or other casual venture.”
A business owner is usually seen as a maker of originalities, products, services, or methods. In order for a company to be successful, nevertheless, the entrepreneur likewise requires to take part in the business’s management. This is done through the creation of proposals or prepare for new ventures, in some cases called service strategies. The reason that service plans are needed for many new ventures is so that the lending institutions as well as investors have an idea of how much money the entrepreneur needs in order to finance his/her brand-new endeavor. Organization plans are also crucial in aiding to obtain credit scores for the brand-new venture. Abiola Oke
For striving entrepreneurs, among the key goals is to learn more about business management. Without this skill, they will discover it very tough to develop a successful service. Apart from organization management, one more crucial ability that striving business owners need to create is the capacity to offer their suggestions. A lot of the time, the only means for an entrepreneur to sell his/her idea is to enter it right into competitions. In fact, there are several competitions available that can help them learn just how to sell their concept.
The initial sort of business owner that we will certainly look at is the scalable startup. The term “scalable” here is merely specified as something that can be increased upon. When it comes to an entrepreneur, this would certainly convert to the entrepreneur developing and also expanding his/her idea into different styles such as a store, web site, or various other comparable things. The best aspect of scaling a suggestion into numerous layouts is that it allows the business owner to make more profits at a lower first cost. This likewise makes it simpler for a business owner to discover brand-new chances as soon as his or her concepts have broadened right into several layouts.
Next off on the checklist of 4 types of business owners, we will see the meaning of medium-sized organization. A medium-sized business, as the name indicates, is a small company that has the ability to keep its earnings even as it continues to expand as well as expand. An entrepreneur who has actually created a medium-sized service will certainly already have some type of market existence although the productivity of his/her enterprise may not be extremely high. This is because many services that are thought about medium-sized fall short to be scalable. One of the reasons they stop working to come to be successful is due to the fact that they don’t have the capability to make substantial financial profits while they’re growing.
The last type of business owner, likewise referred to as the professional supervisor, is the sort of business owner that is involved with the everyday procedures of his/her business. A business owner with this kind of history has established his or her skills in handling other people along with their skills in making a profit. In order to become part of this team, a business owner should can establishing and also carrying out ingenious processes that will certainly assist the entrepreneur satisfy the goals as well as the social needs of his/her clients. This specialist entrepreneur generally has sufficient entrepreneurial skills to be self-sufficient yet he or she may not have the entrepreneurial abilities to be highly successful when it involves developing and also establishing new endeavors. Abiola Oke
Being a business owner simply means that you are creating services or products that can bring about modifications to the world. Being an entrepreneur implies that you will be taking risks, applying your creative thinking, expertise, and skills, and bringing about favorable changes in the world. In order for an entrepreneur to be effective, the globe around him/her should have the ability to recognize the business owner’s vision, interest, as well as determination. Without these points, it is basically impossible for an entrepreneur to be successful. Therefore, being an entrepreneur indicates being a person that can efficiently change the world with his/her items and/or services.
Being an entrepreneur requires focus, determination, adaptability, and being passionate regarding what they are doing. As discussed earlier, entrepreneurs are those that have discovered how to make a profit in a small business. These business owners typically look for to resolve the globe’s problems by thinking of new product and services. Several successful business owners started out as small business proprietors before eventually making massive earnings. These successful entrepreneurs learned how to be effective in a small company by studying the different theories on entrepreneurship, checking out publications, and also submersing themselves in as several kinds of chances as feasible.
An entrepreneur is a person who creates a new business, birthing all the economic dangers and also enjoying all the rewards. A business owner creates a firm to implement their ingenious concept, called entrepreneurship, that combines labor and also capital so as to produce services or products to gain earnings. The chief benefit of an entrepreneur is that the risk of failing is restricted to the financial investment resources, contrasted to tiny or huge organizations, as there is no central body or board to call the shots. However, given that the business owner manages the fate of his venture, he is in an unique position to take decisions sensibly, take risks, as well as be reigned in by unexpected conditions. As an example, in the regrettable events of all-natural disasters such as floodings, earthquakes and storms, business owners have actually been revitalized to take restorative action and rescue the areas damaged by the typhoon or tropical cyclone.
So, what are the typical features of an ambitious entrepreneur? First, they are ambitious, determined and also concentrated. They see achievement in their visions as well as want to transform concepts into facts. A clear vision of a trouble and also an effective drive to solve it trigger business reasoning. Abiola Oke
Second, the entrepreneur intends to deal with various other similar business owners. A committed team player is needed for business success. Without a business state of mind a venture can not succeed. A solid sense of self, social skills, social and individual growth abilities are also vital. Additionally, a strong commitment to quality style as well as growth and the capacity to deal with others in the direction of typical goals as well as purposes is an absolute must. | <urn:uuid:97268af6-b609-4065-bf32-9f84778f4e7a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://skinnypeopleeattoo.com/2021/10/04/things-you-most-likely-didnt-understand-about-business-owner/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.977214 | 1,354 | 2.625 | 3 |
MOU Will Strengthen Active Transportation in San Bernardino County
In early November 2013, the San Bernardino Association of Governments (SANBAG) board adopted a historic Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) (Item 7) with the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG). The MOU commits the two agencies to working together on projects related to the implementation of the 2012 Regional Transportation Plan and Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS). While the RTP/SCS is mandated by SB 375, state legislation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through trying land use and transportation planning in the RTP process, the MOU is strictly voluntary.
The MOU between SCAG and SANBAG demonstrates both agencies’ commitment to the policies, projects and strategies set forth in the 2012 RTP/SCS. It is important for County Transportation Commissions (CTCs) to show commitment to implementation of plans and policies.
Specific planning projects are included in SANBAG’s MOU that will transform San Bernardino County into a more walkable and bikeable place, improve the public health outcomes of its residents and help increase the number of children walking and bicycling to school. The MOU incorporates items recommended in the San Bernardino Active Transportation Vision, statistics and policy recommendations developed by stakeholders from San Bernardino County, including SANBAG staff, San Bernardino County Department of Public Health, Omnitrans, Safe Routes to School National Partnership, American Lung Association, MoveIE and Inland Empire Bicycle Alliance.SANBAG’s MOU will directly affect the way children and students travel to school. The two policies that include strategies for schools are:
- Development of a “Safe Routes to School Inventory”
- Implementation of first-last mile strategies from the award winning “Improvement to Transit Access for Cyclists and Pedestrians” plan.
The first strategy, increasing data collection on Safe Routes to School programs, will help the county and local cities gain a big picture perspective on land use and transportation policy impacts. This data will provide policy makers and agency staff with information to prioritize the needs of cities, such as safety, environment, community development and public health, and link Safe Routes to School funding with countywide bicycle and pedestrian networks. The Safe Routes to School inventory may even lead to more expansive policy efforts, including citywide and countywide Safe Routes to School strategic plans.
The second strategy, implementation of the Transit Access for Cyclists and Pedestrians Plan, will increase access to schools and educational institutions and increase possibilities for combining walking and bicycling with public transportation in San Bernardino County.
Other recommendations in the MOU related to active transportation also encourages SANBAG and San Bernardino County decision-makers to build walkable and bikeable communities, including:
- Explore opportunities to “Expedite Active Transportation Funding” to improve bicycle and pedestrian connectivity countywide.
- Develop “Performance Measurements and Monitoring” for health, greenhouse gas reductions, etc.
- Support the development of “Complete Street Policies” throughout the county and include these components in upcoming countywide projects.
- Support “Legislative Initiatives” that would increase funding for multimodal planning.
The adoption of active transportation policies in the MOU provides opportunities for educating the public, leaders and elected officials about active transportation and its benefits. For children and families in the county, implementation of existing and future bicycle and pedestrian plans will change how they travel to school, work and play. Also, many community colleges, colleges and universities are within the bicycle and pedestrian catchment area, which will influence transportation choices and behaviors of new generations.
At this time, Los Angeles County is the only other county in the Southern California with an MOU with SCAG. As part of our efforts with the regional network project, we will be advocating for other counties to adopt similar MOUs with SCAG and monitor the implementation of existing MOUs.
- Read about the impacts of programs and policies of the 2012 RTP/SCS on active transportation in Reflections of Active Transportation in the 2012 SCAG RTP/SCS
- Read about how SANBAG fits into the transportation decision-making in Southern California in Should SANBAG Expand its role as a COG | <urn:uuid:fa19092b-2241-43e6-a979-0b895a41dfda> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://saferoutespartnership.org/blog/mou-will-strengthen-active-transportation-san-bernardino-county?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00328-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91715 | 880 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Information Archived on the Web
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JERUSALEM — The Honourable Joe Oliver, Canada’s Minister of Natural Resources, issued this statement following his meeting with the Israeli Minister for Energy and Water Resources, Silvan Shalom:
“Minister Shalom and I had an excellent meeting, during which we discussed our shared responsibilities. In particular we both see tremendous opportunities for Canada and Israel to cooperate more closely on energy issues.
“Canada and Israel have a mutually beneficial opportunity to deepen our bilateral energy cooperation. In particular, Israel's recent discoveries of significant offshore gas provide the basis for further collaboration. It is my hope that this visit results in new partnerships between our two countries.
“During my last visit to Israel in June, 2012, Canada and Israel agreed to pursue further cooperation on energy issues, including offshore oil and gas exploration and development, new sources of oil and gas supply and renewable energy. Both countries also agreed to encourage enhanced commercial cooperation between interested companies in the energy sector.
“Canadian companies have expertise in energy-related services and technologies, which would be helpful in developing this sector in Israel. They are also interested in investing in Israel’s offshore, and some are already involved in oil and gas exploration activities there.
“Israel's current state of oil shale resource development has similarities to the early days of Canada’s oil sands and we are pleased to share Canada’s experiences with respect to policy and regulation.
“Science, technology and innovation are important elements of our bilateral relationship, and our two countries have a strong tradition of cooperation in this area. I am pleased that last week we sent out a Call for Proposals under the Canada–Israel Energy Science and Technology Fund.
“The Government of Canada’s focus is jobs, economic growth and long-term prosperity. By working together, we will succeed in helping both of our countries reach their full energy potential, while building on our strong stewardship of the environment.”
Office of Canada's Minister of Natural Resources
Natural Resources Canada
Mon.–Fri., 8:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m. EDT
TTY: 613-996-4397 (teletype for the hearing-impaired)
- Date Modified: | <urn:uuid:808d9551-d3ef-40a9-aacd-d6af59cf3dac> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/media-room/news-release/2013/1691 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00190-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935468 | 552 | 1.617188 | 2 |
If you asked anyone what he or she thought “reality” was, you would be astonished at the variety of answers. Physicists and chemists today are looking for a unifying theory to explain the physical universe we humans think we see “out there.” In their modern theories these experts are seriously conjecturing about infinitesimal scraps of invisible jittering particles called “strings,” that are smaller that sub-atomic particles. Although these brilliant scientists and mathematicians are basically involved with the tangible, physical world, their human, physical senses are inadequate without sophisticated technical equipment and advanced math to speculate about the infinitesimal.
At the same time diligent physicians, psychologists and psychiatrists are investigating the more intangible world of the human brain, personality, and consciousness. Their studies mostly transcend the physical realm, except for the work being done to aid patients with physical and mental disabilities resulting from damaged brain tissue.
Their research fundamentally evaluates our responses to external stimuli, publishes statistical analyses of human behavior, and categorizes the anti-social, abnormal, neurotic and psychotic human behavior considered harmful to society. Included in this elite group should be the computer software and hardware designers and engineers involved with artificial intelligence who explore how the human consciousness handles, processes, and records the sense data considered to be “reality.” They are trying to duplicate with computers the sophisticated thinking processes we humans have developed to deal with environmental challenges.
Still, another dedicated group of intelligent and educated people are trying to find alternate paths to a greater understanding of a spiritual world which they feel lies beyond what the physical senses record. These “metaphysicians” are searching for some mystical world which has little in common with the “rational,” physical world we consciously experience each day in our routine activities. The lack of commonly shared and understood words defining a mystical, invisible world leaves many people uncomfortable with whatever is being discussed about any such transcendental realm.
Without commonly shared experiences in the spiritual realm, most of us have serious reservations about the authenticity of any “happening” in this unfamiliar metaphysical realm. Most examples provided by adherents of these mystical beliefs are considered anecdotal, since reproduction of the events cannot be statistically predicted.
When cause and effect correlations are lacking, scientists have serious doubts about what they are asked to accept. However, demanding physical proof about non-physical coincidences may not be a fair way to judge what is witnessed. How does musical creativity, for example, “happen?” Where does artistic virtuosity “originate?” What causes spontaneous healing? Why does any thought “show up” in the human mind? Where does a novel idea come from?
Like the five blind men who tried to describe an elephant in one of Aesop’s fables, experts who examine one piece of the reality puzzle are most likely doomed to misrepresent the whole. The difficulty from the start for anyone to describe reality is that each researcher brings a different experience, vantage point, and language to the job. Discussions about shared experiences seldom yield identical commentaries. Each explanation about what was observed usually shows the orientation of the observer. How the experience is related afterwards further reveals how the emphasis was placed by the observer in recording the event in his memory.
These differences of opinion in observing anything, however minuscule, can create a great variation of interpretation of the facts when recalled by a human mind and interpreted by a slightly prejudiced pre-observation attitude. Limitations to the accuracy in recalling the circumstances surrounding events witnessed by human beings are well documented. But a subjective distortion of an observed event or object may be minimal when compared with the errors of recording data that can result from using unfocused attention.
It doesn’t take a brilliant scientist to recognize that errors in the premise of a statement always lead to errors in the conclusion. So, we should look very carefully at the premises or the assumptions we use in exploring reality before any scientific investigation begins. In struggling to find a definition of “what’s out there” that is commonly referred to as “reality,” I went to Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. There “reality” was defined as: “the quality or state of being real,” and “something that is real.” (“Real” was defined as: “1) authentic, genuine, 2) actual, true, 3) natural, 4) indubitable, unquestionable.”)
Further, “reality” is: “what actually exists: what has objective existence: what is not a mere idea: what is not imaginary, fictitious, nor pretended.” For all these helping adjectives, “what’s out there” works best for me as a definition providing we are being objective and accurate in recording our impressions of what we witness.
Yet, can we ever be objective about something we subjectively experience? Can we accurately document irrefutable evidence for observations that are made with our primitive senses? Even with a more specific definition, I found myself fumbling with concepts that are paradoxical, complex, counter-intuitive, and quite inexplicable in trying to pin down my own understanding or feelings about reality.
We all tend to view the universe with a slightly jaundiced outlook. Deeply buried or obscured in our psychological make-up is the belief that the human race plays some uniquely significant role. That we are second only to the Creator in importance. That the achievement we have made in progressing as a life form to a level of self-awareness in such isolated and inhospitable circumstances is superlative. That as a reward for arriving at this pinnacle of successful living and breeding, we might even be granted some special eternal existence, provided we pay proper homage to the eternal Creator.
Such latent arrogance must be extracted from any serious pursuit of a way or method to determine what constitutes reality. The scientific study of DNA seems to be something humans desire passionately in order to enhance their short earthly longevity more than to provide insight about how the overall universe works. This selfish attitude troubles me because any such strictly physiological progress aids us basically in promoting the disastrous population growth Malthus predicted rather than identifying and enhancing our human understanding of reality.
Because of our propensity to favor research that seems to economically benefit the decision makers and leaders of the human race, we plod ahead on projects that may not yield much real insight about how the “real” world works. Blinded by our conception that the purpose of this universe is to promote the human species, we ignore the great possibility that the purpose behind what is evolving “out there” should be evaluated at a totally different perspective than the human one.
The realization that the DNA molecule achieves so much without a “brain” ought to give us pause. Perhaps universal intelligence is communicated in ways we haven’t thought about yet. But we won’t begin to think about that possibility until we relinquish our belief that only highly “advanced” animals with brains full of neurons can think, use reason, etc. as humans do.
When scientists finally became convinced that the solar system was heliocentric, this knowledge didn’t immediately help the human race. When Columbus reached the Western Hemisphere, the result was initially disappointing because he had not reached El Dorado or the source of the spice trade. When the first Americans landed on the barren moon scape, there was little earthly exuberance beyond celebrating the bragging rights for beating the Russians to this uninhabited satellite.
Progress doesn’t always benefit humankind immediately. Knowledge about our universe is initially unfathomable. New ideas shouldn’t interfere with the general population having fun, I guess. Still, curious humans keep turning over rocks and digging up fossils wondering about what physical history could teach us. If we could find the secrets that underlie reality, the future might become less disconcerting and terrifying.
Where do we amateur sleuths begin our investigation of reality? The scientific professionals are consumed with their basic research in the three major directions I mentioned at the beginning of this article: the physical, the mental, and the spiritual. Humbly, I hope, we can proceed in a new direction with awe for a world infinitely more complex than we have ever imagined, certainly beyond the grasp of the five human senses, and possibly outside even the wildest extrapolations of our most celebrated science fiction writers.
Yet in this exotic swirl of perplexing details, multiple levels of thought or dimensions of perceptions, and exceptionally confusing paradoxes, I see a unity that has been ignored. To understand the underlying “glue” which binds everything “real” together, I think we need to use a more holistic approach. For this exercise I suggest you put on your Dilbert tie, and go with me to examine in depth two microcosms: one most of you will recognize as the corporate “world.” (It may not be your reality, but it presents many of the characteristics that construct a humanly perceived reality.) The other is my fantasy world of the DNA molecule.
So, let’s proceed to compare the two, bearing in mind that I am looking for similarities primarily. You are free to provide the dissimilarities and exceptions. By weaving together common threads, I hope to outline some new approach to be challenged and examined further. In setting up a dichotomy of similarities, I must establish the roles. The employee of the corporation is the counterpart of the DNA molecule. The corporation, as a legally constituted and freely functioning “person,” is the product of the actions of the employees. Likewise, the human “being” is the result of all the activity of the DNA molecules.
What can be observed immediately is that both the corporate entity and the human organism in our current perception of reality make plans, take action, have success, experience set-backs, and live longer than the individual employees and the DNA molecules that die off with their cells. The potentially longer longevity and assembled power these composite “persons” possess versus that of their constituents lend an aura of greater importance to the summary person (legal or physical) rather than the individual constituents (the human beings and the DNA molecules.)
The purpose of the two amalgamated persons transcends that of the employees and the DNA molecules. Although the actions of the corporation or human body may be destructive or counterproductive to the whole entity, and their purposes may be at odds with the desires of the employees and intentions of the DNA molecules, the “executive” in charge of the organization calls the shots. A successful “higher” level entity survives and prospers when the decisions taken yield beneficial results to the amalgamated organism. Such decisions, however. may not benefit parts of the organization which atrophy and fade away.
The two composite entities do not physically resemble their constituents. A corporation may have physical assets, concrete structures, and identifiable logos, but it really is an amorphous, transcendent, fictional being whose so-called life and unique powers are bestowed by outside legal entities. These other legal entities accept the corporation’s existence and permit it to participate in the market (or in the industry.) Likewise, the human bag of bones with its physical and mental talents or assets derives its self-importance from being born and protected by others who adopt them into their families. What is definitive, however, it that the organization created is endowed with a certain uniqueness and power to act independently in the eyes of external observers.
The two organizations, and all other organizations we are familiar with, create roles and rules for the constituents: 1) Play your part. 2) Do your best. 3) Follow the rules. 4) Help others in need. 5) Support the group’s mission (the organization’s “prime directive.”) For accomplishing all this, the individual participants are permitted to continue to do their jobs or play their parts. If not, they are counseled or dismissed. In the case of any rogue DNA molecules, they are tamed by enzymes or isolated and discharged.
Perhaps this is too simplified an analysis. Certainly, the processes are much more complicated, but the results are what’s significant here. The growth in complexity of the two entities is very similar. From a very simple beginning the DNA molecules somehow instruct other molecules before cell division takes place what their roles are and how to perform them to create the ultimate human entity. In the beginning of a corporation the founding employee forms a group which is expanded by teaching others the unique processes, etc., which create the product or service that makes the corporation “viable.” The self-dividing process of DNA molecules is duplicated in the corporation by hiring or training “copies” of employees who possess the experience and capabilities needed to carry on the various essential functions.
In “reality” then we have two superstructures composed of a multitude of participating elements that bring a certain intelligence to the organism, first in constructing it and second in providing a communicating system by which the organism can continue to function at a more sophisticated level outside of itself. These two complexly designed entities go out into a different “reality” and try to perform in environments that are foreign and strange to their many constituents. But these constituents are relatively intelligent and capable of learning from information feed-back so that they can teach their replacements the evolving “rules of the game.”
However, when these constituents fail to adapt the organisms/entities to environmental changes in sufficient time to maintain the organism’s viability, then the failing organism reduces its activities or ends operations (dies). The mission of the constituents could be summarized as: “prolong the existence and strengthen the structure of the higher entity at all costs.”
From the examples that I have sketched above, we can begin to understand what is happening “out there” to confuse us. The “reality” that we picture in our minds is more than a combination of the physical (bodies or buildings), mental (attitudes or intelligence sharing), and spiritual (mores or quality commitment) pieces. The wholeness of the human person or the legal person that is perceived or considered as part of “reality” must also include the unseen, imaginary, or theoretical “organizer” that directs the responses of the entity to the environment encountered and controls all the participants in the complex relationship. The resulting “wholeness” is more than the sum of the parts. Although we can acknowledge its presence by the results of its actions, we cannot yet identify the “intelligent commander” that assumes that role
The proponents of chaos theory have observed that the elements of Nature seem to respond to a universal law that everything sooner or later becomes self-organizing. With this propensity, proclivity, or predisposition for self-organizing, basic elements in Nature to “do their thing.” There also seems to be some latent, but powerful, motivation for stabilizing patterns, harmonizing groups, and designing symmetry. Much deeper insight into predicting results is necessary to better understand the exotic rules behind chaos theory.
Consistent, reliable projections require controlled experiments very difficult to establish. Unfortunately, an undisturbed environment is extremely unlikely. Accidental or deliberate disruptions are happening all the time such that trackable consequences are not very easy to identify. The preliminary evidence at this time, however, supports the theory of self-organization. Where we should put these studies in the pantheon of the sciences I leave to you, but I seriously suggest we begin to acknowledge that there are other areas to be examined before we can put together a better, more complete concept of reality.
The likelihood, then, is that reality is a universe made up of elements (and even ideas) that tend to get themselves organized for eventually fitting into some kind of whole. We humans are too ill-equipped to conceive of what this whole might be, but our analysis here certainly suggests they we should not limit our studies to one simple concept of reality (physical, mental or spiritual.) Instead we should be actively seeking to incorporate the potentialities of all our ideas into the fabric of the astounding universe.
Perhaps even the definition of reality should be changed to include what today might be considered imaginary and fictitious. We then would have a definition which could include the miraculous, the inexplicable, and the unpredictable results based on the famous law of unanticipated consequences. Such an expanded definition is necessary to cover the concepts of the “infinite” and “eternal” – so difficult for humans to handle being spatially and temporally limited – as well as the irrational square root of negative one. By enlarging the interpretation of reality, I may not have made it easier for humans to describe it, but I haven’t excluded anything that may eventually turn out to be “real” and substantial.
Reality would then be all of what the Creator thought of and made (or thinks of and makes), and not one iota less. | <urn:uuid:5c21be8b-e4da-461e-839b-1ba2506d87fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://newsblaze.com/thoughts/opinions/ruminating-about-reality_13560/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00161-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949037 | 3,542 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Original title: Life Like Japanese Female Robot
Pancake day special!The video shows a Barrett WAM robot learning to flip pancakes by reinforcement learning. The motion is encoded in a mixture of basis force fields through an extension of Dynamic...
Roller speed skater fail. 2010 Guarne Colombia
Cute owl hunting invisible prey
Classic Cartoon Theme Songs Montage Medley On Acoustic Guitar
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New: Posting a message doesn't reload the page | <urn:uuid:9f53ad84-cc02-4649-803d-e3213eb3d65e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dovga.com/video/396/life-like-japanese-female-robot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.806069 | 107 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Another thing I’ve devoted more of my time to recently is the handstand press. While a normal handstand does not take very much strength many of the presses do.
Handstand presses can be broken down into two main groups. Those done with straight arms and those down with bent arms.
The various bent arm presses take a high degree of strength in the shoulders, triceps and also the chest in many cases.
Straight arm press-ups still take strength but in different areas. Also you will need flexible wrists, hamstrings, and the ability to compress your body in half. In fact the more flexibility you have the less strength you will need.
For all these reasons most people will be better at either straight arm or bent arm presses. There are many people who can do the straight arm variety but will fall on their face if they have to bend their arms.
On the other hand most stronger people can do many bent armed presses. These take tremendous arm and shoulder strength to pull off successfully as you have to hold your entire bodyweight in mid air for a length of time. But for these people the straight arm presses can be elusive.
In the end you want to be able to do both. In order to do this you must train for both.
Presses are not easy, especially if you’re not of the average gymnast size. But it can be done.
If you’ve ever wondered why hand balancers are so strong this is one of the major keys. So start pressing.
Good Luck and Good Hand Balancing,
P.S. There are so many ways you can press up into a handstand. Have you mastered them all? Start where you can and work from there. | <urn:uuid:5b2bd46c-a828-4566-8950-7b9e21bb51f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lostartofhandbalancing.com/bent-and-straight-arm-handstand-presses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.943156 | 361 | 2.03125 | 2 |
BT pulls the plug on 56K dial-up
August 30, 2013 | 08:47
This weekend marks the end of an era as telecommunications giant BT finally pulls the plug on its long-running dial-up internet service, forcibly ushering in the age of broadband.
For younger readers, dial-up internet was the way browsers of a certain age got online in the dark old days. Using an analogue modem - which literally transformed data into audible screeching, and listened for the response - connected to a Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) line, it was possible to browse the internet at a theoretical peak speed of 56.6Kb/s. In reality, this speed was rarely achieved with around 48Kb/s - or less than a three-hundredth Ofcom's average UK broadband speed - being as good as it ever got.
Dial-up connections over telephone lines predate the internet, however. Modems running at 300b/s - yes, that's bits per second - were a common way of accessing remote time-share systems in the early days of computing, with the device on a user's desk more often than not being a dumb terminal or even teletype printer with little to no processing capabilities of its own.
As the microcomputing boom took flight in the late 70s and early 80s, bulletin board systems (BBSes) became increasingly popular. A text-only equivalent to modern web forums, many offered connection speeds as high as 9,600b/s - which soon became limiting when users discovered ways to share pictures, sounds and program files by encoding them as ASCII text.
Modem technology improved over the years to the heady heights of 56Kb/s, but the birth of the internet spelled trouble for analogue connections. Suddenly, text was playing second fiddle to graphics, and soon animations, streaming audio and even video - and the birth of the broadband age began. Now, Ofcom claims an average broadband speed in the UK of 14.7Mb/s - something even supercomputing systems could only have dreamed of a few short decades ago.
The most common broadband connection type in the UK, Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), offers advantages beyond improved speeds, too. Those who remember dial-up will recall with no fondness at all the per-minute billing that could see larger downloads costing an absolute fortune, and even when BT and others introduced an 'unlimited' Freephone option for a monthly subscription fee this came with a strict two-hour per-session connection limit.
Using spare bandwidth on the copper wires as a carrier for the digital signal, ADSL also means you can be online without tying up the phone line - allowing heavy users to finally ditch the second line they had relied upon for voice calls.
Now, the familiar screech of a 56K handshake is going away with BT finally pulling the plug on its long-running dial-up system. Although the company will still offer dial-up connectivity through its Plusnet subsidiary, customers currently with BT connections will be forced to switch - or, if their lines support it, to upgrade to an ADSL connection.
