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7 July 2009
Writing is a way to communicate and tell anyone in the world about the work that you’ve done and significant contribution you’ve made. And writing scientific paper is also a way for people to comment and give suggestion, or may tell if the work you’ve done in bloody teary way is worthed or not. In research area, a journal or refereed conference paper is a prove of your work, besides theses as final documentation.
No wonder scientific writing is very hard, especially for english as second-languange people like me. I experienced a painful, hard, and takes time to get conference paper done. But it’s not finished yet, it’s just beginning. Is research world, the world that I might be, or really likely to be there, writing paper in english is the way for to keep me survive and get into the career pathway.
I wrote two paper in the last 12 months, the EMC and Chemeca paper. It made me realise several things. First, with writing, you will aware that you’re not perfect, and even you know ALL inside your work and your study, if you can’t find the right word to express what you’ve done, it is just gonna be worthless. Second, it is really painful to get criticism, but that’s life, or in PhD life, you just need to be have a big heart to accept that critique. It is not that you are all wrong, or you are stupid, but it is a new way to learn. When I was in undergraduate, I used to deny and blame any critiques from my lecture because of the he/she gave the critique like they are the cleverest in the world and I’m the stupid one. Now, that feeling just hould be ignored. Luckily, my supervisors are very friendly, they did get upset if they see my writing still far from perfect, but while they try to give me where’s the wrong ones, they telling me to say that writing is painful but it is worthed to learn. After few days or few weeks of my supervisor’s correction, I read it again.. and yes, it’s make sense. About unprecised languange, unclear paragraph, etc.
Now I’m in the middle revising my first draft of journal paper submission. No wonder I feel a bit scary to experienced the painful process again, but I have to do it of course. Then, just think the positive of doing it. First, a good scientific paper comes from a really thorough and hard work of writing. Second, it;s a learning process. Third, this process can make you a better person, especially to lower your ego and accept other’s comment. Fourth, dream about you paper will be in top-class journal in the world, and you will be a part of history in magnesium production.. what a great feeling.
I just read a book by Michael Allen titled The Craft of Scientific Writing, and the Section 7, there are some tips to get scientific writing done. I might think I need to refresh my mind about how to write paper, so I’ll gonna share it here. Some handy tips that might work to start writings are:
1. Clear your mind.
Put aside personal problems such as thinking about home, bills, money, or cooking. Now that you are at office and you wan to write, then set aside the other problems.
2. A block of free time.
We have to allocate some time to write. No e-mail, no facebook, no reading online newspaper, no chatting with friends. Sometimes it works to me. I set 30 minutes arriving office to check my mail, check any updates, read detik or kompas or sending photos to my home in bandung. Then, turn-off the browser, open the folder and word as well as the thermodynamic program.
3. Prepare yourself mentally for the task ahead.
Choose the journal, or read the good papers, see the structure, try to write it. Make outline first, and the fill the outline with the details.
Now about the revision. In scientific and engineering, the first draft is unlikely gonna be prefect. A few steps more are required to get good scientific paper. Obtain some distance, may be a week or more to do another work. Then when you want to revise your writing, you have to change your personality. Don’t be the writer, but be a good reader that can identify the weakness and the successful part of your writing. It’s hard, but we can practice. In my research group, we used to give our own writing to other and give feedback. You can learn the good and the bad from your friend’s writing.
Some techniques suggested in the book about revising:
- One thing to do is change the look of your document when you revise.
- Try to work through the large chucks in each sitting, thus you will make your paper smooth
- Get some distance between each revision to refresh your mind
- Finally, solicit critism of your writing.
I am writing this section in my blog just to motivate myself to be a good english writer, but hopefully anyone, especially reseach student who read this might find some ideas and the important of writing as well as the hardest journey. Good luck. | <urn:uuid:f9606c67-4607-4865-a4ce-e5cb09d54bcd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://winnywulandari.wordpress.com/research/get-into-mood-to-write-scientific-writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00304-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950072 | 1,124 | 1.664063 | 2 |
The ability to adapt to change is a key element of a company's ability to compete. This is particularly true of fast-growth companies; as the size and structure of an organization rapidly changes, management will often be faced with unfamiliar challenges and opportunities. In many situations, the benefit of experience can mean the difference between success and failure.
This was the case when an independent apparel retailer was acquired by a private equity firm that went on to quickly acquire three more similar companies. Within 18 months, the small, independent retailer had expanded to four major brands and locations across the country. Annualized revenue increased six-fold.
Then, management decided to acquire a fourth company. The planned acquisition would nearly double the company's revenues and would involve taking a publicly-held company private. But to complete the deal, and to meet the deadline for the significant financing around it, the company needed to file audited financials that integrated the three recently acquired entities.
The audit deadline was imminent and inflexible. The financial statements needed to be prepared in a very short time frame, but the company's rapid growth through acquisition had created several new complex business, accounting, and tax issues, and the ongoing integration of the most recent acquisitions was already straining internal resources. It soon became clear to the PwC audit team that company management was greatly underestimating the time and resources needed to complete the audit and issue a set of complex financial statements.
"Within an 18 month period, the management team went from running a single entity generating about $80 million in revenue to managing a combined entity of approximately $1 billion," recalled Private Company Services partner Daniel Hutchins. "They didn't have the experience to know what it takes to get an audit done and issue a set of complex financial statements when you grow that much, that quickly. So we had a conversation with management and said, 'This will never get done in this time frame unless you change your approach.'"
The PwC team explained what it would take to integrate three significant acquisitions from a financial reporting perspective, prepare a consolidation, and address the complex applicable accounting standards — all within the accelerated schedule mandated by the financing requirements.
"We helped them to understand what the project would require and to appreciate the limitations of the resources they were planning to rely on," said Hutchins. "We worked with them collaboratively, not just around what we were doing, but around how they needed to supplement their existing resources to get the project done." At the same time, the PwC team deployed audit teams to work onsite at the company's three new locations across the country.
Because PwC was able to foresee complications and execute efficiently, the audit was completed on time and the company was able to complete the financing, the acquisition, and to pay a significant dividend to stakeholders. | <urn:uuid:817168eb-92c3-405f-8fd5-c6f2e29bedc9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.pwc.com/us/en/private-company-services/case-studies/quality-audit.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721355.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00013-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978181 | 571 | 1.5 | 2 |
Every Friday, the Brennan Center will be compiling the latest news concerning the corrosive nature of money in New York State politics—and the ongoing need for public financing and robust campaign finance reform. We’ll also be linking to dispatches from around the country highlighting the national scope of this crisis. This week’s links were contributed by Syed Zaidi.
CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM AND ETHICS NEWS
Campaign Finance Reform Must Include Small-Donor Matching
In an editorial last week the Albany Times-Union urged New Yorkers to support critical initiatives for campaign finance reform, such as fully funding the New York State Board of Elections, closing loopholes, lowering contribution limits, and ensuring greater donor disclosure. Letters to the Editor penned by Alex Camarda, director of public policy and advocacy at Citizens Union and Miles Rapoport, president of Demos, emphasize that while all of these measures are necessary for empowering New Yorkers, the best mechanism to increase participation in state elections is a small-donor matching system. Matching contributions by small donors can inspire civic engagement by new donors in state elections, encourage candidates to be more accountable to their constituents and embolden new types of candidates to run for office. The state of Connecticut and New York City already match contributions by small donors in different ways, it is time for the Empire State to enact real reform.
Even After Death, Campaign Committees Live On
Republican Assemblyman George Amedore recently received $2,000 for his State Senate race from the Committee to Re-elect Senator Stafford. The only problem is that State Senator Ronald Stafford has been dead for seven years. And yet his campaign committee, now being run by a former aide, has been doling out funds ever since. Unfortunately this scenario is all too common; the New York Public Interest Research Group has documented that former politicians in New York State have over $10 million sitting in their campaign coffers. This includes ghost committees like the one for State Senator Carl Kruger, who is now in prison for corruption. He used $1.5 million from his campaign fund for legal bills, and still has $400,000 in his campaign account. “After a state politician leaves office, it’s time to close shop, including the campaign fund,” argues a New York Times editorial. State Senator Liz Krueger has proposed a bill that would require former campaign funds be closed out within four years of an election and a year after the candidate’s death. The money could go to a charity, the state or a working campaign. Like many other campaign finance reform bills in the legislature, this one is not moving. As the New York Times put it, “The only real solution is to provide public matching funds for small contributions. That model should be the next step when Gov. Andrew Cuomo and legislators return to work in Albany.”
Evidence Shows American Tradition Partnership May Have Coordinated with Campaigns
In 2010, American Tradition Partnership, a non-profit “social welfare” organization, bought a lawsuit against Montana challenging the state’s restrictions on independent campaign expenditures. In June of this year, the United States Supreme Court struck down Montana’s one-hundred year old ban on corporate political contributions in the American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock decision, extending the reach of Citizens United to state and local elections. Because of the way the group is organized, American Tradition Partnership, previously known as Western Tradition Partnership, is legally barred from coordinating with campaigns or producing electioneering materials without disclosing its donors. Recent documents uncovered by a Pro Publica investigation and a PBS Frontline Special demonstrate significant evidence of coordination between the group and several campaigns. Further inquiries reveal that mailers from the organization, targeting specific legislators in the Republican primaries, went beyond the scope of “issue ads.” Montana’s Commissioner of Political Practices found that ATP’s purpose is “to directly influence candidate elections through surreptitious means.” All this deception “raises the specter of corruption of the electoral process,” according to the agency. The Supreme Court would do well to rethink the notion that independent expenditures cannot corrupt.
Outside Groups Outspend Candidates in the Most Competitive House Races
There is no doubt that outside groups have been playing a crucial role in the Presidential election this year. These groups, some with undisclosed expenditures and donors, may also determine the winners of several House races across the U.S. Analysis by the Brennan Center for Justice reveals that outside spending has been on par with party committees in the 25 House races deemed the most competitive. Take the 8th District of Minnesota for example; Republican incumbent Chip Cravaack spent $1.2 million compared to his Democratic challenger Rick Nolan, who spent $536,000. But outside spending in the race totals $ 5 million, including $1.7 million by the conservative American Action Network and $762,000 by the liberal House Majority Committee. “What does this mean for political parties that have long been the central force in elections? That outside spending is shifting power toward the big donors and corporate interests funding outside groups.” Small donors are the most minimal of participants in the most important Congressional races. Republican candidates raised only 7.6 percent of their campaign funds from small donations, relative to 12.4 percent by Democrats. “Politicians operate in a system in which it pays — literally — to ignore the public interest in favor of the agenda of special interests. The costs — in inefficient government, tax giveaways to big-spending industries, and a failure to act on the issues that matter most to the middle class — are staggering,” according to Adam Skaggs and Sundeep Iye from the Brennan Center. “To fix our government, we need to empower small donors in federal elections and restore regular voters to their rightful place at the center of our democracy.”
The Aftermath of Citizens United
As the first post-Citizens United Presidential election comes to a close, the negative effects of the decision are apparent. Unrestricted Super PACs, secret campaign spending, and wealthy mega-donors have been the hallmarks, with voters increasingly disgusted by the avalanche of money in politics. Outside groups such as Super PACs and politically active non-profits have spent $890 million thus far, three times the amount they spent in 2008. There are 700 Super PACs registered with the FEC. Sixty-seven percent of all Super PAC contributions originated from only 209 donors that gave $500,000 or more. Organizations that do not have to disclose their donors under the façade of “social welfare” non-profit status spent millions targeting candidates. Some 501(c)(4)s donated to Super PACs, establishing complicated money transfers to obscure their funding sources. Campaign spending by groups that do not disclose their donors has exceeded $265 million so far, more than triple the amount non-disclosing groups spent four years ago. According to Trevor Potter, former chairman of the FEC, “you have a real potential for corruption here, when the officeholders know where the money comes from, and the spenders know where it comes from, but the public doesn’t.”
Top Lobbyists of 2012
The Hill has released its list of the Top Lobbyists of 2012. The lame-duck session after the election may be the “busiest and most consequential of modern times.” Washington’s corps of lobbyists will be working with policy makers to shape decisions regarding taxes, expenditures and the budget, among others. Although some of the lobbyists are hired guns from K Street or corporate and trade association groups, others are broad based grassroots advocates that draw influence from the strength of their members rather than the money in their coffers. Among the most influential corporate lobbyists are Tucker Foote representing MasterCard, a former aid in the House Financial Services Committee, who will be engaged in a battle with retailers next year over swipe fees on credit cards, and Sid Ashworth of Northrop Grumman, who saved the company’s Global Hawk drones after the Pentagon threatened to cut them. On K Street, Mitch Feuer, a former Senate Banking Committee counsel is a top financial services lobbyist and a trusted name among banks and insurers. Fred Fraefe, of the Law Offices of Frederick H. Graefe, is a leading healthcare lobbyist among Democrats on Capitol Hill. | <urn:uuid:5f777a51-8559-42bc-882c-b22b9cca6e0d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://reformny.blogspot.com/2012/11/money-in-politics-this-week.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722459.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00343-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949216 | 1,718 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Providing care, attention, and play to the most vulnerable of children around the world.
For every three months spent in institutionalized care, a child will lose one month of linear growth, in the absence of proper intervention.
The Granny Program provides this intervention by bringing loving caregivers, or “Grannies” from the local community to each child, every day.
Grannies are trained in child development and trauma-based care to help the children they work with overcome significant developmental delays, learn what it is to trust and love, and receive the attention and care they deserve.
Spence-Chapin currently runs the Granny Program in South Africa and Colombia, and it is able to operate through the generosity of our supporters.
Bringing the joy of play into children’s lives around the world.
In 2019, Spence-Chapin launched Project Play as a complement to the Granny Program to address the critical role of play in children’s lives. Due to a lack of vital resources, many orphanages around the world are not able to provide an area for children to engage in structured and unstructured play which is crucial in helping children reach developmental milestones.
Project Play builds outdoor playgrounds with state-of-the-art equipment and stations at children’s orphanages. It also supplies birthday and holiday gifts and celebrations for children who so often never receive recognition on these special days.
The initial relationship between a child and their primary caregiver is a strong predictor of a child’s emotional and physical health, and ability to develop strong attachments later in life. It is well recognized that due to a lack of resources, children living in institutionalized settings are often deprived of consistent, nurturing human interaction. This lack of interaction is correlated to risks of lifelong developmental delays and challenges with healthy attachment.
Spence-Chapin launched its original International Granny Program in 1998 to address this need.
The Granny Program brings volunteers from the community into children’s orphanages to devote time and attention to the same children each day. These little ones quickly begin to thrive thanks to the one-on-one attachment that children living in institutions usually do not experience.
The Granny Program and Project Play currently benefit children living in orphanages in Johannesburg, South Africa and Cali, Colombia. More than 160 children are paired with 97 Grannies, and the program continues to expand. Spence-Chapin is currently working to bring the program to more countries around the world.
Spence-Chapin works with international partners to train volunteer Grannies in child development, giving them the tools to provide individualized support to children living in orphanages.
The Granny Program is a simple, direct, and cost-effective way to forever change the lives of children in institutions around the world with proven results.
The sheer fact a child now has a trusted adult and attachment figure leads to startling improvements in development and attachment. Children who could not sit on their own are soon rolling over and crawling. Little ones who were previously withdrawn emotionally now raise their arms to be picked up when their Grannies arrive for the day.
Spence-Chapin has implemented Project Play in the four orphanages where The Granny Program currently operates in South Africa. Project Play provides children with much-needed playspace to engage in sensory, creative, active, and group play and provides annual holiday and birthday celebrations and gifts for children at the orphanages.
Since Project Play began in 2019, more than 200 children have celebrated their birthdays and the holidays who previously had not. | <urn:uuid:8cc762f1-a5a6-4346-a9b4-dcec1098cd2b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://spence-chapin.org/granny-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.957149 | 743 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Movement Lab - Manoj Srinivasan
We are interested in understanding the movement of things: humans, other animals, and machines.
Some central scientific questions are: Why do animals move the way they do? And how do they do it so well? We are interested in obtaining a simple and tractable, yet complete, theory of legged locomotion and sensorimotor control in humans and other animals -- a theory that will reliably predict how an animal will act in a novel situation (say, humans on the moon), how the animal will respond to perturbations (say, stepping on a banana peel), or how we should design wearable robotics. We use a mixture of mathematics, modeling, computation, and experiments.
News: Recently, we hosted the Dynamic
Walking Conference (2015) at Ohio State.
Some recent articles.
-- Nidhi Seethapathi and Manoj Srinivasan. The
metabolic cost of changing walking speeds is significant,
implies lower optimal speeds for shorter distances, and
increases daily energy estimates. Accepted with
minor revision, 11,
20150486, 2015. Link to journal
article. Link to Data
Here is a webpage for the paper with videos and data.
-- Varun Joshi and Manoj Srinivasan. Walking on a moving surface: energy-optimal walking motions on a shaky bridge and a shaking treadmill reduce energy costs below normal, Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 20140662, 2015. Link to journal article. PDF (preprint article+supplementary information).
-- Yang Wang and Manoj Srinivasan. Stepping in the
direction of the fall: the next foot placement can be
predicted from current upper body state in steady-state
walking, Biology Letters, 10, 20140405, 2014. Link to
journal article. Link to Data
See here for Media/Press articles on this paper.
-- Leroy Long and Manoj Srinivasan. Walking, running and resting under time, distance, and speed constraints: Optimality of walk-run-rest mixtures, J. Royal Society Interface, vol. 10, 2013. Journal Link.
Author Generated PDF (pre-final version). See media coverage.
-- Manoj Srinivasan. Fifteen observations on the
structure of energy minimizing gaits in many simple biped
models. J. Royal Society Interface, PDF
with supplementary information, 8, 74-98, 2011. Journal
Our research has been featured in a few popular science and news media, including the National Geographic Channel, the Discovery Channel, National Public Radio, New Scientist, etc. Please see the Press/MEDIA page for videos, audio, and articles about our work. But please see our papers if you want the full story. | <urn:uuid:5155b4d6-f924-4f50-b087-5c34bb749177> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://movement.osu.edu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00280-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.818716 | 586 | 2.015625 | 2 |
More released documents from Edward Snowden show that the US National Security Agency (NSA) has done the unimaginable – cracked encryption codes that secure most of our data. It’s an impressive feat even for the NSA which was created just for code-breaking and now sets the standard for encryption technology. Encryption is important because it’s the main tool used to ensure the security of your web communications whether its Skype video calls, online banking transactions, or sending electronic health records via health portals.
However, as this NPR piece explains, it isn’t so much that using encryption can’t protect data, rather that the NSA has found ways to get around data encryption. According to a Q&A with Snowden over the web, the NSA’s ability to actually break encrypted data are limited. Instead, the agency typically uses techniques that bypass encryption code-breaking, such as hacking into computer endpoints to gather data either before it has been encrypted or after it has been decrypted. The NSA also works with numerous companies to gather decryption keys or to insert backdoor surveillance technology into applications. Earlier Snowden document news reports identified some of the biggest Internet companies — Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Yahoo!, Apple — as all having been part of the NSA PRISM surveillance program, despite their stated privacy policies.
The documents also suggest that the NSA has used its influence to introduce weaknesses into its encryption standards (released in 2006), which are used by software and hardware developers worldwide. These weaknesses can then be used build back doors or to otherwise hack into programs using these standards.
This might be a good time to reconsider your videoconferencing options. Many of our favorite video conferences such as Vidyo, Google Hangouts, BlueJeans, WebEx use a computer architecture that make them a perfect target for NSA wannabes. These systems all send your media streams through a router or middleman server where your data will be decrypted and stored before being delivered to its final endpoint computer. As a sort of central switchboard through which gajillions of users’ videoconferencing sessions must pass, you can see how such servers would make juicy targets. (Btw, VSee never keeps any decryption keys or users’ video conversations on its servers. 🙂 ) The New York Times explains “How keys are acquired is shrouded in secrecy, but independent cryptographers say many are probably collected by hacking into companies’ computer servers, where they are stored.”
photo credit: bocek.kevin via Flickr | <urn:uuid:fb9626c9-840d-42b2-8faa-874226e49910> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vsee.com/blog/nsa-encryption-vidyo-security/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.938213 | 518 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A small but destructive force of nature that has made its way from clear across another continent, the emerald ash borer, has prompted concern and a multi-national effort at control in 18 U.S. states and parts of Canada. West Chicago is among the many communities that has identified the threat to its ash tree stock and taken action.
Since 2010, the city of West Chicago has been proactive in the rescue efforts of “savable” ash trees by hiring Graf Tree Care to inspect, evaluate and tag the 2,446 ash trees that existed in the city’s parkway or on city-owned properties. As a result of Graf’s inspection, 593 ash trees were identified as being too badly infected to be saved and 1,853 ash trees that had a chance of survival through an insecticidal treatment program.
Following a cost analysis of total removal of the 2,446 ash trees projected at $1,555,100, compared to projected treatment costs for the 1,853 savable trees of about $600,000, Emerald Tree Care was hired by the city in 2011 to perform a seven-year insecticidal treatment. The treatments consist of soil saturation with fertilizer and an additional trunk injection on trees larger than 6 inches in diameter.
All things considered, in 2012 Emerald Tree Care treated 1,786 ash trees, representing only a 2.6 percent ash tree loss since insecticidal treatments began in 2011. Unfortunately, further emerald ash borer damage and a devastating storm on July 1 took 49 of the ash trees out of the treatment program.
Emerald Tree Care will be in West Chicago starting in April treating city-owned ash trees for the emerald ash borer. The company has agreed to provide identical treatments to residents, businesses and/or property owners of West Chicago at the same unit pricing offered to the city under a separate contract agreement with residents, businesses and/or property owners.
If there is interest in having the Ash trees treated by Emerald Tree Care, please contact Wayne White of Emerald Tree Care via email at email@example.com. If you have any questions or concerns about the treatment program or have difficulty contacting Mr. White, please feel free to contact me directly at 630-293-2255.
Tim Wilcox is street superintendent for the city of West Chicago | <urn:uuid:3a2b7093-aed1-4575-8f3c-c394d95a779e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mysuburbanlife.com/2013/01/31/tim-wilcox-city-taking-action-on-emerald-ash-borer/a8proac/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00060-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954209 | 478 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Only recently have the 1968 breeding bird survey totals been available. In 1966 we ran 40 of the 41 routes in Alabama, in 1967, 37 routes, and last year only 32of them. We hope this improves considerably in 1969. The ranking of the 30 most numerous species counted on the surveys in Alabama for the three years is shown below.
Author: Thomas A. Imhof
Volume Number: 17 Year Published: 1969
Issue Number: 1
Page Number: 12
Link to article: http://birdlife.aosbirds.org/1969/Vol 17 No. 1_1969_p12.pdf
Link to the full issue of BirdLife: http://birdlife.aosbirds.org/1969/Vol 17 No. 1_1969.pdf | <urn:uuid:750b5b74-f597-4275-83c8-137a5483be25> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aosbirds.org/birdlife/breeding-bird-survey-1968/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.818597 | 155 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Federal Reserve faces new pressure to explain why it lets banks trade raw materials and control supplies after congressional witnesses said regulators can’t really grasp what lenders are doing in industrial businesses.
Officials from the Fed and Commodity Futures Trading Commission may testify at hearings in September, U.S. Senator Sherrod Brown said in an interview yesterday after witnesses told his Senate subcommittee that commodities operations owned by lenders are hurting customers and endangering the financial system. He’ll also seek testimony from bankers.
“Should the public generally be forced to feel around in the dark to figure this stuff out?” Brown, an Ohio Democrat, said during the hearing. “This is too important,” he added later. “It does significant potential damage to the economy.”
The Fed said last week it’s reviewing a decade-old decision to break down barriers between finance and commerce by letting banks deal in physical assets like metal and oil. A reversal could put commodity units of JPMorgan Chase & Co., Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Morgan Stanley in jeopardy.
Witnesses at yesterday’s hearing in Washington said financial regulators can’t effectively oversee units in industries that fall outside of typical banking or foresee the risks they pose to taxpayer-backed firms.
“To expect the regulators to understand the web of relationships that exist here is not rational,” said Joshua Rosner, a bank analyst at New York-based Graham Fisher & Co., which advises clients on investments in the financial industry. Regulators failed similar tasks in the years leading to the 2008 financial crisis, he said.
Risks in banks’ commodities businesses can be managed by limiting them to frequently traded products and setting curbs on volume, Randall Guynn, head of the financial institutions group at law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, said at the hearing. Regulators also can require minimum amounts of capital and liquidity, he said.
“It would be the unusual bank examiner who understands the commodities markets, oil markets and oil tankers, and so forth, but they do have tools that they have used and can use to try to control this risk,” Guynn said.
Barbara Hagenbaugh, a Fed spokeswoman, and the CFTC’s Steve Adamske declined to comment on the prospects for a future hearing.
Yesterday’s hearing featured questions from Brown, Democrats Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts and Jeff Merkley of Oregon, and Pat Toomey, a Pennsylvania Republican, in front of a full audience. Brown said he’s concerned that lenders may be put at risk when volatile commodity markets move against them or disaster strikes one of their operations.
“What do we want our banks to do? Make small-business loans or refine and transport oil? Issue mortgages or corner the metals market?” Brown said at the hearing’s outset. “Taxpayers have a right to know what’s happening and to have a say.”
Brown is among lawmakers who say banks can drive up prices when they control both the physical products and the financing. Merkley said the arrangement may allow banks to “put a thumb on the scale” to influence supply and demand, and bet accordingly.
U.S. Senator Carl Levin, the Michigan Democrat who leads the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, said lawmakers may use his panel’s subpoena power to examine banks’ trading and ownership of physical commodities. Levin said he may hold his own hearings if he isn’t satisfied with the outcome of Brown’s effort, which can’t compel testimony or demand documents.
The CFTC told firms involved in commodity warehousing to retain internal documents and e-mails related to the businesses, the New York Times reported, citing people who had reviewed the requests.
The beverage industry has complained that banks and other warehouse owners are manipulating aluminum supplies and slowing deliveries to drive up the price. Costs were inflated by $3 billion worldwide in the past year, Tim Weiner, a global risk manager at brewer MillerCoors LLC, told the panel in prepared remarks.
Goldman Sachs, the most profitable Wall Street securities firm before the 2008 financial crisis, posted a rebuttal to some of the criticism on the company’s website. The firm said about 95 percent of the aluminum used in manufacturing comes from producers and dealers outside the London Metal Exchange warehouse system in which banks participate.
Banks may have adopted the model for trading both physical commodities and derivatives used by Enron Corp., adding “more and more risk” to the financial system, Warren said at yesterday’s hearing. Enron, was the world’s biggest trader of power and natural gas before it collapsed in 2001 amid an accounting fraud, and some former employees pleaded guilty to charges they tried to manipulate power prices.
Moves by banks to deepen their involvement in physical commodity trading and assets “suggests this movie won’t end well,” she said.
The 10 largest Wall Street banks generated about $6 billion in revenue from commodities in 2012, including $1 billion from dealings in physical materials, according to data from analytics company Coalition Ltd. Goldman Sachs ranked No. 1, followed by New York-based JPMorgan.
Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan are the biggest Wall Street players in physical commodities. Goldman Sachs held $7.7 billion of commodities at fair value as of March 31 and New York-based Morgan Stanley had $6.7 billion, according to regulatory filings. JPMorgan had $14.3 billion in physical commodities as of March 31, according to a filing.
Critics “don’t provide a shred of evidence to support the view that these potential dangers are likely to be realized,” Guynn said at the hearing. “The connection between banking and commodities is not a new development.”
The knowledge that banks gain from participating “helps the prices in the derivatives markets and the pricing in the physical markets to converge, which is actually a good thing,” he said.
None of the banks discloses how much revenue or profit comes from commodity trading or break out the contribution from physical assets. The Fed has been “less than forthcoming” about its oversight of the units, Brown said.
Saule T. Omarova, a law professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, said she doubts regulators are capable of overseeing businesses outside of normal banking.
“It stretches regulatory capacity beyond its limits,” Omarova said in an interview. “No regulator in the financial world can realistically, effectively manage all the risks of an enterprise of financial activities, but also the marketing of gas, oil, electricity and metals. How can one banking regulator develop the expertise to know what’s going on?”
Rosner said the federal backing of U.S. banks gives them a funding advantage that can distort markets. The result could be guarantees that extend beyond the financial industry, said Arthur Wilmarth, a law professor specializing in banking and financial regulation at George Washington University in Washington.
“If you allow banks to get heavily into commerce, then pretty soon you’re going to see the safety net wrapping around the entire commercial sectors that the banks are involved in,” Wilmarth, who wasn’t a witness at the hearing, said in an interview. “They clearly are taking a lot of risk on it, and if something went really bad and endangered the survival of a major bank, I think the federal government’s going to be there” with emergency lending or liquidation measures.
Copyright 2014 Bloomberg. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:9d06f2ba-5373-4ad9-8578-7fe92c1dfab6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.futuresmag.com/2013/07/24/fed-draws-fire-for-oversight-of-bank-owned-commodi?t=etfs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00063-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945354 | 1,595 | 1.851563 | 2 |
From Design to Visual Effects
Knowing where to start can be hard, Whether its getting your messages out, Designing a web presents, Developing a brand to classic dilemmas like rotoscoping or green screen? From Paint Fixes, Beauty Work, Tracking and Stereo/Mono Compositing I have you covered from All angles.
What does it take to reach an audience today? To be in reach of the best technology accomplish your vision, or to build a brand that Enchants Millions.In this fast paced
world the uncertainty to stay relevant is immense, and your audience is growing even more skeptical and uninterested. In a world of noise, we as consumers are begging to be understood, to belong, and participate within the experience of brand. Where the facts melt away into a story, evoking the emotional response and connection that moves us in just the right ways.
Move past the mainstream misconceptions that the everyday Ad agencies will offer, and find how you can provide the product experience your audience is begging to buy.
Digital Arts and Design
Compositing, Stereoscopic Compositing, Match Moving,(Object Stereo and Mono), Color
Grading, Beauty for Motion Picture and Stills, Stereography/Videography, Editing, Motion
Graphics, Python Scripting for Nuke | <urn:uuid:68adddfd-2fd5-4887-b867-af5c0b0f4e94> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nathanfx.com/pages/about.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00097-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874169 | 268 | 1.742188 | 2 |
50% of 14-year-olds feel addicted to the Internet
London: A new survey suggests that almost half of all 14- and 15-year-olds feel they are addicted to the internet, with more than three-quarters of similarly aged pupils taking a web-enabled laptop, phone or tablet to bed at night.
Of those who take a device to bed, the bulk are communicating with friends using social media or watching videos or films, the study of more than 2,200 students in nine schools across England and Scotland found.
The survey found that more than four out 10 girls felt they used the internet on a compulsive basis for socialising, the Guardian reported.
The poll was carried out on behalf of Tablets for Schools, a charity led by technology industry groups such as Carphone Warehouse and Dixons that campaigns for the increased use of iPad -like devices in education.
Despite its remit the group has now published an advice guide for pupils and schools about internet devices, advising they be switched off before bed and during study times, with set times allocated for online activity.
The study said fewer than a third of students who used web devices in bed said this was connected to homework, with those more likely to use a computer, phone or laptop in bed also more likely to report feeling addicted to the internet.
There were some gender distinctions, with 46 percent of girls saying they sometimes felt addicted to the internet, as against 36 percent of boys, but significantly more boys saying they felt a compulsion towards computer games.
The peak age for feelings of addiction was year 10, where pupils are aged 14 or 15, with 49 percent of those pupils reporting this. The greatest use of devices in bed comes a year later, with 77 percent of year-11 pupils. Aside from email the most commonly used sites at home were social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Snapchat.
While most students told researchers they were positive about the internet, a number expressed alarm at their apparent inability to disengage.
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- Reliance Jio impact: Bharti Airtel Q3 net profit dips 54% to Rs 503.7 crore | <urn:uuid:a26ccd10-5ffe-47aa-b932-ddaf6b2b2cad> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://zeenews.india.com/news/net-news/50-of-14-year-olds-feel-addicted-to-the-internet_930869.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00152-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959392 | 617 | 2.25 | 2 |
The recent cyber attack on the Dyn infrastructure shows why the internet of things poses a risk to us all.
We still haven't worked out if cyber security spending is delivering results.
Getting the basics of cybersecurity right could eliminate 85% of the threats overnight. Here are some tips to get you started.
Cyber criminals have found a way to harvest data from iPhones and iPads using the weak point in Apple's otherwise top security system - app developers.
Jailbreaking your iOS device can free you from Apple's 'walled garden', but it's a Wild West beyond the walls.
South Africans are being targeted by cyber criminals. Consumers are fleeced because their passwords make them vulnerable. | <urn:uuid:d00cc810-6cf8-4502-9099-547405f04da5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://theconversation.com/uk/topics/cybercime-19852 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00488-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934924 | 141 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Leipzig is something akin to the European Detroit. Formerly the second biggest city in East Germany and once boasting a population of over 700,000, Leipzig has shrunk significantly since the reunification of Germany in 1990 and now has only about 550,000 residents. According to Daniel Florentin, a Parisian urban planner who has worked in Leipzig, reunification caused the city to be degraded to a lower ranking in the region’s “urban hierarchy.” Heavy losses in jobs and the emergence of urban brownfields (land previously used for industrial purposes, which is or feared to be contaminated with hazardous pollutants), haven’t helped. Depopulation reached a critical level between 1989 and 1999.
But it isn’t as bleak as all that.
Leipzig has lost over 100,000 inhabitants within 10 years (more than 15% of its former population), around 100,000 industrial jobs, and in 2008, every fifth apartment was vacant. But let’s talk about who has stayed. Florentin applauds local authorities for recognizing that a city can’t be described with just numbers and trying to recruit a new generation of good neighbors.
Inverse spoke with Florentin to get a better sense of what’s in store for Leipzig’s future.
What has been the city’s more recent history with city shrinkage? How has it changed our work to improve its situation?
Since 2007, the city is regaining some population at a very slow level. This is mainly due to three factors:
- The city’s boundaries have been extended, and Leipzig has grown thanks to several annexations. The city is now four times bigger than Paris in terms of surface area, but four times smaller in terms of population.
- Berlin’s rent gap: Berlin’s motto has long been “arm, aber sexy” (poor, yet sexy). Even though rents are still lower than what you can find in other European capital cities, they have increased tremendously over the last past decade. Leipzig has the advantage of being close to Berlin (70 minutes away by train) and offers the same opportunities to artists and young students as Berlin did in the late 1990s: space at a very reasonable price and a lively cultural alternative scene. Symptomatically enough, the new campaign of the municipality says, quite aggressively: “Leipzig, a better Berlin.”
- The results of a restructuring of the material part of the city, with the active commitment of several personalities, such as Engelbert Lütke Daldrup, formerly responsible for the city planning department, and the actions led within the frame of a national urban policy Stadtumbau Ost (urban restructuring for the Eastern part of Germany: mainly the demolition of big housing estates and refurbishing of central historic areas).
Still, the socio-economic situation of the city has not improved accordingly. Compared to other similar cities in Germany, unemployment and other indicators of precarity are still much higher than the German average. Twenty five years after the reunification, Leipzig is still a very typical Eastern German city, even though its situation has improved compared to what it was no sooner than 10 years ago.
There is no convergence with very affluent Western German cities such as Frankfurt or Stuttgart. This is partly the result of the planning strategy developed at a national level (and which echoes many European policies since the late 1990s): cities have to compete against each other rather than build common development projects through solidarity. One has seen the transition of territorial solidarity to urban competition, in a classical neoliberal way. Leipzig used to be the biggest German (if not European) book fair — Frankfurt has now developed its own fair which is now more popular than Leipzig’s due to the airport hub.
What will be the biggest issues or problems that threaten Leipzig’s future in the next few decades? Will population shrinkage still be an issue in the future? Will other concerns be more prominent?
Population decline will certainly go on in the next few decades: Like in most European cities, the population is aging and the demographic indicators all point to a diminution of the number of children per woman. Still, compared to small cities experiencing similar processes such as Dessau, Cottbus or Schwerin, Leipzig benefits from a size effect: depopulation will be stronger in those other small cities and will be accelerated by the closing of public services in smaller places such as schools, post office, and hospitals. There has already been a trend of migration from these cities with a deteriorated public service infrastructures to bigger cities where all this is still available.
There is also a more and more prevalent issue that will rise in the next decades: the state of urban infrastructures. As city councils have suffered from high debt, budgetary policies involving consolidation have been implemented in all the Eastern German cities (except Dresden). This is at the expenses of the maintenance of many forms of infrastructure, be they water networks, public transportation, road, district heating systems, or hospitals. In other comparable cities like Magdeburg, the city does not operate kindergarden anymore and has privatized this essential service. Similarly, in Leipzig, there has frequently been debates on possible privatization of water or public transportation systems. The economic equilibrium of the city is still characterized by its frailty.
Besides, Leipzig’s economy is highly linked with fairs (like the aforementioned book fair) and is really dependent upon international clients and exogenous growth factors. Times of crisis such as the one Europe has been experiencing for about 8 years are always hitting the city harder than other German cities with a more endogenous economic development. Its economic structure is still weak and really dependant upon other cities.
Lastly, the big remaining issue is the one of vacant houses: even though the situation has improved, large parts of the city still remain quite empty. This is problematic for all the urban networks, where you have to bring the water, heating, and power up to isolated areas, and this creates more problems and generates more costs of maintenance. There is a need to develop a more compact urbanism, which the city does not represent that much.
So what’s next? What kinds of urban development ideas and concepts can best help Leipzig solve these problems?
Leipzig’s authorities developed a strategy, mainly discursive and image-based, resting on the fact that they had very little money and needed to have the largest possible impact.
This led to the development of small-scale projects, often co-financed by other parts of Europe to change some districts’ image. What was praised was often the potential for young urban professionals or artists. But this quest for gentrifiers and creative classes only work for a couple of places and cannot be the unique strategy.
Some artistic projects were quite interesting, but this was not included in a more comprehensive strategy. For instance, they helped the creation of a lot of culural places in Leipziger Westen, but the public transportation stopped at 8:00pm — you could get to a place but not come back easily. Accessibility has been quite forgotten in their strategy.
But some others have developed interesting, more innovative initiatives. Two are worth mentioning, and they both try to addess vacant houses:
- One is called Wächterhäuser, “the guarded houses,” and was launched by a group of architects and independant urban planners. People could rent flats in buildings of cultural and architectural value but in a half-dilapidated state for one month, on the condition that they will do the work to refurbish the building and make it livable again. This worked quite well, with artistic projects. Yet, this only concerns 13-14 houses, while over 20,000 are vacant. This is only a drop in the ocean.
- The other one relates to the activity of a housing cooperative, Kontakt. It proactively deals with the twofold issue of aging and depopulation. They developed lots of free-of-charge services for their customers/inhabitants, such as doing errands, providing a common room to invigorate local sociability, celebrating your birthday, etc. They considered big housing estate to have a certain form of modernity, and they refused to participate to the program of demolition. Instead, they remodeled the houses with nice rooftops, lifts, balconies and all these small details that constitute comfort, joy of being there, territorial affection.
Are there any current big projects that you think are exemplary of what the future of urban development in Leipzig should be?
There are some big projects in Leipzig, but they cannot be considered as really going in the right direction. The new site for the fair as well as the Bayerischer Bahnhof (a second train station to go southwards more rapidly) are two typical examples of urban misconceptions. Their costs were three to four times what it should have been and what had been calculated, and the effects in terms of job creation or better mobility are minimal, if not worse.
The city should really invest in the urban infrastructure that is its invisible engine, instead of focusing on starchitecture and prominent but quite useless and space consuming projects.
Are there lessons from other cities around the world that developers in Leipzig could apply?
Leipzig has been more at the forefront than the other way around. Usually, it is taken as an example for the creative way with which the city decided to cope with urban shrinkage. Actors from the civil society as well as housing companies or the authorities have been quite active in this process, even though they did not always collaborate. But developers in Leipzig often look at what is happening with their neighbors in Berlin, the ever-changing city. | <urn:uuid:e05d7afa-1b53-4fe8-9292-866ad2ebca55> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nc.inverse.com/article/5287-future-cities-leipzig-shrinking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.965386 | 2,049 | 2.71875 | 3 |
“So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.”
attributed to PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s courage as she picked up her pen inspires us to believe in our own ability to make positive change. Uncle Tom’s Cabin challenges us to confront America’s complicated past and connect it with today’s issues.
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, Slavery, and the Civil War
Stowe’s vivid characters and portrayal of their struggles opened reader’s eyes to the realities of slavery and the humanity of enslaved people. Stowe hoped the novel would build empathy for the characters and, in turn, for enslaved individuals.
Stowe’s candor on the controversial subject of slavery encouraged others to speak out, further eroding the already precarious relations between northern and southern states and advancing the nation’s march toward Civil War.
By the war’s beginning in 1861, North-South tensions had been on the rise for decades. With the election of President Abraham Lincoln in 1860, the crisis came to a head as some Southern states seceded from the Union. Many white Southerners feared that slavery, “the peculiar institution” upon which their economy depended, would be eradicated. The brutal four-year war that followed almost destroyed the United States.
When Stowe visited President Lincoln at the White House in 1862, he is reported to have said, “So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.” This statement, regardless of its truth, testifies to Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s impact.
“The most cussed and discussed book of its time.”
— LANGSTON HUGHES
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a runaway hit, selling 10,000 copies in the United States in its first week and 300,000 in the first year. The novel sold even more copies abroad than it did in the United States — 1.5 million in a year in Great Britain.
When Stowe visited Great Britain in 1853, invited by anti-slavery groups, she was rushed by excited crowds. During her five-month stay, she traveled the country. She attended numerous anti-slavery rallies and was presented with the Stafford House Address, a 26-volume leather bound petition signed by more than 563,000 British women asking their American sisters to work to abolish slavery.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was the first major U.S. novel with a Black main character, and the first to use regional accents. It has been translated to over 70 languages.
Public response to Uncle Tom’s Cabin was not all positive. Moderates praised the book for exposing slavery’s harsh realities, but abolitionists felt it was not forceful enough. Others called out some of Stowe’s characters as stereotypes. Pro-slavery advocates argued that Stowe had written an unrealistic, one-sided image of slavery. These pro-slavery responses prompted at least 29 “Anti-Tom” or proslavery books before the Civil War.
Stowe responded to her critics by writing The Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin, an annotated bibliography of her sources. In The Key, Stowe pointed out people who inspired her characters and events. She hoped that identifying these sources would demonstrate that her novel was based on fact.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was part of a large body of anti-slavery writing. Stowe borrowed from books by enslaved people including Josiah Henson, Lewis Clarke, and Solomon Northup. As a white woman, Stowe was seen as less threatening to white readers than Black abolitionists, helping her novel reach more readers. Some thought the book’s success was a tool they could use, while others said Stowe was taking stories that were not hers.
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” and American Culture
Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s reach went right off the page. It inspired products including wallpaper, board games, silverware, song sheets, ceramics, and handkerchiefs.
It was so popular it immediately became a play, with scenes taken word for word from Stowe’s novel. People flocked to see it and competing New York City shows made going to the theater respectable. Theater companies small and large travelled the country, using their own versions, without anti-slavery messages, and adding spectacle to draw crowds. Because her strict Congregationalist upbringing forbade going to the theater, Stowe was not comfortable collaborating on stage productions of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Unfortunately, 1852 copyright laws did not protect fictional works from being adapted into plays without the author’s permission. These products, plays, and spin-offs were created without Stowe’s consent and copied the racial attitudes of their time from 1852 through the Civil War, Jim Crow Era, and as late as the 1950’s.
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” became the longest running play in U.S. history.
Dramatization of Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s for the stage meant shortening and simplifying a complicated story. These unauthorized productions, known as “Tom Shows,” were loosely based on Stowe’s story. “Tom Shows” were produced in theaters and traveling shows across the country, often with extravagant special effects and comedic dialogue.
Racial stereotypes were highlighted with actors in blackface and simplified plots. Eliza’s escape across the ice added bloodhounds. Topsy became a slapstick figure. Strong, young Tom aged to a submissive, shuffling old man.
Discussions of racism, slavery’s impact on families, and reparations vanished, and after the Civil War, so did most references to slavery. Professional “Tom Shows” toured annually for nearly 90 years, and versions were later filmed for movies and cartoons.
“Tom-Shows” were not the only way others profited from Stowe’s ideas. A wide range of Uncle Tom’s Cabin inspired products, or “Tomitudes,” flooded the market. Some of these items reflect racial attitudes of the day, making uneasy viewing in the 21st century. Although Stowe neither endorsed nor profited from the plays or memorabilia, public perception of her work was altered.
In 2018, writers around the globe selected Uncle Tom’s Cabin as #2 of 100 stories that shaped the world! Read more about it. | <urn:uuid:c81944f9-a036-4d4d-b002-9436b33edf73> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/harriet-beecher-stowe/her-global-impact/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.969512 | 1,401 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Also known as retained earnings, the financial accounting term earned capital is the value of the assets accumulated through the profitable operation of a company. Earned capital is credited to retained earnings, and can be found in the owner's equity portion of the balance sheet.
Earned Capital = Beginning Retained Capital + Net Income - Dividends
Earned capital is different than the related concept of paid-in capital. The source of earned capital for a company is net income. If there is sufficient net income after paying dividends, the company may decide to keep earned capital in the form of retained earnings.
