text stringlengths 181 608k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 3
values | url stringlengths 13 2.97k | file_path stringlengths 125 140 | language stringclasses 1
value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 50 138k | score float64 1.5 5 | int_score int64 2 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
“Regarding the minimum wage, here is some data for Western Europe:
“There are nine countries with a minimum wage (Belgium, Netherlands, Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Luxembourg). Their unemployment rates range from 5.9% in Luxembourg to 27.6% in Greece. The median country is France with 11.1% unemployment.
“There are nine countries with no minimum wage (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Austria, Germany, Italy, Switzerland). Five of the nine have a lower unemployment rate than Luxembourg, the best of the other group. The median country is Iceland, with a 5.5% unemployment rate. The biggest country in Europe is Germany. No minimum wage and 5.2% unemployment.”
Update: Here’s a link to a map with each European country’s current minimum wage rate indicated.
(Thanks to John Kannarr for the link.)
My video-lecture on the moral, economic, and political arguments for and against minimum wage laws. | <urn:uuid:01d000ad-766b-4553-92f5-6974d63b5878> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.stephenhicks.org/2013/11/18/european-country-data-on-the-minimum-wage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00188-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891361 | 222 | 2.140625 | 2 |
If class war is continual in capitalist society, there is no doubt that in recent decades in the United States it has taken a much more virulent form. In a speech delivered at New York University in 2004 Bill Moyers pointed out that,
Class war was declared a generation ago in a powerful paperback polemic by William Simon, who was soon to be Secretary of the Treasury. He called on the financial and business class, in effect, to take back the power and privileges they had lost in the depression and the new deal. They got the message, and soon they began a stealthy class war against the rest of the society and the principles of our democracy. They set out to trash the social contract, to cut their workforces and wages, to scour the globe in search of cheap labor, and to shred the social safety net that was supposed to protect people from hardships beyond their control. Business Week put it bluntly at the time [in its October 12, 1974 issue]: “Some people will obviously have to do with less….it will be a bitter pill for many Americans to swallow the idea of doing with less so that big business can have more.”1
The effects of this relentless offensive by the vested interests against the rest of the society are increasingly evident. In 2005 the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal each published a series of articles focusing on class in the United States. This rare open acknowledgement of the importance of class by the elite media can be attributed in part to rapid increases in income and wealth inequality in U.S. society over the last couple of decades—coupled with the dramatic effects of the Bush tax cuts that have primarily benefited the wealthy. But it also grew out of a host of new statistical studies that have demonstrated that intergenerational class mobility in the United States is far below what was previously supposed, and that the United States is a more class-bound society than its major Western European counterparts, with the exception of Britain. In the words of The Wall Street Journal (May 13, 2005):
Although Americans still think of their land as a place of exceptional opportunity—in contrast to class-bound Europe—the evidence suggests otherwise. And scholars have, over the past decade, come to see America as a less mobile society than they once believed. As recently as the later 1980s, economists argued that not much advantage passed from parent to child, perhaps as little as 20 percent. By that measure, a rich man’s grandchild would have barely any edge over a poor man’s grandchild….But over the last 10 years, better data and more number-crunching have led economists and sociologists to a new consensus: The escalators of mobility move much more slowly. A substantial body of research finds that at least 45 percent of parents’ advantage in income is passed along to their children, and perhaps as much as 60 percent. With the higher estimate, it’s not only how much money your parents have that matters—even your great-great grandfather’s wealth might give you a noticeable edge today.
As Paul Sweezy once observed, “self-reproduction is an essential characteristic of a class as distinct from a mere stratum.”2 What is clear from recent data is that the upper classes in the United States are extremely effective in reproducing themselves—to a degree that invites no obvious historical comparison in modern capitalist history. According to the New York Times (November 14, 2002), “Bhashkar Mazumber of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago…found that around 65 percent of the earnings advantage of fathers was transmitted to sons.” Tom Hertz, an economist at American University, states that “while few would deny that it is possible to start poor and end rich, the evidence suggests that this feat is more difficult to accomplish in the United States than in other high-income nations.”3
The fact that the rich are getting both relatively and absolutely richer, and the poor are getting relatively (if not absolutely) poorer, in the United States today is abundantly clear to all—although the true extent of this trend defies the imagination. Over the years 1950 to 1970, for each additional dollar made by those in the bottom 90 percent of income earners, those in the top 0.01 percent received an additional $162. In contrast, from 1990 to 2002, for every added dollar made by those in the bottom 90 percent, those in the uppermost 0.01 percent (today around 14,000 households) made an additional $18,000.4
Wealth is always far more unevenly divided than income. In 2001 the top 1 percent of wealth holders accounted for 33 percent of all net worth in the United States, twice the total net worth of the bottom 80 percent of the population. Measured in terms of financial wealth (which excludes equity in owner-occupied houses), the top 1 percent in 2001 owned more than four times as much as the bottom 80 percent of the population. Between 1983 and 2001, this same top 1 percent grabbed 28 percent of the rise in national income, 33 percent of the total gain in net worth, and 52 percent of the overall growth in financial worth.5
Nevertheless, a considerable portion of the population still seems willing to accept substantial differentials in economic rewards on the assumption that these represent returns to merit and that all children have a fighting chance to rise to the top. The United States, the received wisdom tells us, is still the “land of opportunity.” The new data on class mobility, however, indicate that this is far from the case and that the barriers separating classes are hardening.
How class advantages are passed on from one generation to the next is of course enormously difficult to determine—if only because class privileges are so various. Class inequality manifests itself in wealth, income, and occupation, but also in education, consumption, and health—and each of these are among the means by which class advantages/disadvantages are transmitted. Class inequalities, Sweezy explained,
are not only or perhaps even primarily a matter of income: [in certain social settings] a considerable range of income differentials would be compatible with all children having substantially equal life chances. More important are a number of other factors which are less well defined, less visible, and impossible to quantify: the advantages of coming from a more “cultured” home environment, differential access to educational opportunities, the possession of “connections” in the circles of those holding positions of power and prestige, and self-confidence which children absorb from their parents—the list could be expanded and elaborated.6
Such intangibles are difficult to measure, but in a capitalist society they tend to interact with large differentials in income and property ownership and hence leave their quantitative trace there. It is this whole constellation of class advantages roughly correlated with income and wealth, but not simply reducible to these elements, that allows the privileged to maintain their positions of economic status and power intergenerationally even in the context of a society that on the surface appears to have many of the characteristics of a meritocracy. The well-to-do get better education, enjoy better health, have more opportunities to travel, benefit from a wide array of personal services (derived from purchase of the labor services of others), etc.—all of which translates into class advantages passed on to their children.
The fact that strong barriers restricting upward class mobility exist is of course the first point to be considered in class analysis—since without this classes would be nonexistent. However, the real historical significance of class goes far beyond this. Class is not simply about the life chances of a given individual or a family; it is the prime mover in the constitution of modern society, governing both the distribution of power and the potential for social change. It therefore permeates all aspects of social existence.
At present there is no well-developed theory of class in all of its aspects, which remains perhaps the single biggest challenge facing the social sciences. Indeed, failure to advance in this area can be seen as symptomatic of the general stagnation of the social sciences over much of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, most Marxist analyses of class take their starting point from Lenin’s famous definition of class:
Classes are large groups of people differing from each other by the place they occupy in a historically determined system of social production, by their relation (in most cases fixed and formulated in law) to the means of production, by their role in the social organization of labour, and, consequently, by the dimensions of the share of social wealth of which they dispose and the mode of acquiring it.7
Like all brief definitions of class, this one has its weaknesses, since it is not able to take in the dynamic nature of class relations. As Sweezy argued, a systematic treatment of class and class struggle “needs also to encompass at least the following: the formation of classes in conflict with other classes, the character and degree of their self-consciousness, their internal organizational structures, the ways in which they generate and utilize ideologies to further their interests, and their modes of reproduction and self-perpetuation.”8 If we are speaking of a “ruling class” then the ways in which this class dominates the economy and the state need to be understood. Further, it is crucial to ascertain how class articulates itself in relation to other social relations and forms of oppression, such as race and gender.
An investigation of class thus leads to the analysis of society as a whole, its relationships of power, conflict, and change. This special issue of Monthly Review is meant to uncover many of the aspects of class in the United States today as a way of exploring the core struggles of our time. The articles included here are all written from the perspective of the working class (and lower middle class) and are thus oriented primarily towards understanding the changing conditions of exploitation experienced by people at the bottom of society. But they are also written from the standpoint of the class struggle. By focusing on class and class struggle our underlying purpose is clear: not simply to interpret the world but to change it.
- ↩ Bill Moyers, “This is the Fight of Our Lives,” keynote speech, Inequality Matters Forum, New York University, June 3, 2004, http://www.commondreams.org/views/2004/06/16/fight-our-lives.
- ↩ Paul M. Sweezy, “Paul Sweezy Replies to Ernest Mandel,” Monthly Review 31, no. 3 (July–August 1979), 82.
- ↩ Tom Hertz, Understanding Mobility in America, Center for American Progress (April 26, 2006), i, 8, http://www.americanprogress.org/.
- ↩ Correspondents of The New York Times, Class Matters (New York: Times Books, 2005), 186.
- ↩ Edward N. Wolff, “Changes in Household Wealth in the 1980s and 1990s in the U.S.,” (April 27, 2004, draft), forthcoming in Wolff, International Perspectives on Household Wealth (Brookfield, Vermont: Edward Elgar), http://www.econ.nyu.edu/user/wolffe/.
- ↩ Sweezy’s comments here were directed mainly at post-revolutionary societies but he made it clear that the same issues related to the reproduction of class applied to capitalist societies. I have inserted a brief qualification in square brackets to avoid any misunderstandings related to the specific context in which he was writing. See Paul M. Sweezy, Post-Revolutionary Society (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1980), 79–80.
- ↩ V. I. Lenin, Selected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971), 486.
- ↩ Sweezy, “Paul Sweezy Replies to Ernest Mandel,” 79. | <urn:uuid:e3eb8e4f-a9c5-430f-a241-a33ed16c294a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://monthlyreview.org/2006/07/01/aspects-of-class-in-the-united-states-an-introduction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00047-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959826 | 2,455 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Phone survey replicates a 2003 study of interethnic relations conducted in Durham NC. This study was conducted in 3 Southern cities Durham NC Memphis TN and Little Rock AR. The study asks whites African-Americans and Hispanics about their interractions with and attitudes toward those of another race.
Black White & Hispanic respondents were recruited from each city using RDD and directory listings of households with Hispanic surnames. The target was 300 of each race/ethnicity in each city. | <urn:uuid:258a41f1-2936-4e91-809a-82c0fd44f53b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://csr.coopercenter.org/node/15236 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.931698 | 135 | 1.765625 | 2 |
MEDFORD, Ore. — The U.S. Secretary of Interior released this week a draft report on impact of tearing down four dams on the Klamath River. It concludes that getting rid of the dams would increase salmon populations and create thousands of jobs. But Congress could still scuttle the deal.
Secretary Salazar has until March of next year to decide if removing four dams and implementing a restoration and water sharing plan in the Klamath Basin is in the public interest.
The draft environmental statement he just released suggests the answer will be “yes,” says James Honey. He’s with the environmental group Sustainable Northwest.
“It does appear that it’s cost effective,” he says. “It does appear that in general it’s safe, and protects in particular some fairly big natural resource economies in agriculture and commercial fishing.”
But don’t get ready to celebrate or mourn for the Klamath dams yet. There’s a catch. It’s Congress. Salazar can’t decide to remove the dams. First, he needs Congress to pass a law giving him permission. Oregon Sen. Jeff Merkley, a Democrat, is writing a bill that would authorize the Klamath settlement agreements.
So far, there’s no plan for a bill in the House. But there is growing criticism of removing the dams.
“The House has already voted once this year against this lunacy,” says Rep. Tom McClintock, R-Calif. “It would require the House of Representatives to agree to tear down four perfectly good hydroelectric dams. At the cost of hundreds of millions of dollars. I don’t think that’s likely.”
McClintock sits on the House Natural Resources Committee. The cost of actually taking out the dams would be paid for by ratepayers and the State of California. But the cost of the follow-up environmental work in the deal would fall to federal agencies.
Greg Addington represents farmers in the Klamath Basin. He says that for years, the farmers asked members of Congress for help securing water for irrigation. They were told:
“’You guys have to work this out on the ground. You have to work it out and bring us something.’ Well, we went and did that.”
Addington is still hoping Congress will approve and fund the deal by March. If not, farmers, tribes, fisherman, and the power company PacifiCorp will have to re-open negotiations. | <urn:uuid:d8702060-8c41-49fb-ba3a-9bac484f0fe5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.opb.org/news/article/congress-must-approve-klamath-dam-deal-by-march/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00117-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951977 | 537 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Connected cars have captured the imagination of consumers, car manufacturers and suppliers worldwide. And no place showcases the innovations in connected vehicles and smart transportation like the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS), which is being held in Detroit this week. The NAIAS Automobili-D Symposium focuses on the following trends where mobile connectivity is table stakes in this fast moving market: connected car, autonomous driving, emobility and mobility services, and smart cities.[i]
Car manufacturers and their partners around the globe are betting on vehicle connectivity to drive much of the new car sales revenue. Allied Market Research predicts the global connected car market will grow 17.1% from 2018 to 2025, reaching $225,158.0 million by 2025.[ii] Pressured by consumers who see their vehicles as an extension of their smart phones keeping them connected to the outside world, vehicle manufacturers need to expand their relationships with supply chain partners in the following areas:
- Vehicle communications, internet, cloud and Internet of Things (IoT) services
- Content and digital media (CDM) and infotainment systems
- Connected diagnostics, maintenance and tracking systems via telematics
- Driver assistance, navigation and safety capabilities
- Autonomous driving, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) systems
- Security systems to prevent the threat of vehicle system and data hacking
You can get a sense of the scope of this growing connected car landscape below:
Source: Connect Car Patent Data, 2018.
A more intelligent transportation system
When you think of the value a more intelligent transportation system adds to our lives and society, it is easy to understand the rapid growth of this hyper-mobile market. Imagine how many vehicular accidents and injuries could be avoided if cars about to collide communicated with each other and initiated measures to gently prevent a catastrophe?
Some byproducts of this inter-vehicle communication could be the reduction in car insurance and medical premiums as part of many providers’ “good driver” incentives. And vehicles capable of not only mapping out less congested routes to reduce fuel consumption but also issuing preemptive alerts to lower maintenance costs would be welcomed by consumer and commercial fleet owners. Public safety at all levels of government can reap the benefit of preemptively alerting drivers officials, and emergency personnel of traffic jams, parking space availability and accidents with the help of strategically placed sensor and cameras connected to IoT systems.
Connected Car and Smart Transportation Challenges
The increasing dependency on broader supply chain services and partners (illustrated in the diagram below) demands direct and secure, private interconnection between multiple players that existing legacy IT infrastructures cannot support.
Fast and safe access to business and digital ecosystems and customers in competitive markets is needed for automotive manufacturers to make these vital interactions successful. Greater interconnection within this ecosystem could also translate into new connected vehicle opportunities in more rural regions that have limited physical infrastructure. That would enable industrial equipment and commercial trucks traveling beyond the furthest edges of a metropolitan area to remain connected to critical information services, as well as provide valuable customer and vehicle data back to manufacturers.
Data continues to grow exponentially while data compliance and privacy challenges remain. This heightens the focus on more effective growth management and governance strategies for system and data capture, processing, analysis and security. More focus will also be needed on integrating AI and ML capabilities to deliver better driving experiences to consumers and achieve greater efficiency in bringing connected solutions to market. And when considering the application and services layers of connected car and smart transportation systems, reducing the time, cost and risks behind traversing networks between a manufacturer’s enterprise and its digital service chain will be critical to the success of this emerging ecosystem.
Connected car and smart transportation opportunities
Just as the connected vehicle/smart transportation industry is not standing still, neither are the infrastructure or communications innovations required to support this thriving market. Requirements within this expanding industry ecosystem include greater scalability to handle increasing data volumes from multiple device types, lowering the latency in the supply chain and between vehicle/consumer interactions, and enabling denser connectivity, especially in the most remote edges of the world.
The following established and emerging communication delivery and IT technologies will contribute to this complex landscape:
- Network Function Virtualization (NFV)
- Lower Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)
- 5G Microcells and Network Infrastructure
- Wireless Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
- Satellite Communications
- Network Slicing
- Telecommunication Carrier Aggregation
- Edge Computing
Through the lens of enabling digital infrastructures at Equinix, we believe that connected car and smart transportation networking will undergo significant change, particularly in high-speed wireless spectrum and radio access, similar to what we’ve seen with optical paths and submarine cable system routes. As this evolves, the performance and economic benefits of placing workloads proximate to users and their respective value service chain to reduce latency with be critical to the industry’s success.
Many of our automotive customers are finding that solving these challenges can be made possible by deploying Interconnection Orientated Architecture™ (IOA™) best practices on Platform Equinix®, along with supply chain partners as laid out in the Automotive Digital Edge Playbook. As shown in the diagram below, an IOA strategy underpins digital engagement and digital ecosystems to support of consumer omnichannel experiences, a more collaborative supply chain, and greater innovation and mobility as a service. That translates into enable faster customer-based insights and data monetization.
This more interconnected infrastructure also enables iterative assessments of the relationship between user traffic and new product development via a data- and user-centric edge deployment strategy. By optimizing and accelerating access to customer speeds and feeds, manufacturers and their suppliers can improve the performance of their delivery service chain to users, as well as lower the cost of bringing new products to market in a fast changing global economy.
The automotive ecosystem in action
One of our customers is a global automotive supplier that leverages an IOA approach on Platform Equinix to help protect millions of drivers around the world against accidents, paving the way for safe, efficient and intelligent mobility. While remaining strong in its traditional automotive products, the company was increasingly producing new digital services, such as a smartphone app to find parking spaces, autonomous driving systems and smart sensors in tires. To support these new digital-driven initiatives, the company needed to create a digital infrastructure that was agile and flexible enough to leverage the value of multiple cloud services and applications, enabling them to access the services they needed, when they needed them, while avoiding investment in cumbersome and costly hardware.
The company established a footprint within four Equinix International Business Exchange™ (IBX®) data centers in Germany, the United States and Asia to create regional interconnection hubs. This gave it the global platform it needed to securely deploy, directly connect and effectively scale its infrastructure to bring everything its business needed within reach. The solution implemented Equinix Connect-multihome IP backbone connectivity-for extra reliability and outstanding network performance and Equinix Cloud Exchange Fabric™ (ECX Fabric™) for on-demand, global hybrid/multicloud interconnection via software-defined interconnection.
As a result, the company was able to eliminate many on-premises backup services by switching to cloud-based file and backup solutions. This delivered the requisite latency and business continuity, while reducing the company’s CAPEX and OPEX. In addition, the solution enabled the company to:
- Establish a global, connected and flexible infrastructure fabric to support its business strategy
- Extend its leadership position in digital services
- Strengthen its ability to compete with new competitors
- Optimize multicloud connectivity and boosts performance
- Enhance security and reliability to meet data and compliance laws
“We now have a presence globally. That is great for today, but also puts us in a strong position
tomorrow. We don’t know which services we may need to connect in the future, however, the
flexibility we have with Equinix is the real value-add, said the Director of Corporate Infrastructure. “With Equinix, becoming more agile will enable us to remain at the forefront of industry innovation.”
From what we have experienced with the automotive and other industry ecosystems in our IBX data centers, every business case is unique to each company, and the level of value gained by reorganizing existing and new IT assets and strategies over time opens up new opportunities. Equinix Professional Services can provide an unbiased review – through guided workshops, analysis and stakeholder guidance – to help companies gain a much clearer understanding of the positive impact their digital transformation can have on their business and revenue growth.
In the meantime, read the Automotive Digital Edge Playbook to learn about best practices for transforming your automotive business to succeed in a more connected and smarter mobility marketplace. | <urn:uuid:44168a27-2f11-4c42-bd2a-3bc31f4c6e47> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.equinix.com/blog/2019/01/15/connected-car-reigns-at-the-detroit-auto-show/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.928667 | 1,817 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Sport supplement include products designed to help people bulk up, lose weight, or feel better. Sport supplement are widely available on the market nowadays are aimed at helping athletes or fitness enthusiasts in increasing their power, stamina and overall performance in sports activities.
Choosing the right sport supplement product can sometime prove to be a daunting task with the large variety of products available. Sport Supplement includes pro hormones, amino acids, proteins, testosterone enhancers, mineral replacements and vitamins. Sport Supplemental products are accessible without a prescription. However they must be taken in a consistent manner to avoid any health problem.
The well known sport supplement such as protein, creatine, glutamine and multi vitamins helps to the improvement of a persons fitness. Proteins are available in the form of powder which converts to amino acids. Proteins helps for growth of the muscles and they repair these muscles from damage. Creatine can also helps in the increase of the volume of muscles and ones energy. On the other side glutamine supplements are beneficial in the correction of muscle damage after workouts. Multi vitamins provide antioxidants that are necessary for a healthy body and are considered to be among the top supplements. However before taking any sport supplement, one must also learn upon their functions, in regard to the human body. | <urn:uuid:ec9c5624-1c70-4bf5-87df-9b8d2e2760f6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ebaumsworld.com/blogs/facts-about-sport-supplement-products/80966513/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00278-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947224 | 253 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Billionaire debutantes, Russians take Bloomberg to the ballby ami eden , jta
|Follow j. on||and|
There were ballerinas, a full dance ensemble, soloists, a harpist, a video tribute to Jewish luminaries in multiple fields, a multimedia orchestra, a speech from Israel’s prime minister, standup from Jay Leno, and an audience packed with top Jewish leaders from both sides of the Atlantic.
Officially, the grandiose May 22 ceremony at the Jerusalem Theater was to honor former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg with the first $1 million Genesis Prize — what some are calling the Jewish Nobel Prize.
So the festivities in Jerusalem provided a unique chance for official Jewishdom to celebrate Bloomberg as one of its own. But he wasn’t the only debutante at the ball — it was also a coming-out party of sorts for the organizers, the Russian businessmen-philanthropists behind the Genesis Philanthropy Group.
They have been on the scene for nearly a decade, but most of their philanthropic resources and energies have been dedicated to supporting Jewish identity-building initiatives for Russian-speaking Jews around the world. The launch of the Genesis Prize was aimed at influencing the wider Jewish world, inspiring Jewish pride among young people by shining a spotlight each year on one member of the tribe who has made a big impact.
As with much of what these organizers do, they did it big, with the $1 million in prize money and a $100 million endowment to back it up, plus a formal partnership with the Prime Minister’s Office and the Jewish Agency for Israel.
Along the way, some commentators and communal insiders scratched their heads. Why do we need a Jewish Nobel?
Asked about what Jewish values he held dear, Bloomberg offered up honesty, charity, hard work and the responsibility to make the world a better place for future generations.
Bloomberg praised Israel and remarked fondly on his Jewish upbringing that set him on the path to success. But he noted repeatedly that the values he absorbed as a child could have come from any culture or religion.
“The values I learned from my parents are probably the same values I hope Christians and Muslims and Hindus and Buddhists teach to their people,” he said at a news conference before the award ceremony.
Bloomberg has visited Israel several times, including in 2009 when he came to show solidarity during the Gaza war that year. Last week he paid tribute to the country, asking, “If the dream of Israel can be realized, what dream can’t be?” He dismissed anti-Israel boycotts as an “outrage.”
But he also made sure to emphasize his universalist bent.“We are as one with this city and this country as we can be, to build a brighter future for everyone,” he said.
Bloomberg’s universalist pronouncements were in many ways echoed by Genesis officials.
Bloomberg had said last year that he would use the $1 million to promote Israeli-Palestinian business cooperation. But at the news conference, he said the Genesis group urged him instead to use the prize money to fund the Genesis Generations Prize, which will provide 10 grants of $100,000 each to candidates with the best “big ideas” guided by Jewish values that benefit the world. Non-Jews will be eligible for the grants.
Be the first to comment! | <urn:uuid:dc088849-7bb2-46a0-8c97-acb9a3512e8a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/71765/billionaire-debutantes-russians-take-bloomberg-to-the-ball | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00572-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957255 | 708 | 1.539063 | 2 |
This Teacher's Manual Enhanced CD for the Veritas Press history course New Testament, Greece and Rome includes the memory song track for the course as well as the electronic version of the New Testament, Greece and Rome School Teacher's Manual (which includes a worksheet, at least one project, and a test for each card in that year's series) along with a 'how to' video that provides help and guidance. Enhanced materials are in Adobe Acrobat format and can be accessed on the CD-ROM of most Macintosh and Windows computers. Grade 3.
This is one of four teacher's guide options: the homeschool (print) teacher's guide or the homeschool enhanced CD-ROM, and the school (print) teacher's guide or the school enhanced CD-ROM. The difference between the homeschool and school print guides is that the homeschool guide is a softcover while the school version is in the format of loose-leaf pages in a three-ring-binder; in addition, the print and CD-ROM versions of the school and homeschool versions differ in that the copyright allows homeschool families to make copies for their homeschool and the school version allows teachers to make copies for their classrooms and homeschool co-ops. The content is identical.
Similar Items you may enjoy! | <urn:uuid:fc85d20c-969b-4d6e-bb98-e72e45b6a717> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://christian-book-store.christiansunite.com/8767165/New-Testament-Greece-and-Rome-School-Enhanced-CD.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.95421 | 262 | 2.5 | 2 |
Nearly all electronics require devices called oscillators that create precise frequencies—frequencies used to keep time in wristwatches or to transmit reliable signals to radios. For nearly 100 years, these oscillators have relied upon quartz crystals to provide a frequency reference, much like a tuning fork is used as a reference to tune a piano. However, future high-end navigation systems, radar systems and even possibly tomorrow's consumer electronics will require references beyond the performance of quartz.
Now, researchers in the laboratory of Kerry Vahala, the Ted and Ginger Jenkins Professor of Information Science and Technology and Applied Physics at Caltech, have developed a method to stabilize microwave signals in the range of gigahertz, or billions of cycles per second—using a pair of laser beams as the reference, in lieu of a crystal.
Quartz crystals "tune" oscillators by vibrating at relatively low frequencies—those that fall at or below the range of megahertz, or millions of cycles per second, like radio waves. However, quartz crystals are so good at tuning these low frequencies that years ago, researchers were able to apply a technique called electrical frequency division that could convert higher-frequency microwave signals into lower-frequency signals, and then stabilize these with quartz.
The new technique, which Vahala and his colleagues have dubbed electro-optical frequency division, builds off of the method of optical frequency division, developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology more than a decade ago. "Our new method reverses the architecture used in standard crystal-stabilized microwave oscillators—the 'quartz' reference is replaced by optical signals much higher in frequency than the microwave signal to be stabilized," Vahala says.
Jiang Li—a Kavli Nanoscience Institute postdoctoral scholar at Caltech and one of two lead authors on the paper, along with graduate student Xu Yi—likens the method to a gear chain on a bicycle that translates pedaling motion from a small, fast-moving gear into the motion of a much larger wheel. "Electrical frequency dividers used widely in electronics can work at frequencies no higher than 50 to 100 GHz. Our new architecture is a hybrid electro-optical 'gear chain' that stabilizes a common microwave electrical oscillator with optical references at much higher frequencies in the range of terahertz or trillions of cycles per second," Li says.
The optical reference used by the researchers is a laser that, to the naked eye, looks like a tiny disk. At only 6 mm in diameter, the device is very small, making it particularly useful in compact photonics devices—electronic-like devices powered by photons instead of electrons, says Scott Diddams, physicist and project leader at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and a coauthor on the study.
"There are always tradeoffs between the highest performance, the smallest size, and the best ease of integration. But even in this first demonstration, these optical oscillators have many advantages; they are on par with, and in some cases even better than, what is available with widespread electronic technology," Vahala says.
The new technique is described in Science. | <urn:uuid:52c49b0d-d4c9-4a12-9bc1-ca6ebe1439a9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rdmag.com/news/2014/07/future-electronics-may-depend-lasers-not-quartz | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00534-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933376 | 646 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Patent Picks are chosen by the editors from publicly available sources. Today's highlight describes the use and synthesis of new organic compounds as fragrance and flavor materials.