The technology behind analogue modems isn't likely to go away any time soon, however: the system still underpins many everyday devices, in particular those in the banking sector with many third-party automated teller machines (ATMs) and chip-and-PIN systems relying on a dial-up connection to bank networks. | <urn:uuid:3801298d-e34d-4cf8-8774-4f55cd066265> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bit-tech.net/news/tech/networking/bt-dial-up/1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.951625 | 722 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Activists raised $1.3 million for Black Lives Matter through a bake sale
The bake sale has always been a powerful tool for grassroots activism. Georgia Gilmore, a Black cook from Alabama used her cooking skills to raise money during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Now, three pastry chefs launched Bakers Against Racism, an international bake sale which took place from June 15-20, in which proceeds went directly to organizations in support of Black lives. The organizing bakers saw how the Black Lives Matter movement needed constant funding to post bail, send money to families, and maintain long-term organizing efforts. For those deprived of more formal political sway, home-baked goods have long been a useful tactic, which is why women were the first to host them, according to TASTE Magazine. As of June 22, they collectively raised $1.3 million, with donations continuing to roll in. | <urn:uuid:0c062e5e-0621-4780-a57c-99824d46a832> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thecounter.org/blm-black-lives-matter-bake-sale-millions-raised/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.970218 | 181 | 1.875 | 2 |
Adoption of new technology is driving significant productivity gains in the sheep industry, with new research set to accelerate the use of DNA testing and flock management tools.
Researchers, producers and meat processors told today’s Sheep CRC Concept to Impact conference in Adelaide, that DNA testing was already delivering superior sheep carrying the genes which determine the eating quality of lamb on supermarket shelves.
And over the next five years the Sheep CRC will pursue full genome sequencing to deliver producers with cheaper and faster DNA tests that can identify a wider range of traits that drive flock productivity.
"This is an exciting time to be part of the Australian sheep industry, with adoption of technology now reaching a tipping point that could result in major improvements to flock performance over the years ahead," Sheep CRC chief executive James Rowe said.
The new research agenda for the Sheep CRC was officially launched at the conference by the Federal Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Industry, Bob Baldwin, who said the CRC’s success so far in delivering practical research was due to its effective collaboration with industry.
Operating as part of the Federal Department of Industry’s CRC program, the Sheep CRC is a collaboration of 38 Participants from industry, government and the commercial sector.
It is working to increase the productivity and profitability of the industry through adoption of new technologies in both the meat and wool supply chains.
The Concept to Impact conference also heard from speakers including Victorian producer and Nuffield scholar Matthew Ipsen, who said adoption of CRC research in the area of pregnancy scanning of ewes was delivering higher lambing percentages.
"A lambing percentage of 80 per cent is not enough to provide a breeder with replacement ewes as well as generate the selection pressure needed to improve the quality of a flock," Mr Ipsen said.
"Pregnancy scanning helps producers increase their lambing percentages by providing the information they need to remove barren ewes from the flock and ensure available nutrition is matched to the pregnancy status of ewes."
NSW producer Murray Long, of Pendarra White Suffolks, told the conference DNA testing was saving his operation time and money by quickly identifying superior sheep for his breeding program.
"Genomics is not only a way of breeding more productive sheep and ultimately making lamb more appealing to consumers, but I can use genomics to make my management a lot easier and a lot more streamlined and that’s really exciting," Mr Long said. The CRC for Sheep Industry Innovation is co-funded under the Commonwealth Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program Transforming wool, meat and the sheep that produce them
Prof. Rowe said the research agenda for the next five years included work with the sheepmeat supply chain to ensure that improvements in eating quality could be identified and its value recognised.
"We will also be working to develop flock monitoring systems for use in large-scale operations so that producers can identify individual animals at risk of compromised health and well-being, so that they can intervene early and manage their flocks accordingly," Prof. Rowe said.
Caption: Sheep CRC Chief Executive James Rowe.
Media contact: Michael Thomson, Cox Inall Communications, 0408 819 666 | <urn:uuid:64ee76e2-8cf1-4007-9d29-07072453bc47> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.sheepcrc.org.au/information/news/new-era-ahead-for-technology-focussed-sheep-industry-10-07-2014.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00193-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948233 | 645 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Loihi is an active submarine volcano located 35km S of the island of Hawaii and may eventually grow to be the next and S most island in the Hawaiian chain. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory recorded two major earthquake swarms located there in 1971-1972 and 1975 which were probably associated with submarine eruptions or intrusions. The swarms were located very close to Loihi's bathymetric summit, except for earthquakes during the second stage of the 1971-1972 swarm, which occurred well onto Loihi's SW flank. The flank earthquakes appear to have been triggered by the preceding activity and possible rifting along Loihi's long axis, similar to the rift-flank relationship at Kilauea volcano. Other changes accompanied the shift in locations from Loihi's summit to its flank, including a shift from burst to continuous seismicity, a rise in maximum magnitude, a change from small earthquake clusters to a larger elongated zone, a drop in b value, and a presumed shift from concentrated volcanic stresses to a more diffuse tectonic stress on Loihi's flank. - Author
Additional publication details
Earthquakes of Loihi submarine volcano and the Hawaiian hot spot. | <urn:uuid:00f13419-e04b-4f69-8a13-a48461b15e8b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70011527 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00510-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954044 | 243 | 2.921875 | 3 |
What can mountaineers teach doctors?
Extreme sports fans have always tested themselves to the limits, but now, an understanding of how our bodies react to extreme environments is helping medical professionals treat critical patients in intensive care. We were joined by Dan Martin from the Centre of Altitude and Extreme Environment Medicine at University College London.
Kate - You climbed to the summit of the highest mountain in the world, Mt. Everest in 2007 as part of the Xtreme Everest Project. What can we do on that mountain that can give us an insight into how our bodies change at altitude?
Dan - Well, the purpose of going there in 2007 was to look at how volunteers adapted to the very low levels of oxygen, not only going up the mountain, but also coming to base camp where we had a big laboratory set up. We wanted to see if we could pick out physiological mechanisms that would determine who would do well and who would do less well at altitude, and perhaps this would allow us to understand more about a similar situation which is patients on intensive care units who, pretty much all of them, at some point in time during their stay on the intensive care unit are exposed to very similar levels of oxygen in their bloodstream.
Kate - Now, while you were on your way back down from the summit, you actually drew your own blood and came up with the lowest amount of blood oxygen ever recorded. How did it feel to get that record at that time?
Dan - At that time, we obviously didn't realise how low the numbers were. A little group of us stopped just below the summit and the weather was not precisely what we wanted it to be on the day as weather is from time to time. It was a little bit too windy to strip off and expose ourselves, because you have to take the blood from an artery in your groin, so you have to take off those big down suits that you see people wearing on the summit of Everest. So, we dropped down a little bit, made a little shelter, took the blood from each other and then rushed the samples down the mountain. It was only much later in the day when we saw the figures from our laboratory where it was processed and we were really quite surprised at just how low those figures were.
Kate - Were you wearing oxygen mask at that time because I know a lot of climbers wear those to get to the summit of Everest? Would that have affected your blood oxygen level?
Dan - So, we did climb with oxygen and we certainly summited wearing oxygen because we felt it to be safer that way. But when we came down to the shelter where we took the samples, we took the oxygen off and then sat and rested for about 20 minutes, half an hour, to ensure that the oxygen had flushed out of our bloodstream and then we took the samples.
Kate - You were talking a little bit earlier about how different people physiologically react to the altitude. If you had the lowest amount, does that mean that you reacted worse to other people and why might that be?
Dan - What it may demonstrate is that me and probably lots of other people, it's just that they haven't been tested, have an amazing ability to adapt to these very low levels of oxygen and actually, whether your blood level is high or low may not be relevant at all. It's the adaptive processes that are going on underneath which we're really interested in.
Kate - It's not just about the amount of oxygen in our blood though as you just mentioned. It's also about how it reaches our tissues. How does that change at altitude? How do we know how much oxygen is actually getting to our tissues and how effective that system is coping with the altitude?
Dan - In 2007, we looked at a lot of processes which govern what we call 'oxygen delivery'. So, how much oxygen leaves your lungs and your heart and is pushed around your circulatory system to the tissues which require it. And what's interesting from what we found is that there's barely any difference between the people who do well and the people who do less well, with the amount of oxygen that's delivered. That also mirrors what we see on intensive care units, so, what we're really focusing on now is how the oxygen is delivered on a microscopic scale within something called your microcirculation - the very tiny blood vessels which pass through all your tissues and organs. And even further than that, how the tissues and cells use that oxygen so the mitochondria in the tissues and how they respond differently in different people.
Kate - We're all familiar with that Casualty image of the oxygen mask over patients' faces though I suppose and that's a little bit similar to the climbing mask that you wear. If we're looking at oxygen on a micro level, is that oxygen mask that we imagine in intensive care, how do we know that that's helping in the right way?
Dan - Well, it may not be helping and that's part of the strategy that we're looking into. Oxygen is very harmful. It's a toxic substance and given in high concentrations, it's very damaging to the tissues in your body. So, what we're striving to find is an alternative way to treat people who've got low levels of oxygen and that may involve using drugs and strategies to alter what's happening at a cellular level. We know that the mitochondria behave very differently when they're exposed to low levels of oxygen for prolonged amount of time and it may be that we can alter the way in which they work eventually, using some sort of medication.
Kate - When you go to Everest, you go up the stages of altitude quite slowly to avoid altitude sickness, amd over time, your body becomes acclimatises to the low levels of oxygen that you mentioned a little bit earlier. When we go into an intensive care ward and that person has low levels of oxygen, they haven't had time to acclimatise to it. Is the idea of trying to work out how we can get intensive care patients to bring on that more effective system of handling low oxygen levels?
Dan - Yes, absolutely. What we're not trying to do is to look at the very acute injuries that people may have. So, they have a road traffic accident for example and are brought into the accident and emergency department, that's a very acute change in the amount of oxygen in their blood, and those people most definitely need oxygen to get them through that. But as you get slowly sicker, and sicker, and we look after patients on the intensive care unit for weeks and month on end, they will produce the same sort of adaptations that climbers produce as they're climbing big mountains. And we may be able to alter the way in which that happens for the people who are not doing it very well, such that their cells and microcirculation may work better in low levels of oxygen.
Kate - Can we encourage those adaptations to take place?
Dan - We certainly may be able to. We are looking at a substance called nitric oxide which is a naturally occurring substance in the body which helps to control the microcirculation and also to alter how the mitochondria work under different circumstances and we've already looked at a previous experiment when we went to the Alps in 2010 at altering the amount of nitric oxide in your body to see if it will alter cellular processes when you're exposed to low levels of oxygen.
Kate - We're still doing these trips to Everest and these trips to other mountainous areas. What are the next experiments that we can do up there to further our knowledge of low oxygen levels?
Dan - We have no plans to return in the near future, but another strategy that we use and we've been working with our colleagues in the United States at Duke University is they have a hypobaric chamber set up and in the chambers, it's a far safer environment than perhaps being at the top of Everest. So, we can do fairly invasive and very focused studies on small groups of people. So, I think that's perhaps where we will take our work next to look at some very detailed studies in the future.
Kate - And how does that hypobaric chamber work? Does that change pressure levels?
Dan - Yes, it does. So, it simulates high altitude. It's the opposite if you like to a hyperbaric chamber that people are more familiar with that treats divers with decompression illness. In this chamber, the pressure is reduced rather than increased. So, it's as if you were ascending to high altitude, but what it does mean is that you can have a very safe set up inside and you can get people out quickly if there are problems during experiments. | <urn:uuid:30f73e23-203c-4d56-b58f-4b0b8deaafb3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/interviews/what-can-mountaineers-teach-doctors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00400-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980846 | 1,771 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Ground improvement is the primary application of many geotechnical construction techniques to achieve soil stabilization, permitting construction on soils by changing their characteristics. Soil mixing is one of several soil stabilization methods that is used to increase shear strength and reduces compressibility and permeability of soft soils, thus providing increased ground stabilisation. Dynamic compaction permits shallow spread footing construction, collapses voids, and lowers the liquefaction potential. Injection systems improve the characteristics of expansive clays. Ground stabilization services such as Rapid impact compaction permits shallow spread footing construction. Vibro compaction, vibro replacement, and Vibro Piers, improve granular soils for higher bearing capacity, reduced settlement, and reduced liquefaction potential. Other soil stabilization techniques such as Rigid inclusions reduce settlement and increase bearing capacity of weak underlying stratum. Vibro concrete columns reduce settlement, increase bearing capacity, and increase slope stability. Hayward Baker has experience with the full range of ground stabilisation and other improvement techniques to improve soils. | <urn:uuid:8be2372d-4b6f-49cb-9f57-dda950daea68> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.haywardbaker.com/WhatWeDo/Applications/GroundImprovement/default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00382-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919689 | 206 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Now hear this
West Tualatin View fourth-graders say new podcasts plug them into lessons on technology
Grabbing a high-end condenser microphone, fourth-grader McKenzie Metcalf goes through her paces, trying to reach the perfect sound level.
'Testing 1-2-3,' she said. 'That's good.'
With that, Metcalf and her fellow fourth-graders at West Tualatin View Elementary School are ready to record their most recent endeavor - a podcast of student book reviews.
Fourth graders at the school are responsible for designing, editing and recording the podcasts, audio pieces that can be downloaded to such devices as iPods or mp3 players.
'They learn how to use microphones, set a sound system, write their scripts,' said Jill Mohr, the school's technology specialist.
Mohr said the technology to broadcast the podcasts was made available through a generous grant from the West Tualatin View's Parent Teacher Club, resulting in the purchase of a video and sound system as well as a high speed computer for video editing.
The podcasts can be downloaded at iTunes or heard on the school's Web site: www.beaverton.k12.or.us/west_tv/podcasts.
'We have a core group of students we're working with training,' said Mohr. They can go to itunes to get it as well.
Students take turns doing research and recording.
'Everybody does all the parts involved,' said Alicia Streit, a fourth-grade teacher.
While attending a technology conference several years ago, Streit said she learned how important podcasts were predicted to become with the ability to reach a wide number of people on the Web.
'Now people all over the world are listening to this,' said Streit. 'It's just a real interesting thing on how students publish their work.'
Students began experimenting with podcasts last year. This year, they have produced several including the 'Medieval Times,' an audio information that gives students a taste of what life was like in the Middle Ages, and 'All About Space,' which provides an informative look at space travel, stars and more.
'We research our topic and write a report on that topic,' fourth-grader Emilee Phillips explained.
Madeline Leonard, another fourth-grader, said students use Garageband, an Apple software download, to record their voice and then add music. Leonard said she's found Garageband an easy program to learn and now that she has some experience, 'it's way easier.'
Meanwhile Metcalf said she's had a great time with the podcasts.
'I probably like the recording and the music,' she said.
Kyra Patton's favorite part of the production is recording the podcast and listening to it when it's completed.
Now the students are working on a World War II podcast.
'We're actually going to add graphics,' said Mohr, noting that those with video iPods will be able to download images along with the audio portion.
And how do fellow students like the podcasts?
'Most people, I think, think it's pretty cool,' said Leonard.
Also, West Tualatin View fifth-graders produce a 10 to 15 minute broadcast - 'All Star News' - every other month, editing the entire production on the computer.
Meanwhile, the school is moving toward becoming even more technologically advanced with the purchase of 24 GPS systems, thanks to a $4,600 grant from Lowe's home improvement stores. The equipment is on order.
'So all the students (in a class) will be able to have one,' Mohr said.
The devices will be used in math and science curriculum and other activities, said Mohr, who as a volunteer with the Yamhill County Search and Rescue, said she's seen how important satellite communication has become.
Mohr said the learning experience regarding high-tech gadgetry goes beyond having the equipment for it's own sake.
'Sometimes technology is that hook students need to become involved in what they're studying,' she said. | <urn:uuid:887d3c10-b784-40d1-9080-5af40c376d16> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=83109 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00402-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961636 | 845 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Essay, Research Paper
The Imposition of Law as Free Will
The Myth of the Social Contract
The Social Contract is defined to be the method by which a people agree to the systematic limitation of their rights for the purpose of gaining governmental protection. It is the theory that all people agree to the imposition of law and the restriction of their personal freedoms in exchange for safety. The founding tenet of the Social Contract is that people agree to the limitation of their natural rights for the benefit of governmental protection. Yet most often in a working society can one see that many people do not agree to the oppression of law; rather, that they rebel against it. The Social Contract is meant to justify governmental oppression by saying that people consent to, indeed support it. The ideas expressed in this theory, though, are not reflected within the working of a real society. Many people, though they often may not constitute the majority, actually resist the imposition of law because they refuse to surrender their natural rights to a government that they perceive to be a menace to their liberty and a threat to their safety. The Social Contract attempts to portray the state as the free will of mankind. Yet individuals do not consent to the rule of their government, rather it is imposed upon them. Children are taught respect for the law and government but, as adults, they are not given the ability to make a rational decision on whether or not to accept them. As clearly stated by Joseph Raz in his text ?The Obligation to Obey the Law?,
?The obligation to obey the law is a general obligation applying to all the law?s subjects and to all occasions to which they apply. To look for an obligation to obey the law of a certain country is to look for grounds which make it desirable, other things being equal, that one should do as the law requires.?
People are not allowed the ability to logically analyze the justifications for the rule of law and the existence of government; they are forced merely to accept them. So not only does law impose ideals without giving justification; it also imposes itself without justification. Law does not allow itself to be vulnerable to criticism; instead of allowing people to judge it by its merits and failings law forcefully imposes itself, without consent based on analysis and understanding. The Social Contract purports that people who agree to the imposition of law upon them do so in exchange for the protection of the government. Still, as one can see, in reality government often fails, indeed never attempts, to protect its own people. The purpose of law and punishment is to “protect” the people, but the fact that punishment need be imposed only illustrates the fact that it does not protect. Punishment is imposed only after harmful actions against society have been carried out. In order for punishment to be applied there first must be a crime- an action that is government’s responsibility to prevent from taking place.
When law is applied government has already failed to protect the individual; punishment will do nothing to help the victim after they have been victimized. Law does not, in truth, prevent such behavior; it only deals with it once it has occurred. Law does nothing to prevent socially harmful behavior; it therefore does not protect in accordance with the tenets set forth in the theory of the Social Contract. Governmental oppression is justified by saying that people agree to it but, in truth, people are not given the chance to agree or to disagree; government is imposed rather than chosen. Choice is therefore replaced by the law and the free will of the individual replaced by the actions of the government. It is through government that many people become subject to ideals they would never accept, actions they would never support, and people they would never respect. The Illusion of Extension Government has been purported as the will of the people. It is believed that the will of the people is manifest in governmental actions. Too many individuals feel as if they can actually affect governmental policy and themselves regulate governmental actions. People have been led to believe that they are the government. People somehow feel that, because of the vote, they can actually control the decisions of their government. The people have been manipulated into believing that they are the government and that they make the choices that determine the fate of their nation. Yet, realistically, what power can one man hold over 270 million? What is one voice among such a multitude? The common person, only seen by the government as a drop in the ocean, can do nothing and can affect nothing with the vote. Through the vote, an enlightened human being, so like a single drop in the ocean, can do nothing to hold back the tidal waves of ignorance. Too often can one see that the will of the majority, as well as the will of the minority, is never carried out by the government. Even when the ignorant multitudes push for change the government still refuses to follow up on the people’s demands. Those in power have little to fear from the weak including those voices that are heard need fear nothing from those who cannot speak. This is the political state of America, indeed of all nations; the people are not the source of governmental power, rather, they are the subjects of it. The citizens of this nation have somehow been led to believe that they are not just ordinary citizens; they are the politicians who pass the laws, the judges who sentence the “guilty,” and the police who beat down the minority.
?Rawls reminds us that the civil disobedient suffers inconvenience, expense, taunts, threats, real danger, and eventually punishment. His willingness, in the typical case, to suffer these consequences helps to demonstrate that his purpose is to protest an injustice or a wrong- not to achieve an immediate gain for himself.?
This is the illusion of extension that all people hold. Somehow the American government has been able to fool its people into believing that, out of the pits of ignorance, they can extend their wills to affect the government and the nation; that, somehow, their feeble minds can direct the destiny of this country. The powerless have been led to feel powerful, and because of this they have not been inclined to seek the influence and power that their government has stolen from them. The vote is little more than a political technique of maintaining governmental stability. The purpose of the vote is, not only to lead people to believe that they are the government, but to cause people to feel as if they, because they have used the vote to elect certain officials into office, are themselves responsible for what the government has done. If people are displeased with governmental actions the existence of the vote leads them to seek to modify the governmental leadership rather than the government itself. The blame is shifted from the imperfect and corrupt structure of the government and placed upon those who lead it. The vote restricts perception of ideals that go beyond the rigid governmental structure. People therefore wish to pursue governmental modification in lieu of social revolution. The people, who often wish for change in an unchanging structure, are led to superficially modify the governmental leadership rather than end the social ills that devastate their lives. Voting creates the illusion of choice; it leads those who have no freedom to feel as if they are free. The vote is nothing more than a decision fabricated by the government. It is a decision that, when made, yields no result. It makes people feel as if they are controlling the government rather than being controlled by the government. Making this illusory decision is nothing more than an acceptance of the governmental structure and the status quo. To vote is to accept the evils that plague society. Free will and self-government, the Dominance of Choice and the Social Condition. What is it that determines a person’s actions? Are the actions of an individual determined by the dictates of law and government or, rather, is an individual compelled to act in certain ways for other reasons? Can a person’s actions truly be controlled by the constraints set forth by the law? What is it that influences a person’s actions? Can law, a vast and confusing set of governmental dictates, truly hold more influence over a person’s actions than can their own moral ideologies? Can an individual, who must make decisions on a daily basis, constantly turn to law for behavioral guidance? Individual actions are not compelled by the law but rather by morality and by an individual’s personal belief of what is right. Human behavior is driven by choice. Law attempts to take away that choice; law attempts to prevent people from having the ability to control their own actions. Law intends to make behavioral decisions for the people rather than allowing them to make their own moral choices. It is here that law infringes upon the most basic rights of the human race and where law violates the natural gifts of mankind. Law attempts to automatize mankind by relieving individuals from the “burden” of making their own decisions. Choice must always dominate over law, but choice can be over-ridden by environment. Regardless of moral ideology an individual can be compelled, indeed forced, to act contrary to their moral beliefs when faced with unacceptable social circumstances over which they have no control. Law, while seeking to eradicate personal choice, maintains the social ills that circumvent moral ideology. Law seeks to make the individual nothing more than an automaton; programmed by governmental dictates and compelled by environmental conditions. For an individual to be free they must not only have the absolute ability to make their own decisions, but they must also live in an environment which does not drive them to act in socially unacceptable ways. Law has defined all unacceptable behavior as the result of human choice and so has chosen to ignore, indeed justify, the existence of endemic social problems which over-ride choice and morality. Because law endangers individual freedom it endangers the very concept of humanity itself. What, after all, is a person who cannot think, who cannot choose, who cannot act of their own accord? Responsible Choice and self-control when an individual’s behavior is not adversely affected by their environment it is their personal choice which determines their actions. Law cannot be imposed as a substitute for morality, nor can it be accepted as the answer to all of life’s decisions. An individual must make their own choices to be free; they must have the ability to comprehend, analyze, and understand morality. Dictation alone cannot suffice for freedom, nor can it ever be imposed as a substitute for education and morality. If a person is to be truly free they must have the ability to make their own decisions. Therefore, if a society is to have both freedom and peace, the people must exist in a condition in which they can make whatever choices they wish, but where they also have the education and responsibility to make the right decisions. Education, unlike law, is not a restriction, but a guide. Education is a positive behavioral influence that promotes freedom and instills morality. For an individual to be free they cannot be controlled in any way, save being influenced by their own moral ideology. The invasive restrictions of law cannot be reconciled with freedom. If an individual is to be truly free then the only control that can be exerted upon them is their own self-control. If absolute freedom is ever to exist in society then education and morality must be instituted as substitutes for law. An individual must not be coerced into their behavior, rather, they should choose their actions based on the moral merits of the actions and not on the artificial consequences imposed by law. This is demonstrated in the theory of reasonable doubt.
?If a man under twenty-four has a reasonable cause to believe that a girl was over the age of sixteen years, he has a good defense. The law regards the offence as sufficiently serious to make it one that is triable only by a judge at assizes. ?Reasonable cause? means not merely that the boy honestly believed that the girl was over sixteen years of age, but also that he must have had reasonable grounds for his belief.?
The subject demonstrated that the law has looked upon his free will and his decisions in an adverse way, despite the fact that he believed that he had done nothing wrong. Society?s morals have in turn charged him. A person must be able to understand and recognize the morality in specific actions; this is where freedom lies. Law does not promote understanding nor does it allow analysis; it therefore does not allow freedom. Will an individual, if existing in ideal circumstances, exhibit socially unacceptable behavioral deviance (i.e, violent activity)? Will a well-educated, morally endowed, spiritually enlightened human being, living in a state of absolute freedom, and uninhibited by the adverse influences of endemic social ills, exhibit the sort of behavior that law claims to curtail? One can merely look to the workings of present society for answers to these questions.
Even today there are many people who, though living amongst society’s harrowing influences, do exhibit socially acceptable behavior. These people will most often be those who are well educated and were brought up in a relatively acceptable environment. Looking within present society one can see that, even with the limits imposed by our social ills, an environment can be sustained which promotes socially acceptable behavior. What then may happen when all people are allowed the luxury of living in such an environment? What will happen when all people are allowed the level of education which, today, only the elite have the ability to obtain? This will be the true Utopia: a place where all people have the absolute ability to make their own decisions, but have the education and morality to make the right ones. One may disagree that education can truly guide an individual’s behavior so dramatically. Yet one can merely use a simple analogy to quell such disagreement. Imagine that a student has been assigned a math problem. A well-educated student, who clearly comprehends all the mathematical concepts required to solve the problem and understands and can carry out the appropriate calculations to reach a solution, will undoubtedly solve the problem. Such a student has a firm grasp of the necessary knowledge required to solve their problem. So it is with a well-educated individual who must face many of life’s decisions. A person who has been well educated and understands the required social and moral concepts will undoubtedly reach the correct conclusion and so will choose to act in the socially positive manner. Their understanding will inevitably guide them towards what is socially correct. The mathematical analogy can also be extended to encompass and illustrate the goals of legal doctrines as well. What if the student does not understand the required concepts needed to solve the problem and so chooses merely to memorize the answers and calculations so that they will score well on an exam? Such a student will have no understanding or education. Though they will be able to achieve a good score they will understand nothing of what they have done. They will not have analyzed and understood the problem and having merely followed a written example to convince others that they have. Nor will the student have the capability of extending knowledge to further applications, since they have no knowledge at all. They will have only a memorized set of symbols and numbers that they do not comprehend. Such a student is analogous to the uneducated citizen. Their government will tell them, through dictated legal doctrines, in what manner they must conduct themselves. Such a person will have no education, no understanding, no morality, and therefore no freedom. Such a person will not be a person; it merely will not be.