Companies will retain capital if they believe they can reinvest these earnings back into the business to create additional profits. If a company does not believe it has sufficient opportunities for new investments, it will return all, or a portion, of net income back to shareholders in the form of dividends.
Company A's starting balance in retained capital was $25,995,000 and net income was $4,283,000. From these earnings, the company paid a dividend of $1,555,000. The current balance in retained capital would be:
= $25,995,000 + $4,283,000 - $1,555,000, or $27,732,000 | <urn:uuid:c7ab540d-0f8e-4cb0-91f3-f3ca0abc4618> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.money-zine.com/definitions/investing-dictionary/earned-capital/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00164-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958693 | 261 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Michigan fruit producers are in competition with more than 30 fruit pests that threaten to damage their crops. The primary objective of the 156-acre Trevor Nichols Research Center is to find the best ways to keep fruit pest-free in Michigan while preserving the environment and ensuring economic viability for the state’s fruit growers. Research topics include studying performance attributes of reduced-risk pesticides, optimizing delivery systems for crop protection materials, monitoring and controlling invasive and emerging pests, and developing novel pest management tactics. The center also supports IR-4, a United States Department of Agriculture project that works with specialty crop growers, registrants and the United States Environmental Protection Agency to register products for use on specialty crops, including reduced-risk pesticides.
Learn what MSU researchers are doing about a tiny invasive fly called spotted wing drosophila that’s causing major problems for the fruit industry.
Members of the Michigan agriculture industry and others are invited to tour several of the Michigan State University research facilities this summer during the annual field day festivities.
A tiny vinegar fly from eastern Asia called spotted wing drosophila is fast becoming one of the most intensively studied insects at Michigan State University. READ MORE
Researchers from Michigan State University have received a $173,151 grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture to study novel, non-spray control methods for invasive fruit pests.
Click to subscribe to our e-publications:Subscribe | <urn:uuid:0f012f39-8cf1-40eb-9d0e-e2cb8887453a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://agbioresearch.msu.edu/centers/tnrc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00202-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935058 | 294 | 3.015625 | 3 |
If you store chemicals in your workplace, a chemical spill is a real, potential threat to your employees and your business. Chemical spills can occur for many reasons – human error, carelessness, chemical combustion, gradual damage to a container, equipment breaking down or even bouts of bad weather.
Chemical spills pose a threat to the health of your employees and the wider community, the environment and the property itself. The key to success is a speedy, efficient reaction to such an incident. Note the following 5 points when assessing chemical spill control processes in your workplace.
- Use Spill Trays & Spill Pallets
Even the smallest amounts of chemicals can cause damage if they spill or leak. Spill trays and spill pallets can be used to provide a safety net for any chemical leaks or spills when storing or pouring chemical containers.
A spill tray provides secondary containment for smaller chemical containers. They can be used on countertops and are commonly found in laboratories and research facilities. Spill trays allows for the safe moving and decanting of chemicals around a laboratory, and if a spill occurs it is contained in the tray – which can then be removed and cleaned.
A spill pallet is a much larger secondary containment structure, designed to support heavier loads (e.g. drums). Spill pallets are generally available in a range of sizes, depending on how many drums you need to store. Spill pallets are designed to be easily transportable by a forklift or pallet truck.
Learn more about safely transporting chemicals.
- Draft a Chemical Spill Emergency Response Plan
Your chemical spill emergency response plan should address:
- Procedures to contain and control chemical incidents so as to reduce the potential effects and in turn limit the danger posed to all persons in the workplace, the environment and the building structure.
- The actions which need to be taken to control the conditions should such incidents occur and to limit their consequences, including a description of the safety equipment available/required for each action.
- The assigned duties that respective staff members are expected to perform should such an incident occur.
- Details regarding notifying the relevant authorities and emergency services in the event of a chemical spill e.g. the fire service, the NCEC (National Chemical Emergency Centre), ChemSafe.
Read this blog to learn more about the effects of chemical spills, and how to develop a chemical spill emergency response plan.
- Store IBCs, drums & other containers in Bunded Chemical Stores
When storing large volumes of chemicals in IBC’s, drums or other containers, it is important to ensure that they are stored in a bunded chemical storage unit. A bunded chemical storage solution will prevent spills and leaks from quickly spreading and potentially damaging other containers in the unit, or even prevent the collision of incompatible chemicals.
- Keep a Supply of Reusable Drain Seals
An important task to remember is to try to prevent chemical spills or leaks from entering storm water drains as this can lead to a major problem on your business premises. Drain seals are designed to greatly reduce the quantity of chemicals entering storm water drains. Reusable drain deals can be cleaned and used time and time again. Keep a supply of drain seals stored near each drain on the premises so that they can be quickly deployed during an emergency response to a chemical spill.
- Install On-Site Containment Barriers
To quickly and efficiently contain a chemical spill to one specific area of the property and to prevent the spill/leak from spreading while you evacuate the building, it is wise to install a containment barrier on the premises. You can choose from manual or automatic containment barriers – automatic containment barriers can be instantly activated by fire or leak detection systems to capture and retain chemical spillages and contaminated firewater. | <urn:uuid:f7f41e14-24e7-493c-9171-e9d15050cfb0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://safetystoragesystems.co.uk/blog/ensure-safe-effective-chemical-spill-control-workplace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.924682 | 765 | 2.75 | 3 |
"Great design systems go beyond design and engineering staff, though; they are critical in producing an end result that the entire organization can depend on, from quality assurance and management to communications and commerce."
"As well as appointing an in-house accessibility advocate, we have heard of a number of organizations who have appointed Alt Text Champions within their publishing teams. Both Taylor and Francis and Bloomsbury in the UK have found that this focuses colleagues on the importance of producing meaningful image descriptions and gives them a point of contact in-house."
"The more different the views are from one interaction to another, the more likely users perceive these views as "separate things". Users rely on a "Back" button to go back, but often we mismatch their expectations, bringing frustration and abandonment."
"Every browser makes a network request for each alternative stylesheet. The request is non-blocking and seems to be low priority, which is good, but I'm somewhat perplexed by the network request being made at all."
"W3C launched The Web Accessibility Initiative, (WAI), in 1997, with support from the White House. The Web Accessibility Initiative's main goal is to make the internet accessible for people with disabilities." | <urn:uuid:c32d0a0c-1c6c-482c-adf3-b742485cbce9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kidachi.kazuhi.to/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.957369 | 250 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Diamond Days The Crown Jewels! at The Beacons
It would be easy to think that up here in West Cumbria, you might miss out on the Diamond Jubilee celebrations. However, that is not the case for Copeland. The Beacon is celebrating the lead up to the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee in style by displaying some of the most famous symbols of the British Monarchy.
Opening on Monday 14th May as part of an exhibition of memorabilia relating to the reign of HM Queen Elizabeth II, Copeland Borough Council’s museum will be displaying a collection of no less than six replica Crown Jewels. These glittering symbols of British Royalty will be on display alongside an exhibition looking back at Royal Visits to Copeland.
These beautiful replicas have been produced for Royal Exhibitions by the London-based company Juliette Designs, who manufacture jewellery for film, theatre, shows and the bridal industry. Their replica Crown Jewels are exhibited worldwide.
The exhibition entitled Diamond Days, will be displayed in The Beacon Gallery on the second floor of the museum from Monday 14th May to Tuesday 5th June.
The replica crown jewels will be on display at The Beacon for a limited time only – Monday 14th to Sunday 27th May. During this time, special evening tours of the jewels will be available. Phone The Beacon directly on 01946 592302 for details and bookings.
Schools are also encouraged to take advantage of this wonderful opportunity. There is no charge for school groups to visit the exhibition, however due to the anticipated demand, special slots have been set aside for schools to book. Please call The Beacon’s Learning Team on 01946 592302, to make sure your school group doesn’t miss out. | <urn:uuid:9843ef8b-0ea5-4faf-97d2-912eba836b94> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://replicacrownjewels.com/info/islington-gazette-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.947565 | 366 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Fort Point Light (ME)
"Stockton Springs, Maine"
This square 31 foot tall brick tower is attached to the keeper's house by a small breezeway. It is located on a high point of land on the west side of the mouth of the Penobscot River. It replaced an original wooden structure which had been built in 1837.
Lighthouses: A Photographic Journey
Copyright © 1995-2006 David S. Carter, Donald W. Carter, & Diana K. Carter. All rights reserved. Reproduction by any means, physical or electronic, in part or in full, without the express permission of the authors, is strictly prohibited. | <urn:uuid:f6284fe9-63eb-4e9a-9026-ebe4baf1125e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ipl.org/div/light/ATL/FortPointME.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00007-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928258 | 137 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Science is finally catching up with permaculture – the way to work with nature to create the most amount of resources with the least amount of work put in, and also thinking long-term and sustainable. And what could be a better suit for those guidelines than to gather rainwater and using it indoors or for irrigating vegetables?
Thanks to massive amounts of data collected by the joint project TRMM, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, a collaboration between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, the researchers behind the study found that almost 20 percent of the indoor needs for water could be covered by rainwater collection.
Unlike other studies of rainwater benefits to communities and livelihood, this study did not focus on how precipitation first needs to reach the groundwater level to be pumped up again, but instead the researchers looked at what it would mean if Indians collected rainwater in cheap 200-gallon tanks. These tanks could be engineered to easily be placed in more densely populated urban areas as well.
While the 20 percent coverage of the need for water indoors is fantastic, there’s even more to this equation – if used for vegetable irrigation, the collected rainwater would instead be covering the entire need for water. The research team also concluded that this would be the most beneficial use, since it would both lead to bigger water bill savings, provide healthy food, give profits from selling any excess veggies as well as give a much shorter payback period for whatever maintenance, operation and infrastructure work needed to pull it all off.
Dan Stout, research assistant in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Utah and one of the three study authors, explains the thoughts behind the mission: “India has severe problems getting potable water to all of its residents. We considered collecting water in a relatively small tank, and it’s amazing the effect that doing something that small and simple can have on the Indian people.”
The study was published in the June issue of the Urban Water Journal, and based its calculation on TRMM data of the rainfall over the tropics and subtropic, from 1997 to 2015. This kind of data had been very hard to come by, and according to Stout, without the TRMM database the project might have had to be cancelled altogether.
The financial return is also meaningful when considering the positive effects of harvesting rainwater in the day-to-day life in India; after a payback period of one year, the profit after using rainwater for vegetable irrigation would be between 1,548 and 3,261 rupees per year, while the total cost savings wold be between 2,605 and 4,522 rupees per year. That’s enough to pay the rent for six months for a one bedroom apartment in an average Indian city!
How’s that for simply putting all that freshwater that’s served every year from the skies to good use. And hey – why stop at India? A lot of countries have both rain and troubles getting the freshwater to cover all its needs.
Image: NASA / Hal Pierce | <urn:uuid:0a32cd4e-2397-4091-87ee-a82c65263114> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://natureworldreport.com/2015/06/india-has-a-huge-untapped-freshwater-source-in-rain-nasa-data-shows-how-huge/?amp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.961432 | 621 | 3.625 | 4 |
Mary Baker Eddy (July 16, 1821 – December 3, 1910) was the founder of the Christian Science religion. Her works include:
She and others credit her with the ability to heal instantaneously.
Married three times, she took the name Mary Baker Glover from her first marriage. She was also known from her third marriage as Mary Baker Glover Eddy or Mary Baker G. Eddy. | <urn:uuid:6a6c4456-642d-4a52-ba40-a4324f352b60> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.upi.com/topic/Mary_Baker_Eddy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00472-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.991323 | 83 | 2.484375 | 2 |
[DATA MSM:Massmart Holdings Limited] announced its sale increase for the full year ended 29 December 2013.
“[The wholesaler’s] total sales increased to 72.2 billion rand, representing total growth of 9.7 per cent on the 52 weeks to 23 December 2012, with product inflation estimated at 2.7 per cent," Massmart said in its update sales statement.
Massmart is a South African-based globally competitive regional management group, invested in a portfolio of differentiated, complementary, focused wholesale and retail formats.
Comparing 2013’s 52-week period to the same time in the previous year, shows a total growth of 7.5 per cent and comparable store sales growth of 3.8 per cent.
The company recorded positive total sales growth for each division with Massdiscounters recording an 8.6 per cent increase, while Masswarehouse increased by 14.1 per cent. Other divisions such as Massbuild and Masscash increased by 11.9 and 6.5 per cent, respectively.
Massmart is the second-largest distributor of consumer goods in Africa, and the leading wholesaler of basic foods.
“The estimated net sales lost due to closing the group’s stores on 15 December 2013 in honour of the late President Nelson Mandela’s burial were approximately R200 million," the company said
The group further added that the closures affected total and comparable store sales growth for the 52-week period by approximately 0.3 per cent each. | <urn:uuid:e6e5b031-b1fa-4f47-88c6-a732accf9359> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/earnings/2014/01/15/massmart-boasts-a-near-10-sales-hike/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720737.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00220-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953516 | 308 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Monday, April 26, 2010
How To Locally Edit a Webpage
Have you seen all of the fake pages on the internet that look like a news article or product listing from a reputable site? Well, here is how they do it.
1) Go the site that you want to edit
2) Copy this code into your address bar and press enter.
3) Just edit like a normal document. You can add/delete things, and even copy and paste!
**Note: Changes that you make to website cannot be seen by other people. There is no way of saving these changes or overwriting files on a server. | <urn:uuid:31f03a04-c13a-415b-b40b-4a2d21d85209> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://how2dostuff.blogspot.com/2010/04/how-to-locally-edit-webpage.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00126-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915255 | 132 | 1.78125 | 2 |
[Haskell-cafe] What puts False before True?
prstanley at ntlworld.com
Fri Jun 1 18:14:11 EDT 2007
>>P.S.: The question, however, still remains: why False = 0 and True
>>1? I appreciate that it's so in boolean algebra but why? Why not
>>True = 0 and False = 1?
>>A Boolean value denotees veracity whereas an ordered value concerns
>>magnitude (priority), indeed, order!!
>Other members have mentioned how to do it either way.
>Certain people with strong convictions in philosophy, religion, or
>platonism are more happy to see "truth is greater than falsehood"
>than "falsehood is greater than truth". It would be nice if we could
>be user-friendly to them.
>P.S.: If I'm not mistaken, in Zoroastrianism there is no ordinal
>perspective on truth and falsehood. The lie, as it's called, is not
>subordinate to truth.
More information about the Haskell-Cafe | <urn:uuid:31cb5edd-2406-4d03-99ae-04c1cefc8f49> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://mail.haskell.org/pipermail/haskell-cafe/2007-June/026429.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00137-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911956 | 236 | 3.203125 | 3 |
To watch collectors and aficionados, mechanical movements are particularly desirable since they best represent the fine craftsmanship and precise engineering that has gone into watch and clock making for centuries. But ironically, even with today's technology, mechanical movements don't keep perfect time. They gain and lose seconds as they lose power, so Urwerk has created a watch that's smart enough to know when it's not accurate, letting you make adjustments as needed.
The titanium and steel EMC is a sight to behold, but as usual it's what's inside that will appeal to most collectors. Watchmakers use a tool known as a Witschi that listens to a mechanical watch's internal movements and calculates how much time it gains or loses in 24 hours. And the EMC, or Electro Mechanical Control, has a Witschi built in so at any point the wearer can determine how accurate the piece keeps time.
What's unique about the design is that the EMC's Witschi runs on power that's produced by a tiny hand cranked generator that folds out from the side of the watch. A few slow cranks generates enough juice for a three second reading of how the watch's internals are performing, and the results are displayed by a series of gauges on the EMC's face.
If the timing is found to be off, there's a tiny screw on the back of the watch that can be used to adjust its rate so the EMC stays as accurate as possible. At this point Urwerk hasn't disclosed pricing or availability, but the watch is expected to eventually makes its way into the hands of lucky, and presumably very wealthy, collectors in the coming months. [Urwerk via Hodinkee] | <urn:uuid:dcc985e1-0259-454b-9558-a86d1bc20b62> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2013/08/this-titanium-watch-can-tell-you-when-its-losing-accuracy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00157-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973536 | 350 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Simple safety devices cover the surface of the water in the pool. In the video below, we will cover three of the most commonly used forms of cover for pool safety.
Mesh covers are light and simple to move. They allow sunlight to penetrate the surface of the water and keep the water warm. They also allow rainwater to get to the pool’s water below the cover. They prevent water from pooling up on top of the cover. These covers are useful for homeowners.
The safety pool cover is similar to the covers that are utilized elsewhere. The solid pool covers do not let sunlight get into your pool which could be problematic in the event of an algae issue. They can cause water to pool since they hinder the flow of water.
Automatic covers are by far the most expensive safety covers for pools. There are covers for pools without having to do any tasks. Covers are typically automatic and include additional security features such as restricting access to those with no authorization. 8urhd5v1q2. | <urn:uuid:27332e02-f358-4ba9-ac57-e8c4cc719ba0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://003312.net/2021/10/10/three-types-of-pool-safety-covers-vacuum-storage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.970282 | 207 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Read the full story from U.S. EPA.
Air sensors, more portable and easier to use than conventional regulatory air monitors, have become increasingly popular for measuring air pollution across the United States, particularly during wildfires. Researchers and communities have used air sensors to fill gaps in understanding local air quality. However, these sensors can often incorrectly estimate pollutant levels compared to regulatory-grade monitors. EPA researchers want to make it easier to compare the data from air sensors with data from highly accurate monitors. To do this, they have collocated, or placed sensors side-by-side with accurate regulatory monitors, in several locations throughout the country.
One widely used sensor type, the PurpleAir, was tested at more than 70 locations throughout the United States by EPA researchers and more than 30 state, local, and tribal air agency partners. While there are several options for air sensors on the market, the popularity of PurpleAir sensors meant the researchers could tap into a widespread sensor network spanning the country. Using this data, EPA researchers developed a mathematical equation, called a “correction equation,” to adjust the air sensor data, making the making the data more accurate and comparable to the regulatory network. | <urn:uuid:e7e99608-435a-4bc9-98c9-dfc314fd96f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://envnewsbits.info/2022/07/18/epa-research-improves-air-quality-information-for-the-public-on-the-airnow-fire-and-smoke-map/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.945601 | 241 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Many in the solar power industry and the investment community believethe arrival of grid parity—the point when cost of electricity generatedby a rooftop photovoltaic (PV) cell system is equivalent to thatpurchased from an electrical utility—will mark a major inflection pointfor the market that will deliver a huge increase in growth.
However,even when true grid parity arrives, it’s unlikely to generate an abruptrise in solar system installations due to the high upfront costs andthe long-term return of investing in a rooftop photovoltaic system,according to iSuppli Corp.In fact, growth is set to moderate during the years when grid parityarrives for various regions of the world as the industry enters a moremature phase.
Following a dip in growth in 2009, photovoltaicinstallations measured in terms of megawatts are expected to rise at aCompound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 72.4 percent from 2010 to 2013.During the period from 2010 to 2020, when grid parity is expected toarrive in many nations that are leading in solar-energy installations,the CAGR will slow to 20 percent.
Whilethere are many definitions of grid parity, iSuppli characterizes it asthe point when an investment in a rooftop solar system delivers a 100percent return on investment in five years. Furthermore, debtsincurred, i.e. negative cash balance in the investment in thesystem—must never exceed 25 percent of the total cost of theinstallation.
“iSuppli doesn’t expect the arrival of grid parityto result in an abrupt increase in user demand for photovoltaicsystems,” said Dr. Henning Wicht, senior director and principal analystfor iSuppli.
“The market is likely to make a smoothtransition, with demand progressing through the arrival of grid parityin an evolutionary way. This is because users must still make aninvestment in advance and the wait for the return over a long period oftime. A lot of this has to do with psychology. It takes a high level ofcommitment to invest in a solar system that is expected to operateduring a period of 30 years.”
Because of this, global PVinstallations are expected to rise in smooth fashion, even when gridparity arrives in certain nations of the world. The major factordetermining the growth of PV installations will be the supply/demandbalance, which will dictate pricing.
Solar market to recover from Spanish flu
GlobalPV installations are expected to decline by 32.3 percent in 2009 toreach 3,546 megawatts, down from 5,235 in 2008. However, the 2009decline is due to a single event: a sharp decline in expected PVinstallations in Spain.
Spain accounted for 50 percent ofworldwide PV installations in 2008. An artificial demand surge had beencreated in Spain as the time approached when the country’sfeed-in-tariff rate was set to drop and a new cap of 500 Megawattsloomed for projects qualifying for the above-market tariff. This set awell-defined deadline for growth in the Spanish market in 2009.
However,megawatt installations will rebound in 2010 with growth of 42.5percent, followed by a 73.6 percent rise in 2012 and a 68.6 percentincrease in 2013.
The figure presents iSuppli’s forecast of worldwide photovoltaic system installations in terms of megawatts.
Waiting for parity
Differentcountries are expected to attain grid parity at different times, due tovarying factors including sun exposure and the cost of utility-providedelectricity.
“The country that is probably closest to reachingthis standard is Italy,” Wicht said. “Italy has high electricity rates,and low system prices. It also has a high exposure to solar radiation.
However,even in this nation, the elapsed time to the cash break-even point isnow about 14 years. Furthermore, debt for a system installed now willreach 35 percent of the net system price.”
iSuppli doesn’t expect the nation’s solar industry to achieve grid parity until 2012.
Thenext closest nation to reaching grid parity is Germany due to the highcost of electricity and the availability of low-cost solar systems inthe nation. However, Germany is not set to achieve grid parity until2018, according to iSuppli’s definition.
California may alreadyhave achieved grid parity if consumers are paying the premium of 35cents per kilowatt hour. However, this kind of grid parity addressesonly a small fraction of the state’s consumers. Grid parity addressingthe majority of private household and reaching electricity prices of 22cents per kilowatt hour are likely to be achieved in four to five years.
However, these events are not likely to spur a major rise in solar installations.
“Thedefinition of Grid parity is imprecise, making it easy to call it theholy grail for solar,” Wicht added. “As solar system prices willcontinue drop and public incentives will allow to obtain Return oninvestment of 5 to 10 percent over 20 years, Solar Penetration willrise like any other market, with early adopters and late adopters. Themarket is at an early stage in terms of penetration. Penetration ofsolar systems will progress like any other market.” | <urn:uuid:aff1d05e-5cd0-46de-bb3a-04d7d5e69aa8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.solarfeeds.com/will-grid-parity-change-everything-for-solar-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00560-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921033 | 1,125 | 2.71875 | 3 |
U.S. corn, soybean crops up from November
Jan. 12, 2012
by Ron Sterk
WASHINGTON — U.S. 2011 corn production was estimated at 12,358,412,000 bus, up slightly from 12,309,936,000 bus forecast in November but down 1% from 12,446,865,000 bus in 2010, the U.S. Department of Agriculture said in its annual Crop Production 2011 Summary today. Soybean production was estimated at 3,056,032,000 bus, also up slightly from 3,045,558,000 bus in November but down 8% from 3,329,181,000 bus last year.
Both U.S.D.A. production numbers were above the average of pre-report trade estimates of 12,280 million bus for corn and 3,042 million bus for soybeans.
Average corn yield was estimated at 147.2 bus an acre, up 0.5 bus from 146.7 bus an acre in November but down 5.6 bus from 152.8 bus an acre as the final 2010 average yield. Harvested area was estimated at 83.9 million acres, up slightly from November and up 3% from 81.4 million acres in 2010.
Soybean yield was estimated at 41.5 bus an acre, up 0.2 bus from 41.3 bus an acre in November but down 2 bus from 43.5 bus an acre in 2010. Harvested area was estimated at 73.6 million acres, down slightly from November and down 4% from 76.6 million acres in 2010.
The U.S.D.A. yield numbers were above the average trade forecast of 146.4 bus an acre for corn and 41.3 bus for soybeans.
Grain sorghum production in 2011 was estimated at 214,443,000 bus, down 13% from 245,909,000 bus in November and down 38% from 345,625,000 bus in 2010, the U.S.D.A. said. Harvested area of 3.93 million acres was down 18% from 2010 and the lowest since 1936.
U.S. 2011 rice production was estimated at 185,009,000 cwts, down 2% from 188,069,000 cwts forecast earlier and down 24% from 243,104,000 cwts in 2010. | <urn:uuid:c8424738-ec7f-4574-ab56-491dfef26df4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bakingbusiness.com/news/news-home/trends/2012/1/us-corn-soybean-crops-up-from-november.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00168-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963765 | 496 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Listing courage among the other virtues implies that it is separate from them. This assumes that it is possible to have charity, kindness, honesty, loyalty, faith, hope, or any other virtue you can name, and yet lack courage. I don’t think so. Courage is not a separate virtue. Courage is the indispensable quality without which all other virtues are merely good intentions:
People are like pearls. No matter how smooth and delicate a pearl may be, it has a grain of sand at its center. If it weren’t for the grain of sand, there would be no pearl. No matter how smooth and sophisticated a person may be, if he doesn’t have some toughness at his core, he won’t be able to stand up to difficulties or dangers.
This may be the reason that in the past, trustworthy people were said to have “sand” or “grit.” Courage is the hard grain of sand at our core, without which we merely present a pleasant appearance − but aren’t really worth much.
In defining something, we can learn a lot by stating what it isn’t:
Courage isn’t going along with the crowd.
Hollywood “personalities” seem to think it takes courage to speak out against conservatives. But the vast majority of film and TV stars feel the same way, or so it appears. On the contrary, courage would be shown by media stars who spoke up for conservative values.
Hollywood never tires of complaining about the blacklist of the 1950s, when suspected communists were denied work. But somehow the blacklist of today, when merely a suspicion of being Republican is cause for ostracism, just doesn’t deserve notice.
Courage isn’t allowing others to do your thinking for you.
The mainstream media parrot one another shamelessly. What do you learn from CBS that you would not learn from ABC, NBC, MSNBC, CNN, or National Public Radio? What opinions do you read in the New York Times that you would not see in the Los Angeles Times and most of the papers in between? It takes no intellectual curiosity, much less courage, to repeat what you see and hear.
You must listen to talk radio and visit conservative websites to learn what the mainstream media ignore. But it may take courage to mention this to friends or co-workers. They may call you a “Nazi” or other offensive terms. You may lose friends. That is the result of a one-party press. Liberals can go all week without hearing a conservative idea, so if by chance they do hear one, they become upset, even angry. But they feel no need to respond with logical arguments. Instead, they call the conservative nasty names.
Courage isn’t hiding the truth with political correctness.
Major Nidal Hasan murdered 14 fellow soldiers at Fort Hood while shouting “Allahu akbar!” Most sources say he murdered 13, but one of them was pregnant. He had been in frequent communication with radical imam Al-Awlaki. The motive was painfully obvious, but Chris Matthews claimed that “We may never know if religion was a factor,” while Geraldo Rivera speculated that a “toothache” might have set him off. No, Geraldo, the decay wasn’t in his teeth − it went much deeper.
It’s bad enough when liberal pundits can’t recognize the truth. But when our government can’t recognize the truth, it’s even worse. The Fort Hood attack has now been classified as “workplace violence,” as if it were perpetrated by a file clerk who was disgruntled over not getting a raise. “Workplace violence” is the worst kind of lie − a half-truth that conveys a totally false impression. It was “workplace violence” in the same sense that Jeffrey Dahmer had an “eating disorder.” No, it was an act of war committed by an extremist Muslim on orders from overseas.
Fortunately, Al-Awlaki was killed by a U.S. drone in Yemen. But unfortunately, the refusal to accept reality is harder to eliminate.
Courage isn’t taking out your psychological problems on others.
Some time ago, a woman called the Dennis Prager radio show. Her husband is a soldier overseas. Some of her neighbors criticized him for participating in a “war for oil,” even going so far as to say − in front of their young child − that if he were killed or wounded, he would “get what he deserved.”
Some people in the “peace movement” are sincere if fuzzy headed. But others are so angry and hateful that calling them pacifists is absurd.
Those who say cruel words to a wife and child may claim they are acting out of love for humanity, but they are really acting out of bitterness and lack of empathy. Those who burn the American flag and refer to our leaders as terrorists may claim to hate war, but they really hate America and what it stands for.
It doesn’t show courage to vent your anger on those who don’t deserve it and won’t retaliate − it shows cowardice and lack of self-control. The courageous vent their anger on those who do deserve it and can retaliate − terrorists, for example.
Courage isn’t claiming to love freedom and the Constitution, but doing nothing to defend them.
Freedom isn’t just a concept − it’s the ability of real people to live as they choose, so long as they don’t harm others. The Constitution isn’t merely an abstraction − it’s a guarantee of the rights of actual, living people.
What, precisely, did freedom mean to the almost 3000 human beings who died on 9/11? The freedom to choose between being incinerated and jumping out of 110-story buildings, then taking 10 seconds to hit the pavement at 120 miles per hour? What rights did the approximately 200 jumpers have?
What rights does the Constitution guarantee to those who will die in new attacks, unless we kill or disarm those who are planning the attacks? The right to die slowly of radiation sickness after a dirty nuclear bomb is detonated in Manhattan? The right to watch their families die of smallpox when it is released in malls? The right to die, choking, vomiting, and convulsing, when nerve gas is released in the subway or at a bowl game?
It is worse than meaningless to claim to love freedom, but then block efforts to protect citizens from attack by fanatics who have no respect for human life. It is worse than irrelevant to pretend to respect the Constitution, but then obstruct efforts to defeat those who want to destroy the Constitution and all it stands for.
We have heard much about shortages of clean air and water. We need air and water. But we need courage, too. Perhaps we should spend more time and effort to remedy that shortage.
Instead, we teach schoolchildren to have unearned self-esteem. And we warn them, “I don’t care who started it − you’re both going to the principal’s office.” This is intended to teach nonviolence, but it actually teaches tolerance of bullies. And we assign textbooks written by people who believe that America is has done more bad than good in the world. Are those really the lessons we want our young people to learn?
The courage of our troops and our first responders is demonstrated daily. But can the courage of a minority make up for the wimpiness of the majority? Can the selfless dedication of a minority make up for the self-absorption of the majority? Can the few who risk their lives to defend freedom make up for the many who value freedom so little that they vote for slick politicians who promise them more “free” benefits − meanwhile making the government constantly larger and more intrusive? I don’t think so.
We hear “The Star-Spangled Banner” at sports events, but do we really hear it? Do we understand the unbreakable link between the land of the free and the home of the brave? If we want to live in the first, we must be the second.
Dr. Stolinsky writes on political and social issues. Contact: email@example.com. You are welcome to publish or post these articles, provided that you cite the author and website. | <urn:uuid:ccf0ccfb-1798-4d0f-ace1-580802608cdc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.stolinsky.com/wordpress/index.php/2011/12/12/home-of-the-brave-not-so-much/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00388-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959948 | 1,771 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Cooperation in Other Fields
The web of U.S.-Canadian co-operation during World War II spread its threads throughout many fields other than the activities of the armed services, which themselves involved, over and beyond co-operation in operational and logistical matters, the working out of many common problems in the fields of military administration, discipline, training, and supply. Research and development programs enjoyed a degree of collaboration which guaranteed that the discoveries and advances of each nation were shared by the other in the many fields of investigation. And, as a partner in the combined program for atomic energy research, Canada made significant contributions to the development of the atomic weapon. In the field of arms production, the two countries worked out extraordinary arrangements to see not only that the full Canadian production potential was realized but also that the Canadian economy received enough support to prevent the Canadian war production effort from having harmful effect.
Extensive co-operation also took place on many matters only indirectly related to the main military programs of Canada and the United States, some of which are recorded by other authors or elsewhere in this study.1 A few examples may be cited. Beginning in 1941, the two countries agreed, for the duration of the war, to permit increased diversions of the waters of the Niagara River, above the Falls, as a means of increasing the electric power supply.2 For a similar purpose, agreement was reached and repeated annually to provide for the raising of the level of the Lake of St. Francis on the St. Lawrence River.3 Several measures provided for more effective use of transportation facilities available on the Great Lakes. The two countries agreed in 1941 reciprocally to relax their load-line regulations in order to permit lake shipping to carry increased amounts of ores and other materials.4
The United States later lifted its restrictions on the transportation of ores between U.S. lake ports by Canadian vessels, thus permitting over-all improvement of the ore transportation situation through use of shipping resources made available by Canada.5
One perennially discussed project, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence seaway, is notably missing from the catalog of joint undertakings of Canada and the United States during World War II. On the eve of Pearl Harbor an executive agreement on the oft-studied project awaited action on the floor of the House of Representatives. Although a similar treaty signed in 1932 had been rejected by the Senate in 1934, the 1941 technique of approval of an executive agreement by simple majorities in the Congress and Parliament offered promise of success. Although the seaway and power project had been strongly supported by President Roosevelt as a defense measure before Pearl Harbor, with U.S. entry into the war Congress deferred consideration of the project in favor of more urgent undertakings.6
Administration and Personnel
Initially, U.S. citizens who enlisted in the Canadian armed forces before Pearl Harbor lost their citizenship by being required to take an oath of allegiance to the British crown. President Roosevelt considered the question and concluded that U.S. citizens could enlist in the Canadian forces without loss of citizenship if they were not obliged to take the oath of allegiance. When this conclusion was conveyed informally to the Canadian Government, it ceased to require the oath from U.S. enlistees.7
Immediately after U.S. entry into the war, U.S. authorities received large numbers of requests from U.S. citizens and former citizens serving with Canadian forces for transfer to the armed forces of the United States. The Permanent Joint Board on Defense discussed the problem on 20 December 1941. Although the Canadian members fully agreed that such transfers were desirable from a morale standpoint, they expressed concern over the adverse effects of such a step. For one thing, the instructor staff of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, which included several hundred
Americans, would be disrupted. For another, several thousand Americans were in the course of being trained, and Canada had already expended many millions of dollars in training them. The active units from which those who had completed training would be transferred would also be impaired. These prospects were not bright ones for Canada, which was already faced with the virtual drying up of the flow of U.S. enlistees as a result of Pearl Harbor.8 The Permanent Joint Board was unable to agree on a recommendation on the subject at that meeting. A few days later U.S. Chairman LaGuardia obtained President Roosevelt's approval of the U.S. Section's point of view. Canada and the United Kingdom shortly thereafter agreed in principle to a transfer arrangement, and on 17 January 1942 the President announced publicly that arrangements were being made. He pointed out, however, that the need to minimize the impact of transfers on the effectiveness of British and Canadian units would preclude immediate action and necessitate considerable delays.9
The armed forces in both Canada and the United States continued to study the technical and administrative problems involved in the transfer. In March 1942 the United States proposed an agreement based on arrangements tentatively worked out for effecting the transfers. Under the proposals, U.S. enlistees were to be given the opportunity to apply for transfer between 6 and 20 April 1942. The United States would then send boards of officers to Canada to interview the applicants, with power to appoint or enlist them. Similar Canadian boards would discharge or release the personnel but would be empowered to postpone transfers "if in their opinion immediate transfer would prejudicially affect the common war effort." The Canadian Government undertook to give effect to the agreement proposed by the United States.10
A Canadian-American Military Board, headed by Maj. Gen. Guy V. Henry (retired) who was later to become Senior U.S. Army Member of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense, visited thirty-three Canadian cities between 5 May and 3 June 1942. The board effected the transfer of 2,058 of the approximately 5,000 Americans stationed in Canada of the total of 16,000 Americans in the Canadian forces. The AAF received 1,444 of those transferring, of which 665 were pilots. The transfer of 51 pilots was deferred so as not to interfere with the RCAF training program. Since only a fraction of those eligible made the transfer, the impact on the Canadian
war effort was smaller than had been anticipated, although the training of those who did transfer represented a Canadian investment of about $25 million.11
The Canadian-American Military Board on 31 July 1942 became the Inter-Allied Personnel Board and thereafter handled similar matters with other countries. The new board soon developed a voluminous correspondence relating to many of the approximately 3,000 Americans in the Canadian armed forces serving in Canada who claimed lack of opportunity to make the transfer. As a result, transfers from the Canadian Army were reopened in October 1943 and from the RCAF in March 1944. Under the supplementary arrangements, 463 were transferred from the RCAF to the AAF, 137 from the Canadian Army to the U.S. Army, and 338 from the U.S. Army to the Canadian Army.12
In early 1942 while examining the problem of transferring these Americans, the authorities of the two countries also discussed the application of compulsory military service requirements of one country to resident nationals of the other country. In the interests of individual morale and each country's war effort, the United States proposed that a Canadian national residing in the United States who had not declared his intention of becoming a U.S. citizen could, if drafted for service under the U.S. Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, elect to serve in the Canadian armed forces instead. Canada was to grant reciprocal treatment to U.S. citizens living in Canada. Canada agreed to this arrangement on 6 April 1942, and in the following months established at seven points in the United States military personnel centers for the purpose of enlisting such of the 91,000 nondeclarant male Canadians who, in place of being drafted into the U.S. armed forces, might choose to serve with the Canadian forces.13 A few months later, after Canada had amended its compulsory military service regulations to include the conscription of aliens, the arrangement became applicable to U.S. citizens residing in Canada. Since the number of U.S. citizens that might be drafted by Canada was small, the United States did not establish enlisting offices in Canada but adopted a simplified procedure for enlisting these individuals.14
Many administrative problems of lesser importance arose and were solved
by the two countries in a spirit of friendly co-operation. When in June 1942 Canada suggested that the payment of its forces in Alaska in Canadian dollars presented administrative difficulties and put Canadian soldiers at a disadvantage because of the need to sell their currency at a discount, the United States made arrangements whereby Canadian paymasters were supplied with U.S. currency.15 In May 1943 a reciprocal arrangement was made under which service personnel of either country could obtain free medical and dental service at a service facility of the other country if facilities of their own were not available.16 When a requirement arose during the summer of 1944 for hospital facilities for the Canadian armed forces in Edmonton, and empty beds were available in the U.S. Army hospital there, seventy-five beds were made available to Canada.17 In another instance, to improve the delivery of mail to Canadian forces in Sicily and Italy, the U.S. Army agreed in 1943 to carry some 800 to 1,000 sacks weekly in U.S. ships and invited Canada to place personnel in the U.S. Army Post Office in New York City to assist in handling the mail. Canada, for its part, in 1943 accorded the United States the right to operate six military radio broadcasting stations in Canada for morale and recreation purposes.18 At the end of the same year, when insufficient shipping was available to return U.S. personnel from Alaska, Canada loaned to the United States the SS Princess Louise for use in troop movements.19
Personnel of visiting forces who deserted or were absent without leave were a problem in both countries, although the problem was greater in respect to U.S. forces in Canada. The United States established procedures for apprehending, detaining, and transferring Canadian deserters and absentees in the United States. The Canadian Government, at the request of the United States, provided similar arrangements for U.S. deserters and absentees in Canada.20
The two governments also made arrangements that effected major savings in administrative effort with respect to claims arising from collisions between government vessels and between vehicles. In several exchanges of notes, the two governments agreed that, in cases where such a collision took place, each government would bear all the expenses arising directly or indirectly from the damage to its own vessel or vehicle and would not make
any claim against the other government.21 Each government quickly made provision for settling claims made by residents of the other country arising from accidents involving vehicles or aircraft of the first. Under the authority of an act of Congress of 2 January 1942, the War Department in 1943 constituted a number of claims commissions within its various commands in Canada to settle such claims. Canada took reciprocal action soon thereafter under authority of an approved minute of the Treasury Board.22
Questions of taxation were worked out to the satisfaction of the United States, the government mostly concerned.23 In the agreements that authorized the two major U.S. projects, the Alaska Highway and the Canol Project, Canada waived (1) the duties, taxes, fees, and similar charges connected with the equipment and supplies or their movement, (2) the income tax of the U.S. residents engaged on the projects, and (3) the royalties on the oil produced by the Canol Project.24 Canada went even further and agreed that the United States should not be taxed by provincial or municipal authorities. In those instances where it became necessary for the United States to pay such taxes, Canada undertook to make reimbursement for the payments.25
Another administrative arrangement agreed upon by the two governments had as its object the simplification of procedures for disposing of prizes captured by the forces of the two countries. Under the agreement, which was reciprocal, a prize captured by the United States in Canadian territorial waters, or captured on the high seas and then brought into Canadian territorial waters, was disposed of through the exercise of jurisdiction by district courts of the United States.26
The Rush-Bagot Agreement
One of the cornerstones of Canadian-U.S. friendship, the Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817, was stretched to its elastic limit through interpretation
designed to meet World War II needs. Its limitation of three vessels of not more than one hundred tons each on the Great Lakes had hindered World War I programs, and, although modification was studied shortly thereafter, no changes were made.Even before the start of World War II, the limitation began to hamper the naval training and construction programs of the two countries. Secretary of State Hull was determined to preserve the agreement, which over one hundred twenty years had achieved a symbolic importance. Whereas changes in ship design, the construction of the Welland Canal, and other circumstances had outdated the underlying hypotheses of the treaty, Hull considered the spirit of the agreement to be its essential element. So long as they did no violence to the spirit of the agreement, interpretations that took account of conditions in 1939 would, in his view, better serve the needs of the day. Accordingly, on 9 June 1939, Hull proposed that the following arrangements should, in accordance with this approach, be acceptable:
- Vessels could be constructed for movement to tidewater immediately on completion, but no armament could be installed until after they had left the Lakes.
- Five outmoded U.S. Navy vessels of from 1,000-to 2,000-ton displacement could be maintained for training purposes.
- Armament could be mounted somewhat in excess of the treaty limitations and used for target practice.27
These proposed arrangements were accepted by the Canadian Government and made effective.
A year later, with Canada embroiled in the war in Europe and its Atlantic shipyards congested, the Canadian Government sought further liberalization of the agreement. It proposed that installation of armaments on ships be permitted on the Lakes provided that such armaments be rendered incapable of use on the Lakes and that the ships be moved from the Lakes promptly on completion. Each government was to keep the other fully informed as to the nature of its construction program. These proposals were accepted by the United States on 2 November 1940.28
The next liberalization of the Rush-Bagot Agreement was proposed in February 1942 by the United States, by then a belligerent, in order to eliminate handicaps imposed by even the 1940 interpretation of the agreement. In order that vessels constructed on the Lakes might be combat ready upon reaching the open sea, the U.S. Government suggested that, for the duration
of hostilities, the complete installation and test firing of all armaments on vessels constructed on the Lakes should be permitted there. With the intensification of the German submarine offensive in the northwestern Atlantic putting a burden on the seaboard shipyards, Canada readily acquiesced.29 This additional interpretation of the agreement adequately met the needs of the wartime situation, and no further arrangements were sought. After V-J Day the 1942 interpretation became ineffective.
In 1946 the two governments again examined the 1817 agreement. They reaffirmed its historic importance as a symbol of the friendly relations between the two countries. In keeping with discussions that had taken place in the Permanent Joint Board on Defense, Canada suggested that the use of vessels for training purposes should be considered within the spirit of the agreement, provided each country kept the other fully informed concerning such training activities. The United States found the proposal acceptable and the Rush-Bagot Agreement, reinvigorated through the new interpretation, continued its role as a symbol of U.S.-Canadian friendship.30
The foundation for a full and complete exchange of military information between Canada and the United States had been laid in the very first recommendation of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense. Procedures for exchanges were developed immediately, the principal mechanism being the Board and the planning teams that drafted the 1940 and 1941 defense plans. The establishment of the Canadian Joint Staff in Washington in July 1942 led to a Canadian request for an improvement in the arrangements for exchange of information. Upon the recommendation of the Joint Staff Planners, the Joint Chiefs of Staff designated the former as its liaison with the Canadian Joint Staff. This liaison was primarily related to strategic planning and military operations.31
The mechanics for exchange of intelligence (data concerning the enemy), as distinguished from general military information, had been established long before Pearl Harbor, and in this area actual exchanges of staff officers improved the effectiveness and completeness of the arrangement. These exchanges continued satisfactorily throughout the war except for a period of months in the latter part of 1944, when, because of the heavy turnover of personnel in the War Department, the liaison deteriorated. It soon improved.32
Throughout 1941 the flow of information increased through interchange of observer groups that visited the activities and facilities of the other country. Significant numbers of Canadian personnel also attended U.S. Army motor maintenance, tank techniques and tactics, motorcycle operation, and similar formal training courses.
Reciprocal training assistance took other forms. In October 1941 the United States authorized Canada to use U.S. territorial waters in Puget Sound for an aerial torpedo range. Later the same year, just after Pearl Harbor, Canada offered use of some of its air training facilities to the United States, anticipating that with the cutting off of the flow Of U.S. trainees into the RCAF the facilities would be idle. The United States did not avail itself of this offer. It did, however, make use of Canadian facilities at Camp Shilo, Manitoba, during the winter of 1942-43. A detachment of some 900 personnel was sent to Shilo to conduct cold weather tests in the use of tanks and other combat vehicles, trucks, guns and ammunition, and other ordnance. The Shilo arrangement was part of a reciprocal agreement under which Canada sent 600 men to Fort Benning, Georgia, for parachute training, to prepare them for service in the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion.