Organic compounds for fragrance, flavor compositions
U.S. Patent Application 20150307439
Publication date: Oct. 29, 2015
Inventors: R. Beumer, J. Tschumi and M. Gressly
This invention relates to novel organic compounds and their use as fragrance and flavor materials. A process for their manufacture is also described, wherein the main compound is hydrogenated at the C=C double bond to a separate compound. Details of the given compounds, including their various chemical groups and the synthesis process, are detailed in the patent. | <urn:uuid:dadab63c-1467-47df-8124-7bc1c3996a41> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.perfumerflavorist.com/fragrance/regulatory-research/news/21878773/patent-pick-new-ff-material | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.936443 | 150 | 1.609375 | 2 |
As one of the central features of the innate immune system, the complement cascade assists in removing pathogens from the body. Additionally, the complement system acts in brain development to refine synaptic connections by removing those that are weak or misdirected. The role of the complement cascade, specifically of the central component C3, in synaptic degradation in the aging brain, however, remains unclear. Although synaptic pruning is key to healthy early brain development, synaptic degradation in the adult brain may be a precursor of aging and neurodegenerative disease that results in neuronal loss. Recently, a research team led by Dr. Cynthia A. Lemere of the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases at Brigham and Women's Hospital utilized C3-deficient mice, B6;129S4-C3tm1Crr/J (003641) to investigate whether the C3-mediated synaptic pruning mechanisms at work in the developing brain also contribute to cognitive decline in the aging brain.
Consistent with earlier reports, Lemere's team observed synaptic reductions in the CA3 layer and in the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus of adult C57BL/6J (000664) wild-type (WT) mice. Interestingly, they did not observe such changes in the CA1 layer, suggesting that synaptic loss in the aging brain is region-specific. Further, the researchers found that C3 protein levels were elevated in WT hippocampus during early postnatal development (P2), declined sharply by P30, and rebounded modestly but significantly at 16 months. The rise in C3 protein level correlated with decreases in synaptic puncta and synaptophysin densities and synaptic protein, neuron loss, and reduced synaptic plasticity. These changes were not observed in C3-deficient mice, suggesting that C3 is required for these developmental changes.
Research on cognitive decline and age-related behavioral deficits primarily focuses on morphological and electrophysiological changes in the hippocampus and many studies report age-related deficits in learning and memory due reduced hippocampal synaptic connections and neuron density. To translate the changes they observed in their mice to a behavioral phenotype, Lemere's group thoroughly examined hippocampal-dependent learning and memory in both WT and C3-deficient mice, and their responses to anxiety. In the water T-maze test, which measures spatial learning during acquisition and cognitive flexibility during recall, 16 month-old C3-deficient mice performed significantly better compared to WT controls. Aged C3-deficient mice also performed significantly better than WT mice in the contextual fear conditioning task, which evaluates memory associated with aversive stimuli, and C3-deficient mice display reduced anxiolytic behavior, evaluated via the elevated plus maze and open-field assessment. Based on these results Lemere’s team concluded that complement C3, or associated downstream signaling, play an important role in age-related cognitive decline and behavioral deficits. | <urn:uuid:f13b10cc-d3cf-45eb-8b85-a13e69a9daef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/2015/November/complementary-roles-for-c3-complement-in-developing-and-aging-brain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.935835 | 593 | 2.71875 | 3 |
She had on board, exclusive of her crew of 700 men, about 1050 troops, which, with 50 English prisoners, made 1800 souls.
At a little past five o’clock, the Indefatigable closed with the enemy and began the action; this had lasted about an hour, when the Indefatigable unavoidably shot ahead, on which the Amazon took her place and nobly continued the battle. The Indefatigable, having in the meantime repaired her rigging, again joined in the attack, the British ships placing themselves one on each quarter of their opponent. A continued fire was kept up for upwards of five hours, when they found it absolutely necessary to sheer off, in order to secure their masts. During the action the sea is described as having run so high, that the men on the main decks of the frigates were up to their middles in water. As soon as the masts were secured, the attack was again resumed, and notwithstanding the crews of both ships were almost exhausted with their exertions, it was prolonged for five hours more, when, late in the night, the fire ceased on both sides. The Amazon had now nearly three feet of water in the hold, and was in other respects most severely damaged. The enemy had suffered still more; her foremast was shot away, and the main and mizen-masts left tottering, the decks being strewed with the dead and dying.
At about four o’clock in the morning, an officer on board the Indefatigable reported breakers ahead, and the loss of all three vessels appeared almost inevitable.
The Indefatigable was then close under the starboard quarter of the Droits de l’Homme, and the Amazon as near to her on the larboard bow. The Indefatigable was fortunate enough to avoid the danger by being able to make sail to the southward, and she escaped.
When daylight broke, a terrible spectacle was presented. The Droits de l’Homme had drifted towards the land—broadside on—a tremendous surf beating over her. The position of the Amazon was as precarious, notwithstanding every effort was made by her officers and crew to work her off shore, all proved unavailing, and she struck the ground. The ship’s company, with the exception of six men, gained the shore, which proved to be Audienre Bay, where they were all made prisoners.
The melancholy fate of the Droits de l’Homme is described in James’s Naval History. Already 900 souls had perished, when the fourth night came with renewed horrors,—’weak, distracted, and wanting everything,’ says one of the prisoners, a British officer, in his narrative, ’we envied the fate of those whose lifeless corpses no longer needed sustenance. The sense of hunger was already lost, but a parching thirst consumed our vitals.’ ... ’Almost lost to a sense of humanity, we no longer looked with pity on those who were the speedy forerunners of our own fate, and a consultation took place, to sacrifice some one to be food to the remainder. The die was going to be cast, when the welcome sight of a man-of-war brig renewed our hopes. A cutter speedily followed, and both anchored at a short distance from the wreck. They then sent their boats to us, and by means of large rafts, about 150, out of nearly 400 who attempted it, were saved by the brig that evening; 380 were left to ’endure another night’s misery,—when, dreadful to relate, about one half were found dead next morning!’ | <urn:uuid:e6f7fb19-b5aa-49a8-9d84-e34cedb82083> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/15301/122.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00559-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985134 | 768 | 2.5 | 2 |
Ask a number of people
to describe a robot and most of them will answer they look like a
human. Interestingly a robot that looks like a human is probably
the most difficult robot to make. Is is usually a waste of time
and not the most sensible thing to model a robot after a human being.
A robot needs to be above all functional and designed with qualities
that suits its primary tasks. It depends on the task at hand
whether the robot is big, small, able to move or nailed to the ground.
Each and every task means different qualities, form and function, a
robot needs to be designed with the task in mind.
Mars Explorer images and other
space robot images courtesy of NASA.
robots are able to move, usually they perform task such as search
areas. A prime example is the Mars Explorer, specifically designed
to roam the mars surface.
robots are a great help to such collapsed building for survivors
Mobile robots are used for task where people cannot go. Either
because it is too dangerous of because people cannot reach the
area that needs to be searched.
can be divided in two categories:
Rolling Robots: Rolling robots have wheels to move
around. These are the type of robots that can quickly and easily
search move around. However they are only useful in flat areas,
rocky terrains give them a hard time. Flat terrains are their
Walking Robots: Robots on legs are usually brought in
when the terrain is rocky and difficult to enter with wheels.
Robots have a hard time shifting balance and keep them from
tumbling. That’s why most robots with have at least 4 of them,
usually they have 6 legs or more. Even when they lift one or more
legs they still keep their balance. Development of legged robots
is often modeled after insects or crawfish..
not only used to explore areas or imitate a human being. Most
robots perform repeating tasks without ever moving an inch. Most
robots are ‘working’ in industry settings. Especially dull and
repeating tasks are suitable for robots. A robot never grows
tired, it will perform its duty day and night without ever
complaining. In case the tasks at hand are done, the robots will
be reprogrammed to perform other tasks..
robots are self supporting or in other words self contained. In a
way they rely on their own ‘brains’.
robots run a program that give them the opportunity to decide on
the action to perform depending on their surroundings. At times
these robots even learn new behavior. They start out with a short
routine and adapt this routine to be more successful at the task
they perform. The most successful routine will be repeated as
such their behavior is shaped. Autonomous robots can learn to
walk or avoid obstacles they find in their way. Think about a six
legged robot, at first the legs move ad random, after a little
while the robot adjust its program and performs a pattern which
enables it to move in a direction.
autonomous robot is despite its autonomous not a very clever or
intelligent unit. The memory and brain capacity is usually
limited, an autonomous robot can be compared to an insect in that
In case a
robot needs to perform more complicated yet undetermined tasks an
autonomous robot is not the right choice.
tasks are still best performed by human beings with real
brainpower. A person can guide a robot by remote control. A
person can perform difficult and usually dangerous tasks without
being at the spot where the tasks are performed. To detonate a
bomb it is safer to send the robot to the danger area.
Dante 2, a NASA robot designed to
explore volcanoes via remote control.
Virtual robots don’t exits in real
life. Virtual robots are just programs, building blocks of software
inside a computer. A virtual robot can simulate a real robot or just
perform a repeating task. A special kind of robot is a robot that
searches the world wide web. The internet has countless robots
crawling from site to site. These WebCrawler’s collect information on
websites and send this information to the search engines.
Another popular virtual robot is the chatterbot. These robots
simulate conversations with users of the internet. One of the first
chatterbots was ELIZA.
There are many varieties of chatterbots now, including E.L.V.I.S.
short for Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics
and Mechanics. BEAM robots are made by hobbyists. BEAM
robots can be simple and very suitable for starters.
Robots are often modeled after nature. A lot of BEAM robots
look remarkably like insects. Insects are easy to build in mechanical
form. Not just the mechanics are in inspiration also the limited
behavior can easily be programmed in a limited amount of memory and
Like all robots they also contain electronics. Without electronic
circuits the engines cannot be controlled. Lots of Beam Robots also
use solar power as their main source of energy.
A BEAM Robot should look nice and attractive. BEAM robots have
no printed circuits with some parts but an appealing and original
In contrast with expensive big robots BEAM robots are cheap,
simple, built out of recycled material and running on solar energy. | <urn:uuid:35488c27-ec8e-494d-b94f-90bcca2c6011> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.electronicsteacher.com/robotics/type-of-robots.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00439-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924665 | 1,136 | 3.5 | 4 |
I used to work for the Yellow Pages. Everything has a heading or category there. Whether you use printed directories or not, category based search has become one of our default search techniques. As digital media has evolved, new categorization methods have developed. Search engines have keywords and social media has hashtags. But hashtags serve as much more than just categories. They link conversations and increase visibility.
The social media tool RiteTag will help you reach beyond your followers with a multi-channel hashtag analysis. Hashtags are commonly associated with Twitter. However Google+, Instagram and several other social networks use hashtags to group conversations and content. RiteTag presents a unique opportunity to learn about the most relevant hashtags for any topic across all channels (that support hashtags). People are hungry for content to consume and share, and the right hashtag (or RiteTag) can increase visibility in front of just the right crowd. The real question is, ‘Which is the RiteTag?’
If you have a bit of an idea about the kind of topics that your followers are interested in, you can use this tool to find popular associated hashtags. Then you can break it down further and monitor activity for those tags on Twitter, Google+ and more. In addition, you can also see who is using those tags and the context they’re used in.
4 Ways You Can Use RiteTag To Access A Larger Audience
1. Extending Reach
It doesn’t matter if you have 10 or 100,000 followers – if you include the right hashtag in your tweet or status update, it will potentially be exposed to millions of eyeballs (not just your followers).
Whether you need an understanding of your competitors strategy, or you are researching for a blog post – you can use this tool to research keywords and tags you didn’t even know existed.
RiteTag is an excellent way to identify people who are active and influential in your space. With the right hashtags, you’ll have an opportunity to develop relationships, build trust and even form communities.
4. Brand Development
Leverage associated keywords and tags for your brand – if folks are talking about your brand online you want to be part of that conversation.
Here’s an example of some keyword research using RiteTag:
So when you consider the growth of Google+ and Twitter, and the recent talk of Facebook using hashtags, there has never been a better time to learn more about using the right hashtags. RiteTag founder Saul Fleischman told me in an interview that the idea came from a need to find the right hashtag to link conversations during an earthquake.
As a startup in BETA, RiteTag is constantly evolving and thrives on user feedback for improvement. It’s the only tool that helps you identify hashtags for 9 social networks (so far) based on a query word and not necessarily a hashtag. Regardless of the topic, this tool can help you find and participate in the social media conversations you’re interested in and reach far beyond your followers. Give RiteTag a try here: http://www.ritetag.com
Reach Far Beyond Your Followers
Image Credits: [Social Strategies] [Tom Fishburne] Video: [RiteTag] | <urn:uuid:4afee8aa-671c-4f06-be0a-9961b8f54eb5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bitrebels.com/social/hashtag-tool-reach-beyond-your-followers/?ritetag=test2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00036-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897873 | 674 | 1.8125 | 2 |
The Obama administration recently announced plans to deploy ballistic-missile defenses in the state of Alaska. At the same time, though, it canceled a key component of its European-based missile-defense system.
The Obama plan calls for stationing 14 missile interceptors in Alaska to protect the U.S. west coast from North Korea, which is seen as a threat due to its advances in nuclear and missile technology. It also calls for the deployment of a radar system in Japan.
On the European side, the U.S. administration has been involved since 2009 in a four-stage program that uses sea-based, as well as land-based, ballistic-missile interceptors. Experts said it is a much more flexible plan than the one advocated by former President George W. Bush.
U.S. cancels part of missile defense
Now the U.S. government has decided to forgo the last stage of the European missile defense project, known as “phase four.”
Joe Cirincione, President of the Ploughshares Fund, an organization specializing in nuclear weapons policy, said “the controversial part of the program was the plan to put more advanced interceptors in phases three and four - this started to worry the Russians. They thought that the ‘phase four’ interceptor - a very large, very fast interceptor - might be able, if it worked at all, to intercept Russian long-range missiles. That’s what they objected to.”
U.S., Russia spar over missile defense
For many years, a U.S.-led ballistic-missile defense system based in Europe has been a contentious issue between the United States and Russia.
Sean Kay, an arms control expert at Ohio Wesleyan University, said Moscow believes the U.S. plan is ultimately aimed at Russia - a view rejected by the United States and other Western nations.
“The Russians rely much more heavily today on their nuclear deterrence because their conventional capabilities are so dramatically downgraded since the end of the Cold War,” said Kay. “Countries that have nuclear weapons are concerned about other countries’ ability to sort of neutralize their offensive or defensive nuclear capacity because it would leave them vulnerable to surprise attack.”
In announcing the cancelation of ‘phase four’ of the European missile defense system, the Obama administration cited budgetary constraints.
Reasons for missile defense cancelation
Kay said the underlying “reason why they are able to scrap that technology right now - or at least that part of the plan - is because the technology for it does not exist. It did not exist under the Bush plan, it did not exist under the Obama plan. It is sort of an assumed capacity that would be deployed in the future. So we are really giving up nothing to say we will scrap this for the time being.”
Cirincione said the system simply did not work.
“I have talked to a number of officials in town to see whether this was driven by diplomacy or program, and it was clearly program. The missile could not do what they wanted it to do," he said. "It was still just a paper concept. But as they started to look at the requirements for the missile, they realized they could not get a missile as fast as they wanted in the size that they needed.”
Obama’s critics would argue that cancelation of “phase four” is linked to the “flexibility” the president promised in arms control issues to then Russian President Dmitri Medvedev in off-microphone remarks last year.
But Cirincione said, “If the president is going to be more flexible, it is going to be in a comprehensive package he is going to propose to the Russians, and we have not seen that yet.”
As for Moscow’s initial reaction to the U.S. move, several Russian government officials have said Russia’s position on missile defense remains unchanged. | <urn:uuid:90fc6b87-556f-48e8-876d-ca043890b7e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.voanews.com/a/us_cancels_part_of_missile_defense_system_in_europe/1626034.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00378-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972883 | 829 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Learn more and become a part of the Devela Worldschool Community!
What is Devela Worldschool?
The worldschooling movement has gained a tremendous amount of momentum over the past decade. As more and more parents realize the value of a global education, they’ve also realized the importance of making meaningful connections with other members of worldschooling communities. Though Facebook and other social media have made it easier than ever to connect, children and teens tend to derive the most powerful benefits of socialization from face-to-face contact with others.
Devela provides worldschooling resources and curricula that have been developed by Jennifer Shipp, master’s level expert in child and family psychology who works professionally as a writer. She and her husband, John, homeschooled their daughter, who is now an adult. They were a worldschool family before the term “worldschooling” even existed! They worked with foster children for 8 years as licensed foster parents in Nebraska and they also worked with kids through large events (School District 13 Haunted Attraction and Cornstalk as well as martial arts schools they owned in Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado). Over the years, they’ve developed programs to specifically address the challenges of education and the emotional terrain that teenagers encounter as they navigate adolescence.
As an ex-pro musician and lighting and sound designer, John Shipp has taught kids of all ages how to not only play a variety of instruments, but also how to design sound and lighting environments that evoke different emotions. He’s a well-known computer programmer during the day, and he combines his mathematical know-how with music theory to help kids learn applied math in a fun environment. John and Jennifer's daughter is also a musician and she works professionally with a music and theater group called the estudiantina in Guanajuato.
Lydian was worldschooled and homeschooled throughout her entire childhood except for one semester in public schools (she desperately wanted to experience what all the other kids were doing--but she hated it). She knows what it’s like to leave everything behind and she appreciates that this was her experience growing up. Her insights are really valuable to us now that she’s a fully-fledged, married adult. The experiences and musings that we had traveling abroad with Lydian are detailed in our Bruised Banana worldschooling blog.
Lydian and her husband Naing Naing live in Burma (also known as Myanmar) for part of the year. As a Myanmar native, Naing Naing has backstage access to this emerging destination. We are currently developing Myanmar worldschooling resources for families who are willing to get off the beaten path with their travels and visit this incredible destination. Anyone who’s interested in updates on the Myanmar worldschool hub can contact us here for more information or to be placed on our email list. | <urn:uuid:b678aa02-9d93-4b00-9c79-7dd841668a74> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://develaworldschool.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.972595 | 598 | 1.570313 | 2 |
I was delighted to hear the radio ad from the Institute of Guidance Counsellors reminding the public of their availability in their local school to advise parents and students about filling in CAO forms.
Just as the arrival of the first swallows signifies an improvement in the weather, so does the CAO process signal the start of the third level points frenzy at the heart of the educational year. I’m old enough to remember when people used to say, “I got so many honours and so many passes” (not to mention the concept of the red honours, the honours grade but on a pass paper) when asked how they did in their Leaving Certificate. Not anymore! ‘How did you do in the Leaving Cert?’ is answered now in terms of points: “I got [x number of] points” as if this is the be-all and end-all of life!
Unfortunately, for many students that is how it is perceived. Imagine getting 500 points in your exams, an achievement which puts you in the top 8 or 9 percent of the cohort, but considering yourself a failure because that may not be enough. Daft isn’t it?
I never cease to be amazed by the obsession we have with progression to third level in Ireland. What people often don’t realize is that the CAO is owned by the universities and is a very effective way of filling first year college courses, but in a manner which may not now suit an increasing number of students.
There is no doubt that the points system is definitely transparent and fair, perhaps brutally so, as demonstrated in my example of the 500 point student who still hasn’t enough for the coveted course.
If we were designing an education system to meet the needs of the Irish citizen where would we start? What do we want a well educated Irish 18 or 19 year old to look like?
We’re lucky that in Ireland we have a very high retention rate within our second level system and also a very high rate of students going on to third level. In the same way as the Leaving Cert is a springboard to third level, so now the primary degree is a springboard to employment but in a labour market where many of the jobs our graduates will fill in 10 years time haven’t been invented yet.
Just think about that for a minute. In ten years time, you may be working in a job that doesn’t exist now. Not so impossible when you consider that ten years ago there were no ipads, iphones, ipods, or cloud computing. So, as you begin to go about filling in your CAO form, be sure to choose an area that interests you and not a course you feel you should do because you have so many hundred points and you don’t want to waste them.
Things have changed a little bit recently but, three years ago, Law – which is pretty easy but which involves a lot of memory work – was on astronomical points. Computer Science – which is really complicated -was on very modest points and many who started out on such courses found that they didn’t have the ability to get through first year, resulting in high failure rates.
Resilience and an ability to flourish within an inclusive school setting, with social equity at its heart, should be the raison d’être of our education system, not just the blind pursuit of points. The media obsession with League Tables and university progression doesn’t promote an inclusive agenda. A narrow focus on a single outcome in education, when so many reports indicate that young people’s needs are infinitely complex, ignores the diversity of needs of students and our society.
The free market approach of the Celtic Tiger Era did not get it right. Sometimes it seems as if the more a school includes Special Education Needs Children, Traveller Children, children from disadvantaged backgrounds, the more parents exclude it from consideration as their first school of choice. The more exclusive a school is perceived to be, the more parents seek to have their children included in that school.
So, whether you are a parent or a student, speak to the Guidance Counsellor and choose your course options wisely. Remember that how you do in the Leaving Cert points race isn’t a valid measure of your worth as an individual. Your life has meaning and purpose. Take responsibility for what you have done in life, learn from it and if necessary, change it. | <urn:uuid:5986eefc-79f0-435e-abdd-421cbc7ff5d0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://educationmatters.ie/speak-to-your-guidance-counsellor-about-cao-options/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.973394 | 920 | 1.640625 | 2 |
A five step process described by Grinder and Bostic in "Whispering in the Wind" (2000). This is the form of modelling which is taught in NLP. 1. Identify one or more appropriate models of excellence in the skill to be modelled. 2. Model implicitly by unconscious uptake for as long as it takes, with explicit intent to refuse to allow conscious analysis, understanding or coding. 3. Continue implicit modelling until as competent as the model and performing at that level of competence and in the same time frame as the model. Continue to use the skill unconsciously. For practical purposes this is the last step in the process. 4. If there is a need to make the skill explicit, only do it after a period of practice with the skill after modelling is complete. Allow the patterns to become conscious and choose an appropriate form of coding for the explication of the model. 5. Teach the patterns you have identified and coded to someone else. The evidence of your accuracy will be in their behaviour.
A description of NLP which uses a systemic approach to demonstrate and teach the patterns by providing a series of contexts in which they manifest spontaneously. In the New Code of NLP the unconscious of the client is explicitly assigned the responsibility for the selection of the critical elements-the desired state, the resource, or new behaviour. The unconscious is explicitly involved in all steps. There are precise constraints placed upon the selection of new behaviour, more specifically, the new behaviour must satisfy the original positive intention(s) of the behaviour to be changed. The manipulation occurs at the level of state and intention as opposed to that of behaviour. (Grinder, Bostic 2000).
A branch of psychology, also called physiological psychology. Neuroscience is the study of the functioning of the nervous system which includes the structures and functioning of the brain and its relationship to behaviour.
A list of specific content categories, developed by Robert Dilts to assist people to sort their ideas. Refers to environment, behaviour, capability, belief, identity, mission. Called "neuro-logical" levels because in Dilts' opinion, the further up the list, the more neurology is involved in the experience. Does not belong in the field of NLP being of a different logical type.
NLP models patterns of human excellence. This includes the way people of excellence take in information from the world, how they describe it to themselves with their senses, filter it with their beliefs and values, and act on the result. In summary there is a person, their descriptions and the world; and NLP studies the relationships between them. NLP Application is the application of NLP modelled patterns to topics and contexts where they can contribute. NLP Training is the art of enabling others to learn the patterns of NLP and to distinguish patterns from content. NLP Training using the New Code methodology is the art of enabling others to learn the patterns of NLP accurately and generatively through discovery and unconscious uptake, before they become conscious of what they are doing. | <urn:uuid:f43fcecd-b611-47c1-9b48-c20c579a417c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.inspiritive.com.au/letter/n/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.951971 | 613 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Recently, the study of information freshness has received increasing attentions, especially for time-sensitive applications that require real-time information/status updates, such as road congestion information, stock quotes, and weather forecast. In order to measure the freshness of information, a new metric, called the Age-of-Information (AoI) is proposed. The AoI is defined as the time elapsed since the generation of the freshest update among those that have been received by the destination . Prior studies reveal that the AoI depends on both the inter-arrival time and the delay of the updates. Due to the dependency between the inter-arrival time and the delay, this new AoI metric exhibits very different characteristics than the traditional delay metric and is generally much harder to analyze (see, e.g., ).
Although it is well-known that scheduling policies play an important role in reducing the delay in single-sever queues, it remains largely unknown how exactly scheduling policies impact the AoI performance. To that end, we aim to holistically study the impact of various aspects of scheduling policies on the AoI performance in single-server queues and provide useful guidelines for the design of scheduling policies that can achieve a small AoI.
While much research effort has already been exerted to the design and analysis of scheduling policies aiming to reduce the AoI, almost all of these policies are only based on the arrival time of updates, such as First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) and Last-Come-First-Served (LCFS), assuming that the update-size information is unavailable. Here, the size of an update is the amount of time required to serve the update if there were no other updates around. In some applications, such as smart grid and traffic monitoring, the update-size information can be obtained or fairly well estimated. It has been shown that scheduling policies that leverage the size information can substantially reduce the delay, especially when the system load is high or when the size variability is large . This motivates us to investigate the AoI performance of size-based policies in a G/G/1 queue. Note that the update-size information is “orthogonal” to the arrival-time information, both of which could significantly impact the AoI performance. Therefore, it is quite natural to further consider AoI-based policies that use both the update-size and arrival-time information of updates.
|1||Prioritizing small updates||SJF, SJF_P, SRPT|
|2||Prioritizing recent updates||LCFS, LCFS_P|
|3||Allowing service preemption||PS, LCFS_P, SJF_P, SRPT|
|4||AoI-based designs||ADE, ADS, ADM|
|5||Prioritizing informative updates||Informative version of the above policies|
In addition, prior work has revealed that scheduling policies that allow service preemption and that prioritize informative updates (also called effective updates, which are those that lead to a reduced AoI once delivered; see Section VI-A for a formal definition) yield a good AoI performance [4, 5, 6]. Intuitively, preemption prevents fresh updates from being blocked by a large and/or stale update in service; informative policies discard stale updates, which do not bring new information but may block fresh updates. To that end, we also consider AoI-based scheduling designs that both allow service preemption and prioritize informative updates.
In Fig. 1, we position our work in the literature by summarizing various design aspects of scheduling policies for a G/G/ queue. Existing work mostly explores the design based on the arrival-time information along with considering service preemption and informative updates. We point out that the size-based design is an orthogonal dimension of great importance, which somehow has not received sufficient attentions yet. Unsurprisingly, designing AoI-efficient policies requires the consideration of all these dimensions. In Table I, we summarize several useful guidelines for the design of AoI-efficient policies, which are also labeled in Fig.1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that conducts a systematic and comparative study to investigate the design of AoI-efficient scheduling policies for a G/G/ queue. In the following, we summarize our key contributions along with an explanation of Fig. 1 and Table I.
First, we investigate the AoI performance of size-based scheduling policies (i.e., the green arrow in Fig. 1), which is an orthogonal approach to the arrival-time-based design studied in most existing work. We conduct extensive simulations to show that size-based policies that prioritize small updates significantly improve AoI performance. We also explain interesting observations from the simulation results and summarize useful guidelines (i.e., Guidelines 1, 2, and 3 in Table I) for the design of AoI-efficient policies.
Second, leveraging both the update-size and arrival-time information, we introduce Guideline 4 and propose AoI-based scheduling policies (i.e., the blue arrow in Fig. 1). These AoI-based policies attempt to optimize the AoI at a specific future time instant from three different perspectives: the AoI-Drop-Earliest (ADE) policy, which makes the AoI drop the earliest; the AoI-Drop-to-Smallest (ADS) policy, which makes the AoI drop to the smallest; the AoI-Drop-Most (ADM) policy, which makes the AoI drop the most. The simulation results show that such AoI-based policies indeed have a good AoI performance.
Third, we observe that informative policies can significantly improve the AoI performance compared to their non-informative counterparts, which leads to Guideline 5. Integrating all the guidelines, we propose preemptive, informative, AoI-based policies (i.e., the red arrow in Fig. 1). The simulation results show that such policies empirically achieve the best AoI performance among all the considered policies.
Finally, we prove sample-path equivalence between some size-based policies and AoI-based policies. These results provide an intuitive explanation for why some size-based policies, such as Shortest-Remaining-Processing-Time (SRPT), achieve a very good AoI performance.