In conclusion, this essay has raised more questions than it may have answered. What must happen when people are allowed to exert their full range of natural freedoms? Will society fall into anarchy and chaos or, rather, will society exist in a state of peace and harmony as has never before been experienced? Envision a society where every person has been endowed with education and moral responsibility. How can such a society even face the threat of violence? What need have the educated for violence? Violence is the tool of the ignorant. It is a use of physical strength to compensate for a lack of intellectual strength. It is the tool of those who have no moral instruction; those with moral ideology spurn violence. Violence cannot occur without cause. In a society where there is no cause or purpose for violence, violence will simply not exist. Social instability is the result of inequality; a condition where a few hold power, wealth, and knowledge while the rest of society stagnates in poverty and ignorance. Can there be social instability, though, in a society where every person has the power to control his or her own life; where every person is wealthy; where every person is educated? The threat of violence and social instability heralds only the need for change. What must be changed, though, when society has attained perfection? Violence, and other social ills like it, are only the trademarks of the imperfect society; a society where the individual does not have the freedom to make their own decisions, nor the education to realize they have no freedom. How can freedom be a danger to anything but oppression, ignorance, and instability? How can freedom cause chaos? It is sometimes thought that human beings, when separated from society, are nothing more than animals. Yet this theory arises from the minds of those who have never tasted true freedom, who do not understand what it means to stand before the infinite expanse of possibility that comes only with the acquisition of absolute freedom. The true nature of man can never be known so long as the burdens of oppression and tyranny weigh heavily upon his soul; so long as the doctrines of law automatize his mind; so long as the petty nationalism of government clouds his eyes. Mankind will never know his heart so long as it cannot beat. It is only when the human race tastes of freedom that society can know true peace. Only when every person is brought to that pure condition of nature that mankind will truly know his humanity. Freedom is stability; so long as human beings are no more then caged beasts within the confines of law there can be no peace. So long as all people look upon life through the bars of restriction there can be no stability. What, after all, is social instability but a person blindly raging to break from their cage? Social advancement freedom is necessary for advancement. It is for the intellectual evolution of the human race. Without freedom human evolution ceases, perhaps even degenerates; for how can a human being evolve to greater heights of humanity when they are no longer human? How can a being journey to new levels existence when they do not exist at all? Advancement, as is commonly thought, is not technological as much as it is intellectual. Human advancement does not take place every time a new car is designed or faster computer built; advancement takes place with the inception of new ideas into the human consciousness. Advancement takes place only when human beings are better able to understand their surroundings, their existence, and their lives. Advancement takes place as the human mind leaps from one level of understanding to another and as our perception of life becomes more and more clear. Under the restrictions presently imposed upon it mankind cannot advance. How can one roam the vast expanse of possibility when caged within the bars of present society? Advancement requires freedom; the freedom to think, the freedom to act; simply the freedom to be human. Because freedom has been redefined within the restrictive boundaries of law the human mind unwittingly wastes away in stagnation. Now the human mind wastes away within the confines of law as an animal pacing wildly in its cage. The spark of humanity growing ever dimmer in the eyes of every human being, so like the beast whose wild freedom has been stolen and whose will to live slowly fades away. Life is devoid of essence and becomes nothing more than a hollow existence in a static state of being. So like the animal who has lost the ability to freely roam the vast expanse of nature so too will the human mind waste away into nothingness within confines of its own devising. Within the belly of that great Leviathan whose very existence depends on the oppression of the human soul. We live in a time when the human race, surrounded by technological wonder, is itself becoming technological; human beings now little more than machines, programmed by the doctrines of government, compelled by the circumstances of environment. It seems as though one could only press a button and extinguish the spark of life that glows, now ever so faintly, in the eyes of every human being; as if one could merely bring to a halt the mechanism that mankind has become. A person cannot exist without freedom; it is a condition of humanity that a person be free. Perhaps mankind will, one day, bring himself into existence; or perhaps he will simply fade away, having never been more than a shadow of a thought in the mind of the Creator; having never truly existed at all. | <urn:uuid:5a836de2-280e-434c-8079-8990ba8d5180> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mirznanii.com/a/69518/the-imposition-of-law-as-free-will | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00197-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969424 | 4,205 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Crews use aerial ignition for prescribed burn on prairie
Published: Friday, February 22, 2013 at 9:05 a.m.
Last Modified: Friday, February 22, 2013 at 6:16 p.m.
A helicopter crew peppered Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park with balls of fire Friday in an uncommon method — at least for this area — of prescribed burning.
Called aerial ignition, the strafing burned a 750-acre section of the park off County Road 234 near Rochelle.
“The helicopter enabled us to get in areas that we couldn’t otherwise get in safely,” said park services specialist Amber Roux. “It enabled us to burn a larger area quickly.”
Prescribed burns in this region are typically ignited by forest crews on foot or riding in vehicles. But when a fire is needed in a remote area or one that is marshy, aerial ignition is an option.
Ludie Bond, spokeswoman for the Florida Forest Service Waccasassa district headquartered in Gainesville, said aerial ignition has been used in Goethe State Forest in Levy County.
She added that the U.S. Forest Service sometimes uses it in Florida’s national forests.
A machine that contains ping pong-sized spheres that are filled with a chemical is placed in a helicopter. They are shot through a chute that injects them with another chemical. As the two chemicals mix, they combust.
“As they come out the side of the helicopter and the spheres hit the ground, they are already starting to combust. When they hit, they ignite the vegetation on the ground,” Bond said. “They start these sporadic little fires that are all scattered throughout the burn zone.”
A number of prescribed burns have been done recently. Meanwhile, this wildfire season could be relatively mild because of an easing of the drought that has plagued the region the past few years, Bond said.
“Some years, spring wildfire season seems to start in January. It hasn’t been terribly active,” Bond said. “March, April and May is when we start getting busy.”
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged. | <urn:uuid:0fad4054-07c7-4eee-af1a-5a05703a3700> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gatorsports.com/article/20130222/ARTICLES/130229831/0/www.gatorsports.com | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00145-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950317 | 483 | 2.265625 | 2 |
In extending his F.E.C. Railway down to Key West, Henry Flagler was convinced that that port would become a major focus of transoceanic commerce to be opened up by the forthcoming Panama Canal which was, in fact, completed in 1914. Key West did not, however, attract the trade which Flagler had anticipated, and his enormously expensive "overseas" railroad thereto was never a financial success. Running from 1912 until 1935, it was also ill fated due to an engineering weakness which rendered the railway vulnerable to the devastating hurricane of 1935. Largely to please the aging Flagler by completing the project ahead of schedule, the highly regarded engineering firm in charge of the monumental task of construction decided to build the railroad's roadbed on natural and man-made sand dunes, instead of pilings. Although lasting 23 years, the sand roadbed was finally washed away by the pounding surf generated by the fury of the Labor Day Hurricane (September 2nd, 1935).
Answer: The extension of the Florida East Coast Railway from Miami to Key West.
Posted at 06:00 AM on January 13, 2014 | Permalink | <urn:uuid:d91ed736-c796-4ed4-b227-a829163a0c1c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://miamiherald.typepad.com/make_miami_history_now/2014/01/what-was-flaglers-folly.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00055-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979797 | 232 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Broca’s area is one of the parts of the brain that have received most attention in the research of the neurobiological mechanisms that explain our use of language, whether spoken or written. The reason for this is that clinical studies related to this area of the cerebral cortex show that there are different parts that specialize in different aspects of language.
In this article we will see what the Broca’s area is and how it relates to the use of language, through a summary of the characteristics of this part of the brain.
Broca’s area: what is it?
Throughout history, attempts to understand the functioning of the brain have led to attempts to study the mental processes that carry out parts of the brain, as if they were systems relatively isolated from the rest. Broca’s area was one of the first regions of the central nervous system to be associated with a specific mental process that was differentiated from the rest .
The concrete, Broca’s area is the part of the brain that deals with the articulation of language in any of its forms . Thus, in both writing and speaking, this portion of the central nervous system specializes in producing a message with internal coherence and articulated through the corresponding language fractions, whether letters or phonemes.
Location of this part of the cerebral cortex
The Broca area located in the third frontal convolution (in the frontal lobe) of the left cerebral hemisphere, although in some exceptional cases it is in the right hemisphere. Specifically, according to the Brodmann map, it occupies the Brodmann areas 44 and 45 , near the eye and attached to the front of the temporal lobe.
It should be noted, however, that the exact location of Broca’s area may vary slightly from one individual to another, and there are even cases where it is visibly displaced compared to the average human brain. This is because no two brains are the same due to genetic differences and the effect of brain plasticity over time: descriptions of the cerebral cortex speak of general patterns, not exact rules.
The discovery of Broca’s area came from clinical cases in which patients with this damaged area were unable to write and pronounce well even though they could understand what they were being told. This led to the establishment of a syndrome known as Broca’s aphasia , characterized by all the typical symptoms that appear when there is a lesion in Broca’s area and other parts of the brain have been relatively preserved.
Specifically, the main symptoms are as follows:
- Problems with repeating words .
- Lack of fluency when trying to speak or write .
- The ability to understand texts and spoken language is preserved.
This syndrome is especially distinguished from another type of aphasia related to a part of the brain called the Wernicke area. This is Wernicke’s aphasia, in which, compared to Broca’s aphasia, language and writing are much more fluid, but the ability to give meaning to what is said or read or heard is lost, so that what others say is not understood .
On the other hand, one must take into account that when one part of the brain is injured, whether it is Broca’s or Wernicke’s area, other parts of the brain are also indirectly affected, so the symptoms that appear are not an exact reflection of the tasks performed by these parts.
Functions of this brain region
Currently, the Broca’s area is associated with these main functions and mental processes:
- Language production.
- It helps to create spoken or written language, establishing chains of words and letters or phonemes.
- Regulation of speech-linked gestures .
- When we speak, we usually move other parts of our body so that that information complements the information we are speaking aloud. All this, moreover, happens spontaneously, and it is thanks to the work of Broca’s area.
- Recognition of grammatical structures
- Broca’s area reacts in a specific way c hen you read or hear a poorly constructed sentence
- Regulation of phoneme pronunciation.
- This part of the left frontal lobe is also responsible for monitoring the pronounced phonemes , so that it recognizes when a stretch of the word does not sound as it should.
- Regulation of the rhythm of speech.
In addition, Broca’s area is also responsible for working with another important element of spoken language production: timing. This allows us to give our speech the right rhythm. On the other hand, in the phase immediately prior to pronunciation, it inhibits the appearance of phonemes other than the one corresponding to each part of the word.
It should be borne in mind that neurosciences are constantly advancing, and so what is known today about what tasks Broca’s area performs is possibly only the tip of the iceberg.
On the other hand, we must avoid falling into the simplistic belief that Broca’s area “produces” language . The different parts of the brain may specialize more or less in different psychological functions, but they always function at the same time, in a way that is coordinated with each other. They need each other, and what happens in them is not isolated from the rest of the biopsychological phenomena that take place in thousands of other parts of the nervous system and the body in general.
Your relationship with the Wernicke area
As we have seen, Broca’s area is proof that not all parts of the brain do the same . Even language, which is apparently a single skill, is made up of many others that can be separated.
Wernicke’s area is the other major area of language involved in the use of this mental faculty. That is why it communicates with Broca’s area through a set of neuronal axons directed towards the front. Lesions in one or the other area, or in the set of axons that communicate to both, produce different types of aphasia.
- Ardila, A.; Bernal, B.; Rosselli, M. (2016). “How Localized are Language Brain Areas? A Review of Brodmann Areas Involvement in Oral Language”. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 31(1): pp. 112 – 122.
- Binkofski, F., Amunts, K., Stephan, K.M., Posse, S., Schormann, T., Freund, H.J., Zilles, K., Seitz, R.J. (2000). “Broca’s region subserves imagery of motion: a combined cytoarchitectonic and fMRI study”. Human Brain Mapping. 11 (4): 273 – 285.
- Caplan, D. (2006). “Why is Broca’s area involved in syntax? Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior. 42 (4): 469–71.
- Fadiga, L., Craighero, L. (2006). “Hand actions and speech representation in Broca’s area”. Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior. 42 (4): 486–90. | <urn:uuid:c01b9da8-628f-4700-8ad5-b8451f0b6da1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://virtualpsychcentre.com/brocas-area-part-of-the-brain-functions-and-their-relationship-to-language/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.938256 | 1,543 | 3.78125 | 4 |
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Solve addition and subtraction word problems. Solve word problems that call for addition of three whole numbers whose sum is less than or equal to 20. Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve one- and two-step word problems involving situations of adding to, taking from, putting together, taking apart, and comparing, with unknowns in all positions. | <urn:uuid:7a61ba1b-10d1-4a82-a6e0-3f879c67c404> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.reallygoodstuff.com/solving-word-problems-strategy-poster/p/162750/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00200-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9361 | 120 | 2.796875 | 3 |
For the very first time, D.C. officials are warning that one of the region’s staple fish is unsafe to eat.
Last week, the D.C. Department of Energy & Environment released a fish consumption advisory saying that local rockfish, also known as striped bass or striper, contained potentially dangerous levels of an industrial toxin called polychlorinated biphenyl. The lingering chemical was used decades ago in the manufacturing of electrical equipment, floor finish, motor oil, and more. Animals exposed to the toxin have developed cancer as well as a range of problems to the immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems.
Carp and eel also made the do-not-eat list, while several other species of fish have been upgraded to safer levels. But the warning against rockfish, which can be found on many local menus, sent the most shockwaves across the local seafood industry.
Of course, D.C. has no commercial fisheries, so the warnings only apply to recreational anglers. Environmental agencies in Virginia and Maryland say rockfish caught in their states’ waters is still safe to eat. But given that rockfish are migratory fish that aren’t confined to District waters, should consumers be concerned?
The last time that DOEE issued a fish advisory was 1994, although it has done chemical testing sporadically over the years. The agency first found high PCB levels in rockfish in 2013. At the time, the department only tested a single rockfish.
“When they got the first results back and these numbers were so high, there were some folks in the room that were like, ‘Wait a minute. Surely this can’t be right. These numbers are way too high,’” says DOEE spokesperson Julia Christian.
DOEE decided to collect more samples. In April and May of 2015, the agency caught six more rockfish and found equally high levels of the toxin. The samples were relatively young, small fish from popular recreational areas near the upper Potomac River.
While six fish might not seem like much of a sample size, D.C. Water Quality Division Associate Director Collin Burell says it was enough for DOEE to warn against eating rockfish. “From a statistical standpoint, that is an adequate number,” he says.
Meanwhile, the D.C. report finds that other fish caught here are now safer to eat. In fact, the contaminant levels have gone down for some resident fish that spawn and live in D.C. waters. For example, it’s now considered safe for adults to eat up to three servings per month of D.C.-caught blue catfish, which was previously on the do-not-eat list.
These findings seem to imply that D.C. waters aren’t necessarily the source of the contaminant.
“The fish are getting polluted somewhere, and at this point, it doesn’t look like that’s happening here,” says Christian. “They’re coming here, obviously, and so when you catch them here, you are catching polluted fish.”
No one can say exactly where the PCB pollution originates from or why the levels in rockfish spiked. Burrell says the chemical could have been unearthed from river sediment or runoff.
District officials seem hesitant to comment on what their results mean for other jurisdictions. “We make no assumptions about what occurs outside of the District,” says Burell. “We didn’t approach it from the standpoint of commercial fishing.”
But the fact remains that rockfish migrate all along the East Coast, and fish found in D.C. waters are from the same population that can be found in the Chesapeake Bay and other portions of the Potomac.
“There certainly isn’t a D.C. population of fish. Most striped bass move… So a problem in D.C., there’s a strong possibility that it’s a problem for Maryland and New Jersey and Connecticut and Maine,” says Gib Brogan, fisheries campaign manager for Oceana.
The Maryland Department of the Environment issues its own fish consumption advisory, but it hasn’t been updated since 2011. The agency says rockfish is safe to eat, but it still recommends limited portions. For rockfish caught in Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay that are longer than 28 inches, the state recommends adults eat only one eight-ounce serving per month. (For children, it’s less.) Smaller fish, which are younger and therefore haven’t absorbed as many toxins, are slightly safer. For Chesapeake Bay–caught rockfish smaller than 28 inches long, Maryland recommends no more than three eight-ounce servings per month. The guidelines are meant exclusively for recreational anglers.
Toxins typically concentrate in the skin and belly of the fish. For many years, Maryland officials have recommended that recreational anglers remove these parts and the dark meat from the filet before cooking. Grilling or broiling the fish also helps reduce contaminants, including PCBs, because the fat drips away.
In its 2011 report, MDE actually found that rockfish has become safer to eat over the years. The concentration of PCBs in rockfish between 2009 and 2010 is less than half of what it was in samples collected from 2001 to 2005.
But are test results from 2011 still accurate? “Something that’s five, six years old is still relatively new information,” says Jay Apperson, MDE spokesperson. “We still think these are very valid numbers and the advisories that we have are very valid as well.” He points out that PCBs have been banned since 1979, so it’s not like there’s more of the chemical in the environment. “We don’t expect the situation to change much at all,” he says.
Apperson couldn’t say when the department would do further testing for PCBs in fish.
Maryland Department of Natural Resources Deputy Director Lynn Fegley says the odds are actually slim that the locally caught rockfish served in area restaurants or supermarkets come from what appears to be a relatively small contaminated area. “They are likely larger fish that have been ranging over far broader waters, even if they’re captured down at the mouth of the Potomac,” she says. These fish are likely “feeding and living in areas where PCBs are not a risk.”
More importantly, Fegley adds that whatever ends up on your plate at a restaurant adheres to standards from the Food and Drug Administration, which tests for PCBs in commercially sold fish.
“I’m a mom, I have kids, and I’m also personally pretty freaky about my food,” Fegley says. “This does not make me hesitate to go order rockfish or buy rockfish.”
D.C.-based seafood wholesaler Profish will continue to buy and sell rockfish from Maryland, given that authorities say the commercial product is safe. Profish Director of Sustainability John Rorapaugh says the D.C. report raises concern for Potomac fisheries, but right now, there’s no science showing fish are contaminated with unsafe levels beyond District waters. “We can’t make decisions off of one specific report that has to deal with a small area of water,” he says.
Others are likewise taking their cues from Virginia and Maryland officials. Black Restaurant Group, for example, is continuing to buy rockfish from Maryland and Virginia. District Fishwife owner Fiona Lewis says she has been getting emails from her suppliers saying “don’t panic.”
Meanwhile, Jessup, Md.-based seafood wholesaler J.J. McDonnell very briefly paused buying any Potomac rockfish while it waited for more information, says Steve Vilnit, the director of marketing and business development. But after a conference call with Maryland and Virginia environmental agencies last week, the wholesaler got reassurance that commercial rockfish was still safe. “We’re going to keep carrying it,” he says. “We’re leaving it up to the customers. We’re going to educate them on what we learned.”
Vilnit says he wouldn’t be surprised if rockfish sales were somewhat affected by the report, but so far, he hasn’t seen that. J.J. McDonnell got fewer than a dozen calls—“not a lot considering the amount of people we sell to on a daily basis”—from restaurants and retailers looking for more information about the PCB levels last week. But ultimately, Vilnit says the public will be the deciding factor.
“Customers are going to be nervous about the product until they get more information, so that might lead to a decrease in sales,” Vilnit says. That said, J.J. McDonnell didn’t see a decrease in sales in the immediate aftermath of the news. Likewise, Lewis says she’s been selling Maryland rockfish and no customers have asked about the PCB levels.
If that somehow changes, Vilnit expects restaurateurs would switch to farm-raised rockfish rather than removing it from their menus altogether.
“It’s like taking a crab cake off the menu,” Vilnit says. “That’s a tough thing to do in this area.”
Eatery tips? Food pursuits? Send suggestions to firstname.lastname@example.org.
Photo by Darrow Montgomery | <urn:uuid:0ce6dccf-fd1b-4525-9b98-947fc00e2e88> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.uniquerecepies.com/careful-what-you-fish-for-is-local-rockfish-safe-to-eat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.962379 | 2,017 | 2.765625 | 3 |
County Commissioners Want Clarity On New Animal Control Rules
HILLSBOROUGH- A second attempt to streamline Orange County’s animal control ordinance hit a roadblock Tuesday as commissioners, residents and animal services staffers wrangled over what it means to be a watchdog.
“I’m not sure that we need a definition of watchdog, per se, but I think we need a definition of an animal that’s on its own property, minding its own business, when a human being comes on the property who is not minding their own business,” said Board Chair Barry Jacobs.
The current ordinance defines a watchdog as any dog that barks or threatens to bite an intruder, but Staff Attorney Annette Moore said that’s too broad.
“It’s meaningless, because there’s no prohibition in the ordinance against anybody having a dog that barks at a person,” Moore told the board.
Animal Services Advisory Board Vice-Chair Michelle Walker said the inclusion of the term in the ordinance only causes confusion when someone gets bitten.
“That’s the public safety concern,” said Walker. “We want to identify dogs that have shown propensity to bite unprovoked by someone who is not on property with any ill intent.”
But commissioners including Mark Dorosin argued that the ordinance needs some added flexibility on the question of who’s liable when a dog bites a trespasser.
“Under the current ordinance there’s a blanket ‘no-liability’ for an owner if a person comes onto their land, and I think the concern of the dog owners is that they don’t want the thing turned 180 degrees so there’s strict liability if their dogs bites anyone,” said Dorosin. “So what we have is these two extreme positions being staked out, neither of which I think serves the interests of the county.”
The ordinance would have required a unanimous vote to pass on the first reading. Instead, the board tabled the item for discussion in two weeks. At that time, commissioners say they want Animal Services staffers to come back with new ideas.
“There’s some galaxy of issues dealing with ‘watchdog’ and ‘trespass’ that I think we’re all asking you to try and address,” said Jacobs. “I think we need more clarity.”
The board was largely in favor of other portions of the new ordinance, including a plan to create a formal appeal process for residents whose animals have been deemed dangerous or vicious.
Commissioners will revisit the animal control ordinance on October 15.Did you see something wrong in this story, or something missing? Let us know | <urn:uuid:bcd310c4-53e8-4906-b676-a82a32554a7b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://chapelboro.com/news/local-government/county-commissioners-want-clarity-on-new-animal-control-rules?wpmp_switcher=desktop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00199-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945211 | 579 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Blue light services join forces to launch Yorkshire’s first Emergency First Responder scheme
Successful pilot sees scheme rolled out across Humberside and the East Riding
More than 70 fire fighters across 7 fire stations in Humberside and the East Riding will soon be responding to selected emergency calls at the same time as an ambulance, thanks to the launch of the county’s first Emergency First Responder (EFR) scheme.
The scheme is a joint initiative between Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust (YAS) and Humberside Fire and Rescue Service (HFRS) and officially launches on Friday 16 May 2014 with the support of Andrew Percy MP.
The scheme was trialled at Pocklington Fire Station during 2013 and volunteer fire service staff have now received training at Market Weighton, Howden, Goole, Driffield, Brough and Snaith Fire Stations with additional locations planned for later in the year.
Each EFR has been trained in basic life support, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and oxygen therapy. They are equipped with a kit which includes oxygen and an automated external defibrillator (AED) to help patients in a medical emergency such as a heart attack, collapse or breathing difficulties.
An EFR will be despatched at the same time as an ambulance and will not replace the usual emergency medical response from YAS. However, their location within local communities could mean they are nearer to the scene in those first critical minutes of a medical emergency, delivering life-saving care until an ambulance clinician arrives.
David Whiting, Chief Executive at YAS said: “We have a responsibility to ensure we explore every available option to improve clinical outcomes for people in Humberside and the East Riding and we are delighted to be working in partnership with HFRS on the launch of the county’s first Emergency First Responder scheme.
“We have a very clear ambition to improve the survival rate for those people who suffer from a cardiac arrest in the community. We want to have world class levels of survival from cardiac arrest and the launch of this initiative is one more important element in saving more lives.
“Humberside and the East Riding are already served by our award-winning Community First Responder teams who do a fantastic job as volunteers in their local areas. The addition of Emergency First Responders will further strengthen our response in these communities and the two models will work side-by-side to save more lives.
“We are also working with health partners, local MPs, Councillors and the British Heart Foundation (BHF) to increase the number of public access defibrillators in the area and further improve cardiac arrest survival rates in the East Riding.”
Emergency First Responders are only available for dispatch when staffing levels at their Fire Station allow and the scheme will not impact fire cover.
Chief Fire Officer, Dene Sanders at HFRS said: “I am delighted that the trial at Pocklington was such a success and that the scheme will now be rolled out across more of our stations in the East Riding. Our fire fighters have received exceptional training from Yorkshire Ambulance Service and are looking forward to offering their assistance to patients through the scheme.
“The overriding aim of Humberside Fire and Rescue Service is to protect our communities and reach and save those in danger who are in need of our help as quickly as possible. This joined-up approach can only enhance the service we provide and will improve patient outcomes across the East Riding.”
The scheme has been praised by Andrew Percy MP, who himself volunteers for YAS as a Community First Responder. Andrew commented: “I have worked closely with local NHS Trusts and others for some time now to look at ways to improve patient outcomes and response times. We have some great CFR schemes across the area, with hard working volunteers, and I hope that this will complement those schemes to ensure that we reach as many calls as possible as soon as possible.
“As an active Community First Responder myself, I know the value of these schemes and hopefully the linkup between Humberside Fire and Rescue and Yorkshire Ambulance Service will increase the hours responders are available and that could save lives.”
YAS Chief Executive, David Whiting, summed up the move by adding: “The demand placed upon blue light emergency services increases every year and our approaches to providing the best response and best patient outcomes available are continually evolving. By exploring innovative and alternative ways of working with all partners, together we can ensure our service remains responsive and safe and leads to more lives being saved.”
Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust covers almost 6,000 square miles of varied terrain from isolated moors and dales to urban areas, coastline and inner cities and provides 24-hour emergency and healthcare services to a population of more than five million people. The organisation receives an average of 2,180 emergency and urgent calls per day and employs over 4,600 staff. Our Patient Transport Service makes just under one million journeys per year transporting patients to and from hospital and treatment centre appointments. | <urn:uuid:48b83759-4d4b-4d3c-b5a4-2cc8417e4b92> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bridlingtonfreepress.co.uk/news/blue-light-services-join-forces-to-launch-yorkshire-s-first-emergency-first-responder-scheme-1-6620877 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00293-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950516 | 1,054 | 1.71875 | 2 |
J. Habakuk Jephson’s Statement and the Mary Celeste
One of the first real successes of Conan Doyle’s literary career was the publication of J. Habakuk Jephson’s Statement in 1883. The short story was published anonymously in the prestigious Cornhill Magazine. Conan Doyle was paid almost the equivalent of a year’s rent for the tale. It also stirred up some controversy.
The fictional story was based on true events, the story of the Mary Celeste.
On December 4, 1872 the British brigantine Dei Gratia was about 600 miles off the coast of Portugal. The lookout spotted another sail on the horizon. As the two ships grew nearer Captain Morehouse of the Dei Gratia recognized the other ship as the Mary Celeste.
The Mary Celeste, under the command of Morehouse’s friend Benjamin Briggs, was in trouble. Some of her sails were missing while others flapped uselessly in the wind. Most alarming of all was the fact that there was no one at the wheel.
Morehouse and some of his crew boarded the Mary Celeste. They discovered that the ship was relatively undamaged. They even located the missing sails. The cargo was intact. There was plenty of food and water aboard. However there was no sign of Captain Briggs, his wife, their daughter or any member of the crew.
Morehouse did note that the lifeboat was missing. However the evacuation must have been done with incredible haste. No supplies or personal belongings seemed to be missing from the ship. If Briggs and the rest did go into the lifeboat, they must not have had much more than the clothes on their backs. What could have happened to force an experienced captain to order such a speedy evacuation of a seaworthy ship?
No one will ever know. No crewmember or passenger of the Mary Celeste was ever found.
In J. Habakuk Jephson’s Statement Conan Doyle wrote about an abandoned vessel named the Marie Celeste. In this story the ship was taken over by a black passenger. He and his fellow conspirators commandeered the ship, sailed it to Africa and murdered the passengers and crew.
Conan Doyle’s tale was so vivid that it raised protests from people who mistook the work of fiction for an article. Frederick Solly Flood, Her Majesty’s Proctor and Attorney General at Gibraltar had been in charge of the salvage of the Mary Celeste. He stated that J. Habakuk Jephson’s Statement was “a fabrication from beginning to end”. He further stated that this false account might damage England’s relations with foreign countries.
At the same time U.S. consul Horatio J. Sprague asked Cornhill Magazine to investigate the origins of the fraudulent article.
Conan Doyle was pleased that his short story was so well done that it could be mistaken as a true accounting of events. He was also delighted that hundreds of readers, who did understand the work was fictional, thought it was written by a man known for his tales of adventure. They suspected that the anonymous author was none other than Robert Louis Stevenson. | <urn:uuid:85de105b-95bd-411e-bf0d-2da3cfccadd5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.conandoyleinfo.com/doyles-work/j-habakuk-jephsons-statement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00567-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983765 | 662 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The Soviet Union may be dead, but its old anti-capitalist rhetoric lives on, reincarnated as anti-globalization. Street agitators at meetings of the World Bank or WTO still claim that we are being impoverished by the monopolistic power of multinationals. At seminars and debates in Indian colleges, horror and fear is still expressed about the power of giant corporations, whose sales exceed the GNP of entire countries.
How extortionate are these giant corporations really? To find answers, I looked up the April 15 edition of Fortune magazine, listing details of the 500 biggest US corporations in 2001. It yielded some astonishing facts.
The net profit of the 500 giants was, on average, just 3.3 per of sales. This is a very slim margin. No extortionate profits here. Indeed, a detailed look at the 500 giants reveals distress on an amazing scale.
-No less than 98 of the 500 giants actually suffered a loss. Giant size does not mean giant profits. It can mean giant losses.