Other co-operative training ventures were the cold weather exercises ESKIMO (a 150-mile move by a composite force in the dry cold of central Saskatchewan) and POLAR BEAR (a similar move across the coastal mountains in British Columbia from the interior dry cold to the coastal wet cold) conducted during the winter of 1944-45. In the early spring of 1945 a third similar joint exercise, LEMMING, was carried out near Churchill for the purpose of testing the operation of various types of oversnow vehicles on the "barren grounds" of northern Canada and on the Hudson Bay sea ice. The forces involved were basically Canadian and Canadian equipped, and the United States contributed and benefited by providing observers and assisting specialists and also tractors and other matériel.
One major Canadian proposal for training co-operation was studied over a period of months but failed to materialize. It involved the use by the United States of surplus training facilities of the Canadian-operated British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. The schools established in accordance with the plan, which had been agreed upon in December 1939 by the governments of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand as a result of proposals advanced from London in September 1939, began operation in June 1940. A large proportion of the Americans joining the Canadian forces before Pearl Harbor passed into the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan either as students or as instructors.33
United States entry into the war threatened to disrupt the Air Training Plan. Not only did many U.S. instructors indicate a desire to transfer to the U.S. armed forces, but also it appeared likely that the flow of U.S. recruits into the system would dry up at a time when the plan had been budgeted for on the basis of an increasing flow of U.S. recruits. As early as 8 December informal suggestions were advanced through displomatic channels that perhaps Canada could, in consequence, lend some of the excess training plant to the United States, which could operate some of its training centers at such Canadian installations.34
The general proposition was discussed on 20 December by the Permanent Joint Board, which adopted the recommendation (the Twenty-third) that the two countries should consider a U.S.-United Kingdom-Canadian meeting to study co-ordination of the training programs being conducted in North America. The recommendation was approved by both governments, but it received only desultory consideration by the U.S. military officers during the ensuing months.35
In April 1942 Prime Minister King discussed the project with President Roosevelt in Washington and the two announced on 17 April that, at King's invitation, a conference would be held in Ottawa in early May of those Allied nations that had air training programs under way in North America.36 As conference plans moved forward, the War Department became concerned at the scope of the agenda suggested by Canada, feeling that subjects such as the allocation of U.S.-made training aircraft were outside the competence of the conference. In addition, discussion of subjects such as exchange of air crews between nations and the training of members of the AAF in Air Training Plan schools was precluded by the fact that the War Department, principally at the instance of the Army Air Forces, was firmly opposed to such measures. In the War Department view, the solution to the problem of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan surplus capacity was to concentrate under the plan such training of British Commonwealth air crews as was being done elsewhere, as for example in the United States.37 On the Canadian side, King was disappointed that the U.S. delegation would include only service representatives. Apparently through his intercession with Roosevelt, the composition of the U.S. delegation was changed on the eve of its departure so that it was headed, not by Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold, as
had been planned, but by Assistant Secretary of War for Air Robert A. Lovett.38
The conference took place in Ottawa from 19 to 22 May 1942, with representatives of fourteen nations present. In an initial speech, Lovett transmitted a glowing tribute from President Roosevelt, in which he had called Canada the "Airdrome of Democracy." The U.S. delegation nevertheless stood fast in its position against commitments for co-ordinated exchange of training capacity. As its final action, the conference recommended establishment of a Combined Committee on Air Training in North America. This committee was to have advisory functions only and concern itself with problems such as the standardization of training methods and most effective use of the air training capacity in North America.39
Arrangements for formation of the committee moved slowly. The United States advised Canada of the names of its members in September, but by 1 April 1943 a meeting had not yet taken place. Some discussions did take place within the framework of the committee later in 1943, but these had only minor significance. On the original proposal that the United States utilize Air Training Plan capacity, the War Department position in opposition prevailed.40
Except in Alaska and in northeastern United States where the Royal Canadian Navy made use of naval facilities, the Canadian services had only a limited need for use of U.S. installations. When Canadian requests for use of U.S. facilities were made, the United States was able, at least in small measure, to reciprocate for Canadian assistance. In the fall of 1943 the RCAF requested the authority to station a five-man detachment at Millinocket, Maine, and the use of hangar facilities there to assist in handling Canadian service traffic across northern Maine. Instead of constructing a new hangar that would have been needed at Millinocket, the United States provided the needed facilities at nearby Houlton. Similarly, during the summer of 1944, the United States readily granted approval to RCAF training operations at the air base at Bellingham, Washington, under an arrangement that did not involve the provision of any services to the RCAF at the inactive air base.
Internal security of U.S. activities in Canada posed a number of problems that were readily solved through the co-operation of the Canadian
authorities. In Canada, as well as in the United States, an evacuation of West coast Japanese took place after Pearl Harbor. Beginning in the spring of 1942 U.S. authorities raised the question of the security of the Canadian National Railways, along which internee camps were located at a number of points. To minimize the threat of sabotage, Canada closed certain of the camps and took additional police measures at others.
Another security problem arose after the construction of the air base at Churchill was initiated as a restricted project. The United States proposed that, in view of the isolated character of the site and of its military activities, travel thereto should be restricted to official purposes. In April 1943 the Canadian authorities acceded to this request and declared the area along the railroad from The Pas to Churchill to be a "controlled area," to which the provisions of the Defense of Canada Regulation 5 applied. At almost the same time, Canada offered to designate all premises in Canada occupied by the U.S. armed services "protected places," thereby excluding unauthorized persons, and it did so upon acceptance of the offer.41
A significant U.S. wartime contribution toward the development of the potentialities of northern Canada was the charting of the area by the AAF. The larger part of that area had not previously been photographed aerially, and maps and charts were incomplete and inaccurate. During the summer of 1943 extensive aerial photography projects were executed by AAF aircraft operating from Churchill and Fort Chimo in the east, and Fort McMurray and Norman Wells in the west. The United States shared with Canada the photographs and data obtained.
One of the most spectacular instances of Canadian-U.S. co-operation was the rescue of the personnel of the Hudson's Bay Company post at Fort Ross, Somerset Island. Since the RMS Nascopie had been unable to resupply the post for two navigation seasons, it was decided in October 1943 to try to evacuate the personnel by air. The RCAF could not supply an aircraft for the purpose since all suitable aircraft were occupied with urgent patrol work in the Atlantic. The AAF volunteered to provide an aircraft. On 13 November the rescue, which had been regarded by many as impossible since there was no landing strip, was successfully completed.
Research and Development
Participation in the atomic energy development project that produced the atomic bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima was perhaps the most spectacular, if not the most important, Canadian contribution in the field of research and development. But other less spectacular Canadian
scientific contributions to the Allied military effort in World War II also represented substantial Canadian accomplishments.42
Canadian-U.S. scientific collaboration was a by-product of a visit to North America, at the suggestion of the United Kingdom, of the British Scientific Mission headed by Sir Henry Tizard in August and September 1940. As a result of the Tizard Mission's visit, the United States, though still a neutral, obtained access to British development work in certain fields such as radar that had gar outstripped U.S. research. In return, the United Kingdom gained benefits from the further refinement and production of the new matériel types in the greater engineering and production facilities of the United States. The fruits of further research by U.S. scientists also became available to the United Kingdom. Canada had provided three members (Brigadier Kenneth Stuart, Air Commodore E. W. Stedman, and Dr. C. J. Mackenzie) of the Tizard Mission, and through this membership was drawn into the tripartite scientific co-operation that resulted. Included in the data brought to the United States by the British scientists was full information on advanced radar developments, and, during the mission's visit, programs of further research in the radar and other fields were laid out and responsibilities were allocated to each country.43
An urgent need existed for an effective radar in the microwave length band, for only in this band could equipment be made sufficiently small to be readily portable either by aircraft or by motor truck. In October 1940 the Canadian National Research Council began work on a microwave fire direction radar, the GL (gun-laying) Mark III C, and the following month U.S. microwave research began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Radiation Laboratory. A staff of six Canadians worked there, and a full exchange of information was maintained between the two projects. By June 1941 the joint effort had resulted in a successful demonstration of the complete GL Mark III C equipment. Canada produced five sets during the rest of 1941, the third of which was furnished to the U.S. Army at its request. Canada then proceeded to mass produce this set, the first of its type to get into large-scale production. Concurrently, the United States developed a similar set, the SCR-584. Both sets incorporated research and design advances worked out in both countries.
In 1942 other advantages in the use of microwave radar induced Canada and the United States to turn to these wave lengths for development of fixed early warning aircraft detection sets. Here, too, close collaboration between the of the two countries by the spring of 1943 had produced a MEW (microwave early warning) radar set of excellent performance. In the field of airborne radar, Canada led the United States. The first radar set mass produced in Canada had been the ASVC (air-to-surface-vessel, Canadian), based on a British prototype. The set was in mass production by the early summer of 1941, and some of the early sets were furnished to the United States for use as models by U.S. manufacturers. The U.S. Army SCR-521 was a close copy of this Canadian set.
Canadians also had a part in the research, engineering, and production of the radio proximity fuze. In its development the Carnegie Institute in Washington, D. C., and the Toronto Group, which attacked the problem in September 1940, maintained close co-ordination. Many features of the fuze' represented the integration of the best ideas developed in both Canada and the United States. A particular Canadian contribution was the wet battery idea, in which the electrolytic liquid was contained in an ampoule that broke when the shell was fired, thus completing a live, charged-battery power source, yet one that presented no problem as to self-life during storage.
Another significant contribution Canada made to wartime research was in connection with the military explosive RDX, which has up to twice the power of TNT. The explosive had been known since 1899, but despite its attractive features it had not been used for military purposes because of the high cost of production and other disadvantages. Canada undertook to overcome these disadvantages in the spring of 1940 and soon discovered a new process for producing RDX, which proved to be not fully satisfactory. After the Tizard Mission visited North America, a tripartite RDX Committee was established, and the Canadian data was shared with the U.S. scientists who went to work on the project. As a result of the closest possible collaboration in this committee, a new production process was developed which embraced important contributions of both Canadian and U.S. personnel. Largescale production of RDX was first initiated in Canada in July 1942.44
While the research and development work of Canadian scientists during World War II in other fields was important, it was overshadowed by the significance of Canadian research in the field of atomic energy. When the European war began in September 1939, a few Canadian scientists were
engaged in nuclear research in furtherance of the discoveries of Fermi and others relating to the fission of the uranium atom. During 1940 experiments at Ottawa, under sponsorship of the National Research Council, produced encouraging progress toward a chain reaction. By the following year, informal exchanges of technical information on these experiments had taken place with U.S. scientists.45 On 2 December 1942 the U.S. experiments at the University of Chicago produced the first chain reaction, or self-sustaining pile. As a result of this success, the United States embarked on a full-scale effort to produce the atomic bomb. During these same months in 1942, the Canadian effort also expanded.
With research efforts in the United Kingdom oriented to meet more immediate operational needs and British laboratories threatened with destruction from aerial bombardment, the British Government proposed to the Canadian Government the establishment of a joint atomic energy research project in Canada. The joint effort got under way in September 1942, when a group of British scientists arrived in Montreal. The joint group, financed largely by Canada and administered by the Canadian National Research Council, proceeded with work on a heavy-water pile. United States research was, largely utilizing the graphite types.
One factor alone assured Canada a place of importance in the development of atomic energy. In 1930 a large deposit of radium and uranium ores had been discovered on the shores of Great Bear Lake in the Northwest Territories. Important in prewar years as a source of radium, the mine had come to rank in production second only to the source in the Belgian Congo. However, market conditions had forced the mine to close in June 1940. In January 1042 the Canadian Government sought market assurances from the United States as a means of improving the financial condition of the owning company so that it could resume operations. Failure to reopen the mine during the spring of 1942 might have resulted in its permanent impairment because of ground water conditions, and this eventuality nearly materialized, for the Canadian inquiry elicited only a noncommittal reply. Fortunately, the progress of intensified experimentation in the atomic field soon created a substantial demand for uranium ore, and in August 1942 the mine was reopened. The Great Bear Lake mine soon became a critical element in the entire atomic energy development project.46
By mid-1943 it became evident that the various atomic research programs, in the interest of economy of effort, needed to be co-ordinated more closely. As a result of informal discussions during the First Quebec Conference (August 1943, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill established a Combined Policy Committee, on which they invited Prime Minister King to provide Canadian representation. The committee--Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, Dr. Vannevar Bush, and Dr. James B. Conant, for the United States; Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Colonel J. J. Llewellin, for the United Kingdom; and Minister of Munitions and Supply C. D. Howe, for Canada--was charged with the broad direction of the programs as between the countries. A technical committee comprising Maj. Gen. L. R. Groves (United States), Sir James Chadwick (United Kingdom), and Dr. C. J. Mackenzie (Canada) was also set up to co-ordinate and correlate the policy decisions and the joint programs.47
The importance of the uranium ores at Great Bear Lake was by then fully apparent. In January 1944 the Canadian Government therefore expropriated the stock shares of the company, which was renamed Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited, and began operating it as a crown company. In the following months the shaft was enlarged and deepened and the plant expanded to a capacity of one hundred tons of ore per day. This vital ore source, which was operated on a twenty-four-hour basis, continued to be second in importance only to the Belgian Congo among sources available to the United States and Great Britain. The Combined Policy Committee allocated the ore produced.48
By the beginning of 1944 an apportionment of research effort had been made that assigned the heavy-water moderator project to Canada. A site was chosen near Chalk River, Ontario, and the construction of the facility, whose cost together with other costs of the project was to be borne by Canada, moved ahead quickly. Experimentation at Chalk River also progressed rapidly, even while the new laboratories were being completed and the transfer from Montreal was taking place. On 5 September 1945, the Canadian experimental pile was put into operation, the first pile outside of the United States to produce atomic energy. Despite the close tripartite cooperation in atomic research and development, Canada made no attempt to
manufacture the atomic bomb, nor did it seek the necessary information to do so.49
When hostilities ended, the three partners in atomic development collaborated in a proposal for international action to prevent the use of atomic energy for destructive purposes. Meeting in Washington on 15 November 1945, President Harry S. Truman and Prime Ministers King and Clement Attlee signed an agreed declaration advancing this proposal and the offer to share information concerning the practical applications of atomic energy as soon as effective safeguards against its use for destructive purposes had been established.50 Tripartite co-operation was not to continue on any significant scale, however, for the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 enacted by the U.S. Congress necessitated the elimination of Canadian and British participation in the U.S. project except in limited areas of technical co-operation.51
The Canadian undertaking in the atomic energy field involved, up to the time of completion of the Chalk River Project, expenditures of approximately $27 million. By comparison with those of the United States in developing the atomic bomb, these Canadian expenditures were modest. But they did produce important results in the heavy-water moderator project, which in turn became the springboard for significant advances in the unilateral Canadian research program initiated in the postwar years.
Arsenals of Democracy
Although the full story of the achievements and contributions to victory of the two countries in the field of munitions production would require a volume in itself, this account would not be complete unless it took brief notice of them. When President Roosevelt on 29 December 1940 labeled the United States an "Arsenal of Democracy," he originated a term that was equally applicable to Canada, whose war production record was all the more remarkable in the light of the industrial base from which it developed.52 From the mighty arsenals of Canada and the United States poured forth a stream of munitions that supplied Allied forces on seas and battlegrounds
TABLE 3--COMBINED CANADIAN-UNITED STATE'S PRODUCTION OF SELECTED MUNITIONS:
1 JULY 1940-31 AUGUST 1945
[Unit--each, or as designated]
a Includes conversions; 147 patrol vessels, 104 mine craft, and 349 cargo vessels.
Type Grand Total United States Canada Total Under U.S.
Airplanes, military types 307,483 291,619 15,864 5,254 Combat 205,581 200,026 5,555 1,652 Trainer 64,061 54,773 9,288 2,850 Cargo and liaison 37,841 36,820 1,021 752 Patrol vessels 2,438 a2,158 280 25 Mine craft 1,164 a966 198 9 Landing vessels, 750 tons and over 1,085 1,069 16 0 Ocean-going cargo and supply vessels 5,504 a5,113 391 0 Artillery, field, tank and self-propelled 223,897 207,988 15,909 2,445 Artillery, antiaircraft (Army) 63,411 49,909 13,502 589 Mortars and bomb throwers 186,234 111,246 74,988 46,567 Smal arms (thousands) 21,808 20,188 1,620 299 Ammunition, ground artillery (thousands) 360,696 324,897 35,799 10,259 Ammunition, mortar and bomb thrower (thousands) 115,037 102,413 12,624 1,000 Ammunition, small arms (millions) 46,140 41,746 4,394 502 Tanks and tank chassis 108,941 103,226 5,715 0 Scout cars and carriers 132,416 89,072 43,344 6,783 Military trucks, all types (thousands) 3,245 2,472 773 0
Source: U.S. Civilian Production Administration, Official Munitions Production of the United States (Washington, 1947). This report contains a combined U.S.-Canadian supplement.
the world over. The quantities of military items produced, as shown in Table 3, are enough to challenge the imagination.
To reach that level of achievement, Canada and the United States were required to carry out extensive expansion of plant and production capacity. In Canada this expansion was proportionately greater than in the United States and was achieved through the assistance of the United States. The fall of France marked the beginning of the real acceleration of munitions production on both sides of the border. The Canadian production effort was initially severely limited by the available production capacity, and in order to expand capacity there was a critical need for machine tools. Although a large world-wide demand existed, Canada was able to make substantial purchases of machine tools in the United States. Without these tools the expansion of Canadian military production that occurred would not have been possible. Even when U.S. export of machine tools was made subject to
licensing by the Act of Congress of 2 July 1940, Canada was still able to obtain the tools it needed without encountering any difficulties.53 The Canadian production effort also received assistance in other ways, one of which was that U.S. companies having Canadian branches provided the technical experts needed to assist in Canadian expansion.54
While Canada and the United States had taken preliminary steps to assist each other in 1940, the real basis for production co-operation was established at Hyde Park on 20 April 1941 by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister King. King and other Canadian officials had earlier been unsuccessfully exploring with U.S. officers in Washington ways and means of meeting the increasing demands for U.S. dollars of Canada's growing production program. By the spring of 1941 these demands had reduced the Canadian holdings of U.S. dollar, exchange to dangerously low levels. Just three days after an inconclusive discussion of the problem with Secretary of State Hull, King found the opportunity to present it to the President during a vist to Hyde Park. The two agreed to an arrangement which the President named the Hyde Park Declaration.55
The basic purpose of the Hyde Park Declaration was to make it possible for Canada to obtain the U.S. dollar exchange it needed to permit essential purchases from the United States. This was to be accomplished by coordinating the production programs of the two countries so that Canada would manufacture, and sell to the United States, the munitions and materials that the Canadian economy was in a better position to supply. This arrangement would permit the United States to delete such items from its production program and to meet its needs through purchases from Canada. In order to facilitate the execution of the co-ordinated program, the United States granted to Canada equal priorities in the assignment of scarce machine tools, raw materials, and shipping allocations.56
The dollar exchange objectives of the Hyde Park arrangement were easily achieved. Under the agreement, the United States proceeded to place production orders in Canada in the amounts necessary to cover the Canadian exchange needs. These orders allowed the growing Canadian demands for imports from the United States adequately to be met. The Canadian exchange situation was further improved by a provision of the Hyde Park Declaration that permitted Great Britain to obtain, under lend-lease procedures, component parts the Canadians had theretofore been purchasing in the United States for assembly into equipment being produced in Canada for Great Britain.
The arrangement served its intended purpose perfectly, and, by the end of 1942, new and unexpected sources were supplying U.S. dollar exchange well in excess of Canadian needs. A great expansion of exports, together with large U.S. capital expenditures in Canada, accounted for the unexpected accumulations. In fact, within two years the influx of U.S. dollars into Canada had become so great that it became necessary to put into effect, an arrangement to control the size of Canadian holdings of U.S. dollars.57
The sale of Canadian-produced matériel to the United States was handled by a crown company, War Supplies, Limited, established on 13 May 1941 to negotiate and receive the U.S. orders expected under the Hyde Park Declaration and to place them in Canada. This company immediately undertook an intensive selling campaign in the War, Navy, and Treasury Departments, War Shipping Administration, Metals Reserve Corporation, and other U.S. agencies. In less than three months, contracts totaling approximately $200 million had been obtained. Initially, purchases were made of types of matériel suitable for transfer to the United Kingdom under the U.S. lend-lease program, but after Pearl Harbor large orders were placed for types of equipment used by the United States.58
By 31 March 1946 Canadian cash receipts from U.S. purchases of Canadian matériel under the program amounted to $1,118 million. In addition, over $100 million in orders had been canceled in 1943 as a means of reducing Canadian accumulations of U.S. dollars, and $200 million in contracts had been terminated after V-J Day. The most serious and most criticized
TABLE 4--UNITED STATES LEND-LEASE AID:a Of this total, $2,343,871,637 of aid was provided during the period 2 September 1945 through 31 December 1955.
11 MARCH 1941-31 DECEMBER 1955
(Thousands of U.S. dollars)
Total charged to foreign governments $48,900,118 Not distributed by foreign governments 1,308,283 Gross lend-lease aid a50,208,401 Reverse lend-lease aidb 7,819,323 Net lend-lease aid 42,389,078 American Republics 493,026 Belgium 156,255 British Empirec 31,610,813 China 1,602,249 Czechoslovakia 435 Denmark 4,061 Egypt 2,323 Ethiopia 5,152 France 3,269,936 Greece 81,424 Iceland 4,497 Iran 5,304 Iraq 891 Italy 186,372 Liberia 19,423 Netherlands 246,369 Norway 47,023 Poland 12,452 Saudi Arabia 22,670 Turkey 42,850 USSR 11,054,404 Yugoslavia 32,189
b The principal contributions, in thousands of dollars, were Belgium $191,216, British Commonwealth $6,752,073, and France $867,781.
c This term is apparently intended to embrace those Commonwealth nations that were aid recipients. Canada was the notable exception.
Source: Twenty-seventh Report to Congress on Lend-Lease Operations (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1956).
aspect of the program was the repeated Canadian failure to meet delivery schedules. After the enactment of U.S. contract renegotiation legislation, Canada and the United States agreed on profits to be allowed under the U.S. contracts. United States contracts let to Canadian Government agencies provided for no profit, although amortization of government-owned facilities was allowed at a maximum rate of 25 percent annually. Contracts let to private corporations allowed a profit of 10 percent of cost.
The United States from its war production supplied arms to certain nations through the Lend-Lease Act of 11 March 1941, which provided the authority for ultimate delivery of a net of over $40 billion of munitions and services to countries throughout the world. (Table 4) Canada was a
TABLE 5--CANADIAN MUTUAL AID BOARD EXPENDITURES
(Thousands of Canadian dollars)
a These figures include supplies that were not delivered because of the cessation of hostilities and that were later declared surplus.
Total 1943-44 1944-45 1945-46 Total expenditures $2,482,438 $771,978 $943,543 $766,917 Administrative costs 133 25 53 55 UNRRA administered by Canadian Mutual Aid Board 11,093 0 11,093 0 Total mutual aida 2,471,212 771,953 932,397 766,862 Australia 91,325 20,958 54,460 15,907 British West Indies 5,518 874 3,883 761 China 39,742 3,537 17,403 18,802 France 25,105 0 17,551 7,554 Greece 12 0 0 12 India 14,826 482 14,431 cr.87 New Zealand 15,279 0 7,826 7,453 United Kingdom 2,112,150 722,821 719,239 670,090 USSR 167,255 23,281 97,604 46,370
Source: Canadian Mutual Aid Board, Final Report, 1946 (Ottawa: E. Cloutier, King's Printer, 1947), p. 9.
notable exception from the list of recipient countries. It felt that as a nation in a favored position, free from the ravages of war, it should meet its own needs and indeed share with the United States in aiding the less fortunate of the Allies.59
In line with this policy, Canada adopted a similar program of aid to the Allies. Throughout 1941 and part of 1942, Canadian help initially took the form of loans and other measures which provided the United Kingdom with Canadian exchange in the amount of $1,700 million needed to pay for the munitions the British were procuring from Canada. During 1942 Canada made an outright grant of one billion dollars to the United Kingdom, raising to a total of $2,700 million the Canadian exchange made available to the British. A stream of Canadian supplies, financed by these funds, flowed to the British Commonwealth nations and the USSR through the distribution machinery operated by the United Kingdom.
On 20 May 1943 the "War Appropriation (United Nations Mutual Aid) Act, 1943" was approved and became effective. Under the Mutual Aid Act, Canada proceeded to make arrangements directly with the ultimate recipients of Canadian aid and took the decisions as to what supplies would be provided the countries on the basis of their aid requests. Under the provisions
TABLE 6--CANADA'S WAR PRODUCTION DURING THE MUTUAL AID PERIOD:
1 SEPTEMBER 1943-1 SEPTEMBER 1945
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
a Of this figure, 38 percent was financed by mutual aid, and 19 percent was purchased for cash by the United Kingdom. The remaining 43 percent was divided between Canada's own armed services (29 percent) and purchases by the United States (14 percent).
Major Item Group Munitions Production Mutual Aid as
Percent of Total
Total Canada Mutual Aid
Total $4,642 $2,636 a57 Shipbuilding 788 303 38 Aircraft 578 342 59 Transportation equipment 1,124 843 75 Ordnance 272 217 80 Ammunition, chemicals, and explosives 721 574 80 Communications 364 173 47 General supplies 795 184 23
Source: Canadian Mutual Aid Board, Final Report, 1946, p. 16.
of this act and subsequent appropriations, Canada granted additional aid totaling $2,482 million (Canadian) to the Allies during World War II. (Table 5) Aid provided under the Canadian Mutual Aid Act differed from lend-lease aid in that, as a general rule, the former was not subject to arrangements for repayment or redelivery. Canada did retain title to the ships it provided. The bulk of U.S. lend-lease aid was also, under the final settlements, provided on a grant basis.60
Of particular interest is the fact that, during the period Canada was furnishing assistance under the Mutual Aid Act, only 29 percent of Canadian war production went to meet Canadian needs. As Table 6 indicates, 57 percent went to mutual aid countries; the remaining 14 percent was purchased by the United States. The relationship of the total aid expenditures of the two, countries to the total military cost of World War II is also interesting. Canada's total war aid, including mutual aid and the billiondollar grant to the United Kingdom, amounted to $3,482 million as compared with the estimated total military cost of World War II to Canada of $15,580 million. For the United States, the net lend-lease aid, excluding reverse lend-lease, amounted to $42,389 million, while the total military cost of World War II to the United States was estimated at $330,030 million. It is apparent that Canada like the United States made contributions to Allied victory generally proportionate to its national capabilities.
Table of Contents
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1. James, Wartime Economic Co-operation; R. Dougall, "Economic Co-operation with Canada, 1941-1947," Department of State Bulletin, June 22, 1947, XVI, 1185-92, 1246.
2. EAS, 209, and CTS, 1941, No. 7; EAS, 223, and CTS, 1941, No. 15; Exchange of Notes, 3 May 44, Department of State Bulletin, May 13, 1944, X, 455.
3. EAS, 291; CTS, 1941, No. 19; and CTS, 1942, No. 18; EAS, 377, and CTS, 1943, No. 15; EAS, 424, and CTS, 1944, No. 26. The last extended the agreement for the duration of the emergency, subject to annual review.
4. CTS, 1941, No. 20; Privy Council 5581, 24 Jul 41.
5. PL 90, 416, and 695, 77th Congress.
6. From the extensive literature on this project, only two official sources are cited as briefly covering the background and World War II consideration thereof. Department of State Bulletin, November 4, 1945, XIII, 715-19; Department of External Affairs, External Affairs, I, No. 2 (February 1949), 3-11.
7. Hull, Memoirs, I, 775; Privy Council 2399, 7 Jun 40; 3294, 20 Jul 40); 3511, 30 Jul 40. At the outbreak of World War II, only British subjects could be enlisted or commissioned in the Canadian forces. By an order-in-council of 14 September 1939 (Privy Council 2677), Canada created the RCAF Special Reserve, which could accept aliens who were, however, required to take an oath of allegiance. A few months later, the Canadian Army made similar provisions to permit the enlistment of Americans and other aliens.
8. Journal, PDB 124; Ltr, Hull to Roosevelt, 15 Jan 42, D/S 841.2221/305a.
9. Journal, PDB 124; Department of State Desp, 20 Jan 42, to U.S. Diplomatic and Consular Officers in Canada and Newfoundland, D/S 841.2221/306a.
10. EAS, 245; CTS, 1942, No. 5.
11. Department of State Bulletin, August 22, 1942, VII, 711-13; Canada at War, No. 27 (Aug 43), p. 41; Memo, Maj Gen G. V. Henry for Maj Gen B. K. Yount, 16 Jun 42, AG 336.4 Cdn-American Mil Bd (6-11-42).
12. Memo, Chairman Inter-Allied Personnel Board for CofS, 15 May 46, AG 334 Inter-Allied Personnel Bd (15 May 46).
13. EAS, 249; CTS, 1942, No. 7; H. C. Debates, 28 May 43, p. 3139, and 1 Jun 43, p. 3216.
14. CTS, 1942, No. 14.
15. Disposition Form, to CofS, 20 Jun 42, PDB 111-10.
16. Canada at War, No. 25 (Jun 43), p. 60.
17. Journal, 6-7 Sep 44) PJBD meeting, PDB 124.
18. EAS, 400; CTS, 1944, No. 1.
19. Memo, SUSAM for Chief, Overseas Troop Branch, ASF, 26 Nov 43, PDB 114-6.
20. WD Cir 258, 1944; Privy Council 6577, 23 Oct 45.
21. EAS, 330, and CTS, 1943, No. 12; TIAS, 1581, and CTS, 1944, No. 10; TIAS, 1582, and CTS, 1946, No. 42.
22. PL 393, 77th Congress; Army Regulation 25-90, 22 Apr 43; Privy Council 71/3711, 5 May 43.
23. For a general examination of the problem of taxation of foreign forces, by authors who participated in the development of the U.S. positions, see Chas. Fairman and Archibald King, "Taxation of Friendly Foreign Armed Forces," American Journal of International Law, XXXVIII (1944), 258-77.
24. EAS, 246, and CTS, 1942, No. 13; EAS, 386, and CTS, 1942, No. 23. See also Department of National Revenue WM No. 75 and WM No. 75 (Revised), published under authority of Privy Council 53/8097. The revised order is in Canadian War Orders and Regulations, I (1944), 369-72.
25. EAS, 339; CTS, 1943, No. 11.
26. EAS, 394; CTS, 1943, No. 13. Privy Council 6092, 3 Aug 43; Proclamation 2594, 8 FR 13217.
27. TIAS, 1836; CTS, 1940, No. 12.
28. TIAS, I836; CTS, 1940, No 12; H. C. Debates, 24 Mar 41, pp. 1777-79.
29. TIAS, 1836; CTS, 1942, No. 3.
30. TIAS, 1836; CTS, 1946, No. 40.
31. JCS 82, 18 Aug 42.
32. Ltr, Maj Gen H. F. G. Letson to Maj Gen J. E. Hull, 6 Feb 45), and Reply, from Maj Gen H. A. Craig, 12 Feb 45, OPD 336 Canada, Sec. 1-A (7-15-42).
33. See above, pp. 241-42.
34. Memo/Conv, Moffat and Robertson, 8 Dec 41, Moffat Diary.
35. Text at Appendix A, below. The status of action was discussed at the February and 8 April 1942 PJBD meetings.
36. Department of State Bulletin, April 18, 1942, VI, 336-37.
37. Ott Leg Telg 64, to Department of State, 22 Apr 42, and Ltr, SW to Secy State, 13 May 42, both in PDB 119-6.
38. Memo/Conv, Moffat and Robertson, 11 May 42, Moffat Diary; WD Press Release, 18 May 42.
39. Ottawa Air Training Conference, May 1942, Report of the Conference (Ottawa: E. Cloutier, King's Printer, 1942), pp. 13, 24-25.
40. Ott Leg Desp 4306, to Secy State, 1 Apr 43, D/S 800.248/55, and Desp 384, 30 Nov 43, D/S 800.248/64.
41. Canadian War Orders and Regulations, II (1943), 184.
42. Eggleston, Scientists at War, gives a full and authoritative account of co-operation on these projects.
43. For further details on radar development, see two volumes in the series UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II, Dulany Terrett, The Signal Corps: The Emergency (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1956), and George Raynor Thompson, Dixie R. Harris, Pauline Oakes, and Dulany Terrett, The Signal Corps: The Test (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1957).
44. The United States and Canada later agreed by an exchange of notes to the mutual interchange of patent rights in connection with RDX and other explosives that had been jointly developed during the war. (TIAS, 1628; CTS, 1946, No. 51.)
45. For a fuller account of the Canadian role in the development of the atomic bomb, see Eggleston, Scientists at War, especially Chapter V. The most authoritative account of the American effort in this field is H. G. Smyth, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1945).
46. Memo, Cdn Leg to Department of State, 19 Jan 42; Reply, 28 Jan 42, both in D/S 842.6344/4. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, p. 614.
47. H. C. Debates, 17 Dec 45, p. 3633.
48. Privy Council 535, 27 Jan 44; H. C. Debates, 3 Jun 46, pp. 2106, 2125. Canada consulted the United States as to the desirability of obtaining control of the mines as early as June 1942 and received President Roosevelt's encouragement. (Roosevelt Papers, Secy's Safe File, Dr. V. Bush Folder.) For an account of operations at the uranium mines and of their role in the atom bomb project, see Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply, Ch. 25.
49. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 81st Congress, 1st Session, Hearings, Investigation Into United States Atomic Energy Project, July 6, 1949, Pt. 19, p. 792; H. C. Debates, 14 Jun 46, p. 2490.
50. TIAS, 1504; CTS, 1945, No. 13.
51. PL 585, 79th Congress.
52. For full official accounts of these production accomplishments, see Canada, Department of Munitions and Supply, The Industrial Front (Ottawa: E. Cloutier, King's Printer, 1944); U.S. War Production Board, Industrial Mobilization for War, I, Program and Administration (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1947), and H. Duncan Hall, North American Supply (History of the Second World War: United Kingdom Civil Series [London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1951]).
53. Dawson, Canada in World Affairs: 1939-1941, pp. 34, 61, 246.
54. The Canadian Geographical Journal, Vols. XXIV and XXV, contains excellent and authoritative accounts of the development of various of the munitions industries.
55. Ltr, King to Roosevelt, 24 Apr 41, Roosevelt Papers, Secy's file, Box 74; Memo/Conv, Hull and King, 17 Apr 41, D/S 842.24/110. Full text of the declaration is contained in Appendix D, below.
King rendered an interesting account of the meeting and the formulation of the declaration to the U.S. Chargé d'Affaires, Lewis Clark. King said that during his pleasant visit the two were driving around the Hyde Park estate. Suddenly King remembered a memorandum his financial people had given him, pulled it out of his pocket, and showed it to the President. The President read it and declared that he could agree to it without difficulty. King insisted that he had been taught from childhood that papers involving money should be signed, upon which the President took the memorandum and scribbled on it: "Signed, Franklin and Mackenzie." (Ltr, Lewis Clark to author, 15 Oct 42.) For another version of the meeting, see Bruce Hutchinson, The Incredible Canadian (Toronto: Longmans, Green and Company, 1952), pp. 288-89.
56. Dawson, Canada in World Affairs: 1939-1941, passim. See also James' full account of Wartime Economic Co-operation.
57. See Ch. XII, below. The U.S. dollar expenditure goals of the Hyde Park Declaration were easily achieved. The volume of sales in each of the years from 1942 to 1944, inclusive, was respectively $275, $301, and $314 million. Canada, Foreign Exchange Control Board, Report to the Minister of Finance, March 1946 (Ottawa: E. Cloutier, King's Printer, 1946), p. 26. F. A. Knox, in "Canada's Balance of International Payments, 1940-45," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, XIII (August 1947), 345-62.
58. This and the following paragraphs are based on Kennedy, History of the Department of Munitions and Supply, Ch. 42. For Canadian use of Lend-Lease Act procedures under this program, see James, Wartime Economic Co-operation, pp. 31-42.
59. PL 11, 77th Congress; H. C. Debates, 2 Apr 44), p. 2227.
60. For a complete account of Canadian aid arrangements, see Canadian Mutual Aid Board, Final Report, 1946 (Ottawa: E. Cloutier, King's Printer, 1947). | <urn:uuid:614232b5-80d2-43da-919a-6a327f00cb34> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-SS-Canada/USA-SS-Canada-10.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00308-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964415 | 13,367 | 3.109375 | 3 |
In Germany the main fire problem areas are located in the northern portion of the country where predominantly poor soils are associated with continental climate features. The forests in this region between Lower Saxony in the West and Brandenburg in the East (bordering Poland) are dominated by pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands characterised by a relatively high fire hazard.
The Statistical Database on Forest Fires
In 1991, the first uniform forest fire statistics were introduced in the Federal Republic of Germany. Between the end of the Second World War and the unification of the two separate German republics each system operated its own statistical database (Figure 1 a). The compilation of forest fire statistics of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR East Germany) started in 1946. Data for the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) were not available before 1957. With the reunification in October 1990, a common fire statistics system was introduced in Germany that met the standards of the ECE/FAO.
Figure 1 a. Average number of forest fires and area burned in Germany in 5- and 10-year periods, 1946-1999.
The majority of fire damages occurred after the war in the East German territory. Although the number of fires was sometimes smaller than in West Germany, the burned area, except from 1971 to 1980, was larger than in West Germany (Figure 1 b). Between 1951 and 1960 the highest post-war fire damage occurred in the GDR (Figure 1 c). In this period the average number of 1 761 fires per year was registered with an average burned area of 3 660 hectares per year. In this context, it is important to note that forest land comprises only 28 percent of East Germany.
Figure 1 b. Number of forest fires in Germany, 1946-1999.
Figure 1 c. Area burned in Germany, 1946-1999.
In 1990, the real causes of fires in the GDR were published for the first time (Missbach 1990). For political reasons the issue was treated secretly. During the period 1951 to 1970 fires caused by negligence mounted 46 percent and, in the subsequent years, up to 60 percent. Railway traffic caused 28 percent of the ignitions by sparks from locomotives which were driven with brown coal. During the period from 1971 to 1988 the percentage of fires caused by military training and exercises increased to 29 percent. These fires were located outside the borders of the military exercise areas; they had been hidden in the statistics before 1990.
In West Germany, the conflagrations of the years 1975 and 1976 in Lower Saxony had a strong impact on the statistics for the period 1971 to 1980. The average number of fires rose to 2 107 with an average burned area of 2 884 ha per year. In 1975 the average size of the burned area per fire increased to 5.15 ha. The number of fires and the area burned depend on inter-annual climate variability and ranged from 242 ha in the wet year 1985 to a maximum of 8 768 ha in the hot and dry year 1975. Therefore, the West German statistical figures show that the burned area of 1975 was 36 times larger than in 1985. The importance of the climate is also represented in the average size of the burned area. In East Germany the amounts ranged from 0.52 up to 6.93 ha between 1946 and 1990; whereas West German data show areas from 0.35 to 5.15 ha (Figure 2 a).
The average burned area per fire in the period 1977 to 1999 is shown in Figure 2 b. After reunification 1992 shows a peak of burned area with 4 908 ha (Figure 3). More than 80 percent of these fires happened in East Germany and a considerable number started on military training areas. This phenomenon can be explained by the political circumstances. In the former GDR the fire brigades were managed by fire bosses who were members of the police force. As a result of the reunification they had quit their jobs. The democratically elected new fire bosses lacked the experience in fighting large forest fires. The inadequate technical equipment of the rural voluntary fire brigades worsened the situation.
Figure 2 a. Average size per forest fire in Germany, 1946-1999.
Figure 2 b. Average size per forest fire in Germany, 1977-1999.
Figure 3. Number of forest fires and area burned in Germany,1977-1999.
Only two percent of all fires are caused by lightning. The identification of fire causes is unsatisfactory because the average percentage of unknown causes is 39 percent from 1991 to 1999 (Figure 4 a, b). Negligence holds second place with 25 percent in the period 19911999. Negligence had a higher percentage in West Germany, decreasing from 50 percent to 30 percent between 1961 to 1990. There is a steady increase of arson in West Germany since 1961, with an average percentage of 22 percent in the period 19911999 in the whole of reunified Germany. The reduction of military training and the electrification of railways, especially in East Germany, explain the decrease of the “other causes” to ten percent. The four most important “other causes” are the railway, public ways, agriculture and forestry. Figures 5 a and 5 b show the monthly distribution of fires between 1995 and 1999 in Germany. The average number and the average burned area in this period indicates two peaks in April and August. This supports the earlier theses of Geiger (1948), Weck (1950), and Missbach (1982) that most fires occur in spring and in high summer.
Figure 4a. Causes of fire in relation the number of fires in Germany, 1977-1999
Figure 4b. Causes of fire in relation the area burned in Germany,1977-1999.
Figure 5a. Distribution of number of fires by month in Germany,1995-1999.
Figure 5b. Distribution of area burned by month in Germany,1995-1999.
Since forest fire management in Germany is not faced with exceptional fire problems, the use of prescribed fire in forest stands for wildfire hazard reduction has not been seriously considered. Prescribed fire has been proposed and tested in pilot experiments during the 1970’s (Goldammer 1979).
However, changing paradigms regarding the role of fire in nature conservation have been observed the past few years. At present new initiatives are demanding the restoration of fire as a dynamic and vital element to maintain biodiversity and the cultural and ecological characteristics of landscapes. Changes in many vegetation types have occurred as a consequence of abandoned traditional land-use practices. Ecologically important disturbances by land-use practices include grazing, mowing, bio-fuel utilization and burning. Traditionally fire was used to keep vegetation open and at early successional stages to regenerate grass, heath and brush, and to clear land of weeds and harvest residues. Since 1975, a vegetation burning ban has been imposed in all German states.
Targets of these initiatives are those ecosystems and landscapes that had been treated with fire historically and where prescribed fire could be used to prevent the reforestation process.
In 1997, the first large prescribed burning research programme began in the State of Baden-Württemberg. It aims to investigate the use of prescribed burning in the management of hedge and slope terrain in the viticulture region of Southwest Germany. The objective of this programme is to use fire to maintain or restore grass cover that provides habitats for endangered flora and fauna. The project was requested by the State Ministry for Rural Space of Baden-Württemberg because of the dramatically increasing subsidies necessary to mow and mulch those sites where biodiversity is lost due to succession towards bush and forest cover (Page and Goldammer.2000). Detailed references on the historic role of fire in European land-use systems and strategic concepts on the use of fire in modern nature conservation and landscape management are provided by Goldammer et al. (1997 a, b, c).
Fire science in Germany has a traditional focus on fire ecology, fire management and fire policies at Freiburg University. The Fire Ecology Research Group (FREG) concentrated its efforts on the tropics and the boreal zone, and on the role of fire in the global environment. In 1990, the FREG was integrated into the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry. Since then the institute conducts interdisciplinary fire research in support of biogeochemistry and atmospheric chemistry studies. Since 1998, the FREG has hosted the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC 2000).
Advanced sensor technologies and operational systems of dedicated fire satellites are required to improve the spatial-temporal coverage and information content for research and disaster management purposes. A prototype improved high temperature event (HTE) sensor, the Bi-spectral IR Detection (BIRD) small satellite mission, is being developed by the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt – DLR) in cooperation with the GFMC. A launch date has been set for June 2001. The development of the Innovative Infrared Sensor System FOCUS, to be flown as an early external payload of the International Space Station (ISS), is another project developed by DLR (Oertel et al. 2000).
The DLR has also developed the Autonomous Early Warning System for Forest Fires in Brandenburg State (Kührt et al. 2000).
A German Research Network for Natural Disasters was established in 1999. The Forest Fire Cluster is focusing on the development of an operational fire modeling, information and decision-support system for the State of Brandenburg (DFNK 2001).
The German fire science community is actively involved in the work of the German Committee on Disaster Reduction (within the ISDR) and its Scientific and Operational Advisory Boards (http://www.dkkv.org).
During the 1990’s, the research conducted under the scientific framework of the Biomass Burning Experiment (BIBEX) of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project and an increasing number of other projects has provided a sound base for understanding the implications of wildland fires on ecosystems, planetary-scale processes (biogeochemistry, atmospheric chemistry, climatology) and humanity. Some elements of the international fire research programmes have been initiated, planned and implemented by German research institutions (BIBEX 2000).
A number of fire management projects or fire management project components within forestry development projects have been implemented or are underway at the international level. Most advanced are Integrated [Forest] Fire Management (I[F]FM), or Community-Based Fire Management projects. The projects were supported by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation (GTZ 2001) (See also Asia regional report and country reports for Indonesia and Mongolia).
BIBEX 2000. The Biomass Burning Experiment (BIBEX) of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC): https://gfmc.online/bibex/Welcome.html
Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten. Waldbrandstatistik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland”, Bonn. Annual reports (until 1993).
Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung. Waldbrandstatistik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland”, Frankfurt/M. Annual reports (since 1994).
DFNK 2001. Deutsches Forschungsnetz Naturkatastrophen (German Research Network for Natural Disasters): http://dfnk.gfz-potsdam.de.
Geiger, R. 1948. Neue Unterlagen für eine Waldbrandbekämpfung 2.Teil. Witterungsbedingungen für Großwaldbrände. Mitteilungen des Reichsinstitutes für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft Nr. 5.
GFMC 2000. Global Fire Monitoring Center: http://www.uni-freiburg.de/fireglobe/
Goldammer, J. G. 1979. Der Einsatz von kontrolliertem Feuer im Forstschutz. Allg. Forst- u. J. Ztg. 150, 41-44.