To summarize, our study reveals that among various aspects of scheduling policies we investigated, prioritizing small updates, allowing service preemption, and prioritizing informative updates play the most important role in the design of AoI-efficient scheduling policies.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. We first discuss related work in Section II. Then, we describe our system model in Section III. In Section IV, we evaluate the AoI performance of size-based scheduling policies. We further propose AoI-based scheduling policies in Section V. In addition, we evaluate the AoI performance of preemptive, informative, AoI-based policies in Section VI. Finally, we make concluding remarks in Section VII.
Ii Related work
The traditional queueing literature on single-server queues is largely focused on the delay analysis. In , the authors prove that all non-preemptive scheduling policies that do not make use of job size information have the same distribution of the number of jobs in the system. The work of [8, 9] proves that for a work-conserving queue, the SRPT policy minimizes the number of jobs in the system at any point and is therefore delay-optimal. The work of derives a formula of the average delay for several common scheduling polices (which will be discussed in Section IV).
On the other hand, although the AoI research is still in a nascent stage, it has already attracted a lot of interests (see [11, 12] for a survey). Here we only discuss the most relevant work, which is focused on the AoI-oriented queueing analysis. Much of existing work considers scheduling policies that are based on the arrival time (such as FCFS and LCFS). The AoI is introduced in , where the authors study the average AoI in the M/M/1, M/D/1, and D/M/1 queues under the FCFS policy. In , the AoI performance of the FCFS policy in the M/M// and M/M// queues is studied, where new arrivals are discarded if the buffer is full. The average AoI of the LCFS policy in the M/M/ queue is also discussed in .
There has been some work that aims to reduce the AoI by making use of service preemption. In , the average AoI of LCFS in the M/M/ queue with and without service preemption is analyzed. The work of is quite similar to , but it considers the average AoI in the M/M/ queue. In , the average AoI for the M/G// preemptive system with a multi-stream updates source is derived. The age-optimality of the preemptive LCFS (LCFS_P) policy is proved in
, where the service times are exponentially distributed.
In addition to taking advantage of service preemption, some of the prior studies also consider the strategy of prioritizing informative updates for reducing the AoI. The work of [5, 6] reveals that the AoI performance can be improved by prioritizing informative updates and discarding non-informative policies when making scheduling decisions. In , the authors consider a G/G/
queue with informative updates and derive the stationary distribution of the AoI, which is in terms of the stationary distribution of the delay and the Peak AoI (PAoI). With the AoI distribution, one can analyze the mean or higher moments of the AoI in GI/GI/, M/GI/, and GI/M/ queues under several scheduling policies (e.g., FCFS and LCFS).
Recent research effort has also been exerted to understanding the relation between the AoI and the delay. In , the authors analyze the tradeoff between the AoI and the delay in a single-server M/G/ system under a specific scheduling policy without knowing the service time of each individual update. In
, the violation probability of the delay and the PAoI is investigated under an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, but the update size is assumed to be identical.
Iii System Model
In this section, we consider a single-server queueing system and give the definitions of the Age-of-Information (AoI) and the Peak AoI (PAoI).
We model the information-update system as a G/G/ queue where a single source generates updates which contain current state of a measurement or observation of the source) with rate . The updates enter the queueing system immediately after they are generated. Hence, the generation time is the same as the arrival time. We use to denote the size of an update (i.e., the amount of time required for the update to complete service), which has a general distribution with mean . The system load is defined as .
We use and to denote the time at which the -th update was generated at the source and the time at which it leaves the server, respectively. The AoI at time is then defined as , where is the generation time of the freshest update among those that have been processed by the server. An example of the AoI evolution under the FCFS policy is shown in Fig. 2. Then, the average AoI can be defined as
In general, the analysis of the average AoI is quite difficult since it is determined by two dependent quantities: the inter-arrival time and the delay of updates. We define the inter-arrival time between the -th update and -th update as and define the delay of the -th update as . Alternatively, the Peak AoI (PAoI) is also proposed as an information freshness metric , which is defined as the maximum value of the AoI before it drops due to a newly delivered fresh update. Let be the -th PAoI. From Fig. 2, we can see . This can be rewritten as the sum of the inter-arrival time between the -th update and the previous update (i.e., ) and the delay of the -th update (i.e., ). Therefore, the PAoI of the -th update can also be expressed as , and its expectation is .
Iv Size-based policies
In this section, we investigate the AoI performance of several common scheduling policies, including size-based policies and non-size-based policies, via extensive simulations. Note that these common scheduling policies may serve the non-informative updates (which do not lead to a reduced AoI). This is because in some applications, such as news and social network, obsolete updates are still useful and need to be served . In Section VI, we will discuss the case where obsolete updates are discarded.
Following , we first give the definitions of several common scheduling policies that can be divided into four types: depending on whether they are size-based or not, where the size-based policies use the update-size information (which is available in some applications, such as smart grid ) for making scheduling decisions; depending on whether they are preemptive or not. The definition of preemption is given below. In this paper, we do not consider the cost of preemption.
A policy is preemptive if an update may be stopped partway through its execution and then restarted at a later time without losing intermediary work.
The first type consists of policies that are non-preemptive and blind to the update size:
First-Come-First-Served (FCFS): When the server frees up, it chooses to serve the update that arrived first if any.
Last-Come-First-Served (LCFS): When the server frees up, it chooses to serve the update that arrived last if any.
Random-Order-Service (RANDOM): When the server frees up, it randomly chooses one update to serve if any.
The second type consists of policies that are non-preemptive and make scheduling decisions based on the update size:
Shortest-Job-First (SJF): When the server frees up, it chooses to serve the update with the smallest size if any.
The third type consists of policies that are preemptive and blind to the update size:
Processor-Sharing (PS): All the updates in the system are served simultaneously and equally (i.e., each update receives an equal fraction of the available service capacity).
Preemptive Last-Come-First-Served (LCFS_P): This is the preemptive version of the LCFS policy. Specifically, a preemption happens when there is a new update.
The fourth type consists of policies that are preemptive and make scheduling decisions based on the update size:
Preemptive Shortest-Job-First (SJF_P): This is the preemptive version of the SJF policy. Specifically, a preemption happens when there is a new update that has the smallest size.
Shortest-Remaining-Processing-Time (SRPT): When the server frees up, it chooses to serve the update with the smallest remaining size. In addition, a preemption happens only when there is a new update whose size is smaller than the remaining size of the update in service.
Previous work (see, e.g., [3, Section VII]) reveals that size-based policies can greatly improve the delay performance. Due to such results, we conjecture that size-based policies also achieve a better AoI performance given that the AoI is dominantly determined by the delay when the system load is high or when the size variability is large . As we mentioned earlier, it is in general very difficult to obtain the exact expression of the average AoI except for some special cases (e.g., FCFS and LCFS) [1, 17]. Therefore, we attempt to investigate the AoI performance of size-based policies through extensive simulations.
In Fig. 3 and 4, we present the simulation results of the average AoI and PAoI performance under the scheduling policies we introduced above, respectively. Here we assume that a single source generates updates according to a Poisson process with rate , and the update size is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). In Fig. 3(a), we assume that the update size follows an exponential distribution with mean . In Figs. 3(b) and 3(c), we assume that the update size follows a Weibull distribution with mean . We define the squared coefficient of variation of the update size as
, i.e., the variance normalized by the square of the mean. Hence, a larger means a larger variability. In Fig. 3(b), we fix and change the value of system load , while in Fig. 3(c), we fix system load and change the value of . Note that throughout the paper, these simulation settings are used as default settings unless otherwise specified.
In the following, we will discuss key observations from the simulation results and propose useful guidelines for the design of AoI-efficient policies. Note that similar observations can also be made for the G/G/ queue. An additional interesting observation is that the average PAoI could be much smaller than the average AoI when the interarrival time has a large variability. More simulation results can be found in Appendix -D.
Size-based policies achieve a better average AoI/PAoI performance than non-size-based policies in both non-preemptive and preemptive cases.
In Fig. 3, we can see that for the non-preemptive case, SJF has a better average AoI performance than FCFS, RANDOM, and LCFS in various settings. Similarly, for the preemptive case, SJF_P and SRPT have a better average AoI performance than PS and LCFS_P. Similar observations can be made for the average PAoI performance in Fig. 4.
Under preemptive, size-based policies, the average AoI/PAoI decreases as the system load increases.
In Figs. 3(a) and 3(b), we can see that under SJF, SJF_P, and SRPT, the average AoI decreases as the system load increases. There are two reasons. First, when increases, there will be more updates with small size arriving to the queue. Therefore, size-based policies that prioritize updates with small size lead to more frequent AoI drops. Second, preemption operations prevent fresh updates from being blocked by a large or stale update in service. Similar observations can be made for the average PAoI performance in Figs. 4(a) and 4(b).
When the update-size information is available, one should prioritize updates with small size.
However, in certain application scenarios, the update-size information may not be available or is difficult to estimate. Hence, the scheduling decisions have to be made without the update-size information. In such scenarios, we make the following observations from Figs. 3 and 4.
LCFS and LCFS_P achieve the best average AoI performance among non-preemptive, non-size-based policies and preemptive, non-size-based policies, respectively.
Under LCFS_P, the average AoI/PAoI decreases as the system load increases.
Observations 3 and 4 have also been made in previous work [13, 20, 4]. It is quite intuitive that when the update-size information is unavailable, one should give a higher priority to more recent updates. This is because while all the updates have the same expected service time, the most recent update arrives the last and thus leads to the smallest AoI once delivered. Therefore, Observations 3 and 4 lead to the following guideline:
When the update-size information is unavailable, one should prioritize recent updates.
Note that Observations 2 and 4 also suggest that under preemptive policies, the average AoI/PAoI decreases as the system load increases. This is because preemptions prevent fresh updates from being blocked by a large or stale update in service. In addition, we have also observed the following nice properties of preemptive policies.
Not only do preemptive policies achieve a better average AoI/PAoI performance than non-preemptive policies, but they are also less sensitive when the update-size variability changes, i.e., they are more robust.
In Figs. 3(a) and 3(b), we can see that preemptive policies (e.g., LCFS_P, SJF_P, and SRPT) generally have a better average AoI performance than non-preemptive ones (e.g., FCFS, RANDOM, LCFS, and SJF), especially when the system load is high. In Fig. 3(c), we can see that the advantage of preemptive policies becomes larger as the update-size variability (i.e., ) increases. Moreover, the AoI performance of preemptive policies is only very slightly impacted when the update-size variability changes, while that of non-preemptive policies varies significantly. Therefore, Observations 2, 4, and 5 lead to the following guideline:
Service preemption should be employed when it is allowed.
V AoI-based policies
In Section IV, we have demonstrated that size-based policies achieve a better average AoI/PAoI performance than non-size-based policies. However, size-based policies do not utilize the arrival-time information, which also plays an important role in reducing the AoI. In this section, we propose three AoI-based scheduling policies, which leverage both the update-size and arrival-time information to reduce the AoI. Our simulation results show that these AoI-based policies outperform non-AoI-based policies.
We begin with the definitions of three AoI-based policies that attempt to optimize the AoI at a specific future time instant from three different perspectives:
AoI-Drop-Earliest (ADE): When the server frees up, it chooses to serve an update such that once it is delivered, the AoI drop as soon as possible.
AoI-Drop-to-Smallest (ADS): When the server frees up, it chooses to serve an update such that once it is delivered, the AoI drops to a value as small as possible.
AoI-Drop-Most (ADM): When the server frees up, it chooses to serve an update such that once it is delivered, the AoI drops as much as possible.
If all updates waiting in the queue are obsolete, then the above policies choose to serve an update with the smallest size.
Although all of these AoI-based policies are quite intuitive, they behave very differently. In order to explain the differences of these AoI-based policies, we present an example in Fig. 5 to show how the AoI evolves under these policies. Suppose that when the ()-st update is being served, three new updates (i.e., the -th, ()-st, and ()-nd updates) arrive in sequence at times , , and , respectively. The sizes of these updates satisfy . When the server frees up after it finishes serving the ()-st update at time , ADE, ADS, and ADM choose to serve the -th, ()-st, and ()-nd updates, respectively. This is because serving the -th update leads to the earliest AoI drop at time (following the red curve), serving the ()-st update leads to the AoI dropping to the smallest at time (following the blue curve), and serving the ()-nd update leads to the largest AoI drop at time (following the green curve). Clearly, ADE, ADS and ADM aim to optimize AoI at a specific future time instant (i.e., the future delivery time of chosen update) with different myopic goals. Note that at first glance, ADS and ADM may look the same. Indeed, they would be equivalent if the events of AoI drop have happened at the same time instant. However, these two policies are different as the time instants at which the AoI drops are not necessarily the same (e.g., vs. in Fig. 5).
Next we conduct extensive simulations to investigate the AoI performance of these AoI-based policies. In Fig. 6, we present the simulation results of the average AoI performance of the AoI-based policies compared to a representative arrival-time-based policy (i.e., LCFS) and a representative size-based-policy (i.e., SJF). All the policies considered here are non-preemptive; the preemptive cases will be discussed in Section VI.
In Fig. 6(a), we observe that most AoI-based policies are slightly better than non-AoI-based policies, although their performances are very close. Among the AoI-based policies, ADE is the best, ADM is the worst, and ADS is in-between. This is not surprising that ADM is the worst: although ADM has the largest AoI drop, this is at the cost that it may have to wait until the AoI become large first. ADE being the best suggests that giving a higher priority to small updates (so that the AoI drops as soon as possible) is a good strategy. In Figs. 6(b) and 6(c), similar observations can be made for update size following Weibull distributions.
The above observations lead to the following guideline:
Leveraging both the update-size and arrival-time information can further improve the AoI performance. However, the benefit seems marginal.
Vi Preemptive, informative, AoI-based Policies
In Section IV, we have observed that preemptive policies have several advantages and perform better than non-preemptive policies. In this section, we first demonstrate that policies that prioritize informative updates (i.e., those that can lead to AoI drops once delivered) perform better than non-informative policies. Then, by integrating the guidelines we have, we consider preemptive, informative, AoI-based policies and evaluate their performances through simulations.
Vi-a Informative Policies
As far as the AoI is concerned, there are two types of updates: informative updates and non-informative updates . Informative updates lead to AoI drops once delivered while non-informative updates do not. In some applications, such as autonomous vehicles and stock quotes, it is reasonable to discard non-informative updates (which do not help reduce the AoI but may block new updates). In this subsection, we introduce the “informative” versions of various policies, which prioritize informative updates and discards non-informative updates. Then, we use simulation results to demonstrate that informative policies generally have a better average AoI/PAoI performance than the original (non-informative) ones. Furthermore, we rigorously prove that in an G/M/ queue, the informative version of LCFS is stochastically better than the original LCFS policy.
We use to denote the informative version111For simplicity, we omit the additional “_” in the policy name if policy is a preemptive policy ending with “_P”. For example, we use LCFS_PI to denote the informative version of LCFS_P. of policy . All the scheduling policies we consider have their informative versions. In some cases, the informative version is simply the same as the original policy (e.g., FCFS and LCFS_P).
In Fig. 8, we show the simulation results of the average AoI performance of several informative policies compared to their non-informative counterparts. In order to evaluate the benefit of informative policies, we plot the informative AoI gain, which is the ratio of the difference between the average AoI of the non-informative version and the informative version to the average AoI of the non-informative version. Hence, a larger informative gain means a larger benefit of the informative version. One important observation from Fig. 8 is as follows.
Informative policies achieve a better average AoI performance than their non-informative counterparts. The informative gain is larger for non-preemptive policies and increases as the system load increases.
Intuitively, informative policies are expected to outperform their non-informative counterparts because serving non-informative updates cannot reduce the AoI but may block new updates. The simulation results verify this intuition as the informative AoI gain is always non-negative. Second, we can see that most non-preemptive policies (e.g., RANDOM, LCFS, and SJF) benefit more from prioritizing informative updates. Third, as the system load increases, the informative AoI gain increases under most considered policies, especially those non-preemptive ones. This is because as the system load increases, the number of non-informative updates also increases, which has a larger negative impact on the AoI performance for non-preemptive, non-informative policies. Observation 6 leads to the following guideline:
The server should prioritize informative updates and discard non-informative updates when it is allowed.
Based on Observation 6, we conjecture that an informative policy is as least as good as its non-informative counterpart. As a preliminary result, we prove that this conjecture is indeed true for LCFS in a G/M/1 queue. In the following, we introduce the stochastic ordering notion, which will be used in the statement of Proposition 1.
Stochastic Ordering of Stochastic Processes [22, Ch.6.B.7]: Let and be two stochastic processes. Then, is said to be stochastically less than , denoted by , if, for all choices of integer and in , the following holds for all upper sets222A set is an upper set if whenever and , where and are two vectors in
are two vectors inand if for all . :
where and . Stochastic equality can be defined in a similar manner and is denoted by .
Roughly speaking, Eq. (2) implies that is less likely than to take on large values, where “large” means any value in an upper set . We also use to denote the AoI process under policy . Furthermore, we define a set of parameters , where is the number of updates and is the generation time of update . Having these definitions and notations, we are now ready to state Proposition 1.
In a G/M/1 queue, for all , the AoI under LCFS_I is stochastically smaller than that under LCFS, i.e.,
See Appendix -A. ∎
Vi-B Preemptive, Informative, AoI-based Policies
So far, we have demonstrated the advantages of preemptive policies, AoI-based policies, and informative policies. In this subsection, we want to integrate all of these three ideas and propose preemptive, informative, AoI-based policies.
We first consider preemptive, informative version of three AoI-based policies: ADE_PI, ADS_PI, and ADM_PI. Interestingly, we can show equivalence between ADE_PI and SRPT_I (i.e., the informative version of SRPT) and between ADE_I and SJF_I (i.e., the informative version of ADE and SJF, respectively) in the sample-path sense. These results are stated in Propositions 2 and 3.
ADE_PI and SRPT_I are equivalent in every sample path.
ADE_I and SJF_I are equivalent in every sample path.
We prove Propositions 2 and 3 using the strong induction. The detailed proofs are provided in Appendix -B and -C, respectively. Propositions 2 and 3 imply that although SRPT_I and SJF_I do not explicitly follow an AoI-based design, they are essentially AoI-based policies. This provides an intuitive explanation for why size-based policies, such as variants of SRPT and SJF, have a good empirical AoI performance.
In Fig. 10, we present the simulation results for the average AoI performance of the preemptive, informative, AoI-based policies (ADE_PI) compared to several other policies. We observe that in various settings we consider, ADE_PI achieves the best AoI performance.
In this paper, we systematically studied the impact of various aspects of scheduling policies on the AoI performance and provided several useful guidelines for the design of AoI-efficient scheduling policies. Our study reveals that among various aspects of scheduling policies we investigated, prioritizing small updates, allowing service preemption, and prioritizing informative updates play the most important role in the design of AoI-efficient scheduling policies. It turns out that common scheduling policies like SRPT and SJF_P and their informative variants can achieve a very good AoI performance, although they do not explicitly make scheduling decisions based on the AoI. This can be partially explained by the equivalence between such size-based policies and some AoI-based policies.
Our findings also raise several interesting questions that are worth investigating as future work. One important direction is to pursue more theoretical results beyond the simulation results we provided in this paper. For example, it would be interesting to see whether one can rigorously prove that any informative policy always outperforms its non-informative counterpart, which is consistently observed in the simulation results.
- S. Kaul, R. Yates, and M. Gruteser, “Real-time status: How often should one update?” in 2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM. IEEE, 2012, pp. 2731–2735.
- S. Wu, X. Ren, S. Dey, and L. Shi, “Optimal scheduling of multiple sensors with packet length constraint,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 14 430–14 435, 2017.
- M. Harchol-Balter, Performance modeling and design of computer systems: queueing theory in action. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- A. M. Bedewy, Y. Sun, and N. B. Shroff, “Optimizing data freshness, throughput, and delay in multi-server information-update systems,” in 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2016, pp. 2569–2573.
- M. Costa, M. Codreanu, and A. Ephremides, “Age of information with packet management,” in 2014 IEEE ISIT. IEEE, 2014, pp. 1583–1587.
- N. Pappas, J. Gunnarsson, L. Kratz, M. Kountouris, and V. Angelakis, “Age of information of multiple sources with queue management,” in 2015 IEEE ICC. IEEE, 2015, pp. 5935–5940.
- M. E. Crovella, R. Frangioso, and M. Harchol-Balter, “Connection scheduling in web servers,” Boston University Computer Science Department, Tech. Rep., 1999.
- L. Schrage, “A Proof of the Optimality of the Shortest Remaining Processing Time Discipline,” Operations Research, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 687–690, June 1968.
- D. R. Smith, “A new proof of the optimality of the shortest remaining processing time discipline,” Operations Research, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 197–199, 1978.
- M. Harchol-Balter, “Queueing disciplines,” Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science, 2010.
- A. Kosta, N. Pappas, V. Angelakis et al., “Age of information: A new concept, metric, and tool,” Foundations and Trends® in Networking, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 162–259, 2017.
- Y. Sun, I. Kadota, R. Talak, and E. Modiano, “Age of information: A new metric for information freshness,” Synthesis Lectures on Communication Networks, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1–224, 2019.
- M. Costa, M. Codreanu, and A. Ephremides, “On the age of information in status update systems with packet management,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 1897–1910, 2016.
- S. K. Kaul, R. D. Yates, and M. Gruteser, “Status updates through queues,” in 2012 46th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS). IEEE, 2012, pp. 1–6.
- C. Kam, S. Kompella, and A. Ephremides, “Effect of message transmission diversity on status age,” in 2014 IEEE ISIT. IEEE, 2014.
- E. Najm and E. Telatar, “Status updates in a multi-stream m/g/1/1 preemptive queue,” in Ieee Infocom 2018-Ieee Conference On Computer Communications Workshops (Infocom Wkshps). IEEE, 2018.
- Y. Inoue, H. Masuyama, T. Takine, and T. Tanaka, “A general formula for the stationary distribution of the age of information and its application to single-server queues,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.06139, 2018.
- R. Talak and E. Modiano, “Age-delay tradeoffs in single server systems,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.04167, 2019.
- R. Devassy, G. Durisi, G. C. Ferrante, O. Simeone, and E. Uysal-Biyikoglu, “Delay and peak-age violation probability in short-packet transmissions,” in 2018 IEEE ISIT. IEEE, 2018, pp. 2471–2475.
- R. D. Yates and S. K. Kaul, “The age of information: Real-time status updating by multiple sources,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 1807–1827, 2018.
- C. Kam, S. Kompella, and A. Ephremides, “Age of information under random updates,” in 2013 IEEE ISIT. IEEE, 2013, pp. 66–70.
- M. Shaked and J. G. Shanthikumar, Stochastic orders. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. | <urn:uuid:326b231f-dbd6-4f7f-b834-c25d5480bf95> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://deepai.org/publication/anti-aging-scheduling-in-single-server-queues-a-systematic-and-comparative-study | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.917808 | 8,476 | 1.570313 | 2 |
But today, the Iraqi Sunnis that rejected Al Qaeda are turning against the government in great numbers, enraged by their perception that Nuri Maliki and his allies mean to turn Sunnis into a permanent underclass in a Shia-dominated country. The tens of thousands of Sunnis marching in the streets of Iraq’s Sunni cities in recent weeks have shouted the same slogans that Syrians shouted in Deraa and Hama in early 2011 (“The people want the fall of the regime”) and waved the flags of the Free Syrian Army. Indeed, the deadly clashes between Sunni protesters and government troops in Fallujah recently have had the distinct feel of the early days of the Syrian rebellion.
The Sunnis of Iraq and Syria also share an angry perception that Iraq’s Shia parties are intervening in the Syrian conflict. Indeed, reports from Syria tell us that Iraqi Shia militants are arriving in increasing numbers to “defend” the Shia shrine of Zaynab (daughter of the Imam Ali) by fighting alongside the Assad regime against Sunni rebels. In this polarized atmosphere, Al Qaeda in Iraq and its Nusrah branch will have a wide open window of opportunity to step up attacks against the Iraqi government—and the Iraqi Shia community, for that matter—from the bases that Nusrah is establishing inside Syria. When they do, they will likely find a high level of popular support in an Iraqi Sunni community that is moving ever closer to revolt against the Maliki government.
We can envision, then, a sectarian war raging across the whole of the Fertile Crescent, drawing in all the former territories of Turkish Arabia. The prospect will be a frightening one for the region’s major powers. Both Turkey and Saudi Arabia could one day find chaos rather than functioning states on their permeable borders. If Al Qaeda/Nusrah can establish a base in Jordan, Saudi Arabia will find itself threatened by Al Qaeda franchises on both north and south that will be well-positioned to resume the pursuit of Al Qaeda’s core goal of toppling the Saudi monarchy and “liberating” the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. | <urn:uuid:d292a7a9-e57f-43a4-90ce-c596787207af> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://hotair.com/headlines/archives/2013/02/06/the-coming-war-in-the-middle-east/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00548-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946197 | 436 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Lim, C., Noh, K., Song, H., Jang, S., Choi, S., Nam, Y., Lee. K. "Science Digital Textbook 2.0 Model and Development Methodology," Korean Education & Research Information Service (KERIS), Research Report CR 2011-2, Republic of Korea, 2011.
Ministry of Science, Education and Technology "Road to an Advanced Country: Smart Educational Strategy Action Plan," Republic of Korea http://www.mest.go.kr/web/1127/ko/ board/view.do?bbsId=192&mode=view&boardSeq=25734, 2011.
Ministry of Science, Education and Technology "Strategy for Commercial Use of Digital Textbook," http://www.nhrd.net/nhrdapp/jsp/tre0202.jsp?sSeq=20070255(2007) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Textbook (2009)
Korean Education & Research Information Service "Digital Textbook," http://www.dtbook.kr/renew/english/index.htm, Feb., 2009.
Park, C. S., Kim, M., Yoo, K. H. "Design and Implementation of a Problem-based Digital Textbook," Manuscript, 2012.
Park, C. S. Project-based learning method employing digital textbook, Master thesis, Graduate School of Education, Chungbuk National University, South Korea, 2011.
Ku, K. M. Study on the Improvement of Computer Knowledge and Practical Skills by Applying Task-Based Learning, Master Thesis", Graduate School of Education, Gyeongin National University of Education, South Korea, 2003.
Barr, R. J.,Tagg, J. "From Teaching to Learning: A New Paradigm for Understanding Education," Change, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp.12-25, 1995.
Hmelo-Silver, C. E. "Problem-based learning: What and How Do Students Learn?", Educational Psychology Review, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 235-266, 2004
Barrow, H. S. "A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods," Medical Education, Vol. 20, pp.481-486, 1986 | <urn:uuid:e99902c9-8137-4ab4-a24e-2f0ce28f9f3b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=E1CTBR_2012_v8n2_23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00058-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.765644 | 483 | 2.375 | 2 |
What Are The Benefits Of Using Our Services?
How To Start Your Food Truck Business While In College
Having a sideline while studying in college is very common among the student population. This helps them pay the bills, while others use it to finance their education. Whatever their reasons are, having a business while studying is quite challenging.cheap place to take my online course for me
Among the most popular business ventures students look into is selling food. It is a very basic commodity that everyone needs. However, some students do not stop there. Aiming for something bigger, like a food cart can be quite a fulfilling and lucrative opportunity to explore, even while being a college student.
Food trucks can be a competitive venture. But, with the right location and the right concept, it can be a very viable and profitable business even for the inexperienced and young college student. The strategy relies on creating a loyal customer base that will support your product. Here are additional tips on how to start a food truck business, while keeping up with the demands of a college student.
Learn About The Ins And Outs Of The Food Truck Businessis find a tutor network legit
Investing in a food truck business requires a considerable amount of capital. Not unless you have a lot of cash to burn, you should tread the waters carefully. Learn the basics of the industry to aid yourself with the knowledge in running your business successfully. With your busy and demanding schedule at school, you might want to look into the possibility of getting a partner to help you run your business. However, the first step is really doing your homework. Create a business plan and determine how feasible your business is.
Choose A Name And A Concept
Although it can be quite exciting to try out different menus for your food cart, it would be best to start with a basic concept as you work your way to growing your brand. Choose a name and a basic branding concept for your food truck business.
You can start with a small truck that serves basic dishes for the college population, or for your target consumers, in or outside the campus. Start small by selling sandwiches or hotdogs. From there, you can slowly add more items to your menu or completely change it, depending on the demand of your consumers. The first stages of your business will be mostly trial and error. You must have enough patience to endure these first stages in your business.
Register Your Business
Your business needs to be a legal entity and should be registered with your state. Your business will most likely be categorized as a sole proprietorship or a partnership for starters. Being a registered business protects your personal assets and makes your business legitimate.