-The biggest loser was JDS Uniphase, an optical fibre giant. It lost an astounding $ 56.12 billion in 2001, more than the GNP of many countries.
· Lucent Technologies, long the world\’s biggest producer of telecom equipment, lost $ 16.2 billion.
· Ford, the second biggest automobile company in the world, lost $ 5.5 billion.
· The biggest gas trading and pipeline company in the world, Enron, went bankrupt. Other giants to file for bankruptcy included the second-largest insurance company, State Farm Insurance (loss 4.99 billion); two of the biggest department stores, K Mart (loss $ 95 million) and Ames (loss $ 792 million); and two of the biggest steel companies LTV (loss $ 1.25 billion) and Bethlehem Steel (loss $ 1.95 billion).
· You might think the military-industrial complex rules supreme under the Bush administration. But in 2001, Lockheed Martin lost $ 1.05 billion and Raytheon lost $ 763 million.
· Motorola, one of the biggest names in the communications and electronic equipment, lost $3.9 billion.
· Corning, the biggest glass-maker, lost $ 5.5 billion.
· AOL Time Warner, the colossus formed by the 1999 merger of AOL (the top internet provider) with Time Warner (one of the biggest media-entertainment giants) , lost $ 4.9 billion.
· The biggest airline in the world, United Airlines, lost $ $ 2.15 billion. Other airline giants in the red included US Airways ( $1.9 billion) Delta ( ($ 1.22 billion) and North-West Airlines ( $ 423 million).
· The biggest producer of internet routing equipment and superstar of the stock market in 2000, Cisco, lost $ 1.01 billion.
· The biggest US producer of memory chips, Micron Technology, lost $ 625 million. The second biggest producer of microprocessors, Advanced Micro Devices, lost $ 60 million.
· The second biggest producer of personal computers, Gateway, lost $ 1.03 billion. Compaq Computer lost $ 785 million and Apple Computer $ 25 million.
· International Paper, the biggest paper manufacturer, lost $ 1.2 billion.
· The biggest data storage company, EMC lost $ 507 million.
· The biggest manufacturer of tractors and harvester-combines, Deere, lost $ 64 million.
· Amazon, the biggest internet retailer of books, lost $ 567 million.
This is only a partial listing of losing giants. But it suffices to prove that giant corporations have to struggle to make money, and some are going bust. Far from being super-dominant, the giants are a threatened species.
Why is their huge size no protection? Because the global market is a competitive one which allows newcomers to constantly challenge and upend established players. Small nimble companies often fare better than lumbering giants, who find it more difficult to adjust to a world where technology and demand patterns change at lightning speed. Remember that the dinosaurs were big too, but that did not save them from extinction.
Life at the top is difficult and ephemeral. Last year, 44 companies, almost one-tenth of the total, exited from the top 500. Those exiting included Litton Industries, a defence giant; Avis Rent a Car, the second biggest car rental company in the world; Quaker Oats, which processes more oats by far than any other corporation; Trans World Airlines, which for decades was the second largest airlines in the world but has now gone bust and been liquidated; Union Carbide, of Bhopal fame; and 3Com, the biggest producer of palmtop computers.
Which is the biggest company of all? It is Wal-Mart Stores, a chain of department stores that some readers of this column may not even have heard about because it is not a conventional multinational. Started by a humble shopkeeper, Sam Walton, it has grown steadily for decades through its policy of \”everyday low prices.\” While other historically famous chains offered discounts only for seasonal occasions or to clear unsold inventories, Wal-Mart followed a policy of keeping prices low every day, and constantly looking for suppliers who could keep lowering cost without sacrificing quality. The biggest company in the world today got big not by using its muscle to extort monopolistic profits but by providing millions of customers with the cheapest possible goods.
So much for the propaganda of anti-capitalists that big corporations are a threat to the world and are out to fleece consumers. The lesson is not that giant corporations are good Samaritans. The lesson is that global competition makes the self-interest of the capitalist co-incide with the self-interest of the consumer. Wal-Mart helps customers in order to help itself. So do other giants.
In the absence of competition, businessmen will seek to cartelise and reap monopoly profits. But force them to compete, and even the biggest corporation can be killed by the humblest consumers by the simple act of taking their custom to a better supplier. That is what some call the magic of markets.
This explains Adam Smith\’s observation that capitalists are a lousy lot, but capitalism is a good system. Anybody doubting his wisdom should look up the Fortune 500. | <urn:uuid:59954307-2b26-4447-912e-21414f8c2df2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://swaminomics.org/the-many-woes-of-the-fortune-500/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.929554 | 1,315 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Showing appreciation for our military
May is Military Appreciation Month, which culminates with Memorial Day on the last Monday of the month. It is a designated time to reflect on the sacrifices being made by our troops serving abroad and pay tribute to and express our deepest gratitude and respect for those veterans who served our nation. As Arkansans, though, we know how important it is to reach out each and every day to reach out and show our appreciation to a veteran or to the family of a soldier serving abroad.
Currently, the state of Arkansas has paid a tremendous price in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Eighty-one brave men and women have died in the conflict. These individuals devoted their lives to making our country and the world a safer place, and I know that all Arkansans join me in praying for the families and loved ones of these great Americans.
As we honor all who serve - both active duty as well as the nearly 4,000 Arkansas National Guardsmen and Reservists in Iraq, Afghanistan, and beyond - we must not forget the promises we've made to them for wearing our nation's uniform. At a time when we're relying heavily on citizen soldiers to execute these wars, we must do a better job of recognizing their service with the benefits that better reflect the sacrifices they're making for each of us.
I am proud President Bush signed into law my proposal to modernize the Montgomery G.I. Bill. The measure allows National Guard and Reserve members who have served in Iraq or Afghanistan to use the educational benefits they have earned for up to 10 years after their service, just as active duty troops - whom they are serving beside - are able to do.
I've continued to champion for our citizen soldiers in Congress by introducing legislation, the Reserve Educational Assistance Program (REAP) Enhancement Act of 2008, that would allow those serving multiple deployments to accrue additional education benefits. Currently, Guardsmen who serve multiple tours of duty do not receive one extra penny of educational benefits for their added service because benefits are based on the single-longest deployment for each Guardsman and Reservist. My bill would change that and make other improvements.
I am also working hard to ensure the value of the active duty G.I. Bill better keeps up with the rising costs of higher education. I am a cosponsor of legislation sponsored by Senator Jim Webb, a decorated Vietnam veteran and former Secretary of the Navy, to address this growing inequity.
We also cannot shortchange the more than 274,000 veterans in Arkansas today and then expect more young men and women to eagerly enlist for military service tomorrow. I was proud to lead the fight in the Senate to ensure that at least 250,000 veterans - who have no other income aside from their disability income - will be eligible for a tax rebate as part of the economic stimulus package. Arkansans should begin receiving their checks this month. Those eligible must file a tax form with the IRS by October 15 to receive their payment.
As Memorial Day approaches, I encourage all Arkansans to take the time to honor our soldiers, veterans, and their families during this season of remembrance. Never miss an opportunity to thank someone in uniform - even if it is in passing at the grocery store, an airport, or the mall. Visit a veterans hospital. Take a trip to a military memorial. Send a care package. Or join me later this month at events around Arkansas as I meet with veterans and National Guard organizations to discuss issues affecting them. For a complete schedule of events, be sure to check my Web site - www.lincoln.senate.gov - closer to Memorial Day.
Our troops are worthy of our appreciation, and we should come together as a nation to show them and our entire American family that we stand with them as they serve our interests at home and abroad. | <urn:uuid:ad522f3a-992f-4f27-8af3-4cae13cebf7b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.couriernews.com/view/full_story/15391296/article-From-Washington | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00011-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969297 | 780 | 1.625 | 2 |
Turns out, you can drive a unique electric vehicle all the way across Australia on less than $15 worth of electricity. You just need some kite assistance (or, yes, solar power). The Wind Explorer that made this trek is now on display at Evonik's New Jersey office, since the company worked on the quirky EV.
TVR owner Nikolai Smolenski has taken the tiny English car firm on a ride wilder than anything you could get from a Speed 12 (pictured), and now he's riding the name right out of the car business. Telling Autocar that the production possibilities don't make financial sense anymore, he is instead repurposing the hardcore brand into "a new venture building portable wind turbines."
Ford's Dagenham Diesel Engine Assembly Line over in the UK is about to get a breath of fresh air. The plant will be 100 percent wind powered come the end of August 2011, thanks to the erection of a third turbine. This, according to Ford, will double the site's annual CO2 savings from 2,500 tons per year to 5,000.
According to the UK's government statistics, 13 of the past 16 months have been less windy than average – while 2010 was the "stillest" year of the decade. Furthermore, meteorologists warn that a shift in the Atlantic jet stream could alter wind patterns over the next 40 years, leaving many of the UK's power-generating turbines without sufficient wind.
Technip, along with partners Nénuphar, Converteam and EDF Energies, recently launched Vertiwind, an offshore floating wind turbine project. The Vertiwind concept, which eliminates the laborious process of installing fixed wind turbines, could enable offshore wind farms to pop up in numerous countries across the globe.
The Pacific Northwest region of the U.S. is known for its coffee shops, never-ending fields of aromatic hops and its affection for the electric vehicle (EV). Portland General Electric (PGE), in Oregon, touts the benefits of the plug-in vehicle with a frequency unmatched by most electric companies. PGE recently opened the nation's first public quick-charging station in downtown Portland, OR and has teamed up with automakers to prepare the Portland area for plug-in vehicles. But PGE's work in the
It seems like a strange question, but have we run out of good places to build wind farms? On the face of it, one would think that a country as large at the U.S. is a long, long way from a time when we don't have the space to put up another turbine, but that's the question that Renewable Energy World is asking. Their answer?
The idea for TAK Studio's Turbine Lights works like this: cars drive by on the highway, creating wind that spins the turbines built onto the streetlights. The turbine then turn and generate electricity, which powers the streetlights at night or, we hope, gets fed into the grid. It's a good idea, and one of the finalists for the Greener Gadgets Conference taking place later this month in New York City. There's just one issue: this isn't a new idea at all.
Chrysler may be slow to the party in introducing production hybrids and electric vehicles, but that doesn't mean they haven't been working on cleaner energy. The company has been cooperating with university researchers on growing biofuel feed stocks on brownfield sites, for example. They have also been growing potential biofuel crops at their Chelsea, MI proving ground as an alternative to grass. The company's latest effort is a wind power project, also at the Chelsea track.
I think we have a winner for the greenest car at the 2007 Tokyo Motor Show. Below the fold is a video all about the Mitsubishi iMiEV Sport concept. It's a plug-in electric car with a cool tear drop shape and a number of cool ways of charging the batteries. The iMiEV's lithium-ion batteries can be charged via a wireless microwave charger in your garage floor which means you don't have to struggle to plug it in.
The prospect of wind power is highly appealing as a source of clean renewable energy. A lot of people would love to be able to stick a wind mill in the yard for some extra juice. The problem is that traditional wind turbines are large and some of them may be dangerous to birds. Mariah Power has devised one that takes up very little real estate and shouldn't pose a hazard. The thirty foot tall WindSpire is only two feet wide and generates 1 kW. It works in winds of 8mph and up and can generate 19
Of course, train travel has the potential to be one of the greenest forms of travel around. And, the best part of it all is that the more people on the train, the better! What I mean is that the emissions of the train can be spread over a larger number of people - people who might otherwise be driving.
- Most and least efficient car companies
- Fastest-depreciating cars in the United States
- Find and compare 2017 Models | <urn:uuid:50713fbb-ee7d-423b-a6fa-b8e6573b5987> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.autoblog.com/tag/wind+turbine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00545-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956884 | 1,050 | 1.9375 | 2 |
The research involved college students who studied lists of words; 12 hours later they were tested. From a list with new words mixed in, they had to identify words that they had studied 12 hours earlier.
Some students studied the original word list at 10 a.m.; they were tested at 10 p.m. after spending the day awake. Other students studied the words at night; they were tested in the morning after at least six hours of sleep.
Results show that false recognition of non-studied words was reduced after sleep; there was no change in correct recognition of studied words.
“It’s easy to muddle things in your mind,” Fenn said in a Michigan State University news release. “This research suggests that after sleep you’re better able to tease apart the incorrect aspect of that memory.”
How does this process work? Fenn suggested that sleep may strengthen the source of a memory. Or a long period of wakefulness may hinder your ability to remember; your memories may be confused with other information that you gathered while awake.
In a video statement Fenn added that the findings could be important for students. After a full night of sleep you might be more likely to pick out the wrong answers on a multiple-choice test.
Sleep also could help you take medications safely; you might be less likely to confuse medications or have a false memory of taking them.
A recent article in the New Zealand Herald examined the impact of false memories on the legal system. It reports that eyewitness error is a factor in 75 percent of wrongful convictions in the U.S.
The article suggests that false memories are easily created. These false memories can be powerful; people with false memories tend to have absolute confidence that they are right.
Learn more about sleep and memory. | <urn:uuid:a4a7ce29-e153-4bad-a706-d20d2fa9b21b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sleepeducation.blogspot.com/2009/09/sleep-reduces-false-memories.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00542-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974289 | 370 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Phone Transfer has the powerful ability to transfer files such as contacts, SMS (MMS included), music, videos, photos, call logs, calendar and apps between Android and Android, iOS and iOS, and even Android and iOS with one click.
Now, follow me to learn how to use Phone Transfer to copy files from the old to the new one.
Steps to Transfer data from old phone to new one directlyStep 1 Install and launch Phone Transfer on computer
First of all, download and install Phone Transfer on your computer with below button.
Step 2 Connect two phones to computer
Now you can connect the two phones to computer via usb cables at the same time. Then your phones will be detected by the program on the computer and display as follow:
Note: You can click "Flip" button to change the places of the two devices.
Step 3 Transfer Data from Old Phone to New One
Next step you can choose the contents you want to transfer between the two phones, such as contacts, photos, messages, etc.
In the last steps just click "Start Copy" button to start the data transfer process. When finish, you ought to click "Completed".
1) Make sure both of your phones are connected all the time during the data transfer process.
2) You can empty the destination phone by clicking Clear data before copy if you need.
3) You need to install iTunes on your PC. | <urn:uuid:d7b4e3a7-bbc4-4976-a33f-9e8929b300da> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.recovery-android.com/phone-transfer-user-guide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00146-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909413 | 292 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Home > News > Specials
The Rediff Special/B Raman
May 18, 2004
Part I: The new govt and national security
The BJP deserves credit for the significant improvement in India's relations with the USA, Israel and China during the six years it was in power.
The BJP and its experts understand the US better than the Congress (I) and the pool of experts at its command. There are three maxims relating to relations with the US:
First, you can't have good political relations without good economic relations.
Second, you can't have good economic relations without good political relations.
Third, the Indian Diaspora, the Jewish community and the business community of the US constitute important assets, which, if well utilised, could facilitate the promotion of Indian interests.
The BJP understood this better than any other political formation in India. It not only succeeded in imparting to Indo-US relations a strategic dimension, which was well reciprocated by the Clinton and Bush administrations, but also scored important tactical successes.
Examples: Its success in having the economic sanctions imposed by the Clinton administration after the Pokhran II nuclear tests of May 1998 diluted and ultimately removed. The business community in the US with interests in India and the Indian and Jewish lobbies played an active role in helping the BJP-led government to achieve this.
Its success during the Kargil conflict of 1999 in enlisting the support of the Clinton administration for securing the withdrawal of the Pakistan army troops from the Kargil heights.
Its success in projecting India convincingly not only before the Bush administration, but also before the Congress and leading American think-tanks close to the Bush administration, as an emerging power which deserves attention by its own right in US policy-making in Asia.
Its success in making the Bush administration accept that the Pakistani jihadi terrorist organisations active in Jammu & Kashmir were part of the international terrorist network against which the US-led war against terrorism is directed.
It was this acceptance, which led to the designation of the Lashkar-e-Tayiba and the Jaish-e-Mohammad by the Bush administration as Foreign Terrorist Organisations in 2001 under a 1996 law, and to the consequent pressure on the Musharraf regime to act against them, though this pressure has not yet worked.
Its success in mobilising the support of an increasing number of Congressmen for India's point of view. Till 2003, this support was more in the House of Representatives than in the Senate, but since the beginning of this year, it had also made progress in creating a reservoir of support for India in the Senate too.
Its success in preventing a too negative a view of the anti-Muslim riots of 2002 in Gujarat by the Bush administration.
The general perception that the BJP-led government was more amenable to US pressure than the past Congress (I) governments is wrong.
This was seen in:
The determined manner in which it conducted the nuclear tests, unmindful of the political and economic consequences of its action, and its refusal to make any concessions on the issue which would have been detrimental to Indian interests during the series of talks between then foreign minister Jaswant Singh and Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott in the Clinton administration.
Prime Minister A B Vajpayee's refusal to provide a face-saving formula for Nawaz Sharif as a quid pro quo for his action in ordering the withdrawal of the Pakistan army troops from the Kargil heights;
His refusal to allow US human rights groups to visit Gujarat,
The government's refusal to consider sending an Indian infantry division to Iraq unless the coalition troops there were under the mandate of the UN and
Its resistance to US pressures on trade-related issues in multilateral fora.
Even the worst detractors of the BJP-led government have to concede that it is remarkable that it was able to impart a forward momentum to Indo-US strategic relations without letting itself be pressurised by Washington, DC on matters of vital interest to India.
It would not be an exaggeration to say that for the first time India came to be seen in US policy-making circles as a power to be reckoned with.
It would be cynical to belittle the role of the BJP's policies and actions in this evolution of US thinking and policy-making.
The fact that the Musharraf regime managed to have itself rehabilitated in the eyes of the US and emerge as the so-called frontline ally of the US in the war against terrorism, with attendant benefits by way of an economic bonanza and a possible military bonanza too as a consequence of its being declared as a Major Non-NATO Ally of the US, should not be allowed to detract from the significant gains made by the BJP in bringing about a positive transformation in Indo-US relations.
For the first time, one had in New Delhi a government untarnished, in US eyes, by the pro-USSR and pro-Najibullah government policies in the past by Congress (I) governments. For the first time, one also had in power in New Delhi a political formation which realised the importance of Indo-US relations if India was to emerge as a major political, economic and technological power in the region.
Washington's recognition of the importance of US relations with India was in direct proportion to New Delhi's recognition of the importance of India's relations with the US. For the first time, one also saw the contours of a consciously worked out strategy to impart meaning and depth to Indo-US relations in various fields.
The successful implementation of this strategy would not have been possible but for the valuable support received by the BJP-led government from the Indian Diaspora in the US and the Jewish community. The Diaspora was excited by the fact that for the first time India had a government which was capable of lucid thinking in matters relating to Indo-US relations and which recognised openly the role which this Diaspora could play in the positive transformation of Indo-US relations.
The Congress (I) governments of the past were widely perceived by large sections of the Diaspora as condescending, if not indifferent, in its attitude to the Diaspora and as bedeviled in its attitude and thinking vis-a-vis the US by the vestiges of the anti-US reflexes of the Cold War years.
A large majority of Persons of Indian Origin in the US are Hindus, an increasing percentage of them born and brought up in the US.
Their long years in the US have not diluted their pride as Hindus and their attachment to the Hindu religion and culture. This is so not only in the older generation, but even more so in the younger generation. One has to only visit the Hindu temples which have mushroomed across the US to realise that many youth of Indian origin in the US, both men and women, are even more devoted Hindus than their counterparts in India.
This Hindu segment of the Diaspora was never able to appreciate secularism as projected by the Congress (I), the Leftists and the other so-called secular parties of India. For them, as it is for the BJP, secularism does not mean consciously playing down India's Hindu background and heritage.
The good vibrations resulting from their positive perception of the thinking and reflexes of the BJP played an important role in making them activate themselves for promoting a better understanding of India's policies and concerns and a better recognition of India's needs.
To the BJP should go the credit for recognising the important contribution which Israel as a State and the Jewish community as a people could play in bringing India and the US together. It was Indira Gandhi, who had initiated the policy of opening up some lines of communications with Israel and it was Narasimha Rao, who had taken the initiative for establishing full-fledged diplomatic relations with Israel.
The relations between India and Israel in various fields had started developing even under the previous Congress (I) governments, but they were coy in admitting them and hesitant to establish lines of communications with the Jewish Diaspora outside Israel, lest their actions be misunderstood and misinterpreted by the Islamic world.
No such inhibitions and concerns marked the policies of the BJP. It openly pronounced its interest in further strengthening India's relations with Israel and took a number of steps in furtherance of this. It had no hesitation in encouraging a networking at non-governmental levels with the Jewish Diaspora outside Israel, particularly in the US.
The Jewish Diaspora, which felt ignored by the previous Congress (I) governments, reciprocated these gestures enthusiastically and joined hands with sections of the Diaspora of Indian origin in various non-governmental organizations for promoting the common interests of India and Israel. The benefits of these policy changes are there for all to see, despite the criticism of the Congress (I).
There would be limits to any improvement in Indo-US relations if any government in New Delhi does not show adequate sensitivity to the concerns and interests of the US business community and government.
It was this realisation which made the BJP government, which came to office in 1998 with confused ideas on economic policy, take action to remove this confusion and to convince the foreign business community that it meant business with regard to economic reforms. The favourable turn in the attitude of the US business community to India could be attributed to this.
The BJP had an advantage in formulating and implementing this far-sighted policy because there was a broad consensus among all the members of the outgoing coalition government on the importance of India's relations with the USA and none of them was stymied in their thinking by the anti-US reflexes commonly prevalent in India during the Cold War.
Would this momentum be maintained under the new coalition government headed by Congress (I)? Or would the anti-US reflexes of the past re-assert themselves in policy-making?
Would the dependence of the Congress (I) on the Leftist parties for its survival in power slow down the forward momentum and force the Congress (I) to have a re-look at the policies pursued by the BJP-led coalition?
Would the conservatives in the US, who provide the ideological motivating force of the Bush administration and would continue to do so if Bush retains power in the forthcoming election, continue to be as enthusiastic as now in their perception of India or would there be a resurgence of their fears and mental reservations because of the Congress (I)'s dependence on the Communists?
Many of these conservatives never had a positive perception of the Congress (I) in the past and may not have in future unless the Congress (I) goes out of its way to convince them of its interest in a strategic relationship within the US?Would the new government play down India's interest in further developing its ties with Israel and start keeping away from the Jewish Diaspora once again in order to reassure the Islamic world of its goodwill towards them?
Would the Indian Diaspora in the US, many of whom seem to have reservations about the new leadership of the Congress (I) and its dependence on the leftists, continue to work as energetically as before?
Would changes in some aspects of economic reforms such as a second look at the privatisation policy, at a time when China is moving full steam ahead with its reforms including the privatisation of State-owned enterprises, re-kindle fears in the US business community, about the predictability of India's economic reforms and policies, with each new administration seeking to change the policies of its predecessor?
These are questions to which it is difficult to give definitive answers at present. The coalition formed by the Congress (I) before the elections was largely a tactical coalition with the single point agenda of bringing down the BJP-led coalition. It was not a strategic coalition with a common vision for the future. Each constituent of the coalition had its own strategic vision, but no attempt was made to identify and remove or reduce the divergences and identify a broad area of convergence on the basis of which they could work together. This important task was postponed to after the election, lest differences in their policy perceptions come in the way of their pursuing determinedly their objective of bringing down the BJP-led government.
After the election, an exercise has been initiated to bring about a policy convergence in the form of a common minimum programme.
The media hype that the elections resulted in a massive mandate for the Congress (I) and in a massive rejection of the BJP are not correct. Both secured roughly one-fourth of the total number of seats in the Lok Sabha, the lower House of the Parliament. The Congress (I) secured just a few more than the BJP. The remaining nearly one-half of the seats have been won by a hotch-potch of parties, with the Leftists securing the largest chunk. More of these seats have been won by paties which had joined the Congress-led coalition than by the parties in the BJP-led coalition.
Hence, the Congress (I)'s return to power. By itself, it holds roughly only one-fourth of the total number of seats in the House and one-half of the number of seats required for a working majority. By no stretch of imagination, can this be called a massive mandate as projected by the media.
The parties, which supported the BJP in the 1999 and the recent election largely belonged to the right side of the political spectrum and this made the task of policy convergence and coherence easier.
Those supporting the Congress (I) now belong to both sides, as many to the left as to the right. This could make the task of policy convergence and enforcement more difficult.
However, a perusal of the pre-poll policy documents of both the Congress (I) and the Leftist parties indicate a possibly commonly-shared negative view of the BJP-led government's policies towards the US and mental reservations on the advisability of the policies followed hitherto.
For example, the Congress (I)'s document titled Issues before the nation: security, defence and foreign policy, says: 'Of equal concern has been the BJP/NDA Government's policies towards the USA. They have been characterised by a lack of transparency. Till this day, the country has never been taken into confidence about the outcome of several rounds of discussions which Shri Jaswant Singh as Minister of External Affairs had with Mr Strobe Talbott, Deputy Secretary of State of the USA.
'Sadly, a great country like India has been reduced to having a subordinate relationship with the USA where the USA takes India for granted. This is the result of the BJP/NDA Government's willingness to adjust the US priorities and policies without giving due attention to India's own vital foreign policy and national security interests. The declaration of Pakistan as a non-NATO ally by the USA recently exposed the BJP's claim of a "paradigm shift" in Indo-US relations.
'This declaration caught the Government of India by surprise. The subsequent protests by the Government of India have been very weak and have lacked credibility and conviction.The BJP/NDA Government has failed to take the country into confidence about the national security implications of the new tie-up between Pakistan and the USA. It has also failed to dispel the widely-held fears that India has accepted the mediator role for the USA in Indo-Pakistan relations.'
During the election campaign, the Leftist parties were critical of Indo-US military cooperation and called for a second look at all the agreements in this regard entered into by the BJP-led government.
Next: The Challenges in South Asia
Image: Rahil Shaikh | <urn:uuid:652de454-c14a-44b0-8eed-ac82fdbda3cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/may/18spec3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00329-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971015 | 3,188 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Many scientific entrepreneurs reject any notion that the transformation of knowledge into material products or marketable services is any less intellectually demanding, or that it requires any lesser degree of intelligence, than so called pure science. ... The problems may be diffusely framed -- how to raise finance, recruit and motivate people, organize the corporate environment, locate markets and identify competitors -- but, because of that, they can plausibly be seen as more intellectually demanding than the well-framed problems of academic science. Entrepreneurs may see themselves as having a broad vision of the world, contrasted to the narrowness and inwardness of their purely academic colleagues. They know how to do things about which their colleagues are clueless. It's a matter of experience, of course, but it may also be seen as a form of constitutional intelligence.
While I can't help but like this paragraph, I do think we should distinguish between intellectual ability and other sorts of abilities. Scientists who start and run companies may have a broader set of skills (leadership, negotiation, risk taking, communication, psychological insight, etc.) than the typical academic, but I wouldn't describe running a startup as more intellectually demanding than pure scientific research (at least not theoretical physics!). | <urn:uuid:f46a8e96-e68a-4ca5-adee-c05411520a58> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://infoproc.blogspot.com/2009/12/scientific-life-entrepreneurs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00393-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958176 | 245 | 1.617188 | 2 |
ADVANCEMENTS IN MEDICAL care over the past 30 years, coupled with a growing emphasis on a healthier lifestyle, have resulted in more adults living longer?the US population aged 65 years and older is expected to double within the next 25 years. By 2030, almost 1 out of every 5 Americans?some 72 million people?will be 65 or older. The elderly population also consumes a considerable amount of prescription medications; in 2005, they used 37% of all
This population needs more than just medications; they need expert advice on how to take them, as well as an advocate to make sure the medicines they receive are right for them. The consultant pharmacist is specially trained to assist with long-term care patients with their special medication needs. Consultant pharmacists can influence a prescriber?s decisions regarding senior patients based on their expert recommendations and personal interaction with the patients.
Seniors are at a greater risk for medication-related problems than other populations, chiefly because of the various physiological impacts of aging, a higher rate of multiple chronic diseases, and a greater consumption of both prescription and OTC medications. The consultant pharmacist is vital in making sure this population receives the proper care for any adverse events that might occur due to a medication mishap.