Goldammer, J.G., J. Prüter, and H. Page. 1997a. Feuereinsatz im Naturschutz in Mitteleuropa. Ein Positionspapier. Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz, Schneverdingen, NNA-Berichte 10 (5), 2-17.
Goldammer, J. G., S. Montag, and H. Page. 1997b. Nutzung des Feuers in mittel- und nordeuropäischen Landschaften. Geschichte, Methoden, Probleme, Perspektiven. Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz, Schneverdingen, NNA-Berichte 10 (5), 18-38.
Goldammer, J.G., and H. Page. 1997c. Bibliographie: Feuerökologie in Mitteleuropa – Perspektiven. Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz, Schneverdingen, NNA-Berichte 10 (5), 175-181.
GTZ 2001. GTZ Special. A summary of fire management projects conducted by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit). Special issue, International Forest Fire News No. 23 (in press).
Kührt, E., T. Behnke, H. Jahn, H. Hetzheim, J. Knollenberg, V. Mertens, and G. Schlotzhauer. 2000. Autonomous Early Warning System for Forest Fires tested in Brandenburg. International Forest Fire News No. 22, 84-90.
Kuratorium für Waldarbeit und Forsttechnik. 1976. Waldbrand, Vorbeugung und Bekämpfung”, Mitteilungen des KWF Band XVII, Buchschlag.
Lex, P. 1996. Bekämpfung von Waldbränden, Moorbränden, Heidebränden. 4. Auflage, Verlag W. Kohlhammer.
Missbach, K. 1982. Waldbrand, Verhütung und Bekämpfung”. VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin, 3. Auflage.
Missbach, K. 1990. Zur Auswertung der Waldbrandstatistik der DDR. Forstwirtschaft Berlin 40, 3
Oertel, D., P.Haschberger, V.Tank, F.Schreier, B.Schimpf, B.Zhukov, K.Briess, H.-P-Röser, E.Lorenz, W.Skrbek, J.G.Goldammer, C.Tobehn, A.Ginati, and U.Christmann. 2000. Two dedicated spaceborne fire missions. In: Proc. Joint Fire Science Conference and Workshop, Boise, Idaho, USA, 15-17 June 1999, Vol.I, p. 254-261. Published by the University of Idaho and the International Association of Wildland Fire.
Page, H., and J. G. Goldammer.2000. Fire history of Central Europe: Implications for prescribed burning in landscape management and nature conservation. Paper presented at the Baltic Exercise for Fire Information and Resources Exchange (BALTEX FIRE 2000), Kuopio, Finland, June 2000 (in press).
Weck, J. 1950. Waldbrand, seine Vorbeugung und Bekämpfung. Brandschutz-Fachbuchreihe 19, W. Kohlhammer Verlag.
Kirchweg 2 A
Johann G. Goldammer
Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) | <urn:uuid:dd35cc72-798f-42bb-ac75-2e8b8a249499> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gfmc.online/iffn/country/de/de_7.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.849885 | 3,402 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Discover parks and green spaces with Wolverhampton Tree Trails
Park Rd West
Wolverhampton WV1 4PH
Download West Parktree trail map here
Bilston WV14 6LW
Download Peascrofwood Tree trail map here
Trees on these trail include:
DOUGLAS FIR Pseudotsuga menziesii
Native to West of North America Very notable and attractive, rather corky bark for a conifer.
DAWN REDWOOD Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Native to South West China
One of only six Genera of conifers throughout the world that lose their leaves in winter. Dawn Redwood was thought to be extinct and was first named from fossil remains.
‘CRIMSON KING’ Acer platanoides
of Norway Maple.
SILVER-LEAVEDMAPLE Acer saccharinum
Native to North America
A deeply-cut leaf, silver on the underside.
MORINDA OR WEST HIMALAYAN SPRUCE Picea smithiana
Native to Himalayas
An attractive weeping habit and wonderful long, slender, downward-facing cones.
THORNLESS HONEY LOCUST
Gleditsia triacanthos forma inermis
Native to Central North America
It normally has very large (and somewhat dangerous) spines on the main trunk and branches. However, the form inermis is spineless.
COMMON HAWTHORN Crataegus monogyna
Native to Britain and Europe Although other Crataegus species have berries, the Common Hawthorn has drupes (single-seeded, succulent fruits like cherries).
COMMON SYCAMORE Acer pseudoplatanus
Native to Europe
Large specimens can be very stately, and their bark-sloughing (in rectangular plates) can be very noticeable and attractive.
COMMON ELDER Sambucus nigra
Native to Britain
Considered a weed of forest
plantations and therefore culled on
a massive scale. It has the benefit of flowers for butterflies and berries feed some of our native birds.
ENGLISH, COMMON OR PEDUNCULATE OAK Quercus robur
Native to Britain, parts of Asia and Africa Pedunculate meaning having a fruit stalk (peduncle), hence acorns are held on stalks, unlike the Sessile Oak where acorns are held directly onto the tree stems.
Fraxinus excelsior 'pendula' Weeping Ash
Carpinus betulus Hornbeam
Fogus sylvatica purpurea Copper Beech
Tilia Cordata small leafed lime
Glyptostrobus Metasequoia pencilis Chinese Swamp Cypress
Betula Papyrifera Paper Bark Birch
Cercis siliquastrum Judas Tree
Platanus x hispanica London Plane
Metasequoia glypotosrobides Dawn Redwood
Ulmus plantijin Elm Cultivar
Arbutus menziesli Madona
Quercus robur Common Oak
Quercus Petrea Sessile Oak
Tsuga Heteophylla Western Hemlock
Populus Lasiocrapa Chinese necklace Poplar
Salix Chermisina Red Stemmed Scarlet Willow
Red Oak Tree planted in Bantock Park to commemorate 100 years of the end of World War One, working with Friends of Bantock Park
Our project engaged with local groups to plant trees in places local to them,where they had connections...
Discovering Local Green Spaces
we visited and mapped local green spaces | <urn:uuid:04e65648-8caa-4051-a4a4-b15a55541301> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.digital-disability.com/home/Projects/green-spaces-and-parks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.811009 | 803 | 2.75 | 3 |
Australians may be bracing for tough news in next week's federal budget, but according to a new report by the OECD, compared with 35 other countries, life in Australia is actually very good.
In the latest OECD How's Life? report, Australia is rated as above average in all of the 11 life dimensions examined, with the exception of one: work-life balance.
Australia is rated as at the top when it comes to governance and civic engagement, and close to the top when it comes to environmental quality and health status.
Australia also rates in the top 20 per cent when it comes to housing, personal security and jobs and earnings. It rates above average in education and skills, subjective wellbeing, social connections and income and wealth.
But it trails other OECD countries when it comes to work-life balance, languishing in the bottom 20 per cent.
The study found that Australian women dedicate 36 hours to household tasks a week and Australian men dedicate 28 hours.
This compares to the 32 hours spent by women in the broader OECD and the 21 hours spent by men.
The study also finds that the average Australian household has "generally been spared" by the global financial crisis, with real disposable income increasing 9 per cent between 2007 and 2011 - which is one of the largest increases in the OECD.
But the percentage of Australians satisfied with their lives only increased slightly, from 76 per cent to 77 per cent, over a similar time (from 2007 to 2012).
Despite Australia's high ranking in governance, Australians also recorded declining levels of trust in the way democracy works, with the percentage of Australians who trust the government dropping from 53 per cent to 46 per cent between 2007 and 2013. | <urn:uuid:4f2a5a2a-80da-4c7f-af7f-898aa75b7f18> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.watoday.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/oecd-finds-australians-have-good-life-but-poor-worklife-balance-20140506-zr5kj.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00198-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946298 | 345 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Love it or hate it, Donald Trump has proven that a changing of social values and ostentatious confrontation can cut through decades of political dogma that defined Capitol Hill.
Trump’s ascension to the highest office in the world places him as one of the first billionaires with vested interests in politics to the forefront of the bipartisan battleground, rather than funding it from the shadows.
Despite his political, and social commentary being nothing but divisive, a new ideology has been placed in front of the American public, one that focuses on business acumen rather than diplomacy.
Now that the floodgates are open for the American public to accept this new form of control in the White House it only makes sense that the 2020 ballot will be filled with businessmen and women from all industries who will exit the private sector and enter the political minefield.
One particular sector, that of tech, appears to have the most probable and successful leaders who could make the switch. From Silicon Valley to Washington D.C, here are four tech super billionaires who could lead the free world.
The Facebook CEO who facilitated the growth of social media and how humans communicate with each other in the 21st century could be the next billionaire to vie for the mantle of leadership for Americans.
Facebook, with an active user base of more than 150 million people daily, and over 1 billion accounts globally, shows Zuckerberg’s ability to understand communication.
Zuckerberg’s notorious philanthropical investments into the future of mankind place him in the perfect position to truly understand the American public and values at large.
His access to the largest stream of information on users in human history (aside from the NSA and telecommunications) gives him the utmost advantage when knowing exactly how and where to speak to United States citizens.
Imagine a direct address at the forefront of your Facebook feed, integration with data and politics could not get any stronger than that.
Mark Zuckerberg, while not explicitly stating that his interests may lie in politics, has subtly insinuated his interest in the position of Commander-in-Chief, and honestly, he wouldn’t be a bad choice.
While less known than Zuckerberg and nearly having three decades worth of experience over the young tech billionaire, Larry Ellison is the unsung hero of the tech sector.
Ellison made his fortune as the former CEO of Oracle, the database infrastructure systems company that act as the backbone of a large portion of a majority of companies today.
Ellison himself has been rubbing shoulders with the upper crust of the world, from political leaders to the tech supergiants that surrounded him in the Silicon Valley, even before the valley became a thing.
While never stating an interest in leading American politics, his expertise and his long-running ties within tech coalesces nicely for the American public to choose, not a young and impulsive leader, but a man who has led success through talent and truth.
Jeff Bezos can unambiguously be referred to as a forward-thinking futurist who is innovating the world in ways we can’t even imagine.
The 53-year-old has made his $70 billion fortune off of e-commerce through Amazon and other diversified investments in tech would be the perfect fit for the oval office.
Bezos has made Amazon into the multifaceted, omnipotent giant that it is, almost defining how we have progressed as a society.
E-commerce became a thing because of Bezos, and with new initiatives like Amazon Go revolutionizing how Americans conduct their daily lives, Bezos can firmly say that he’s shaped the future of America.
It wouldn’t be that hard for him either, his ties to companies like Google, and his position as the fifth richest man in the world (with more capital than entire European countries), Bezos could assume the position and use his vast business acumen to lead the country.
Though generally personable, one truth is that Bezos is so removed from the general public that he could face difficulty communicating to the average American at large. Regardless he would be an excellent choice for the mantle.
The former CEO billionaire of Microsoft, Steve Ballmer has led the monolithic tech company well at the behest of Bill Gates.
The owner of the Los Angeles Clippers, Ballmer has industry acumen, political nous, and intellect to maintain a large organization.
Ballmer is an expert at maximizing efficiency and streamlining the various business processes he has been associated with.
Under Ballmer’s supervision Microsoft managed to surge profits from $25 Billion to $70 Billion, an impressive feat only accomplishable through peerless vision and forward-thinking.
Ballmer has led the company through many acquisitions that compounded the software company’s portfolio into the multifaceted organization that it is today.
We’re not officially endorsing anyone just yet, but perhaps the same skills it takes to run one of the most valuable tech properties in human history are the ones necessary to navigate the politics of Capitol Hill. | <urn:uuid:16aaa128-8f00-4d80-9b7a-a4ee36b54eff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ec2-52-44-26-236.compute-1.amazonaws.com/tech-billionaires-president-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.961136 | 1,031 | 2.03125 | 2 |
60 Vegetarian Capsules (SKU 1757)
- Supports healthy liver function
- Contains antioxidants to protect liver cells from free radical damage
- Helps maintain normal glutathione levels
- Provides a source of Siliphos to strengthen liver cell membranes
- Complements cleanses and detoxification regimes naturally
- Product informationProduct information
- Nutritional factsNutrition
- Advanced infoExtra
Siliphos Phytosome Clinical Strength Milk Thistle contains the most bioavailable form of the antioxidant silybin. Phytosome technology allows greater absorption of silybin, a flavonoid that unlocks milk thistle’s main health benefits. Phosphatidylcholine helps replace and repair liver cell membranes, supporting healthy liver function.
|Each vegetarian capsule contains:|
|Siliphos® milk thistle Phytosome® (Silybum marianum (seed) &Glycine max (non-GMO soybean)) (29–36% silybin)||160 mg|
|Patented Phytosome® process binds milk thistle extract to phosphatidylcholine.|
Non-Medicinal IngredientsDibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, vegetarian capsule (carbohydrate gum [cellulose], purified water), silica, croscarmellose sodium, vegetable grade magnesium stearate (lubricant).
Suggested UseSource of antioxidants. Helps support liver function.
Milk thistle seeds contain a flavonoid complex known as silymarin composed of silybin, silydianin, and silychristin. Research has shown that it is the absorption of silybin that is the key to unlocking the health benefits of milk thistle. However, regular silybin is poorly absorbed and easily destroyed when it enters the stomach and digestive tract. Siliphos is developed using a proprietary Phytosome technology developed specifically to optimize silybin absorption.
Siliphos Phytosome is a clinical strength milk thistle extract standardized to 29–36% of the main active component silybin. Research has shown that the absorption of silybin is the key to unlocking the health benefits of milk thistle, but regular silybin is poorly absorbed and easily destroyed during digestion. Siliphos is created using a proprietary phytosome technology developed specifically to optimize silybin absorption and its availability for use by the body.
Milk thistle has been clinically shown to support liver function by fighting oxidative stress and stimulating the production of glutathione, a key antioxidant. It is an ideal product for adults who are concerned about liver function or exposure to dietary and environmental toxins as well as those requiring assistance in weight management or a cleanse. As a source of phosphatidylcholine, Siliphos also protects liver cells by helping repair and replace their membranes. At a dosage of 1–3 160 mg capsules per day, Siliphos Phytosome is one of the highest strength concentrations of silybin available. The vegetarian and vegan-friendly formula is made entirely from non-GMO ingredients. | <urn:uuid:19e323cb-4d6a-4d13-b1a9-6b7cf37d9cf0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://naturalfactors.com/product/siliphos-phytosome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00219-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866167 | 649 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Desperate Need to Slash Construction Cost of New Subwaysby Eugene E. Dallaire, Assoc. Editor;
Serial Information: Civil Engineering—ASCE, 1976, Vol. 46, Issue 12, Pg. 37-42
Document Type: Feature article
Abstract: Subways and subway stations cost far too much to build in the U.S. Whereas Londoners recently built 3-1/2 miles of subways and subway stations for only $18,000,000, the Washington Metro is running $50 to $60 million per mile. Among ways to dramatically cut costs: (1)Establish better contracting practices — having the consultant do a more thorough geotechnical investigation so subway contractors won't have to put large contingency factors into their bids; (2)introduce new technologies such as slurry walls, secant pile walls, and precast concrete liners; (3)remove the burden of risk from the shoulders of consultants, risks connected with the introduction of new technology; (4)more carefully study alternatives in the initial planning phases of a subway system — necessary for subway tunnels to be so large? Subway platforms need to be that long? Do stations have to be as large or as deep? In sum: the U.S. DOT is unhappy with the designs of current subway systems; they are not as cost-effective as they could be. The U.S. must introduce technical and institutional innovations, as other countries have done, if costs are to be sharply reduced.
Subject Headings: Construction costs | Costs | Subways | Transportation management
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
Return to search | <urn:uuid:089dbc06-acdf-48c4-b157-842a2c565f59> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0024917 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933678 | 337 | 2.03125 | 2 |
This interesting surname has a number of possible derivations. Firstly, it may have been a nickname for a tall, thin man, from the Anglo-Norman French word "pel", a stake or pole (from the Old French "piel", Latin "palus"). However, it may also have been either a topographical name for a dweller by a stake fence, or a metonymic occupational name for a builder of such fences, from the same derivation. In some instances, the name may be of locational origin, from any of the places called Peel (Isle of Man), Piel, Peel Island (Lancashire) or Peele (Cheshire).The derivation for these placenames is the Old Celtic "peel", a stronghold (also a fortified tower of the 16th Century on the borders between England and Scotland, built to withstand raids). Early examples include Walter Pele, in the Assize Court Rolls of Lincolnshire in 1202, William de la Pele in 1332; and Robert Peel, in Nottinghamshire Records of 1382. One Larence Peal, aged 23 yrs., was an early emigrant to Virginia, having sailed aboard the "Margett and John" in 1620. George Peal married Elizabeth Seltafield on June 30th 1694, at St. Paul's, Canterbury, Kent. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Robert de Pele, which was dated 1199, in the "Memoranda Rolls of Somerset", during the reign of King John, known as "Lackland", 1199 - 1216. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
© Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2022 | <urn:uuid:730cc9ac-5d0a-48db-afbf-25300f4623b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Piel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.953073 | 393 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Does the Fed set monetary policy in Hong Kong?
David Beckworth recently conducted an excellent interview of Mike Bird, which is full of fascinating observations. At one point they were discussing the Hong Kong currency board, which since 1983 has fixed the exchange rate between the Hong Kong and US dollars. This exchange caught my eye:
Beckworth: Yeah. So, interestingly, the Fed sets monetary policy for Hong Kong effectively, right?
Bird: Yup. Absolutely, which is very noticeable in the Hong Kong housing market over the past 10 years or so.
I think that’s right. But this doesn’t necessarily mean what you think it means. While the US is setting the monetary policy in Hong Kong, that policy is nothing like monetary policy it sets in the US.
Because of arbitrage, interest rates tend to be roughly the same in any two free market economies with fixed exchange rates and open capital markets. Thus when the Fed moves its target short-term interest rate up and down, interest rates in Hong Kong tend to move in unison.
However, interest rates are not monetary policy. What matters is the difference between the policy rate and the equilibrium interest rate. For simplicity, let’s assume the equilibrium rate is the interest rate that maintains 2% inflation. (In practice, employment also affects the equilibrium rate.) In the US, the Fed moves the policy rate up and down in an attempt to keep interest rates close to equilibrium. This doesn’t work perfectly (inflation fell to 0% in 2009) but overall the Fed does a reasonably good job of keeping inflation close to 2%.
But the equilibrium interest rate in Hong Kong is very different from the equilibrium rate in the US. As a result, there are often wide gaps between the actual interest rate in Hong Kong and the equilibrium rate. This causes wild swings in inflation, from double digits to negative 4%. These wild swings in monetary policy result in the Hong Kong economy being dominated by demand shocks, one of the three prerequisites for the Phillips Curve model to work.
Interestingly, Hong Kong also has the other two prerequisites for a stable Phillips Curve. First, inflation expectations are stable due to the US dollar peg combined with the Fed’s 2% inflation target, despite big fluctuations in actual inflation. And second, the natural rate of unemployment is stable due to Hong Kong’s relatively laissez-faire labor market regulations. Put the three together and you have one of the few countries where the Phillips Curve still holds:
We should all thank Hong Kong for being willing to perform a natural experiment as to what would happen if you arbitrarily used monetary policy to create large swings in actual inflation, in an economy with stable inflation expectations (roughly 2%) and a stable natural rate of unemployment (roughly 4%).
PS. This also explains why the Phillips Curve is such a bad model. There are very few countries where all three Phillips Curve prerequisites hold true. And the US is not one of them. The Fed should stop relying on the Phillips Curve. | <urn:uuid:b03730de-9a4d-431f-9a89-58354ca1765c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.econlib.org/does-the-fed-set-monetary-policy-in-hong-kong/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.938052 | 625 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Pegaso Fit 4 Future
Against childhood and teenage obesity!
- May 2017
Obesity? A smart tee-shirt can help. This is a clever way to gather data and keep an eye on your health.
Health & Life science
Pegaso Fit4Future was set up to fight childhood and teenage obesity, teaching young adults about nutrition and physical exercise by acting through their favourite tools of communication and entertainment: smartphones, videogames and social networks. Europe-wide health-related measures and policies must contend with the great challenges of obesity and illnesses associated with an unhealthy lifestyle, which together make up 7% of the EU’s entire spend on healthcare. For most people, knowing how to stay healthy is simply not enough to convince them to adopt a healthy lifestyle. To address this topic, Pegaso had implemented a learning platform to teach young adults about the importance of physical exercise and good diet, using the mechanics of games and team challenges in a social media environment. Youngsters are expected to exert positive peer pressure via a smartphone application, a virtual community and an educational video game. These tools will work alongside Pegaso’s smart tee-shirt, designed to monitor the teenagers’ physical parameters, helping in the prevention of obesity and other health issues caused by lack of exercise and bad diet.
The role of the Foundation
Fondazione Politecnico di Milano worked with Politecnico di Milano in the coordination of the initiative
Pegaso – personalised guidance services for optimising lifestyle management in teenagers through awareness, motivation and engagement – has received a funding of 9 million euros from the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme, ICT for Health, and is coordinated by the Department of Design at Politecnico di Milano together with Fondazione Politecnico di Milano. This collaboration between 17 European partners in seven EU countries lasted three years and concluded in September 2017. Over this period, the project involved 400 young adults in Milan, Barcelona, Nottingham and Edinburgh.
Pegaso has developed a system that exploits the mechanics of games to motivate changes in behaviour and encourage a healthy lifestyle, as well as acting against extra weight and obesity in young adults. All the system’s hardware revolves around chips developed by Texas Instruments and selected because of their low energy needs: a smart tee-shirt with a short battery life would clearly have little practical use. The sensors in the tee-shirt are more accurate than those generally used in a bracelet. They are in direct contact with the skin and can even perform an ECG. Additionally, the sensors can be used to monitor breathing, physical activity and posture.
Politecnico di Milano, CNR – Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italian National Research Centre), Lombardia Informatica, Lifegate, Imaginary, University of Edinburgh, University of Nottingham, Universitat de Lleida, Agencia d’Informacio Avaluacio i Qualitat en Salut, Bildungsberatung Till Becker & Co Gmbh, Coventry University, CSEM – Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA – Recherche et Developpement, Ropardo, HES-SO Haute École Spécialisée de Suisse Occidentale, FBD – Fundacio Privada Barcelona Digital Centre Tecnologic, Gruppo Sigla, Neos Sistemi Srl, NHS Lothian. | <urn:uuid:131d2c6b-f947-43e5-895e-98a88603c848> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fondazionepolitecnico.it/en/initiatives/health-and-life-science/pegaso-fit-4-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.882541 | 750 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Derby, Kansas, is a small and friendly town with a population of about 23,000. Everyone might not actually KNOW everyone else, but mostly they recognize each other in the street. This is why things can sometimes go wrong when you need a plumber. You talk to a friend who says “Oh, I know a guy who does plumbing. His name’s Bob. I’ve got his phone number somewhere. Oh yes, here it is on my mobile directory. Give him a call”.
This could actually be the start of something very dangerous. You call Bob round to look at your leak and he says that it’s no problem, he can fix it. A couple of hours later your ground floor is under three inches of water and it is rising. Already, your carpet has gone and your sofa and other furniture are next, as Bob struggles with his tools and tells you not to worry – he’s gonna fix it!
Not to worry???
Bob is an unlicensed amateur who does a bit of plumbing “on the side”. He also does a “bit” of gardening, a “bit” of carpentry, a “bit” of brick-laying, a “bit” of electrical work, and his auto is probably a “bit” of a wreck!
Have you any idea how long it takes to become a professional, qualified plumber?
The Plumbers and Pipefitters Apprenticeship Training of Kansas is a school for apprentice Derby, Kansas, plumbers, and their course runs for FIVE YEARS! It includes on-the-job training and 280 hours of classroom work each year.
Now you can see why it is crazy to use someone for plumbing work who is not fully licensed and qualified. If your floor is under three inches of water you will know that anyway, but frankly we wouldn’t employ Bob to do a “bit” of anything – not even a “bit” of digging in the yard because he’d probably hit a power cable!
Every one of our Derby, Kansas plumbers at Ben Franklin is fully licensed and has years of practical experience. We don’t employ trainees because we know our customers want and deserve nothing short of the best. This way, you can be certain that our plumbers can resolve any problem that you have. We use all the latest equipment, such as a video camera we can run down your sewer or drain to see what the problem is – and even make a video of it to show you!
Whether it’s a leaking tap, a blocked drain, or you need a new bathroom installed, the professional Derby, Kansas, plumbers at Ben Franklin can do it for you. What’s more, you can be sure we will do it right. | <urn:uuid:8ffc1869-0f7c-4dff-bf77-a8bb430c22a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.benjaminfranklinplumbing.com/wichita/about-us/blog/2018/august/never-use-an-unlicensed-amateur-plumber-in-derby/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.96734 | 598 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Evidence Of Existentialism in The Hunger Artist Philosophy
Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine that attempts to explain the logic and concept of self and the awareness thereof. It asserts that life is not bound by societies’ standards or what appears to be acceptable in the eyes of others, but that identity or truth is more a matter of decision than discovery. In other words, individuals are not victims of their past, but are instead agents of their own destiny, free to choose who they want to be. Kafka’s Hunger Artist explores two of the basic elements of existentialism: existence precedes essence and freedom. In doing so, it provides a greater understanding of the concept of epimeleia heautou, or care of self.
Existentialism holds that becoming an individual is an eventual goal that is best achieved by focusing on the present. This is because who an individual becomes is a result of their personal decisions, rather than an outcome of the past. In both literature and reality, most people tend to blame prior events for their current situation, but existentialism argues that this is not the case. The Hunger Artist tells the story of a man who chooses to live his life as a hunger artist, essentially starving himself for the public’s entertainment. The story highlights the artist’s ultimate freedom to choose his own fate, as well as the existentialist idea that existence precedes essence. In other words, the artist is not defined by his past or by what others think of him, but by his own choices and actions. The story also demonstrates the importance of epimeleia heautou, or care of self. The hunger artist is only able to achieve his ultimate freedom when he stops caring about what others think of him and instead focuses on his own needs and wants. This is an important lesson for all individuals, as it highlights the importance of being true to oneself.
However, within the realm of pure existence, there is no room to incorporate ethics, the past, or the future. Marcel suggests that he is the prey of existence; that he himself is, and at the same time is also part of a whole (Marcel, 51). Each individual is part thought as well as part body. Physically the body will take care of itself as an involuntary system, not being dependent on thought. An individual, then, belongs to a body, while thought and pure existence have no ties to it. The goal is to understand the relationship of the two while not letting physical technicalities hinder thought. “The point to note is the metaphysical connotation given to a kind of repellent consistency which is alleged to be characteristic of thought” (Marcel, 53).
There is a common misconception between thought and wisdom. Wisdom is the use of prior experiences which is not a part of existence itself. What could be called worldly wisdom is like a curtain that conceals fundamental existence. It prohibits the mind from enlightenment and creates opacity. Although one ought to be selfless, they often will consider themselves to be the center of existence. In order to not be blinded, ‘lessons of life’ must be released and one must limit living and allow oneself to be forgotten. To be is a choice, but to truly be is to cease to be (Flynn, 25).
The protagonist in the short story The Hunger Artist accomplished the aspect of existence precedes essence. Although in the beginning he was admired for his gift, he was in the end chastised for his way of life. Crowds would gather around his cage and peer in as he sat in solemn silence in reverence of his own existence, but to them he was purely a form of entertainment. What he considered to be an accomplishment, such as fasting for forty days, all too soon became boring to the onlooker. In the end, his death almost came completely unnoticed because interest in this form of art was quickly dulled and eventually vacant because of the lack of understanding on the audiences’ part.
Having learned to let himself go, the artist led a life many would conclude is not worth living as well as being embarrassing. He was able to clear his mind and sit for countless hours contemplating his existence or being. Negative enlightenment of absurdity had come to him, a presence that would reveal to him more than the common man could possibly understand. He had succeeded in separating his body and mind. While denying his body food, his thought would thrive, which in his mind was a great success. What brought him satisfaction was not so much his art and his audience but his ability to discipline himself and enjoy existence of self rather than what society would consider living. Although he did not value understanding from the onlooker, the artist did long for appreciation of his work. His last words to the overseer did not represent regret, but instead his feelings of having wanted to be recognized and remembered.
Perhaps the most peculiar statement the artist makes is his reasoning of fasting; that any food he ever tried did not bring fulfillment or satisfaction. It was not that food literally failed to bring a pleasant taste or that he really disliked anything he had trie; instead he speaks symbolically. An ordinary person relies of food as a means of survival and at times simply for pleasure. Because he had been enlightened he needed more than tangible food to survive, he also needed food for his thought. With his priorities in place he denied his body of what it longed for in order to satisfy his existence. His existence was his being as opposed to his physical self.
Kafka uses symbolism again when he explains the artist’s activity of, “drawing deep into himself, paying no attention to anyone or anything, not even the all-important striking of the clock” (Kafka, 394). Time can be a tangible concept. People rely on it to function and live organized on a day to day basis. The artist does live on time. He has no day, month, year, hour, or minute. He spends his life in contemplation; he does not feel the pressure of a schedule and does not waste time on petty activity.
Another important aspect of existentialism is freedom. Its basic definition is an individual’s path to identity despite social stigmas and economic pressures. This is the difference between the norm of what is expected and the ‘reality’ of what is. Freedom calls for one to create his or her own values. This allows him or her to be their only guide to personal being, for no one can do it for them. Freedom is not to be limited to social conformities such as religion or politics. True freedom is strictly an inner concept leaving room for the individual to live and think as what is revealed to be true. Existence matters not to the world; it is a self revelation. However at the same time there are limitations when physically acting out upon what is revealed. This realistic sense causes most revelations to be a negative enlightenment.
Metaphorically speaking if life is an act then every man or woman is a performer. Because living out means interaction with the world each individual acts or performs for others along for himself. Marcel says, “He is therefore acting rather than being himself” (60). While it is impossible to only exist in thought, one must not allow ‘acting’ out a life to put up a wall to prevent further development of enlightened existence. Genuine freedom is to be stripped of all shields that act as outside forces which intrude in existence.
Although freedom of existentialism is vast, it even has its limits. Some philosophers argue that the universe takes its own hand in determining events which causes one to act out a certain way. Had this event not occurred they may not have acted otherwise. Freedom is then bound by the following antecedent of natural or cultural events (Flynn, 38).
The Hunger Artist is filled with examples of existentialistic freedom. Ironically the artist chooses to keep himself locked inside a cage. Freedom itself does not allow one to have everything. Most would interpret this to mean that he is confined and trapped; unwilling to be there. However he is in there be choice. Not physically free, he finds being stationary and in fasting routine to bring contemplative freedom. Even in the end when his performance was no longer popular, he continued to fast. This fasting freedom seemed as though it could run on forever. Constantly searching for more, he was never completely satisfied. While searching for more, he could only ask himself ‘why stop now’ “since he felt that there were no limits to his capacity for fasting” (Kafka 395).
At the end of the story following his death, the artist is soon replaced by a vivacious young panther. People longed to see something new and exciting. Being an animal he will act like one, but Kafka uses his actions to portray the common man’s qualities. The panther was happy with any food that was given to him and ate it without thought. This means that most men “eat up” what they are given without hesitation. They do not worry about “digesting” anything deeper such as their individualism and existence.
Kafka mentions that the animal also does not miss his freedom. Perhaps this is because he did not understand freedom in the first place and is not aware of what exactly he has lost. It is also possible that he never had freedom to begin with. Existentialistic freedom is something discovered and not given as a gift. People were most fascinated with the panther than they were the artist for entertainment purposes. The panther was also something they could understand since they have not yet been exposed to something beyond their being. It is something they will never understand until they realize that they are not really living.
Kafka successfully uses existentialism to portray how an individual comes to terms with being and nothingness in order to become more than what they were. He provokes one to ask “Why do we exist?” and “Why is there rather than there is not?” through existence proceeds essence and freedom.
Flynn, Thomas. Existentialism A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press Inc., 2006. (9-60). Print. Works Cited
Marcel, Gabriel. The Philosophy of Existentialism. 9th ed. NY: The Citadel Press, 1968. (14-65). Print.
Kafka, Franz. ‘A Hunger Artist.’ Literature an Introduction to Reading and Writing 9th ed. NY Pearson Education Inc. 2009. 393-398.
de Beauvoir, Simone. Philosophical Writings. NY: Board of Trustees of the University of Illinios, 1908. (221-236). Print.
Wolin, Richard. The Terms of Cultural Criticism. NY: Columbia University Press, 1992. (83-95). Print.
Lohafer, Susan. Coming to Terms with the Short Story. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1983. (7-28). Print.
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April 27, 2021
For some years now, Scotland has surfed the wave of international acclaim for setting the most ambitious targets to tackle the climate emergency. While no longer the most ambitious, Scotland would still seek to claim a podium place. But now some chickens may be coming home to roost as serious scrutiny begins to be applied to the question of how these targets are going to be achieved. Strategies being pursued by Scottish Government are being called out as unrealistic ‘carbon unicorns’ as they rely on untested technologies and mechanisms to offset the emissions of polluters.
The Scottish Government’s climate change plan contains “false solutions” to meet its net-zero targets, a leading environmental group has claimed.
The updated government plan includes pledges to increase woodland cover across Scotland from 18 to 21 per cent, and to restore 40 per cent of Scotland’s degraded peatland by 2032.
There’s also a commitment to achieve a quarter of carbon emissions reductions through negative emissions technologies (NETs) by 2032.
The term net-zero refers to a position in which carbon emissions going into the atmosphere are balanced by their removal by carbon sinks.
But head of campaigns at Friends of The Earth Scotland (FoES), Mary Church, told The Ferret the commitment to achieve carbon emissions reductions through “unproven” NETs was “really worrying”. She also raised concerns over plans to sell Scottish woodland and peatland projects on the open carbon market.
In reply the Scottish Government said it had “the world’s most ambitious” legal framework for emissions reductions.
Church’s comments follow a report by Friends of the Earth International (FOEI) last week, which accused global governments and corporations of relying on unrealistic “carbon unicorns” to limit warming.
The report argued the current global focus on net-zero pledges, carbon markets, and NETs are “part of the strategy basket of those fighting to maintain the status quo” on carbon emissions.
Church said that framing targets around net-zero hides a “multitude of sins”, and avoids “the decision that needs to be made for a planned phase out of fossil fuels and a just transition to a renewable energy economy.”
Currently the main carbon sinking methods in Scotland are through the planting of woodland and the restoration of degraded peatland. Both trees and peat absorb and store atmospheric carbon.
One way of funding woodland creation and peatland restoration is through the sale of projects as carbon credits on the open carbon market.
Theoretically, polluting companies ‘offset’ emissions they cannot remove from their businesses by buying these carbon credits, and funding projects which absorb the residual carbon emissions.
But the FOEI report points out that any difference between the amount of carbon going into the atmosphere and that being removed by carbon sinks could lead to extra carbon dioxide in the air for “hundreds to thousands of years”.
In its updated climate plan, published in December 2020, the Scottish Government pledged to increase woodland cover across the country from 18 to 21 per cent and to restore 40 per cent of Scotland’s degraded peatland by 2032. It is noted that private investment through the carbon market will be needed to achieve these targets.
According to Church, however, there is “no evidence that existing carbon markets work, and even if they could, there is no time left to trade emissions” if warming is to be kept under 1.5 degrees, the level deemed acceptable by the 2015 Paris Agreement.
The Scottish Government’s updated plan lays out for the first time the role that NETs will play in Scotland’s transition to net-zero.
Negative emissions technologies capture carbon from industrial processes and then either store it to prevent it entering the atmosphere, or utilise it for clean energy production.
There are concerns, though, that NETs would have to “scale up hundreds of times compared with today’s levels” to have a meaningful impact on emissions.
Despite this, the updated climate plan predicts that NETs infrastructure in the north east of Scotland will capture and store the equivalent of 10 million tonnes of carbon dioxide per year by 2032. This is just under a quarter of current greenhouse gas emissions in Scotland.
Professor Pete Smith, Science Director of the Scottish Climate Change Centre of Expertise at the University of Aberdeen, said that while it made sense to “mop up difficult to abate emissions” using NETs, “plan A must be immediate and aggressive emissions reductions across all sectors of the economy”.
“There is no evidence that existing carbon markets work, and even if they could, there is no time left to trade emissions.”
Mark Ruskell, environment spokesperson for the Scottish Greens, said the Scottish Government had “taken a massive gamble” staking its net-zero plans on NETs that “don’t yet exist”.
“We must see state intervention, such as the Scottish Greens propose, to switch to low carbon industries and accelerate the lowering of emissions, not wait for the promises of those who make billions from oil and gas,” Ruskell added.
The updated plan also outlines proposals to develop a carbon storage site in the North Sea, capable of housing 20 gigatonnes of carbon which would be delivered by a repurposed North Sea gas pipeline.
Church argues this proposal “raises the prospect of the world using the North Sea as a dumping ground for carbon.”
Net-zero rhetoric and the role of carbon markets are both expected to feature heavily in the talks at the UN’s COP26 climate conference, due to be held in Glasgow in November.
In June last year the UK government, which is hosting the summit in partnership with Italy, launched the Race to Zero campaign, which aims to encourage governments across the world to set ‘net-zero’ targets before COP26.
Consensus on the workings of an international carbon market is one of the last obstacles to the ratification of the 2015 Paris Agreement.
Meena Raman of the Third World Network, based in Malaysia, told The Ferret that a COP focussed on these issues would be promoting “climate injustice”.
“Such approaches are dangerously unambitious and inequitable, as we cannot afford further emissions by the rich north in a carbon-constrained world. We must end carbon colonialism, where the poor have to sequester the emissions of the rich, which are what carbon offsets represent.”
A Scottish Government spokesperson said: “We are proud to have the most ambitious legal framework for emissions reductions in the world. We have already halved emissions since 1990 and are committed to ending Scotland’s contribution to climate change in one generation. In no way does this amount to maintaining the status quo.” | <urn:uuid:ef73d1e6-a37f-4db2-87d3-24417ede6206> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scottishcommunityalliance.org.uk/2021/04/27/carbon-unicorns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.941222 | 1,439 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A 19-year-old male asked:
I am curious to know if following the uberman cycle for a month will have any adverse long term effects on my health/cognitive functioning.?
1 doctor answer • 3 doctors weighed in
Clinical Psychology 46 years experience
Not known : There is little scientific knowledge about the effects of changing your natural sleep cycle to follow the uberman cycle. My hunch is that there are likely to be problems, perhap subtle ones, with trying to change millions of years of evolution that produced the five stages of sleep that are intimately interwoven with light-dark cycles and circadian rhythms, hormones, neurotransmitters ...
5.5k viewsReviewed >2 years ago
Last updated May 4, 2016
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Its nearly here!
Its been over a year since we launched level two of our printable music theory books series, and we are really excited to announce that level three of this series will finally be available next week!
Our products always have a long development timeline, as we have a slightly different approach to most when it comes to writing materials.
Central to our philosophy is:
You come first.
MOST theory books are written by one author. One author who arbitrarily decides the way things should be presented, the terminology that is included, and what is included at what level.
Even books that are written around an examination system still basically have one author, who will use the language and methods that they are familiar with.
What we’ve done is different. We use a team of writers, a team of editors, and we listen to your feedback and base what is included on that. For this reason we don’t even credit authors on any of our products.
Our philosophy of choice allows you to:
- Choose the paper size that suits you (A4 or Letter)
- Choose either American or European language styles (Quarter Note vs Crotchet etc)
- Pick and choose the materials that you include for your students.
As far as I’m aware our theory materials are the only ones available anywhere that offer this amount of choice. We have the only product that I’m aware of that offers a choice of language styles. Most books use one exclusively, and rarely even mention that another exists. Our unique printable distribution method allows for YOU to customize the materials you use to teach YOUR students.
To start the development on this level firstly we did an indepth survey of our existing users. In this we gained some really valuable information that really helped us shape the direction of these materials.
The most important things we learned were:
- Most of our users DON’T use printable music theory books to prepare for external examinations. When we created it we wanted to create a resource that included everything in the particular grade of ABRSM and Trinity College, thinking that teachers would want to use this material for exam preparation. We’ve discovered that this isn’t the case. Most users use this material as a general overview for their students, so we just need to concentrate on materials that give practical, everyday skills for the students. We discovered that we didn’t need to worry about including every last thing that is in an exam, just because it is in the syllabus.
- Most teachers still want to teach the classical style of theory and harmony, but they also would like to include some modern and jazz harmony as well. Of course there are some who just teach in a traditional style, and some who only teach modern, but by far the majority wanted a blend of both classical and modern styles. Therefore, that is what we are going to do with these books. They are going to include BOTH traditional harmony, including cadences, four part harmony, counterpoint etc AND modern harmony.
- Thirdly we also discovered that some of the manuscript sizes we had used for books one and two were too small for the students to use effectively. Therefore not only have we surveyed our users carefully to work out the most useful manuscript size for this new level, we have also completely REVISED book one and two to make them perfect in this area as well.
After our initial surveys we created an outline, which we then edited and re-edited until it met the needs of our clients. Then we got some talented writers on the job, and put together some drafts.
After that stage we then sent the book to many different experts around the world, and paid them for quality, page by page feedback.
It is this feedback that is the most valuable, and makes it so useful for teaching theory all around the world. For instance we thought that people everywhere use the shorthand notation of “b” for a 1st inversion of a triad, and “c” for a 2nd inversion. We discovered however that this notation is almost unknown in the United States & Canada! Therefore we added a whole section on figured bass to cover the topic properly.
After that we then completely revise the book, add to it where necessary and then completely check it over to make sure it is including everything. At this stage with this book we added another 10 pages!
If that isn’t enough we then send it to two more final proofreaders, one to check layout and one to check spelling and grammar.
The great thing is that the development process isn’t over after it is on the market. We are continually revising ALL our products, as we get valuable feedback from you – the users of the product.
So, if you are a user of Printable Music Theory Books levels one or two you’ll very shortly be able to download the new version with updated manuscript size completely FREE.
If you’re interested in level three, you’ll be able to get this when it goes on sale on Thursday December 9th. So just make sure that you’re on our mailing list, and we’ll send you an email then to let you know. | <urn:uuid:90d49bf7-087e-4c36-913f-ad6862d9cc1f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://funmusicco.com/what-to-expect-in-printable-music-theory-books-level-three/?replytocom=1672 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.962731 | 1,084 | 2.53125 | 3 |
From Beyond the Grave, Hugo Chavez Takes Credit for First South American Pope
Excited about the first pope from Latin America? Well, apparently you have recently deceased Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez to thank. At least that's according to his handpicked successor and interim president, Nicolas Maduro.
Maduro is theorizing that Chávez went up to Heaven and made arrangements with Jesus himself to ensure the new pope would be from South America.
"We know that our commander ascended to those heights and is face-to-face with Christ," Maduro said last night on national television. "Something must have influenced [Jesus] to call for a South American pope... Some new hand arrived, and Christ said, 'Now is the opportunity for South America,' it seems to us."
Maduro continued by theorizing that Chávez would "call a constitutional assembly in Heaven at any moment to change the [Catholic] church on Earth so the people -- the pure people of Christ -- may govern the world."
We tended to fall asleep anytime our lapsed Catholic mother dragged us to church out of guilt, so we're not all that familiar with the religion, but isn't this a little bit, uh, blasphemous? Suggesting that a political figure is so great he's literally gone up to Heaven and is giving Jesus directions is probably against some commandment or another.
Maduro is heavily invested in keeping the cult of personality of Chávez alive (at least until he wins his own election outright), but this is ridiculous.
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The government of Rwanda generously hosted ITU’s first ever global Forum on Bridging the ICT standardization and development gap between developed and developing countries, in Kigali, Rwanda, 2-4 October. Participants welcomed the recent establishment of a special fund for voluntary contributions from world governments and industry to address the issue.
The ICT standardization gap refers to the shortage of human resources in developing countries, relative to developed ones, in terms of being able to participate effectively in the standards-making and implementation process. Standards are an essential tool in bridging the digital divide, in reducing costs, and bringing vital aid to developing countries in building their infrastructure and encouraging economic development.
Over 160 participants from 38 countries took part in the meeting, with several countries being represented at government Minister or company CEO level. The conclusions of the Forum, outlining the importance of addressing the standardization gap, will be provided as input to the upcoming Connect Africa summit to be held in Kigali, 29-30 October.
The Forum was formally opened by H.E. Albert Butare, Minister of State in charge of Energy and Communications. He drew attention to the country’s National Information and Communications Infrastructure (NICI) Plan where the aim is to focus on the benefits of ICTs for national development and prosperity so that by 2020 Rwanda will have achieved middle-income status as a knowledge-based economy. The Minister welcomed the support being given by ITU and the international community in helping Rwanda to achieve its goals.
Mr. Malcolm Johnson, Director of the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Bureau, speaking in Kigali at the opening of the Forum, said: “The significance of the standardization gap is that it contributes to the persistence of the wider digital divide in ICTs. That is because one of the underlying causes of the digital divide is unequal access to technology and the ability to implement and use that technology. The process of technology transfer and implementation will happen much faster when African engineers can participate in standards development, particularly at the requirements-gathering stage, and are familiar with the relevant standards.”