Fees can be quite expensive depending on the state that you are located. It would be best to seek help in registering your business through someone with more experience. You’ll need to open bank accounts, named after your business, to be able to separate your personal finances from the finances you use to operate your business.
Operating And Managing Your Business
After the gruesome process of preparation, registration and hiring help for your business comes another challenging chapter – operating and managing your business. If you are a student and you plan to be a member or crew of your business, you will have to budget your time accordingly.
Operating and managing a food cart business requires a lot of time. You’ll have to coordinate with suppliers, prepare food and serve people at the same time. Imagine doing this every day, together with monitoring inventory and keeping your finances in balance, while studying and attending to school demands. This can be quite chaotic but, it is doable. And the reaps of your hard work can be very sweet too. Nonetheless, prepare for sleepless nights and hard work if you want to make your food cart a success and your grades good.
Starting a food cart business while in college might seem to be too ambitious, but is very much possible. With the right motivation and discipline, becoming a successful business owner and a great student is possible. It is all about learning how to prioritize and how to balance your time. Getting help from people you can trust can also help you move closer to your goals, both for business and as a student.
Still Got Questions?
We got the Answers!
Real Customer Reviews | <urn:uuid:ac7ee655-f18d-4804-ad5e-99064a5f750c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://paysomeonetodo.com/how-to-start-your-food-truck-business-while-in-college | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956706 | 868 | 1.78125 | 2 |
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
“What is this "dummy" you speak of?”
A dummy is a term of endearment for a person who is not very intelligent. The term is a "diminuitive" of the word dumb. This is a bit of a misnomer, as a dumb person is a person who is unable to talk, whereas a dummy is a person we simply wish would shut the fuck up. "Dummy" is a particularly dumb way to refer to a dumb person.
The reason for terms such as "dummy" quickly became obvious when dummies refused to "dummy up" (as a Chicago gangster might put it). A dummy's utterances are, ironically, all dumb; and, like a website vandal, it quickly becomes easier to categorize the dummy than to seriously analyze every dumb thing he comes out with. In the United States, Republicans engage in the same "defense of the brand" by insisting that the label means that their candidates will vote differently from the Democrats. Anyone who believes this claim is a real dummy.
Terms to refer to members of an unfortunate group are constantly changing. The Negro was happy with that term for a century of peacefully picking cotton, until the famous racial awakening, when they became "colored." Then the uppity ingrates griped about that too, and the world adopted African American, especially to refer to Arab mongrels and people from India. We can expect that the word "dummy" will fall out of favor any day now, and a new term will be needed, to let us categorize the dim-witted person and give us a few more years before he figures out we are doing so.
The politically correct way to refer to a dummy is to delicately suggest that he is hard-of-thinking.
Science is mired in debate about whether being a dummy is communicable. Where there is one dummy, there are usually dozens of other dummies, suggesting a pathogenic vector. A minority view is that it is "self-selection": A dummy doesn't infect another, but they become dummies independently and then simply elect to go to all the same dumb bars and clubs, en route to all winding up in Congress. This "herd mentality" may have evolved as a defense mechanism by individuals who don't want to look like the dumbest dummy in the place.
edit Locating a dummy
The reader may wonder why anyone would go out of his way to look for a dummy, but pathbreaking science is in constant need of new investigative subjects, especially for the entertaining LD50 game, in which the researcher determines what threshold is necessary to kill off exactly half of them.
The Southern United States is a fine place to look for dummies. In fact, Southerners are not all dummies, but their most popular "rebuttal" in any debate is to shout, "Dummy!" and this may help the researcher find subjects.
The country of Peru is another fine breeding ground for dummies. Nothing they do is particularly dumb, but they are notorious for forgetting a person's record of corrupt acts and ineffective programs the moment any of them enters a voting booth.
After obtaining research subjects from a pool of dummies, it is best to confirm that a subject is in fact a dummy. A bathroom is a convenient way to achieve this. The dummy usually prefers a bath, and to be accompanied in the tub by a television set.
edit Job opportunities for dummies
Science is a recurring career option for dummies, as the National Science Foundation provides plenty of loot to conduct studies, some of which is available to pay dummies to be subjects. Even so, many dummies choose college athletics, where the corresponding organization (the NCAA) ensures that they get none of the gate receipts at all.
Another lucrative line of work for the dummy is in automobile crash testing. New employees are constantly being sought, as previous employees make the Highest Sacrifice measuring what they are paid to measure.
There are scads of jobs for dummies in computing. Unfortunately, inexplicable problems with the infrastructure soon follow, for which the usual diagnosis is PEBKAC (Problem Exists Between Keyboard And Chair).
A dummy seeking work often leaves his calling card at the Ventriloquist's Guild.
edit Other dummies
The dummy is also the key decision-maker in the card game of Bridge. Bridge was invented for dummies, as no intelligent person would waste grey cells on its rules. Briefly, every slam is worth 100, except that the second is worth 1600 and the third is worth 1900, except when you are doubly vulnerable on both sides. Game play is a dumb process of matching, and trumping at the table is welcomed. Of the dummies who play this game, the designated dummy in any game is available to go into the kitchen and bring out more beers.
edit See also | <urn:uuid:e9b892a4-93df-4ab9-8eb1-990659a9cf03> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Crash_test_dummies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00420-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967296 | 1,016 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Such experiences suggest strongly that "nature" as well as "nurture" ..... Differences in temperament and parenting associations for boys and girls have been ...
CHILD TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Ann Sanson University of Melbourne and Mary K. Rothbart University of Oregon
Ann Sanson, Department of Psychology, School of Behavioural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
INTRODUCTION Parents often do not become believers in temperament until after the birth of their second child. Before this time, their child's behavior may be seen as a simple and direct outcome of their upbringing, "a tribute to" or "the fault of" the parents. With the second child, management strategies that worked well with the first child may not be effective. Problems experienced with the first child (in feeding, sleeping, coping with strangers) may not exist with the second, but new problems may arise. Such experiences suggest strongly that "nature" as well as "nurture" influences child development, that children differ from each other from very early in life, and that these differences have important implications for parent-child interaction. A number of these individual differences fall under the rubric of child temperament, the subject of this chapter. Here, we define temperament as individual differences in reactivity to internal and external stimulation, and in patterns of motor and attentional self-regulation. The modern understanding that children make important contributions to their social interactions has two roots. The first is temperament research initiated by Thomas and Chess and their colleagues in their pioneering New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS, Thomas, Chess, Birch, Hertzig, & Korn, 1963). The second is Bell's (1968, 1974) reconceptualization of socialization as a mutually interactive process, with both child and caregiver seeking to redirect, reduce, stimulate, or augment the behavior of the other. These insights together have led to the recognition that children differ in such qualities as responsiveness to parents' soothing strategies, capacity to control their own emotional responsivity, and capacity to bring pleasure or distress to their parents. As Rothbart (1989a, p. 195) put it, "the infant's temperament regulates and is regulated by the actions of others from the earliest hours." This chapter explores some of the important mutual influences of parenting and temperament, drawing on both empirical data and clinical insights. We begin by describing the current state of thinking about temperament, as it has developed from its ancient beginnings, and from Thomas and Chess' NYLS study begun in the 1950s. Major dimensions of temperament, their stability over childhood, and relation to other variables are summarized. We then review empirical evidence for relations between temperament and parenting. Theoretical and methodological problems are discussed, and future directions for research are suggested. We also briefly discuss some of the implications of temperament theory and research for parenting.
THE NATURE OF TEMPERAMENT Historical Background Views of adult temperament as linked to the physiology of the individual were found in the ideas of early Greco-Roman physicians; these ideas persisted throughout the Middle Ages (Diamond, 1974). In this approach, a fourfold typology was described and related to a balance of the bodily humours. The melancholic person, negative and prone to sentimentality and sadness, was seen as having a predominance of black bile; the choleric individual, explosive and anger-prone, a predominance of yellow bile; the sanguine person, positive and outgoing, a predominance of blood, and the phlegmatic person, slow to react, a predominance of phlegm. Research on individual differences following this tradition or closely related to it has continued to the present day. In the twentieth century, the ideas directly influenced the work of Pavlov, Wundt, Ebbinghaus, and Eysenck (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985). The term temperament, however, was used primarily to describe research carried out in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe, whereas personality was the term used to describe the mostly factor analytic research done in Britain, western Europe and the United States. (See Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985; Rothbart, 1989b; and Strelau, 1983). Research on individuality in infants and young children was originally not closely related to the adult tradition (but see Rothbart & Derryberry, 1981). This situation is now beginning to change, as similarities between basic dimensions of temperament and personality in children and adults are identified (Halverson, Kohnstamm, & Martin, in press). These are discussed below.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
In some of the earliest research on temperament in childhood, the NYLS (Thomas, Chess, Birch, Hertzig, & Korn, 1963) took a clinically oriented approach that was strongly related to parenting issues. The NYLS reacted against a tradition that saw parents as responsible for their children's problems. Chess and Thomas noted instances of child psychopathology that occurred with healthy and committed parenting, and other cases where children showed a consistently adaptive developmental course, even into adulthood, despite severe parental disturbance, family disorganization, and social stress (Chess & Thomas, 1989). A major starting point for Thomas and Chess was the idea that the child's temperament must be considered in any discussion of appropriate parenting. In addition to its practical emphasis, the NYLS was linked to important theoretical issues, as in this observation by Chess, Thomas, and Birch (1965, p. 21), "Events in themselves can have no developmental meaning...the environment is first filtered by the child's own characteristics. Children with different characteristics, therefore, will be affected differently by the same objective occurrence. Not only does the child screen his environment, he also influences it...The child, by his own nature, "conditions" his environment, at the same time that the social and cultural environment affects him." The NYLS concept of goodness-of-fit between characteristics of the child and requirements of the child's environment has been influential in guiding later research, including that on parenting-temperament interactions. We discuss these constructs in greater detail below.
Temperament Dimensions Only in recent years have adult temperament/personality and child development traditions of temperament begun to come together. Although debate and discussion concerning underlying elements of temperament continue (Goldsmith, Buss, Plomin, Rothbart, Thomas, Chess, Hinde, & McCall, 1987), recent research on children's temperament has identified a limited number of dimensions that appear to have parallels in the higher-order factors extracted in studies of adult personality (Digman, 1990; Halverson, Kohnstamm, & Martin, in press; Rothbart, 1989a). The three broad factors that appear to consistently cut across child and adult studies include a positive affect and approach factor (called variously extraversion, surgency or sociability), a negative affect factor, and a control or constraint factor. In the early work of the NYLS, Thomas, Chess, and their colleagues analyzed the content of interviews of 22 parents of infants 2-3 months and older about their infant's reactions to everyday situations (Thomas et al., 1963). This analysis produced a set of nine temperament categories: Activity Level, Rhythmicity, Approach versus Withdrawal, Adaptability, Intensity, Threshold, Quality of Mood, Distractibility, and Attention Span/Persistence. They also identified behavioral patterns including "difficult" and "easy" infants. "Difficultness" describes one pole of a cluster identified in the early NYLS work, including negative mood, withdrawal, low adaptability, high intensity, and low regularity (Thomas et al., 1963). The opposite pole of this measure was described as "easy." The "difficult child" construct has had a strong influence on the field, and many studies of temperament and parenting have employed measures of child difficultness. In subsequent research in the area, however, dimensions making up this "difficultness" construct have not been found to cluster together (Bates, 1989). This has led some researchers to develop their own "difficultness" measures. Thus, a "difficultness" measure in one study may employ the NYLS definition. In another, it may simply include irritability or negative emotionality, and in another, it may reflect the actual empirical clustering of temperament variables. This creates problems for consolidating findings using the construct. The difficultness construct has been criticized in the literature for other reasons (Plomin, 1982; Rothbart, 1982). It adds a value connotation to temperament that may not correspond to the actual feelings of the parent, and ignores the fact that any temperament characteristic (e.g., high or low approach, high or low attentional control) may be "difficult" or "easy," depending on the requirements of the situation. Despite our reservations about the usefulness of the construct, a number of the research studies reviewed in this chapter rely upon "difficulty" because they have been so widely employed.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
The nine more specific NYLS dimensions have also been widely used in research on childhood temperament. However, questions have arisen about the extent to which scales measuring the dimensions show conceptual overlap with one another, or are not internally consistent. Because of these problems, factor analyses of questionnaire items have been carried out on parent report scales of infant temperament derived from the NYLS categories (Bohlin, Hagekull, & Lindhagen, 1981; Sanson, Prior, Garino, Oberklaid, & Sewell, 1987). A review of results from these analyses, related to analyses of scales derived from other theoretical frameworks, suggests that fewer than nine dimensions can adequately account for infant temperamental variability (Rothbart & Mauro, 1990). This "shorter list" of temperament dimensions in infancy includes Fear, Irritability/Anger, Positive Affect (including approach), Activity Level, and Attentional Persistence. A sixth dimension of Rhythmicity has been reliably extracted, but tends to account for only a relatively small portion of the variance. Factor analyses of questionnaire items based on the NYLS for older children have revealed similar broad factors. Data on a large sample of toddlers in the Australian Temperament Project (ATP) identified factors labeled Irritability, Approach, Cooperation-Manageability, Activity-Reactivity, Rhythmicity, Persistence, Threshold and Distractibility (Prior, Sanson, & Oberklaid, 1989a; Sanson, Prior, & Oberklaid, 1991a). When a second factor analysis was performed on these scales, three broad dimensions emerged, labeled Negative Emotionality, Self-Regulation, and Sociability. The major factors emerging from factor analyses of the Thomas and Chess (1977) Childhood Temperament Questionnaire, completed by mothers of children in the ATP at the ages of 3 to 8 years, were Inflexibility (irritability and uncooperativeness), Persistence, Sociability and Rhythmicity (Sanson, Smart, Prior, Oberklaid, & Pedlow, in press b); these factors remained constant over three age groups within this period (Pedlow, Sanson, Prior, & Oberklaid, 1993). Using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire, an extensive parent report measure of temperament for 3- to 8-year-olds (Ahadi & Rothbart, in press; Ahadi, Rothbart, & Ye, in press; Kochanska, DeVet, Goldman, Murray, & Putnam, 1993), three broad factors have consistently been found. The first, called Surgency, is defined primarily by the scales of Approach, High Intensity Pleasure, Activity Level, and a negative contribution from Shyness. The second, called Negative Affectivity, is defined by the scales of Discomfort, Fear, Anger/Frustration, Sadness, and loading negatively, Soothability. The third factor, labeled Effortful Control, is defined by the scales of Inhibitory Control, Attentional Focusing, Low Intensity Pleasure and Perceptual Sensitivity. The first three factors emerging from a recent factor analysis of the NYLS-inspired Middle Childhood Temperament Questionnaire items (Hegvik, McDevitt, & Carey, 1982) for 8- to 12-year-olds (McClowry, Hegvik, & Teglasi, 1993) also shows striking similarity to these three factors: Approach/Withdrawal, Negative Reactivity, and Task Persistence. Their two smaller factors, Activity and Responsiveness, also parallel smaller factors in the ATP, Activity and Threshold (Sanson, Smart, Prior, Oberklaid, & Pedlow, in press b). Considering variability in item content, age of children, and whether analyses were based on items or scale scores, these levels of comparability among factors is notable (Martin, Wisenbaker, & Hutunen, in press). Further, these factors show strong similarities with the "Big Three" factors and three of the "Big Five" factors that have emerged from analyses of self and peer reports describing personality in adult subjects (Goldberg, 1993; McCrae & Costa, 1987; Tellegen, 1985). The Negative Affectivity factor from childhood measures appears to map on the broad adult dimension of Neuroticism or Negative Emotionality. The Surgency, Sociability, or Approach/Withdrawal factors map on the broad adult dimension of Extraversion or Positive Emotionality. The Persistence or Effortful Control factors can be seen to map upon the adult dimension of Control/Constraint (see Ahadi & Rothbart, in press).
Temperament and Biology
Much data has now accumulated in twin, family, and adoption studies on genetic bases for individual differences in temperament and personality (see discussions of Bornstein, Gaughran & Homel, 1986; Goldsmith, 1989; Plomin & Stocker, 1989). Current research and thinking in neuroscience also continues to make links between temperamental variation and neural substrates (Gray, 1987a, 1987b; LeDoux, 1989; Panksepp, 1986; Zuckerman, 1991; reviews by Gunnar, 1990, Rothbart, 1989b;
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Rothbart, Derryberry & Posner, in press). Just as ancient students of temperament related behavior to the human body as it was understood at that time, so current research suggests relations between individual differences in behavior and physiology. In current frameworks of affective neuroscience, positive and negative affective processes underlying tendencies to approach (i.e., Surgency or Extraversion) and avoid (i.e., Negative Affectivity or Anxiety) have been related to systems labeled Behavior Activation/Facilitation and Behavior Inhibition, respectively (Gray, 1987a, 1987b). These systems have in turn been related to the activity of distributed neural circuits linking cortical brain regions to limbic and brainstem regions. The limbic components of these circuits are proposed to recognize evolutionarily significant information such as the presence of reward (for Approach) or threat (for Fear). Outputs of these evaluations contact circuits for motor reactions and the autonomic activity that supports motor action. In this view, individual differences in temperament reflect variability in the information processing of the value or significance or events or objects to the individual. This emotional information can be further influenced by attentional systems of the brain (Posner & Petersen, 1990), and individual differences in attentional systems can also be seen to support behavioral persistence and effortful control (Posner & Rothbart, 1991). Although research linking temperament and physiology is at an early stage, developments in this area will allow a more complete understanding of basic dimensions of temperament in the future.
Stability of Temperament It has generally been assumed that, to be meaningful or important, temperament must show substantial stability across time. Typically, however, modest to moderate stability across age has been found, with correlations ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 (see Hubert, Wachs, Peters-Martin, & Gandour, 1982; McDevitt, 1986; Rothbart, 1989a; Slabach, Morrow, & Wachs, 1991). Two recent developments, however, may serve to modify conclusions about temperamental stability. First, it has been noted that even genetic underpinnings do not imply immutability over time (Hinde, 1989). Second, when conceptual and methodological problems are controlled, higher levels of stability are found. Given major changes in a child's behavioral repertoire, manifestations of temperament will likely change over time. To assess relative stability of an individual's temperamental characteristics, it is therefore necessary to establish continuity in the temperament constructs studied across time (Sanson et al., 1991a). Early work, including research based on the NYLS conceptualization, did not attend to this issue with rigor. Apparent instability may therefore have been due to discontinuity in the underlying constructs. Another possible source of instability is likely to be error of measurement, also rarely taken into account to date. A recent study by Pedlow et al. (1993) on the ATP sample from infancy to 7 to 8 years of age illustrates the consequences of dealing with these issues. By using structural equation modeling, a set of factors that apply either across the whole age range (Approach/Sociability, Rhythmicity) or across three or more time intervals (Irritability, Persistence, Cooperation-Manageability, and Inflexibility) was identified. The model, which corrects for attenuation of correlations due to error of measurement, was then used to assess individual stability on these factors from year to year. Estimates were considerably higher than those previously reported, mostly in the range of 0.7 to 0.8. Even with these levels of stability, however, there is considerable room for individuals to change in their relative characteristics. When children in the ATP were placed in four categories from lowest to highest on the basis of their temperament scores at each age, few remained in the same category over all years from infancy to 8 years (Sanson et al., 1991a). On the other hand, very few changed from one extreme category to the other extreme.
Functional Significance It is now generally agreed that individual differences in child temperament are predictive of later development and psychiatric risk (Rutter, 1987). Both concurrent and prospective relations between temperament and behavior problems have been documented (e.g., Barron & Earls, 1984; Garrison & Earls, 1987; Kyrios & Prior, 1990; Maziade, 1989; Prior et al., 1989a), but prediction from
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
infancy is relatively weak (Bates, Maslin, & Frankel, 1985; Cameron, 1978; Maziade, 1989; Sanson, Oberklaid, Pedlow, & Prior, 1991c). Early temperament is also associated with more specific behavioral outcomes such as aggression (Sanson, Smart, Prior, & Oberklaid, in press a). Other outcomes studied include physical health, intellectual development, rate of development, child abuse, and reaction to stressful life events such as parental divorce. There is at least tentative evidence for relations with temperament in all these areas, although the effects are generally small (see Prior, 1991). Many of these studies have employed some version of the "difficult temperament" construct; others have tapped specific temperamental characteristics such as negative affect, distress proneness, high activity or intensity, and low adaptability, and have found associations between them and behavioral problems. Several methodological issues must be considered in interpreting this literature on prediction, however. Most of the studies are based on maternal reports of both temperament and outcome, so the measures are not independent of each other. A concern also arises regarding potential confounding of the concepts of extreme or "difficult" temperament and behavior problems. For example, the questions asked to assess temperament dimensions such as activity, approach/withdrawal, and adaptability may be very similar to those used to assess hyperactivity, shyness and oppositional behavior, respectively. For example, the question, "How wary is your child with strangers?" may tap approach/withdrawal (temperament) or extreme shyness (a behavior problem). A study by Sanson, Prior and Kyrios (1990) suggested that measures of externalizing (acting out) behavior disorders are relatively unconfounded with temperament measures, but some confounding occurs for measures of internalizing problems (shyness, anxiety). Factors of Activity/Intensity and Irritability showed confounding with both internalizing and externalizing problems. Although some conceptual overlap might be expected if temperament contributes to the development of behavior problems (Bates, 1990), caution is required in interpreting the association. This problem may increase with age--"difficult" temperament in infancy may be based largely on emotionality, but among older children it may relate more to manageability and therefore be conceptually closer to behavior problems (Rothbart, Posner, & Hershey, in press).
DIRECT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CHILD TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING The expectation that child temperament and parenting would be associated seems reasonable, but it has proved difficult both to predict on theoretical grounds what the nature of the associations should be, and to obtain fully persuasive empirical evidence of such links. Methodological issues are one important basis for this difficulty, and we now consider these issues. Parent report is the most frequent source of data on infant temperament. If parent report is also used to assess parenting, there is a clear potential for non-independence of measures, because characteristics of the parent may affect both their parenting practices and their report of their child's temperament. Because the child's temperament is likely to be affected by prior parenting, any association between concurrent parenting and child temperament may also be the result of childrearing history. In her review of the links between infant emotionality and parenting, Crockenberg (1986) noted that few studies attain independence between temperament and parenting variables. In addition, the apparent effects of parenting on the child may be related to the genetic similarity of parent and child (Scarr, 1992). Given these caveats, it is not surprising that relatively few studies of parenting and temperament allow unambiguous interpretation of results. Because of these problems, we do not attempt a comprehensive review of studies in this area. More detailed reviews of the association between infant negative emotionality and parenting can be found in Crockenberg (1986), and Bates (1987) has reviewed the literature on the influence of temperament on parent-child interaction. We emphasize here studies whose results are more clearly interpretable. We also stress the importance of third variables such as age and gender in influencing relations between temperament and parenting, and finally suggest in a section on joint contributions that some of the most promising thinking and research involves using combinations of temperament and parenting variables to predict outcomes in children.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Empirical Studies of Parenting-Temperament Linkages
Direct associations. Some general positive relations between parenting and temperament have been expected: The adaptable, easy to soothe, or sociable child may elicit warm and responsive parenting, whereas the irritable, demanding, or withdrawing child may elicit parental irritation and withdrawal of contact or stimulation. Conversely, warm and responsive parenting may decrease the expression of negative emotionality in the child, and distant or inconsistent parenting may increase it. There is evidence in favor of these expectations. Most of the relevant studies have focused on distressrelated temperament attributes (e.g., irritability, "difficultness," negative mood) which tend to covary with poor parenting and general unresponsiveness (e.g., Buss, 1981; Campbell, 1979; Crockenberg & Acredolo, 1983; Hinde, 1989; Kelly, 1976; Linn & Horowitz, 1983). Others have noted associations between the child's positive affect and self-regulation and parental responsiveness, social interaction, and use of rewards (e.g., Hinde, 1989; Kyrios & Prior, 1990; West, McLaughlin, Rieser, Brooks, & O'Connor, 1986). The direction of causation is, of course, not clear in these studies. However, it is also possible to argue for another association between parenting and child temperament. If we assume most parents to be highly invested in their children, we might predict that parents with more irritable or difficult children will exert more positive efforts with them than with easier children. Crockenberg (1986) cited seven studies finding greater parent involvement with greater infant irritability; we have been unable to find more. In none of these studies, however, is there evidence that "positive" child temperament qualities are related to "negative" parenting; instead, the links are between characteristics like child irritability and higher maternal contact and stimulation. For example, Fish and Crockenberg (1986) found that crying and time to calm at 1 and 3 months in a small sample of infants were associated with more caregiving and social interaction with the mother at 9 months. Similarly, Caron and Miller (1981) found that African mothers were more responsive to highly irritable babies. Moderating variables. Evidence for the two contrasting relations between temperament and parenting discussed above combined with findings of mixed effects (e.g., Klein, 1984) leads to the conjecture that third factors may also be involved. There are also several published accounts of no association between temperament and parenting, and given the difficulty in getting such null results published, these may be an underestimate (Daniels, Plomin & Greenhalgh, 1984; Rothbart, 1986; Vaughn, Taraldson, Crichton, & Egeland, 1981; Wachs & Gandour, 1983). It is notable that, although the majority of the null findings are obtained from large-sample studies, most of the studies finding associations have been obtained from relatively small samples--these findings may be spurious, or it may be that the influence of competing third variables "cancels out" effects found with smaller and more homogeneous samples.