Although the majority of long-term care patients are elderly, consultant pharmacy is not limited to this population. Consultant pharmacists also work in mental institutions, hospice care facilities, correctional institutions, and acute care hospitals. Since most of the settings where consultant pharmacists practice are predominantly populated by older adults, however, a broad understanding of geriatrics, especially geriatric pharmacotherapy, is important for the potential consultant pharmacist.
The roles of the consultant pharmacist are as varied as their locales. Not only do they administer pharmacy services, but they also educate both patients and other health care providers on various medical issues of importance to the long-term care patient. They also can provide advanced services, such as disease management protocols, software development, laboratory services, nutrition services, and clinical research to any number of different care settings.
Brian Wolstenholme, PharmD, is a consultant pharmacist in
Dr. Wolstenholme currently works with several different nursing homes in
Dr. Wolstenholme is a member of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists (ASCP), the professional group that offers education, advocacy, and resources to help promote consultant and senior care pharmacy. To take advantage of all the ASCP has to offer, visit www.ascp.com. A well-informed, properly equipped consultant pharmacist is a valuable asset in protecting the health and quality of life for senior patients.
The Oncology Care Pharmacist in Health-System Pharmacy
According to the National Cancer Institute, almost 40% of men and women will be given a diagnosis of some form of cancer in their lifetime.
News from the year's biggest meetings
Clinical features with downloadable PDFs | <urn:uuid:3a73676f-2fee-496b-a745-20bd572deefe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/career/2007/careers_2007-09/careers_2007-09_5081 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00374-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946253 | 601 | 2.46875 | 2 |
On March 16, the City’s Landmarks Preservation Commission approved plans from Tishman Speyer to construct a 24,000-square-foot rooftop park above Radio City Music Hall and a pedestrian skybridge connecting the property to 1270 Avenue of the Americas.
Located on the 9th floor of Radio City Music Hall, Radio Park’s landscape will be the realization of a proposal from the original blueprint of Rockefeller Center – though one has never been built.
“While I wish I could say that this was an idea of our creation, this project really has its roots in the original vision for this center and the notion that Rockefeller Center was conceived as a campus of interconnected, green rooftops and terraces,” said EB Kelly, Tishman Speyer’s Managing Director of Rockefeller Center, during the proposal to LPC. “We are committed to making sure that Rockefeller Center is a dynamic part of the New York recovery, and this project feels like it is a terrifically important part of that.”
Radio Park is designed by landscape architecture firm HMWhite and includes a pedestrian bridge designed by G3 Architecture Interiors Planning. The finished Radio Park will consist of paved and landscaped areas, pathways and pavilions. A number of seating and lounging options will be spread across the park. Visitors will be able to access the park from both 50 Rockefeller Plaza and 1270 Avenue of the Americas. Radio City Music Hall employees will be able to gain entrance to the park from inside of the building.
“As we continue to reimagine our physical spaces and the experiences we can offer at Rockefeller Center, we are thrilled that the Landmarks Preservation Commission approved our proposal, which dates back to the earliest days of Rockefeller Center’s conception,” said a Tishman Speyer spokesperson. “During this time when outdoor access is important, it is especially meaningful to be able to provide an additional 24,000 square feet of green space at the Center.”
Radio Park is the latest project in Tishman Speyer’s efforts to restore and revive Rockefeller Plaza. The Park is scheduled to open this fall to all those working at Rockefeller Center and their guests.
Tishman Speyer will announce additional details about Radio Park in the coming months. For updates about Rockefeller Center, visit rockefellercenter.com | <urn:uuid:20e79521-354e-4dc6-b4dd-71d2da06ba20> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.amny.com/real-estate/a-public-park-atop-radio-city-music-hall-developers-get-approval-for-spectacular-idea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.93637 | 484 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Azerbaijani embroidery belongs to one of the most ancient kinds of not even handicrafts, but the true creativity of the people. The most luxurious hotels in Azerbaijan, and many other countries would like to decorate their walls with such canvases. It shows a rich spiritual world and talent of Azerbaijanis.
Technical compositions of Azerbaijani embroidery are rooted in the depth of centuries. Archaeological evidence indicates the beginning of the spread of various types of embroidery in Azerbaijan. Ceramic vessels created in the Early Bronze Age (the third century BC) reflect in their drawings elements of ornaments such as embroidered: broken and straight lines, zigzags, rhombs, circles, dotted ornaments, etc.
Wealth and variety reflected in embroidered products. Ornamental motifs contained the most popular images of flowers, fruit trees, leaves, ears. Rhombs, asterisks, triangles, six- and octagonal rosettes, the sun reflected in geometric patterns of embroideries. Without attention, there were no images of such birds as a nightingale, a peacock, a pigeon, a parrot, a sparrow, a pheasant, partridge, and others. Also skilled needlewomen embroidered representatives of the animal world – turtles, gazelles, horses, snake dragons, etc. Reflected in the patterns of household items, such as decanters for rose water, elegant and mysterious cases for combs, jugs, bottles.
The most popular embroidery is smooth, stitching seam, gold embroidery, sewn beaded and sequins, appliques, spiral and fillet embroidery, stamped plaques and buckles.
The most ancient embroidery in Azerbaijan is gold embroidery. For work used dense fabric, the best of which was considered a solid velvet of green, burgundy or red. They also embroidered on brocade, morocco leather, satin and cloth of various tones. In embroidery with gold embroidery, factory threads of gold or silver were used. Gold embroidery decorated headdresses, women’s clothing, small and household products, as well as horse decorations. The dowry of the bride, according to the customs, was to have items embroidered with gold. Tambour embroidery was executed with bright silk threads on a cloth of red, dark blue or black colors, or on velvet. This kind of needlework was practiced by both women and men. Complex and bizarre patterns were created on the fabric, which before that was stretched on the embroidery frame. The master initially embroidered a clear outline of the contour, and then moved to the inner part of it. The tambour seam decorated women’s clothing, bedspreads, bath mats, pillowcases.
For embroidering with smoothness, soft, pastel tones of silk and wool thread were used, often combining with gold threads. This technique was embroidered with wall decorations, it turned it into works of art covering for the face, curtains, clothes. The most interesting are pearl and beaded embroidery. They decorated items of clothing, household items and much more. Sequins, as one of the types of embroidery, were sewn along the contour of the pattern on the fabric with silk colored threads. Applicants and embroidery are considered to be younger than Azerbaijani embroideries. | <urn:uuid:c8eb00ec-a314-4a05-90ae-fdc562cc3979> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eastroute.com/es/azerbaidjan/embroidery-of-azerbaijan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.95577 | 716 | 2.921875 | 3 |
By David Gelfand
Guest Writer for Wake Up World
The weekend always seem to come fastest when you’re sitting at your desk, looking at the clock, and notice it’s that much closer to 5pm. Just last month I found myself inundated with Facebook posts, promotions, and commercials about “Earth Day.” While I appreciate the festivities and even gifted myself with a few morning walks in the dew-filled grass, I found myself perplexed as to the true essence of this holiday. After all, the more a holiday becomes commercialized, the less it really means in my opinion. It becomes an excuse to go out, buy something, and put a smile on your face. Don’t get me wrong – I’m all for a smile, but I like knowing what I’m smiling about. With that being said, I decided to dig a bit deeper into this not-so-foreign concept known as “Earth Day.”
As I sit at my desk, insulated from the world around me, I can’t help but find myself mesmerized by the swaying motion of the trees outside. Just in the last week, my lone window facing the world has exposed me to the downpour of rain, the beaming light of the sun, and the snow flurry remnants of our bitter winter. In just these two weeks I’ve become connected and enveloped in our world’s power. I’ve seen the trials and tribulations of our nature’s path right before my eyes. It’s hard to not appreciate, ruminate on, and consider these changes that we so often take for granted.
The food we eat, the earth we walk on, and the air we breathe is all just a subset of what Mother Nature has to offer us. We are intrinsically natural beings, born and raised by the earth beneath our feet. It’s time to make these connections and recognize where we come from, what our source of nutrient is, and what allows us to continue to live and thrive as a species.
April 22nd marked the 43rd annual Earth Day holiday. From what I gathered, it’s not just a holiday, though. It’s a celebration. A day of appreciation. A commemorative moment where we reevaluate our place in nature. What contributions do we make? How have we helped the source of our life? How and where can we improve?
For those that aren’t familiar, a brief history lesson is worthwhile. Sipping my morning cup of coffee in Milwaukee, I began researching the origins of Earth Day. I was pleasantly surprised to see that the founder of Earth Day was a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin. His name was Gaylord Nelson. Even more interestingly, he graduated from my Alma matter – the University of Wisconsin-Madison! It’s no surprise that environmental efforts were prominent in Madison, WI back then – they’re certainly not lacking there now.
Asked for his rationale in establishing an Earth Day, Senator Gaylord Nelson spoke frankly, stating that, “For several years, it had been troubling me that the state of our environment was simply a non-issue in the politics of the country.” Senator Gaylord Nelson delivered a speech in Denver, CO on Earth Day in 1970, explaining that “Our goal is not just an environment of clean air and water and scenic beauty. The objective is an environment of decency, quality and mutual respect for all other human beings and all living creatures.” Senator Gaylord was strongly influenced by Aldo Leopold (also a UW-Madison teacher) and his teachings that focused on environmental and forest specialization and conservation. Throughout his tenure as Senator and after, Senator Gaylord was a critical proponent of environmental consciousness and helped fortify the efforts made to live in a more sustainable, natural, and conscious world.
Today, Senator Nelson’s mission lives on. Earth Day now serves as a collaborative effort by all citizens to live in a more unified and natural existence, taking strides to improve our sustainability and conservation efforts. Earth Day is credited with launching our modern day environmental movement with laws such as the Clear Air Act and Clean Water Act following. The Earth Day Network has been established in honor of this movement. Its website states that, “Growing out of the first Earth Day, Earth Day Network (EDN) works with over 22,000 partners in 192 countries to broaden, diversify and mobilize the environmental movement. More than 1 billion people now participate in Earth Day activities each year, making it the largest civic observance in the world.”
While Earth Day only lasts for the one day, it’s more of an opportunity. It’s an opportunity to make holistic and lifestyle changes for the environment. It’s an opportunity to change your daily habits, weekly regimen, and become more environmentally responsible.
Henry David Thoreau, one of the great American poets, naturalists, and authors, wrote an essay titled “Walking.” In an attempt to expose our inner, rooted love of nature, Thoreau progressively shows the inherent connection between civilization and nature. He describes the ever-changing relationship between man and nature, and how this relationship is sustainable through accepting our psychological bond with wilderness. In his first lines, Thoreau declares that, “I wish to speak a word for Nature, for absolute freedom and wilderness, as contrasted with a freedom and culture merely civil – do regard man as an inhabitant, or a part and parcel of Nature, rather than a member of a society.”
The simple act of walking, Thoreau explains, is too often mistreated and dismissed as a rudimentary part of human existence. On the contrary, Thoreau clarifies, it is our liberating force. Walking, and walking in nature specifically, is what removes us from the insensibility of sitting idly, confined in our homes and offices all day.
“Here is this vast, savage, hovering mother of ours, Nature, lying all around, with such beauty, and such affection for her children, as the leopard; and yet we are so early weaned from her breast to society, to that culture which is exclusively an interaction of man on man.” Think about it – our potential as humans far supersedes our daily limitations. It’s time to step outside and engage your senses and your mind.
If nothing else, Earth Day is an opportunity to engage yourself in the world around you. Step outside and connect yourself with the world. One of the best ways to do this is by a new, natural phenomenon known as grounding. By connecting yourself with the earth beneath your feet, you are able to absorb its naturally occurring electrons. These electrons serve as an antioxidant of sorts, neutralizing the free radicals built up in our bodies. It’s natural. It’s fun. And, most importantly, it feels good. I encourage you to try walking barefoot and seeing what kind of effect it has on your body. It’s no mystery why civilizations before us lived barefoot and experienced far less health ailments than we do today. They were rooted and lived in harmony with the earth beneath their feet.
Juil is a new footwear brand that allows you to go about your daily life and stay connected with the earth at the same time. By placing copper conductors in the heel and toes of their footwear, Juil allows you to maintain your connection with the earth. This connection has shown to improve the lives of many. Check them out at www.juil.com. Juil has kindly offered a 15% discount for all readers of WakeUpWorld. Use coupon code WUWDG15 for your discount (free shipping both ways applies within the continental United States).
About the author:
David Gelfand, a recent graduate from the University of Wisconsin – Madison, is a dedicated environmentalist with especially strong interest in sustainability and history. David is also an avid writer and traveler, spending much of his time in the capacity of a culinary enthusiast. Working for an upstart footwear company called Juil, David is a part of a team that spreads the word about grounding and its associated benefits. Through marketing and educational efforts, David is passionate about the newfound concept of grounding footwear. | <urn:uuid:4f45d06a-fa4f-4106-88ae-b8526951e65b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://wakeup-world.com/2013/06/04/the-one-connection-we-all-share/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00143-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957987 | 1,720 | 2.25 | 2 |
To this point, we have focused on Pythagorean tuning as a system of just intonation well suited to the complex Gothic polyphony of the 13th and 14th centuries, as well as to medieval monophony. We now consider the relationship of this system to other forms of just intonation, and to alternatives such as meantone and equal temperament.
Like many musical terms, "just intonation" can have various meanings and implications depending on the context. Generally we might take it to mean a system of tuning where all intervals are derived from integer or whole number ratios, and where, in a given stylistic context, the stable concords are presented in their ideally pure or simple form.
In a system such as 13th-century polyphony where fifths and fourths are the favored stable concords, Pythagorean tuning meets both criteria admirably. All intervals, from the most simple to the most complex, are derived either from the ratio of the pure fifth (3:2), or from that of the octave (2:1). Furthermore, not only stable fifths and fourths (4:3), but also major seconds (9:8) and minor sevenths (16:9), are presented in their ideally just ratios.
As we move from period to period or from style to style, the implications attached to "just intonation" change. Thus to a 16th-century theorist such as Gioseffo Zarlino, such a tuning must provide ideal ratios for the major third (5:4) and minor third (6:5), now the choice concords. For some 20th-century theorists, a "just" tuning system must additionally provide what they consider an ideally concordant ratio for the minor seventh (7:1), or for even more complex intervals (e.g. 11:1, 13:1).
One way to identify a given system of just intonation is to consider both the largest prime number used in building its interval ratios, and the most complex intervals it includes based on multiplex (n:1) or superparticular (n+1:n) ratios.
Applying the first part of this concept, some scholars refer to Pythagorean tuning as "3-limit just intonation," since all intervals are derived either from fifths (3:2) or octaves (2:1), ratios involving 3 as the largest prime.
However, we might preferably speak of "3(9)-limit just intonation" to indicate that the tuning includes ideal integer ratios based on 9 as well as on 3, although only the latter is a prime number. The major second (9:8) is thus based on an ideal superparticular (n+1:n) ratio, and as observed by Jacobus of Liege, the major 23rd or "whole-tone-plus-triple-octave" is based on the yet more ideal multiplex (n:1) ratio of 9:1, which he presents as the limit of his theoretical system.
While Jacobus himself duly notes that intervals larger than a twelfth have little use in actual polyphony, he very interestingly classifies M23 (9:1) in theory as a "perfect concord," a musical judgment which to my ear is quite congenial. More practically, he discusses the role of smaller intervals with ratios based in 9 as unstable but useful intervals: M2 (9:8) and m7 (16:9) are "imperfect concords" in his system, while M9 (9:4) is a somewhat more blending "intermediate concord."
These 9-based intervals draw a certain dignity from their close association with the stable concords. Thus M2 is precisely equal to the difference between the fifth and fourth; m7 to two perfect fourths; and M9 to two perfect fifths. Even as simple intervals, they have some degree of "compatibility" (Section 3.1.3), and in settings for three or four voices they can combine with fifths and fourths to form sonorities with a relatively blending quality such as 5/4 or 5/2, 9/5, and 7/4 (Section 3.2.3). Both Anonymous I (c. 1290) and Jacobus note the pleasing quality of M9 if "a fifth is placed in the middle," thus "splitting" the outer interval (9:4) into two euphonious fifths (9:6:4), and making the extreme voices "seem to concord better."
This affinity between the fifth and the major second or ninth is not necessarily specific to the medieval Western Europe of Perotin or Machaut. In an analysis of Japanese koto music, for example, David Loeb observes: "At these points of apparent repose, the vertical intervals include, not surprisingly, perfect fifths and octaves. Quite unexpected, however, is the similar use of major ninths which possess an equally strong sense of resolution. The ninth is constructed with a fifth included in nearly all instances." (Loeb, at 347).
While the technical description "3(9)-limit just intonation" may convey this affinity as manifested in Gothic polyphony and other world musics, a more intuitive term for Pythagorean tuning might be simply "quintal just intonation." That is, the system is founded primarily on the fifth (or fourth), with the corollary that the 9-based intervals (M2, m7, M9) derive their just proportions from the prime 3-based fifths and fourths.
Here we must note a vital caution: intervals outside the "limit" of a system of just intonation can and do have great musical value, and Pythagorean tuning in a Gothic context is a fine illustration. Theorists of the 13th century in fact regard M3 (81:64) and m3 (32:27) as relatively concordant, more blending in fact than M2 (9:8) and m7 (16:9). Jacobus likewise notes the popularity and pleasing qualities of the quinta fissa or fifth "split" into two thirds - 5/M3 or 5/m3 - citing a motet opening with such a sonority. (See Sections 3.1.2, 3.2.2). In practice, even a strong discord such as M7 (243:128) can play a vital role in the cadential action and sheer vertical color of this music.
What changes in just intonation systems is not so much whether a given interval is used, but how it is used.
Thus in the Renaissance, Zarlino's system of 1558 might be described as "5-limit just intonation," with 5 as the highest prime number used in defining concords; M3 (5:4), m3 (6:5), M6 (5:3), and m6 (8:5) are the most complex intervals participating in stable sonorities. Since these intervals are now used as points of resolution and repose, their more complex and "active" Pythagorean ratios would no longer fit the musical context. At the same time, "dissonances" outside the new limits of restful concord such as the minor seventh (now 9:5) are not without musical utility, but indeed, as Zarlino notes, add grace to the concords when aptly used in suspensions, for example. As is well known, Monteverdi and Gesualdo along with other composers around 1600 make bold use indeed of such unstable intervals.
We may refer to such "5-limit" systems more informally as "tertian just intonation": thirds and sixths with their 5-based ratios are primary intervals of the system. Other intervals tend to take their measure from these: thus m7 (9:5) is equal to a pure minor third plus a fifth (6:5 x 3:2), while M2 alternates between 9:8 and 10:9, these two ratios together yielding a pure major third of 5:4.
From a 20th-century perspective, both the quintal and tertian systems of just intonation may seem artificially "limited," and contemporary performers and theorists are exploring the possibilities of 7-limit and even more complex systems. Just as Renaissance musicians found a 3(9)-limit Pythagorean tuning "incomplete" because it did not provide ratios such as 5:4 or 6:5, these contemporary musicians find 5-limit tunings incomplete because they do not include such ratios as 7:1, 11:1, or 13:1.
In its own terms, however, each system is a complete whole supporting music of great expressive power and beauty. Moving from Gothic to Renaissance, we not only encounter new possibilities opened by stable thirds and sixths, but lose the expressive power of the active Pythagorean thirds and sixths (with the modified Pythagorean tuning of around 1400 possibly representing a bridge between these worlds, see Section 4.5). Moving from the Renaissance-Romantic eras to the new world of 7-limit and higher systems, we again expand the universe of restful concords but lose the expressive power of an interval such as the minor seventh when treated as definitely active and unstable.
Any system of harmony or tuning represents a process of selection based on sheer artistic taste and more or less elegant consistency. Around 1300, the English theorist Walter Odington proposes that major and minor thirds (81:64, 32:27) have ratios close to 5:4 and 6:5 respectively, and that singers lean toward these simpler ratios. His observation may reflect the style of much English polyphony of the period, where thirds often have a pervasive role in the texture and may even serve as closing sonorities. However, he is much less friendly to the 9-based M2 and M9, finding these intervals quite "incompatible" - much in contrast to Anonymous I and Jacobus in roughly the same era, not to mention modern Japanese koto players.
Jacobus observes that it would be possible to build instruments using ratios such as 5:1 and 7:1, which he demonstrates would differ from the Pythagorean M3 (81:64) and m7 (16:9) by 81:80 and 64:63. However, he concludes, such intervals would not be well-formed in terms of proper whole-tones and semitones. Evidently he did not perceive any great musical utility in these intervals, as opposed to the familiar M3 and m7 of the standard musical language - or insufficient utility to outweigh the inconsistencies with the rest of the system.
Likewise, it is easy to see how the proposal of some 18th-century musicians for a concordant "harmonic minor seventh" with a pure ratio of 7:1 might seem an incongruous complication to composers and theorists oriented to a musical language and tertian tuning system where all sevenths are discords.
Each system has its own sense of logic as well as beauty. In quintal just intonation, the minor seventh (16:9) divides neatly into the two concordant fourths of 7/4 (16:12:9), a favored sonority of Perotin's era also recommended by Jacobus. Neither the 9:5 ratio of tertian just intonation, derived from the pure minor third and fifth, nor the 7:1 ratio of today's 7-limit and higher systems, offers this advantage.
In tertian styles of the Renaissance-Romantic eras, where 7/4 makes sense only as a restricted suspension dissonance or the like, the issue of its ideal tuning seems of little moment; a modern system of just intonation might offer multiple flavors of m7 (16:9, 9:5, 7:1) to accommodate quintal/quartal, tertian, and more novel harmonies. Such a solution brings more flexibility, and also more complexity both in conception and in implementation on fixed-pitch instruments.
Just intonation is therefore not a single system of tuning, but an open set of systems: quintal, tertian, and beyond. Such systems share in common a desire for intervals based on integer ratios, and for stable concords in their ideally blending form; their manifold differences echo the varying musical styles and tastes that not only reflect but shape tuning systems of all kinds. Pythagorean tuning in the context of Gothic polyphony offers one eloquent example.
In contrast to the various systems of just intonation, temperament involves small and deliberate deviations from ideal interval ratios (as defined in a given period or style). Since at least the 15th century, the two approaches have coexisted in European music, and indeed systems such as meantone and well-temperament may combine both approaches, tuning some intervals in a just manner and tempering others.
This final section compares Pythagorean just intonation as discussed so far with three overlapping families of temperaments: meantone, well-temperament, and equal temperament.
The history of tuning systems, it is often said, has revolved around the two goals of "beauty" and "utility." While beauty aims at the presentation of intervals in their most just or pleasing proportions, utility aims at the maximum number of "tolerable" or "playable" intervals in an octave.
A standard Pythagorean tuning, for example, seems to offer a great degree of "beauty" in the context of Gothic polyphony from Perotin to Machaut (as well as for earlier music). Its pure fifths and fourths, active thirds and sixths, just major seconds and minor sevenths, and small diatonic semitones all concord well with the stylistic qualities of harmonic color and efficient cadential action (Section 3).
At the same time, this tuning offers a rather high although not quite optimal level of "utility": in return for 11 just fifths or fourths in an octave, we accept a Wolf at G#-Eb. Since these two notes rarely occur together, the practical loss of utility is slight.
To perfect the utility of this tuning without any compromise in its beauty, we might add a 13th key to the keyboard at Ab, a Pythagorean comma below G#. Then we would have a pure fifth Ab-Eb or fourth Eb-Ab, completing our set of 12 perfect fifths or fourths in an octave.
To domesticate the Wolf within the limits of a 12-note octave, we could implement a Pythagorean well-temperament of the kind to be proposed in Section 5.5. Such a tuning is in many ways a fascinating mirror-image of the triadic well-temperaments of the late 17th and 18th centuries. The symmetries of design reflect a common goal of utility, while the contrasts reflect the rather different ideals of harmonic beauty prevailing in medieval and Baroque music.
Around 1400, musicians experimented with a modified form of Pythagorean tuning evidently signalling a shift in the ideal of beauty toward more blending thirds. Tuning the sharps at the flat end of the chain of fifths, a Pythagorean comma lower than usual, altered major and minor thirds involving sharps to 384 and 318 cents respectively - just 2 cents from their ideally blending ratios of 5:4 and 6:5. Other thirds retained their usual active quality.
As discussed at more length in Section 4.5, this tuning with its two contrasting flavors of thirds and sixths involved some delicate compromises in the areas of beauty and utility. Mark Lindley suggests that it may have been quite influential in the epoch of Dufay's youth around 1420, an epoch often seen as marking the musical transition from Gothic to Renaissance.
As thirds and sixths assumed a more and more pervasive role in the texture over the next few decades, early Renaissance musicians sought new tunings that would make ideally smooth and resonant forms of these intervals available at as many scale locations as possible. By 1482, Bartolome Ramos had documented a solution that remained standard for keyboard instruments of the 16th and 17th centuries: meantone temperament. Other theorists of the Renaissance described alternative solutions, now known as well-temperament and equal temperament. Before defining and exploring these overlapping categories, we should briefly consider the problem they address.
The new Renaissance sensibility favoring restful and even conclusive 5/3 and 6/3 combinations - by the end of the century, composers such as Josquin des Prez and Heinrich Isaac had begun to use the third in closing sonorities - raised a basic intonational dilemma. It is impossible, on a fixed pitch instrument having only 12 notes per octave, to achieve pure fifths and pure thirds at the same time at all positions of the chromatic scale.
In the Gothic era, when pure fifths and active thirds happily coexisted both stylistically and mathematically, this facet of tuning may have been more of a congenial feature than a bug (Section 4.4.2). The emerging tertian harmony of the 15th century, ideally calling for pure fifths and thirds, raised the urgent question which has remained perennial for triadic music: which fifths and/or thirds should be compromised, and by how much?
Meantone temperaments of the Renaissance and Baroque characteristically answer: "By all means let us have as many pure thirds as possible, even if this means compromising the fifths and breeding some Wolves in the bargain." Well-temperaments, coming into ascendency in the 18th century, more moderately reply: "Let us have a continuum of triadic colors ranging from pure thirds to pure fifths, but all intervals playable and no Wolves."
Equal temperament, curiously a special case of both other categories, offers a third answer: "Let us gently temper each fifth by an equal amount just sufficient to disperse the Pythagorean comma (Section 4.4.1), leaving rather vibrant thirds just subdued enough to support stable triads."
One might say that meantone favors beauty, equal temperament favors utility, and well-temperament leans toward utility with variety.
Here we consider each kind of temperament in its historical context, and then consider its qualities as a possible alternative to pure Pythagorean just intonation in the performance of Gothic music and related modern styles.
Tuning a chain of four pure fifths (3:2), such as F-C-G-A, results in a Pythagorean major third of 81:64, as opposed to a pure ratio of 5:4 or 80:64. Meantone tunings address this discrepancy of 81:80 or 21.51 cents - the syntonic comma (Section 4.4.2) - by narrowing the fifths slightly to optimize the thirds.
Technically speaking, a meantone tuning is any tuning which narrows all fifths equally, or all but one. Each major third will then consist of two equal whole-tones, or "meantones" - as opposed, for example, to the unequal 9:8 and 10:9 whole-tones favored in Renaissance and later systems of tertian just intonation (Section 5.1). If all fifths are equally narrowed, we have the special and uncharacteristic case of equal temperament (Section 5.6). Typically, however, the process of narrowing 11 fifths to achieve pure or nearly pure thirds results in leaving what has been called a "catastrophically" wide Wolf fifth, as we shall see.
In its most typical Renaissance form, meantone temperament seeks uncompromisingly pure major thirds. To achieve this goal, we must narrow each third by a syntonic comma - and thus narrow each of the four fifths generating the third by a quarter of this amount, or about 5.38 cents.
This most characteristic tuning of the family is therefore known as "1/4-comma meantone," and other meantone tunings are likewise identified by the amount of tempering or narrowing applied to each fifth - "1/6-comma meantone," "2/7-comma meantone," etc. Normally the syntonic comma is understood, unless the larger Pythagorean comma is expressly specified. The use of the term "meantone tuning" without qualification is often taken to imply 1/4-comma meantone, which produces pure major thirds.