Meeting participants agreed that a sustained commitment to raising standards awareness and to capacity-building is of particular importance and the meeting called on the ITU to step up its efforts, welcoming ITU’s organisation of a Global Standardization Symposium to address the issue. This will be held on 20 October 2008 just ahead of the next World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA-08), planned for South Africa.
A chairman’s report from the Forum is available online as well as a full set of presentations: here. | <urn:uuid:3558742b-34cf-4d5d-b4e0-4d0557312c28> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/Importance+Of+Standards+For+Developing+World+Highlighted+At+Rwanda+Event.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00439-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946851 | 540 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Effects of organic farming, fencing and vegetation origin on spiders and beetles within shelterbelts on dairy farms
New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
Spiders and beetles provide important ecosystem services in agriculture; however, optimum strategies to promote their density and diversity on dairy farms have received little attention. This study aimed to quantify the effects of farming practice (conventional vs. organic), fencing (fenced vs. unfenced) and plant species origin (exotic vs. native) on the abundance and diversity of spiders and beetles within shelterbelts on eight conventional and six organic dairy farms in North Island, New Zealand. Invertebrates were collected from a total of 43 shelterbelts by vacuum suction and beating in January 2008 and 2009. Organic farms and fenced shelterbelts supported 40% and 67% higher densities of spiders than conventional farms and unfenced shelterbelts, respectively. Shelterbelts of native plant species supported higher species richness of native spiders and beetles than shelterbelts of exotic plants. A combination of converting to organic farming, fencing off shelterbelts and planting more native shelterbelts is likely to provide increased ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation on New Zealand dairy farms.
Author(s): Fukuda, Y; Moller, H; Burns, B
Journal: New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research | <urn:uuid:02c4e740-57e3-467f-bb3e-b47562e067fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hedgelink.org.uk/resource/effects-of-organic-farming-fencing-and-vegetation-origin-on-spiders-and-beetles-within-shelterbelts-on-dairy-farms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.935189 | 272 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Talented judges and lawyers are leaving the profession, as ideology continues to trump the rule of law.
- By Jerome A. CohenJerome A. Cohen is a professor at New York University School of Law, co-director of its U.S.-Asia Law Institute, and an adjunct senior fellow for Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations.
In China, politics continues to control law. The current leadership has rejected many of the universal legal values that China accepted — at least in principle — under communist rule in some earlier eras. Today, for example, to talk freely about constitutional reform, even within the sheltered confines of universities and academic journals, is not a safe enterprise. And discussion of judicial independence from the Communist Party at the central level is a forbidden subject.
Yet there is discreet, if passive, resistance. Legal professionals are not happy, but they dare not speak for fear of losing their jobs. Some are simply giving up. In Beijing, reportedly, many judges have recently resigned in order to find other work, as lawyers, in business, or in academia. This dissatisfaction could become a crisis for the Chinese legal system.
When discussing domestic legal reform in China, it’s useful to keep in mind the huge strides that the contemporary Chinese legal system has made since its calamitous beginnings. The first three decades of the People’s Republic of China, from 1949 to 1979, were a legal disaster. By 1957, the decision of ruling Communist Party leader Mao Zedong to import the Soviet legal model — a socialist version of a continental, Western European legal system — proved a failure. Three major periods of ideological turmoil — the Anti-Rightist Movement of 1957-58, the Great Leap Forward that immediately overtook it, and the Cultural Revolution that started in 1966 — demolished any attempt at a formal legal system, Soviet or otherwise. After Mao’s death in 1976, when party leader Deng Xiaoping decided to change the country’s political and economic course, China made another attempt at law reform, reviving the Soviet model. But Deng built upon it, adding Western legal elements and, to a considerable extent, opened China to universal legal values and practices.
Since 1979, despite political changes and sometimes harsh repression, China has witnessed the construction of a comprehensive legal system. The Chinese have enacted a large body of legislation covering most subjects and very quickly created a legal environment robust enough to attract foreign direct investment, trade, and technology imports. They have also built up the institutions and the personnel necessary to apply this new body of legislation: There are roughly 200,000 judges and a similar number of prosecutors, as well as a large number of legal administrators in the Ministry of Justice and other government agencies at the national, provincial and local levels. There are now over 250,000 lawyers, and every substantial Chinese business, whether state-owned, private or mixed, must have legal advice, with most of the larger ones having their own in-house counsel. In response to these needs, a highly developed system of legal education is in the process of producing many more professionals.
This is a significant accomplishment within a mere 37 years. When I first visited China in 1972, there was virtually no legal education — because of the Cultural Revolution, universities there were shuttered for a decade. Now there are almost 700 law schools and university departments (too many perhaps to adequately provide good teachers). Moreover, this legal education has been heavily influenced by the West, especially the United States, at least until very recently, and every year several hundred thousand people take the national bar examination, which only passes a small percentage.
Yet it’s not clear whether China can go on from here to build what we would recognize as a more predictable, reliable, and independent legal system. Today there is a huge amount of popular dissatisfaction with the judicial system, which handles over 14 million cases a year. People realize the local courts are full of corruption. Local protectionism makes courts less open to fair adjudication for interests that come from outside their immediate geographic area. Guanxi — the influence of relatives, friends, and contacts — is the biggest problem. Whom did judges go to high school with? Who is their cousin? Who is a friend of a friend? These questions permeate the system and often undermine fair adjudication. And, of course, political interference is pronounced. Local government or party officials, or members of the local people’s congress, use their low-visibility powers to adversely affect what might otherwise be independent, fair judgments.
Dissatisfaction also runs high within the ranks of the legal system itself. The very success of over three decades of legal education and practice has created a new legal elite. Thus a large number of people — legislative staff, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, administrators, legal scholars, and even police — want to inhabit a real legal system, not one that has the appearance of integrity but functions arbitrarily. They take legal reforms seriously and know that it is necessary not only to enact good rules, but also to implement them. In China, as many people have observed, faithful implementation is the name of the game, but it remains extremely difficult. Unfortunately, new judicial reforms may prove disappointing. Many younger judges are quitting because their career prospects are restricted by the manner in which court reforms are being carried out, favoring older, often less-qualified, but more ensconced cadres who are unlikely to enhance the prestige and authority of the courts.
Judicial reform is one of the main challenges now confronting Chinese President Xi Jinping. Despite his emphasis on “rule of law,” Xi wants local courts reliably to submit to the discipline of the central party and judicial officials. He doesn’t want local judges to be independent of the central government, but he does aim to stop the local influences that distort local judgments. It’s too early to tell whether this effort and the parallel effort to improve the competence, status, and compensation of judges will succeed. But broad public dissatisfaction with the courts will probably continue, especially to the extent they continue to be instructed not to accept sensitive, controversial cases.
The relationship of the party to the legal system is an issue that will not disappear. In principle the party controls the legal system at every level; the central political-legal commission, which operates on behalf of the party central committee and its politburo leaders, tells every legal institution what to do. But there are internal debates about how far its reach should extend and which government agencies should have the party’s judicial ear. Traditionally, the party has allowed the main police agencies — the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of State Security — to exercise far more influence over the criminal process than the Ministry of Justice, the prosecutors (the procuracy), and the courts. There have been some recent renewed efforts to limit party influence over judicial decision-making in individual cases and to reduce the relative influence of the police in the process. Given the low level of transparency in China’s legal realm, however, progress on this front is difficult for outsiders, especially foreigners, to track.
The party’s role in criminal justice has become particularly evident in the current anti-corruption drive. In dealing with its approximately 90 million members, the party has been more important than the formal criminal justice system. It is the central and local party discipline and inspection commissions (DICs) that first detain party members for investigation long before government investigators officially enter the scene. After what are often many months of incommunicado detention and coercive interrogation, the DIC decides whether the suspect should be fired from the party and handed over to the government for criminal prosecution, released, or given some administrative or other punishment. The fate of party members whom the DIC hands over for prosecution is usually imprisonment. There is little transparency, but what is clear is that the DIC process is entirely without constitutional or legal authority and is a blatant violation of the constitutional rights of the suspect.
Ironically, China’s constitution is, in many respects, a reasonably well-developed document — the problem lies in its lack of enforcement. Attempts have often been made to enforce it in the courts, but, despite periodic wavering, the party has rejected them. The constitution, according to its terms, is to be interpreted and applied by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. Occasionally, human rights lawyers and activists have petitioned to obtain the Standing Committee’s interpretation, but it is not eager to undertake its authorized role. This doesn’t mean the document is meaningless. It sometimes exerts indirect and subtle influences on the way inter-governmental questions and political discussions are handled, and even on the way that courts respond to certain claims. And it is useful for the Chinese people to at least know that they are supposed to be guaranteed freedoms of speech, assembly, demonstration and association as well as freedom from arbitrary detention. These constitutional guarantees can become standards for the future.
The immediate future looks dim for legal reform in China. A little-known fact highlights what might have been. Xi Jinping’s father, the famous political leader Xi Zhongxun, was placed in charge of the country’s legislative reform from 1981 to 1983 after returning from many years of ostracism and vilification during the Cultural Revolution. Bitter experience had led the elder Xi to recognize the importance of freedom of discussion, allowing people within the party and outside the party to speak freely, even if their ideas contradicted the policies and programs of the current leadership. He advocated enacting a law to protect differing opinions and to prevent people from suffering criminal punishment, or ouster from the party, or other sanctions for expressing disagreement with the leadership. The elder Xi openly recognized that, in order to maximize progress, China had to allow differences of opinion. Today, sadly, his son rejects that good example and demands “absolute loyalty” from would-be law reformers — and everyone else.
This essay is based on a talk presented at a January 15, 2016 conference in Hong Kong on the governance of China, jointly sponsored by the New York Review of Books and Hong Kong University.
Kevin Frayer/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:2d028eb8-fb72-4a31-b0a0-f7297ac2ae9b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/22/a-looming-crisis-for-chinas-legal-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00398-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960684 | 2,073 | 2.015625 | 2 |
What does it mean to Love our children?
What would love do every moment and in every interaction we have with our partner, with children, with others?
How do we know what love would do?
Have you heard of ‘The Golden Rule’? A Biblical term referred to by Jesus as, ‘treating others as you would like to be treated’. Notice it is not ‘how you are treated, or how you treat others’ but rather how you would ‘like’ to be treated. Or you could take it one step further and say ‘treat others as God treats me’. This is what I understand ethics (very basically) to be. The beauty of ethics is that it is easy and simple to see based on the above premiss: treat others as you would like to be treated, and in most situations this will give a good indication if you are engaging in a loving manner or not.
For me it is a process of discovery about how God treats me. I am needing to unravel a lot of false beliefs about God and have so far only heard the Truths about God not fully experienced them for myself. So I am beginning with ethics, treating others as I would like to be treated. You can do this with or without God.
What does it mean to parent ethically?
I feel we have a heap of double standards as adults especially with children. If we asked of ourselves what we ask or demand of our kids I can guarantee we would be outraged. We would feel controlled, belittled, interrupted, confined, isolated, shamed, unimportant, ignored, entitled, and probably a heap of other things not mentioned here that you probably felt yourself as a child.
I notice often that I treat kids differently to adults.
Grownups when I was a kid said things they didn’t mean, they lied and hid behind ‘nice’ facades which are not really that nice, sometimes downright terrifying. They said one thing and meant another, they didn’t explain, were dishonest and said they knew or would do things when they didn’t, wouldn’t or forgot, they made promises they couldn’t keep. Kids got in the way, were not as important as adults, didn’t get the same attention. They didn’t know what love was because they had been mis-informed and mis-educated about it also. Sometimes I wonder why people have kids if they don’t want to love them, but it seems there are many parents having kids for other reasons than love.
I realise what I say could be very confrontational. I feel it is true though. I have been looking at my own reasons for having children, they were not pure and to love the children unconditionally. I am having to learn how to love and grow a sincere desire to want to love. I have had a screwed up version of love and a screwed up perception of parenting and I am going through a process of re-education. It feels uncomfortable often and I am coming to terms with the fact that I have not wanted to love. Rather I have wanted to be loved, to be cared for, to be seen as a ‘good mum’. I have wanted the children to demonstrate ‘good’ things about me because I have felt so bad inside of myself.
I feel sad about this because it means I have not allowed the children to just be themselves and love them for it. I have demands, expectations and investments in them. I want from them, rather than to give to them. I have manipulated, moulded and groomed them into what I want them to be, to fit my mould, rather than what God created them to be as they are.
At first I didn’t want to see what I had done. I was in a lot of denial (still am on certain issues and subjects). There are many ways to justify, minimise, deny what we have created and what we do as parents, but honestly we need to get real, get honest and see where we are unethical, where we are out of line in the treatment, especially of children, but also our partners and our brothers and sisters (other people) in general.
Many people think it is okay to shame, condescend to, belittle, hit, hurt, abuse, rage at, violently treat children to varying degrees or under certain circumstances. We say it is ‘for their own good’, ‘we have their best intentions in mind’, often we even say it is because we ‘love’ them. We blame children and excuse ourselves for all sorts of hurtful actions, not seeing that it is us who our children are reflecting in the first place and we are punishing them because we don’t want to be reminded and feel our own pains and hurt parts. It is us who children mirror and they highlight our lack of love.
Children learn so amazingly. They lean quickly and they learn from feelings not words. They reflect our true feelings not the ones we want everyone, including ourselves to believe are true about us (our facades – what we want to believe we are rather than what we actually are at this point in time).
We are responsible, we create so much of the pain in our children’s lives*** – especially when they are very young (as they get older they act out upon the injuries created by us and use their will either in harmony with love or out of it – often dependent on what we taught them until they learn or discover otherwise. Even so their actions come from things that we did to them in the first place, because we chose not to forgive our parents for their actions.), we create it by not allowing our own pain to flow and be released. We create it by suppressing our children, by teaching them to be what we want them to be, rather than be who they are as God created them. We teach our children that they are not okay as they are, they need to be something else – something we approve of, and they do that, or they rebel which ever will cause us to feel the most, and often instead of being humble and feeling our feelings we suppress and punish the child some more. What we need to do is to feel. To own how we feel as we feel it and to feel it responsibly, without taking it out on another soul. It is that simple. Feel and heal – without involving your kids, without involving others, just you and God, if you desire. That is how it is done.
We teach children that parental approval is love. I am saying it is not. Parental approval is nothing in comparison to love, it is a substitute and a poor substitute at that, and yet even as adults we are striving for it rather than seeing that the how we would like to be treated and what we would like to feel (love) from others is mostly not what we are receiving.
I feel that a massive, world wide, re-education program is needed that begins with Love – God’s version not ours. We need to re-educate ourselves with God’s Truth rather than the lies our parents and environment taught us as kids and the lies we continue to tell ourselves as grown ups, reinforcing our erroneous childhood educations, that keep us locked up as damaged children. We need to re-educate ourselves first and automatically this will educate our children about God’s Love and God’s Truth through example rather than theory.
If we really want to love we can begin with ethics, we can begin with treating our children as we would ‘like’ to be treated. We can stop controlling them and begin to love them. We can stop shouting at them and withholding approval of what they do or don’t do and be soft with them, teach them about love, self discovery, self responsibility and ethical behavior themselves.
We need to do this through our actions and behaviour not our words. Words are cheap and meaningless when they don’t match the real feelings coming out of us. Being honest, truthful and real is important for real relationships and friendships. To be ethical we are going to need to first be honest and see what we are doing, how we treat others and ourselves and be honest about how it actually feels. So-often we are conditioned to accept unloving behaviour and we come to feel it is ‘normal’ or ‘the only way’ or even the ‘right way’ I am suggesting there is another way (God’s Way of Love) and that we can start right now, with a first step being by simply practicing and treating others as we would like to be treated.
That means stop blaming others, including your children for your own personal pain. For example, stop getting angry at children and own your feelings as yours, find out why you are angry and what you are angry about. I guarantee that you you don’t enjoy people shouting at you, punishing you, condescending to you, controlling you, having double standards and telling you lies so why are we doing it to others, especially children. Children are honest with us, until they are taught otherwise, so why are we not honest with them?
I am noticing that how I was treated as a child is often how I treat children and it is only as I soften to the hurts within me that I am discovering that naturally and without effort I begin to treat our children and others more softly, acceptingly, compassionately. While I am hard and punishing with myself I am also hard and punishing with others.
I encourage you to explore your own behaviours and how you treat your children, I encourage you to be real and self reflective no matter how painful it feels and find out the truth of what you feel, feel it without harming others or yourself and your life will change if you are doing this sincerely. It is beautiful and a gift to both yourself, your children and those around you.
Give it a go, experiment, discover, explore ethics and see what you discover…
* For more information on Ethics and Morality go to the following link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mybby95f3vs
** I say ‘your’ children, though I would like to suggest that they do not belong to you at all, but are rather God’s children and your brothers and sisters. I find it helpful to think about this as I treat brothers and sisters very differently to children who I feel I ‘own’. Children are not property, though we have for many generations believed and told them they are. Children are not to be owned, enslaved, brought or sold. Rather children are a perfect gift born from desire and are the most amazing creation and perfect reflection of our soul condition, where we are at and the areas that we need to heal in love. They are a blessing and a gift and our only ‘job’ is to teach them about Love, God’s Truth and God’s Love, God Herself, and allow and enable them to discover for themselves…
***We harm children by mis-educating them about Love, Truth, God and not being truthful about so many subjects. Including not being truthful about our own feelings and thoughts, creating addictions with children, demanding and expecting of them, inhibiting their freewill and not correcting unloving behaviours in a loving way.
Parents have a lot to answer for. I am also beginning to get glimpses though of what an incredible gift being a parent is and if we ‘parented’ more as God intended it would be friggen awesome all round – that is what I aspire to and get excited about! Children are a gift and a very fast way to learn about love, if you are willing and have a sincere desire to love, in a real way. | <urn:uuid:d6df0108-02a2-4c42-adbf-78b426012cce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eloisalh.com/tag/children-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.978415 | 2,462 | 2.25 | 2 |
Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics
In "The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic", Nicholas Zair for the first time collects and assesses all the words from the Celtic languages which contained a laryngeal, and identifies the regular results of the laryngeals in each phonetic environment. This allows him to formulate previously unrecognised sound changes affecting Proto-Celtic, and assess the competing explanations for other developments. This work has far-reaching consequences for the understanding of the historical phonology and morphology of the Celtic languages, and for etymological work involving the Celtic language, along with implications for Indo-European sound laws and the Indo-European syllable. A major conclusion is that the laryngeals cannot be used to argue for an Italo-Celtic language family. | <urn:uuid:fbf9b3a1-eba1-43a9-ae68-0c68a54352c0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://linguistlist.org/pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=61772 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00162-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869275 | 180 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Water efficiency can often be overlooked, but by taking simple steps to reduce water use, you can identify huge savings.
Here are Zero Waste Scotland’s top tips:
- Understand your bills – It’s important to know how you’re charged for water so that you can respond to opportunities for improvement and pick up on any billing issues
- Conduct a site walk around – This is a great way to identify quick-win opportunities, and to determine whether you have any leaks or faults. This should be done on a regular basis
- Stay in control with good monitoring – Collecting regular water meter readings will allow you to track your water use, your performance and to identify any issues that occur
- Reduce domestic water use – There are lots of low-cost technologies you can take advantage of to help reduce toilet cistern flush volume, reduce tap and shower rates, and reduce urinal flush frequency
- Engage your staff – This can have a big impact on the amount of water wasted. When staff appreciate the value and cost of water, they’re more likely to use it efficiently, report leaks or faults, and help to fix issues
Further guidance on how to save money on your water bill can be found here. | <urn:uuid:26912c36-2d38-4218-8d54-45b451b58535> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/park-authority/how-we-can-help/business-in-the-park/saving-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.930425 | 253 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This is used to Sense and drive the relay for ignition on/off for drug drive control system.
This system will sense the alcohol level of human body through sensor and control the drive to avoid accident.
To enter the gas of alcohol level through key pad
Then automatically the circuit will sense the alcohol and active the relay of ignition
The ignition is connected to relay will control through microcontroller.
All the level will display on the LCD.
Methodology of this Project:
1. Gas Sensing model
2. Driver unit | <urn:uuid:d12ad615-ecaf-4526-802e-7a552396efc6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-Projects/Electrical/Intelligent_Alcohol_Detection.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00076-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.81039 | 109 | 2.125 | 2 |
HAPE and HACE. These are four-letter words no mountaineer wants to hear. As forms of altitude sickness, HAPE (high-altitude pulmonary edema) and HACE (high-altitude cerebral edema) respectively equal fluid in the lungs and swelling of the brain. Both are caused by the mal effects thin air has on the body. They are each potentially deadly forms of altitude sickness experienced in the Everest region. But, fortunately, both HAPE and HACE are highly avoidable if you know what to look for.
According to Luanne Freer, a doctor and a founder of Himalayan Rescue Association’s Everest ER clinic at Everest Base Camp, about two percent of trekkers and climbers in the Khumbu Region experience HAPE or HACE. Most are treated immediately and moved to the safety of lower elevations. (Far more people, up to 50 percent of trekkers, Freer said, have headaches and minor altitude sickness by the time they reach Lobuche, a village at about 16,000 feet.)
Tragically, two porters have died this year of altitude sickness, Freer said. Both died in Lobuche, expiring likely from HAPE in their sleep after days of coughing, headaches, and other warning signs.
What to look for? A slight headache from altitude can be normal. But watch for a headache that won’t go away. Shortness of breath and coughing fits are warning signs. Trouble breathing? It’s time to ask for help.
If possible, have your blood-oxygen level checked with a medical device commonly called a pulse-ox meter. Many climbing teams carry these devices to assess expedition members.
In the Khumbu Region, a clinic in Pheriche, a village many trekkers pass through, can assess your health and your body’s adaptation to altitude. At Everest Base Camp, Freer’s Everest ER tent is open to aid trekkers, climbers, Sherpas, and porters in need of assessment from altitude-related maladies.
As I wrote in a previous post, Freer and her team, including Dr. Steve Halvorson, saved a Nepalese cook this year in Base Camp. The young man, working for a climbing team at 17,500 feet, had been sick with headaches, breathing issues, and violent coughing. One morning, his fellow workers could not raise him from sleep.
They brought him to the medical tent — Everest ER — for emergency help. The cook was unresponsive. He had an elevated heart rate and was spitting up fluid and blood. Freer said he may have been just an hour from death.
But flowing oxygen plus a medicinal cocktail including diamox, dexamethasone, albuterol, and, oddly, Viagra, revived the patient back from the brink. A Gamow Bag, which is a foldable, human-size sack that simulates lower altitudes, was a tool available at Everest ER. It works with a foot pump, changing pressure in a sealed off chamber.
But for the young cook, the Gamow Bag was not the right treatment, Freer said. Within a couple hours, the patient was talking and responsive. Freer’s team arranged for a transport down-valley to lower elevations, where the cook would receive further evaluation at another Khumbu clinic. “We advised him not to come back and work at this altitude,” Freer said.
For climbers on Mount Everest, the risk of altitude sickness rises exponentially with each day. Headaches, coughing, sleeplessness, hallucinations, and disorientation are common. Above 8,000 meters, a level near the top of Everest dubbed the Death Zone, almost every climber sinks into a stage of altitude sickness.
“HAPE or HACE may affect you up there,” said Jamie Clarke, lead climber for Expedition Hanesbrands,” but they won’t often kill you.” Clarke said the disorientation and exhaustion caused by altitude sickness can lead a climber to simply sit down in the snow and give up. Hypothermia is then the killer, Clarke said.
On his trip to 8,000 meters and beyond, Clarke is prepared to battle the altitude. He has been high on Everest three times, including a summit in 1997. He knows what to look for, what signs signal a necessary descent to a lower camp. On summit day, Clarke and his climbing partner, Scott Simper, will don oxygen masks for the final flank to 29,035 feet. A small stream of air, an oxygen mix fed through a silicon mask, will keep the climbers alert and strong as they kick and step, ever up, toward the top. Despite the thin air, HAPE, HACE, or other four-letter words will not be allowed.
—Stephen Regenold blogged live from the Everest Trail in April 2010. | <urn:uuid:9e5a96e4-fd8a-4b49-872c-552043950dec> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://gearjunkie.com/how-to-spot-and-treat-altitude-sickness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00366-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955109 | 1,027 | 2.578125 | 3 |
For all the ‘great books’ that have been written, for all the stuffy tomes that everyone lies about having read, for every recommendation by Harold Bloom, there are a lot more genre works floating around the bookstore. Oh, sure, we know what we should be reading, what we’re told since grade school are the ‘proper’ books for ‘proper’ little minds, but how many people read those books? How many people really care to read those thick, dense, intellectual, impenetrable, novels by dead white men?
Books like Martin’s, however, are fun and exciting and full of twists and deaths, and everyone is reading them and so it’s also fun to keep up with your friends so you can keep up at parties when people talk about Game of Thrones.
Yet is this distinction fair? Can Martin’s book(s) never be considered a great book? What makes a great book? Some college professor might say a great book is one that opens your eyes to the vast human experience in such a way as you have never experienced it before, or has plumbed the depths of human psychology so deftly, and so realistically that it nearly transcends art itself.
But who is to speak up for a well told story? What about Homer, for example? Oh, for sure, we all think of the Iliad and the Odyssey as great works of high art, but when they were fresh and new and poets were shouting those stories over the sound of crashing wine dark Aegean waves along a white rocky Athenian coast on hot, summer festival days, they were just grand stories that entertained the crowds. They were, gasp, popular!
And what ‘great art’ is ever popular? How hard are Don DeLillo book signing tickets to come by? Ever scalped your season pass to the Kafka museum to the highest bidder so that you might afford a once in a lifetimes ‘Night With Richard Ford’?
Of course, it’s unfair (and also plain wrong) to claim that because something is popular it is somehow a metric of quality or because something is obscure and has the word ‘aesthetics’ in the title it is somehow automatically good.
Yet I don’t think it’s so simple either.
Why can’t something that is good also find a wide audience? I sometimes wonder if artists too often stick their heads up their own asses in an effort to shun popular society. There does seem to be a disdain for ‘the unwashed masses’ by the hipster set who only qualify the unknown with a seal of approval. In fact, Martin’s book here gets upturned noses from the ‘arty’ crowd because they’re ‘just silly kids books’.
But are they?
How many other serious novelists are exploring the world we really live in, a world that actually is a little dangerous and full of manipulative people who are quick to take advantage of another person’s weakness? I mean, look at politics (any era in history), it’s full of the very people Martin is writing about and he’s practically giving us a field-guide to understanding and observing your everyday nefarious evil-doers.
Martin is, at the heart of it all, writing about the sad reality of the world we live in where most of us have very little influence on the world around us, are at the mercy of powers much greater than us, where a lot of our lives are filled with mind-numbing sameness and struggle and sacrifice and when we think about it realize that there’s not much we’ll ever be able to do about any of it.
Yeah, that sounds pretty depressing, but it’s just reality. We do the best we can with what we have, we find our happiness where we can because life is tough and we don’t want to be bothered with a bunch of highbrow ass-talking nonsense; we just want to come home from work everyday, kiss someone we love, and relax for awhile and hope someone can tell us a great story about people just like ourselves but who also have the advantage of a few dragons, a needle, a hound, a wit, and a few fantasies we don’t so that we can live a little vicariously through a more interesting person’s life.
We also need to be careful and recognize that art that is the product of its time might one day be considered great art in a later time; not in the snooty sense of (textbook definition) great art, but in the Shakespeare, Homer sort of way – art that speaks to the people because it doesn’t lie to them while also entertaining them too.
A great artist can speak to the truth and speak to the people at the same time. More artists, both serious and pop should take note.
Anyway, the book fucking rocks. | <urn:uuid:af202fd6-11bd-4c5c-ad38-1659f14f97ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://slowlander.com/category/books/a-song-of-ice-and-fire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.966222 | 1,041 | 1.71875 | 2 |
The US Congress is due to hold its first public hearing on UFOs since the 1960s on Tuesday (May 17), relying on defense intelligence testimony to establish what could be causing the phenomenon.
The hearing – which will question two Pentagon experts about what they know about UFO sightings – will focus on the content of a June 2021 Pentagon report which revealed that navy pilots have reported 144 sightings of unidentified aerial phenomena (UAPs) since 2004, most of which the department concluded “likely represent physical objects”.
Of these reported UAP sightings, 18 exhibited extremely unusual flight behaviors, with the mystery objects appearing to “stay stationary in high-altitude winds, move upwind, maneuver abruptly, or move at considerable speed, with no discernible means of propulsion.” , according to the report. .
Related: 9 things we learned about aliens in 2021
The released music videos show some of these ostensibly ships without propulsion moving at hypersonic speeds, Live Science previously reported, and a piece of footage (captured by the US Navy) appears to show a spherical UFO hovering in the air as it bounces from side to side, before diving in the ocean. A former Pentagon official, Luis Elizondo, also told the Washington Post that UAPs have interfered with secret US nuclear weapons facilities, even forcing some to go offline.
Congressional oversight committees have been investigating the allegations since 2017, after Politico and the New York Times released a series of bombshell reports about the Pentagon’s secret UFO research office and testimonies from Navy pilots and the radar team. who found the strange aerial objects. Now, a public hearing is imminent.
“Congress has not held a public hearing on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UFOs) in over 50 years,” meeting chairman and Indiana Representative Andre Carson wrote on twitter. “That will change next week when I lead a House Intelligence hearing on this topic and the national security risk it poses. Americans need to know more about these unexplained occurrences.”
At the public hearing — live broadcast on here from 9 am EDT (1300 GMT) – US Representatives will question Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security Ronald Moultrie and Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence Scott Bray about what they know about the unexplained phenomena.
Following this public hearing, Congress will hold a closed and confidential hearing on the activity of the Pentagon group – known as the Airborne Object Identification and Management Group (AOIMSG) – which has been tasked with uncovering possible explanations for the sightings.
What the hearing will reveal is unclear, but pertinent questions include whether UAPs could be satellites, belong to foreign governments, or be purposeful forgeries. If experts have not yet ruled out an extraterrestrial explanation, representatives may also ask them to provide more details on possible UFO propulsion methods, as well as any exotic material that may have been collected from them.
The AOIMSG was organized within Moultrie’s office. Moultrie, who was sworn in last June, advises Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin on security issues and has worked in senior roles at the CIA and NASA. Bray, meanwhile, specializes in intelligence collection and analysis and works to provide intelligence briefs for the US Navy.
The 2021 report, which drew no conclusions from the “largely inconclusive” reports, could only explain one of the sightings (which turned out to be a large deflated balloon) and said that “data is currently lacking to indicate that any UAP is part of a program foreign collection or indicative of a major technological advance by a potential adversary.” It also denied that the sightings were in any way linked to clandestine tests by the US military.
The report is not the only one the US government has released that documents strange, seemingly inexplicable activities. In April, a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request by the tabloid The US Sun brought more than 1,500 pages of UFO-related documents to public scrutiny, Live Science previously reported. The document database, created by the Defense Intelligence Agency’s secret Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) that operated from 2007 to 2012, included reports on more than 300 medical reports of human interaction with UFOs – some of which included burns, brain damage, nerve damage, heart palpitations and headaches from alleged close encounters with “anomalous vehicles”.
Tomorrow’s hearing “will give the public the opportunity to hear directly from subject matter experts and leaders in the intelligence community about one of the greatest mysteries of our time,” said Representative Adam Schiff, chairman of the House intelligence committee. He added that the hearing would “break the cycle of excessive secrecy and speculation with truth and transparency.”
Not all representatives, however, were convinced. Arkansas Representative Rick Crawford (R), the most senior Republican on the House intelligence subcommittee, questioned the focus on UFOs above other national security issues.
“With China and Russia developing hypersonic weapons and the Biden administration leaking alleged US military operations in Ukraine, we have much more serious intelligence threats than flying saucers,” Crawford said in a statement.
Originally published on Live Science. | <urn:uuid:e67203e4-6ae0-4948-a1c2-59708fe87179> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://24sevenmagazine.com/the-pentagons-ufo-sightings-will-finally-be-made-public-at-a-congressional-hearing-tomorrow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.951083 | 1,056 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Farmer Kenny Mabvumbe looked upset as he returned virtually empty-handed from the tobacco auction floors in the Zimbabwean capital of Harare.
His decision to venture into tobacco farming had turned into a nightmare. Only 70 kg out of the 200 kg he took to auction had been accepted, earning him a paltry $147.
"I have learned a lesson the hard way," said Mabvumbe, 33, who is married with two children and lives in Zimbabwe's eastern Manicaland Province. "I have no food ... I am paying a high price for my mistakes."
Thousands of small-scale farmers in Zimbabwe fear they will be going hungry this winter after abandoning traditional staples like maize, sorghum and groundnuts for tobacco, a cash crop known locally in this southern African nation as "green gold."
For 15 years after Zimbabwe's agriculture sector collapsed in the face of President Robert Mugabe's seizure of white-owned farms to resettle landless blacks, the tobacco industry has been booming, with farmers funded by private firms to grow tobacco.
But this switch, coupled with the worst regional drought in nearly a decade, has left Zimbabwe in a precarious food situation. Many farmers have complained of low prices as the season ends while buyers argue the quality of the crop was poor.
"A number of farmers are crying foul over unsatisfactory [tobacco] prices," said Trevor Saruwaka, member of parliament for Mutasa Central in Manicaland. "Those who make losses are condemned to poverty and starvation."
Most of Mabvumbe's tobacco was rejected because he cured it poorly and the little that was accepted fetched a low price. He borrowed $1,000 for tobacco seed, fertiliser and labor and now does not know how he will repay the loan.
"My tobacco came out dark in color, making it unacceptable," he said. "Tobacco farming has a lot of risks."
Anti-riot police were called to the auction floor in March as farmers protested over low prices.
Drought and Lack of Knowledge
The tobacco industry has become the country's biggest export earner with over 88,000 growers registered with the tobacco regulatory body, the Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board, in the 2014/15 season, up from 52,000 in 2012.
But the returns are often uncertain and many farmers have been left disappointed.
Industry figures showed that at the end of the selling season this month farmers sold 188.5 million kgs worth $555 million, down 8.5 percent from a year ago when the crop was worth $654 million.
"It was a disaster," said David Muyambo, 35, a father of four, who earned $74 from tobacco sales this season after investing $1,200 in his crop. "I need to buy food for my family and I have no money."
Muyambo blames his failure on erratic rains, which decimated his crop, as well as his lack of knowledge on how to apply fertiliser, remove suckers and cure the crop.
Muyambo said he will never farm tobacco again.
With more farmers focused on tobacco, Zimbabwe's harvest of maize, a staple food, dropped by 49 percent in the 2014/15 season, the government said, which is set to exacerbate food shortages in Zimbabwe, once the breadbasket of the region.
Zimbabwe has a deficit of 700,000 tons, about half of its annual maize requirement. It requires $300 million to import maize, Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa said in June. The United Nation's food agency, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), forecast maize output would almost halve this year, warning this would mean more people in the 14 million population needing food assistance.
The voluntarily-funded World Food Program (WFP) said it has embarked on a response program to help farmers safeguard their remaining assets and strengthen their ability to withstand future shocks.
Eddie Cross, an economist and opposition parliamentarian, said the push to tobacco farming, once controlled by about 1,200 mainly white farmers, was having worrying knock-on effects.
He said many smallholders simply cannot afford the expensive inputs required to make a profit from tobacco.
"The changes in the tobacco industry in the past 15 years have had a serious and substantial impact on food security in the country," he said. | <urn:uuid:8d4c7023-3ad8-47c7-bc0b-b5d2f174f875> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.voanews.com/a/zimbabwe-farmers-fear-winter-of-hunger-after-poor-tobacco-crop/2881098.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00373-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971522 | 901 | 2.015625 | 2 |
- 1 When was the construction of Taj Mahal completed?
- 2 How many years did Taj Mahal took to complete?
- 3 How old is the Taj Mahal?
- 4 What is the Taj Mahal used for today?
- 5 Who is the real owner of Taj Mahal?
- 6 How many workers died building the Taj Mahal?
- 7 Why tajmahal is 7 Wonders?
- 8 What is beneath Taj Mahal?
- 9 What is the real story of Taj Mahal?
- 10 Can you go inside the Taj Mahal?
- 11 Is Taj Mahal a mosque?
- 12 Who built the Taj Mahal built?
- 13 How many rooms are in the Taj Mahal?
- 14 How tall is the Taj Mahal in feet?
- 15 What is inside the Taj Mahal?
When was the construction of Taj Mahal completed?
It was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal with construction starting in 1632 AD and completed in 1648 AD, with the mosque, the guest house and the main gateway on the south, the outer courtyard and its cloisters were added subsequently and completed in 1653 AD.
How many years did Taj Mahal took to complete?
The length of construction The construction of Taj Mahal took over twenty years. It was built in 1632, and in 1648, the mausoleum was finished. Another 5 years were spent on the building of the enclosure, the ancillary buildings such as gardens, so the whole complex was completed in 1653.
How old is the Taj Mahal?
What is the Taj Mahal used for today?
Who is the real owner of Taj Mahal?
It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (reigned from 1628 to 1658) to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal; it also houses the tomb of Shah Jahan himself.
How many workers died building the Taj Mahal?
The number of workers who died while building the Taj Mahal is not known. It was built between 1632 and 1648, with parts of the construction of the
Why tajmahal is 7 Wonders?
Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, lost his wife Mumtaz Mahal on June 17, 1631. He was inconsolable and envisaged a memorial that would befit his love. Today, the Taj Mahal is listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. When she was 14, she was engaged to marry Prince Khurram, also known as Shah Jahan.
What is beneath Taj Mahal?
believing that the cenotaphs had been built to honour Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. In reality, the cenotaphs are like showpieces adorned with precious stones and enclosed in a chamber, allowing you to get a glimpse from a distance. The real coffin lies in a secret, quiet room below, at the garden level.
What is the real story of Taj Mahal?
Often described as one of the wonders of the world, the stunning 17th Century white marble Taj Mahal was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth.
Can you go inside the Taj Mahal?
Before visitors are allowed access inside the Taj Mahal gates, everyone must pass through a gender-specific security line that includes a pat-down from a guard. Here’s what you can ‘t bring: tripods, food, gum, drinks (apart from a water bottle), tobacco products, headphones, chargers, flags, books, and drones.
Is Taj Mahal a mosque?
A court in India has heard testimony from government archaeologists that the Taj Mahal is a Muslim mausoleum built by a Mughal emperor to honour his dead wife – delivering an official riposte to claims it is a Hindu temple.
Who built the Taj Mahal built?
How many rooms are in the Taj Mahal?
Guest Rooms. Discover the story behind every pillar of The Taj Mahal Palace, overlooking the epochal Gateway of India. The hotel’s 285 rooms and suites, in the Palace wing, blend old-world charm and modern facilities.
How tall is the Taj Mahal in feet?
What is inside the Taj Mahal?
Inside the Taj Mahal, the cenotaphs honoring Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan are enclosed in an eight-sided chamber ornamented with pietra dura (an inlay with semi-precious stones) and a marble lattice screen. | <urn:uuid:149799c6-5b1d-4560-8e41-066992df2bb9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://stonehengepostcards.com/interesting/question-when-was-the-taj-mahal-completed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.976205 | 1,000 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Question;Pringle Company distributes a single product. The company's sales and expenses for a recent month follow:Pringle Company distributes a single product. The company's sales and expenses for a recent month follow:p. 216Required:1 What is the monthly break-even point in units sold and in sales dollars?2 Without resorting to computations, what is the total contribution margin at the break-even point?How many units would have to be sold each month to earn a target profit of $18,000? Use the formula method. Verify your answer3 by preparing a contribution format income statement at the target level of sales.4 Refer to the original data. Compute the company's margin of safety in both dollar and percentage terms.What is the company's CM ratio? If monthly sales increase by $80,000 and there is no change in fixed expenses, by how much5 would you expect monthly net operating income to increase?
Paper#43298 | Written in 18-Jul-2015Price : $22 | <urn:uuid:b41d4aad-248e-4fd8-b927-70f2e24acb16> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://studentsmerit.com/paper-detail/?paper_id=43298 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00301-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894159 | 212 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Abstract : The thematics treated in this manuscript illustrate two specificities of ultracold metastable Helium gases: the ability to compare experimental measurement with precise theoretical evaluations (simplicity of the atomic structure) and to easily detect products of Penning ionisations. We present the building and the characterisation of a novel magnetic trap with large optical access, allowing to combine the production of a Bose-Einstein condensate with its in situ loading into a 3D optical lattice. The theoretical fundaments of the experiments planned in those optical potentials are then detailed. In a crossed dipole trap, the influence of the magnetic field, now a free parameter, on the Penning collision rates can be measured and compared to a new theoretical evaluation. Concerning Helium in optical lattices, two subjects are developped: the effect of the confinement on the inelastic Penning collisions (1D optical lattice) and the modelisation of the Penning losses via a dissipative Bose-Hubbard model (3D lattice). Finally we present the first direct measurement of the dipolar magnetic transition 23S1 to 23P2, linking the singlet and triplet families in Helium 4. This spectroscopy experiment, realised in collaboration with the group of W. Vassen (LaserLab - Amsterdam), combines cold atoms knowledge with the frequency comb technique, in order to reach an accuracy of 5 kHz. | <urn:uuid:7b32b4f3-9142-492b-ada1-1a47ee416af7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651592/en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00150-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.864087 | 292 | 2.03125 | 2 |
« ΠροηγούμενηΣυνέχεια »
literal number p then stands for the corresponding numbers 30, 60, 90, etc. A number for which a literal number stands is a value of the literal number.
32. The meaning of the word formula. The statement p=30 Xn expresses the equality of the two numbers p and 30 Xn, and is therefore an equation.
Exercise 2, k (830), shows that the equation p=30 Xn enables us to determine the price of any given number of dozens of oranges selling at 30 cents a dozen.
When an equation is used to state briefly a rule for obtaining numerical facts from other related facts it is a formula.
Thus, p=30Xn is a formula.
The following exercises teach how to make formulas":
1. a. Let n represent the number of articles purchased, let p be the price of each, in cents, and let c be the total cost in cents. In the table to the right find the values of c for given values of n and p. Thus, when n=1, p=10, c=1X10=10, etc.
b. Make a formula for finding the cost c for n articles each sold at p cents.
c. Show that all the facts found in Exercise 1, a, can be obtained from the formula c=nXp.
8 16 4
2. a. Make a table giving the number of inches, i, corresponding to the number of feet, f, letting s take the values 1, 2, 3, ....
b. Make a statement expressing in words, the number of inches in terms of the number of feet. Translating this statement into symbols, make a formula for finding the values of i, Exercise 2, a, corresponding to values of f.
c. Using the facts given in the table of Exercise 2, a, make a graph of the formula i=12Xf.
3. a. A cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 pounds. Show that the number of pounds (weight) w, of a volume of v cubic feet is given by the formula w=62.5 Xv. Translate this formula into words.
b. Tabulate corresponding values of v and w, Exercise (a) and make a graph of the equation w=62.5 Xv.
4. a. A train traveling over equal distances in equal timespaces is said to have uniform motion. The distance traveled in the unit of time is the velocity (speed, or rate) of the train.
Complete the table at the right, stating values of the distances, d, corresponding to values of the time, t, for a train having a velocity, r, of 20 t
d miles an hour.
20 1 X 20=20 2
b. In the table below find the values of d corresponding to given values of r and t.
C. Write a formula from which to find the distance, d, of a train traveling t
d at a rate, r, for t hours.
1 30 1x30=30 5. Make a formula for finding the 6 number of feet, f, from a number of 12 40 yards, y. Translate this formula into 8 20 words.
t 16 6. A boy earns d dollars a week for
18 n weeks. State a formula for finding
t his total earnings t.
7. If n oranges cost C cents, state a formula for finding the cost, c, of one orange.
8. Make a formula for finding the number of gallons n, of oil, which pass through a pipe in m minutes, at the rate of 2 gallons a minute.
9. A river flows at the rate of r mi. an hour. Find the distance, d, an object will float in t hours.
10. Make a formula for finding the quotient, q, when the dividend is D and the divisor d.
11. A boy is n years old. What was his age, a, 5 years ago? What will be his age, A, 5 years from now?
12. A girl saves $2 a week for n weeks. Make a formula for finding her total savings x.
13. A girl receives 10 cents each time she does the shopping for her mother. Make a formula for finding the amount, t, which she earns in n days, if she goes shopping twice a day.
33. Various uses of the formula. As we go on in the study of mathematics we shall meet formulas frequently because the formula saves time and effort in the solution of many problems. Formulas are used in other school subjects. Thus, in science the formula helps us to find the distance a particle falls in a given time, and in physics many laws are stated as formulas. The formula plays an important part in every-day life. The automobile owner determines the horsepower of his gasoline engine by means of a formula, the business man may use it to compute interest on a sum of money, and the machinist to find the length of belting connecting two pulleys. Scientists, engineers, machinists, surveyors, insurance men, and many others use formulas, and should know the correct way in which to work with them. The importance of the formula is one of many reasons for studying mathematics.
34. Polygons. On notebook paper mark points
A, B, C, D, E, and F, as shown in the E
diagram (Fig. 59) and join them with line segments. The figure thus formed is called a polygon. The word
polygon comes from the Greek and C
means a figure with many angles. B
What is the least number of segFig. 59
ments needed to form a polygon? The points A, B, C, etc., are the vertices, the segments AB, BC, CD, etc., are the sides of the polygon.