Age. There is indeed suggestive evidence of the role of third variables in moderating the association between parenting and child temperament. One, suggested by Crockenberg (1986), is the child's age. Parents may begin by investing greater effort in their distress-prone child, but not be able to sustain this effort over time. Consistent with this notion are findings of Peters-Martin and Wachs (1984): At 6 months, infant withdrawal as assessed by mothers' report was related to more maternal emotional and verbal responsiveness, and less restriction and punishment. By 12 months, intensity (another negative affect temperament dimension) was related to less maternal involvement and more restriction and punishment. It should be noted, however, that these were the only significant correlations out of a large set. Similarly, in an observational study by Maccoby, Snow, and Jacklin (1984), mothers of boys who were "difficult" (fussy, intense, hard to soothe) at 12 months showed a reduction in their teaching efforts in a joint teaching-learning task at 18 months. Among easy-going boys, mothers' teaching efforts increased over this time. Greater teaching effort at 12 months also predicted a decline in boys' difficultness, suggesting bidirectional effects. Bates, in a series of reports of a longitudinal study following children from 6 months to 2 years (Bates, Olson, Pettit, & Bayles, 1982; Lee & Bates, 1985; Pettit & Bates, 1984), also found a reversal of relations. At both 6 and 13 months, babies with high ratings on a "fussy/difficult" factor from maternal report and observation received more affectionate contact and object stimulation from their mothers. At 24 months, however, more difficult children resisted their mothers' efforts at control, and received
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
more negative control from their mothers. Although this may partially reflect changes in underlying definitions of "difficult," these findings suggest that some mothers respond to their harder-to-parent infants with greater efforts, but cannot--or do not--sustain this over time. Sex. A recent meta-analysis by Lytton and Romney (1991) found little difference in parenting of boys and girls overall, but the authors did not consider potential sex by temperament interactions. Differences in temperament and parenting associations for boys and girls have been documented. Gordon (1983) observed 2- to 4-year-old children interacting with their mothers. Children classified as "easy" on the basis of maternal report did not differ in behavior from "difficult" children, but mothers gave more commands to "easy" than to "difficult" boys, and fewer commands to "easy" than to "difficult" girls. Crockenberg (1986), reanalyzing data from Crockenberg and Smith (1982), found mothers to be more responsive to the crying of irritable girls than boys. Klein (1984) found that children who typically showed intense reactions to stimulation differed in the types of maternal contact they received--highly intense boys received high levels of physical contact and intense girls more distal vocal stimulation. Simpson and Stevenson-Hinde (1985) documented better relationships with mothers for shy than for non-shy girls, but the opposite for boys. Two studies of fathers' parenting also found sex differences: Lamb and colleagues (Lamb, Frodi, Hwang, Forstromm, & Corry, 1982) found fathers to be more involved with difficult sons and easy daughters, and Rendina and Dickerscheid (1976) found fathers to be more involved in social activities with difficult boys and less with difficult girls. A subgroup of children in the ATP were followed closely from 3 to 7 years (Sanson, Smart, Prior, & Oberklaid, 1993). For these subjects, early child inflexibility was related to later parental punishment for girls only, suggesting less parent acceptance of negativity in girls than in boys. Overall, there were more significant correlations between early parenting and later temperament for girls, suggesting possibly greater responsivity in parenting practices to daughters. Differential beliefs about the acceptability and desirability of temperamental attributes for boys and girls might explain these patterns of parental responses, with the predominant pattern emerging from these data being more positive responses to boys' difficultness, and lower acceptance of difficultness in girls, especially on the part of fathers. It is likely that failing to differentiate between girls and boys has resulted in some of the inconsistencies in findings that we have previously noted. Maternal characteristics. A third category of moderating variables involves mothers' psychological and social characteristics. Escalona (1968) noted that more anxious mothers tended to lose confidence when their usual soothing techniques failed to work for their infants, whereas the confidence of other mothers was relatively unaffected. She suggested that a sense of maternal incompetence might have far-reaching consequences for mother and child. Her hypothesis was supported in a study by Teti and Gelfand (1991), who concluded that maternal self-efficacy mediated a link between "fussy-difficult" ratings for infants and their mothers' lower competence (sensitivity, warmth, engagement). Similarly, Gowen, Johnson-Martin, Goldman, and Appelbaum (1989) found that infant irritability predicted both depression and a sense of parenting incompetence, and Cutrona and Troutman (1986) found that infant difficultness was strongly related to post-partum depression, both directly and through self-efficacy. Because depressed and nondepressed mothers vary in their parenting (see Field, in this handbook; Tronick, 1989), temperament difficultness might have an indirect impact on parenting. Genetic overlap between parent and child needs to be taken into account, however, in considering these relationships (Scarr, 1992). Extreme children. Temperament and parenting may be more closely related for some children than for others. Buss and Plomin (1984) argued that children with extreme temperament characteristics should be less affected by their environments than those with less extreme characteristics. A relative immunity to environmental influences would provide one explanation for the greater stability found for children at extremes on temperamental attributes in the ATP longitudinal study (Sanson et al., 1991a) and in other data sets (e.g., Kagan, Reznick, & Snidman, 1986). Data from two studies suggest that parenting may affect children with some temperament profiles more than others. Crockenberg and McCluskey (1985) found a relation between mother responsiveness at 3 months and babies' crying at 12 months only for babies who were low in irritability at 3 months. Feinman and Lewis (1983) noted that 10-month-old infants followed the example of their
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
mothers in being friendly or unfriendly to strangers. This social referencing effect was stronger for "easy" than "difficult" babies. In the above two studies, the implied direction of effects is from parenting to temperament, or at least to temperament expression. Maccoby et al. (1984) noted that potential parenting effects on temperament have been under-researched, probably because of the belief that temperament is in its nature relatively immutable. However, as indicated in our discussion of stability, temperament is not unchanging in its expression, and a case can be made that parenting would be an impetus to change. In many of the studies reviewed to this point, the direction is moot, and may as easily be parenting-totemperament as the hypothesized temperament-to-parenting. Social and cultural factors. In a study of social support, Crockenberg and McCluskey (1985) found that, when mothers had low social support and their babies were more irritable as measured in neonatal testing, the mothers showed less sensitivity to their babies at 12 months. In studies of SES, Bates et al. (1982) and Bates, Maslin, and Frankel (1985) found no consistent SES interactions on the effect of temperament on parent-child relationships. However, Prior, Sanson, Carroll, and Oberklaid (1989b) examined temperament and parenting practices among groups of 3- to 4-year-old children drawn from the upper and lower SES quartiles of a large sample. They found almost twice as many significant correlations between temperament factors and parenting dimensions in the high SES group as in the low SES group, and interpreted this result as evidence of possible greater sensitivity to the individuality of their children among high SES mothers. Numerous studies have found mean differences on temperament scales between children in different cultural contexts (e.g., Ahadi, Rothbart, & Ye, in press; Kohnstamm, 1989; Kyrios, Prior, Oberklaid, & Demetriou, 1989), and accounts of cultural differences in parenting practices also abound (see Whiting & Whiting, 1973). No studies appear to have addressed parenting-temperament interactions in different cultural groups explicitly, although indirect evidence of a link is often found. For example, DeVries and Sameroff (1984) assessed the temperament of infants from three East African societies. Substantial differences were found between cultural groups in temperament scores, and these were argued to be due to "child-rearing behavior encoded in social custom" (p. 93).
Conclusions About Parenting-Temperament Linkages
The studies reviewed here do not lend themselves to simple conclusions about parenting and temperament. Even when methodological problems are taken into account, variability in findings is common, and the same temperament characteristics (e.g., negative emotionality, irritability) have been shown to be related to both "good" and "poor" parenting. To an extent, Bates' (1987) conclusion that effects are small, inconsistent, and inconclusive thus appears to remain valid. On the other hand, although the amount of research investigating the influence of third variables is limited, it provides persuasive evidence that non-temperamental characteristics of the child (age and sex), characteristics of the caregiver (sex, psychological health), and of the caregiving environment (social support, life stresses, social class and cultural affiliation), all affect links between temperament and parenting. These effects in turn suggest that parent attitudes and beliefs about parenting and children are likely to be very important in temperament-parenting interaction. Super and Harkness (1981; Harkness & Super, this handbook) refer to this set of attitudes and beliefs as the caregiver's "ethnotheory." The trend in the data on age effects, for example, makes sense if parents believe the irritable infant "can't help it," whereas the more negative toddler is "naughty" or will be "spoiled" if parents give in to a negative disposition. Much of the data on sex effects is interpretable in terms of parental beliefs that boys will be active, intense, and hard to manage, and need to "stand up for themselves," whereas girls will be more docile and compliant, and need to "be cooperative." The ability of parents to adapt to their child's temperamental characteristics may also be related their own psychological characteristics, such as a sense of competence in the parenting role, stresses they experience, and supports available to them. In her review of parenting associations with infant irritability, Crockenberg (1986) noted that mothers in three of the studies where an association was found between irritability and low maternal responsiveness were in stressed circumstances. Variations are also likely in the extent to which parent behavior is governed by unconscious (automatic)
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
reactions, or by active seeking to understand the child and to adapt parenting accordingly (Papousek & Papousek, this handbook). Social class and cultural differences suggest that parents may differ in their core beliefs about the nature of the child and whether child individuality "matters." In some cultural settings (e.g., more collectivistic ones that may value individuality less), it may be seen as less necessary or appropriate to adapt parenting styles to a child's particular characteristics. Clearly, more work must be done to understand contextual influences on parenting-temperament relations. The promising effects of third variables, however, leads us to turn to more complex relations between temperament and parenting, i.e., joint influences of these variables on child outcomes.
COMBINED EFFECTS OF TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING Early formulations of the idea that similar parenting may have different consequences for children with different temperament characteristics have included Escalona's (1968) concept of "effective experience," further developed in Wachs and Gruen's (1982) notion of "organismic specificity," and the term "goodness of fit," first used in the NYLS (Thomas, Chess, & Birch, 1968) and further developed by Lerner and Lerner (1983). In these conceptualizations, variation in an outcome measure such as psychosocial adjustment, cognitive development, or behavior problems is seen to result from differential reactions of children with differing temperament to similar parenting. We believe that these more complex views of temperament and parenting may prove to be a good deal more useful than searching for simple direct associations such as those described above. Here we consider two general classes of outcome variable. One is security of attachment, viewed as an outcome of transactions between parent and infant; the second is behavioral adjustment. The significance of temperament on its own for behavioral adjustment has already been outlined; here the emphasis is on interactions between temperament and parenting in relation to behavioral adjustment. Other potential outcome constructs, including cognitive development, school achievement and selfesteem, are not reviewed due to space limitations, and because the research base is generally thinner in these areas. Bates (1989) has touched upon some of these areas in his review.
Attachment There is an ongoing debate on the relationship of temperament to attachment. Attachment is an outcome of the parent-child relationship to which both parent and child contribute, however, and hence is relevant to the concerns of this chapter. Although it has been argued that parents' sensitivity to infant behavior is the crucial antecedent to security of attachment (e.g., Sroufe, 1985), there is substantial empirical support for the notion that the child's temperament is related to how the child reacts during separation and reunion with the parent in the Strange Situation procedure, and this affects the child's attachment classification as securely or insecurely attached (see Goldsmith & Alansky, 1987). Some researchers have failed to find direct relations between temperament and attachment security (e.g., Bates et al., 1985; Sroufe, 1985). However, Calkins and Fox (1992) observed that this most frequently occurs in studies using parent reports of temperament rather than observational measures. A variety of temperament attributes in infancy has been found to relate to later attachment security, including sociability to strangers and mother ratings as "easy" (Frodi, 1983), proneness to distress (Belsky & Rovine, 1987), neonatal distress reactivity such as crying at removal of pacifier (Calkins & Fox, 1992), and "object-orientation" versus "person-orientation" (Lewis & Feiring, 1989). Temperament characteristics of fear (Thompson, Connell, & Bridges, 1988) and "difficultness" (Weber, Levitt, & Clarke, 1986) have also been found to relate to the infant's negative reactions, such as resistance to the mother in the Strange Situation. One can conjecture about the processes by which any of these temperamental attributes may be related to the mother-child relationship and attachment. However, none of these studies included measures of parenting. Some studies have included measures of both temperament and parenting as predictors of attachment, allowing us to examine parenting-temperament interactions. Mangelsdorf, Gunnar, Kestenbaum, and Lang (1990) found no main-effect relations between proneness to distress at 9 months and security of attachment classification at 13 months. However, they did find that
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
attachment could be predicted from the interaction between maternal personality and infant temperament. An insecure attachment was more probable when distress-prone infants' mothers had high constraint scores, indicating rigidity, traditionalism and low risk taking. Teti and Gelfand (1991) found secure attachment in preschool children to be related to sensitive, involved and flexible parenting and the child's sociability towards the mother, with both measures taken from free-play observations. Insecure attachment was related to the child's negative affectivity (irritability, avoidance, and resistance). A final study comes even closer to letting us examine mother-child interactions over time as they affect attachment, and we consider it in more detail. Van den Boom (1989) used a neonatal behavior scale administered at 10 and 15 days of age to select an extremely irritable group of infants representing the top 17% of the low-SES sample tested, and a group of non-irritable infants, drawn from the remaining 83% of the sample. She observed the selected infants with their mothers twice a month to the age of 6 months, and measured mother sensitivity (looking, affective, stimulating, and soothing behaviors) and infant behavior (positive and negative social signals). A rating scale of maternal sensitivity including general attitude, availability, and physical and social contact was also used. Both mothers and observers completed temperament scales at 6 and 12 months, and attachment security was assessed at 12 months. Mother and child behaviors differed in relation to newborn infant temperament. More of the irritable infants were classified as anxious/avoidant in attachments to their mothers at 12 months, and their mothers were rated as more unresponsive. This suggested bidirectional effects, with child irritability hindering maternal responsiveness, and ineffective maternal soothing behaviors failing to inhibit child irritability. Among the irritable group, van den Boom also found a gradual retreat from contact with the baby associated with maternal unresponsiveness. Irritability was associated with perceptions of the infant as "difficult" at 6 and 12 months, and "difficultness" was associated with more maternal noninvolvement with age. These results are both consistent with and extend the studies reported above, demonstrating how individual differences in irritability and mothers' responsiveness mutually interact to affect the attachment processes. Perhaps the most persuasive part of van den Boom's study is its intervention component (van den Boom, in press). Here 50 low-SES mothers of 6-month-old irritable infants assessed as newborns received specific training in soothing and playing with their babies, and were compared to a matched untreated control group of irritable infants. Differences between the intervention and control groups were found on measures of quality of mother-child interaction, quality of infant exploratory behavior at 9 months, and attachment status at 12 months. Intervention group mothers were also more responsive, stimulating, and controlling. Their babies were more sociable and exploratory and cried less, and were more cognitively sophisticated in their exploratory behavior. Secure attachment was significantly more common in the intervention group (68% versus 28% of the control group). Thus changes in mothers' behavior clearly led to changes in mother-child interaction and to changes in child behavior. This study highlights the importance of tracking both temperament and parenting in detail to unravel the bidirectional processes involved. An irritable infant is predisposed to insecure attachment, likely due at least in part to the mother coming to ignore the infant. Intervention prevents this maternal component from further leading the child to develop avoidant (independent) coping strategies. This set of studies provides persuasive evidence that temperament facilitates or impedes the attachment process in an ongoing transactional process with parenting. This transactional nature of attachment development was suggested by Rothbart and Derryberry (1981, p. 68) over a decade ago: "As important as the mother's sensitivity and flexibility may be, the role of the child's constitutional capacities and limitations in shaping her behavior should not be underestimated. Nor should the sensitivity and flexibility of the infant be neglected, for infants vary greatly in their capacity to augment or reduce their own reactivity, and to bring distress or pleasure to their care-givers. It seems essential that the mother-infant interaction and the resulting attachment process be viewed as a function of two intricate and flexible interactional systems, which can achieve a 'balance' in a number of ways."
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Behavioral Adjustment The first set of studies to investigate the joint influence of temperament and parenting on behavioral adjustment was the NYLS (Thomas et al., 1968). They developed the notion of "goodness of fit" as a means of analyzing the ontogenesis and evolution of behavior disorders, and a framework for treatment and intervention. Goodness of fit was said to result "when the child's capacities, motivations and temperament are adequate to master the demands, expectations and opportunities of the environment" (Chess & Thomas, 1989, p. 380). The specific nature of "fit" is undefined, but suggests that different styles of parenting will fit different children. The implication is that, because "difficult" babies are more demanding to parent, the usual parenting strategies may be ineffective with them. They may also often elicit poorer parenting; this provides a link between early temperament and later behavioral maladjustment. Within the NYLS, multiple examples have been reported of apparent mismatches between child and parent preceding poor behavioral outcomes (Chess & Thomas, 1984; Thomas & Chess, 1977). One example is the case of Roy, a highly distractible child. As an infant, Roy's "easy" distractibility allowed parental soothing to be quick and effective. As an older child, however, Roy was often unreliable and forgetful. His mother engaged in extensive nagging to try to gain the child's cooperation. In time, Roy came to "tune out" the mother's messages, and Roy's mother increasingly judged her child in negative terms. The child's behavior did not improve, and the mother was not willing to appreciate the consistency of her child's temperament characteristics. Other studies can also be conceptualized within a "goodness of fit" framework. For example, Kochanska (1991) found in the development of conscience that anxious children are more affected by parenting practices such as power assertion than non-anxious children. Crockenberg (1987) found that irritable infants who had angry, punitive mothers were more angry, non-compliant, and less confident as 2-year-olds than less irritable infants with similar parenting. "Goodness of fit" has more recently been operationalized by the Lerners (e.g., Lerner & Lerner, 1983) as the discrepancy between the child's actual temperament and others' (usually parent's or teacher's) concepts of the "ideal" temperament for the child. They argue that the same temperament may be associated with positive or negative parent-child interactions and outcomes, depending on parents' values and expectations about that temperament attribute. Studies have sought to demonstrate that the discrepancy between "real" and "ideal" temperament is more strongly related to outcome measures than is the child's temperament on its own. Several studies have provided some support for this notion within the school setting, although the improvement in predictive power provided by the discrepancy score has usually been small (Keogh, 1986; Lerner, Nitz, Talwar, & Lerner, 1989; Talwar, Nitz, & Lerner, 1990). There has been mixed support in other settings (e.g., Hagekull & Bohlin, 1990; Mangelsdorf et al., 1990; Wallander, Hubert, & Varni, 1988). These studies have not incorporated measures of parenting per se, however, so there is no direct evidence that the effect of the discrepancy between "real" and "ideal" is mediated by parenting variables. This operationalization of "goodness of fit" is also somewhat problematic. Notions of what is an "ideal" temperament tend to have little variability (Windle & Lerner, 1986), so they contribute little to discrepancy scores. There has also been a tendency to look at a limited number of parental or teacher expectations or ideals, ignoring other potentially more complex relations such as those between parent and child temperament, or between temperament and the physical environment. Finally, the term "goodness of fit" tends to suggest a symmetrical and unchanging relationship between the child and his/her world, whereas, as Windle and Lerner (1986) note, it is a dynamic transactional process, and measures of it need to capture child-environment interactions over time. Another approach to conceptualizing differential effects of parenting on children of differing temperaments has been Escalona's (1968) concept of "effective experience." She noted how an active child will seek out toys, whereas an inactive one may require an adult to present them. Thus, the presence of toys in the house implies different learning experiences for different children. Similarly, Gandour (1989) found children's activity level and the intensity of stimulation provided by the parents to interact in predicting the exploratory competence of toddlers and the total amount of exploration they display. The notion of "effective experience" has parallels to "active" effects in Scarr and McCartney's (1983) model of genotype-environment interactions, wherein children seek out and create
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
environments compatible with their genotypes. Of course, passive effects (mediated through genetically based similarities in temperament between parent and child) and evocative effects (where the child's temperament "draws out" particular parenting characteristics) likely also apply. Others have conducted research framed in terms of "organismic specificity," which like "effective experience," suggests that the same event may have different effects on children who differ temperamentally (Wachs & Gruen, 1982). Wachs (1987), for example, found that for highly-active 12month-olds, parents' naming of objects was related to less mastery behavior, whereas the opposite relation held for low-active children. A high level of person traffic in the home was related to lower mastery behavior for "difficult" children, but not for "easy" ones. Concepts such as effective experience predict differences in outcome for children depending on particular combinations of parenting and temperament characteristics (that is, multiplicative or non-linear interaction effects). Bates (1989) comments that, in the interests of parsimony, the independent contributions of temperament and parenting to outcome (additive effects) should be assessed before addressing any interactive effects. This is a fair comment, but researchers, having found additive effects, have often not gone on to investigate potential multiplicative ones. In fact, both additive and multiplicative effects have been found. Findings of additive effects are of course also relevant to this discussion, because they demonstrate that parenting alone (or temperament alone) is not the sole predictor of the child outcome. Some theorists predict no additive effects. According to the model proposed by Reid and Patterson (1989) for antisocial behavior, no independent contribution of temperament would be expected. They posit parenting practices as the intervening variables between temperament and behavior. They suggest that temperament characteristics can disrupt parental discipline and monitoring of the child's behavior, but that discipline and monitoring are the proximal causes of antisocial behavior. Additive effects have nevertheless been found by several researchers. Bates and Bayles (1988) followed children from infancy to 6 years. By adding together 0 to 3 year temperament, maternal positive involvement (affection, teaching) and 3-year-old behavior problems they were able to strongly predict internalizing (anxious, fearful) and externalizing (acting out) behavior problems for both boys and girls at 6 years. Similarly, Cameron (1978) in analyzing NYLS data found that an index of difficultness and persistence at 1 year, along with poorer parenting at 3 years, predicted later behavior problems. Additive effects were also found by Fisher and Fagot (1992); here, toddler temperament and parental discipline practices were independently related to children's antisocial and coercive behavior at 5-7 years. In a Canadian longitudinal study, Maziade (1989) found evidence for both additive and multiplicative effects. Of those children who at 7 years had a "difficult" temperament and came from dysfunctional families (characterized by a lack of rule clarity, consistency, and parental consensus), most had oppositional disorders at 12 years. In contrast, almost none of the children with "difficult" temperament but superior family functioning had behavioral disorders. Maziade labeled this interactive effect "synergy." In contrast, at 4 years only additive effects of temperament and parenting on disorder had been found. A study by Martin (1981) of children followed from 10 to 42 months also found both additive and multiplicative effects for compliance and coerciveness at 42 months. For boys, the temperament-like characteristic of demandingness at 10 months and maternal responsiveness both contributed to later child compliance, but a multiplicative interaction of the two also affected outcome. For girls, only infant demandingness predicted (non)compliance. Coerciveness in boys resulted from additive effects of infant demandingness and maternal non-involvement at 10 months; these effects were not significant for girls. Thus, despite the somewhat scattered nature of the evidence, interactions of particular temperament characteristics with particular parenting do seem to affect behavioral outcome. Temperament and parenting have also been conceptualized as risk or protective factors for behavioral outcome, and have been shown to operate cumulatively. For example, prediction from infancy to 4-5 year externalizing behavior problems (hostile-aggressive and hyperactive-distractible) and internalizing behavior problems (anxious-fearful) was undertaken for over 1500 subjects from the
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
ATP (Sanson et al., 1991c). Temperament on its own had little impact on outcome: The most "difficult" children, as assessed by an infant "easy-difficult" scale including approach-adaptability, cooperation-manageability and irritability, had only a slightly raised incidence of problems on the outcome measures compared to the remainder of the children. However, when difficult temperament occurred in a context reflecting poor mother-child relationship and presumably poor parenting style, the level of risk for behavioral problems increased substantially. Although other biological and environmental factors likely to affect parenting quality also contributed to cumulative risk, the combination of difficult temperament and poor mother-infant relationship was the most reliable risk indicator. This combination was also particularly characteristic of children who were described as hostile-aggressive at 7 to 8 years (Sanson et al., in press a). These findings are highly reminiscent of Sameroff and Chandler's (1975) construct of the "continuum of caretaking casualty," where infants identified at biological risk tended to show negative outcomes chiefly when caretaking was also deficient. In other studies, temperament has been conceptualized as a mediator affecting the relation between aspects of parenting and outcome (Rutter, 1987). For example, temperament has been seen as a resilience factor when there is a high level of psychosocial stress and parenting is poor (e.g., Werner, 1986; Werner & Smith 1982); in these situations, the sociable or adaptable child may be able to elicit more care and concern from parents and from significant others, who can act as mentors to protect the child from adverse outcomes. Temperament has been seen to be important in the divorce literature; Hetherington (Hetherington & Henderson, in this handbook; Hetherington, Stanley-Hagan, & Anderson, 1989) suggests that both temperament and parental warmth and control are important in determining a child's adjustment to marital transitions. Puckering (1989) posits positive aspects of temperament as a resilience factor for children with depressed mothers. These findings of additive effects for both parenting and temperament, and sometimes multiplicative effects, suggest that temperament cannot be seen as operating only through its effects of parenting. There seems to be strong evidence that combinations of temperament and parenting variables affect behavioral outcome. For both outcome variables examined here, attachment and behavior problems, there is thus substantial evidence for interactive processes posited under the concepts of goodness of fit, organismic specificity, and effective experience. However, the number of studies which have explicitly examined interactive effects is quite small, and we are still far from specifying precisely the particular configurations of temperament and parenting that constitute a "good fit" and optimize outcome. After a discussion of practical implications, future research directions are suggested.
IMPLICATIONS OF TEMPERAMENTAL VARIATION FOR PARENTING On the basis of the empirical evidence reviewed above, what can be said about implications of child temperament for parenting? Although answers to this question are necessarily speculative because of the incompleteness of the research literature, some tentative conclusions can be drawn in three areas: Parental attention to and respect for the child's individuality, parental structuring of the child's environment, and applications of the "difficult child" construct.
Attention to and Respect for Individuality An implication of taking children's individuality seriously is that it becomes more difficult to give any universal prescription for "good parenting," other than perhaps specifying the need for parental sensitivity and flexibility. Because children may differ in their responses to similar patterns of parenting, parents need to be attentive to temperament characteristics of their children, and to be able to adapt their parenting behaviors to them. This requires attention to the signals of the child concerning the child's state and needs. A goal of parenting may then be accomplished in one way for one child, and in a different way for another, depending on the child's temperament characteristics. Schaffer and Emerson (1964), for example, noted that babies who dislike being cuddled and resist mothers' attempts at close physical contact are often highly active. Tactile soothing is not comforting to these children. If mothers recognize this and substitute other more active forms of
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
contact (e.g., play or distraction with toys) for cuddling, problems are less likely to result. Parents need to be able to "operationalize" their warmth, concern, and approaches to parenting goals in different ways, given the likely reaction of the child to the treatment. Sensitivity is also needed when parents attempt to modify nonadaptive or unacceptable behavior of the child. Some children will be highly sensitive to punishment; others will be so strongly driven by potential reward that self-control will be a problem. Some children will thus need extra encouragement; others will need help with limits and controls on behavior (Rothbart & Ahadi, in press). Another conclusion emerging from the literature is that some temperament characteristics pose more parenting challenges than others, at least in modern Western societies. Although infant crying and irritability may elicit more maternal contact, this contact often does not seem to be sustainable over time, and children's proneness to distress can contribute to the emergence of avoidant or negative, mutually coercive parent-child interactions. Van den Boom's (1989) study, however, shows that these influences can be countered with extra support and training for mothers of distress-prone infants. The importance of thoughtful socialization is thus enhanced rather than diminished when the child's temperament is taken into account. Prescriptions for good parenting are also dependent on goals, values, and assumptions about outcomes. Similar temperament characteristics (e.g., shyness, intensity, fussiness) may be reacted to differently in boys and girls. We suggested that these differences are likely to reflect parents' "ethnotheories" about sex differences and gender roles. Sociocultural variations in ethnotheories are likely, affecting characteristics seen as desirable and outcomes that are valued. In both of these cases, however, individuality of temperament should be a consideration, avoiding a tendency to try to fit all children, all girls, or all boys into a single mold. If a "surgent," outward-oriented disposition may be a more valued style in some cultures (e.g., the U.S.), this may not be the case in other cultures (e.g., China). Recognition of the legitimacy and value of multiple patterns of children's behavior is needed.
Structuring the Child's Environment
Temperament variation is also important when we take a broader perspective on parenting: not only in direct parent behavior toward the child but also in decisions made about daycare, timing of school entry, size and structure of school, kinds of extracurricular activities, and so forth. Although little research provides a direct guide to these decisions, Wachs's (1987; Wachs & Gandour, 1983) work suggests that crowded, noisy environments will pose greater problems for some children than for others. We might also expect that a fearful, withdrawing child would benefit from slower entry to new situations. Individual differences in attentional self-control should also guide decisions about the time to start school. Evidence of possible slower maturation of these attributes for boys is relevant to issues of school readiness.