In effect, 1/4-comma meantone is a variety of Renaissance just intonation mapped to a conventional keyboard. All major thirds are a just 5:4 (about 386.31 cents), and minor thirds are a slightly compressed 310.26 cents, quite close to a pure 6:5 (315.64 cents). This compression of 1/4 comma is equal to that of the fifth, since a major third and minor third together make a fifth.
Meantone temperament sets thirds, the choicest concords of the Renaissance, in their most pure or nearly pure aspect, celebrating as it were the new standard of harmonic beauty. By 1558, Zarlino refers to the 5/3 combination as harmonia perfetta, the perfect sonority which every competent composer strives to realize as often as possible; in 1612, Johannes Lippius describes this trias harmonica or triad as at once the manifestation of the Trinity in music and the key to the practical craft of composition. Meantone tuning embraces this sonority with due reveence.
As with the cartographer's maps of the Renaissance and later periods, the meantone mapping of tertian just intonation onto a 12-note keyboard inevitably involves some distortions. The uncompromising pursuit of just major thirds mandates a more compromising stance toward fifths, compressed from a just 701.96 cents to about 696.58 cents. Since variations in the tuning of fifths tend be perceived more acutely than is the case with thirds, 1/4 comma of tempering is a nontrivial although acceptable compromise; the identical compression of minor thirds is less significant.
From a melodic and cadential point of view, meantone results in a somewhat compressed major second of precisely half a 5:4 major third - the mean-tone - or about 193.16 cents, as compared to the expansive 203.9 cents of Pythagorean tuning. As in tertian just intonation, the diatonic semitone is larger than the chromatic semitone, 117.11 and 76.05 cents. These intervals are equal respectively to the difference between the pure major third and the fourth (enlarged by 1/4 comma) of 503.42 cents, and between the major and minor third.
Mark Lindley remarks that theorists of the earlier Renaissance such as Gaffurius found it difficult to give up the Gothic taste for small diatonic semitones, but by 1637, Mersenne extolled the large semitones of meantone as one of the "beauties" of music. While Renaissance vocal and string ensembles, like their modern counterparts, may have struck varying balances between pure thirds and high leading tones, meantone suggests at the least a sonorous ideal leaning toward the former.
All in all, meantone tuning very nicely reflects and realizes the Renaissance ideal of harmonic beauty based on just triadic ratios. It is in the area of utility that the more serious compromises occur.
In our Pythagorean tuning (Sections 4.2.2, 4.4.1), we found that a series of 12 pure fifths would exceed an even octave by the Pythagorean comma of 23.46 cents. Thus tuning a chain of 11 such fifths leaves a remaining Wolf fifth of only 678 cents, occuring in the standard tuning between the notes at the ends of the chain, G#-Eb.
If this fifth (more naturally spelled Ab-Eb) had come to play a more significant role in Gothic harmony, then utility might have suggested the compromise of slightly narrowing a number of fifths to disperse the "error term" of the comma and keep all 12 fifths within the range of "playability." Equal temperament (Section 5.6) offers one strategy for doing this, and a kind of "Pythagorean well-temperament" proposed below offers another (Section 5.5).
The disutility of 1/4-comma meantone for Wolf-domestication is that in order to achieve its primary purpose, just thirds, it narrows far too much. All 12 fifths together exceed the octave by a Pythagorean comma, so the average correction factor for each fifth would be 1/12 of this amount, or about 1.96 cents. However, the meantone imperative of pure 5:4 major thirds requires a narrowing of 5.38 cents per fifth, a discrepancy of 3.42 cents. Repeated over a chain of 11 fifths, this disparity produces a drastic overcorrection of about 35.69 cents, the amount by which the remaining fifth of around 737.65 cents must exceed a pure ratio of 3:2 (701.96 cents). The result is indeed a Wolf of "catastrophically" enlarged proportions.
At this point we should note that while ideals of "beauty" obviously change along with style, standards of "utility" are also tied to stylistic contexts. Whether a "near fifth" of 738 cents is rejected as an "unplayable Wolf" or embraced as an equal member of the microtonal democracy of intervals is a matter of context, in the 16th century or the 20th century, not of universal acoustical laws.
Nicola Vicentino (1511-1576), composer and microtonal theorist whose tuning system has been neatly summarized by Bill Alves, included in his set of intervals a "greater-than-fifth" of 20:13 (745.65 cents), an interval serviceably approximated by the enlarged fifth we have just been considering (737.65 cents). This sonority is therefore a "Wolf" in the setting of conventional Renaissance music, but a possible variant on a recognized microtonal interval in a music such as Vicentino's.
Like the narrow Wolf fifth in the standard Pythagorean tuning, this wide Wolf was placed at G#-Eb, an interval still rarely in use except in adventurous chromatic works, and deliberately avoided in keyboard compositions designed around the meantone system.
Meantone also generates Wolf diminished fourths such as Ab-C. Since two pure major thirds such as C-E and E-G# together take up about 772.63 cents, this leaves an interval G#-C (or Ab-C) of 427.37 cents (32:25), or a full 41.06 cents larger than a just M3. From Vicentino's microtonalist perspective, this interval might be described as a very close approximation of his "greater-than-major-third" of 50:39 or about 430.14 cents. In other Renaissance contexts, it is a most unsuitable substitute for an expected major third - in other words, a Wolf.
Despite its compromises in utility, meantone seems an ideal reflection of the sonorous world of the Renaissance, rather as Pythagorean tuning reflects the world of Gothic harmony. Each system is based on a commitment to just ratios for the choice concords - pure quintal just intonation in the case of Pythagorean tuning, and the closest approach to pure tertian just intonation possible on a conventional keyboard in the case of meantone. The pure fifths and assertively tense and vibrant thirds of Pythagorean, and the ideally blending thirds and compressed fifths of meantone, seem to represent two poles on the continuum of mathematically possible tunings. Our remaining systems, well-temperament and equal temperament, represent a kind of middle ground.
While admiring the curious antipodal kinship of Pythagorean and meantone as "tunings with an attitude," we can recognize that their ideals of beauty are quite divergent. The compressed fifths of meantone and its large diatonic semitones can hardly do justice to the stable trinic sonorities and incisive cadences of Gothic music (Section 3), nor can the unequivocally active thirds of Pythagorean do justice to the restful triadic sonorities and subtle shadings of Renaissance music.
Thus meantone would appear to be one of the more unlikely choices for Gothic music or modern compositions or improvisations in a similar vein.
A well-temperament, in the broadest sense, is any temperament that permits all relevant intervals in a given style to be playable in any transposition - in other words, a temperament avoiding all "Wolves." By this test, equal temperament is a special and uncharacteristic case of well-temperament (Section 5.6). More characteristically, a well-temperament involves tempering different fifths by differing amounts, thus producing a variety of sizes and "colors" for thirds and other derivative intervals. This systematic microtonal shading is the distinguishing feature of well-temperaments in their classic form.
From a historical perspective, "well-temperaments" are a family of tunings spanning the period of about 1680-1885, with qualities closely tied to stylistic features of the triadic major-minor key system which also, interestingly, prevails during roughly this same period. More broadly, we might view well-temperament as a philosophy or strategy of "Wolf-domestication" which can be applied to other harmonic styles and tuning schemes, including those of the Gothic era.
While forerunners of well-temperament might be traced back as far as an English organ tuning scheme of 1373 and the proposal of Henricus Grammateus (Heinrich Schreiber) in 1518, these systems seem more akin to equal temperament, and so will be discussed under that heading; also, such systems partially tame rather than fully domesticate the Wolf, leaving at least one fifth more than 10 cents from just.
The emergence of "well-temperament" in its classic or canonical form around 1680 reflected the demands of the new major-minor key system with its transpositions of triads to remote locations which usual meantone systems (Section 5.4) could not support. Confronted with the demand that all transpositions of the modes or keys be playable, musicians such as Andreas Werckmeister and his colleagues came up with an admirable solution.
As we have seen, the favorite meantone tunings of the Renaissance and early Baroque had sought as many just or near-just thirds in an octave as possible. Unfortunately, this required narrowing 11 fifths to a far greater extent than would be required to correct for the Pythagorean comma, thus leaving a drastically enlarged 12th fifth to become a "Wolf in reverse." Likewise, two ideally just 5:4 major thirds in an octave such as C-E and E-G# left a diminished fourth G#-C far too large to be playable as a major third. For extraordinarily demanding compositions, Renaissance composers evidently turned to extraordinary keyboards with more than 12 notes per octave.
To make remote transpositions possible on a conventional keyboard, Werckmeister and his peers hit on the solution of narrowing some of the fifths by varying amounts by while leaving others pure, so that the average adjustment would balance out to disperse the Pythagorean comma, domesticating all Wolves. Fifths involving the diatonic notes (e.g. C-G, D-A) may be tempered by a full 1/4 Pythagorean comma or 5.87 cents, while fifths among the black keys (e.g. F#-C#, Eb-Bb) are left untempered or just.
The result, in effect, is an approximation of meantone with its pure or nearly pure thirds for triads such as C-E-G or G-B-D, and an approximation of Pythagorean tuning with its tense and active thirds for remote triads such as F#-A#-C#. Triads at other points on the continuum of transpositions or keys will have their thirds built from various mixtures of tempered and untempered fifths, and thus will have intermediate degrees of tension. The total effect is a graduated spectrum of "key color."
From a purely utilitarian point of view, well-temperaments "split the difference" of meantone. Rather than a large number of pure or almost pure triads plus a sizable contingent of unuseable Wolves, we have a compromise in which the most commonly used modes or keys sound almost as harmonious as in meantone, and the more remote keys are rather tense but tolerable.
From an artistic standpoint, however, well-temperament transforms utility into beauty by giving the composer or performer a tonal palette of contrasts which itself can serve as a new expressive dimension. As scholar and tuning technician Ed Foote puts it, the "dissonance" of Pythagorean or near-Pythagorean thirds in the more remote keys becomes a part of the musical language of the 18th century at least partially reflected in theories of "key character."
This history has led to many modern interpretations and controversies. For example, scholars still debate whether Bach set out in his Well-Tempered Clavier specifically to take advantage of contrasting key colors, or mainly to demonstrate the freedom of transposition afforded by the new tunings. While modern equal temperament would fulfill the second purpose, obviously only a "well-temperament" in the classic sense could also fulfill the first.
From a medievalist point of view, well-temperaments in this historical sense present a paradox. They offer the pure Pythagorean fifths and active thirds that we want for Gothic music - but only in remote transpositions, since in 1700 as opposed to 1300 these intervals were regarded not as the sonorous ideal but as an artful as well as necessary deviation from that ideal.
Indeed such a keyboard might be an ideal incentive for a performer who loves medieval music and would like practice in the art of free transposition! Two favorite Gothic cadences may illustrate this point as presented first in a standard Pythagorean tuning, and then in Werckmeister I (1691) with transposition by a semitone:
Pythagorean (F# x B) Werckmeister I e'-- +90 - f' d#'-- +96 - e' (906) (1200) (906) (1200) b - +90 - c' a# - +96 - b (408) (702) (408) (702) g - -204 - f f# - -198 - e d'-- +204 - e' eb'-- +204 - f' (906) (1200) (906) (1200) a - +204 - b' bb - +204 - c' (408) (702) (408) (702) f - -90 - e gb - -90 - f
Like the Pythagorean versions, the transposed Werckmeister I versions give expansive major thirds of 408 cents and major sixths of 906 cents, efficiently resolving to 8/5 trines with pure fifths and fourths (Sections 3.3, 4.5). As it happens, the tempering process has slightly altered the melodic progressions in our first example, contracting the descending whole-step in the lowest voice from 204 to 198 cents, and enlarging the ascending half-steps in the upper voices from 90 cents to a still-quite-incisive 96 cents. In the second cadence, where the lowest voice descends by a semitone and the upper voices ascend by whole-steps, the translation works perfectly.
In the absence of such transpositions, well-temperaments of this traditional kind present some of the same disadvantages for Gothic polyphony as meantone: unduly compromised fifths and fourths, subdued thirds and sixths, and large rather than keen diatonic semitones.
However, our last examples suggest a possible solution: rather than transposing notes and cadences, why not transpose a well-temperament itself so that we have Pythagorean intervals in the most frequently used positions, and less Pythagorean sounds in positions involving less-used accidentals?
Such a "Pythagorean well-temperament" might invite the metaphor of a chess opening with colors reversed: our general plan is to tune the white keys in just fifths, but to temper some of the fifths involving black keys enough to avoid any Wolf. In fact, Owen Jorgensen has documented just a temperament scheme originally published by Anton Bemetzrieder in 1808!
Before considering the how of such a well-temperament, let us first ask why one would ever wish to use such a compromise rather than pure Pythagorean tuning either for Gothic polyphony, or for new music in a similar style.
The main reason is the obvious one: Wolf-domestication on a keyboard with 12 notes per octave. For certain adventurous medieval pieces, one might desire a proper fifth at ab-eb'; and modern compositions or improvisations in a "neo-Gothic" style might freely use all 12 fifths or fourths in an octave. Under such circumstances, Pythagorean well-temperament is to a pure Pythagorean tuning rather as 18th-century well-temperament is to meantone: a compromise of ideal sonority for the sake of utility.
Such a compromise is hardly necessary in the case of 13th-century polyphony, which scarcely requires a G# key, let alone the interval g#-eb' (i.e. ab-eb'). Nor is this interval very significant in 14th-century music, apart from some avant garde works. However, modern composers or improvisers might wish to experiment with a clavier, electronic or otherwise, "well-tempered" to a Gothic flavor but with the Wolf domesticated. Synthesizers with options making it easy to define and switch between tunings make experiments of this kind more attractive; we can use a custom temperament when desired, and return to pure Pythagorean for the usual medieval repertory.
To domesticate the Wolf, we will need to narrow some of the fifths of our tuning chain (Section 4.2.2) enough to disperse the Pythagorean comma (Section 4.4.1) while keeping all fifths within reasonable limits. Here we shall follow the custom for well-temperaments of measuring adjustments in terms of this comma, as opposed to the smaller syntonic comma (Section 4.4.2) of prime importance to meantone temperaments.
At one extreme, we could try the rough and ready remedy which Jorgensen calls "bisecting the Wolf," simply dividing the comma among two fifths - leaving them both 1/2 Pythagorean comma or 11.73 cents from just, very partially tamed "near-Wolves" at best.
At the other extreme, we could spread the comma equally among all of our fifths, tempering each by 1/12 comma or about 1.95 cents. This is, in fact, the solution of equal temperament (Section 5.6).
Between these extremes, we can seek to spread the comma among a number of fifths while striking various balances between three goals for Pythagorean well-temperaments: the just, the true, and the incisive.
Justness involves preserving as much as possible the pure ratios of the stable fifths and fourths which make up euphonious trines (Sections 3.1.1, 3.2.1), and also of the unstable intervals with simple ratios, major seconds and minor sevenths (Sections 3.1.3, 3.2.3). We would like as many of these intervals as possible to be just, and the remainder to be as close to just as possible.
Trueness is a quality applying especially to our thirds and sixths: we want them to be active and vibrant, as close as possible to their usual Pythagorean proportions. However, since these intervals are not so critical to our basic sound as fifths and fourths, and also take more kindly to inexact tuning, we can afford considerable compromise here. Curiously, our compromised thirds and sixths will become not yet more tense, but rather a bit "subdued." This is a side-effect of our Wolf-domestication for fifths, not an intentional goal as in meantone and triadic well-temperament. In fact, our goal of "trueness" is the opposite of what triadic tunings seek.
Incisiveness has two aspects, vertical and melodic (Section 3.3): efficient expansion or contraction of unstable intervals in various resolutions by contrary motion (e.g. m3-1, M3-5, M6-8, m7-5, M2-4); and concise diatonic semitones for expressive melody at other points as well.
Trueness and incisiveness are directly related: a Pythagorean major third at 408 cents has its full quantum of tension (trueness), and can expand to a fifth more efficiently (incisiveness), with the usual 90-cent semitone motion in one of the voices. Similarly, justness and incisiveness are related in the case of major seconds and minor sevenths: a just Pythagorean m7 at 996 cents can contract with equal efficiency to a fifth.
Since all three goals are ideally met by a pure Pythagorean tuning - apart from the matter of the Wolf - our first rule is to temper our fifths as little as possible.
Given the importance of our fifths and fourths as the choicest concords of our harmonic texture, let us resolve that all fifths stay within 1/4 comma of just, or 5.87 cents. This means that a major second or minor seventh (derived from two fifths or fourths) might be as much as 1/2 comma or 11.73 cents from just, another good reason to prefer smaller adjustments.
In the area of trueness, we would like our most frequently used thirds and sixths to remain at their ideal Pythagorean size, and others occurring with fair frequency to be at least as active as in equal temperament. Thus major thirds should ideally be 408 cents, and preferably at least 400 cents; major sixths, ideally 906 cents or at least 900 cents, etc.
As for incisiveness, we would like diatonic semitones to be as close to the usual 90 cents as possible, and preferably no worse than the 100 cents of equal temperament. From a vertical point of view, resolutions such as M3-5 or m7-5 by contrary motion should ideally involve only 294 cents of motion (a 204-cent whole-step plus a 90-cent half-step), and preferably no more than the 300 cents of equal temperament.
Our general strategy, as already mentioned, will be a kind of mirror image of an 18th-century triadic well-temperament. The idea is to leave the most frequently used fifths untempered, and to spread the adjustment of the comma through a number of the less-used fifths. Here I present first a solution which may be original - always a hazardous first impression in the area of tunings, where reinventing the wheel (or circle of fifths) seems a perennial occupation. Then follows Bemetzrieder's temperament of 1808, a somewhat more balanced solution.
One approach in deciding which fifths to temper is to follow the medieval distinction between the regular tones of the gamut including the diatonic notes plus Bb (musica recta), and the remaining accidentals (musica ficta).
Our first tuning accordingly leaves the traditional gamut in its pure Pythagorean form, tempering only those fifths involving the remaining accidentals and altering only the positions of these four tones (F#, C#, G#, Eb). Here is the general scheme in terms of the chain of fifths, with numbers representing adjustments in Pythagorean commas:
(-1/4) (-1/6) (-1/6) (-1/6) Eb------Bb-F-C-G-D-A-E-B------F#------C#------G# \ / \ / --------------- (-1/4) ----------------
The three fifths at the sharp end of the chain are narrowed by 1/6 comma each, accounting for 1/2 comma in all; the fifth at the flat end, Eb-Bb, is narrowed by a full 1/4 comma. Thus our two ends of the chain have dispersed 3/4 comma in all, leaving 1/4 comma for the remaining fifth at G#-Eb, a "Wolf" now reasonably well domesticated.
Having two fifths (Eb-Bb and G#-Eb) a full 1/4 comma from pure is not the happiest condition, but the compromise does have some advantages. First, it would be my guess that fifths or fourths involving Eb-Bb may be less common in 13th-century music than B-F#, and less common in 14th-century music than cadences regularly involving fourths or fifths on B-F#, F#-C#, or C#-G#, here tempered 1/6 comma.
Another argument for keeping the most dramatic adjustments at the very end of the chain is that such adjustments have cumulative effects on the placement of accidentals, and thus the incisiveness of cadences (especially in 14th-century styles, where cadences with sharps are very common). Tempering a fifth means lowering the new note added in a sharp direction (e.g. F# in B-F#), or raising the new noted added in a flat direction (e.g. Eb in Eb-Bb), in turn affecting the placement of any additional notes added in that direction. The following diagram uses positive numbers below notes to show displacement in a sharp direction, and negative numbers for displacement in a flat direction:
(-1/4) (-1/6) (-1/6) (-1/6) Eb<------Bb-F-C-G-D-A-E-B-------->F#------->C#------->G# +1/4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1/6 -1/3 -1/2
Here the greatest displacement is for G#, 1/2 comma flat due to the three 1/6-comma adjustements at the sharp end of the chain. At the flat end, although the fifth Eb-Bb has been tempered a full 1/4 comma, there is no cumulative displacement, so that Eb is less displaced than G# (1/2 comma) or even C# (1/3 comma). The bright side of the picture is that Eb has moved up 1/4 comma, and G# down 1/2 comma - reducing the full comma of the "Wolf gap" between them to a tenable 1/4 comma.
This is a well-temperament somewhat on the asymmetrical side: two fifths (Eb-Bb, G#-Eb) are asked to bear a full half of the comma adjustment, while seven of the 12 fifths remain just. A tuning chart of the octave c-c' may give a fuller view of the situation:
16:9 106 300 608 804 996 c#' eb' f#' g#' bb' _106_|_98_ _96_|108__ _110_|_94__102_|_102_90_|_114_ c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c'' 1:1 9:8 81:64 4:3 3:2 27:16 243:128 2:1 0 204 408 498 702 906 1110 1200 204 204 90 204 204 204 90
All of the regular notes and intervals of the gamut remain in just intonation, as the familiar diatonic steps and ratios show. However, we note that the fourth eb'-g#' is now only about 504 cents wide - roughly 6 cents (1/4 comma) from a just 498 cents. At what cost have we domesticated this Wolf (formerly 522 cents, a full comma wide)?
To get an overview of incisiveness, we can inspect the sizes of the diatonic semitones around the four repositioned accidentals: c#'-d' (98 cents), d'-eb' (96 cents), f#'-g' (94 cents), and g#'-a' (102 cents). Such a graduated scale of variations is typical of well-temperaments, and we are pleased to find that all these semitones except the last remain smaller than the 100 cents of equal temperament. Of course, a'-bb' remains an ideally incisive 90 cents, since Bb was left unaltered.
In the special case of g#', its diatonic semitone g#'-a' and chromatic semitone g'-g#' are an equal 102 cents. This is not the unhappiest compromise, since one motivation for making G#-Eb (i.e. Ab-Eb) a proper fifth or fourth is use in cadential idioms with a descending semitonal motion Ab-G (a more natural spelling than G#-G):
f''-eb'' g'' c'' d'' ab g M6- 5 8 M3 5
With the whole-tone G-A divided into two "neutral" or Janus-faced semitones of 102 cents, the motions g#'-a' and ab'-g' are equally efficient. These "meansemitones" (Jorgensen) in a Pythagorean setting are slightly larger than their 100-cent counterparts in equal temperament, where a whole-tone is precisely 200 cents rather than a just 9:8 (204 cents). However, a 102-cent semitone is very close to our preference of "100 cents or less," and is considerably smaller than the diatonic semitones of tertian just intonation (112 cents) or Renaissance meantone (117 cents with pure major thirds).
All in all, our diatonic semitones have remained incisive, with some shading as we move toward either extreme in the chain of fifths. Apart from the special case of G# (or Ab), the asymmetry between small diatonic and large chromatic semitones is preserved.
Intimately related to incisiveness is the trueness of thirds and sixths. One way to get an overview is to look at a series of cadences with the very common formula where a major third expands to a fifth and a major sixth to the octave, moving in the direction of more remote accidentals on either side of the chain. For the sake of symmetry, we begin on the flat side with Bb, left unaltered:
Cadences with sharps Cadences with flats b' - +90 - c'' g''-- +204 - a'' (906) (1200) (906) (1200) f#'-- +94 - g' d''-- +204 - e'' (404) (702) (408) (702) d' - -204 - c' bb'-- -90 - a' f#''-- +94 - g'' c''-- +204 - d'' (902) (1200) (900) (1200) c#''-- +98 - d'' g' - +204 - a'' (400) (702) (402) (702) a' - -204 - g' eb'-- -96 - d' c#''-- +98 - d'' f''-- +204 - g'' (898) (1200) (894) (1200) g#' - +102 - a' c''-- +204 - d'' (396) (702) (396) (702) e' - -204 - d' ab'-- -102 - g'
Our major thirds and sixths are remaining fairly close to their ideal sizes of 408 and 906 cents, only falling below our preferred standard of 400 and 900 cents respectively as we reach the far end of the chain of usual cadences. From another perspective, M3-5 and M6-8 involve substantially more than 300 cents of expansion only in our cadences at this far end involving the "Janus-faced" G#/Ab (g#'-a' or ab'-a'). Note how as vertical M3 and M6 become smaller or less true, melodic semitones become larger or less incisive.
Looking at the size of the upper fourths in the cadential sonorities with sharps (the difference between M6 and M3) reveals our 1/6-comma compromise with justness: these fourths measure about 502 cents rather than a pure 498 cents. (Narrowing fifths involving sharps is the same as enlarging the corresponding fourths by the same amount.) Our keyboard octave chart above shows the fifth c#'-g#' at 698 cents rather than a just 702 cents - 1/6 comma of tempering - and eb'-bb' at only 696 cents because of our more drastic tempering of 1/4 comma.
Given that pure fifths and fourths are the quintessence of Pythagorean tuning, we might well have some mixed feelings about the justice of this tempering. As long as the accidentals are used mainly for unstable cadential sonorities, where tension is expected, we might argue that slightly out-of-tune fifths or fourths are not so crucial. However, if these intervals are used in stable sonorities such as b-f#' or f#-c#'-f#', we find ourselves in a situation where our prime concords are being tangibly compromised.
Compromising fifths and fourths also compromises the justness of major seconds or minor sevenths. In one less happy scenario, we might find ourselves trying an adventurous transposition of a common Perotinian cadence with oblique motion above a stationary lowest part:
ab'-- 192 - bb' (1008) (1200) eb'-- 198 - f' (504) (702) bb m7 - 8 4 - 5
The upper fourths of the colorful 7/4 sonority are, unfortunately, the two we both happened to leave tempered by a full 1/4 comma: each is enlarged to 504 cents, an "injustice" three times that of equal temperament. These errors cumulatively stretch the outer minor seventh to 1008 cents, a full 1/2 comma or almost 12 cents beyond its just 16:9 ratio (996 cents). The melodic whole-tones in the upper voices are also compressed from a just 9:8 (204 cents) to 198 cents and 192 cents, the latter being more typical of meantone tuning than of Pythagorean intonation with its spacious major seconds. We are hardly doing justice to this majestic cadence.
With a standard Pythagorean tuning, of course, we could not even attempt such a transposition: the Wolf fourth eb'-ab' (or eb'-g#') would preclude it. With well-temperament, our more mildly enlarged fourths are "playable," but how pleasingly is an open question.
Using meantone-quality fifths and fourths in a Gothic or neo-medieval setting is perhaps akin to using Pythagorean thirds in a late Baroque setting: it is an inherent consequence of well-temperament which may be considered a bug, a feature, or an artistic resource. In the case of triadic well-temperaments, the 18th and 19th centuries provide a body of historical experience. In one viewpoint, these temperaments replaced the Wolves of meantone with many smaller Wolves scattered over the keyboard; but composers learned how to howl with them most artfully.
Applying the well-temperament principle to a medieval Pythagorean tuning, in contrast, moves beyond historical experience and into the realm of modern experimentation, whether we use such a temperament for Gothic polyphony or for modern compositions or improvisations in similar styles.
For experimentally minded readers, here is a table of our above temperament similar to that for a standard Pythagorean tuning given in Section 4.3.1:
---------------------------------------------------------------------- Pythagorean temperament 1: B-F# F#-C# C#-G# (-1/6 PC); Eb-Bb (-1/4 PC) Temperament table: frequencies with a'=440, and variances from 12tet ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | with respect to c' | with respect to a' Note Hz a'=440 | ratio cents +/-12tet | ratio cents +/-12tet ---------------------------------------------------------------------- c' 260.74 1:1 0.00 0.00 | 16:27 -905.87 5.87- c#' 277.18 tempered 105.87 5.87+ | tempered -800.00 0.00 d' 293.33 9:8 203.91 3.91+ | 2:3 -701.96 1.96- eb' 310.07 tempered 300.00 0.00 | tempered -605.87 5.87- e 330.00 81:64 407.82 7.82+ | 3:4 -498.04 1.96+ f' 347.65 4:3 498.04 1.96- | 64:81 -407.82 7.82- f#' 370.41 tempered 607.83 7.83+ | tempered -298.04 1.96+ g' 391.11 3:2 701.96 1.96+ | 8:9 -203.91 3.91- g#' 414.83 tempered 803.91 3.91+ | tempered -101.96 1.96- a' 440.00 27:16 905.87 5.87+ | 1:1 0.00 0.00 bb' 463.54 16:9 996.09 3.91- | 256:243 90.22 9.78- b' 495.00 243:128 1109.78 9.78+ | 9:8 203.91 3.91+ c'' 521.48 2:1 1200.00 0.00 | 32:27 294.13 5.87- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
One way of making our first temperament more gentle and symmetrical would be to distribute the Pythagorean comma equally among all six fifths involving accidentals, including Bb-F. Each of these fifths will therefore be tempered by 1/6 comma.