Measure the sides and find the sum
The sum of the sides of a polygon is the distance around, or the perimeter of the polygon.
A polygon is called a triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, according as it has 3, 4, 5, 6, .... sides.
A polygon is equilateral when all the sides are of equal length.
1. Measure each side of triangle ABC (Fig. 60) and find the
perimeter by adding the lengths. с
Denoting the perimeter by p, state the result in the form of an equation.
When the sides are not measured, the B
perimeter, p, of triangle ABC is given by Fig. 60
the formula p=a+b+c.
2. Without measuring the sides find the perimeter of the equilateral triangle (Fig. 61) and state the result in the form of a formula.
3. What is the perimeter, p, of a triangle whose sides are 3x ft., 4x ft., and 5x feet? State the result in the form of an equation.
Fig. 61 4. For each of the following equations sketch at least one polygon whose perimeter is expressed by the equation: 1. p=3x. 2. p=5x. 3. p=6x.
Suggestion: Change 3.c to x+x+x, 6x to 3x+2x+x or 4x+x+x, etc.
5. Find the perimeter of each of the polygons in Exercise 4 when x=2.75 cm.
6. Write the equations in Exercise 4 when the perimeter
7. The perimeter of an equilateral hexagon is 120 inches. Find the length of a side.
Solution: Let x be the number of inches contained in the side.
Show that 120=6x.
8. The perimeter of an equilateral quadrilateral is 24. Find a side by means of an equation, as shown in Exercise 7.
9. The perimeter of an equilateral pentagon is 60. each side.
10. The perimeter of an equilateral decagon (10-sided polygon) is 28. Find each side.
35. Symbol for hence and therefore. The symbol used to denote hence or therefore is .. | <urn:uuid:4eada520-cbc9-4366-abe6-98f8c97aea97> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://books.google.gr/books?id=St9EAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA60&vq=%22TIME+60+seconds+(sec.)+%3D+1+minute+(min.)+60+minutes+%3D+1+hour+(hr.)+24+hours+%3D+1+day+(da.)%22&dq=editions:HARVARD32044096994090&lr=&as_brr=0&hl=el&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.882736 | 1,834 | 4.46875 | 4 |
API files suit against US EPA for 2013 biodiesel usage increase
The American Petroleum Institute filed a lawsuit in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Nov. 26 against the U.S. EPA for its decision to mandate the use of 1.28 billion gallons of biodiesel in 2013, a 28 percent increase from the 2012 requirement of 1 billion gallons, the statutory minimum. The institute also filed a petition with EPA to reconsider the biodiesel increase, as did the American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers last week.
“EPA’s overzealous 2013 biodiesel mandate is unworkable, could raise the costs of making diesel fuel, and should be reduced,” said Bob Greco, API group downstream director. In EPA’s announcement about the 2013 increase, which came out in September, the agency said, “Producers of biodiesel, the largest contributor to biomass-based diesel, have significantly greater production capacity than will be required by today’s final rule. Moreover, many facilities that are producing volume currently are underutilizing their capacity, and can ramp up production relatively quickly. Finally, the biodiesel industry is already producing at a rate consistent with an annual volume of about 1.3 billion gallons which is enough to meet our established standards.”
“In its final rule, EPA admitted the costs of increasing the biodiesel volume requirement for 2013 outweighed the benefits by as much as $425 million,” Greco said. In its final rule, however, EPA stated, “We estimate the cost of producing this increment in biomass-based diesel would range from $253 to $381 million in 2013. Adding the estimate of 2013 costs to the total 2013 fuel pool would suggest a diesel fuel cost increase of less than 1 cent per gallon.”
In addition to $41 million in energy security benefits, EPA listed other benefits from the boosted mandate, including “GHG emissions reduction benefits and both direct and indirect employment benefits in rural areas due to increased biodiesel production. Impacts on water quality, water use, wetlands, ecosystems and wildlife habitats are expected to be directionally negative …”
Greco continued, however, saying, “Furthermore, fraudulent biofuel credits that have plagued the system since last year and have yet to be resolved could inhibit industry’s ability to meet EPA’s higher biodiesel mandate.”
EPA has uncovered more than 140 million invalid renewable fuel credits, known as RINs, generated by three biodiesel companies, representing between 5 and 12 percent of the biodiesel market.
“The fraudulent RIN problem is having, and will continue to have, significant impacts on the biodiesel marketplace that make it more difficult for companies to comply with EPA’s mandate,” Greco said.
On a Nov. 27 media call with API, Biodiesel Magazine asked Greco why API has not acknowledged the recent progress made in addressing the RIN issue through EPA’s early release of draft Quality Assurance Plan guidelines for RIN verification programs, as the agency nears issuance of a proposed rule to restructure the RIN program.
“We have not overlooked that,” Greco said. “In fact, we have pushed EPA to move faster on this, and as you mentioned, EPA is now close to releasing a proposed rule, hopefully we will see a final rule by middle of next year. But that doesn’t get to the underlying problem of accepting fraudulent RINs, the need for some certainty of how those will be treated by EPA, and also how it’s going to provide assurance until the final rule comes out. We will not have one by Jan. 1. We are working with EPA to get some assurance on that, but we haven’t gotten that yet.”
The oil refiners and importers, referred to as “obligated parties” under the RFS, have been pushing for an “affirmative defense” with EPA, meaning they will not be punished with fines, penalties and notices of violation, as they have this year under EPA’s “buyer beware” stance for the good-faith purchase of what might later turn out to be invalid RINs.
Speaking to EPA’s increase of the biodiesel mandate to 1.28 billion gallons next year, a decision EPA considered for more than a year, Greco said, “It was completely discretionary. EPA did not need to increase the mandate beyond the 1 billion gallons in the statute … EPA should not have gone beyond the statutory minimum of 1 billion gallons in 2013.”
“It’s disappointing that the petroleum industry continues to fight advancements toward clean, renewable fuels—even as it embraces alternative energy in its marketing,” said Anne Steckel, vice president of federal affairs for the National Biodiesel Board. “The EPA clearly determined, in an independent analysis, that increased biodiesel production is good for the country. Last year alone, our industry supported more than 40,000 jobs, and next year the RFS is projected to save U.S. consumers $120.25 million at the pump. Going forward it will help consumers even more by expanding fuel options so that we’re not so dependent on imported oil and so vulnerable to this endless cycle of price spikes.”
Greco also told reporters on the call that the RFS in its entirety should be eliminated because “it is not working well” and because it will require higher blends of ethanol in gasoline “that could harm vehicles,” he said. “We believe the renewable fuel standard is unworkable and should be repealed. Despite repeated and ongoing efforts to address the program’s shortcomings—through regulatory petitions, legal actions and suggested solutions to implementation concerns—little has been done to make the program workable, and sometimes actions have been taken that make matters worse. There is a fundamental flaw in the enabling statute so the only way to fix it is to scrap the law and start over if Congress believes such a program is necessary.”
Greco said the RFS program was enacted at a time when the U.S. energy landscape was far different than what it is today. “With the current boom in domestic oil and natural gas development, we are steadily reducing our foreign energy dependence, well beyond what the RFS program has achieved,” Greco said. “The notion that we need a renewable fuel standard to promote energy independence and security, as the 2007 statute is named, has been turned on its head by the tremendous growth in domestic oil and natural gas.”
Steckel said, “We would encourage the oil industry to drop these lawsuits and work constructively toward improving our energy security with a mix of traditional and renewable fuels.”
Last week, the American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers petitioned EPA to scale back its 2013 biodiesel mandate, to which Steckel responded, “The EPA was well aware of all of the issues AFPM has raised as it made its independent analysis and, ultimately, the agency made the right decision.” | <urn:uuid:658923d3-9f2b-48e5-b1bc-1f1a17244ecb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://biodieselmagazine.com/articles/8818/api-files-suit-against-us-epa-for-2013-biodiesel-usage-increase | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00338-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958954 | 1,483 | 1.773438 | 2 |
He stood tall and shiny in an Oregon field, a Thoroughbred so handsome he looked far younger than his 26 years.
Last summer, as the sun glinted off his well-muscled body, Rio turned his finely sculpted head to watch a young woman approach. He could see her thin form, her long hair.
But she could not see him.
He appeared as a blurry brown object in the fog to Wren Zimmerman, a 25-year-old who has been legally blind since her senior year in high school. Walking alongside Vicki Zacharias, a horse trainer who owned the spectacular gelding, a new chapter for the wise Thoroughbred and a young lady who dared to pursue her horse dreams in spite of her deteriorating vision.
“After I was diagnosed with Stargart’s Macular Dystrophy my vision started to get worse with time. And after my senior year in high school, I had to stop driving completely, and was diagnosed as being legally blind,” Zimmerman says.
Losing her vision and independence, Zimmerman returned home to her parents after first completing an undergraduate degree in sociology. And though her world looked as fogged up as a bathroom mirror on most days, inside she was still the same horse-loving girl who could find peace and self-empowerment riding a great steed.
“I found Vicki Zacharias last summer, around May. I contacted her and explained that I’m legally blind, but that I wanted to do a lease or a half lease, and I asked her if my condition would deter her from teaching me,” she says. “Right away Vicki replied, ‘Absolutely not!’ and she said she had just the horse for me.”
Rio, a Thoroughbred with an unreadable tattoo, had been in Zacharias’ facility Rain Creek Farm for 11 years. She took over ownership of the stately gentleman at the close of his heyday jumping a meter 15 for his longtime owner who originated from Rio de Janeiro, Zimmerman explains.
“Rio is so handsome that everybody calls him George Clooney because he’s handsome and older,” Zimmerman adds.
He was no more than a brown blur to her that first day she approached him. But as she drew closer, he started to take shape. She saw the shine of his satiny deep-brown coat, and when she stood right beside him, the sheer size of his 16.2 well-built frame impressed her, and the beauty of his head, turned inquisitively her way, gave her hope that with him she had found a partner who might carry her through the difficult days ahead.
“When I ride, I can’t dwell on anything. I have to focus on what I’m doing,” she says. “It’s my relaxation (from grief) but it’s also a thrill ride. It’s thrilling!”
Though she can’t see the jumps in front of her as they canter up, Zimmerman has learned to use cues from the horse, her instructor and from the large objects in the ring, to guide her over obstacles and jumps. By studying the pattern of the jumps in the area, which her instructor rearranges weekly, Zimmerman is able to commit to memory where they are located in relation to “large spatial cues,” she says. “Vicki has taught me to learn various spots on the wall, and how they relate to a particular jump. So I know that when I get to a certain place, to turn left and that the jump is five strides away,” she adds.
When she is cantering toward a jump, Zimmerman cannot technically see it. But she can feel Rio as he gathers his body and prepares to leave the ground. “He is essentially my eyes,” she says. “Even though I can’t see it, I know it’s there when I can feel Rio getting ready.”
The pair did so well together in their first two weeks of riding that her instructor immediately sent them to a schooling show at the Northwest Classic last year. The pair competed in several classes with 12-inch jumps, after Zimmerman memorized the course on paper, and left the jumping to her wise older horse.
They won the championship of their division! And a few weeks ago, they won the reserve championship in their second show.
Ribbons and championships aside, it is the ability to ride at all that gives Zimmerman her greatest hope in the face of growing darkness.
Zimmerman rides Rio four times a week. Her mother drives her to the barn and watches her daughter feeling strong and powerful as the beautiful Thoroughbred carries her confidently over jumps and obstacles; when for a moment her heart is joyous and her spirit is free. | <urn:uuid:1cf52854-ab43-4201-8772-3a2faec50bff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://offtrackthoroughbreds.com/2014/09/22/blind-rider-and-a-t-bred-26-are-champs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00325-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98472 | 1,018 | 1.789063 | 2 |
|Correction to Incorrect Reports
Many reports inaccurately state the Oregon Air National Guard has helicopters standing by to assist the search and/or rescue of the climbers missing on Mt. Hood. The correct information is that the 1042nd Medical Company (Air Ambulance) of the Oregon Army National Guard is the organization supporting the civil authorities with the UH-60L Blackhawk helicopter. There is a distinction between Army and Air National Guard resources.
Every year the Oregon Army National Guard supports dozens of search and rescue operations led by civilian authorities, performs fire fighting, conducts training with first responders throughout the state, and much more, including supporting combat operations in Afghanistan.
There are three types of helicopter in the Oregon Army National Guard:
- UH-60L Blackhawk: http://www.army.mil/fact_files_site/blackhawk/index.html
- OH-58 Kiowa: http://www.army.mil/fact_files_site/kiowa/index.html
- CH-47 Chinook: http://www.army.mil/fact_files_site/chinook/index.html
Weather has restricted the use of Oregon Army National Guard helicopters; however, these aircraft are fully available to support the search efforts when the weather clears if called for by civil authorities who lead the search.
The Oregon Air National Guard flies F-15s -- a twin-engine air-superiority fighter. This aircraft has a vital role in Homeland Defense, but is not designed to support rescues. Please follow this link to the F-15 fact sheet for further clarification:
Capt Mike Braibish | <urn:uuid:a0d56f26-b925-4358-8ccf-5edd2dae15ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.oregon.gov/OMD/pages/pressrelease/2006/12-14-06press.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00220-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878806 | 341 | 1.875 | 2 |
Implementing quantum gates and channels using linear optics
MetadataShow full item record
This thesis deals with the implementation of quantum channels using linear optics. We begin with overviews of some important concepts in both quantum information and quantum optics. First, we discuss the quantum bit and describe the evolution of the states via quantum channels. We then discuss both quantum state and process tomography, methods for how to determine which states and operations we are experimentally implementing in the lab. Second, we discuss topics in quantum optics such the generation of single photons, polarization entanglement, and the construction of an entangling gate. The first experiment is the implementation of a quantum damping channel, which intentionally can add a specific type and amount of decohering noise to a photonic qubit. Specifically, we realized a class of quantum channels which contains both the amplitude-damping channel and the bit-flip channel, and did so with a single, static, optical setup. Many quantum channels, and some gates, can only be implemented probabilistically when using linear optics and postselection. Our main result is that the optical setup achieves the optimal success probability for each channel. Using a novel ancilla-assisted tomography, we characterize each case of the channel, and find process fideilities of $0.98 \pm 0.01$ for the amplitude-damping channel and $0.976 \pm 0.009$ for the bit-flip. The second experiment is an implementation of a protocol for quantum computing on encrypted data. The protocol provides the means for a client with very limited quantum power to use a server's quantum computer while maintaining privacy over the data. We perform a quantum process tomography for each gate in a universal set, showing that only when the proper decryption key is used on the output states, which is hidden from the server, then the action of the quantum gate is recovered. Otherwise, the gate acts as the completely depolarizing channel.
Cite this work
Kent Fisher (2012). Implementing quantum gates and channels using linear optics. UWSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7067 | <urn:uuid:b4b8b8ec-adc9-4c97-95f9-15544e16eb0b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/7067 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00565-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.850984 | 440 | 2.3125 | 2 |
The tongue drums allow you to harmonize your energy in order to keep away from you the bad waves that will harm your good mood and your productivity. But if you want to use this equipment, you should at least have some basic information about it. Fortunately, this article gives you the necessary information.
What is it really ?
Experts give information on this site, follow their explanation. A steel tongue drum is a musical instrument of the idiophone (or autophone) family. It is a percussion instrument, whose sound comes from the material itself. It is also called a tank drum, hank drum or simply tongue drum.
To play it, one taps on it with the hands and/or with an object, such as mallets or sticks. Even if its ancestors have been around for a long time, the new tongue drum models are bringing it up to date.
Several ranges, for a customized atmosphere
Then, a tongue drum is usually part of a scale, which offers different sound rendering. Here are the scales you can find :
- The minor scale: softer and more calming, it is ideal for creating a relaxing atmosphere, especially conducive to meditation. Moreover, the oriental type tongue drum lends itself perfectly to this use.
- The major scale: producing a deeper and more intense sound, it is perfect for a festive, joyful and warm atmosphere.
- The multi-range tongue drum: as its name indicates, this unique instrument allows you to access both the major and minor scales. Thus, you can vary the pleasures according to your desires.
If you are not yet familiar with the steel tongue drum, it is best to start with a multi-range model, such as the Beat Root. This versatile instrument features magnets that make tuning easy and efficient. In addition, pay special attention to the notes available on the steel tongue drum.
This criterion depends mainly on the model, its slats and its dimensions. Indeed, some are limited to 4-5 notes, while others go up to 9 (even 18 for electronic models). The number of notes will greatly impact the possibilities offered by your instrument. | <urn:uuid:dfb14936-e6d8-4316-8a31-c6aafc8f0ea8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ishhistsoc.com/focus-on-tongue-drums/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.938299 | 431 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Asian Festival and Dragon Boat Festival
The Charlotte Asian Festival is an annual family-oriented event for the Asian and non-Asian community in and around Mecklenburg County and throughout the Carolinas. The festival celebrates Asian cultures, diversity, ethnicity, roots and history.
The Annual Charlotte Dragon Boat Festival Race is an exciting team competition. An important part of the Chinese traditional calendar, dragon boat racing originated over 2,300 years ago on the life-sustaining rivers of southern China. The Charlotte race is an open competition to anyone 15 years of age or older.
The Charlotte Asian Festival and Dragon Boat Festival Race are organized by the Carolinas Asian-American Chamber of Commerce, Mecklenburg County Park and Recreation, and the Charlotte Dragon Boat Association.
Posted May 4, 2009 at 6:49 AM | <urn:uuid:b3fc3ca9-3ded-476c-924d-2c851c0ae6a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.littlelotuscompany.com/apps/links/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.887876 | 183 | 1.765625 | 2 |
| || |
Medical lecture, Abington, Illinois
Courtesy of Larry Gottheim - Be-Hold (49 / 23)
The professor is a small figure behind a table at the bottom of the image, with a pointer, a skeleton, several skulls. Behind him are giant posters, larger than life, of skeletons and anatomical figures, as well as portraits. One has the inscription [reversed] "HANDS OFF."
The image is somewhat dark, so the Professor appears rather flat against the background, giving this a strange moody character that "comes alive" when one becomes able to construe the image correctly.
The ambrotype itself is on an unusually thick plate of early glass. The collodion has been neatly scraped off the bottom of the plate, where a paper label with an early pencil inscription has been placed. This is a very significant documentation of medical education (or pseudo-education) in this period, as well as a macabre graphically fascinating image. In half case. (Larry Gottheim) | <urn:uuid:e45fad22-97a8-4970-80f5-02fd55989ed8> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/image/6235209185204620671817/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719908.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00157-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939981 | 215 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Dear readers, to fully comprehend the masterwork known as LOST, you will truly need to consider investing genuine time reading the background information found on the LOST Prologue page and work methodically through the main links in the navigation. This information will set the tone for the rest of the required reading and allow the reader to get into the correct head-space necessary to look into the hundreds of individual character pages decoded on this site (at present over 700 pages of content are available to digest). As stated each character has a page allocated where decoded mythological information is comprehensively detailed (depending on the sources) and screenshots from each episode are embedded to assist with visually connecting the dots.
The key to cracking LOST’s code is correctly interpreting the symbolism based on the characters, settings and locations both on and off the Island. The best advice to anyone diving into the world of character symbolism for the first time, is to look at where each scene is located, e.g. the ocean featured in the background, standing near a fire, walking in the jungle. Observation skills are an absolute necessity, watch carefully what characters interact with, who they interact with and most importantly where they interact. Each of these aspects have deeper meanings in relationship to symbolism. To assist, 24 pages of character Symbolism groupings have been created which should provide the reader a visual reference of the character groupings to take note of while re-watching the series. For the most part, characters in episodes are specifically grouped together by symbolism (and most characters have multiple different aspects to their symbolism) and this is the means by which to help with decoding the hundreds of characters found on LOST.
LOSTpedia is without a doubt the #1 and best online resource for any readers keen to delve into LOST’s rich and multi-layered mythology. Without the information found there, this site and the deconstruction of the series would not have been made possible. For anyone who has watched LOST, and left the show scratching their head as to what they have watched… LOST is “the masterpiece of modern television”, but only a very small minority truly realize this fact.
The biggest, jaw-dropping revelation made whilst deconstructing the series, is simply, that every single character seen (speaking and non-speaking roles), referenced and associated with the series is a modern reinterpretation of mythological/historical characters found in both Egyptian and Greek Mythology. (Close to 1000 individual characters are to be found populating LOST)
At present it is estimated that well over 50% of the total characters of LOST have been accurately decoded. All remaining characters in need of decoding are primarily supporting and minor characters. It is hoped new readers to this information will learn the techniques as how best to decode the characters and potentially create similar sites of their own to continue the work in an attempt to accurately and definitively decode every single character found in LOST.
[A clue for anyone interested in completing LOST’s decoding, every single character that remains encoded can be found in Greek Mythology/History. All the Egyptian Deities are believed accurately accounted for.]
So prepare to dive into the deep end… you’ve been warned.
[A personal thank you goes out to all the readers who have visited and found this site a useful LOST resource. It has been a challenging and at times frustrating journey, accidentally tripping and falling down LOST’s rabbit hole, but ultimately the occult knowledge revealed in LOST has made the time expended a rewarding and absolutely worthwhile learning experience (crash course into the ancient mystery religion). If you ever do stumble upon and read this Damon Lindelof (or anyone else involved in LOST), thank you… at least one person fully comprehends what you have really achieved.] | <urn:uuid:34a7db88-8e7a-4c32-a939-bccf3e410e8f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://4815162342execute.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00062-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947101 | 782 | 1.992188 | 2 |
12th January, 2016
MEDIA RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
A new report by the environmental group Aviation Environment Federation has identified that the Government’s aircraft noise policies are risking the health of over one million people and an urgent policy rethink is needed ahead of upcoming decisions in 2016. The report is being launched in Parliament today (12th January).
Aircraft Noise and Public Health: the evidence is loud and clear
The report identifies that aircraft noise is associated with increased risk of heart and circulatory problems including increased blood pressure, and higher risk of heart attack, heart disease and stroke. Health is also detrimentally affected through sleep disturbance and annoyance and aircraft noise impedes the memory and learning ability of school children.
Aircraft noise policy has not, however, been updated in line with this mounting evidence base, with some noise policies based on studies dating back to the early 1980s. The Government’s lack of response to emerging evidence is putting the health of over one million people at continued risk estimating to cost £540 million each year.
Around 460 schools are exposed to aircraft noise at levels around Heathrow that can impede memory and learning in children while around 600,000 people in the UK are exposed to average aircraft noise levels that risk regular sleep disturbance.
The health burden is not just experienced close to airports. The current policy on flightpaths, for example, does not consider the evidence that sudden changes to aircraft noise exposure are likely to lead to much greater disruption for communities which has implications for health.
The report calls for the Government to act now to reduce the health burden from aircraft noise, by drawing up long-term noise targets to protect health and reviewing all noise policies in light of these targets. The report also calls for any future flightpath changes, new night noise regulations and a new runway in the South East to be permitted only if the decision helps to reduce the noise burden on communities.
Key aviation policy decisions upcoming in 2016 include, importantly, the decision on a new runway in the South East, which has already been pushed back due to environmental concerns, the principles and process of flightpath change decisions, the new night flights regulation (limiting the numbers of night flights) at Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted, and New WHO guidelines are also likely to be published, which will provide further incentive for Government to update its policy.
James Lees, author of the report, said:
“The lack of response from the Government in face of a growing evidence base of the health effects of aircraft noise is putting the health of over one million people in the UK at risk.
“For too long aircraft noise has been seen as only an inconvenience. In fact, aircraft noise is increasing the risk of high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke among people overflown and preventing children from achieving their potential in schools exposed to high levels of aircraft noise.
“Failure to address this problem could make aircraft noise the next public health crisis waiting to happen. Government should end its inaction and start putting the health of its citizens first.”
James Lees: 079 8177 2962 / email@example.com / 020 3102 1509
Notes to editor
A copy of the report summary can be downloaded at: https://www.aef.org.uk/uploads/AEF_aircraft-noise-and-health_FINAL_Web-1.pdf . The full report is available to download at:https://www.aef.org.uk/uploads/Aircraft-Noise-and-Public-Health-the-evidence-is-loud-and-clear-final-reportONLINE.pdf.
Aviation Environment Federation (AEF) is the only national NGO campaigning exclusively on the environmental impacts of aviation including noise, air pollution and climate change. Supported by individuals and community groups affected by the UK’s airports and airfields or concerned about aviation and climate change, we promote a sustainable future for aviation which fully recognises and takes account of all its environmental and social impacts.
The report is being launched in the House of Commons on Tuesday 12th January 2016 at an event organised by the Heathrow campaign group HACAN and hosted by Twickenham MP, Dr Tania Mathias. Professor Stephen Stansfeld will be speaking about the latest evidence of health effects at the report launch. AEF Director Tim Johnson will be summarising the report’s key findings. Contact James Lees for more details: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:2105a133-8988-4055-9afe-a4477cc5496c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aef.org.uk/2016/01/12/new-report-finds-out-of-date-aircraft-noise-policies-are-putting-the-health-of-over-one-million-people-at-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.94803 | 958 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Main navigation | Main content
This book by Gary W. Oehlert was first published in 2000 by W. H. Freeman. As of summer 2010, it has gone out of print. Curiously, I still like this book and would prefer to continue using it in my teaching; some of my colleagues feel the same way. And since the copyright has (will soon) reverted to me, we can do that.
As of October 2010, you may now download a PDF of the complete text from this page. The book is Copyright © 2010 by Gary W. Oehlert, but I am distributing it under a Creative Commons license. Briefly, you are free to copy, distribute, and transmit this work provided the following conditions are met:
A complete description of the license may be found at the Creative Commons website.
You may download A First Course in Design and Analysis of Experiments by clicking here (1.9 MB PDF).
The data from A First Course in Design and Analysis of Experiments are available in various formats:
Individual data sets can be accessed over the web as
plain text files with labelled columns using a URL like
The xxx takes the form of exmpl3.2 for example 2 from chapter 3, ex2.5 for exercise 5 from chapter 2, and pr13.14 for problem 14 from chapter 13. You can access these directly from R via, for example,
All of the individual text data sets accessible via the web as above are also available in a single zip archive
Russ Lenth at the University of Iowa has also provided an R package that
include the data sets from the book.
Download the package and save the file into a place where R can find it (e.g., your home directory or the desktop). Start R, set the working directory to that location (e.g., use setwd(), and then use
(The repos=NULL says not to find it online but to look for the package in the local files; the type="source" tells R the file format.) Once the package is installed, you can do
from within R to load all of the data. At that point, the command
should give you problem 4 from chapter 17.
Note that the data set names, variable names, and variable codings in oehlert.Rdata and the direct-web-accessible data may not be the same.
Single text fileThis is in the MacAnova matread format.
Both the SAS data format and the MacAnova matread format are plain text files. You can download either and then cut/paste if you need to put the data into another format. | <urn:uuid:407aa89a-bd7d-41ae-8389-4fbc6c12ca34> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://users.stat.umn.edu/~gary/Book.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00238-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866784 | 551 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Posted on 28 October 2013 - 06:46pm
Last updated on 28 October 2013 - 11:09pm
KUALA LUMPUR (Oct 28, 2013): The government should liberalise the sugar industry and remove the monopoly to allow the free market mechanism to operate, Opposition leader Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim said.
He said the government's move to cut sugar subsidy will only benefit two main companies and that the revenue in the sugar industry had increased due to the monopoly.
"What becomes the question here is why must corporations get so much profit due to the removal of sugar subsidy while the people are burdened with the increased sugar price," questioned Anwar in his speech on the 2014 Budget tabled by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Abdul Razak last Friday.
Najib had announced the abolishment of the RM551.25 million sugar subsidy in the Budget.
He had reasoned that many Malaysians under the age of 30 were diabetics and thus such a move would encourage more people to practice a healthier lifestyle.
Anwar also chided Najib's statement by saying such statements were not factual.
"If that's the case, then the subsidy for rice should be reduced as well because carbohydrates also contributes to diabetes."
Anwar said the government's move to implement the Goods and Services Tax (GST) will also further contribute to income inequality and will widen the gap between the rich and the poor.
"GST is regressive. It can be the main cause of inflation," he said.
Citing a study by CIMB Research, Anwar argued that the implementation of GST will contribute to a 5% increase in inflation due to lack of enforcement laws.
Najib, in his budget speech, had also announced the introduction of GST at a 6% rate beginning April 1, 2015.
Meanwhile, Kinabatangan MP Datuk Bung Mokhtar Radin, during the debate on the Budget, suggested that the government introduce GST at a lower rate.
"I propose the government introduce GST at a rate of 5% because this is something new and you don't want to shock the people with the high rate," he said. | <urn:uuid:3c888271-8e6d-47df-9bf2-d6a09a84ad1f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://gst-m.blogspot.com/2013/11/anwar-remove-monopoly-of-sugar-industry.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00284-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974584 | 449 | 1.5 | 2 |
Hopes are high that Ukraine finally has a government that can learn from the past to foster needed reforms. But some of Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk’s comments last week during a visit to Berlin raise questions about whether the government is willing to admit its own errors.
The topic was Human Rights Watch’s finding that Ukrainian government troops fighting Russia-backed rebels in eastern Ukraine had indiscriminately fired Grad rockets and cluster munitions into populated areas. “There is no evidence! No evidence,” Yatsenyuk said in an interview with FAZ.
He explained Ukraine had investigated the allegations but couldn’t gain access to the relevant sites because rebels controlled them. And he urged us to focus on Crimea instead. Ukrainian President Petro Poroschenko offered a similar rejection of our findings in November.
In fact, Human Rights Watch has produced considerable evidence of Ukraine’s failure to always distinguish between military targets and civilians, as the laws of war require.
Our researchers determined the party responsible for the attacks by establishing their incoming direction and examining which forces were located in that direction within the range of the weapon. In meetings with Ukrainian officials in November and December, we provided details including dates, times, and locations. Germany, among others, has called on Ukraine – as well as Russia – to investigate the evidence of this misconduct.
Typically what happened is that Russia-backed forces, would fire at Ukrainian forces from populated areas. That often unnecessarily endangered the civilian population—itself a violation of the laws of war. But Ukrainian forces also violated those laws when they fired back using weapons that could not be directed at particular military targets, but rained indiscriminately over a populated area.
The Ukrainian military prosecutor made some effort to investigate this, but incompletely. As became clear during my meeting with him in Kiev in decemeber, his team seemed only to consult with government commanders and examine government records without conducting on-site investigations, even though, in at least the case of a July 12 attack that killed six civilians in a Donetsk suburb, government forces control both the impact and launch sites.
Moreover, apparently misunderstanding our evidence, the prosecutor told us government records showed that landmines had not been used—an allegation that we never made—without checking records on the cluster munition that we found had been used.
Defense officials told us of new instructions sent to Ukrainian troops to refrain from indiscriminate attacks—a positive step. However, it remains unclear whether troops were told to refrain from directing indiscriminate weapons toward populated areas even if Russia-backed forces have fired from there first. That is needed because violation of the laws of war by one side never justifies violation by the other.
Yatsenyuk’s suggestion that we instead focus on Crimea reflects a disturbing assumption I found in both Kiev and Moscow—that all reporting on the conflict is partisan. He and many others seemingly dismiss the possibility that anyone would objectively apply the laws of war to both sides.
In fact, we have reported regularly on both sidesincluding a major report on Russian abuse in Crimea and 23 publications on abuses by Russia-backed rebels in eastern Ukraine.
Rather than reflexively denying reports of abuse by their forces, Kiev should confront the evidence and move to end the indiscriminate warfare. As it courts international support as a reformist alternative to the corrupt and abusive past, the new government should remember that while anyone can make a mistake, the first test of a genuine commitment to reform is acknowledging error.
Kenneth Roth is executive director of Human Rights Watch. | <urn:uuid:f73c692d-dbe1-449f-bb6e-9942f7de0d59> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/01/15/test-new-ukraines-commitment-reform | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00138-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973729 | 723 | 1.757813 | 2 |
By 2001, as the demand for safe assets began to rise above what the U.S. corporate world and safe mortgage‐ borrowers naturally could provide, financial institutions began to search for mechanisms to generate triple‐A assets from previously untapped and riskier sources. Subprime borrowers were next in line, but in order to produce safe assets from their loans, “banks” had to create complex instruments and conduits that relied on the law of large numbers and tranching of their liabilities. Similar instruments were created from securitization of all sorts of payment streams, ranging from auto to student loans... Along the way, and reflecting the value associated with creating financial instruments from them, the price of real estate and other assets in short supply rose sharply. A positive feedback loop was created, as the rapid appreciation of the underlying assets seemed to justify a large triple‐A tranche for derivative CDOs and related products.What is interesting about Cabellero's story is that there is not one mention of how incentives created by the low interest rates may have contributed to this process. Barry Ritholtz, on the other hand, sees a big role for the low interest rates in creating demand for riskier assets:
What Bernanake seems to be overlooking in his exoneration of ultra-low rates was the impact they had on the world’s Bond managers — especially pension funds, large trusts and foundations. Subsequently, there was an enormous cascading effect of 1% Fed Funds rate on the demand for higher yielding instruments, like securitized mortgages...
An honest assessment of the crisis’ causation (and timeline) would look something like the following:
1. Ultra low interest rates led to a scramble for yield by fund managers;
2. Not coincidentally, there was a massive push into subprime lending by unregulated NONBANKS who existed solely to sell these mortgages to securitizers;
3. Since they were writing mortgages for resale (and held them only briefly) these non-bank lenders collapsed their lending standards; this allowed them to write many more mortgages;
4. These poorly underwritten loans — essentially junk paper — was sold to Wall Street for securitization in huge numbers.
5. Massive ratings fraud of these securities by Fitch, Moody’s and S&P led to a rating of this junk as TripleAAA.
6. That investment grade rating of junk paper allowed those scrambling bond managers (see #1) to purchase higher yield paper that they would not otherwise have been able to.
7. Increased leverage of investment houses allowed a huge securitization manufacturing process; Some iBanks also purchased this paper in enormous numbers;
8. More leverage took place in the shadow derivatives market. That allowed firms like AIG to write $3 trillion in derivative exposure, much of it in mortgage and credit related areas.
9. Compensation packages in the financial sector were asymmetrical, where employees had huge upside but shareholders (and eventually taxpayers) had huge downside. This (logically) led to increasingly aggressive and risky activity.
10. Once home prices began to fall, all of the above fell apart.
Now Ritzholtz acknowledges regulatory failures were important as well, but the fact that he sees a role for distorted incentives created by the low federal funds rate in creating demand for riskier assets while Cabellero does not may speak to the fact that Ritzholtz is on the ground at Wall Street. Now their two views may actually complement each other. However, one is left wondering whether their differences and that between academic and Wall Street economists more generally on the importance of the Fed's low interest rates can arise based on proximity to the action in financial markets. | <urn:uuid:bfd5b2db-02b2-4894-a30d-256855c0114f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://macromarketmusings.blogspot.com/2010/01/academic-vs-wall-street-economists.html?m=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.972343 | 762 | 2.21875 | 2 |
armed home invasions, Asian Americans, Asian Indians, Asians, Caribbean, caste, Castro, Castro brothers, crime, Hate crime, Hindu, Hispanic, ideology, immigration, income, India, Indo-Americans, Latin America, Latino, Persons of color, poor, poverty, propaganda, Texas, wealth
The reason that they were targeted is clear: Asian-Indian households have the highest median income of all ethnic groups in the United States at $114,261; Median earnings of $148,019. Median household income was $87,243 for Asian [overall] households compared to $41,511 for black households; $67,937 for non-“hispanic” white households and $51,404 for “hispanic” households.
Asian-Indian propagandists, along with Latino propagandists, such as the Castro bro politicians, can talk about all they want about their invented fake category of “persons of color“, but it doesn’t stand up in the face of reality.
Poor Latin American and Caribbean “persons of color” apparently know that, as a group, Asian “persons of color” are making a lot more money than everyone else. In particular, Asian-Indians are making around twice as much, as all other ethnic groups in the United States. They may soon realize that it’s better to return to their ethnic homeland. In India, caste respect and Hindu ideology presumably makes it easier to keep the poor in line, and it is surely easier to lord over the poor, than in the United States.
While “Hispanic” (Spanish speaking) is a fake ethnic category covering the sort of ethnic diversity that exists within the (English speaking) United States, many Latin American migrants are indeed poor. On the other hand, apart from refugees from Southeast Asia, many Asian migrants tend to be the upper castes-upper classes who are bailing out of their own overpopulated countries, rather than trying to improve them.
Asian-Indian households have the highest median income of all ethnic groups at $114,261; Median earnings of $148,019. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk
“Median household income between 2017 and 2018 increased for all households across all major race and Hispanic origin groups.
Median household income ranged from $87,243 for Asian households (up 2.1%) to $41,511 for black households (up 1.5%).
Median household income for households with non-Hispanic white householders increased by 1.0% to $67,937 in 2018. Households with Hispanic householders increased by 1.5% to $51,404 in 2018. ” https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/09/us-median-household-income-up-in-2018-from-2017.html
It is surprising that this wasn’t categorized as a “hate crime”. Why wasn’t it? It is targeting people for attack due to their ethnicity with the assumption that they will have more money, which isn’t necessarily the case on an individual basis.
The text has been corrected to say “Asian-Indian” as per the US Census. Indian should NEVER be used for those with roots in India because many official US documents use Indian to describe American Indians.
“Department of Justice
Office of Public Affairs
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Monday, October 28, 2019
Leader of the Castro Enterprise Involved in Armed Home Invasions that Targeted Victims of Indian and Asian Ancestry Sentenced to Prison
A Texas woman was sentenced to 37 years in prison for her role as the leader of several robbery crews that traveled across the United States in order to conduct armed home invasions of families of Asian-Indian and Asian descent. Assistant Attorney General Brian A. Benczkowski of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division and Special Agent in Charge Steven M. D’Antuono of the FBI’s Detroit Field office made the announcement.
Chaka Castro, 44, of Houston, Texas, was sentenced by U.S. District Court Judge Laurie J. Michelson of the Eastern District of Michigan, who presided over the trial.
After a five-week trial, Castro was convicted of one count of Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) conspiracy, four counts of assault with a dangerous weapon in aid of racketeering and four counts of use of a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence.
According to evidence presented at trial, from 2011 to 2014, Castro and her robbery crews committed a string of home invasions in Georgia, New York, Ohio, Michigan and Texas. The leader of the robbery crews was Castro, who would generate lists of robbery targets in various states around the county, specifically families of Asian and Asian-Indian ancestry, and then assign crews to carry out the armed robberies of these families within their homes. Once Castro assigned a crew to a particular area, members of the group would travel to that location, conduct surveillance and execute the robberies. The crews utilized a particular modus operandi in each of the robberies. They disguised their appearance with clothing and bandanas so that victims of their robberies would have difficulty identifying them. They would openly carry and brandish firearms to gain control of the victims and then immediately corral the victims, including children, into one location in the home. At least one robber would then restrain the victims with duct tape and threats of violence, as another partner would ransack the home in search of cash, jewelry and electronics to steal. The group organized their trips to involve multiple home invasion robberies over a series of days.
The FBI’s Ann Arbor Office investigated the case with the assistance of federal agencies including U.S. Immigrations and Customs Enforcement’s Homeland Security Investigations, U.S. Secret Service and local law enforcement agencies in Michigan, including Washtenaw County Sherriff’s Office, Ann Arbor Police Department and Canton Police Department; local law enforcement agencies in Ohio, including Beachwood Police Department; local law enforcement agencies in Georgia, including the Cobb County District Attorney’s Office, Cobb County Police Department, Gwinnett County Police Department, Duluth Police Department and Milton Police Department; local law enforcement agencies in New York, including Nassau County Police Department; the Tennessee Highway Patrol and local law enforcement agencies in Texas including Allen Police Department, Coppell Police Department, Flower Mound Police Department, Carrollton Police Department, Lewisville Police Department and Southlake Police Department.
Trial Attorneys Marianne Shelvey and Beth Lipman of the Criminal Division’s Organized Crime and Gang Section prosecuted the case.
Criminal – Organized Crime and Gang Section
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Press Release Number:
Updated October 28, 2019” | <urn:uuid:f29986e0-689d-4d05-836d-579a3be419f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://miningawareness.wordpress.com/2019/10/30/leader-of-the-castro-enterprise-involved-in-armed-home-invasions-that-targeted-victims-of-asian-indian-other-asian-ancestry-sentenced-to-prison/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.949322 | 1,495 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Activated lymphocytes as a metabolic model for carcinogenesis
© Macintyre and Rathmell; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
Received: 31 July 2012
Accepted: 4 October 2012
Published: 23 January 2013
Metabolic reprogramming is a key event in tumorigenesis to support cell growth, and cancer cells frequently become both highly glycolytic and glutamine dependent. Similarly, T lymphocytes (T cells) modify their metabolism after activation by foreign antigens to shift from an energetically efficient oxidative metabolism to a highly glycolytic and glutamine-dependent metabolic program. This metabolic transition enables T cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. In both activated T cells and cancer cells metabolic reprogramming is achieved by similar mechanisms and offers similar survival and cell growth advantages. Activated T cells thus present a useful model with which to study the development of tumor metabolism. Here, we review the metabolic similarities and distinctions between activated T cells and cancer cells, and discuss both the common signaling pathways and master metabolic regulators that lead to metabolic rewiring. Ultimately, understanding how and why T cells adopt a cancer cell-like metabolic profile may identify new therapeutic strategies to selectively target tumor metabolism or inflammatory immune responses.
KeywordsCancer Lymphocyte Metabolism Aerobic glycolysis
The mid-twentieth century has been described as the ‘golden age of intermediary metabolism’ , with the work of Krebs, Lippman, Crane and others greatly advancing our understanding of cellular metabolic pathways. In the past decade interest in cell metabolism has been rejuvenated in several fields, especially cancer biology and lymphocyte immunology. In cancer biology, this renaissance has been driven by evidence that cancer metabolism presents an underexploited therapeutic target. Immunologists have been drawn to metabolic studies with the realization that the metabolism of T lymphocytes (T cells) is intimately tied to immunity . Functionally, T cells and tumors have little in common; the former protects against invasive pathogens, the latter is a diseased tissue characterized by the accumulation of abnormal cells. However, both T cells and cancer cells have strong proliferative signals and undergo metabolic reprogramming during their respective life cycles, and there exist clear functional and mechanistic similarities between the reprogramming events in each cell type. These similarities make lymphocyte metabolic reprogramming a useful model with which to discover how and why tumors rewire their metabolism. The purpose of this review is to highlight and discuss the similarities and distinctions in how T cells and tumor cells solve similar metabolic problems.
T lymphocyte activation: a key lifestyle switch
Because of its inherently destructive nature, the immune system must be maintained in a quiescent state. To provide protection from pathogens, however, it must remain capable of rapid responses and effector function. This challenge is solved with a diverse pool of naïve lymphocytes that can quickly activate to produce a large, clonal pool of rapidly proliferating effector T cells. Naïve T cells express near-unique T cell antigen receptors (TCR) that are randomly generated through V(D)J recombination and pre-selected to recognize foreign antigens presented on major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). These naïve cells continually circulate the blood and lymphatic system sampling MHC-peptide complexes. Upon encounter with an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and cognate antigen, the T cell ceases to migrate, forming a prolonged contact with the APC. This induces sustained signaling through the TCR and other co-receptors, inducing T cell activation, proliferation and differentiation into effector cells. These effectors rapidly accumulate and migrate to sites of inflammation, ultimately clearing the invader .
Activation therefore simultaneously places T cells under several types of stress: they must proliferate rapidly; they must synthesize large amounts of effector proteins; and they have to prepare to enter a heterogeneous and potentially hypoxic, nutrient poor environment. Each of these stressors has a significant metabolic aspect reminiscent of the classic cancer metabolism paradigm: proliferation and anabolism require energy, biosynthetic building blocks and reducing equivalents, while nutrient stress and hypoxia both potentially limit metabolic flux by restricting metabolite access and oxygen. With similar metabolic demands and stresses, it is not surprising that these diverse cell types respond by adopting a similar metabolic profile.
A common metabolic solution: aerobic glycolysis
For mammalian cells that lack significant intracellular nutrient stores, extracellular glucose uptake represents a major carbon and energy source. Glucose is transported through facilitative glucose transporters and phosphorylated by hexokinases to initiate metabolic pathways and prevent its exit. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is primarily metabolized through glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Glycolysis provides a small net ATP gain per glucose molecule consumed and yields pyruvate which can then either be: i) reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), concomitantly restoring NADH to NAD+, ii) converted to alanine by alanine aminotransferase, simultaneously converting glutamine to α-ketoglutarate, or iii) converted to acetyl-CoenzymeA (acetyl-CoA) in the mitochondria to be oxidized via the TCA cycle, generating large amounts of ATP via OXPHOS (respiration). Most non-proliferating cells utilize this latter pathway when oxygen is available in a process termed the Pasteur effect.