"The Difficult Child" and Packaged Parenting Programs Manuals and courses on parenting abound, and community interventions have been directed toward improving parenting skills. How well can these efforts take individuality in child temperament into account? Any program giving prescriptions about "the right way to do it" will clearly be deficient if it does not also direct parents' attention to individuality and to the need to be flexible in their approach to childrearing. Some books and programs specifically focus on temperament; examples include Turecki and Tonner (1989) and Cameron, Hansen, and Rosen (1989). In these, there is a focus on "difficult" temperament. As noted above, some characteristics are often (but not invariably) a source of difficulty for parents in modern individualistic societies, and acknowledgement that some children are harder to parent is often helpful. Advice on how to handle particular "difficult" temperament characteristics can also be useful. Against these potential advantages however, there need to be weighted several disadvantages. All the previously-noted problems associated with concept of the "difficult child" apply here. As has been stressed, whether a particular characteristic is "difficult" depends on its fit with the environment, whereas the notion of "difficult temperament" implies that the problem lies in the child. To label a child as "difficult" also has the danger of becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy. The stability of
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
temperament is quite low from infancy to later childhood, and moderate after infancy. If a child becomes identified as "difficult," this may in itself serve to maintain that status. Indeed, such labeling as "difficult" or "easy" may be one basis for the finding (Kagan et al., 1986; Sanson et al., 1991a) that extreme temperament characteristics are generally more stable than more moderate characteristics. Family systems theory stresses the importance of assigned roles within families; to be assigned the role of the "difficult child" may both intensify and maintain the expression of "difficult" characteristics. The notion of "difficult temperament" may also lead to the expectation that the parent's major efforts should be directed toward modifying the child's temperamental expressions, when there is instead an initial asymmetry in parent and child contributions to interactions (Rothbart, 1989a). Young infants react to their own internal states and to the immediate situation, including the caregiver's soothing and activating stimulation. Caregivers interpret the infant's emotional reactions as signals of the need for increasing, decreasing, or changing stimulation. Only at later ages can the child be expected to play a more active and anticipatory role in the interaction. Thus the initial responsibility for adaptation lies strongly with the parent. It is clear that their children's temperament should be an important focus for adults when considering their caregiving behavior. Although the research evidence to date does not allow for many highly specific recommendations, general principles of sensitivity to the individual characteristics of their child, flexibility in parenting behavior in response to these characteristics, and avoidance of negative labeling of the child are all important.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH Temperament is an important aspect of the child's contribution to the parent-child relationship, but our knowledge of parenting-temperament interactions is as yet incomplete. We now highlight areas where further understanding may be especially useful. We have noted above the difficulty of obtaining "clean" measures of both temperament and parenting before they start to influence each other. Parents have attitudes about parenting before the birth of their child, however, and although it is well known that the relationship between attitudes and behavior is far from perfect, these attitudes may give us hints about what parenting would be before it is affected by the child's individuality. Some researchers have shown that prenatally measured attitudes are related to postnatal temperament ratings (e.g., Heinecke, in this handbook; Vaughn, Bradley, Joffe-Lyle, & Seiffer, 1987). Others have indicated that values about parenthood remain relatively constant from the prenatal period to 5 months postnatally (Lamb et al., 1982). To address the question of parenting-temperament interactions, however, a central issue is whether parents modify their parenting attitudes and behavior once the child is born, and whether this is systematic for children with different temperament characteristics. We need to be asking questions like: You thought X about parenting before your child was born; do you still think so? Is this what you do? Does it work as you thought it would? There is little direct data on these questions. Observing several adults interacting with the same children, each differing in their temperament characteristics, may also inform our understanding of the "active" and "evocative" effects of temperament (Scarr & McCartney, 1983). Similarly, to investigate whether and how parenting affects expressions of temperament, we need evidence of change in temperament when parenting varies, or of mutual parenting-temperament changes. Van den Boom (1989), in both the observational and intervention phases of her study, provided a good model of the detailed fine-grained analysis needed to address these issues. Further work following her model of observation and experimental intervention, that might systematically address other aspects of temperament, other facets of parenting, and other child outcome variables among different age groups, would be most beneficial. The studies we have reviewed provide a strong case for the importance of third variables for the temperament-parenting relationship. We suggested that the concept of parental "ethnotheories" may provide a parsimonious explanation of many of the findings. Parents' underlying beliefs, values and expectations are likely to significantly affect their responses to children's individual
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
characteristics, including whether parents respond to an irritable and inflexible child with efforts to find effective ways of soothing and managing the child, or by labeling the child as "difficult" or "bad." Little research attention has been directed to this issue. Another area where additional study of parenting-temperament interactions could be highly informative is in relation to gender. We noted that interactions between temperament and parenting often differed for boys and girls. Once again, parental ethnotheories may be involved, but another possibility is that actual differences in temperament between boys and girls may also be involved. In infancy, while gender differences in temperament are small (Prior, Smart, Sanson, & Oberklaid, 1993), boys have been found to have higher activity levels (Eaton & Enns, 1986). This, combined with the possibility of earlier language development among girls (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974), may make girls on average more susceptible to early caregiving socialization than boys (Rothbart, 1989a). Activity level differences may also promote cycles of coercive interaction with some boys. There is opportunity for careful longitudinal work from infancy to address these questions. Current research has been somewhat more successful in identifying combined effects of temperament and parenting for behavioral and cognitive outcomes. Interactive effects occur, both additive and multiplicative. However, there is a need for more specificity here, moving from global measures of temperament such as "difficult," which confound several facets of temperament, to more specific dimensions (self-regulation, negative emotionality). Comparison with normative data is lacking in most studies, so that those classified as, for instance, "irritable" in one study are not necessarily comparable to those so labeled in another. Observations of parenting in extreme temperament groups may be a useful starting point, and studies need to be specifically designed to be able to detect both independent and interactive contributions of temperament and parenting dimensions. If any of the interactive models (goodness-of-fit, organismic specificity, and so forth) are to be taken seriously, we also need to consider the implications of temperament for broader aspects of parenting than have traditionally been the focus of research. As noted above, a somewhat neglected issue has been optimal childcare requirements for children with differing temperament (Bradley & Sanson, 1992). Wachs's (1993) work suggests that optimal levels of stimulation (both physical and social) can be defined for children with different temperament characteristics. The implications of such findings for the introduction of children to new settings, the size of social grouping, the age of entry, and their relevance for a wider age range than has so far been investigated, are all in need of research attention. The question of generalizability of results takes us back to "ethnotheories." It may be no accident that the current interest in temperament and parenting has arisen in individualistic Western cultures. In more collectivistic cultures, where individuals are defined by their relation to the group, temperamental variation among individuals may be of less relevance and salience than in more individualistic Western culture (Kitayama & Marcus, in press). The applicability of conclusions based on Western samples to other cultural groups thus also needs investigation. Finally, a research need that applies to all of the above areas is for investigation of temperament dimensions that are empirically and theoretically well-grounded. As indicated above, a limited number of temperament dimensions are emerging in the literature, and for some of these, biological underpinnings have been put forward. However, most of the research on temperament and parenting has used more diffuse and sometimes value-laden temperament dimensions such as "difficultness," limiting our ability to study the processes involved. For example, if there are differences among children in the strength of reward and punishment systems (Behavioral Activation and Behavioral Inhibition systems), and also in the maturation of their attentional control systems, one could expect the same parenting behavior to have predictably different effects on different children (Kochanska, 1991, 1993; Kochanska et al., 1993; Rothbart & Ahadi, in press; Rothbart et al., 1993). For some children, parents' low-level punishment attempts may not work, so parents may escalate their punishment in their effort to gain child compliance, thus setting the scene for the development of coercive parent-child cycles of interaction. Research focusing upon basic levels of temperamental variation, especially along the lines developed by van den
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Boom (1989, in press) and Kochanska (1991, 1993) holds great promise for increasing our understanding of temperament and parenting.
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS A child's temperament is apparent from early infancy, and is an important influence on individual differences among older children. Variations in reactivity and self-regulation are related to characteristic patterns of positive and negative emotionality, sociability, and attentional persistence for each child. These patterns are fairly stable over time but by no means immutable. They have an impact on a wide range of child outcomes in behavioral, cognitive and social domains. The task for parents in thinking about temperament is to take their child's particular characteristics into consideration in choosing strategies to soothe, control and stimulate their child, and in arranging the overall childrearing environment. Guidance can be drawn from analyses of the effects on child outcome of particular combinations of parent behavior and child temperament. Parental handling can lead to positive outcomes even for children extreme in temperament. For instance, van den Boom's (in press) study has shown us how maternal training in dealing with irritable infants can lead to improved cognitive, social and emotional outcomes for these infants. Similarly, studies by Wachs and his colleagues (e.g., Wachs, 1987) reveal how different levels of social and environmental stimulation appear to be optimal for children with differing temperament profiles. More adaptable, sociable and persistent children may also cope with stressful life events such as parental divorce better than those with other profiles, presumably partly because they are better able to elicit support from adults around them. It may thus require special efforts to provide support to children with less positive profiles when they encounter stressful events. We have suggested that some of the consequences of taking temperament into account might be to adapt parenting behavior and the child's environment to provide as good a "fit" to the child's temperament as possible, while at the same time encouraging the child's adaptations to situations; to recognize that, while a child's temperament is not immutable, changes over time are unlikely to be dramatic; and to avoid value judgments about these individual differences. Even though it may be recognized that in a given social and cultural context some children take more effort to parent, there is nothing inherently inferior about these children, nor are temperament characteristics the result of "naughtiness." In sum, the concept of temperament directs our attention to important aspects of child individuality that must be considered in parenting. It has long been recognized that appropriate parenting depends on the age of the child; the child's temperament characteristics also determine what is appropriate. Even if this recognition complicates both the task of the parent and that of the researcher, such complication is unavoidable. The task then for the parent and the practitioner is to foster "respect for the individuality and integrity of each child, and flexibility in creating environments that may lead to positive outcomes for them and for us" (Rothbart, 1989a, p. 236).
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Preparation of this chapter was supported in part by National Institutes of Mental Health Grant MH43361 to the second author. The authors wish to thank S. Ahadi, M. Prior and M. Rothbart for their generous help on a previous version of the chapter. Direct inquiries to Ann Sanson, Department of Psychology, School of Behavioural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia, or Mary K. Rothbart, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
REFERENCES Ahadi, S. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (in press). Temperament, development and the Big Five. In C. F. Halverson, G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Ahadi, S. A., Rothbart, M. K., & Ye, R. M. (1993). Child temperament in the U.S. and China: Similarities and differences. European Journal of Personality. Barron, A. P., & Earls, F. (1984). The relation of temperament and social factors to behavior problems in three-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25®MDRV¯, 23-33. Bates, J. E. (1987). Temperament in infancy. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 1101-1149). New York: Wiley. Bates, J. E. (1989). Applications of temperament concepts. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 321-355). Chichester, England: Wiley. Bates, J. E. (1990). Conceptual and empirical linkages between temperament and behavior problems: A commentary on the Sanson, Prior, and Kyrios study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 36, 193-197. Bates, J. E., & Bayles, K. (1988). The role of attachment in the development of behavior problems. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 253-299). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bates, J. E., Maslin, C. A., & Frankel, K. A. (1985). Attachment security, mother-child interaction, and temperament as predictors of behavior-problem ratings at age three years. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points in attachment theory and research. Society for Child Development Monographs (Vol. Serial No. 209, pp. 167-193). Bates, J. E., Olson, S. L., Pettit, G. S., & Bayles, K. (1982). Dimensions of individuality in the motherinfant relationship at 6 months of age. Child Development, 53, 446-461. Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75, 81-95. Bell, R. Q. (1974). Contributions of human infants to caregiving and social interaction. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiver (pp. 1-20). New York: Wiley. Belsky, J., & Rovine, M. (1987). Temperament and attachment security in the strange situation: An empirical rapprochement. Child Development, 58, 787-795. Bohlin, G., Hagekull, B., & Lindhagen, K. (1981). Dimensions of infant behavior. Infant Behavior and Development, 4, 83-96. Bornstein, M. H., Gaughran, J., Homel, P. (1986). Infant temperament: Theory, tradition, critique, and new assessments. In C. E. Izard & P. B Read (Eds.), Measuring emotions in infants and children (Vol. 2, pp. 172-199). New York: Cambridge University Press. Bradley, B., & Sanson, A. (1992). Promoting quality in infant day care via research: Conflicting lessons from the day care controversy? Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 17, 3-10. Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Buss, D. M. (1981). Predicting parent-child interactions from children's activity level. Developmental Psychology, 17, 598-605. Calkins, S. D., & Fox, N. A. (1992). The relations among infant temperament, security of attachment, and behavioral inhibition at twenty-four months. Child Development, 63, 1456-1472. Cameron, J. R. (1978). Parental treatment, children's temperament, and the risk of childhood behavioral problems: I. Relationships between parental characteristics and changes in children's temperament over time. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development, 233-244. Cameron, J. R., Hansen, R., & Rosen, D. (1989). Preventing behavioral problems in infancy through temperament assessment and parental support programs. In W. B. Carey & S. C. McDevitt (Eds.), Clinical and educational applications of temperament research (pp. 155-165). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger. Campbell, S. (1979). Mother-infant interaction as a function of maternal ratings of temperament. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 10, 67-76. Caron, J., & Miller, P. (1981). Effects of infant characteristics on caregiver responsiveness among the Gusii. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston. Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1984). Origins and evolution of behavior disorders. New York: Bruner/Mazel. (Reprinted in paperback in 1987, Harvard University Press.) Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1989). Issues in the clinical application of temperament. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 378-386). Chichester: Wiley. Chess, S., Thomas, A., & Birch, H. G. (1965). Your child is a person. New York: Viking. Crockenberg, S. B. (1986). Are temperamental differences in babies associated with predictable differences in care giving? In J. V. Lerner & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Temperament and social interaction during infancy and childhood. New Directions for Child Development, No. 31, 5373. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Crockenberg, S. (1987). Predictors and correlates of anger toward and punitive control of toddlers by adolescent mothers. Child Development, 58, 964-975. Crockenberg, S., & Acredolo, C. (1983). Infant temperament ratings: A function of infants, or mothers, or both? Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 61-72. Crockenberg, S., & McCluskey, K. (1985). Predicting infant attachment from early and current behavior of mothers and infants. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Toronto, Ontario. Crockenberg, S., & Smith, P. (1982). Antecedents of mother-infant interaction and infant irritability in the first three months of life. Infant Behavior and Development, 5, 105-119. Cutrona, C. E., & Troutman, B. R. (1986). Social support, infant temperament, and parenting selfefficacy: A mediational model of postpartum depression. Child Development, 57, 1507-1518. Daniels, D., Plomin, R., & Greenhalgh, J. (1984). Correlates of difficult temperament in infancy. Child Development, 55, 1184-1194.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
DeVries, M. W., & Sameroff, A. J. (1984). Temperament and infant mortality among the Masai of East Africa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1189-1194. Diamond, S. (1974). The roots of psychology. New York: Basic Books. Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440. Eaton, W. O., & Enns, R. (1986). Sex differences in human motor activity level. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 19-28. Escalona, S. A. (1968). The roots of individuality: Normal patterns of development in infancy. Chicago: Aldine. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach. New York: Plenum. Feinman, S., & Lewis, M. (1983). Social referencing at ten months: A second-order effect on infants' response to strangers. Child Development, 54, 878-887. Fish, M., & Crockenberg, S. (1986). Correlates and antecedents of nine-month infant behavior and mother-infant interaction. Infant Behavior and Development, 4, 69-81. Fisher, P. A., & Fagot, B. I. (1992, April). Temperament, parental discipline, and child psychopathology: A social-interactional model. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association: Portland, Oregon. Frodi, A. M. (1983). Attachment behavior and sociability with strangers in premature and fullterm infants. Infant Mental Health Journal, 4, 13-22. Gandour, M. J. (1989). Activity level as a dimension of temperament in toddlers: Its relevance for the organismic specificity hypothesis. Child Development, 60, 1092-1098. Garrison, W. T., & Earls, F. J. (1987). Temperament and child psychopathology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 2634. Goldsmith, H. H. (1989). Behavior genetic approaches to temperament. In G. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 111-132). Chichester: Wiley. Goldsmith, H. H., & Alansky, J. A. (1987). Maternal and infant predictors of attachment: A metaanalytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 805-816. Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R., Rothbart, M. K., Thomas, A., Chess, S., Hinde, R. A., & McCall, R. B. (1987). Roundtable: What is temperament? Four approaches. Child Development, 58, 505-529. Gordon, B. (1983). Maternal perception of child temperament and observed mother-child interaction. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 13, 153-167. Gowen, J. W., Johnson-Martin, N., Goldman, B. D., & Appelbaum, M. (1989). Feelings of depression and parenting competence of mothers of handicapped and nonhandicapped infants: A
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
longitudinal study. Special Issue: Research on families. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 94, 259-271. Gray, J. A. (1987a). Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivity: A commentary. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 493-509. Gray, J. A. (1987b). The psychology of fear and stress (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. Gunnar, M. R. (1990). The psychobiology of infant temperament. In J. Colombo & J. Fagen (Eds.), Individual differences in infancy: Reliability, stability, prediction (pp. 387-409). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Hagekull, B., & Bohlin, G. (1990). Early infant temperament and maternal expectations related to maternal adaptation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 13, 199-214. Halverson, C., Kohnstamm, G. A., & Martin, R. P. (Eds.) (in press). The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hegvik, R. L., McDevitt, S. C., & Carey, W. B. (1982). The Middle Childhood Temperament Questionnaire. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 3, 197-200. Hetherington, E. M., Stanley-Hagan, M., & Anderson, E. R. (1989). Marital transitions: A child's perspective. Special Issue: Children and their development: Knowledge base, research agenda, and social policy application. American Psychologist, 44, 303-312. Hinde, R. A. (1989). Temperament as an intervening variable. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 27-34). Chichester: Wiley. Hubert, N. D., Wachs, T. D., Peters-Martin, P., & Gandour, M. J. (1982). The study of early temperament: Measurement and conceptual issues. Child Development, 53, 571-600. Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1986). Temperamental inhibition in early childhood (pp. 5365). In R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.), The study of temperament: Changes, continuities and challenges. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Kelly, P. (1976). The relation of infant's temperament and mother's psychopathology to interactions in early infancy. In K. F. Riegel & J. A. Meacham (Eds.), The developing individual in a changing world. Chicago: Aldine. Keogh, B. (1986). Temperament and schooling: Meaning of "Goodness of fit"? In J. V. Lerner & R M. Lerner (Eds.), Temperament and social interaction in infants and children®MDBO¯ (pp. 89-108). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. (Eds.) (in press). Culture and emotion. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Klein, P. (1984). The relation of Israeli mothers toward infants in relation to infants' perceived temperament. Child Development, 55, 1212-1218. Kochanska, G. (1991). Socialization and temperament in the development of guilt and conscience. Child Development, 62, 1379-1392.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Kochanska, G. (1993). Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in early development of conscience. Child Development, 64, 325-347. Kochanska, G., DeVet, K., Goldman, M., Murray, K., & Putnam, S. P. (1993). Conscience development and temperament in young children. Unpublished manuscript. Kohnstamm, G. A. (1989). Temperament in childhood: Cross-cultural and sex differences. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 483-508). Chichester, England: Wiley. Kyrios, M., & Prior, M. (1990). Temperament, stress and family factors in behavioral adjustment of 35-year-old children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 13, 67-93. Kyrios, M., Prior, M., Oberklaid, F., & Demetriou, A. (1989). Cross-cultural studies of temperament: Temperament in Greek infants. International Journal of Psychology, 24, 585-603. Lamb, M. E., Frodi, M., Hwang, C., Forstromm, B., & Corry, T. (1982). Stability and change in parental attitudes following an infant's birth into traditional and nontraditional Swedish families. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 23, 53-62. LeDoux, J. E. (1989). Cognitive-emotional interactions in the brain. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 267289. Lee, C. L., & Bates, J. E. (1985). Mother-child interaction at two years and perceived difficult temperament. Child Development, 56, 1314-1325. Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (1983). Temperament and adaptation across life: Theoretical and empirical issues. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 5, pp. 197-231). New York: Academic. Lerner, J. V., Nitz, K., Talwar, R., & Lerner, R. M. (1989). On the functional significance of temperamental individuality: A developmental contextual view of the concept of goodness of fit. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 509-522). Chichester, England: Wiley. Lewis, M., & Feiring, C. (1989). Infant, mother, and mother-infant interaction behavior and subsequent attachment. Child Development, 60, 831-837. Linn, P., & Horowitz, F. (1983). The relationship between infant individual differences and motherinfant interaction during the neonatal period. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 415-427. Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents' differential socialization of boys and girls: A metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 267-296. Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Maccoby, E. E., Snow, M. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1984). Children's dispositions and mother-child interaction at 12 and 18 months: A short-term longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 20, 459-472. Mangelsdorf, S., Gunnar, M., Kestenbaum, R., & Lang, S. (1990). Infant proneness-to-distress temperament, maternal personality, and mother-infant attachment: Associations and goodness-of-fit. Child Development, 61, 820-831.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Martin, R. P. (1981). A longitudinal study of the consequences of early mother-infant interaction: A microanalytic approach. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46(Serial No. 190, No. 3). Martin, R. P., Wisenbaker, J., & Hutunen, M. (in press). The factor structure of instruments based on the Chess-Thomas model of temperament: Implications for the Big Five Model. In C. F. Halverson, G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Maziade, M. (1989). Should adverse temperament matter to the Clinician? An empirically based answer. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 421-436). Chichester: Wiley. McClowry, S. G., Hegvik, R., & Teglasi, H. (1993). An examination of the construct validity of the Middle Childhood Temperament Questionnaire. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 39, 279-293. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90. McDevitt, S. C. (1986). Continuity and discontinuity of temperament in infancy and early childhood: A psychometric perspective. In R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.), The study of temperament: Changes, continuities and challenges (pp. 27-38). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Panksepp, J. (1986). The anatomy of emotions. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research and experience. Vol. 3: Biological foundations of emotions (pp. 91-124). San Diego, CA: Academic. Pedlow, R., Sanson, A. V., Prior, M., & Oberklaid, F. (in press). The stability of temperament from infancy to eight years. Developmental Psychology, 29, 998-1007. Peters-Martin, P., & Wachs, T. (1984). A longitudinal study of temperament and its correlates in the first 12 months. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 285-298. Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1984). Continuity of individual differences in the mother-infant relationship from 6 to 13 months. Child Development, 55, 729-739. Plomin, R. (1982). Behavioral genetics and temperament. In R. Porter & G. M. Collins (Eds.), Temperamental differences in infants and young children (Ciba Foundation Symposium 89). London: Pitman. Plomin, R., & Stocker, C. (1989). Behavioral genetics and emotionality. In J. S. Reznick (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral inhibition (pp. 219-240). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42. Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (1991). Attentional mechanisms and conscious experience. In M. Rugg & A. D. Milner (Eds.), The neuropsychology of consciousness (pp. 91-112). London: Academic Press. Prior, M. (1991). Temperament: A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 249-279. Prior, M., Sanson, A., Carroll, R., & Oberklaid, F. (1989b). Social class differences in temperament ratings of pre-school children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 35, 239-248.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Prior, M. R., Sanson, A. V., & Oberklaid, F. (1989a). The Australian Temperament Project. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 537-554). Chichester, England: Wiley. Prior, M., Smart, D. F., Sanson, A. V., & Oberklaid, F. (1993). Sex differences in psychological adjustment from infancy to eight years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 291-304. Puckering, C. (1989). Annotation: Maternal depression. Journal of child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 30, 807-817. Reid, J. B., & Patterson, G. R. (1989). The development of antisocial behaviour patterns in childhood and adolescence. European Journal of Personality, 3, 107-119. Rendina, I., & Dickerscheid, J.D. (1976). Father involvement with first-born infants. Family Coordinator, 25, 376-378. Rothbart, M. K. (1982). The concept of difficult temperament: A critical analysis of Thomas, Chess & Korn. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28, 35-40. Rothbart, M. K. (1986). Longitudinal observation of infant temperament. Developmental Psychology, 22, 356-365. Rothbart, M. K. (1989a). Temperament and development. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 187-247). Chichester, England: Wiley. Rothbart, M. K. (1989b). Biological processes of temperament. In G. Kohnstamm, J. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart, (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 77-110). Chichester, England: Wiley. Rothbart, M. K., & Ahadi, S. A. (in press). Temperament and the development of personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Rothbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M. E. Lamb & A. L. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 37-86). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Rothbart, M. K., Derryberry, D., & Posner, M. I. (in press). A psychobiological approach to the development of temperament. Journal? Rothbart, M. K., & Mauro, J. A. (1990). Questionnaire measures of infant temperament. In J. W. Fagen & J. Colombo (Eds.), Individual differences in infancy: Reliability, stability and prediction (pp. 411-429). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Rothbart, M. K., Posner, M. I., & Hershey, K. (in press). Temperament, attention and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Manual of developmental psychology. New York: Wiley. Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-331. Sameroff, A. S., & Chandler, M. (1975). Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking causality. In F. Horowitz (Ed.), Review of child development research IV. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Sanson, A. V., Oberklaid, F., Pedlow, R., & Prior, M. (1991c). Risk indicators: Assessment of infancy predictors of preschool behavioural maladjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 609-626. Sanson, A., Prior, M., Garino, E., Oberklaid, F., & Sewell, J. (1987). The structure of infant temperament: Factor analysis of the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 10, 97-104. Sanson, A., Prior, M., & Kyrios, M. (1990). Contamination of measures in temperament research. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 36, 179-192. Sanson, A., Prior, M., & Oberklaid, F. (1991a, April). Structure and stability of temperament in the Australian Temperament Project. Paper presented at the Biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle, Washington. Sanson, A. V., Smart, D. F., Prior, M., & Oberklaid, F. (1993). Interactions between parenting and temperament among 3- to 7-year-old children. Unpublished manuscript. Sanson, A. V., Smart, D. F., Prior, M., & Oberklaid, F. (in press a). Precursors of hyperactivity and aggression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Sanson, A. V., Smart, D. F., Prior, Oberklaid, F., & Pedlow, R. (in press b). The structure of temperament from three to seven years: Age, sex and sociodemographic influences. MerrillPalmer Quarterly. Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s: Development and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1-19. Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotypeenvironmental effects. Child Development, 54, 424-435. Schaffer, H. R., & Emerson, P. E. (1964). Patterns of response to physical contact in early human development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 1-13. Simpson, A. E., & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1985). Temperamental characteristics of three- to four-yearold boys and girls and child-family interactions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 43-53. Slabach, E. H., Morrow, J., & Wachs, T. D. (1991). Questionnaire measurement of infant and child temperament: Current status and future directions. In J. Strelau & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement (pp. 205234). New York: Plenum. Sroufe, L. A. (1985). Attachment classification from the perspective of infant-caregiver relationships and infant temperament. Child Development, 56, 1-14. Strelau, J. (1983). Temperament personality activity. New York: Academic Press. Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (1981). Figure, ground, and gestalt: The cultural context of the active individual. In R. M. Lerner & N. A. Busch-Rossnagel (Eds.), Individuals as producers of their development: A life-span perspective (pp. 69-86). New York: Academic. Talwar, R., Nitz, K., & Lerner, R. M. (1990). Relations among early adolescent temperament, parent and peer demands, and adjustment: A test of the goodness-of-fit model. Journal of Adolescence, 13, 279-298.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 681-706). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: The mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Development, 62, 918-929. Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Thomas, A., Chess, S., & Birch, H. G. (1968). Temperament and behavior disorders in children. New York: New York University Press. Thomas, A., Chess, S., Birch, H. G., Hertzig, M. E., & Korn, S. (1963). Behavioral individuality in early childhood. New York: New York University Press. Thompson, R. A., Connell, J. P., & Bridges, L. J. (1988). Temperament, emotional, and social interactive behavior in the Strange Situation: A component process analysis of attachment system functioning. Child Development, 59, 1102-1110. Tronick, E. Z. (1989). Emotions and emotional communication in infants. American Psychologist, 44, 112-119. Turecki, S., & Tonner, L. (1989). The difficult child. New York: Bantam. van den Boom, D. (1989). Neonatal irritability and the development of attachment. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 299-318). Chichester, England: Wiley. van den Boom (in press). The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: An experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants. Child Development. Vaughn, B. E., Taraldson, B. J., Crichton, L., & Egeland, B. (1981). The assessment of infant temperament: A critique of the Carey Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 4, 1-17. Vaughn, B. E., Bradley, C. F., Joffe-Lyle, S., & Seiffer, R. (1987). Maternal characteristics measured prenatally are predictive of ratings of temperamental "difficulty" on the Carey Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Developmental Psychology, 23, 152-161. Wachs, T. D. (1987). Specificity of environmental action as manifest in environmental correlates of infants' mastery motivation. Developmental Psychology, 23, 782-790. Wachs, T. D. (1993). The nature of nurture. Individual differences and development series, Vol. 3. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Wachs, T. D., & Gandour, M. J. (1983). Temperament, environment, and six-month cognitiveintellectual development: A test of the organismic specificity hypothesis. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 6, 135-152. Wachs, T. D., & Gruen, G. (1982). Early experience and human development. New York: Plenum. Wallander, J. L., Hubert, N. C., & Varni, J. W. (1988). Child and maternal temperament characteristics, goodness-of-fit, and adjustment in physically handicapped children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 336-344.
Running Head: TEMPERAMENT AND PARENTING
Weber, R. A., Levitt, M. J., & Clarke, M. C. (1986). Individual variation in attachment security and social interactive behavior in the Strange Situation: The role of maternal and infant temperament. Child Development, 57, 56-65. Werner, E. E. (1986). Resilient offspring of alcoholics: A longitudinal study from birth to age 18. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 47, 34-40. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable, but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: McGraw-Hill. West, P. D., McLaughlin, F. J., Rieser, J. J., Brooks, P., & O'Connor, S. (1986, April). Individual differences in infant temperament: Consistency and covariates of self-calming in six-montholds. Paper presented at the meetings of the International Conference on Infant Studies, Los Angeles. Whiting, B., & Whiting, J. (1973). Children of six cultures: A psychocultural analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Windle, M., & Lerner, R. M. (1986). Reassessing the dimensions of temperamental individuality across the life span: The Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R). Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 213-230. Zuckerman, M. (1991). Psychobiology of personality. New York: Cambridge University Press. | <urn:uuid:fbc542f3-7081-48f8-81e4-40685bc44bf2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://moam.info/child-temperament-and-parenting-citeseerx_5bba9b50097c4793468b4706.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.911647 | 23,379 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What is it called when everyone dies and goes to heaven?
Belief in the Last Judgment (often linked with the general judgment) is held firmly in Catholicism. Immediately upon death each person undergoes the particular judgment, and depending upon one’s behavior on earth, goes to heaven, purgatory, or hell.
How many souls will make it to heaven?
Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that exactly 144,000 faithful Christians from Pentecost of 33 AD until the present day will be resurrected to heaven as immortal spirit beings to spend eternity with God and Christ.