After this scheme occurred to me, I discovered as mentioned above that an essentially identical scheme had been published in 1808 by Anton Bemetzrieder, whom Jorgensen describes as "a French music teacher and theorist who settled in London in 1781." Bemetzrieder favored tunings with a Pythagorean flavor, and in the case of present interest he "instructed that the six fifths involving the five accidentals must each be tempered to a similar degree." Other fifths are left just.
Jorgensen identifies this scheme as a temperament of Francescantonio Vallotti and Thomas Young (1799) transposed so as totally to reverse the key colors, making it the antithesis of a "well-temperament" in the traditional sense. However, it seems curiously apt as an adaption of the well-temperament concept to Gothic music, whatever its original intent may have been.
Our basic temperament plan looks like this:
(-1/6) (-1/6) (-1/6) (-1/6) (-1/6) Eb------Bb------F-C-G-D-A-E-B------F#------C#------G# \ / \ / ----------------- (-1/6) -------------------
Note that the sharp end of the chain is unchanged, carrying 1/2 comma of the correction, while the flat end now carries 1/3 comma, leaving 1/6 comma for the twelfth fifth, our domesticated Wolf G#-Eb. This fifth and the fifth Eb-Bb are now narrowed by only 1/6 comma instead of 1/4 comma. In return for the milder treatment of these intervals, we have compromised Bb-F (previously unaltered) by the same 1/6 comma. Also, while the adjustment at the flat end is now in two gentler steps of 1/6 comma, the cumulative displacement of Eb in the sharp direction has increased from 1/4 comma to 2/6 or 1/3 comma:
(-1/6) (-1/6) (-1/6) (-1/6) (-1/6) Eb<-------Bb--------F-C-G-D-A-E-B-------->F#------->C#------->G# +1/3 +1/6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1/6 -1/3 -1/2
The overall result is one of balance and symmetry, as we may see by looking at a keyboard octave chart for this temperament:
106 302 608 804 1000 c#' eb' f#' g#' bb' _106_|_98_ _98_|106__ _110_|_94__102_|_102_94_|_110_ c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c'' 1:1 9:8 81:64 4:3 3:2 27:16 243:128 2:1 0 204 408 498 702 906 1110 1200 204 204 90 204 204 204 90
From the viewpoint of incisiveness, we find that the diatonic semitones f#'-g' and a'-bb' are an identical 94 cents; c#'-d' and d'-eb' are both 98 cents; and the "Janus-faced" g#'-a' and g'-ab' are an equal 102 cents. As with our previous tuning, these results seem reasonably close to our ideal of 90 cents, and our general preference for "100 cents or less."
The symmetry of this well-temperament becomes even clearer when we look at a series of cadences on the sharp and flat sides of the chain of fifths. Both the trueness of vertical thirds and sixths, and the incisiveness of melodic semitones, show a mirrorlike gradation:
Cadences with sharps Cadences with flats b' - +90 - c'' g''-- +204 - a'' (906) (1200) (902) (1200) f#'-- +94 - g' d''-- +204 - e'' (404) (702) (404) (702) d' - -204 - c' bb'-- -94 - a' f#''-- +94 - g'' c''-- +204 - d'' (902) (1200) (898) (1200) c#''-- +98 - d'' g' - +204 - a'' (400) (702) (400) (702) a' - -204 - g' eb'-- -98 - d' c#''-- +98 - d'' f''-- +204 - g'' (898) (1200) (894) (1200) g#' - +102 - a' c''-- +204 - d'' (396) (702) (396) (702) e' - -204 - d' ab'-- -102 - g'
Both the major thirds and melodic semitones are shaded in an exactly symmetrical fashion; although there are slight differences in the size of the major sixths, they also change by identical 4-cent (1/6-comma) increments. Again, it is only at or near the end of the chain of usual cadences that M3 and M6 become smaller than our preferred sizes of 400 cents and 900 cents respectively - or that M3-5 and M6-8 require substantially more than 300 cents of motion.
What happens if we try more remote transpositions, exploring as it were an intonational "far side of the moon"? Here are a few sample cadences using our two well-temperaments:
Temperament I Temperament II eb''-- +198 - f'' eb''-- +196 - f'' (892) (1200) (894) (1200) bb' - +204 - c'' bb''-- +200 - c'' (388) (702) (392) (702) gb' - -110 - f'' gb' - -110 - f' d#''-- +108 - e'' d#''-- +106 - e'' (892) (1200) (894) (1200) a#' - +114 - b' a#' - +110 - b' (388) (702) (392) (702) f#' - -200 - e' f#' - -200 - e' db''-- +194 - eb'' db''-- +196 - eb'' (898) (1200) (898) (1200) ab' - +192 - bb' ab' - +196 - bb' (396) (696) (396) (698) fb' - -108 - eb' fb' - -106 - eb' g'' - +102 - ab'' g'' - +102 - ab'' (906) (1200) (902) (1200) d'' - +96 - eb'' d'' - +98 - eb'' (408) (696) (404) (698) bb' - -192 - ab' bb' - -196 - ab'
In the first two cases, we land on usual trinic centers retaining pure fifths and fourths; but thirds and sixths are uncharacteristically small and "subdued," with large semitonal motions.
In the third case, our unstable intervals and semitones are a bit closer to the norm - but we arrive at a trine with tempered fifths and fourths rather than usual pure concords. In the fourth case, the thirds and sixths are at or quite near to their ideal sizes, and melodic semitones are around 100 cents or smaller - but again we arrive at a trine with its choice concords tempered by 1/4 or 1/6 comma. The last two examples also involve compression of melodic whole-tone motions from their ideal 204 cents to 196 cents or less.
These compromises are analogous to those of triadic well-temperaments: all transpositions are "playable," and along with utility comes what may be called either compromised beauty or stimulating variety. Within the usual Gothic range of accidentals, cadences retain their "bright" color and clarity. As our transpositions become more and more remote, cadences become more "blurred" as thirds and sixths shade toward a "subdued" quality, voices progress by larger semitones, or we arrive at not-so-restful sonorities with compromised fifths and fourths.
For the experimentally inclined, here is a table of our symmetrical 1/6-comma temperament, a curious neo-Gothic counterpart to various well-temperaments of the 18th century described by J. Murray Barbour which feature six fifths tempered by 1/6 comma and the others pure:
---------------------------------------------------------------------- Pythagorean temperament II: B-F# F#-C# C#-G# Eb-Bb Bb-F (-1/6 PC) Identical to Bemetzrieder's #2 of 1808 (Jorgensen 1991: 328-340) Temperament table: frequencies with a'=440, and variances from 12tet ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | with respect to c' | with respect to a' Note Hz a'=440 | ratio cents +/-12tet | ratio cents +/-12tet ---------------------------------------------------------------------- c' 260.74 1:1 0.00 0.00 | 16:27 -905.87 5.87- c#' 277.18 tempered 105.87 5.87+ | tempered -800.00 0.00 d' 293.33 9:8 203.91 3.91+ | 2:3 -701.96 1.96- eb' 310.43 tempered 301.96 1.96+ | tempered -603.91 3.91- e 330.00 81:64 407.82 7.82+ | 3:4 -498.04 1.96+ f' 347.65 4:3 498.04 1.96- | 64:81 -407.82 7.82- f#' 370.41 tempered 607.83 7.83+ | tempered -298.04 1.96+ g' 391.11 3:2 701.96 1.96+ | 8:9 -203.91 3.91- g#' 414.83 tempered 803.91 3.91+ | tempered -101.96 1.96- a' 440.00 27:16 905.87 5.87+ | 1:1 0.00 0.00 bb' 464.59 tempered 1000.00 0.00 | 256:243 94.13 5.87- b' 495.00 243:128 1109.78 9.78+ | 9:8 203.91 3.91+ c'' 521.48 2:1 1200.00 0.00 | 32:27 294.13 5.87- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
In conclusion, "well-temperaments" in their historical form present many of the same problems for Gothic polyphony as meantone. However, it is possible to use the broader strategy of well-temperament in a manner which seems rather happily to avoid the Wolf fifth of pure Pythagorean tuning while largely retaining the qualities of this tuning for the most frequently used sonorities.
For rare Gothic pieces which would raise a Wolf problem on a conventional keyboard, or for experimental purposes, such a "trinic well-temperament" might be an attractive option - although I am aware of no exact medieval precedent for this graduated shading of intervals (for a tuning of around 1400 which does exploit color contrasts, see Section 4.5). Otherwise, the usual Pythagorean just intonation offers the advantages of simplicity and uncompromised beauty.
In equal temperament, each of the 12 fifths is narrowed by just the small amount needed - 1/12 Pythagorean comma, or about 1.95 cents - to disperse the comma equally among them all. This solution not only domesticates the Wolf, but creates a "level playing field" in which modes, keys, or cadences may be freely transposed among the 12 tones without changing interval sizes. In 1588, Zarlino reports that Abbot Girolamo Roselli praised this symmetrical temperament as a "spherical music" permitting free navigation; we might also describe it as "isochromatic," since interval sizes and colors remain consistent regardless of our location in the system.
Although no replacement for true Pythagorean tuning, this offshoot shares some kindred qualities congenial to Gothic polyphony: almost pure fifths and fourths, rather active thirds and sixths, and fairly small diatonic semitones. Curiously, as we shall see, the favorite keyboard tuning of the 20th century may be more happily suited to medieval music than to much of the music of the intervening Renaissance and Baroque eras.
To see why this should be so, let us compare equal temperament with the two main families of tunings prevailing in these eras: meantone (Section 5.4) and well-temperament (Section 5.5).
Technically speaking, equal temperament belongs to both categories: at least 11 of the 12 fifths are tempered by an identical amount, and all intervals remain playable (no Wolves). However, it is characteristic of neither category: its active thirds and sixths are closer to Pythagorean than to Renaissance meantone, while its uniform color stands in contrast to the shadings of canonical well-temperaments.
Placing equal temperament on the larger spectrum of meantone tunings may help to illustrate the first point. As we may recall, meantone temperaments are customarily identified by specifying the amount by which each fifth is narrowed, taking as our unit the syntonic comma (Section 4.4.2) of 81:80, or about 21.51 cents. This comma measures the difference between active Pythagorean thirds and sixths and their ideally restful counterparts with the simplest ratios: e.g. M3, at 81:64 (407.82 cents) vs. 5:4 (386.31 cents).
In our meantone discussion, we saw that each major third derives from a chain of four fifths, so that narrowing each fifth by 1/4 of this comma - 1/4 comma meantone - results in pure 5:4 major thirds. Other meantone tunings of the Renaissance and early Baroque tend to remain fairly close to this value. Zarlino and Francisco de Salinas recommend 2/7-comma and 1/3-comma tunings respectively, which actually make major thirds slightly small while granting to minor thirds a special grace. Some musicians may have preferred milder 1/5-comma or 1/6-comma temperaments, which might more easily permit ad hoc adjustments to convert Wolf intervals into marginally playable ones (a kind of rough and ready "quasi-well-temperament").
Where is equal temperament located on this meantone spectrum? As it happens, the syntonic comma (21.51 cents) is equal to almost exactly 11/12 of the Pythagorean comma (23.46 cents). To make our 12 fifths equal, we must narrow each of them by 1/12 Pythagorean comma, or 1/11 syntonic comma: in other words, 1/11-comma meantone. This is obviously a much gentler tempering of the fifths than the 1/6-comma to 1/3-comma meantone systems prevailing during the Renaissance.
In 1/11-comma meantone, each major third becomes 4/11 of a syntonic comma or about 7.82 cents smaller than Pythagorean, arriving at its equally tempered value of 400 cents, exactly one third of an octave. From another viewpoint, it remains 7/11 of a syntonic comma or about 13.69 cents larger than its pure 5:4 counterpart at 386.31 cents.
Equal temperament therefore offers a kind of compromise between the active thirds of the Gothic and the restful thirds of the Renaissance, but a compromise leaning decidedly in the active direction. In contrast, favorite historical meantone temperaments are on the restful side. Even in 1/6-comma tuning, major thirds move 2/3 of the way toward justness; in 1/4-comma tuning, they attain it; and in the 2/7-comma and 1/3-comma tunings, they become slightly smaller than just.
Following the terminology of our discussion on well-temperaments, we might say that equally tempered thirds and sixths incline more to Pythagorean "trueness" than to Renaissance "justness."
This facet of equal temperament, pleasant to 20th-century medievalists and not necessarily so pleasant to 16th-century lutenists and their latter-day followers, reflects a simple fact of mathematics. The task of dispersing the Pythagorean comma equitably among our fifths - and creating in the process Roselli's "spherical music" - requires much less of a tempering adjustment than moving thirds all or even most of the way from "true" to "just."
To explain this disparity, let us use round numbers. If we temper each of 11 fifths by 2 cents, reducing them deftly from a pure 702 cents to 700 cents, we have opened 22 cents of space, permitting the remaining Wolf fifth to grow from a narrow 678 cents to an identical 700 cents: an elevenfold efficiency. However, each major third claims only four of these fifths in its chain of descent, so it is reduced by 8 cents only, from a true 408 cents to an even 400 cents: a mere fourfold efficiency.
To narrow our major thirds by a full 22 cents, bringing them all the way to a just 386 cents, we must increase our tempering of the fifths by this factor of 11:4 (or 22:8), moving from 1/11-comma meantone (equal temperament) to 1/4-comma meantone. Now these thirds will be pure, but our 12th fifth will receive 11/4 of the needed adjustment, an "embarrassment of riches" causing it to expand not only to a just size but far beyond it, becoming a wide Wolf.
A more graphical overview of the meantone spectrum may illustrate this unequal leverage of our tempering engine. Because of the exigencies of space, some decimal numbers are broken into two lines, with the integer portion on the first line and the decimal portion on the second. Our continuum ranges from pure Pythagorean tuning, with no tempering of fifths, to the 1/3-comma meantone of Salinas:
Pyth "Well-tempered" Characteristic meantone ..----------.. ----------------------------- | ET | | | | | | SC: 0 1/14 1/11 1/8 1/6 1/5 1/4 2/7 1/3 (cents) 1.54 1.96 2.69 3.58 4.30 5.38 6.14 7.17 fifths tempered |-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-: cents -0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 -20 -15 -9 -4 +1 6 12 17 23 28 34 39 45 50 56 fifth12 .7 .2 .7 .2 .3 .8 .3 .8 .3 .8 .3 .8 .3 .8 .3 cents |-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-: from -23 -18 -12 -7 -1 +4 9 15 20 26 31 37 42 48 53 3:2 .5 .0 .5 .0 .5 .0 .5 .0 .5 .0 .5 .0 .5 .0 .5 M3 +21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 -0 -2 -4 -6 cents .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 from |-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-:-|-: 5:4 | | | True ET Just
As shown at the top of the chart, this spectrum includes two discrete regions: a "Well-tempered" zone surrounding 1/11-comma meantone or equal temperament, and ranging from about 1/14-comma to 1/8-comma, where all 12 fifths are playable; and a "Characteristic meantone" zone from about 1/6-comma to 1/3-comma, where thirds are at or fairly close to their just sizes. Tempering values for some meantone tunings of interest are shown both in their usual form as fractions of the syntonic comma (SC), and in cents.
The rest of the chart shows how, as we move along this continuum, tempering each of 11 fifths by a given number of cents affects two important aspects of a tuning, also shown in cents: the amount by which our 12th fifth varies from a pure 3:2, and the amount by which major thirds vary from a pure 5:4. Decimal values for the last two items, as mentioned above, are split into two lines.
Starting at the left end of the chart, Pythagorean tuning or 0 cents of tempering for our fifths, we see that our 12th fifth varies from its pure size by "-23.5" cents; that is, it is a narrow Wolf. Major thirds vary from 5:4 by "+21.5" cents; that is, they have their wide and active Pythagorean size, labelled at the bottom of the chart as "True."
As we move to the right, gradually increasing the tempering of our fifths, the size of the 12th fifth increases very rapidly, while the size of the major thirds decreases much more gradually. For example, moving from 1 cent to 2 cents of tempering causes this fifth to grow from "-12.5" to "-1.5" - a difference of 11 cents, bringing it from a "semi-Wolf" status to near-purity. Major thirds much less dramatically narrow from "+17.5" to "+13.5" - a difference of 4 cents, leaving them still on the active side of the spectrum.
Glancing at some other portions of the spectrum will show how, more generally, these disparate leverages of 11:1 and 4:1 operate. The size of the 12th fifth changes so rapidly that it is shown for every 1/4-cent increment of tempering, and even so it moves in rather large steps of 2.75 cents. The size of major thirds, with its more moderate rate of change, is shown at 1/2-cent increments of tempering, thus moving in 2-cent steps. We can find this value at 1/4-cent tempering points such as 4.25 cents by subtracting an even cent from the next value to the left (+5.5 at 4 cents) or adding it to the next value on the right (+3.5 at 4.5 cents), here getting +4.5, i.e. a major third about 4.5 cents wider than just. For interested readers, a more precise method of calculating these values for any arbitrary tempering amount is explained below.
An especially instructive exercise is to follow the chart from left to right, seeing how quickly the 12th fifth expands from a narrow Wolf to a just size, and from there to a wide Wolf, long before we have reached the region of pure thirds. A fifth more than 10 cents from just is often considered a Wolf, although Jorgensen describes certain fifths in the 15-cent range of variance as somewhat serviceable "semi-Wolves." Whatever our standard, it is rapidly exceeded as we move into the region of characteristic meantone.
Looking at the whole chart, we see that our "Well-tempered" and "Characteristic" zones indicated at the top each have a central point of interest indicated on the bottom line. For the well-tempered region, this point is "ET" or equal temperament at 1/11-comma, where all 12 fifths have an equal and near-just size; for the characteristic region, it is the point of "Just" or pure major thirds at 1/4-comma.
While equal temperament makes an appealing conceptual center for our well-tempered zone, shown as extending from about 1/14-comma to 1/8-comma, both center and boundaries are open to interpretation, as suggested by the dotted lines shading off at either end. Another possible center occurs at 1/11 Pythagorean comma (about 2.13 cents) - 12/121-comma meantone - correcting over 11 fifths for precisely the entire Pythagorean comma of 23.46 cents, so that the 12th fifth is pure! Starting at this alternative center of interest, we find the quality of our 12th fifth varies symmetrically from just as we move in either direction, eventually reaching the limits of comfort and "playability." From this perspective, equal temperament's location within the region is slightly to the "left of center" on the Pythagorean side (less tempering), as the chart shows.
Our boundaries of 1/14-comma and 1/8-comma are meant to define a "comfort zone" rather than outer limits of playability: the 12th fifth will be about 6.56 cents narrow at the former value, and 6.11 cents wide at the latter. In a Renaissance context, these variances seem quite acceptable when compared with the 6.14 cents of tempering routinely applied to fifths in Zarlino's 2/7-comma meantone, or the 7.17 cents of Salinas's 1/3-comma meantone. The dotted lines indicate outskirts to this zone, shading off at about 9 or 10 cents from just.
While 1/4-comma meantone, where the prime Renaissance concord of the major third becomes just, is a natural conceptual center of the "characteristic meantone" region, the minor third presents an alternative focus of interest. At 1/4-comma, it is a bit smaller than just, because the major third has reached its pure size but the fifth has contracted, and a minor third is equal to the difference of these intervals. Between 1/4-comma and 1/3-comma, the major third shrinks in size, allowing the minor third to grow from about 310.27 cents to a just 315.64 cents. Around 2/7-comma there is a balance between the two thirds.
As we move to the other side of 1/4-comma, we approach a region where the wide Wolf becomes more "finessable" by ad hoc adjustments, and also where the fifths are less compromised while thirds become somewhat less restful, although still decidedly closer to just than to Pythagorean true. While Renaissance tuning instructions often leave great room for discretion in tempering to taste, 1/6-comma seems a fair demarcation line for classic meantone: the point at which major thirds are 1/3 comma (7.17 cents) wider than just.
In sum, 1/11-comma meantone or equal temperament is situated at a point on the meantone spectrum where nearly pure fifths and active thirds prevail, and thus has qualities more akin to Pythagorean intonation than to the historical tunings usually associated with the term "meantone." It is more specifically located in a relatively narrow "well-tempered" band of the spectrum where all 12 fifths are playable, its distinctive advantage vis-a-vis either Pythagorean with its narrow Wolf or characteristic meantone with its wide Wolf.
Our chart, incidentally, suggests a possible compromise tuning for certain Renaissance pieces with chromatic passages of the kind which Mark Lindley suggests may have been intended for a keyboard with more than 12 notes per octave. Assuming that such a special keyboard is not available, we have the obvious choices of playing in Renaissance meantone and colliding with Wolves, or playing in equal temperament and producing a decidedly uncharacteristic sound.
Looking at our chart, we see that the "well-tempered" region extends somewhat to the right of 1/11-comma meantone or equal temperament, permitting us to move in the direction of more restful thirds while keeping all 12 fifths playable - and likewise intervals such as the diminished fourths c#-f and f#-a#. A tuning of 1/8-comma meantone (tempering each fifth about 2.69 cents) produces a 12th fifth only about 6.11 cents wide of just, while offering major thirds of about 397.07 cents or 10.75 cents from just, poised exactly at the halfway point between Pythagorean and pure. This tuning, mentioned by Jean Baptiste Romieu (1758), might be interesting to try for especially demanding Renaissance pieces.
For readers interested in determining the variances of the 12th fifth and of major thirds from just in any meantone tuning, including the special case of equal temperament, two formulas may help. Both formulas use cents as the unit of measure, with "t" equal to the tempering or narrowing of each fifth in cents:
Variance of 12th fifth from just 3:2 = (11t - 23.46) Variance of M3 from just 5:4 = (21.51 - 4t)
In other words, for the 12th fifth, we multiply the tempering amount in cents by 11, and then subtract the Pythagorean comma of about 23.46 cents. For the major thirds, we begin with the syntonic comma of about 21.51 cents (or 21.506 cents to three decimal places), and subtract four times the tempering amount. A positive result shows an interval wide of just, while a negative result is narrow of just.
Revising these formulas slightly, we can calculate the absolute sizes of these intervals rather than their variance from just:
Size of 12th fifth = (678.49 + 11t) Size of M3 = (407.82 - 4t)
The simplest case is Pythagorean tuning, where t = 0. Our formulas tell us that we have a 12th fifth of -23.46 or 23.46 cents narrow, the Wolf of 678.49 cents, and major thirds of +21.51 or 21.51 cents wide, our true Pythagorean thirds of 407.82 cents.
Suppose we are interested in finding these values for 1/7-comma meantone, a tuning in the intriguing transitional territory between "well-tempered" and "characteristic" meantone. Fifths are tempered by 1/7 syntonic comma or about 3.07 cents, meaning that t = 3.07; thus 11t = 33.77, and 4t = 12.28.
Our formulas tell us that the 12th fifth is about (33.77 - 23.46) cents, or +10.31 cents from just (wide), having a size of (678.49 + 33.77) cents, or 712.26 cents. Major thirds are about (21.51 - 12.28) cents or +9.23 cents from just (wide), with a size of (407.82 - 12.28) cents or 395.54 cents. These results are subject to slight rounding errors (e.g. in approximating 1/7 syntonic comma as 3.07 cents); GNU Emacs Calc shows a 12th fifth of 10.33514... cents wide rather than 10.31 cents, for example.
However, our results are accurate enough for most purposes: the 12th fifth will be uncomfortable but marginally playable, and the major thirds somewhat on the restful side (4/7 of the way from Pythagorean to just). While I might incline more to the 1/8-comma tuning mentioned above for Renaissance pieces raising Wolf problems, since it treats the 12th fifth much more kindly, 16th-century keyboard enthusiasts might well argue that even 1/7-comma stretches the thirds to the very limits of stylistically-informed taste.
Such poignant dilemmas, although fortunately an exception to the rule that even Renaissance pieces with chromatic passages often work very nicely with the characteristic meantone tunings of the period, do lend a certain drama to the simultaneous equations of meantone. For this music, moving substantially to the left of the favored 1/4-comma region is a real compromise, and going as far as the region of 1/7-comma or 1/8-comma to avoid Wolves, let alone all the way to equal temperament, is a severe one.
If we start from the Pythagorean end of the spectrum, these same equations provide a near and reasonably hospitable refuge from Wolves: 1/11th-comma meantone, i.e. equal temperament. However, for typical Gothic pieces presenting no Wolf conflicts, Pythagorean just intonation may be best of all.
In addition to being an uncharacteristic meantone tuning, equal temperament is also a well-temperament in the broadest sense: all intervals and transpositions are playable. By the later 16th century, lutenists and composers were taking advantage of the availability on equally-tempered lutes of intervals which would be "false" in more conventional tunings; and by 1588, Roselli had advocated this free transposition of the gamut to any desired step as a major advantage of the temperament for voices and keyboards also (on this history, see Section 5.6.5).
As in the case of Renaissance music intended for typical meantone tunings, however, the uncharacteristc features of equal temperament make it a debatable choice for triadic music of the historical "well-temperament" era (late Baroque, Classic, and early Romantic periods). These same features seem rather benign or even advantageous for medieval music, assuming that Pythagorean tuning is unavailable or impractical.
Lovers of "well-temperament" in the canonical 17th-18th century sense have two obvious complaints about equal temperament: it has a single unvaried color for all keys and transpositions, and this happens to be the wrong color.
As we have seen (Section 5.5), historical well-temperaments feature a subtle gradation of interval colors ranging from pure or near-pure thirds like those of Renaissance meantone for the most common modes or keys to Pythagorean or near-Pythagorean thirds for the most remote ones. Equal temperament, with its "isochromatic" properties, not only levels out these fine shadings, but unobligingly fills the keyboard with near-Pythagorean thirds for the most common and remote sonorities alike.
The advocate of 18th-century well-temperaments, no less than the lover of classic 16th-century meantone, desires pure and restful thirds in the most prominent positions. These intervals not only present the triad in its most acoustically blending form, but provide a kind of contrast or resolution to the subtle "microtonal dissonance" of tense thirds and triads in remote transpositions.
For Gothic polyphony, in contrast, a keyboard filled with active thirds is exactly what we want, and a uniform color close to that of pure Pythagorean intonation is hardly a disadvantage. Since the standard Pythagorean tuning with the Wolf at Eb-G# offers the usual interval ratios except at remote transpositions rarely occurring in medieval practice, it may be more akin to the isochromatic qualities of equal temperament than to schemes based on graduated shading.
Indeed, although it is quite possible to devise schemes of shaded well-temperament for Gothic or neo-Gothic music (Section 5.5.3), equal temperament actually seems to me a more conservative compromise for the few 14th-century works raising Wolf problems. It has the advantage of leaving all fifths and fourths, and also major seconds and minor sevenths, in nearly just form; and provides a consistent interval color which may better fit medieval aesthetics than a system of graduated variation.
Music of the transitional period around 1400 presents a special case, since Lindley persuasively argues that much of it may have been based on the modified Pythagorean tuning with a Wolf at F#-B (Section 4.5), a tuning which does produce dramatic color contrasts. For pieces indeed premised on this scheme, just about any other tuning is likely to be a serious compromise, including classic Pythagorean and equal temperament.
A due caution is that some musicians of this epoch had more conservative tastes: Prosdocimus, for example, seemed mainly concerned that the usual Pythagorean intervals be available at the expected places. The traditional Eb-G# tuning would be ideal from this viewpoint, with equal temperament a tenable approximation (as it is for earlier works of the 13th and 14th centuries).
Here it seems fair to add that some theorists of the 18th century were quite prepared to accept equal temperament as one alternative, including Werckmeister, while others actively advocated it. Our purpose has been simply to suggest that the arguable disadvantages of equal temperament vis-a-vis canonical well-temperaments for the triadic music of this era may hardly be disadvantages in a Gothic context.