Not all cells, however, exhibit the Pasteur effect and cease lactate production under aerobic conditions. In the early 20th century, Otto Warburg observed that many tumor cells and tumor sections continued lactate secretion in the presence of oxygen . This metabolic program is referred to as aerobic glycolysis, differentiating it from the obligatory fermentation of glucose to lactate that occurs under anaerobic conditions where no oxygen is available to fuel OXPHOS. Warburg postulated that the switch towards aerobic glycolysis arose from faults in respiration and that such defects were the primary cause of cancer [6, 7]. While his observations stand, his proposed mechanism for aerobic glycolysis has now largely been discounted following studies demonstrating that cancer cells often have grossly normal respiratory function [8–10] and, indeed, can exhibit elevated rates of respiration . Nevertheless, mitochondrial mutations are associated with some cancers and the relationships between aerobic glycolysis, mitochondrial function and tumorigenesis remain controversial .
Cancer cells and T cells are not metabolically unique, and the induction of aerobic glycolysis has also been reported during proliferation of other non-transformed cells. For example, a similar phenotype is also observed in both intestinal cells and fibroblasts during logarithmic growth [4, 24]. However, few other cell types have shown such a distinct and acute induction of aerobic glycolysis from a near proliferative and metabolic standstill. T cell activation, therefore, provides a unique model to explore how and why metabolic rewiring occurs in cancer cells.
Aerobic glycolysis supports rapid proliferation
The metabolic needs of T cells change dramatically upon activation. Before encountering pathogens, resting T cells require only sufficient energy to support basal cellular needs and replacement biosynthesis. After activation, T cells undergo a transient period with little cell growth and then begin to rapidly grow and divide. T cells specific for a given MHC-antigen complex are rare [25, 26], so clonal expansion must rapidly expand these small populations of hundreds of cells to the tens or hundreds of millions of cells necessary for protection. Remarkably, activated T cell doubling times of 4 to 6h have been observed in vitro, with even faster doubling rates reported in vivo[28, 29]. Activated T cells, therefore, have a tremendous need for both ATP and biosynthetic capacity to synthesize new proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
While a hallmark of cancer is cell cycle deregulation, there is little propensity for tumor cells to adopt increasingly rapid rates of cell division like activated T cells. Indeed, the majority of cells within a solid tumor may be in a state of G1 cell cycle arrest . Extensive clinical studies have shown that although cell cycle length in tumors is more diverse than non-cancerous tissue, the median S-phase length across all tumor types is around 10 h and, counter-intuitively, there is no clear relationship between proliferative ability and tumor aggressiveness . Still, proliferation of cancer cells must exceed cell death to allow tumor growth. Thus, with the exception of an alternate glycolytic pathway in which tumor cells may bypass pyruvate kinase to convert phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate, and yield no net gain of ATP , activated T cells and tumor cells harness aerobic glycolysis to provide ATP and biosynthesis for proliferation.
Advantages of aerobic glycolysis: rapid ATP production
In contrast to OXPHOS, glycolysis is energetically inefficient, theoretically yielding only two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule consumed compared to up to thirty-six if fully oxidized. This is not a trivial issue as cancer cells have been shown to possess additional, unused respiratory capacity [8, 35, 36]. Thus, cancer cells do not increase glycolysis solely because their capacity for OXPHOS is saturated. Rather, aerobic glycolysis and basal OXPHOS provide sufficient energy to support the cell survival and growth demands of cancer cells and activated T cells.
One energetic advantage of adopting aerobic glycolysis as a primary metabolic program is the speed at which ATP can be regenerated. While OXPHOS yields more ATP than glycolysis, there is a trade-off between yield and speed [37, 38]. Indeed, as described by Koppenol and Bounds , Warburg and colleagues observed this phenomena as early as 1923, reporting that for every one molecule of glucose oxidized by respiration, twelve are metabolized by glycolysis. Increased glycolysis can boost ATP production rate by two-thirds, provided cells are not concerned with efficiency. While wasteful, therefore, the speed of aerobic glycolysis offers a selective advantage both to tumor cells competing against other cells within the same environment [37, 40], and to T cells racing to suppress invading pathogens.
Advantages of aerobic glycolysis: biosynthesis
Beyond ATP production, glycolysis and the TCA cycle form the nexus for many biosynthetic processes. Carbon intermediates derived from glycolysis and the TCA cycle are used for the generation of amino acids, lipids, cholesterol and nucleotides. A major function of aerobic glycolysis, therefore, is to provide sufficient intermediates to fuel biosynthesis for proliferation and growth. Indeed, increased glucose uptake can enhance T cell responses and growth in vivo as mice transgenically overexpressing the glucose transporter GLUT1 in T cells accumulate effector T cells with age [22, 41] and GLUT1 overexpression is correlated with poor prognosis in a variety of cancers .
Rapid glucose uptake fuels both glycolysis and the PPP, each of which provides numerous metabolites to support cell growth. Glycolysis is a major source of serine synthesis as well as pyruvate that can either be converted to lactate to replenish NAD+ or can be transported into the mitochondria to enter the TCA cycle as acetyl-CoA. From the TCA cycle, citrate can exit to the cytosol to provide a basis for lipid synthesis [21, 43]. Under hypoxic conditions, glutamine can undergo reductive carboxylation to provide a reverse flow through the TCA cycle as a source of lipogenesis in both cancer cells and in CD8+ T cells . Notably, both tumor cells and lectin-stimulated lymphocytes [46, 47] perform extensive de novo synthesis of lipids, and only limited lipid β-oxidation. In addition to de novo lipogenesis, aggressive cancer cell lines and primary tumors also perform extensive lipid remodeling, in part due to elevated monoacylglycerol lipase activity . Tumor lipid metabolism can be further enhanced by Akt-driven expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which increases cholesterol intake and promotes cell growth . The relative importance of each of these pathways to lymphocyte lipid metabolism has yet to be determined.
The PPP provides nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) reducing potential and generates ribose sugars that can be directed into TCA cycle intermediates and into purine, pyrimidine and aromatic amino acid synthesis pathways. The PPP are strongly induced in T cell activation and can be important in cancer; indeed U-C14 glucose tracer experiments have suggested that in some tumor types over 80% of the nucleotides in DNA and RNA are synthesized from glucose-derived carbon [50, 51]. Upregulation of the PPP is facilitated, in part, by increased enzyme expression. Activated T cells increase expression of PPP enzymes and high levels of PPP enzyme activity have been reported in metastatic tumor cells . For example, glioblastoma expression of the transketolase TKTL1, the key enzyme linking the PPP to glycolysis, directly correlates with tumor severity in the clinic .
NADPH is a critical reducing agent in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol as well as maintaining cellular redox status and control reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by OXPHOS . While some degree of ROS is beneficial for both T cell activation and tumor development , excessive ROS leads to oxidative organelle damage and the induction of apoptosis. Strategies that drive cancer cells to increase the OXPHOS-glycolysis ratio, for example by increasing pyruvate dehydrogenase activity to drive mitochondrial conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, decrease both proliferation and growth . Similarly, glucose restriction of activated lymphocytes induces an increase in OXPHOS, a drop in glycolysis, and an inhibition of proliferation [20, 58]. In proliferating cells efficient OXPHOS should, therefore, be balanced by high PPP flux to prevent overloading the demand for NADPH.
Advantages of aerobic glycolysis: adaptation to the environment
Glycolysis and the TCA cycle are amphibolic and supply both ATP and intermediates to multiple pathways to potentially support cells under stress conditions. Indeed, we have shown that high rates of glycolysis can be protective against apoptosis [59, 60]. A high rate of metabolic flux makes it thermodynamically less costly to redirect intermediates down different pathways, that is, high metabolic flux permits rapid rerouting of metabolites [61–63]. This control sensitivity may permit a faster response to specific nutrient deprivation as cells enter potentially nutrient-poor environments. This may explain why the rate of glucose consumption in both activated T cells and many tumor types appears in excess of that required to meet either the biosynthetic or energetic demands of the cell .
Further, glycolysis is not oxygen dependent, and so adopting a glycolytic metabolism can prepare cells for entry or survival in a hypoxic environment. Even after vascularization, solid tumors feature extensive hypoxic domains . Similarly, lymph nodes , spleen , tumors, dermal/surgical wounds and other regions frequented by activated lymphocytes contain extensive areas of low oxygen tension. Adaption of a highly glycolytic metabolism with low oxygen dependency may help both tumors and lymphocytes survive and proliferate during low oxygen availability.
Common mechanisms drive glycolytic reprogramming in T cells and tumors
Transporter expression and izozyme switching
A limiting step in glucose metabolism is the rate at which glucose can be captured and trapped within the cell. There are two major glucose transporter families, the Na+/glucose linked transporter (SGLT) symporters, and the GLUT family of passive transporters. Fourteen mammalian GLUT family transporters have been identified and the major glucose transporters in lymphocytes appear to be GLUT1 and GLUT3, the expression levels of which increase significantly following activation . Facilitated diffusion of glucose by the GLUTs requires a glucose gradient across the extracellular membrane. This so-called glucose sink is maintained by hexokinase phosphorylation of intracellular glucose. Following T cell activation, hexokinase activity increases significantly and T cells undergo a switch in HK isozyme expression from HKI to HKII [72, 73]. While both HKI and HKII both feature two potential catalytic domains, in HKI one of these is non-functional, thus HKII has a higher Km for both glucose and ATP compared to HKI . Second, signals from the TCR and co-receptors drive HKI and HKII to bind mitochondria at porin (ATP-exporting) complexes . This close coupling of HK and mitochondria provides HKII with access to a large pool of ATP.
Cancer cells also show a general increase in glycolytic enzyme activity and expression of specific isozymes. This includes expression of HKII, LDH-A and PFKFB3 [52, 79, 80]. Tumor cells express PKM2, but there is now strong evidence that this is largely in the metabolically inactive, dimeric form, rather than the active tetramer . In many tumor cells PKM2 activity is further inhibited by direct tyrosine phosphorylation and by the binding of phosphotyrosine containing peptides, both of which restrict cofactor binding. Reduced PKM2 activity enhances aerobic glycolysis and tumor growth [82, 83]. Cascades of tyrosine phosphorylation are central to T cell activation; however, it has yet to be determined if these cascades result in PKM2 inhibition. Recent reports in tumor cells have demonstrated that PKM2 can be selectively degraded in an acetylation-dependent fashion at times of high glucose availability , allowing additional glycolytic intermediates to be used for biosynthesis. Phosphoenol-pyruvate flux through a non-ATP generating pathway may then sustain rapid pyruvate generation while preventing ATP-driven feedback inhibition of glycolysis . This regulatory loop for PKM2 may represent a further mechanism to maintain high rates of glycolytic flux, but this has yet to be examined in activated lymphocytes.
Beyond glucose metabolism: glutamine
Glutamine has multiple metabolic fates, being used for ATP regeneration, anaplerosis of the TCA cycle, and redox regulation. Within the cell glutamine is readily converted to glutamate by glutaminase. Glutamate is used together with cysteine and glycine to generate glutathione, is used for lipid synthesis through reductive carboxylation under hypoxia, and is a major nitrogen donor during purine and pyrimidine synthesis. Naïve lymphocytes utilize glutamine as a primary oxidative fuel for ATP generation. Following T cell activation, cMyc greatly increases the expression of glutaminolysis enzymes and the rate of glutamine uptake [15, 21]. After conversion to glutamate, glutamate dehydrogenase generates α-ketoglutarate to support the TCA cycle. Notably, while the early stages of lymphocyte activation do not require glutamine, subsequent proliferation and the expression of effector cytokines following TCR stimulation correlate directly with glutamine availability [85–87], and there is clinical evidence to suggest that glutamine availability can be a limiting factor in lymphocyte activation during inflammatory responses [88–90].
Many tumor types exhibit high rates of glutamine consumption relative to non-transformed cells [91–93]. Cancers driven by oncogenic cMyc, for example, become highly dependent on glutamine [94, 95] and can be exquisitely sensitive to glutamine deprivation . Other tumors, however, can exhibit little sensitivity to glutamine deprivation [93, 97–99]. This resistance to glutamine deprivation may relate to the induction of glutamine synthase in these cells, and so although less dependent on exogenous glutamine, they still exhibit high rates of glutamate flux. Also, expression of pyruvate carboxylase can allow glucose-derived pyruvate to convert to oxaloacetate to support the TCA cycle and maintain export of citrate for lipid synthesis through anapleurosis . Given these potential differences, activated T cells may represent a better metabolic model for primarily glutamine-dependent tumors.
Common signaling events drive metabolic reprogramming
The cancer metabolism phenotype is ultimately initiated by oncogenic signaling events that induce metabolic gene expression and stimulate aerobic glycolysis. Importantly, T cell receptor and co-receptor engagement are now well understood and activate many of these same signaling pathways (see Smith-Garvin et al., 2009, for a detailed review ). Briefly, the TCR is associated with several CD3 accessory chains and when the TCR is engaged, tyrosine phosphorylation of accessory chains recruits kinases and scaffold proteins. This recruitment, along with co-stimulation, triggers localized stimulation of three signaling pathways: calcium flux, MAPK (ERK/p38) signaling, and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) signaling. Autocrine and paracrine cytokine signaling loops induce further PI(3,4,5)P3 and MAPK activation, along with JAK/STAT signaling. Notably, several of the downstream targets of these pathways regulate key metabolic regulators, with mutations in components downstream of these pathways strongly implicated in oncogenesis. Identifying the specific signaling pathways in activated T cells that induce metabolic reprogramming is therefore informative in identifying the oncogenes involved in driving the same processes in tumors.
PI3K, PTEN, Akt and mTORC1
PI(3,4,5)P3 is generated by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and depleted by phosphatases such as the tumor suppressor, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10). Both sides of this signaling equilibrium can impact cancer, as activating PI3K and disrupting PTEN mutations frequently promote constitutive signaling through PI(3,4,5)P3-dependent pathways . Of the downstream targets for PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling, the best described is Akt, an established metabolic regulator in both tumors and lymphocytes. In hematopoietic cells and naïve T cells, the expression of a constitutively active Akt leads to increased GLUT1 surface localization, improved coupling of HKII to the mitochondria and increased rates of glycolysis [20, 103, 104]. Similarly, in tumor models Akt drives cells towards aerobic glycolysis and makes cells highly dependent on exogenous glucose for survival .
Akt promotes aerobic glycolysis by direct phosphorylation and activation of glycolytic enzymes, such as PFK2 , by phosphorylation of TBC1D1/4 to regulate GLUT1 trafficking, and by regulating several transcription factors (reviewed in detail by Manning and Cantley, 2007) . Further, Akt is able to activate mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) via phosphorylation of upstream regulators PRAS40 and TSC2. mTORC1 is a key driver of anabolic metabolism. Indeed, activating the PI3K/Akt pathway can be considered a key regulator of glucose metabolism in both T cells and cancer . Inhibition of this pathway in T cells is potently immunosuppressive and leads to generation of tolerant or regulatory T cells rather than effectors. Given the frequency of cancer-associated mutations in this pathway, delineating how PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling leads to metabolic reprogramming in lymphocytes may provide a unique opportunity to understand the regulation of cancer metabolism.
MAPK and HIF1α
The multifactorial roles of the mitogenic ras-MAPK signaling pathways in cancer have been extensively reviewed recently [109–111]. MAPK have multiple roles in metabolic regulation in both tumors and during T cell activation [71, 87]. One mechanistic role of recent interest is MAPK regulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). HIF1α is a heterodimeric transcription factor that induces gene expression in response to hypoxia. HIF1α induces the expression of many glycolytic genes, and HIF1α can be a key mediator of the Pasteur effect in normal cells . HIF1α protein levels are elevated without the need for hypoxia by PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling through mTOR and other pathways. Activated T cells and many tumor cells, therefore, can exhibit elevated levels of HIF1α. MAPK, however, also play a key role in enhancing HIF1α transcriptional ability, by enhancing HIF1α interactions with transcriptional co-factors .
HIF1α is not strongly expressed in normal tissues under normoxic conditions and presents a potential therapeutic target to selectively suppress tumor glucose metabolism. In support of this strategy, several studies have reported that HIF1α null tumor xenografts show reduced growth, while overexpression of xenograft HIFα promotes increased growth . Curiously, and in contrast to these data, HIF1α−/− T cells exhibit normal proliferative and initial metabolic responses to TCR and co-receptor stimulation [116, 117]. Instead, the impact of HIF1α loss is only apparent when activated HIF1α−/− T cells are subsequently skewed to different cell fates. HIF1α−/− CD4+ T cells are unable to form interleuken-17 (IL-17) producing T helper cells, which are highly glycolytic. Instead, HIF1α−/− T cells become immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in which lipid metabolism, not glycolysis, is the major metabolic program [41, 117]. The role of HIF1α in metabolic regulation is therefore limited during T cell activation. Determining the signaling context by which T cell skewing directs HIF1α regulation of metabolism may, however, be informative in determining how HIF1α functions in tumors.
JAK/STATs and the PIM kinases
T cell activation induced metabolism is maintained by sustained signaling from IL-2 and other cytokines acting on common gamma chain (γc) cytokine receptor complexes. This effect is in part mediated by direct and STAT5 driven PI(3,4,5)P3/Akt signaling [118, 119]. However, additional STAT driven, Akt-independent, signaling events also play a role. Of note, JAK/STAT3 signaling in lymphocytes induces the expression of the PIM family of kinases, which themselves can promote glycolytic metabolism .
PIM kinases are constitutively active and are potent oncogenes, being induced by, and synergizing with, the transcription factor cMyc in several cancer types . In addition, persistent STAT3 signaling is common in many tumor types. While oncogenic STAT3 mutations have not been reported, aberrant STAT3 signaling can arise from inactivation of the STAT-suppressing suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins or by elevated activation of JAKs . The γc-receptor-directed maintenance of activated T cell metabolism, therefore, potentially presents a useful tool with which to study the role of STAT-driven, PIM-mediated, regulation of metabolism. Unfortunately, the PIMs share substrate specificity with Akt , and are inhibited by the classical PI3K inhibitor LY294002, a compound historically used to study Akt function . The specific role of PIM kinases in metabolic reprogramming is hence unclear. Studies of activated, PIM-null T cells may help resolve this issue.
Calcium signaling and AMPK
Immediately after TCR activation there is a coordinated flux of calcium from intracellular stores and also an increase in mitochondrial calcium uptake . These changes stimulate the calcium-activated mitochondrial dehydrogenases that drive the TCA cycle . In addition, calcium flux downstream of the TCR causes a short term phosphorylation of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) , a master metabolic regulator that promotes catabolic pathways when the ATP-AMP ratio falls. AMPK is activated by binding of AMP and when phosphorylated by CaMKKβ or the tumor suppressor LKB1 . While the metabolic impact of AMPK activation by the TCR has yet to be fully defined, calcium-induced AMPK activity during T cell activation may help to promote an initial phase of oxidative and ATP- generating metabolism. This could prepare T cells to enter a rapid growth phase and to resist the stress of nutrient-deficient conditions. The latter role may be particularly important as AMPK-null T cells show only a limited metabolic phenotype under nutrient-rich conditions, but fail to respond to metabolic stress in vitro. In vivo, nutrients are potentially limiting in lymph nodes or inflamed tissues, and TCR-induced activation of AMPK may be important to maintain ATP levels and maximize survival, so that T cells can proceed to a later phase in which AMPK activity is reduced and rapid cell growth begins.
Although misregulation of calcium signaling can be important in tumorigenesis , direct regulation of tumor metabolism by calcium has not been studied in detail. Indeed, the role of AMPK in cancer metabolism is still controversial. While LKB1 has an established role as a tumor suppressor, LKB1 has a variety of substrates and how LKB1 tumor suppression relates to AMPK activation is unclear. AMPK activation has been proposed as being anti-tumorigenic, as it suppresses cell cycle progression and can oppose Akt activity by suppressing mTORC1 . Recent data, however, indicates that transient AMPK activation in response to energy stress can promote tumor survival by maintaining NADPH homeostasis . Understanding how AMPK activation supports activated T cells in vivo in times of metabolic stress may provide new clues as to the role of AMPK in tumor metabolism.
Limitations of T cells as a model for tumor metabolism
Metabolic reprogramming in activated T cells is a useful model to study the metabolic changes that occur during tumorigenesis. Indeed, many of the pathways are similar and approaches to disrupt cancer metabolism can also be quite immunosuppressive. However, the two systems have some significant differences that may provide useful insight into novel anti-cancer therapies.
T Cell metabolic reprogramming is both transient and reversible
Following activation, T cells can differentiate into effector, regulatory and memory T cells that have differing metabolic profiles [2, 117, 134]. Activated T cells are, therefore, metabolically flexible and not fixed into a specific metabolic program. Unlike cancer cells with specific oncogenic mutations, T cell metabolism is dependent on signaling pathways triggered by the local environment. Indeed, even once T cell functional and metabolic fate has been defined there is a degree of reversibility and plasticity, for example, lipid-dependent regulatory T cells can be redirected to form highly glycolytic, IL-17-producing cells by altering the cytokine environment [41, 135]. In contrast, tumor cells are largely fixed on one metabolic route that is dictated by irreversible mutations in upstream signaling pathways. Thus, cancer cells have less metabolic flexibility than T cells and the response of each cell type to inhibition of specific metabolic pathways may lead to distinctly different outcomes.
Activated T cells are not tumorigenic
Despite the metabolic and other similarities between stimulated T cells and a cancer cell undergoing aerobic glycolysis, activated T cells are not cancerous. Instead, following clearance of an infection the vast majority of activated T cells will die due to activation-induced cell death or from cytokine neglect. Both activated T cells and tumor cells are kept alive by a precarious balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic BH3 domain-containing proteins. In lymphocytes this balance is maintained by cytokine signaling through Akt and other pathways, and, in addition, by glycolytic flux [136–139]. Within tumors this balance is maintained both by glycolytic flux and oncogenic signaling. Understanding how activated T cells die following the loss of glycolytic flux and cytokine signals may provide insight into how anti-metabolites kill, or fail to kill, cancer cells.
Tumor cells are metabolically and genetically diverse
It is becoming evident that while the phenomena of aerobic glycolysis is common to many tumors, different cancer cells, potentially even within the same tumor, are metabolically diverse. Even within cell lines established from the same type of tumor there exists significant metabolic variation [140, 141]. This heterogeneity can be representative of cancer stage or subtype, as in prostate and breast cancer. Given the strong dependence of T cells on glutamine, activated T cells represent a better model for glutamine-addicted tumors, for example those driven by oncogenic Myc [21, 95], than more glucose dependent tumors, for example those driven by Met . More importantly, activated T cells themselves become metabolically diverse as they differentiate into specific effector or regulatory subsets . These T cell differentiation pathways are regulated by specific signaling events and it will be interesting to determine if distinct T cell subtypes may represent specific cancer types or stages. This is an important consideration as the sensitivity of tumor cells to metabolic inhibitors varies depending on the oncogenes involved .
Cancer cells and activated T cells adopt comparable metabolic profiles to cope with similar environmental and proliferative stressors. Given that both T cell activation and tumorigenesis often resort to the same signaling pathways to induce this metabolic rewiring, T cell activation offers a useful model with which to study the mechanics of metabolic reprogramming. While cancer metabolism is inherently more diverse and susceptible to selective pressures, T cells have the significant advantage in a laboratory setting of being quiescent and non-cycling prior to activation, aiding in the delineation of cell signaling and cell cycle effects.
The aerobic glycolysis and glutamine dependency of cancer cells have been identified as potential novel targets for cancer therapy, and so developing an improved understanding of how these metabolic programs arise is of clinical importance. However, given the close similarity between activated T cell and tumor metabolic reprogramming, consideration must be given to the impact drugs targeting these pathways will have on T cells. T cell metabolism and T cell survival are intertwined, and the loss of anti-tumor T cells may negate many of the benefits of drugs targeting tumor metabolism. This is especially significant in the context of recent data indicating that metabolic suppression of activating T cells skews them toward an immunosuppressive phenotype, which may suppress anti-tumor immune responses .
AMP activated protein kinase
hypoxia inducible factor 1α
low-density lipoprotein receptor
mitogen-activated protein kinase
major histocompatibility complexes
mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
pyruvate kinase M2
pentose phosphate pathway
phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10
reactive oxygen species
sodium/glucose linked transporter
suppressor of cytokine signaling
signal transducer and activator of transcription
T cell antigen receptor
common gamma chain.
We thank the members of the Rathmell laboratory for insightful discussions and comments. Funding: National Institutes of Health Grants R01 AI063345 and R01 HL108006 (to JCR); the American Asthma Foundation (JCR is the Bernard Osher Fellow of the American Asthma Foundation); the Lupus Research Institute (JCR); and the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (JCR).
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:da99933f-6b64-48f6-8e4a-eb7d8b0686a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cancerandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2049-3002-1-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00237-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.800367 | 18,005 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Finding a 12-Step Program Near Me
Many addiction treatment programs incorporate 12-Step programs or 12-Step facilitation therapy into their services. While many people are familiar with the 12-Step approach used in groups like Alcoholics Anonymous, they may not know why it can be helpful or what the 12 Steps are.
In this article, you’ll learn about what 12-Step programs and 12-Step facilitation is, what to expect and how they may help a person continue a life of recovery.
What Are 12-Step Programs?
Twelve-Step programs are free, readily available support groups that are open to anyone who has a desire to stop their substance misuse. Some 12-Step groups cater to specific populations like women, men, LGBTQ+ and family members. Each group is specific to the substance or behavior a person wants to change (e.g., alcohol, gambling, overeating).
The 12-Step approach to addiction recovery was first developed as part of Alcoholics Anonymous to help people overcome their compulsive misuse of alcohol. The 12 Steps have since been adopted by numerous mutual support groups as a foundation for helping people recover from various substance addictions and harmful behavior patterns.3
The goal of 12-Step programs is to:3, 4
- Provide a safe, supportive environment for people to share about their struggles with addiction.
- Connect with others who understand their perspective.
- Encourage long-term abstinence from substance misuse.
- Help establish positive behavior changes.
Research on the effectiveness of 12-Step programs isn’t conclusive, but many people claim to have long-term positive outcomes when they are involved in 12-Step programs.4, 5
What are the 12 Steps?
The 12 Steps are a set of guidelines that began with Alcoholics Anonymous. The Steps are considered spiritual principles designed to help a person throughout their recovery journey, and are outlined in the Big Book of AA. Other groups have adapted the 12 Steps with language unique to their substance or behavior pattern. The following are the 12 Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous:6
- We admitted we were powerless over alcohol — that our lives had become unmanageable.
- Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.
- Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of our higher power as we understood that higher power.
- Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves.
- Admitted to our higher power, to ourselves and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs.
- Were entirely ready to have our higher power remove all these defects of character.
- Humbly asked our higher power to remove our shortcomings.
- Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all.
- Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others.
- Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it.
- Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with our higher power as we understood it, praying only for knowledge of its will for us and the power to carry that out.
- Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these Steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs.
What is 12-Step Facilitation Therapy?
Twelve-Step facilitation therapy is a form of therapy to help encourage a person struggling with substance misuse to engage in 12-Step mutual support groups to support their abstinence.2, 5
Instead of a person working on the 12 Steps in a group setting, 12-Step facilitation allows a person to establish a safe environment in which they get familiar with the 12-Step process. The objectives of 12-Step facilitation are:2, 5
- Cognitive: Gain a better understanding of how a person’s thoughts relate to their substance misuse and the consequences of their misuse.
- Emotional: Learn how a person’s emotions relate to their substance misuse and learn how to manage emotions to prevent relapse.
- Behavioral: Gain more understanding about unhealthy behavior patterns and how they may have supported their substance misuse.
- Social: Actively participate in mutual support groups to help when feeling tempted to use substances.
- Spiritual: Develop trust in a higher power to find hope for a life without misusing substances.
American Addiction Centers maintains a strong partnership with a large group of insurance companies at our addiction treatment facilities. Start the journey to recovery and find out instantly if your insurance provider may be able to cover all or part of the cost of rehab and associated therapies.
What Do the 12 Steps Look Like in Treatment Settings?
Twelve-Step programs are often incorporated into rehab treatment settings. In fact, 65% of facilities use 12-Step facilitation as one of their therapy offerings.1 Some facilities may also offer 12-Step mutual support groups.
Facility-organized programs may follow an individual approach, a group-centric approach or a combination of both. Your facility’s therapist will discuss the program with you in-depth before you begin.
How to Choose a 12-Step Program for You
If you are considering a 12-Step approach to your recovery, there are several factors to consider. If you are stepping down from formal treatment, it may be helpful to speak with your treatment team (doctors, therapists, etc.) about what types of mutual support groups may be most useful. The following sections discuss factors to consider when choosing a 12-Step program.
1. Does the Program Specialize in Your Specific Addiction?
There are several types of 12-Step programs to address different types of substance use and behavior patterns. There are also 12-Step groups to help support family and loved ones who are supporting a person struggling with addiction. Some people participate in one group, while others may choose to participate in multiple 12-Step programs to address other addictions or behaviors.
Some of the most common 12-Step programs include:
- Alcoholics Anonymous (AA).
- Narcotics Anonymous (NA).
- Nicotine Anonymous (NiCA).
- Cocaine Anonymous (CA).
- Crystal Meth Anonymous (CMA).
- Marijuana Anonymous (MA).
- Gamblers Anonymous (GA).
- Overeaters Anonymous (OA).
- Sex Addicts Anonymous (SAA).
- Al-Anon (for family and loved ones who misused alcohol).
- Codependents Anonymous (CoDA).
2. Where is the 12-Step Program Located?
If you are looking for local 12-Step programs that aren’t a part of formal treatment, then you can easily search for 12-Step meetings near you. Each program has a website with a search tool to help you find in-person and online meetings, if available. Use the following links to search for common 12-Step meetings:
- Alcoholics Anonymous.
- Narcotics Anonymous.
- Nicotine Anonymous.
- Cocaine Anonymous.
- Crystal Meth Anonymous.
- Marijuana Anonymous.
- Gamblers Anonymous.
- Overeaters Anonymous.
- Sex Addicts Anonymous.
- Codependents Anonymous.
If you are looking for a more comprehensive addiction treatment program that uses a 12-Step approach but also provides more structure and supervision, contact American Addiction Centers’ caring admissions navigators at . They can help you understand treatment options and check if your insurance covers treatment at one of AAC’s facilities. There are also free alcohol abuse and drug addiction hotline numbers you can call.
3. Do You Feel Comfortable Sharing with Others?
Choosing a 12-Step program is a very personal decision. Not everyone is comfortable sharing in group settings so it’s important to discuss with your treatment team or trusted loved ones about options and if 12-Step programs are a good fit for you.
There is no obligation to share or return to a 12-Step meeting. If you are new to the meeting and prefer to just listen, that is okay. If you don’t like the group setting, you may consider 12-Step facilitation therapy to help you feel more comfortable and better understand the 12-Step approach.
4. Do You Have to Be Religious to Join a 12-Step Program or Group?
The original 12 Steps of AA encourage a spiritual path to recovery that is not necessarily affiliated with a particular religion. Terms such as “God” or “Higher Power” may be used in the recovery process, while leaving each individual to define what those terms mean.
Some people don’t identify as being spiritual or believing in a higher power and may find it more comfortable to join a mutual support group that doesn’t have a spiritual foundation like SMART Recovery.
5. Do You Need More Structured Addiction Treatment?
Some people who struggle with addiction also struggle with co-occurring physical or mental health conditions that may require more structured care. This may include detoxification, therapy, medication management or medical supervision at an inpatient or outpatient facility.
If you are unsure what level of care you need, talk with your doctor or mental healthcare practitioner about treatment options and what type of treatment could best support your health and long-term recovery.
6. What is a Sponsor in a 12-Step Program?
Twelve-Step programs like AA and NA include sponsorship to help support members. Sponsorship is the process of one member supporting another by meeting one-on-one outside of a formal 12-Step meeting to share their experiences and hope for recovery.
People who are sponsors have completed all 12 Steps and have significant time in sobriety. Sponsees (those being sponsored) may be newcomers, but many people with long-term sobriety also have sponsors.7
Each sponsor may have their own boundaries around meeting and talking; however, many sponsors make themselves available by phone, text, email or to talk in person outside of meetings.7
Drug Rehab Program Options
Articles Related to 12-Step Drug Treatment Programs
- The AA Promises
- Faith-Based Rehab Centers
- Alternatives to 12-Step Recovery Programs
- Non-12-Step Support Groups
- Holistic Rehab Centers
- Couples’ Rehab Centers
- Seniors’ Rehab Centers
- LGBTQ+ Rehab Centers
- Program Lengths
- Long-Term Treatment Programs
- Sober Living Programs
- Drug and Alcohol Recovery Helpline Numbers | <urn:uuid:dc38a0e9-3c0f-4e46-9018-38a0a2533ef1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://recovery.org/addiction/12-step-programs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.933411 | 2,170 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Jazz Perspectives: Angelique Kidjo
Angelique Kidjo was born in the West African country of Benin. She grew up listening to traditional music but was soon influenced by American rhythm and blues singers and jazz artists. She started composing at age 10, writing about political topics starting at a very early age.
ANGELIQUE KIDJO: When I first heard about slavery, I cried. I was mad like you don't even imagine. My first song that I wrote was a very hateful song. And my dad said to me, "Not in my house. You're going to rewrite this because hate is not the response to this. Whatever you do in your life as a musician, try to reach out to people. Try to build a bridge. Be the person of light, not the person of darkness."
Click the audio player above to listen to the complete story.
Kidjo is performing at U.C. Berkeley’s Zellerbach Hall on November 17th at 8pm.
Reese Erlich’s “Jazz Perspectives” air monthly on Crosscurrents. To discover more jazz artists, visit www.jazzcorner.com/innerviews. | <urn:uuid:66c2dc39-557c-4485-8609-48bfce26d17d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://kalw.org/post/jazz-perspectives-angelique-kidjo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00314-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973509 | 251 | 1.921875 | 2 |
POMEROY — “Building Community, Building Hope” is the theme for 2016 National Child Abuse Prevention Month.
April was first declared Child Abuse Prevention Month by presidential proclamation in 1983 as a time to acknowledge the importance of families and communities working together to prevent child abuse. During the month and throughout the year, communities are encouraged to share strategies and activities to prevent child abuse and neglect.
In statistics published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau, it was reported that in 2014 in the 50 states and including the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, an estimated 646,261 children were victims of child abuse or neglect and 1,580 children died as a result.
When community programs and systems are engaged and supportive, the report stated the majority of child abuse cases can be prevented and that strong, nurturing communities that are supportive of families can keep harmful situations and conditions to children from occurring.
The finding that, “A community that cares about early childhood development, parental support and maternal mental health, for instance, is more likely to foster nurturing families and healthy children, and are encouraged to get involved and play a role in preventing child abuse and neglect and promoting child and family well-being.”
As a community, Meigs County has many resources available to educate and assist residents. The Meigs Health Department has programs to encourage breastfeeding, to provide safe sleep for infants and VegieU, which encourages healthy eating. Meigs County Jobs and Family Services provides lists of approved child care as well as training for child care providers. They also offer activities and financial assistance, along with many other resources for families in need of their services.
For more information on resources provided by the MCHD, visit www.meigs-health.com or call 740-992-6626; or by MCJFS Children’s Services by visiting www.meigsdjfs.net/Meigscs.htm or calling 740-992-2117 or 1-800-992-2608.
Contact Lorna Hart at 740-992-2155 Ext.2551. | <urn:uuid:b22be593-a3d6-4a0c-8321-030340f0f1ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mydailysentinel.com/top-stories/5391/pinwheels-for-prevention | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00151-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957971 | 450 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Modern Old Testament interpretation arose in an intellectual environment marked by interest in specific historical contexts of the Bible, attention to its literary matters, and, most significantly, the suspension of belief. A vast array of scholars contributed to the large, developing complex of ideas and trends that now serves as the foundation of contemporary discussions on interpretation. In A Brief History of Old Testament Criticism, Mark Gignilliat brings representative figures—such as Baruch Spinoza, W.M.L. de Wette, Julius Wellhausen, Hermann Gunkel, and others—and their theories together to serve as windows into the critical trends of Old Testament interpretation in the modern period. This concise overview is ideal for classroom use. It lays a foundation and provides a working knowledge of the major critical interpreters of the Old Testament, their approaches to the Bible, and the philosophical background of their positions. Each chapter concludes with a section For Further Reading, directing students to additional resources on specific theologians and theories.
|Contributor(s)||Mark S. Gignilliat|
|About the Contributor(s)||Mark S. Gignilliat
Mark Gignilliat (PhD, University of St. Andrews) is assistant professor of divinity at Beeson Divinity School in Alabama, where he has taught Hebrew, Old Testament Exegesis, and Biblical Theology since 2005. Before coming to Beeson Divinity School, he taught at Wycliffe Hall, University of Oxford. Gignilliat is the author of Paul and Isaiah’s Servants and Karl Barth and the Fifth Gospel: Barth’s Theological Exegesis of Isaiah. He has articles published in Scottish Journal of Theology, Horizons in Biblical Theology, Westminster Theological Journal, Biblica, and The Journal for Theological Interpretation. In his pre-doctoral days, he served as youth director at North Hills Community Church in Greenville, South Carolina. Gignilliat and his wife, Naomi, have two sons.
|Publish Date||Jun 5, 2012| | <urn:uuid:20c683d2-ace6-468d-a409-9bbdf773ec61> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.zondervan.com/study/bible-book-studies/a-brief-history-of-old-testament-criticism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00107-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.863431 | 421 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Despite the fact that Croatia is not a big country, there are 7 international airports here, offering all sorts of connections to other countries and continents, either seasonal or year-round.
If you’re planning to visit Croatia, knowing which airport is closest to your final destination can often save you both time and money, especially during the busy summer months when the traffic on Croatia’s roads can be a bit crowded.
Getting here by plane is still the most convenient way for most people, so today’s article about all the international airports in Croatia will hopefully prove very useful.
A Map of Airports in Croatia
Examining the map below, the first thing you notice is that only two airports are located in Croatian inland (Zagreb and Osijek airports), while all others are scattered along the coast.
Along the Croatia Adriatic coast there are 5 airports located in four different coastal regions starting from Dubrovnik airport (Southern Dalmatia ), Split Airport (Central Dalmatia ), Zadar airport (Northern Dalmatia ), Rijeka airport (Kvarner region ) and Pula airport (Istria peninsula region ).
Besides these larger airports, there are 2 airports on the Croatian islands. The first one is on Brac island (in Bol town) which is mainly for charters and the second one is Losinj island airport. Many consider the Rijeka airport as an island airport as it’s located on Krk island.
I am having trouble embedding the map above, unfortunately, but you can click here to see all the international airports on the amp and browse (or just consider the image above enough)
International Airport Codes
If you are planning a visit to Croatia or travel to any city in this country, knowledge about the airport names and international codes will be of great help.
Below is the list of international and domestic airports here and their codes but if you are interested in all airports like military, private or sports airports, check here the full list of Croatia airports.
Airport – IATA CODE
Zagreb Airport – ZAG
Split Airport – SPU
Dubrovnik Airport – DBV
Zadar Airport – ZAD
Pula Airport – PUY
Rijeka Airport – RJK
Osijek Airport – OSI
Brac Airport – BWK
More details about the international airports in Croatia
This airport, better known as Pleso airport is the largest in the country, and the main hub for international flights to and from Croatia.
The Pleso airport is only 17 km away from Zagreb, south of the Velika Gorica settlement.
In early 2017, it was renovated and upgraded, offering improved connections to multiple cities around the globe.
It remains one of the busiest airports in the country, even though it’s located inland and away from the touristic attractions by the sea.
It is the main hub for the Croatian flag carrier Croatia Airlines, the national company that connects Zagreb with domestic destinations along the Adriatic coast, Dubrovnik, Split, Zadar and Pula – and much more.
This airport is the optimal solution for travelers visiting Varazdin in Zagorje region, Plitvice lakes National park and towns in the north eastern part of Croatia like Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci and Vukovar or those who want to start exploring the country from the capital.
If you decide to fly to Split, the Split airport will be your entrance gate to Croatia and the Dalmatian islands.
Since Split is the champion of tourism in Croatia, this airport has become the most important along the Croatian coast and it keeps growing each year.
The airport itself is close to the Kastela riviera (just 2 kilometers away), 5 km away from Trogir and 24 kilometers away from Split’s center. So you can actually land on the “Split” airport and start your vacation without even visiting the city!
The airport is is particularly busy during the summer months when in peak season reaches over 120 daily landings from all over the world.
Probably the best known city in Croatia, Dubrovik is surprisingly away from the other city and the rest of the country. Therefore, getting to Dubrovnik by plane is the fastest and most convenient way from most places in the world.
Dubrovnik airport (DBV) has excellent flights connections with almost all European countries. Most of these flights are direct flights or charter flights from the various companies out there.
The Dubrovnik Airport is located about 22 km south-east away from the city, in a village called Čilipi, which is also the unofficial name of the Dubrovnik Airport.
This airport has the longest runway and is considered the third busiest airport in Croatia, after the one in Zagreb and the one in Split.
This is a small but modern airport in the Zemunik Donji village, 8 km away from the city center, connecting Zadar with two domestic flights, one from Zagreb and the second one from Pula. Both flights are handled by Croatia Airlines.
This airport, as the most airports in Croatia along the coast, is connected by a number of European destinations, particularly during the tourist season from April to October.
The most popular European capitals that are connected with the Zadar airport are London, Paris (Beauvais), Berlin, Stockholm, Brussels (Charleroi), Zurich or Warsaw. Here is the list of all flights to/from Zadar airport.
Zadar has become a popular destination for travelers looking for affordable and cheap flights, mostly thanks to Ryan air, Europe’s largest low cost airline, that has selected Zadar airport as a new base.
Among airports in Croatia, the Pula airport is the only one on the Istria peninsula. Pula has a small airport for domestic and international flights, located in Liznjan about 8 km northeast of the town.
The airport is very popular and frequently used by travelers flying from the UK with direct flights from May to October. Each year Jet2 will have flights from/to Pula from Manchester, Leeds, London Stansted and Edinburgh while other companies have started to fly here as well.
Due to its unique location – and the fact that it’s the only international airport in the area, it has grown tremendously over the years.
Rijeka (Krk Island) Airport
Among the airports in Croatia, this one is the biggest located on an island. While it is officially called Rijeka airport, it is actually located near the Omisalj village, only 17 km from Rijeka itself.
Most of the traffic to and from the airport takes place during the summer months, when it is used by several European low-cost airlines taking tourists to the northern parts of the Croatian coast.
In the past, Rijeka city had its own airport called Grobnik but it had difficulty with larger planes, as its runways were close to the hills to the east of the city. This was the reason why they moved the airport to the Krk island instead.
These would be the international airports in Croatia right now. It is unlikely that things will change too much in the future as there are no plans to build new airports, but living in the strange times we’re living, it’s best to double check your flights and for any potential specific rules in each airport. | <urn:uuid:26504a2b-eca9-4d5a-b731-a2ca61bdd52a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.croatiawise.com/airports-in-croatia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.961636 | 1,577 | 2 | 2 |
3 1/4"x3/4"x3/8" wood for the base
2 1/4" Popsicle stick (half)
1/8" dowel rod 1" long
1 1/2" nail with head
8" string or waxed thread
3" narrow rubber band
Water bottle cap
PVC "D" ring
Screw Driver or needle nose pliers
See the Moving Chapter for more instructions, hints, tips, and ideas.
This is a great project for teaching children about engineering and teamwork. Bring a box of materials (pieces of wood, string, rubber bands, nails, screws, bottle caps) and tools. Let them design and build a catapult as much by themselves as possible. You may have to give them a little advice, but try to let them do as much of the work as possible. Do not show them a catapult prior to this activity. They have to use teamwork to design the catapult. Then they have to overcome design problems.
For the cap, I have found that the lids for bottled water are just the right size.
Anything can be used for ammunition. Dried beans, seeds, pebbles, pony beads, aluminum foil balls, or paper wads are good choices.
To make this project go faster in a meeting, cut the wood to the correct size, assemble the arm, and drill all of the holes in the base.
- Cut the base, Popsicle stick and dowel rod to size.
- Roughen up the top of the cap and glue it to the rounded end of the Popsicle stick using E-6000.
- Glue the dowel rod just below the cap (and on the opposite side of the Popsicle stick) using white glue.
- Set the arm aside to dry.
- Drill a 1/16" hole in one end of the base for the nail.
- Drill a 3/16" hole in the other end of the base for the string.
- Drill a hole in the middle of the back of the base for the screw. The diameter of the hole depends on the size of screw you are using. You want the hole smaller than the screw that will be used to attach the PVC ring.
- Drill a hole in the middle of the "D" PVC ring. The diameter of the hole should be about the size of the screw. A little smaller or larger is fine.
- After the arm is dry, drill a 1/16" hole through the center of the cap and the Popsicle stick.
During the meeting do the following:
- Sand all wooden parts to remove jagged edges.
- Hammer the nail into the smaller hole in the wood base.
- Thread the string through the hole in the Popsicle stick and the hole in the cap and tie a big knot in that end of the string. This can be a simple overhand knot in which you make several passes through the loop instead of one.
- Thread the other end of the string through the larger hole in the base.
- Make the hinge for the arm. See the photo for positioning of the hinge. If the hinge is positioned as in the photograph, the force will pull along the strength of the hinge. If not, the hinge will tend to separate from the wood. Using white glue, glue half of the cloth to the front of the Popsicle stick (same side as the cap). Align the string in the arm so that it goes straight throught the cap, Popsicle stick, and base. Glue the other half of the cloth beneath the Popsicle stick (see photo above) and let dry.