Is life eternal in heaven?
As for the rest of humankind, after the final judgment, it is expected that the righteous will receive eternal life and live forever on an Earth turned into a paradise. Those granted immortality in heaven are absolutely immortal and cannot die by any cause.
How many levels are there in heaven?
In religious or mythological cosmology, the seven heavens refer to seven levels or divisions of the Heavens (Heaven). The concept, also found in the ancient Mesopotamian religions, can be found in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; a similar concept is also found in some other religions such as Hinduism.
What happens after death in Christianity?
The Catholic conception of the afterlife teaches that after the body dies, the soul is judged, the righteous and free of sin enter Heaven. However, those who die in unrepented mortal sin go to hell.
Do you have to be a saint to go to heaven?
There are many persons that the Church believes to be in Heaven who have not been formally canonized and who are otherwise titled saints because of the fame of their holiness. They remind us that the Church is holy, can never stop being holy and is called to show the holiness of God by living the life of Christ.”
What does eternity mean in the Bible?
According to Lafleur, when we say eternal, what we really mean is everlasting. Only in this way could God be everything we think of him as, both everlasting and all knowing.
What does the Bible say about the dead in Heaven?
Then I heard [the distinct words of] a voice from heaven, saying, “Write, ‘Blessed (happy, prosperous, to be admired) are the dead who die in the Lord from now on!’” “Yes, [blessed indeed],” says the Spirit, “so that they may rest and have relief from their labors, for their deeds do follow them.”
How many people will be resurrected to Heaven in the Bible?
How many will be resurrected to heaven? The Bible indicates that 144,000 people will be resurrected to heavenly life. (Revelation 7:4) In the vision recorded at Revelation 14: 1-3, the apostle John saw “the Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with him 144,000.” In this vision, “the Lamb” represents the resurrected Jesus.
What does the Book of Revelation tell us about Heaven?
So erase your mind of what you think heaven is like and open your mind to receive the view of heaven that John sees. After speaking to the seven churches that are in the Roman province of Asia, the book of Revelation moves forward in the prophecy.
Who are the people that go to Heaven in the Bible?
The Bible indicates that 144,000 people will be resurrected to heavenly life. ( Revelation 7:4) In the vision recorded at Revelation 14:1-3, the apostle John saw “the Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with him 144,000.” In this vision, “the Lamb” represents the resurrected Jesus. | <urn:uuid:576be9a2-a8ed-4b95-ba15-6605d17d759e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://diaridelsestudiants.com/what-is-it-called-when-everyone-dies-and-goes-to-heaven/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.947235 | 779 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Councils can bid for government funding to improve energy efficiency in targeted homes in their area.
Recent schemes have included Green Homes Grant funding.
We are waiting to hear if we have been allocated Sustainable Warmth funding which would available until March 2023.
The scheme will benefit low income or energy inefficient households.
Government funded schemes overview
Types of improvement
- external or internal wall insulation
- loft insulation
- solar PV
- air or ground source heat pumps
You are eligible if you:
- have a household income below £31,000
- own a home with an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating of D, E F or G | <urn:uuid:ef322fef-1973-4046-a02f-92e737dab481> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/housing/energy-efficiency-home/grants-and-subsidies/government-funded-schemes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.917025 | 143 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Pansy Stockton Sun Painting, ca. 1950
I brought a Pansy Stockton collage. It was a gift from my mother-in-law.
She was a classically trained artist. Moved to Santa Fe in 1941, and this is one of her "sun paintings". She probably did it about 1950 or so.
Pansy used bark, lichens, different kind of leaves. I think about the only piece of vegetation Pansy Stockton didn't use was pansy. And in an auction situation, we would expect that it would probably bring about $1,000 to $1,500.
Okay, very good, very good.
Executive producer Marsha Bemko shares her tips for getting the most out of ANTIQUES ROADSHOW.
Value can change: The value of an item is dependent upon many things, including the condition of the object itself, trends in the market for that kind of object, and the location where the item will be sold. These are just some of the reasons why the answer to the question "What's it worth?" is so often "It depends."
Note the date: Take note of the date the appraisal was recorded. This information appears in the upper left corner of the page, with the label "Appraised On." Values change over time according to market forces, so the current value of the item could be higher, lower, or the same as when our expert first appraised it.
Context is key: Listen carefully. Most of our experts will give appraisal values in context. For example, you'll often hear them say what an item is worth "at auction," or "retail," or "for insurance purposes" (replacement value). Retail prices are different from wholesale prices. Often an auctioneer will talk about what she knows best: the auction market. A shop owner will usually talk about what he knows best: the retail price he'd place on the object in his shop. And though there are no hard and fast rules, an object's auction price can often be half its retail value; yet for other objects, an auction price could be higher than retail. As a rule, however, retail and insurance/replacement values are about the same.
Verbal approximations: The values given by the experts on ANTIQUES ROADSHOW are considered "verbal approximations of value." Technically, an "appraisal" is a legal document, generally for insurance purposes, written by a qualified expert and paid for by the owner of the item. An appraisal usually involves an extensive amount of research to establish authenticity, provenance, composition, method of construction, and other important attributes of a particular object.
Opinion of value: As with all appraisals, the verbal approximations of value given at ROADSHOW events are our experts' opinions formed from their knowledge of antiques and collectibles, market trends, and other factors. Although our valuations are based on research and experience, opinions can, and sometimes do, vary among experts.
Appraiser affiliations: Finally, the affiliation of the appraiser may have changed since the appraisal was recorded. To see current contact information for an appraiser in the ROADSHOW Archive, click on the link below the appraiser's picture. Our Appraiser Index also contains a complete list of active ROADSHOW appraisers and their contact details and biographies. | <urn:uuid:b3d69707-948d-49cc-acaa-385073c102ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/season/19/albuquerque-nm/appraisals/pansy-stockton-sun-painting-ca-1950--201405T08/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.962305 | 742 | 1.765625 | 2 |
A coalition of U.S. farm organizations last week launched an effort to convince food companies that biotech crops and other ag technology is essential to farmers’ sustainability efforts. The coalition, the U.S. Farm and Ranchers Alliance (USFRA), will also work to short-circuit any food company marketing campaign that uses misinformation about biotech and ag technology.
"It’s a different approach for us," said Randy Mooney, a Missouri dairy farmer who leads the National Milk Producers Federation (NMPF), during a conference call to announce the effort. "But we know we just can’t sit back when there is something out there that’s outrageously wrong. All of us are going to have to speak up."
USFRA leaders said it’s important to reach out to food manufacturing and marketing companies because of their direct tie to consumers. "We really believe we have to step up to meet this challenge," said Randy Krotz, the CEO of USFRA.
The new campaign to support ag technology, which USFRA is calling "Straight Talk," was sparked by a recent marketing campaign from Dannon. Farm groups were angered that the big yogurt-maker’s campaign included a sustainability pledge that requires farmers feed no biotech crops or GMOs to cows producing milk supplied to the company.
USFRA said that instead of promoting sustainability, Dannon’s campaign "would force farmers to abandon safe, sustainable farming practices that have enhanced farm productivity over the last 20 years while greatly reducing the carbon footprint of American agriculture."
A tipping point
While other food companies have publicly announced that they would either avoid or label GMO foods, Dannon’s campaign created a "tipping point" that forced farm groups to respond because it was about the feed used for dairy cows, said the NMPF’s Mooney. "When you look at the product that Dannon is talking about putting on the shelf, there are only two differences," he said. "One is the writing on the carton, and the other is the price."
The focus of the Straight Talk campaign will be arranging meetings with food company executives to explain the sustainability value of biotech and other technologies used in agriculture, Krotz said.
In addition, Krotz said, the group will also work to bring food company leaders to farms to highlight the value of the technology. "We’ll be happy to meet with them in corporate conference rooms or in cornfields. Whatever we can do to get this information across," he said.
USFRA, Krotz emphasized, is not trying to prevent food companies from offering organic or non-GMO products. Instead, it wants to call out misinformation that some food companies, like Dannon, have used to mislead consumers about biotech, he said.
"We don’t really want to challenge companies on this, but we will if we have to," Krotz said.
Nancy Kavazanjian, a Wisconsin crop farmer and chair of USFRA, said the Straight Talk effort is about protecting farmers’ ability to make agronomic choices that are more sustainable, like conservation tillage. "We really need to have every tool in the toolbox available to help us continue to be sustainable and to meet changing consumer demand," she said.
Mooney of the NMPF said that if agriculture does not respond to anti-biotech campaigns, it could be forced to resort to technology it used decades ago. That would be bad for farmers, bad for the environment and would likely raise food prices for consumers, he said.
Want more news on this topic? Iowa Farm Bureau members may subscribe for a free email news service, featuring the farm and rural topics that interest them most! | <urn:uuid:f06d5f69-6599-4df4-a9f1-e0a4444e3926> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.iowafarmbureau.com/Article/Group-to-help-food-companies-understand-ag-technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00471-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962745 | 781 | 2.0625 | 2 |
By Dean Carroll
In a sign of the increased influence of Bitcoin, the European Banking Authority has released a warning to cosumers on the perils of virtual currencies and revealed that it may consider regulating the new form of digital money. Addressing the potential downsides of buying, holding or trading alternative currencies, the EBA said: “You need to be aware of the risks associated with virtual currencies, including losing your money. No specific regulatory protections exist that would cover you for losses if a platform that exchanges or holds your virtual currencies fails or goes out of business.”
The London-based body also revealed that it was carrying out an assessment to look at the possibility of regulating virtual currencies in the future, a message sure to send shockwaves through the Bitcoin community where traders were originally attracted due to the freedom from government control. Bitcoin is a form of digital money, developed originally by hackers, that was not issued or guaranteed by a central bank and that can act as means of payment.
It can be used to pay for items online in computer games, social networks and through ‘dark net’ websites like the infamous and now defunct Silk Road. However, it has become increasingly possible to use virtual currencies as a means to pay for goods and services with retailers, restaurants and entertainment venues. These transactions often did not incur any fees or charges, and did not involve a bank.
“More recently, the virtual currency Bitcoin has set the scene for a new generation of decentralised, peer-to-peer virtual currencies – often also referred to as crypto currencies,” said the EBA when issuing what was only its second ever warning notice. “Following the currency’s recent growth, dozens of other virtual currencies have followed in Bitcoin’s wake.
“Bitcoins are created online using computer-intensive software known as ‘miners’. This software allows consumers to mine small amounts of the currency through solving deliberately complex algorithms. However, the increase in the money supply is fixed so only small amounts are released over time.”
Outlining the supposed pitfalls when using virtual currencies, the EBA continued: “In order to purchase virtual currencies, you may buy currency directly from someone who owns them or through an exchange platform. These platforms tend to be unregulated. In a number of cases, exchange platforms have gone out of business or have failed – in some instances due to hacking by third parties. We are aware of consumers permanently losing significant amounts of money held on these platforms.
“You should be aware of the fact that exchange platforms are not banks that hold their virtual currency as a deposit. If an exchange platform loses any money or fails, there is no specific legal protection – for example through a deposit guarantee scheme – that covers you for losses arising from any funds you may have held on the exchange platform, even when the exchange is registered with a national authority.
“Once you have bought virtual currency it is stored in a ‘digital wallet’ on a computer, laptop or smart phone. Digital wallets have a public key, and a private key or password that allows you to access them. However, digital wallets are not impervious to hackers. Similar to conventional wallets, money may therefore be stolen from your wallet. Cases have been reported of consumers losing virtual currency in excess of $1m with little prospect of having it returned. In addition, if you lose the key or password to your digital wallet, your virtual currency may be lost forever. There are no central agencies that record passwords or issue replacement ones.
“When using virtual currencies as a means to pay for goods and services you are not protected by any refund rights under EU law offered, for example, for transfers from a conventional bank or other payment account. Unauthorised or incorrect debits from digital wallet can therefore not usually be reversed. Acceptance of virtual currencies by retailers is also not permanently guaranteed and is based on their discretion and/or contractual agreements, which may cease at any point and with no notice period.”
And warning that digital money could be easily exposed to a catastrophic markets crash, the EBA report stated: “The price of Bitcoins and other virtual currencies has risen sharply. This has prompted some consumers to choose to invest in them. However, you need to be aware that the value of virtual currencies has been very volatile and can easily go down as well as up. Should the popularity of a particular virtual currency go down, for example if another virtual currency becomes more popular, then it is quite possible for their value to drop sharply and permanently.
“The currencies’ price volatility affects you if you buy virtual currencies as a means of payment: unlike money paid into a traditional bank or payment account denominated in a fiat currency, you cannot be assured that the value of your virtual currency funds remains largely stable.”
Addressing the alleged criminality associated with Bitcoin, the EBA added: “Transactions in virtual currencies are public, but the owners and recipients of these transactions are not. Transactions are largely untraceable, and provide virtual currency consumers with a high degree of anonymity. It is therefore possible that the virtual currency network will be used for transactions associated with criminal activities, including money laundering. This misuse could affect you, as law enforcement agencies may decide to close exchange platforms and prevent you from accessing or using any funds that the platforms may be holding for you.
“You should be aware that holding virtual currencies may have tax implications, such as value added tax or capital gains tax. You should consider whether tax liabilities apply in your country when using virtual currencies. We recommend that, if you buy virtual currencies, you should be fully aware and understand their specific characteristics. You should not use ‘real’ money that you cannot afford to lose.
“You should also exercise the same caution with your digital wallet as you would do with your conventional wallet or purse. You should not keep large amounts of money in it for an extended period of time, and ensure you keep it safe and secure. You should also familiarise yourself with the ownership, business model, transparency, and public perception of the exchange platforms that you are considering using.” | <urn:uuid:bfef6db3-11c3-4c1f-a905-be8716f76337> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.policyreview.eu/european-banking-authority-to-consider-bitcoin-regulation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00280-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957868 | 1,260 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Fiona Lashells is an 8-year-old second grader who lives in Florida. She made the native1 and nationwide information2 when she was suspended an outrageous 38 instances for standing up for her proper to do one thing that is not supported by knowledge or science in a faculty system — sporting a masks.
The New York Submit described Lashells as a “recalcitrant pupil,”3 who apparently knew and exercised her rights higher than most. July 30, 2021, Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis4 issued an govt order ruling that college districts couldn’t require college students to put on masks. Nevertheless, in defiance of authority, the Palm Seaside County Faculty District the place Lashells lives reinstated their masks mandate.5
After DeSantis’s govt order was issued, Lashell’s mother informed her she did not need to put on the masks for the upcoming college 12 months. Lashell had been complaining about fatigue from sporting the masks over the past college 12 months. At first, she was made to eat lunch alone within the hallway exterior the workplace of an administrator. Quickly, in-school suspensions started and had been rapidly adopted by out-of-school suspensions.
After 38 suspensions, the varsity district repealed its masks mandate November 8, 2021. Out of the mouth of an 8-year-old got here these phrases, “I’m not sporting a masks since you contact it, and you’ve got germs in your hand. And then you definitely put it in your face and breathe in all of the germs.”6
Mandating masks for varsity youngsters have been an unprecedented public transfer that has not been scientifically validated. As a substitute, CDC knowledge7,8 present college youngsters have the least threat from the virus and nationwide knowledge9 gathered earlier than the pandemic present youngsters who expertise relational and social dangers have a 4 instances larger chance of getting psychological, emotional or behavioral issues.
In different phrases, the federal government mandated masks on a inhabitants who had the least threat of sickness and the best long-term threat from sporting the masks. A number of journals have lastly begun publishing knowledge gathered throughout the pandemic revealing that whereas prevention efficacy is minimal or not evident,10 sporting masks will increase your threat of dying in case you do get sick.11
Loss of life Charge Rises in Counties With Masks Mandate
German doctor Dr. Zacharias Fögen12 discovered no printed proof that masking might successfully scale back the severity of the illness or had an affect on case fatality.
Fögen used demographic knowledge from the state of Kansas to run an evaluation on a county-wide stage evaluating counties that mandated mask-wearing and people who did not. The information urged that utilizing a masks might current a larger risk to the consumer, making it a “debatable epidemiological intervention.”13
The dying charge in counties the place masks had been mandated was larger by 85%. After an evaluation that accounted for confounding components, the mortality charge remained 52% larger in counties that mandated masking.
Additional evaluation confirmed that 95% of the impact “can solely be attributed to COVID-19, so it isn’t CO2, micro organism or fungi beneath the masks.”14 In different phrases, whereas the pathogens or CO2 buildup could have weakened the immune system, it was COVID-19 that brought about the deaths.
He named this the “Foegen Impact,” referring to the reinhalation of viral particles trapped in droplets and deposited on the masks, which worsens outcomes. Within the journal article, he writes:15
“A very powerful discovering from this research is that opposite to the accepted thought that fewer individuals are dying as a result of an infection charges are decreased by masks, this was not the case. Outcomes from this research strongly recommend that masks mandates truly brought about about 1.5 instances the variety of deaths or ~50% extra deaths in comparison with no masks mandates.
The masks mandates themselves have elevated the CFR (case fatality charge) by 1.85 / 1.58 or by 85% / 58% in counties with masks mandates. It was additionally discovered that the majority of those further deaths had been attributed solely to COVID-19.
This research revealed that sporting facemasks may impose an ideal threat on people, which might not be mitigated by a discount within the an infection charge. Using facemasks, subsequently, is likely to be unfit, if not contraindicated, as an epidemiologic intervention in opposition to COVID-19.”
Fögen notes two different giant research that discovered comparable outcomes with case fatality charges. The primary was printed within the journal Cureus16 and located no affiliation between case numbers and masks compliance in Europe however a optimistic affiliation with dying and masks compliance.
The second research17 was printed in PLOS One and demonstrated there was an affiliation between detrimental COVID outcomes and masks mandates throughout 847,000 individuals in 69 nations.
Masking Will increase Different Well being Dangers
These conclusions had been just like these reached in a preprint research18 posted August 7, 2021, that challenged the prevailing perception masking might sluggish the unfold of the virus. They discovered mask-wearing might:
- Promote facial alkalinization
- Encourage dehydration, which boosts barrier breakdown and raises the chance of bacterial an infection
- Enhance complications and sweating
- Lower cognitive precision, which may result in medical errors
Lots of the masks mandates had been initiated to remain in keeping with CDC pointers on the time. The information had been gathered over a number of seasons utilizing data the CDC gathered, from which the researchers initially concluded, “Masks mandates and use usually are not related to slower state-level COVID-19 unfold throughout COVID-19 progress surges.”19 They subsequently revised the paper and wrote:20
“The sudden onset of COVID-19 compelled adoption of masks mandates earlier than efficacy could possibly be evaluated. Our findings don’t help the speculation that larger public masks use decreases COVID-19 unfold. As masks have been required in lots of settings, it’s prudent to weigh potential advantages with harms. Masks could promote social cohesion throughout a pandemic, however threat compensation may happen.”
In keeping with a research by Chinese language scientists posted in January 2021, sporting a face masks can enhance your every day inhalation of microplastics.21 In April 2022,22 a staff of scientists from Hull York Medical Faculty printed findings that confirmed 39 microplastic particles in 11 of 13 lung tissues sampled throughout lung surgical procedure.
In keeping with the lead writer, microplastics have been present in autopsies previously, however that is the primary research to exhibit they’re discovered within the dwelling. Apparently, these microparticles had been additionally discovered within the lowest elements of the lungs, which researchers had as soon as thought they may not presumably attain.23
The research authors discovered the themes had 12 varieties of microplastics and probably the most plentiful had been polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).24 This discovering factors to the current ubiquitous use of blue surgical masks throughout the pandemic as PP is probably the most used plastic element in these masks.
Skilled Says COVID Face Coverings Are Not Masks
One 2021 research25 seemed on the dangers of sporting blue surgical face masks and inhaling microplastics. The researchers discovered that reusing masks might enhance the chance of inhaling microplastic particles and that N95 respirators had the bottom variety of microplastics launched when in comparison with not sporting a masks.
They wrote, “Surgical, cotton, style and activated carbon masks sporting pose larger fiber-like microplastic inhalation threat …”26 And but, in keeping with Chris Schaefer, a respirator specialist and coaching professional, what well being specialists have been calling masks usually are not actually masks in any respect.27
Schaefer calls these “respiratory limitations” as they “do not meet the authorized definition” of a masks. He was emphatic that the surgical masks utilized by shoppers all through Canada, the U.S. and the world are shedding microplastics sufficiently small to be inhaled.28
“A [proper] masks has engineered respiratory openings in entrance of the mouth and nostril to make sure straightforward and easy respiratory. A respiratory barrier is closed each over the mouth and nostril. And by doing that, it captures carbon dioxide that you simply exhale, forces you to re-inhale it, inflicting a discount in your inhaled oxygen ranges and causes extreme carbon dioxide. So, they’re not secure to put on.”
He encourages individuals to chop one open and take a look at the free fibers which can be simply dislodged inside the product.29
“The warmth and moisture that it captures will trigger the degradation of these fibres to interrupt down smaller. Completely, individuals are inhaling [microplastic particles]. I’ve written very extensively on the hazards of those respiratory limitations the final two years, I’ve spoken to scientists [and other] individuals for the final two years about individuals inhaling the fibres.
When you get the feeling that you simply’ve gotten a bit little bit of cat hair, or any sort of irritation at the back of your throat after sporting them. Meaning you’re inhaling the fibres.”
He went on to notice that anybody uncovered to these kinds of fibers in an occupational setting could be required to put on safety. As a substitute, individuals are utilizing merchandise that enhance the chance of inhaling fibers that “break down very small and, properly, what that’s going to do to individuals within the type of lung operate — in addition to toxicity overload of their physique — I assume we’ll know in a number of years.”30
Masks Coverage Influenced by Two Hair Stylists, Not Science
Within the early days of the pandemic, there was a rush on masks, inflicting provides for well being care practitioners to dwindle. On the time, well being officers had been adamant that folks ought to NOT put on masks. In February 2020, Christine Francis, a guide for an infection prevention and management on the World Well being Group, stated, “Medical masks … can’t shield in opposition to the brand new coronavirus when used alone … WHO solely recommends using masks in particular circumstances.”31
These particular circumstances embody in case you had a cough, fever or issue respiratory. In different phrases, you need to put on them provided that you’re actively sick and displaying signs. “When you don’t have these signs, you don’t have to put on masks as a result of there isn’t any proof that they shield people who find themselves not sick,” she continued.32
Additionally in February 2020, U.Ok. well being authorities suggested in opposition to using masks, even for individuals working in neighborhood or residential care amenities.33 In March 2020, U.S. Surgeon Basic Jerome Adams publicly agreed, tweeting a message stating, “Severely people- STOP BUYING MASKS!” and happening to say that they aren’t efficient in stopping most of the people from catching coronavirus.34
Quick ahead one 12 months and CDC’s masks coverage seems to have been decided solely on observational research, not randomized managed trials (RCTs) which can be the gold customary in science.
“Usually, observational research usually are not solely of decrease high quality than RCTs but in addition usually tend to be politicized, as they will inject the researcher’s judgment extra prominently into the inquiry and lend themselves, excess of RCTs, to discovering what one desires to seek out,” defined Jeffrey Anderson, former director of the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in a evaluation printed by Metropolis Journal.35
The CDC has relied on an observational cohort research printed in July 2020, of two hair stylists from a Missouri magnificence salon.36 The stylists examined optimistic for COVID-19, developed signs, however continued to see 139 purchasers till they obtained the optimistic take a look at. They and their purchasers wore masks throughout this time.
The information confirmed that 67 of the purchasers examined detrimental and the opposite 72 didn’t report signs. From this, the CDC concluded that the “face masking coverage probably mitigated the unfold of SARS-CoV-2.”37
Anderson defined the research had main limitations, “The obvious lack of unfold of COVID-19 might have been a results of good air flow, good hand hygiene, minimal coughing by the stylists, or the truth that stylists usually, because the researchers observe, ‘lower hair whereas purchasers are going through away from them.’”38
One other essential limiting issue is the shortage of a management group. Would the outcomes have been completely different if the stylists or the purchasers weren’t sporting masks? Nobody is aware of. However what has change into obvious is the constant lack of high quality in research and data on which public coverage has been based mostly because the begin of the pandemic.
Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens and Masks Exhaustion Syndrome
The featured research seemed solely on the uncooked numbers from Kansas and didn’t delve into what could have been behind the rising severity of illness and dying within the individuals who wore masks.
For instance, when researchers from the College of Antwerp, Belgium, analyzed the microbial neighborhood on surgical and cotton face masks from 13 wholesome volunteers after being worn for 4 hours, micro organism together with Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter had been discovered — 43% of which had been antibiotic-resistant.39
Researchers from Germany equally questioned whether or not a masks that covers your nostril and mouth is “free from undesirable unintended effects” and potential hazards in on a regular basis use.40 It turned out they weren’t and as an alternative posed important hostile results and pathophysiological adjustments, together with the next, which regularly happen together:41
Enhance in useless area quantity
Enhance in respiratory resistance
Enhance in blood carbon dioxide
Lower in blood oxygen saturation
Enhance in coronary heart charge
Lower in cardiopulmonary capability
Feeling of exhaustion
Enhance in respiratory charge
Issue respiratory and shortness of breath
Impaired pores and skin barrier operate with zits, itching and pores and skin lesions
Feeling of dampness and warmth
Lower in empathy notion
This cluster of signs is known as Masks-Induced Exhaustion Syndrome (MIES).42 The researchers warned that people who find themselves sick, affected by sure power circumstances, pregnant girls and youngsters could also be at explicit threat from prolonged mask-wearing. Quick-term results could embody microbiological contamination, exhaustion, complications, carbon dioxide retention and pores and skin irritation.
Nevertheless, long-term results can result in power points triggered by “a power sympathetic stress response induced by blood gasoline modifications and managed by mind facilities. This in flip induces and triggers immune suppression and metabolic syndrome with cardiovascular and neurological illnesses.”43
Analysis is required to find out if the severity of illness and elevated dying charges in those that put on masks is expounded to the antibiotic-resistant micro organism that acquire on the masks, the influence MIES has in your immune system and the potential dehydration power masks wearers could expertise, or one thing else.
Correct knowledge have to be gathered and communicated to offer a powerful basis for growing native public coverage earlier than the subsequent plandemic creates a state of affairs during which authorities officers try to mandate masking and lockdowns — once more. | <urn:uuid:acf2326a-d496-4059-b24c-e592c6cbab42> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://yourbestchoicez.com/masks-mandates-linked-to-elevated-covid-loss-of-life-charges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.949614 | 3,382 | 1.953125 | 2 |
The coronavirus pandemic has dramatically shifted our lives and the ways we move about our cities. Despite tight restrictions on non-essential work and outings, and on social gatherings in every state and territory, governments have listed exercise as one of four essential activities. As a result, we have seen increases in the number of people walking and cycling, including children. Physical activities such as walking and cycling are perfectly compatible with physical distancing – but only with the right infrastructure. More than 100 Australian health and transport experts have signed an open letter calling on governments to enact urgent measures to support safe walking and cycling and social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Increased numbers lead to crowdingIf you have walked or ridden around your neighbourhood, you have probably noticed more people on footpaths and shared walking and cycling paths. This increase in numbers is exposing much of our walking and cycling infrastructure as inadequate. It simply doesn’t provide enough space to follow physical distancing rules, leading to reports of overcrowding on these paths. The pandemic has highlighted the volume of street space given to motor vehicles, at the cost of space for people to walk and cycle. Given the far lower traffic volumes on roads, cities across the globe have been reallocating road space to enable people to walk and cycle safely while adhering to physical distancing. Australian cities appear to have lagged behind. The pandemic has highlighted the importance of our local neighbourhoods and the need to provide safe space locally for walking and riding, particularly for our children. As many Australians are staying home, most of our physical activity occurs on the streets and paths around our homes. Therefore, we must focus our efforts on our neighbourhoods, local streets and shopping centres, where residents need safe and easy opportunities to be active. This includes providing safe routes to children’s schools, activity centres and other hubs.