Given the affinity between Pythagorean just intonation and equal temperament, we should not be surprised that the first recorded approximations to equal temperament in medieval and early Renaissance theory are variations on the Pythagorean scale. Interestingly, the pragmatics of organ-pipe measurement in the 14th century may have prompted such developments.
Around 1373, an English source on organ design suggests taking the average length of two pipes a whole-tone (9:8) apart to add a pipe at the semitone between them. This simple rule produces a string ratio (or pipe ratio) of 18:17:16, dividing a Pythagorean whole-tone of about 203.9 cents into a lower semitone of 98.95 cents and an upper semitone of 104.95 cents.
Since a ratio such as 18:17:16 with equal differences between adjacent terms is known as an arithmetical division, we might refer to this tuning as an "arithmetical temperament." While still unequal, the semitones are much less disparate than in classic Pythagorean tuning with its concise diatonic semitone of 90 cents and large chromatic semitone of 114 cents. A chromatic keyboard octave in this arithmetic Pythagorean temperament might look like this:
99 303 597 801 1005 c#' eb' f#' g#' bb' _99_|_105_ _99_|105_ _99_|_105__99_|_105__99_|_105_ c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c'' 1:1 9:8 81:64 4:3 3:2 27:16 243:128 2:1 0 204 408 498 702 906 1110 1200 204 204 90 204 204 204 90
Unfortunately, although this temperament leaves the diatonic Pythagorean scale unaltered and indeed converts the traditional Wolf G#-Eb into a perfect fifth or fourth, it places two "near-Wolves" at much more prominent locations: Bb-F and B-F#. These unhappy intervals, shown as fourths in our c'-c'' octave segment, occur at the weak links in the chain between diatonic notes and newly retuned accidentals. Thus f'-bb' is 507 cents, 9 cents wider than a just 498-cent fourth; and f#'-b' is no less than 513 cents, or 15 cents wider than just.
Curiously, the 18:17:16 division of the whole-tone is mentioned by early 14th-century writers including Jacobus of Liege, who offers it as a proof that this interval cannot be divided into two equal semitones. Jacobus is, of course, quite correct as long as we restrict ourselves to divisions based on integer ratios.
By the later 14th century, around the same time as the above organ building plan, Nicholas Oresme was developing a system of rational exponents which would permit one to divide a proportion such as 9:8 into two equal ratios. However, it was not until the early 16th century that such temperaments were proposed in theory and documented in practice.
In 1518, Henricus Grammateus (Heinrich Schreiber) published an "amusing reckoning" using Euclidean geometry to calculate the length of organ pipes for a Pythagorean temperament with diatonic whole-tones divided into two equal semitones; Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples had described this Euclidean method in a music treatise of 1496. We might describe the result as a "meansemitone" temperament. Each accidental has equal semitones of 102 cents above and below, while diatonic semitones retain their usual size of 90 cents:
102 306 600 804 1008 c#' eb' f#' g#' bb' _102_|_102_ _102_|102_ _102_|_102_102_|_102_102_|_102_ c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c'' 1:1 9:8 81:64 4:3 3:2 27:16 243:128 2:1 0 204 408 498 702 906 1110 1200 204 204 90 204 204 204 90
As with the 14th-century arithmetical temperament, the intervals Bb-Fb and B-F# constitute the weak links in the chain of fifths or fourths. These intervals again appear on our octave segment as fourths, now measuring an equal 510 cents, or about 12 cents wide of just.
The next critical step, actually bringing equal temperament or a very close approximation into practical use, was apparently taken not so much by theorists as by pragmatic builders of fretted instruments such as the lute. Renaissance lutenists playing a burgeoning polyphonic repertory often encountered vertical progressions moving a diatonic semitone on one fret and a chromatic semitone on another. Equalizing all semitones would simplify life for builders and players alike.
Happily, the lower semitone of the earlier 18:17:16 division (18:17 or about 99 cents), repeated 12 times, yields something quite close to a perfect equally-tempered octave; the ratio for a 100-cent semitone is actually around 1800:1699. Lute designers and builders evidently found it easy enough in practice to adjust the frets slightly in order to make octaves pure.
By the middle of the 16th century, various theorists were reporting that fretted instruments were tempered in equal semitones, quite unlike the voices of singers (often assumed to follow tertian just intonation) or keyboards (tuned in characteristic meantone).
Anticipating Bach by 165 years, composer and virtuoso lutenist Giacomo Gorzanis had by 1567 written a collection of 24 dance suites, two on each of the 12 steps of the chromatic scale: one in a 16th-century modality with a major third above the final, and the other with the minor third (a distinction recognized in the harmonic theory of Zarlino). Some "major" suites have an Ionian/Mixolydian feeling, and some "minor" suites an Aeolian/Dorian feeling; each suite consists of a passamezzo-saltarello pair.
Paradoxically, while Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier may well have been intended for some unequal "well-temperament" (Sections 5.5, 5.6.4), this "well-tempered lute" collection of Gorzanis seems indeed a demonstration of equal temperament in action.
By 1588, Roselli had shared with Zarlino his treatise advocating this tuning as a solution for composers, singers, and instrumentalists alike. Not only could musicians circumnavigate this "spherical music" at will, "as if in a perpetual motion"; but ensembles with diverse instruments could maintain a satisfying accord, with the organs neither too high nor too low.
Roselli's proposal faced a technical problem: it is much easier to achieve an essentially equal temperament on a fretted instrument using known measurements than to tune such a subtle form of meantone on a keyboard, unless one can use a fretted instrument as a standard. In the early 17th century, such an accomplishment was considered a rare feat, although the great composer Girolamo Frescobaldi reportedly advocated equal temperament as an option for the organ, and Lindley finds signs of its acceptance in the harpsichord music of his pupil Froberger.
Technical complications aside, Roselli's arguments from utility were outweighed for many musicians by considerations of beauty: the near-Pythagorean thirds of equal temperament, an advantage for Gothic music, seemed quite unsuited to Renaissance music with its ideal of restful triadic concords.
In the special case of the lute, happily, the design of the instrument not only made the utility of equal temperament compelling but also served to mitigate its impact on beauty. While the exigencies of the fretboard seemed almost to cry out for equal semitones, the lute strings had a quality perceived somewhat to "soften" the color of wide major thirds, in contrast to the harpsichord's "brighter" color which would give these intervals an accentuated edge.
Even on the lute, there were some misgivings. Vincenzo Galilei, in an amusing as well as edifying portion of his dialogue Fronimo (1584), available in a translation by Carol McClintock, gives his own views on the tuning of this instrument while reporting the modifications introduced by some lutenists to obtain purer thirds, an effort analogous to current designs for just intonation guitars.
Unlike Zarlino's friend Roselli, Galilei takes it for granted that the lute with its equal semitones differs in its tuning from keyboard instruments, and that both differ from the natural intonation of singers. His purpose is to defend equal temperament as necessary and appropriate for the lute while directing some satirical barbs at those who feel a need to alter this arrangement with special frets to take away some of the "sharpness" from major thirds and tenths.
Having shown that a fretting in unequal semitones would embarrass a lutenist playing on several strings at once, Galilei turns to the matter of the tastini ("little frets") added by some people to permit smaller major thirds. While acknowledging that these intervals are "truly stretched a little," he pokes fun of claims that they hurt the ears, and argues against the tastini on two grounds.
First, he objects generally to people who "reform" the instrument with added strings or frets when it is evident that a true lutenist has no need for such gadgets (an argument providing Galilei an opportunity for a bit of self-promotion regarding his own published and forthcoming works).
Secondly, he argues that the tastini not only introduce intervals unknown to ancient Greek theorists such as Aristoxenos (who proposed a division of the octave into six equal tones and 12 semitones), but fill the fretboard with imperfect fifths and fourths (i.e. Wolves). By objecting to the slightly stretched thirds of the usual fretting but making it difficult for the player to avoid such "intolerable" fifths and fourths, the advocates of the tastini demonstrate in Galilei's ironic view that "the exquisiteness of their hearing is not so delicate that every minimal prick offends it."
Although often an iconoclastic theorist, Galilei defends equal temperament on the lute as a time-honored arrangement: if it were indeed possible to obtain purer thirds without compromising many other intervals more seriously, it would have been done long ago. In any case, Galilei along with Zarlino and other more conventional theorists bears witness that by 1584 this temperament was taken for granted in theory and practice, as was its variance from vocal or keyboard tunings. Nevertheless, some dissenting lutenists sought to modify the instrument in the direction of tertian just intonation, while a few advocates of equal temperament such as Roselli favored its extension to music for voices and keyboards also.
This Renaissance history illustrates both the advantages of equal temperament and its kinship with Pythagorean as opposed to tertian just intonation, a quality then as now evoking mixed reactions in the context of triadic music. Today, four centuries later, the debate continues.
In a Gothic context, however, the near-Pythagorean qualities of equal temperament seem far more propitious from the standpoint of beauty as well as utility.
If we were to seek a "reformed" Pythagorean tuning solving the Wolf problem while treating all 12 fifths as gently as possible, then equal temperament would seem an ideal solution. Fifths and fourths remain almost pure, thirds and sixths quite vibrant and active, and diatonic semitones reasonably small.
At the outset, it would seem wise to emphasize that subtle but significant compromises of vertical and melodic intervals do occur, so that equal temperament should be seen as a "variant" on Pythagorean tuning rather than an "improvement" or replacement. Two considerations of utility might motivate such a compromise solution.
First, many modern fixed-pitch instruments such as keyboards and sets of bells in equal temperament may be difficult or impossible to retune to Pythagorean just intonation. With the modern guitar as with the Renaissance lute, it would be difficult to adapt the fretting scheme to an intonation (Pythagorean or otherwise) with unequal semitones. With such instruments, our tuning is a matter more of necessity than of choice.
Secondly, and much more rarely, a 14th-century composition with very adventurous accidentalism may require Ab-Eb as a concordant sonority, running into the problem of the Wolf at G#-Eb. In some cases it might be possible to choose an alternative Pythagorean tuning placing the Wolf at another fifth left unused, or to try a "Pythagorean well-temperament" (Sections 5.5.1-5.5.3). However, if all 12 fifths are indeed required, equal temperament has the appeal of solving the problem in a conceptually simple and musically rather unobtrusive way on a standard keyboard.
In both cases, an ideal intonation is compromised owing to the limitations of a fixed-pitch instrument, as is the usual case in the long history of temperaments. Happily, the use of equal temperament as an approximation of Pythagorean tuning is one of the more pleasant compromises a musician may face in this arena of choice and necessity.
Our task of evaluating equal temperament as a tuning for Gothic polyphony is simplified by the fact that its intervals have consistent sizes regardless of transposition. Let us consider our criteria of the just, the true, and the incisive (Section 5.5.2).
In equal temperament, or 1/11-comma meantone (Section 5.6.1), all fifths and fourths are an even 700 cents and 500 cents respectively, varying only 2 cents (actually about 1.96 cents) from their just Pythagorean ratios of 3:2 (701.96 cents) and 4:3 (498.04 cents). The choice concords of Gothic harmony remain nearly pure.
Major seconds and minor sevenths, at an even 200 cents and 1000 cents, also stay very close to their just ratios of 9:8 (203.91 cents) and 16:9 (996.09 cents), a variance of 4 cents (about 3.91 cents). Since major seconds and minor sevenths derive from two fifths or fourths, they vary twice as much from just as their parent intervals, but still retain a quality quite close to pure.
These nearly just intervals preserve many of the advantages of Pythagorean tuning both for stable Gothic sonorities involving fifths and fourths (Sections 3.1.1, 3.2.1), and for unstable sonorities involving major seconds and minor sevenths (Sections 3.1.3, 3.2.3). Incidentally, these aspects of equal temperament also fit nicely with 20th-century styles of harmony involving superimposed fifths and fourths.
Moving from justness to trueness, we find that thirds and sixths retain much of their active Pythagorean quality despite some compromise. Major thirds at an even 400 cents are about 8 cents smaller than their true Pythagorean ratio of 81:64 (407.82 cents), and minor thirds, at 300 cents, about 6 cents larger than their true ratio of 32:27 (294.13 cents). Major sixths at 900 cents are likewise about 6 cents smaller than a true 27:16 (905.87 cents), and minor sixths at 800 cents about 8 cents larger than a true 128:81 (792.18 cents).
To place these variances in perspective, we should measure them in terms of the syntonic comma (Section 4.4.2) of about 21.51 cents by which the true Pythagorean forms of these intervals differ from their simplest and most blending ratios (M3 5:4, m3 6:5, M6 5:3, m6 8:5). We find that equally-tempered major thirds and minor sixths remain 7/11 of a syntonic comma from pure, and minor thirds and major sixths approach Pythagorean tuning even more closely at 8/11 comma from pure. (See also Sections 5.6.1-5.6.3 on equal temperament and the meantone spectrum.)
In musical terms, this means that these thirds and sixths, although not having quite the dynamic edge and tension of their true Pythagorean counterparts, nevertheless retain an active flavor comporting well with harmonic color and cadential action in a Gothic context (Sections 3.1.2, 3.2.2).
Looking at incisiveness first from a melodic point of view, we find that the equal semitone of 100 cents is somewhat larger than the ideal Pythagorean diatonic semitone at a keen 90 cents, but still quite concise by comparison with systems based on pure or near-pure thirds featuring diatonic semitones of 112 cents or larger. Indeed, some Renaissance theorists described the semitones of equal temperament as "minor" or "small," as opposed to the large diatonic semitones of the favorite keyboard tunings.
From a harmonic viewpoint, Gothic progressions from an unstable to a stable interval by conjunct contrary motion featuring whole-tone motion in one voice and semitonal motion in another now require an even 300 cents of motion rather the ideally efficient 294 cents of pure Pythagorean tuning (e.g. m3-1, M3-5, M6-8, m7-5, M2-4), see Section 3.3. While our diatonic semitone has grown 10 cents larger, the tempering process has slightly compressed our whole-tone from 204 cents to an even 200 cents, making up 4 cents of this difference so that these resolutions require only an additional 6 cents of motion.
All in all, we can say that equal temperament is reasonably although not quite ideally incisive as viewed in terms of either the horizontal or vertical dimension.
Equal temperament remains a reasonable facsimile of Pythagorean tuning, as opposed to a replacement for the original. Just intonation advocates emphasize the importance of striving for absolutely pure and beatless fifths and fourths, and some feel it a substantial compromise even to use synthesizers supporting a Pythagorean scale but able to tune it only to a resolution of the nearest cent or so. Pythagorean thirds and sixths deserve to be heard in their true and distinctive character and color, lending their full impetus to Gothic textures. The expressive contrast between the expansive Pythagorean whole-tone and the incisive diatonic semitone lends a special beauty to medieval chant and secular monophonic song as well as polyphony.
More generally, equal temperament might best be viewed as one historical tuning among many, a tuning now approaching 500 years of practical use. Rather than a solution making all other tunings obsolete, it is better seen as a musical supplement - a description inspired by Zarlino's Sopplimenti Musicali of 1588, the treatise reporting Roselli's praise of this "spherical" tuning. Pythagorean intonation, with a history in Western European music a bit more than twice as long, retains its unique and irreplaceable character.
These cautions duly noted, it seems somehow fitting that the newest standard keyboard tuning should have such a close affinity to the oldest.
To Table of Contents.Margo Schulter | <urn:uuid:8c299029-980e-4ba2-b9ba-04bcde0fd99d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/harmony/pyth5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00347-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929629 | 24,537 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Arveleg I, King of Arthedain, slain in the Invasion of Arnor
Event Type: Genealogical
Age: 3rd Age - The Kings
Arveleg I, son of Argeleb I, 8th King of Arthedain, dies in the Witch-King's invasion of Arnor. He ruled for 53 years. He drove back Rhudaur's invasion in 1356 after his father, the king, who died in the battle.
Note: In Appx. B his name is spelled "Arvaleg", however in the many places he is mentioned in Appx. A his name is spelled "Arveleg".
Lord of the Rings: Return of the King Appx. A Part I Section ii "The Realms in Exile"
Loquacious 07.03.03, 08.20.03 | <urn:uuid:cc5b6d7b-d5f8-4e4c-a35b-20836504956c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.henneth-annun.net/events_view.cfm?evid=222 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.923755 | 192 | 2.171875 | 2 |
We use technology to perform various duties in our daily lives, in short; we are able to describe technology as products and processes used to simplify our daily lives. We use technology to increase our talents, making people essentially the most crucial part of any technological system. Much of it depends, like several historic examination, on documentary matter, though that is sparse for the early civilizations due to the general lack of curiosity in technology on the a part of scribes and chroniclers.
Definition Of Technology
The resource of materials entails the provision of acceptable metallurgical, ceramic, plastic, or textile substances that can carry out no matter functions a brand new invention requires of them... Read More
As artificial intelligence and the internet of issues move from idea to reality, technology companies in every section – semiconductors, software program, hardware, web providers – face tough challenges and exciting opportunities. Research on reproductive technologies for non-mammalian species can help conservation efforts and even reverse species extinction.
This article is concerning the use and knowledge of methods and processes for producing items and services. US President Donald Trump has ordered a sweeping but obscure ban on dealings with the Chinese homeowners of in style social media apps TikTok and WeChat on safety grounds, a move China’s authorities criticized as “political manipulation.”
These talks — whereas providing some whizzy demos — study how robots have gotten an intima... Read More
One of the most rising trends in data technology, Automation is aimed to augment individuals and propel enterprise operations. It combines packaged software program, machine studying, and automation instruments to deliver the results. In the following couple of years, automation of knowledge science will empower scientists to churn out advanced analysis. The technology sector is the class of stocks regarding the analysis, improvement and/or distribution of technologically based mostly goods and services. This sector contains businesses revolving around the manufacturing of electronics, creation of software, computers or products and services regarding data technology.
Certain scientific journals do present high influence, however only after all the translational points have been resolved ... Read More
Bbc News Technology
Our publishing associate, World Scientific Publishing Co. , is fiercely dedicated to creating the brand new TECHNOLOGY journal attain, a excessive impact factor as quickly as attainable, an effort which each of us and our colleagues on the Editorial Board intend to support wholeheartedly. In this respect, we feel that the global reach and operation of WSPC, with their special energy in Asian Emerging markets, lots of which have turn out to be hotbeds of innovation and new technological concepts, make this journal endeavor particularly thrilling... Read More | <urn:uuid:33ad5aaf-96f4-47ac-98bf-b5a55c1428f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.michaelkorsets.com/tag/powder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.913125 | 530 | 2.421875 | 2 |
In 1990, a small, conservative coalition known as the Concerned Citizens Party tried pushing the state's political envelope by fielding an anti-abortion gubernatorial ticket.
The Wolcott-based party, born out of the furor over the Roe vs. Wade decision, had not won a local election in 15 years, but that did not prevent it from taking aim at what polls show is an electorate that strongly favors abortion rights.
The support was negligible -- 16,000 votes, little more than 1 percent of all ballots cast -- but the party leaders interpreted it as a mandate to push that envelope all the way to Washington. So, with little party base, but a lot of gumption, the Concerned Citizens Party is fielding its first slate of congressional candidates this fall.
With four party-backed candidates successfully petitioning their way onto the ballot, challengers in the 1st, 5th and 6th congressional districts and the U.S. Senate race are taking on incumbents who support abortion rights.
"This is the most-important issue facing this country," said the party's leader and 1990 gubernatorial candidate, Joseph A. Zdonczyk of Wolcott. "We are now saying to the people of this state, in effect, that we have an obligation to provide a creditable alternative to the Democrats and Republicans."
The timing for such a bid seems prescient in one sense. Some observers suggest that if there is ever a year for a minor party to escape the recesses of obscurity, this unpredictable election season is it.
At the same time, there also is abundant evidence to suggest that the Concerned Citizens have a lot to be concerned about if they want to make even a small showing on the political scene.
Traditional obstacles for grass-roots parties -- limited financial and organizational resources -- still pose a formidable challenge.
Even more problematic is the Concerned Citizens' core message.
Can a heavily religious party bound by its members' staunch opposition to abortion make inroads in a state in which the majority of voters want abortion to remain legal?
Zdonczyk and his stable of candidates have an answer. They know that single-issue campaigns are rarely successful, so taking a cue from independent presidential candidate Ross Perot's swift rise as an outsider, they're sounding off on several issues.
"There's a renaissance, an awakening going on in this country that career politicians are a major part of the problem," said Daniel Plawecki, the 6th District candidate. "They represent themselves, they represent PACs and they represent special interests."
Like Perot, the four Concerned Citizens candidates are political neophytes, three of whom are making their electoral debut. Senatorial candidate Richard D. Gregory, 50, is a plumber from Waterbury; Gary R. Garneau, the 1st District candidate, is a 41-year-old machinist from Hartford; and Plawecki, 34, is an aerospace engineer from the Terryville section of Plymouth.
The fourth, Rosita Rodriguez, 48, the 5th District candidate, is a substitute teacher from Wolcott who ran for mayor in 1990 under the Concerned Citizens banner, finishing third in a three-way race.
And like Perot, they say that they felt compelled to seek office by the "politics of alienation" being practiced today. Garneau, for example, said he's out to prove there's room in a democracy for "an average working-class person to get on the ballot."
However, the Concerned Citizens part company with the Texas billionaire when it comes to morality. While Perot has suggested the country was going to hell in a handbasket, the Concerned Citizens believe Americans are taking the Concorde there.
All four candidates incorporate religion into their politics. Plawecki's campaign stationery bears the words "One Nation Under God."
Drugs, drive-by shootings, AIDS, teenage sex and abortion all are signs of moral decay, Plawecki says, and all can be traced to what he believes is the disintegration of the traditional family.
"We're getting to the point where we're going to have to sandblast God off every statue and building in Washington, D.C.," he says.
If this sounds familiar, it is because the Concerned Citizens' philosophy bears some resemblance to recent stands taken by the conservative wing of the Republican Party.
The Concerned Citizens also are harsh critics of homosexuals and "militant feminists," who, the party's members say, are contributing to the breakdown of the traditional family. The Concerned Citizens support prayer in public schools.
But there is a major difference between the two parties, Zdonczyk says. The Concerned Citizens are committed to what they call constitutional fundamentalism, a philosophical return not to the 1950s, as the Republicans have been accused of longing for, but to the 1790s.
The party's goal is to align itself with the political and moral reasoning of the founding fathers, Plawecki said, and that especially means preserving the inalienable right to life laid out in the Declaration of Independence. | <urn:uuid:b59027ad-26d7-4ccb-ba5b-4426f523dc2a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://articles.courant.com/1992-10-06/news/0000111618_1_party-base-abortion-rights-anti-abortion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00181-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962454 | 1,048 | 1.585938 | 2 |
As one takes the name of Paneer or cheese, one at once remembers the different recipes of cheese. It is prepared by adding citric acid or lemon juice. This will curdle the milk separating the curd and whey. One point to notice here is that if you want good soft Paneer then use left over water of Paneer to curdle it
Discover very beautiful wallpapers of Lord rama sita laxaman and hunuman,you have never seen before.Picture are very beautiful and cherishable. Along with it read unknown stories related to lord rama
Are you not able to sleep in night?Are you struggling for good sleep?You will find all details here with causes and cure.Remedies are tested and used by many people.So this post is for you.Read It Now
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Which portable external drive is best?How will you know it.?Read In depth review external drive best for you and value for money.
I always had thought that garage door should be automatic,It should automatically open and close. It should be control by remote. It should not man handled because if sometimes you forget it will remain open.Chamberlain has all such features.
iRobot Roomba 770 Vacuum Cleaning Robot for Pets and Allergies is robot you want to have in family that clean every corner and floor of your house. It even cleans pet hairs, dust and garbage, thus cleaning your house in finest way.
Quantitative aptitude is the section that is normally asked in all the government exams whether it is bank clerk, po, income tax, LIC , SSC, railway or even in IAS exam. Numbers of private companies also takes test of Quantitative ability of student.
In my last post ibps quantitative aptitude preparation tips I have told you about that how to prepare for bank,railway or any other quantitative section. In this post I am telling you about that how to prepare for reasoning section in entrance exams
When India got independence in 1947, number of national banks was established to build the economy. Simultaneously, Personnel selection board was also established which took care of recruitment of bank officer and clerks. Later it became a independent body and named itself as ibps. | <urn:uuid:fef9dd9c-4067-4712-ae47-4667f1b1a37e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://benefitforu.blogspot.in/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00302-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955484 | 498 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Kairos Outside is a special weekend retreat designed to support the female loved ones of men and women who are or have been incarcerated. Families of the incarcerated "do time" right along with their loved ones. In a safe environment with loving people, women interact with other women who are in similar situations and learn to form small support groups to give them strength for the challenges they face.
The ProgramThe Weekend Retreat is a series of talks and activities by women sharing their life journey. Each Guest has the opportunity to review the talks in small family groups. However, sharing in the small family group is voluntary. The program is interspersed with music, prayer, fun activities and general pampering. The Weekend is Christian in nature, although no religious affiliation is necessary to attend. Those who attend are expected to stay for the entire program.
Any adult female 20 year old, or older, whose life has been impacted by the incarceration of relatives/friends, is eligible to attend a Kairos Outside Weekend. Women, who did not have an opportunity to attend a Kairos Weekend while incarcerated, may also attend. This program IS NOT limited to those women whose relatives/friends have attended a Kairos Weekend.
OriginsKairos Outside began in 1989 as an idea from the chaplain at San Quentin State Correctional Facility in California after the first Kairos Prison Ministry retreat. He felt, as did many involved in the ministry, that those who became involved in the Kairos program were now open to family unity, more so than ever before.
James Rowland, then Director for the Department of Corrections for California, has often said, "Three things will help keep an inmate from coming back to prison: The first is some type of spiritual awakening while in prison; the second is support by their family during and after incarceration; and the third is a skill to find a job on the outside after release." Jo Chapman, a Kairos volunteer from California, took his idea and developed Kairos Outside from it.
The Kairos Prison Ministry is an excellent vehicle to provide for a spiritual experience on the inside, while Kairos Outside is designed to bolster the loved ones who are supporting those incarcerated persons. The women on the outside, in many ways, have to be stronger than those on the inside to survive in today's world.
Kairos Outside is a blend of the movement on the street, Cursillo, which spawned Kairos years ago and the Kairos Prison Ministry which is spreading to so many of our nation's correctional institutions. The presenting members are all involved in both Cursillo (Emmaus, Tres Dias, etc.) and/or the Kairos Ministry. More importantly, they are concerned, committed Christians who believe in these women and want to encourage them on their life's journey.
There are two Greek words for time. One of them, with which we are all familiar, is "kronos" meaning linear time: hours, days, weeks, etc. The other is "kairos", used in the sense of a time set by God for a particular occurrence. "KAIROS" was found to be a word of very special significance in the environment of the correctional institution where the word "time" carries so many special connotations. We have found that the word "KAIROS" also has some very special meaning for the loved ones of those inside.
PurposeTo demonstrate God's grace and love through Christian support for women who have loved ones who are or who have been incarcerated.
GoalsTo provide a safe place;
To offer unconditional love and acceptance in a Christian setting;
To encourage the sharing of life's journey;
To foster spiritual growth;
To promote participation in support groups;
To create an opportunity for a relationship with God.
What happens at a Kairos Outside Weekend?The weekend is a series of talks by women sharing their life's journey. Each guest has the opportunity to review the talk in small family groups. However, sharing in the small family group is voluntary. The program is interspersed with music, prayer, fun activities and general pampering. We expect those in attendance to stay for the entire program. The weekend is Christian in nature, although no religious affiliation is necessary to attend.
Who may attend a Kairos Outside Weekend?Any adult female family member whose life has been impacted by the incarceration of a loved one is eligible to attend a Kairos Outside weekend. The weekend is not coed. No men, even team members, are permitted in the community room with the women during a weekend.
This support is first provided in a safe environment with Christian people during a Kairos Outside weekend. During this weekend, the guests will also have a chance to interact with other women who are in similar situations and learn how to form small groups to support and give them strength in their life's journey. Download our Kairos Ouside Brochure | <urn:uuid:1f9cafb9-2017-4eff-a3c8-d8e508139d9f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mykairos.org/programs_ko.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00529-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972685 | 1,004 | 1.507813 | 2 |
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