- Adjust the length of the string so that the Popsicle stick forms an angle with the wood base of between 45 and 60 degrees. Bring the end of the string to the top of the base and tie it to the string at the point where it goes through the hole in the base.
- Attach the PVC ring with a screw.
- Wrap the middle of the rubber band around the nail and attach the ends to the ends of the dowel rod. The rubber band should be in the shape of a "V" with the point at the nail.
Copyright © 2002 Vincent Hale | <urn:uuid:d4df6685-0c8e-4778-86bd-1c2180529ee3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.e-scoutcraft.com/moving/catapult.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00200-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897731 | 886 | 2.578125 | 3 |
An essay is a lengthy piece of writing that usually reveals the writer’s opinion However the exact definition is unclear, encompassing both a letter essay, prose, and a novel. Essays are typically formal and academic. It is essential to know the meaning of the essay, and whether it is able to be classified into a specific category. If you are looking to compose an essay you must be aware of the structure for writing essays and the various types of essays. Before you begin writing your essay, you should know how to create an outline.
A well-written essay usually requires between five and eight weeks to finish according to the length of the write essay and the topic on which it is based. Because most college courses require a thesis, university students must write at minimum one essay. Students must write essays in order to support the thesis they choose. Essays have become a traditional and compulsory assignment in many colleges and universities.
The structure of the essay follows a predictable order beginning with the introduction and thesis statement, body of the essay, discussion, and conclusion. The introduction is the most crucial part of an essay. It will prepare the reader for the main part of the essay. The introduction is an essay “pre-claimer,” introducing the theme of the essay. It may include information about the author, the topic and his or her credentials.
The thesis statement is the central focus of the essay, and it is often found at the end of the introduction. The thesis statement outlines the main elements of the essay, and also provides additional details to help the arguments. It could contain extensive research and background information. The conclusion typically summarizes what was said in the introduction. The conclusion isn’t so crucial as the introduction, since it does not provide an entirely new perspective regarding the topic, but rather provides what was previously stated.
The paragraphs of an essay typically contain questions and responses that allow readers to take part in the discussion. The guidelines for writing essays generally suggest that essays include multiple paragraphs. However, in the case of research-driven texts such as novels it might be more appropriate to write one paragraph, and have the different characters respond to the questions within that paragraph, with the other paragraphs providing background information or supporting details.
The body paragraphs provide further information and interpretations of the thesis statement or the whole topic. The body paragraphs must be a discussion of the different arguments and perspectives that are found in the essay. It should also give the summary of the arguments and opinions discussed in the thesis statement. The conclusion can be an offer to the reader.
The last paragraph of an essay may have different interpretations. It could be that the author is able to reach a conclusion by doing research and then states it in the closing paragraph of the essay. It may also be that the writer is writing the conclusion in the last paragraph, with a suggestion that the reader read the entire essay to arrive at the conclusion. The conclusion of literature could suggest that a new text is needed to continue the discussion.
It is crucial that the essay contains a clearly defined thesis and a conclusion that contains a call to action. The thesis statement is the most important part of the essay and is usually the first to be read. The thesis statement is a sentence that summarizes the purpose of the essay in general, stating what it is about. The conclusion should include the reader with a call to action such a description of what might happen if the writer adheres to the directions in the text. | <urn:uuid:90d442cd-8ba8-4a6e-9a7b-3efe4d54bfb9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://freshmagku.com/2022/05/18/how-to-write-essay-resumes-the-definition-of-terms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.950994 | 701 | 3.296875 | 3 |
After getting engaged, there are practically a million decisions for brides-to-be to make. You need to pick a dress, a wedding singer, and decide on a honeymoon destination. Amidst all of these decisions, you also have to make what may be the most important decision of all (next to saying ‘yes’, of course): whether you will take your husband’s last name in place of your own. The decision is not trivial. Sure, a change in name necessitates a change in driver’s license, credit cards, passport, and even your signature, but it may also influence your self-concept (you know, that part of yourself that tells you who you are).
To determine the prevalence of name changes and potential reasons people make those changes, researchers analyzed marriage announcements printed in the New York Times between 1982 and 2002.1 Their analysis revealed that there were no differences in rates of taking the husband’s name across those two decades. Over that time period, 29% of women kept their name or hyphenated it, while 71% took their husband’s last name. The women making a nontraditional name choice (either keeping their own name-- professionally or socially-- or hyphenating their name) tended to be older, have older husbands, and were more educated.
In a follow-up study of almost 200 women, the researchers sought to further explore differences between women who made traditional vs. non-traditional name choices. In this sample, 46% of women made a non-traditional choice, while 54% made the traditional choice of taking their husband’s last name. When asked the reason for their choice, the most common responses among those taking their husband’s last name were: bonding/family union (“I wanted our family to be one.”) and practicality/simplicity (“It was just easier this way.). The most common responses among those who did not change their name were: concerns about loss of identity (“Maintaining my own name is an important symbol to me of maintaining my own identity and honoring my family.”) and professional reasons (“I had a Ph.D. in my name and didn’t want to change it.”) Women who kept their names (or hyphenated) were more likely to be women from ethnic minority groups, older, and more educated. In addition, those who made a non-traditional name choice held more feminist attitudes (e.g., they support equality for men and women), had higher career commitment, placed less value on the role of being a mother, and wanted to have children later in life.
Of course, these results reflect overall differences between groups of women who make these name choices. Certainly, at the individual level, a woman’s choice could reflect any one of these factors, or some combination. That is, there are plenty of women who place high value on being a mother AND who do not change their names.
1Hoffnung, M. (2006). What's in a name? Marital name choice revisited. Sex Roles, 55(11-12), 817-825. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9133-9
Dr. Gary Lewandowski - Science of Relationships articles | Website
Dr. Lewandowski's research explores the self’s role in romantic relationships focusing on attraction, relationship initiation, love, infidelity, relationship maintenance, and break-up. Recognized as one of the Princeton Review’s Top 300 Professors, he has also authored dozens of publications for both academic and non-academic audiences. | <urn:uuid:8cdc2d6d-dcc1-41f9-ade5-0aad78e6523f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.scienceofrelationships.com/home/2012/4/11/i-do-or-do-not-take-your-name-in-marriage.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00391-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962457 | 762 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Elephant Leather Preserver is a technologically advanced product developed by NZ and German leather technicians that nourishes and revives oiled or waxed furniture leathers. It is excellent for protecting/waterproofing bags, shoes and motorcycle-leathers and for restoring antique or brittle leather (used by museums in conservation and preservation). The product is now sold in over 20 countries in Europe and Australasia.
Elephant Leather Preserver is based on 100% pure synthetic ingredients, is chemically neutral, is free of any animal fats or acids, is practically odourless and is easy to apply. Elephant Leather Preserver inhibits chemical reactions caused by salt water and helps waterproof leather while allowing leather to breathe. Mildew and bacterial growth are also prevented. Dried out leathers regain their elasticity and fresh appearance.
Following an application of Elephant Leather Preserver, new leather is protected against drying and cracking. Unlike other products that aim for short-lived protection, Elephant Leather Preserver conserves and above all preserves the life of leather.
Elephant Leather Preserver should be applied to leather with a soft, clean cloth. Using a circular motion, work the Elephant Leather Preserver into the article. To enhance the penetration of the "Elephant" into leather articles, the item can be slightly warmed to aid penetration.
Excellent for the removal of scratches and fingernail marks on waxed, oiled or pull-up leather furniture. Feeds, nourishes and revives faded colours and dyes.
Excellent waterproofer for bike jackets and leathers. Leather dress jackets, skirts, trousers etc. Softens, conditions, preserves, also inhibits mildew and prevents thread-rot.
Bags and Shoes:
Waterproofs, softens, preserves and inhibits mildew and thread rot. Also revives dull, faded colours. Ideal for tramping boots, sports boots and all leather articles exposed to wet weather or the marine environment to minimise salt damage to leather. Independent trials of Elephant Leather Preserver on boat-shoes worn by professional yachtsman have been shown to last up to 3 times longer.
Excellent restorer/softener of hardened and dried-out older car leather. Great for convertibles.
Note: Elephant Leather Preserver is not suitable for use on suede or nubuk.
105 g and 45 g containers | <urn:uuid:d62ac6e9-1feb-41db-b0f3-e90cc5698e59> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rtdesign.co.nz/Services/ColourlockLeatherCareProducts/LeatherPreserver/tabid/82/Default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00195-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895894 | 479 | 1.640625 | 2 |
HARTFORD, Conn. (AP) — Members of Connecticut’s congressional delegation is urging national retailers to voluntarily take steps to reduce gun violence by barring guns from their establishments.
Sens. Richard Blumenthal, Chris Murphy and Rep. Elizabeth Esty said Friday they also hope the retail industry will become part of a coalition that will put pressure on Congress to pass gun control legislation originally proposed after the 2012 shooting massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School.
The failed proposal included expanded criminal background checks for firearms sales and a ban on illegal trafficking. It fell five votes short in the Senate.
The lawmakers, who sent a letter to the National Retail Federation, said the industry has strong influence in Washington.
A federation spokesman said the industry is committed to ensuring gun sales laws are followed and enforced. | <urn:uuid:f5c9c660-019d-47ce-93ee-b8f83b524dd6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://wwlp.com/2014/06/14/ct-lawmakers-seek-broader-gun-coalition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00521-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9521 | 161 | 1.5 | 2 |
The paper studies the model matching problem for nonlinear systems, described by a higher order input–output differential equation, not necessarily realizable in the state–space form. Only the feedforward solution is looked for. The probleem statement and solution rely on the recently introduced concept of a generalized transfer function for nonlinear systems. We require that the transfer functions of the compensated system and that of the prespecified model be equal, like in the linear case. However, in the nonlinear transfer function formalism one does not work with equations but with differential one-forms, and the existence of the compensator is restricted by integrability of the one-form corresponding to the compensator. Necessary and sufficient but nonconstructive solvability conditions are given. The second theorem lists a number of different (constructive) conditions under which the one-form is integrable. Additional freedom is sometimes obtained by forcing the conditions of the second theorem to hold via introducing assumptions suggested by the Euclidean division algorithm.
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18. Marinescu, B. and Bourlès, H. The exact model-matching problem for linear time-varying systems: an algebraic approach. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control, 2003, 48(1), 166–169.
19. Moog, C. H., Perdon, A., and Conte, G. Model matching and factorization for nonlinear systems: a structural approach. SIAM J. Control Optim., 1991, 29(4), 769–785.
20. Ore, O. Linear equations in non-commutative fields. Ann. Math., 1931, 32(3), 463–477.
21. Ore, O. Theory of non-commutative polynomials. Ann. Math., 1933, 34, 480–508.
22. Perdon, A. M., Moog, C. H., and Conte, G. The pole-zero structure of nonlinear control systems. In 7th IFAC Symposium NOLCOS, Pretoria, South Africa, August 2007, Vol. 7, 717–720.
23. Pommaret, J. F. Géométrie differentielle algébrique et théorie du contrôle. CR Acad. Sci. Paris, 1986, 302, 547–550.
24. Rudolph, J. Viewing input-output system equivalence from differential algebra. JMSEC, 1994, 4(3), 353–383.
25. Yamamoto, Y. Simple model matching control of nonlinear discrete time systems. In International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems, 14–17 October 2008, Seoul. IEEE, 2008, 2325–2329.
26. Zheng, Y. and Cao, L. Transfer function description for nonlinear systems. Journal East China Normal University, 1995, 2, 15–26.
27. Zheng, Y., Willems, J. C., and Zhang, C. A polynomial approach to nonlinear system controllability. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control, 2001, 46(11), 1782–1788. | <urn:uuid:c329f476-5457-4886-bae9-6c1622fcb583> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kirj.ee/proceedings-of-the-estonian-academy-of-sciences-publications/?filter%5Byear%5D=2016&filter%5Bissue%5D=301&filter%5Bpublication%5D=2319&v=a57b8491d1d8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.669434 | 1,965 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Mar. 12 -- WEDNESDAY, March 11 (HealthDay News) -- Two drugs -- levodopa and pramipexole -- used to treat early stage Parkinson's disease each have advantages and disadvantages, but their overall impact appears to even out over a long period of treatment.
That's the conclusion of a new study that included hundreds of patients in Canada and the United States.
"Clinicians and patients often struggle with what is the right initial approach to treating Parkinson's disease. This study tells us that, over the long haul, patients on the different drugs end up at roughly the same place in terms of their level of disability and quality of life," lead author Dr. Kevin Biglan, a neurologist at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York, said in a school news release.
The two drugs use different mechanisms to counteract the decline in the production of dopamine in the brain that causes Parkinson's symptoms. Levodopa is an amino acid that the body metabolizes into dopamine. Pramipexole binds with dopamine receptors on cells in the brain and mimics dopamine's molecular function.
Levodopa is considered better at treating motor control problems in Parkinson's patients but is also associated with side effects such as dyskinesia (involuntary movements), and the effectiveness of the drug can wear off over time. Pramipexole is less commonly associated with dyskinesea and wearing off, but is less effective in treating motor control problems and more often causes sleepiness, according to background information in the news release.
Doctors often prescribe pramipexole first, because it extends the length of time a patient can benefit from levodopa before its effect wears off.
The initial study included 301 patients at 22 sites who were followed for two years. A subset of 222 of those patients was followed for an additional four years. At the start of the study, half the patients were randomly selected to receive levodopa and half to receive pramipexole. After six years of follow-up, 90 percent of patients were taking levodopa.
Patients initially treated with levodopa were more likely to develop motor control complications such as dyskinesia and wearing off, but these complications didn't have a significant impact on patients' quality of life or disability, the researchers found.
The study, published online March 9 in the journal Archives of Neurology, was funded by Pharmacia Corp. and Boehringer Ingelheim.
We Move has more about Parkinson's disease.
SOURCE: University of Rochester Medical Center, news release, March 9, 2009 | <urn:uuid:158d4059-85c9-4065-8b03-89aa97346cfe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/story?id=7057226&page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.961925 | 538 | 2.5 | 2 |
Liotard, Jean-Étienne (zhäN ātyĕnˈ lyôtärˈ) [key], 1702–89, Swiss painter. He is best known for his portraits and drawings in pastel, but he also made portraits in oil, paintings on glass and porcelain, and engravings and enamels. Internationally known in his time, he traveled throughout Europe and the Near East, working for various courts, aristocrats, and public figures. Among his many portraits are those of Marie Antoinette, Francis I, and Maria Theresa. His work is best seen in Amsterdam and Geneva.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:b797d511-91a2-4cb0-897d-aa5d9ee38ae3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/liotard-jean-etienne.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00373-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948309 | 154 | 2.265625 | 2 |
WASHINGTON -- Learning to play a musical instrument or to sing can help disadvantaged children strengthen their reading and language skills, according to research presented at the American Psychological Association's 122nd Annual Convention.
The findings, which involved hundreds of kids participating in musical training programs in Chicago and Los Angeles public schools, highlight the role learning music can have on the brains of youth in impoverished areas, according to presenter Nina Kraus, PhD, a neurobiologist at Northwestern University.
"Research has shown that there are differences in the brains of children raised in impoverished environments that affect their ability to learn," said Kraus. "While more affluent students do better in school than children from lower income backgrounds, we are finding that musical training can alter the nervous system to create a better learner and help offset this academic gap." Up until now, research on the impact of musical training has been primarily conducted on middle- to upper-income music students participating in private music lessons, she said.
Kraus's lab research has concluded that musical training appears to enhance the way children's nervous systems process sounds in a busy environment, such as a classroom or a playground. This improved neural function may lead to enhanced memory and attention spans which, in turn, allow kids to focus better in the classroom and improve their communication skills, she said.
Many of Kraus's study participants are part of the Harmony Project in Los Angeles, which was founded by fellow presenter Margaret Martin, PhD. In her most recent research, Kraus studied children beginning when they were in first and second grade. Half participated in musical training and the other half were randomly selected from the program's lengthy waiting list and received no musical training during the first year of the study. Children who had no musical training had diminished reading scores while Harmony Project participants' reading scores remained unchanged over the same time span.
Kraus's lab also found that, after two years, neural responses to sound in adolescent music students were faster and more precise than in students in another type of enrichment class. The researchers tested the auditory abilities in adolescents from lower economic backgrounds at three public high schools in Chicago. Over two years, half of the students participated in either band or choir during each school day while the other half were enrolled in Junior Reserve Officer's Training Corps classes, which teaches character education, achievement, wellness, leadership and diversity. All participants had comparable reading ability and IQs at the start of the study. The researchers recorded the children's brain waves as they listened to a repeated syllable against soft background sound, which made it harder for the brain to process. The researchers repeated measures after one year and again at the two-year mark. They found music students' neural responses had strengthened while the JROTC students' responses had remained the same. Interestingly, the differences in the music students' brain waves in response to sounds as described above occurred after two years but not at one year, which showed that these programs cannot be used as quick fixes, Kraus said. This is the strongest evidence to date that public school music education in lower-income students can lead to better sound processing in the brain when compared to other types of enrichment education, she added.
Even after the lessons stop, the brain still reaps benefits, according to studies on the long-term benefits of music lessons. In one study, Kraus's team surveyed college students and asked them how many years they had music training. As they found with the elementary school students, college students who had more than five years of musical training in elementary school or high school had improved neural responses to sound when compared to college students who had had no musical training.
The Harmony Project provides instruments for the students who participate five or more hours a week in musical instruction and ensemble rehearsals. The project is year-round and tuition-free based on income, said Martin. Many of the programs build full-time bands in neighborhoods where the students live and the students agree to commit to the program from elementary school through high school, she said.
"We're spending millions of dollars on drugs to help kids focus and here we have a non-pharmacologic intervention that thousands of disadvantaged kids devote themselves to in their non-school hours -- that works," Martin said. "Learning to make music appears to remodel our kids' brains in ways that facilitates and improves their ability to learn."
The Harmony Project has launched programs in other urban school districts, including Miami, New Orleans, Tulsa, Kansas City, Missouri and Ventura, California.
Session 2147: "Biological, Behavioral and Academic Impact of Musical Training in At-Risk Children," Symposium, Friday, Aug. 8, 10 a.m. to 11:50 a.m. EDT, Room 147B, Walter E. Washington Convention Center, 801 Mount Vernon Pl., NW, Washington, D.C.
Presentations are available from the APA Public Affairs Office.
Phone (847) 491-3181 (office) or (847) 602-6052 (cell)
Phone (323) 462-4311 (office) or (310) 499-8178 (cell)
The American Psychological Association, in Washington, D.C., is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States. APA's membership includes nearly 130,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. Through its divisions in 54 subfields of psychology and affiliations with 60 state, territorial and Canadian provincial associations, APA works to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's lives. | <urn:uuid:37b7f821-0b66-45ab-8e22-d48ec743ad54> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-08/apa-mto080414.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719453.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00229-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966989 | 1,136 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Global Fund partners in eastern and southern Africa resolve to undertake robust country dialogue
Global Fund partners in eastern and southern Africa have resolved to undertake robust country dialogues and advocate for an increase in domestic financing to boost the fight against HIV, tuberculosis and malaria.
This declaration was made at the eastern and southern Africa regional meeting on the Global Fund’s new funding model (NFM), held between 6-9 April 2014 in Windhoek, Namibia. The objective of the meeting was to discuss the NFM and examine how to make Global Fund investments achieve the greatest possible impact.
The meeting was attended by more than 150 delegates from Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Eritrea, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda, South Sudan and Swaziland.
The delegates, who were drawn from government, civil society and the private sector, also resolved to implement programs that target all key affected populations disproportionately affected by the three diseases and to ensure that human rights are addressed as a central tenet of program development, implementation and evaluation.
Participation of women and adolescents will also be a key pillar when designing programs for the three diseases, the delegates resolved.
“Let us make efforts to talk to our governments so that they can increase the level of domestic finances invested in the fight against HIV, tuberculosis and malaria,” said Dr Richard Kamwi, Namibia’s Minister of Health and Social Services. “It is the best way to ensure sustainability of the gains we have made against these diseases in the last decade.”
Professor Sheila Tlou, Director of UNAIDS regional support team for eastern and southern Africa, urged the delegates to ensure that marginalized people not only get prevention and treatment but are also involved in decision-making.
“Key populations remain a sensitive topic in our continent, and we have not done enough to ensure access to health and social services to those who are marginalized. A special focus on young women and girls will pave the way to healthy new generations of young people that can positively transform the development of Africa,” Professor Tlou said.
She said that the Namibia workshop is a continuation of efforts that the Global Fund, UNAIDS, WHO and other partners have initiated to ensure that countries not only prepare successful concept note applications, but more importantly, seek resources for priority investments that will yield high sustainable impact.
Cynthia Mwase, regional manager for eastern and southern Africa at the Global Fund, said the meeting was organized to help Global Fund partners in the region to prepare to attain impact through the $1.7 billion now available for the funding period.
“The new funding model integrates human rights and partnership into new grants, and also provides a strategic roadmap on how the region can remove the three diseases as threats to public health,” Mwase said.
Eastern and southern Africa is the region that is most affected by the HIV epidemic. Almost half of the global new HIV infections occurred in the region in 2012, according to UNAIDS. However, there has been remarkable progress over the years with HIV incidence declining by 43% between 2001 and 2012. | <urn:uuid:eb8d7030-7595-429e-8331-50840581c168> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.aidspan.org/gfo_article/global-fund-partners-eastern-and-southern-africa-resolve-undertake-robust-country-dialog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717954.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00509-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954515 | 647 | 1.773438 | 2 |
It has been said that when one door closes, another opens. This is especially true in business, where new opportunities often arise as older ones vanish. One such opportunity is the rise of social media and its corresponding tools for managing relationships and communities. This article presents the top 10 benefits of using a social media management app to help you stay ahead of the curve in your industry and you can also download app store contact in society.
One of the top benefits of using a society management app is increased efficiency. Society management apps help to keep track of all aspects of a company’s operations, from sales to inventory to customer service. Companies can track their progress and make corrections quickly and easily using an app.
Society management apps also help increase efficiency in other business areas. For example, companies can use an app to manage their budget more easily. They can also monitor their spending and find savings opportunities. This information can be used to improve decision-making and boost profitability.
Another advantage of society management apps is improved communication. Companies can use apps to send updates and notifications to employees quickly and easily. This eliminates the need for time-consuming email chains or memos. Society management apps also allow employees to exchange information privately, which is important in a fast-paced world.
Overall, society management apps are excellent tools for businesses of all sizes. They increase efficiency and improve communication throughout the company.
One of the top benefits of using a society management app is improved communication. These apps allow clubs and organizations to communicate more efficiently with their members.
With society management apps, clubs and organizations can easily keep track of member attendance, dues payments, and other important information. They can also create event calendars and send out notifications to members when events are scheduled.
Society management apps also allow clubs and organizations to manage their social media accounts. This helps keep clubs and organizations visible to potential members and sponsors.
Overall, society management apps are essential for clubs and organizations that want to improve their communication skills and stay organized.
One of the top benefits of using a society management app is that it can reduce absenteeism in the workplace.
The app can track employees’ performance and attendance data and provide real-time updates on how they are performing. This information can help managers to identify employees who are absent too often and to provide them with suitable incentives to improve their attendance.
In addition, the app can also be used to generate reports on employee productivity and satisfaction. This information can help managers to make informed decisions about staff promotions and layoffs.
Overall, using a society management app is a great way to reduce absenteeism in the workplace and improve employee productivity and satisfaction.
One of the top benefits of using a society management app is that it can reduce stress levels.
Many people find that they are under more stress than they would like to admit. This is especially true for people who have a lot of responsibility on their shoulders. Society management apps can help reduce this stress by taking some of the burdens of the user’s shoulders.
The app can also help to keep users organized and informed. This makes it easier for them to keep up with all of the responsibilities that they have. It also allows them to be better prepared for unexpected events.
Society management apps are important for anyone who wants to reduce their stress levels and stay organized.
If you’re running a business, it’s essential to have a good society management app so download contact store app society. A good society management app will help you stay organized, keep track of your social media accounts, and more. This article has compiled the top 10 benefits of using a society management app in your business. | <urn:uuid:4a00fd5c-d4ec-4454-af1c-90ceaca7428e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://currentnewshub.com/what-are-the-benefits-of-society-management-app/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.955523 | 763 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Cote d’Ivoire President Alassane Ouattara 370.
(photo credit:Thierry Gouegnon/Reuters)
Just hours after the first planeload of South Sudanese migrants was scheduled to take off from Ben-Gurion Airport late Sunday night, Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu will meet Monday afternoon with Cote d’Ivoire President Alassane Ouattara, who also has hundreds of nationals here in line for deportation.
Diplomatic officials, while acknowledging that the deportations have created an image problem for Israel in Africa and elsewhere, denied that the issue cast a cloud over Ouattara’s visit or ties with the west African country.
“The bottom line is that these people came here illegally and are being repatriated home,” one official said. “No one can complain.”
The official said that Netanyahu has for months discussed improving ties with Sub-Saharan Africa, including with Cote d’Ivoire, which is emerging from a disorderly transfer of power that included the killing of hundreds of people, and which almost hurtled the country into a new civil war.
In November 2010, Ouattara defeated the incumbent president Laurent Gbagbo, who then refused to relinquish power and was eventually arrested by French special forces some five months later.
Israel, which had good ties with Gbagbo, a Christian, also maintained good ties with the Muslim Ouattara, an economist who spent five years as deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund. There Ouattara worked with Bank of Israel Governor Stanley Fischer. Fischer greeted the Cote d’Ivoire president at the airport upon arrival Saturday night.
President Shimon Peres met Ouattara Sunday and hosted a luncheon for him at Jerusalem’s King David Hotel.
Cote d’Ivoire, beset by severe security and economic problems, is seeking Israel’s cooperation in speeding up its development.
At their meeting, Peres said he was the only person present old enough to remember the visit of Cote d’Ivoire’s first president Felix Houphouet- Boigny in 1962, when he signed a cooperation agreement with Israel.
Peres said Houphouet- Boigny was a great admirer of Israel’s development and technology, as is Ouattara.
Like the rest of Africa, Houphouet-Boigny – notwithstanding his close ties with Israel – cut off relations with Israel after the 1973 Yom Kippur War. The ties were renewed in 1986.
Relevant to your professional network? Please share on Linkedin | <urn:uuid:fd8d08cd-5de5-4553-bcc9-b7c32486bfeb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Cote-dIvoire-president-starts-state-visit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00000-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957305 | 557 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Churches can be IN the city, AGAINST the city, OF the city, or FOR the city. It is the latter approach that Darrin Patrick and Matt Carter encourage churches to adopt. Actually the word “city” could be replaced with culture. Whether it be a rural farming community, a ghetto, a wealthy suburban area, or a gathering of mountain men in the hills of Kentucky the church has these four options in regards to her response to the culture.
The church in the city is primarily focused with bringing outsiders into the church. The church against the city has adopted a defensive posture that considers the culture irredeemable. The church of the city “bends so far to the culture that they lose their distinctive Christian identity—they lose their ability to speak truth effectively.” (25) But the church for the city is:
…a model of engagement where a church speaks the truth of the gospel and is not afraid to uphold a biblical worldview and moral standard. Such a church proclaims the truths of Scripture with passion, clarity, and boldness. At the same time, though, this is a church that commits itself to seek the shalom, the flourishing, of the city. This means seeking the shalom of the people they live in community with, living sacrificially and using their gifts, time, and money to seek the peace and prosperity of their neighbors. (26)
It is this vision that Darrin Patrick and Matt Carter unfold in the latest book in the Exponential Series: For the City. Carter and Patrick each write four chapters and then tag-team on the last two. In the first part of the book (which is very engaging) both men share their experience of planting a church in a large city. Patrick helped plant The Journey in St. Louis and Carter helped plant Austin Stone in Austin, TX.
In the second part of the book Patrick tackles the topics of contextualization, community, and what it means to serve the city. Carter considers equipping and suffering. The book closes with both men sharing confessions of what they have done wrong, and then with a passionate plea to live like Jonah.
The community that houses the church where I serve is home to a little over 15,000 citizens. If you combine the smaller surrounding towns there is at maximum 40,000 people in the area. This is hardly what Carter and Patrick have in mind when they use the term “city”. But that is okay says Carter, “those of you who aren’t located in a larger city, many of the concepts we discuss will work equally well where you are”. (26)
So does it? That is one key question that I was asking as I read through this book. Does it transfer or do I need to be in a big city to apply the principles of For the City?
Darrin Patrick’s chapter on contextualization is certainly something that can be transferred to our church setting. After giving a brief definition and defense for the necessity of contextualization he asks wide-open questions that can be used to exegete any culture. He encourages churches to ask head, heart, and hand’s questions. Such as, “what events rally the community?”, “what do they suffer and sacrifice for?, “what are people passionate about”? Answering these questions can help a person exegete any community no matter the size.
Churches in any community are also tempted to drive off the ditch into syncretism and sectarianism. And the healthy contextualization that Patrick presents–one which clings to “the true gospel with its brutal truth and beautiful grace (81)”—is certainly reproducible in any context.
Patrick’s chapter on Community is also highly transferable. Because the concepts are rooted in creation and inter-Trinitarian community they can be transferred anywhere. The same thing goes for Patrick’s chapter on serving the city. A smaller community may not be able to reproduce Luminary Center for the Arts or build a Karis House but they can ask questions that discern the needs of the community and figure out tangible ways to meet those needs.
Matt Carter’s chapters on Suffering and Equipping are a little less concrete than Patrick’s. It is not difficult to see that suffering is universal. And therefore the need for the church to not only suffer well but also meet the needs of those suffering is easily transferable.
Carter’s central statement on equipping–1. Act, 2. Repeatedly, 3. Over Time (121) is a helpful reminder to any community. Such a work takes time. If we really want to be a church for the city it will take many efforts done repeatedly over time.
For the City could easily be changed to For your Community because the concepts here really are transferable. That alone does not make the book good. Heresy and error could just as easily be transferable to every community as could solid biblical truth. What makes this book good is that it is very solidly biblical, gospel-centered, and helpful to every church community.
The fundamental question that this book leaves hanging over every church (or gathering that claims to be a church) is this one: If we shut our doors tomorrow would our community know we were gone? Would the city leaders celebrate, feeling as if they had gotten rid of a nuisance? Or would the city grieve and mourn our disappearance? (26)
If the principles of For the City are applied I believe that many more churches would be able to say, “yes our community would know that we were gone, and for the most part they will feel the impact of our departure”.
There is one frustration that I continue to have with the books like this one. They are almost solely written for church plants or younger churches. I’m left with questions about how to apply some of these principles in a church that is heavily burdened (if not out right shackled) by a building program gone to seed.
I agree that most churches are “so enamored with its own survival and maintenance that it forgot its mission” (74). But how does that change? In a church plant the planters/pastors have a much greater influence over creating the church culture. Those of us that are pastors placed within a context that sometimes has deeply entrenched ideas about missions, giving, contextualization, etc. are often frustrated by the slow movement.
I’m not faulting Patrick and Carter for not speaking to those of us that are not ministering in church plants. We are not their fundamental audience. I am speaking to those that are responsible for this exponential series. Please, please, please find some people that have done it and write a book about changing a church from missional complacency to missionally passionate.
I imagine the answer is slow patient but passionate plodding in gospel preaching.
This book is very helpful. Even if you are not a church plant and not in a “city” the questions in this book are broad enough to apply. Every person reading this book will benefit from hearing Matt and Darrin’s confessions. It will humble and encourage all that read.
The passionate plea in the last chapter to be like Jonah is so soaked in the gospel that it will hopefully motivate for action and cause the heart to rise in worship. | <urn:uuid:c8caa6b5-eb80-4ffd-8973-4a0b769de5e1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sbcvoices.com/review-of-for-the-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00181-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965686 | 1,535 | 1.867188 | 2 |
A Labour Party bill which reinforces the role of Government's environmental protection agency has passed its first stage after a surprise move by United Future to support it.
Labour MP Meka Whaitiri's private member's bill passed its first reading by one vote this afternoon, with backing from Labour, Greens, New Zealand First, the Maori Party and United Future.
The bill made sure that protecting, maintaining and enhancing the environment was explicitly stated as one of the Environmental Protection Authority's goals.
Ms Whaitiri said that when the agency was created, its legislation had a major oversight.
"The Act ... did not actually require the protection of the environment as part of the authority's role. The bill aims to correct that defect."
"What this bill does is place protection of New Zealand's natural environment right at the heart of the law governing the Environment Protection Authority."
She said it was an important change in light of reports that EPA staff were struggling to determine what the mission of the organisation was and who they were accountable to.
"We ... do not want a situation in the future where short-term economic thinking is allowed to impinge on the Environmental Protection Authority's function because the agency's mission is legally unclear."
National and Act opposed the bill.
Environmental Minister Nick Smith said it was a "bad joke" which showed how shallow Labour's policies were.
"Labour seems to think that by repeating the words 'environment' and 'protection' in the law we will somehow magically save the kiwi, address our water quality challenges and eliminate greenhouse gases," he said.
Parliament is now debating a New Zealand First bill which would repeal the legislation which allowed SkyCity to build a convention centre in exchange for gambling concessions.
New Zealand First MP Tracey Martin's bill was expected to fail because it was opposed by National, Act and United Future.
Two other member's bills were also expected to fail at their first hurdle this evening.
Labour MP Phil Goff's bill aimed to limit the sale of rural land to foreign buyers.
New Zealand First MP Fletcher Tabuteau's bill would ban New Zealand from signing international agreements which included provisions for investor-state dispute settlements - such as the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP). | <urn:uuid:c41fbb37-798f-4feb-977a-6ff7abee6e9d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/labours-environment-bill-a-bad-joke-nick-smith/Y6MGIQNZVH3HOJU3SEQCCZTAM4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.974647 | 454 | 1.710938 | 2 |
The COVID-19 crisis has fundamentally impacted travel, both domestically and internationally in unprecedented ways. In early 2021, commercial flights worldwide are at half of the pre-pandemic levels, according to the OAG Aviation Worldwide. Passenger volumes are not expected to return to 2019 levels until 2024, with domestic markets recovering faster than international.
When we look specifically at business travel, we are starting to see increases in activity in our clients’ travel behaviours (monitored in our Tracker tool). Global domestic travel volumes in March 2021 have risen to approximately a fifth of their pre-pandemic levels. International arrivals have shown increases in certain locations too. For example, business trips to Qatar in 2021 are already at 20% of their pre-pandemic levels.
Travel has also become undoubtedly more complicated – in Europe alone, we have seen in eight-fold increase in the number of cases per 100 trips1. Where travellers and their managers commonly seek our advice to help navigate the complexity of country restrictions and, of course, managing the threats of the disease itself.
Airlines and passengers need to take all the preventive measures for any necessary travel plans to adapt to the situation. Although many airlines were reducing the capability onboard or blocking the middle seat at early stages of the pandemic, most of the them have now abandoned this and are utilising other preventive measures.
Although no universal agreement has been made on vaccine health passports, the world's first 'COVID-19 passports' are being launched to enable people to travel without having to quarantine. Passengers will voluntarily upload their COVID-19 test results from a validated laboratory onto a digital health pass, such as the AOKPass, up to 72 hours before departure. Airlines and border officials will be able to scan the digital data to confirm that passengers are free of the virus, allowing them to reduce quarantine time. The goal is to create a standardised global testing system in which governments and airlines can trust passengers' results because they are from reputable laboratories and on a recognised health passport.
Additionally, people may voluntarily sign up to a service that tracks their movements via their phone, alerting them if they had been close to known infected people or disease hot spots. This type of advanced digital contact tracing could become a requirement to enter large venues, buildings, airports or public transport hubs. There has been a reluctance in Europe to download contact tracing apps and citizens are concerned that tracing their movements will affect personal privacy. However, if access to flights and entertainment venues is restricted to those who have downloaded the relevant app, there will be an incentive to comply. Some countries are worried that this might stigmatize and discriminate certain groups. We expect that privacy protections will be built into the apps and communicated as part of the promotion campaigns.
Until 1996 it wasn’t necessary to present identification when flying, and travellers often flew under each other’s names for frequent flyer programmes. Prior to 9/11 airport screening was very lax and inconsistent. We quickly adjusted to presenting our ID’s, taking off our shoes and keeping our boarding passes on our phones. Similarly, we believe behaviour patterns (including the adoption of AOKPass or usage of contact tracing apps) could change.
Travel infrastructure will also evolve to adapt to the situation as crowded and poorly ventilated spaces are increasingly recognised as posing a risk of contagion. New facilities will be built and older facilities will likely be gradually retrofitted with better ventilation and air-disinfection systems.
Our experts’ predictions:
- Domestic travel in China has been doing extremely well. They are leading the recovery and have already recovered to pre-crisis levels.
- We are hopeful that the vaccination rollout will allow for greater travel during the western-hemisphere's summer. The US will likely have a fairly good season should the numbers continue in the direction they are in.
- Globally, as explored in our Risk Outlook, the pandemic will continue to exacerbate security issues driven by economic turbulence, fuelling protests, crime, and geopolitical tensions, amongst others. Systemic issues, around the proliferation of mis and disinformation – again heightened during and as a result of the pandemic – will also fuel societal tensions, and a variety of negative security trends, which may impact travel and require mitigation.
- In Europe, leisure and low-cost airlines are hoping to see a boost. Travel search sites showed a boost in searches when the vaccine started getting deployed, but lock downs and border restrictions continue.
- Companies will need to keep in mind that to travel out of the country their workforce will likely still need proof of a negative COVID-19 test or to quarantine for some time. Eventually they will likely need proof of a vaccination. This requirement is not going away anytime soon.
Our experts’ top recommendations
1. Remain informed
The pandemic has impacted the security, medical and global logistical environments severely. As the pandemic and its second and third order consequences impact on locations’ underlying security dynamics, for example, they may give rise to situations that require enhanced evacuation, or relocation, for which enhanced preparedness is key. Logistically, in these constantly changing times, it is crucial to remain well informed of the latest restrictions, regulations and travel requirements. Even within the same country, regulations can change from one region to another and can impact your workforce’s domestic travels significantly. Make sure you access and communicate reliable and up-to-date security intelligence and analysis, in addition to logistical information to your people for them to comply with local regulations. On-the-ground experts are often best placed to provide with real-time and actionable intelligence for your workforce to access accurate and timely information and get fully prepared.
2. Educate your people for safe travels
Before any travel, an organisation should assess the medical, security and logistical situation in the destination country and ensure that, based on profile and itinerary-specific threats, an appropriate risk assessment is carried out. This likely vary based on both traveller profile and destination country, factoring in the ambient security and medical threats, for example. More broadly, we recommend to only maintain essential travel where all the preventive measures should be adopted including regular hand washing or sanitizing, maintained social distancing as much as possible and wearing masks. Ensure your workforce is aware of the specific local requirements on masks, social distancing, potential security threats and the local COVID-19 situation. They must also be familiar with the associated travel restrictions (quarantine requirements, screening at the airports and other procedures) both at their destination and home country. When flying, we also suggest sitting in the front of the aircraft and boarding last if possible. The reason is while an aircraft cabin has air filtration systems, those systems are not running while parked at the gate during boarding and disembarking. Last on first off is a good rule to follow.
3. Mitigate the risks
From implementing a new travel policy to building a COVID-19 vaccination programme, your return-to-travel journey can be a complex process to put in place where every step has to be thought through strategically. Ensure to capture all the elements with a comprehensive and integrated approach, considering both health and security risks.
- International SOS Assistance Centre Case Data | <urn:uuid:3fba57b3-fdbb-4db8-bd0e-c865338f2f0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.internationalsos.com/magazine/navigating-through-the-new-travel-environment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.956262 | 1,473 | 1.96875 | 2 |
The Irish name for Creevaun is Craobhán
Creevaun is on Logainm.ie: Creevaun.
It is located at 54° 9' 9" N, 8° 37' 9" W.
Creevaun has an area of:
Nationwide, it is the 36373rd largest townland that we know about
Within Co. Sligo, it is the 765th largest townland
Creevaun borders the following other townlands:
Curious to see who lived in Creevaun in the past? Maybe even seeing scans of their handwritten census returns?
Creevaun was added to OpenStreetMap on 12 Mar 2014 by NoelB. | <urn:uuid:598d60e3-acb8-441e-928f-abab5de7e3fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.townlands.ie/sligo/leyny/killoran/coolaney/creevaun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.960679 | 149 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Wow, who would have thought? In the past few years, Google had grown increasingly scared and maybe even paranoid about Facebook, its growing power and how it would end up impacting Google. When Larry Page decided to get back in charge of the company, he made it very clear that social was his #1 priority, and that the success of the company would largely be viewed on its success in social. We knew that Google was working on some type of solution but that was nothing new given all of the recent product launches (Orkut, Wave, etc). All of those had failed miserably so there was little confidence in the fact that Google could come up with a good product. Most Google believers thought that at some point the company would cave in and acquire a player such as Twitter. How successful has Google+’s launch been? It has already gained 20M members within a few weeks, much faster than any other social product.
-Why it matters
So why did the company become obsessed with Facebook and with social in general? How did it become so critical? There are many different reasons but I think these were mostly defensive reasons. Google currently more or less controls the web. Users from around the world connect to the web and go through Google as their initial destination. Why? Because Google can help them find specific products and since it crawls the web, it it the best way to find anything that you could be looking for. Or it used to be. As users have started using Facebook, the way the web is used has started changing. If users are sharing links and information with their social network and that those networks are closed to crawlers such as Google, it’s safe to say that the web is becoming a much more closed place. That not only makes Google less useful but also takes away to some extent its central role. If Facebook knows users, what they like, who they know, what they’re doing, etc… more than Google, it could become better at targetting ads and a better platform for advertisers. That is what Google has been trying to avoid.
-How Facebook screwed up (apps)
To many, including yours truly, it seemed (and still does seem) as if Facebook facing any type of competition was extremely unlikely at best. Why? There are many hurdles for anyone even considering building a large and broad social network with any type of reach comparable to Facebook. All of that being said, Facebook did make a few mistakes that have helped Google have a shot. For example, Facebook has been unable to efficiently manage privacy issues and the fact that few people want to share the same items and photos with their college friends as they do with their family and co-workers. Another huge gap that is difficult to understand is Facebook’s slowness in releasing apps for the exploding mobile scene. How is it that the top social network still to this day does not have a functional Ipad app? It’s a major mistake and one that Google seems to be going after.
To be sure, Google+ has seen an incredible excitement towards its products and the 20 million users that have already signed up are probably well beyond Google’s hopes when the launch was made. Perhaps even more impressive is the fact that there have been no public mistakes or errors despite all of the quick growth. Almost all critics agree that Google+ is a great product and has at least a shot at competing with Facebook.
-It’s Still An Uphill Battle
All of that being said, those calling Google+ a Facebook alternative and a success already are too early. Reaching 20M users is impressive but when you are simply using current Google users and signing them up after an easy 2 minute sign-up, that does not necessarily equal commitment. I’d be curious to hear how much time those users are spending on Google+. I’m one of those members and while I did sign up, I’ve never spent more than a couple of minutes on the network simply because at this point there is little going on among my friends and contacts. That could very well change but getting members to rebuild their network on Google+ when it exists and works well on Facebook will not be easy to pull off.
-Both Can Coexist
I think that one of the most overlooked things is that both could and probably will co-exist. Google+ is not a Facebook killer as Twitter isn’t. They are likely to have many of the same users and those will simply have one more website to visit. I don’t see a day for now where users start quitting Facebook to stay on Google+. It could happen but nothing indicates that it will at this point.If that occurs and Google+ becomes one of the “main social networks”, I think the initiative will have to be considered a major success. It was an uphill battle and Google seems to have a shot which is incredibly in itself.
What type of benefits can Google hope and count on if Google+ success keeps up? I would expect the main one to be for Google to remain at the center of the web and get an even greater understanding of its users, what they like, what they are interested in, etc. This will also help Google offer more customized offerings to its users both on the web, through Chrome, Android, apps, etc. It will also fit well within the strategy of offering voice and video chats, interactions with friends and family, etc. One other great benefit would be to gain a deeper integration of advertisers. Facebook gains so much through the presence of those brands that build Facebook pages, produces content, interacts with fans and even pays advertising dollars to promote their Facebook pages. There is incredible upside at little to no cost for Facebook and I expect Google to try to get a piece of that pie as it tries to offer the most complete advertising offerings available.
What are your thoughts on Google’s social strategy and its chances against Facebook?
If you liked this post, you can consider subscribing to our free newsletters here | <urn:uuid:6ae430a4-f722-4c67-8274-ea3eab1da995> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.intelligentspeculator.net/stock_opinions/google-goog-might-have-a-shot-at-social-after-all/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00432-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98138 | 1,231 | 1.625 | 2 |
Multi-Systemic Therapy Care and Neglect (MST-CAN)
MST-CAN works with youth aged 6 – 17 years and their families. Referrals come through Department of Communities and Justice where children have been identified as at risk of abuse or neglect. MST-CAN’s mission is to keep families together, ensure child safety and prevent abuse and neglect and reduce mental health issues.
This video also explains MST-CAN in more detail: | <urn:uuid:ff39d8f1-8a2f-48c2-9e51-930653dd7661> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.catholiccaredbb.org.au/family-youth-children/domestic-family-violence/mst-can/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.946873 | 95 | 1.960938 | 2 |
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