Experts call for actionThe call by more than 100 health and transport experts for infrastructure to enable safer walking and cycling has been supported by key organisations including the Heart Foundation, Public Health Association of Australia, the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine, the Australasian College of Road Safety, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Trauma Committee, Kidsafe, the Australasian Injury Prevention Network, Doctors for the Environment Australia, The Committee for Sydney and The Committee for Adelaide. Across the world we see many examples of the rapid roll-out of social distancing infrastructure to support cycling and walking during the COVID-19 pandemic:
- Paris is rolling out 650km of emergency bicycle lanes
- Milan has announced 35km of streets will be transformed for walking and cycling
- Oakland is allocating 10% of the city’s streets for walking and cycling
- New Zealand has announced significant funding to help councils create more people-friendly spaces in towns and cities. | <urn:uuid:028ce688-eeb6-4baa-a4fe-9cca819bb6a8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eu.steadyrack.com/blogs/blog/physical-distancing-is-here-for-a-while-over-100-experts-call-for-more-safe-walking-and-cycling-space | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.94396 | 578 | 2.96875 | 3 |
None of us know when illness will strike us or those we love, but we can do something about it. The message of Dr Bernie Siegel's "Love, Medicine and Miracles" is that love heals, and he aims to show how this knowledge can be used for self-healing.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
The bestselling book on the subject of self-healing by a doctor who has watched 'terminal' patients take control of their illness and live.From the Back Cover:
When a distinguished American surgeon talks of 'healing' and of 'miracles' we must pay attention. In this bestselling book Dr Bernie Siegel shows that when apparently terminal patients take control of their illness they can change, enrich and often prolong their lives far beyond scientific and medical expectation. Also. by reaching out to others they can alleviate stress and release the body's healing mechanisms.
At the same time Dr Siegel describes how, by changing their attitude to their patients, doctors can give new hope to those who had apparently lost the will to live. Through the healing power of love, patients who have come under his own care have learned that hope, joy and a positive state of mind can work miracles.
Above all, this moving and hopeful book is a remarkable classic of modern medicine which has had - and continues to have - an enormous effect on the way we care for ourselves and others.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Book Description Arrow Books Ltd, 1990. Paperback. Book Condition: New. book. Bookseller Inventory # 0099632705 | <urn:uuid:03704e41-cfe6-425f-a20e-e9395598c581> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780099632702/Love-Medicine-Miracles-New-age-Siegel-0099632705/plp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00247-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950335 | 335 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Who is pointing when to whom?
Distefano, Dino and Katoen, Joost-Pieter and Rensink, Arend (2004) Who is pointing when to whom? In: Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, FSTTCS 2004, 16-18 December 2004, Chennai, India (pp. pp. 250-262).
Restricted to UT campus only : Request a copy
|Abstract:||This paper introduces an extension of linear temporal logic that allows to express properties about systems that are composed of entities (like objects) that can refer to each other via pointers. Our logic is focused on specifying properties about the dynamic evolution (such as creation, adaptation, and removal) of such pointer structures. The semantics is based on automata on infinite words, extended with appropriate means to model evolving pointer structures in an abstract manner. A tableau-based model-checking algorithm is proposed to automatically verify these automata against formulae in our logic.|
|Item Type:||Conference or Workshop Item|
|Copyright:||© 2004 Springer|
Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS)
|Link to this item:||http://purl.utwente.nl/publications/63331|
|Export this item as:||BibTeX|
Daily downloads in the past month
Monthly downloads in the past 12 months
Repository Staff Only: item control page | <urn:uuid:447e283e-0bd7-4f25-8777-05d9c5bbb399> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://doc.utwente.nl/63331/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00069-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.761666 | 304 | 1.9375 | 2 |
AMP stands for Accelerated Mobile Pages. WordPress has created the plugin AMP for Accelerated Mobile Pages . The plugin makes it easier and faster to browse websites even on Slower mobile networks.
Strategy behind Accelerated Mobile Pages:
The AMP is a collaborated effort from Google , WordPress , Twitter and Github. Their aim is to provide needed information to the mobile internet users on slower networks. The Website designed Today emphasise hugely on the Animations , alignment and Design of the web pages . The use of HD images and Themes on Website makes a page heavier . It requires more Kilobytes or sometimes Megabytes of your Internet to load a page. This much size of pages is heavier and takes time to load. AMP targets providing the same data over a lighter theme. The user has 2 options to view the web information of the same website . Either he can do it with normal website look and arrangement. This is recommended for higher speed internet. Or same can be viewed on a lighter AMP extension. The same page can be accessed as
What AMP does –
- The Accelerated Mobile Pages cuts of the CSS part of your website which needs time to load.
- This makes it easy for your web browser to load the page faster.
- It speeds up the web browsing experience even on slower websites.
- You can check out the details of Accelerated Mobile Pages in this article. This is a major factor for newer SEO trends.
The Accelerated Mobile Pages aims to make pages load immediately on slower mobile devices . It also aims Web Browsing experience on Java Based Mobile Phones . Majority of the Mobile Internet users all over the world operates on slower Internet connections. The web is slow for many, often on a 2G or sometimes 3G connection. To make pages load instantly, AMP limits only to the relevant information
AMP pages look like a very stripped down version of normal web pages, but do contain all the important content. Not all ads will work on AMP, not all analytics will work with AMP. All the “fluff” of your pages is stripped in AMP, including the read more links you might have built into your theme etc.
It focusses on Providing the information , regardless of the layout of the same.You can say , it aims in making you to eat , but you don't have a good way of presentation. What you do is , you just eat.
This post will guide you about the WordPress Plugin AMP , and how it can be interfaced with your WordPress Blog.
Using WordPress plugin : AMP for Accelerated Mobile Pages.
There are many wordpress plugins for using AMP (Accelerated Mobile pages) on WordPress. Like AMP – Accelerated Mobile Pages , AMP With Postlight Mercury . But we recommend use of Official Automattic plugin AMP. It is easy to install AMP on your WordPress website.
Installing AMP WordPress Plugin:
AMP can be installed directly on your website by just clicking or by uploading the zip files for the plugin.
After you install AMP for wordpress, you can just start using the AMP pages for your website.
After you open the page , plugin page guides you to proceed further.
Setting AMP WordPress Plugin : Accelerated Mobile Pages-
The WordPress AMP plugin is easy to setup and can be configured easily.
Check out the Post , how to Configure AMP Plugin for WordPress in our tutorial.
The AMP thing is going good. Thats why websites like eBay are supporting this concept. | <urn:uuid:f2128d32-010c-4ca6-b667-4efb97cd74fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://techcheater.com/accelerated-mobile-pages-amp-wordpress-plugin-overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00320-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853237 | 734 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Martínez, José L3; Liu, Lifang3; Petranovic, Dina3; Nielsen, Jens1
1 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark2 Fungal Cell Factories, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark3 Novo Nordisk A/S
Since the approval of recombinant insulin from Escherichia coli for its clinical use in the early 1980s, the amount of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins obtained by microbial fermentations has significantly increased. The recent advances in genomics together with high throughput analysis techniques (the so-called—omics approaches) and integrative approaches (systems biology) allow the development of novel microbial cell factories as valuable platforms for large scale production of therapeutic proteins. This review summarizes the main achievements and the current situation in the field of recombinant therapeutics using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model platform, and discusses the future potential of this platform for production of blood proteins and substitutes.
Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2012, Vol 23, Issue 6, p. 965-971 | <urn:uuid:800ec396-2fb9-4746-b37d-002f42ffeb90> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/catalog/232983315 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00249-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.847651 | 237 | 1.679688 | 2 |
The Space Show Website Modernization Listener #2, Thursday, 8-13-15 August 13, 2015Posted by The Space Show in Uncategorized.
Tags: Dr. John Jurist, early Space Show programs, key words., literature searches, space history, Space Show archives, Space Show fully searchable database, Space Show website menu
The Space Show Website Modernization Listener #2, Thursday, 8-13-15
Special Guest: Dr. John Jurist
Your Amazon Purchases Helps Support TSS/OGLF (see www.onegiantleapfoundation.org/amazon.htm)
If you rate shows on live365.com, email me your rating reasons to help improve the show
Guest: Dr. John Jurist. Topics: Dr. Jurist explains why and how the new Space Show website and archives will benefit him as a program listener. Please direct all comments and questions regarding Space Show programs/guest(s) to the Space Show blog, https://thespaceshow.wordpress.com. Comments and questions should be relevant to the specific Space Show program. Written Transcripts of Space Show programs are a violation of our copyright and are not permitted without prior written consent, even if for your own use. We do not permit the commercial use of Space Show programs or any part thereof, nor do we permit editing, YouTube clips, or clips placed on other private channels & websites. Space Show programs can be quoted, but the quote must be cited or referenced using the proper citation format. Contact The Space Show for further information. In addition, please remember that your Amazon purchases can help support The Space Show/OGLF. See www.onegiantleapfoundation.org/amazon.htm. For those listening to archives using live365.com and rating the programs, please email me as to why you assign a specific rating to the show. This will help me bring better programming to the audience.
Welcome to this new regular series in support of The Space Show Website & Archives Modernization Program. The Space Show will be bringing you daily short interviews (10-15 minutes each) with listeners who will share with us why they believe the new website and archival quality database will be important to them and enhance their Space Show listening experience. In the first of these short programs, Dr. John Jurist explains why the new website and archives will be of value to him. If you want to share your thoughts with us on one of these short programs, we want to hear from you. Email me at firstname.lastname@example.org and we will set up an interview time to record your thoughts on what you expect and are looking forward to with our new website.
You can post your comments/questions about this segment or these short broadcasts on The Space Show blog at the above URL. | <urn:uuid:8271eed7-d988-4d66-9c16-7981d746ce86> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://thespaceshow.wordpress.com/2015/08/13/the-space-show-website-modernization-listener-2-thursday-8-13-15/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00017-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86853 | 582 | 1.976563 | 2 |
(Courtesy of Ellen Douglas and the Boston Harbor Association)
During a presentation on Columbia Point on Monday night, Dr. Ellen Douglas encouraged her audience of residents and city officials to cast a weary eye toward the harbor and imagine a worst-case scenario.
Douglas, a professor of hydrology at UMass Boston, had mapped out what Boston Harbor would look like if a five-foot storm surge smacked the coast during an astronomical high tide, at a time when the sea level was 2.5 feet higher than now.
Fort Point would be entirely flooded. Along the Neponset River, water would swell onto the shore, submerging areas well over six feet. And the Harbor Point Club House, where the presentation took place, would also be swamped.
While waterfront areas like South Boston, Dorchester, East Boston, and Charlestown would be immediately affected, a severe storm would also overwhelm the Charles River Dam, bringing flood waters to the Back Bay, the South End, and parts of Cambridge.
Douglas has been presenting this data at community meetings for the past month, visiting other susceptible waterfront areas like East Boston, Fort Point, and at the New England Aquarium. She's shown concerned residents that reducing carbon emissions could significantly temper sea level rise, but that it's also an inevitable reality of living near the water.
Vivien Li, of the Boston Harbor Association, the group that has organized Douglas' lectures around the city, said that the purpose of the talks was to inform the communities most affected by the sea level rise.
"We wanted to share this, to protect our property, ourselves and our children," she said. "We wanted to make the community more aware now, and give us enough time to plan."
If carbon dioxide emissions continue at current levels, Douglas said the sea level could rise by 2.5 feet increase in sea level within the next 50 years and a six-foot increase by the end of the century. If we substantially reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the 2.5-foot sea level rise could hit at the end of the century.
Douglas showed photos of flooding that has already occurred near the New England Aquarium, and quoted a New York Times article in which scientists measuring sea level rise in Greenland called the developments of the last five years "alarming."
"Scientists are not alarmist by any means,'' Douglas told attendees. "They're actually trained to be the opposite of alarmist."
Douglas and her UMass Boston colleague Chris Watson numerated several ways to mitigate and prepare for the changes.
They recommended that residents practice sustainability, like recycling, home weatherization, and energy efficiency. They recommended new developments be prepared for flooding, citing the new Spaulding Rehab facility in the Charlestown Navy Yard, which has elevated the building and opted not to keep its mechanical utilities in the basement, which could be prone to flooding. They also recommended a "safe guarding" approach that would keep flood-prone land undeveloped.
Some residents expressed dismay that the new convention center in South Boston was among the properties that Douglas named as at-risk for major flooding. The site of the recently approved Seaport Square project, as well as the area of Fort Point that the mayor has dubbed an "Innovation District," are also at risk for six-foot swells.
After the meeting, Carl Spector, director of the city's Air Pollution Control Commission, said that the Boston Redevelopment Authority had begun to take sea level rise into account for waterfront developments.
"Any project near the coast that goes before the BRA is being asked to consider sea level rise," he said. He added that Seaport Square's plan "is more general at this point, because we're still at the beginning of the conversation," but that "their permit includes an agreement to develop adaptation measures" for possible flooding.
Residents also wanted to know about the level of flooding in particular neighborhoods, especially the Columbia Point area.
"These maps are really only designed to look at the whole area," Watson said. "What we can't show with these maps, because of the limitations of the data, is exactly whose house is going to be flooded, and exactly what streets are going to be flooded."
Watson added that getting more precise maps would involve hiring engineers and surveyors. Doing that for the entire harbor is an expensive process. He suggested that neighborhoods pool resources to have that work done.
Spector added that climate change was being studied at both the city and state level. He also pointed out that Boston Water and Sewer Commission is in the midst of a planning process for replacing its 100-year-old storm sewers. He also said that the city has updated its emergency management program.
"We know floods are going to be happening more often, even before the sea level gets really high," he said. "That is comprehensive: floods, fires, terrorists, everything. But climate change is being integrated into that, so the city is making sure that it has the capability and the resources necessary to respond to more frequent emergencies."
For more information on sea level rise and its effect on the harbor, go to tbha.org | <urn:uuid:32fc0287-d3a6-4aba-b748-a63c4aa3606e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://archive.boston.com/yourtown/news/dorchester/2010/11/south_boston_dorchester_will_b.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00045-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973714 | 1,063 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Who controls higher education? Henry A. Giroux argues in his new book that academe has ceded too much power to the worlds of business and the military. In The University in Chains: Confronting the Military-Industrial-Academic Complex (Paradigm), he outlines the problems he sees and calls on professors to take back direction of their campuses. Giroux is the Global Television Network Professor of English and cultural studies at McMaster University, in Canada. Previously, he taught at Boston, Miami and Penn State Universities. Giroux responded recently to questions about the themes of his new book.
Scott Jaschik: You start your book with President Eisenhower’s warning about the military-industrial complex. Why was academe left out and how does the warning apply to higher education?
Henry A. Giroux: Why the academy was left out of Eisenhower’s original speech is a matter of open speculation, but it has been argued that some of Eisenhower’s advisors felt that including the term in the original formulation would have unduly besmirched the sanctity of higher education. And more importantly, it would have targeted and discredited higher education at the Ivy League schools, which played a major role in educating the rich and powerful classes with the knowledge, values, and skills necessary to assume leadership in business and government. At the same time, Eisenhower clearly recognized that the arms industry, the defense establishment, and their Congressional supporters represented a combination of unwarranted power and influence whose existence presented a danger to the university in its capacity as “a fountainhead of free ideas and scientific discovery.”
He was particularly concerned about the influence the military-industrial-academic complex would have on the autonomy of research, teaching, and a culture of learning conducive to educating an informed and critical citizenry. In light of the growing militarization and corporatization of American society, the transition in the last 30 years of the United States from a liberal-welfare state to a warfare state, it is clear that the semi-autonomous nature of higher education has been more profoundly compromised, especially with the increasing withdrawal of state and federal funding for higher education.
I began with Eisenhower’s speech in the book in order to underscore that at least historically there was a deep concern about the autonomy of the university and the necessity for it to have some remove from the influence of military and corporate power. Eisenhower’s warning about the military-industrial-academic complex strikes me as more worrisome today than when it was delivered in 1961. While some critics might believe that higher education is a hotbed of left-wing radicalism and that college campuses are “intellectually akin to North Korea,” as the notable syndicated columnist George Will once quipped, the fact is that the greatest threat faced by higher education is its annexation by the military-industrial complex and its attack by a well funded group of right wing ideologues and foundations, the result being a fundamental change in the university’s relationship with the larger society that necessarily signals a crisis in democracy and the critical educational foundation upon which it rests.
SJ: What most concerns you about military ties to higher education?
HA: One of my most serious concerns is the transformation of higher education into a “militarized knowledge factory,” made obvious by the presence of over 150 military-educational institutions in the United States designed to train tomorrow’s officers in the strategies, values, skills, and knowledge of the warfare state but also, as the American Association of Universities points out, by the existence of hundreds of colleges and universities that conduct Pentagon-funded research, provide classes to military personnel, appropriate theory and knowledge for military purposes, and design programs specifically for future employment with various departments and agencies associated with the warfare state. After decades of underfunding, especially within the humanities, faculty are lured to the Department of Defense, the Pentagon, and various intelligence agencies either to procure government jobs or to apply for grants to support individual research in the service of the national security state and the U.S. government’s commitment to global military supremacy.
Military-oriented research programs and knowledge are now being funded to produce new and innovative ways to fight wars, develop sophisticated surveillance technologies, and produce new military weapons. Based on the assumption that weapons of destruction, surveillance, and death insure freedom and security, such research not only displaces compelling environmental, health, and life-sustaining challenges in the interests of military priorities but is also antithetical to fostering a culture of public disclosure, transparency, questioning, dialogue, and exchange, all of which are central to the university as a democratic public sphere. Similarly, the 16 intelligence agencies are using higher education to train potential spies or other national security operatives, often under the cloak of secrecy. In such cases, the fundamental principles of public accountability, academic freedom, and open debate are either compromised or severely endangered.
Moreover, an increasing number of colleges and universities are trying to attract Pentagon money by jumping into the market for online and off-campus programs, often altering their curricula and delivery services to attract part of the lucrative education market for military personnel. The rush to cash in on such changes has been dramatic, particularly for online, for-profit educational institutions. What I think is problematic is both the nature of these programs and the wider culture of privatization and militarization legitimated by them. With respect to the former, the incursion of the military presence in higher education furthers and deepens the ongoing privatization of education and knowledge itself. Most of the players in this market are for-profit institutions that are problematic not only for the quality of education they offer but also for their aggressive support of education less as a public good than as a private initiative and saleable commodity, defined in this case through providing a service to the military in return for a considerable profit. And as this sector of higher education grows, it will not only become more privatized but also more instrumentalized, largely defined as a credentializing factory designed to serve the needs of the military, thus falling into the trap of confusing training with a broad-based education. Catering to the educational needs of the military makes it all the more difficult to offer educational programs that would challenge militarized notions of identity, knowledge, values, ideas, social relations, and visions.
At a time when civil liberties are under attack, intelligence agencies are illegally engaged in data mining, the separation of powers is increasingly undermined by an imperial presidency, and the CIA abducts people who then “disappear” into the torture chambers of authoritarian regimes, it is all the more imperative that higher education educate students to consider the consequences of the creeping militarization of American society. In addition, military institutions radiate power in their communities and often resemble updated versions of the old company towns of nineteenth-century America — inhospitable to dissent, cultural differences, people who take risks, and any discourse that might question authority. What all of this suggests is that the sheer power of the military apparatus, further augmented by its corporate and political alliances and fueled by an enormous budget, provide the military-oriented institutions with a powerful arm-twisting ability capable of shaping research agendas, imposing military values, normalizing militarized knowledge as a fact of daily life, supporting military solutions to a range of diverse problems, and bending higher education to its will, an ominous and largely ignored disaster that is in the making in the United States.
SJ: You write critically about the corporate influence over academe. Do you believe there is a legitimate role for business to play in higher education? What would such a role look like?
HA: As someone who has an endowed chair sponsored by a corporate funder, I think it is clear that I believe that business has a constructive role to play in education. Indeed, the two have had a relationship historically. But at the same time, I think it is important to recognize that one indication of how the mentality of the market influences higher education can be seen in the currently fashionable idea of the university as a “franchise,” largely indifferent to deepening and expanding the possibilities of democratic public life and increasingly apathetic to the important role the academy can play in addressing matters of public welfare and public service. As universities adopt the ideology of the corporation and become subordinated to the needs of capital they are less concerned about how they might educate students in the ideology and practice of governance, the political importance of democratic values, and the necessity of using knowledge to address the challenges of public life, focusing instead on increasing profits and market values, identities, and social relations.
I believe that education should neither be modeled after the business world nor allow its power and influence to undermine the semi-autonomy of the higher education by inordinately reigning control and power over its faculty, curricula, and students. More important, the question is what form is the relationship between corporation and higher education going to take in the 21st century? In the best of all worlds, corporations would view higher education as much more than merely a training center for future business employees, a franchise for generating profits, or a space in which corporate culture and education merge in order to produce literate consumers. On the contrary, corporations have a far more important and socially responsible role to assume as corporate citizens in supporting higher education. That is, how might corporations use their wealth, power, and influence to expand the crucial role that universities play in promoting the public good, nurturing students to be critically engaged citizens, expanding research opportunities that address important social issues, and offering their services in connecting higher education to the new technologies.
Given the vast underfunding of the liberal arts, corporations could perform an incredible important public service by investing in the humanities with the funds, infrastructure, and technologies they need to provide a critical education to all students, while working to shift corporate priorities away from financial investments that merely educate students as consumers, workers, and soldiers. Higher education has a deeper responsibility not only to search for the truth regardless of where it may lead but also to educate students to make authority politically and morally accountable and to expand both academic freedom and the possibility and promise of the university as a bastion of democratic inquiry, values, and politics. I am not cynical enough to believe that the corporate sector doesn’t place some value on the capacities of its employees to think, creatively, and responsibly.
SJ: How do you think the state of academic freedom has changed since 9/11?
HA: Criticisms of the university as a stronghold of dissent have a long and inglorious history in the United States, extending from attacks in the 19th century by religious fundamentalists to anti-communist witch-hunts conducted in the 1920s, 1930s, and again in the 1950s, during the infamous era of McCarthyism. Harkening back to the infamous McCarthy era, a newly reinvigorated war is currently being waged by Christian nationalists, reactionary neoconservatives, and corporate fundamentalists against the autonomy and integrity of all those independent institutions that foster social responsibility, critical thought, and critical citizenship.
While the attack is being waged on numerous fronts, the universities are where the major skirmishes are taking place. What is unique about this attack on academic freedom are the range and scope of the forces waging an assault on higher education. It is much worse today, because corporations, the national security state, the Pentagon, powerful Christian evangelical groups, non-government agencies, and enormously wealthy right-wing individuals and institutions have created powerful alliances — the perfect storm so to speak — that are truly threatening the freedoms and semi-autonomy of American universities. Higher education in the United States is currently being targeted by a diverse number of right-wing forces that have assumed political power and are waging an aggressive and focused campaign against the principles of academic freedom, sacrificing critical pedagogical practice in the name of patriotic correctness and dismantling the ideal of the university as a bastion of independent thought, and uncorrupted inquiry. Ironically, it is through the vocabulary of individual rights, academic freedom, balance, and tolerance that these forces are attempting to slander, even vilify, an allegedly liberal and left-oriented professoriate, to cut already meager federal funding for higher education, to eliminate tenure, and to place control of what is taught and said in classrooms under legislative oversight.
There is more at work in the current attack than the rampant anti-intellectualism and paranoid style of American politics outlined in Richard Hofstadter’s Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, written over 40 years ago. There is also the collective power of radical right-wing organizations, which in their powerful influence on all levels of government in spite of a democratically controlled Congress and most liberal social institutions feel compelled to dismantle the open, questioning cultures of the academy. Underlying recent attacks on the university is an attempt not merely to counter dissent but to destroy it and in doing so to eliminate all of those remaining public spaces, spheres, and institutions that nourish and sustain a culture of questioning so vital to a democratic civil society. Dissent is often equated with treason; the university is portrayed as the weak link in the war on terror by powerful educational agencies; professors who advocate a culture of questioning and critical engagement run the risk of having their names posted on Internet web sites while being labeled as un-American; and various right-wing individuals and politicians increasingly attempt to pass legislation that renders critical analysis a liability and reinforces, with no irony intended, a rabid anti-intellectualism under the call for balance and intellectual diversity. Genuine politics begins to disappear as people methodically lose those freedoms and rights that enable them to speak, act, dissent, and exercise both their individual right to resistance and a shared sense of collective responsibility.
While higher education is only one site, it is one of the most crucial institutional and political spaces where democratic subjects can be shaped, democratic relations can be experienced, and anti-democratic forms of power can be identified and critically engaged. It is also one of the few spaces left where young people can think critically about the knowledge they gain, learn values that refuse to reduce the obligations of citizenship to either consumerism or the dictates of the national security state, and develop the language and skills necessary to defend those institutions and social relations that are vital to a substantive democracy. As the philosopher Hannah Arendt insisted, a meaningful conception of politics appears only when concrete spaces exist for people to come together to talk, think critically, and act on their capacities for empathy, judgment, and social responsibility. What the current attack on higher education threatens is a notion of the academy that is faithful to its role as a crucial democratic public sphere, one that offers a space both to resist the “dark times” in which we now live and to embrace the possibility of a future forged in the civic struggles requisite for a viable democracy.
SJ: In your conclusion, you talk about strategies to “retake the university.” Can you describe them?
HA: It is worth noting that my reference to “retaking the university” should not be confused with the idea of taking over the university, a more militaristic and overly determined political concept that I want to avoid altogether. “Retaking the university” is not a call for any one ideology on the political spectrum to “take over” the university. But at the same time, it does suggest the need for educators and others to take a stand about the purpose and meaning of higher education and the latter’s crucial role in educating students to participate in an inclusive democracy. “Retaking the university” is an ethical referent and a call to action for educators, parents, students, and others to reclaim higher education as a democratic public sphere, a place where teaching is not confused with either training, militarism, or propaganda, a safe space where reason, understanding, dialogue, and critical engagement are available to all faculty and students.
Higher education, in this reading, becomes a site of ongoing struggle to preserve and extend the conditions in which autonomy of judgment and freedom of action are informed by the democratic imperatives of equality, liberty, and justice. Higher education has always, though in damaged forms, served as a symbolic and concrete reminder that the struggle for democracy is, in part, an attempt to liberate humanity from the blind obedience to authority and that individual and social agency gain meaning primarily through the freedoms guaranteed by the public sphere, freedoms in which the autonomy of individuals only becomes meaningful under those conditions that likewise insure the workings of an autonomous society. The call to “retake the university,” then, is a reminder that the educational conditions that make democratic identities, values, and politics possible and effective have to be fought for more urgently at a time when democratic public spheres, public goods, and public spaces are under attack by a number of fundamentalisms that share the common dominator of disabling a substantive notion of democratic ethics and politics.
More specifically, I am calling for strategies to reclaim those modes of governance, teaching, scholarship, and service that both recognize the promise of the university as a bastion of democracy and are critical of the anti-democratic forces now working to instrumentalize, commodify, and militarize it. We are witnessing a dangerous confluence of higher education, the military, and corporate power. The ongoing vocationalization of higher education, the commodification of the curriculum, the increasing connection between the military and universities through joint research projects and Pentagon scholarships, and the transformation of students into consumers have undermined colleges and universities in their efforts to offer students the knowledge and skills they need for learning how to govern as well as develop the capacities necessary for deliberation, reasoned arguments, and the obligations of civic responsibility. For these forces to be challenged by existing and future generations, higher education should provide the modes of critical education and pedagogy that expose students to a genuine intellectual culture, one that is equally pleasurable, stimulating, and empowering.
At the very least, such higher education should not only provide students with a broad general education but also equip them with the habits of critical thought and a passion for social responsibility that enables them to take seriously their participation in public life. What has become clear is that the deeply rooted incursion of corporate values, right-wing ideological politics, and military culture into university life undermines the university’s obligation to provide students with an education that allows them to take seriously John Dewey’s insistence that “democracy needs to be reborn in each generation, and education is its midwife.” The call for strategies to retake higher education also argues for making higher education available to all people, regardless of wealth and privilege. Higher education has to be democratized and cannot be tuition-driven, which reinforces differential opportunities for students based on their ability to pay.
I also argue that within the universities and colleges today, power is top-heavy, largely controlled by trustees and administrators and removed from those who actually do the work of the university — namely, the faculty, staff, and students. Much needed reforms include protecting the jobs of full-time faculty, turning adjunct jobs into full-time positions, expanding benefits to part-time workers, and putting power into the hands of faculty and students. Protecting the jobs of full-time faculty means ensuring that this right to academic freedom, are paid a decent wage, and have a significant role in governing the university. A weak faculty translates into a faculty without rights or power, one that is governed by fear rather than by shared responsibilities and is susceptible to labor-bashing tactics such as increased workloads, contract labor, and the suppression of dissent. Adjunct or part-time educators must be given the opportunity to break the cycle of exploitative labor and, within a short period of time, be considered for full-time positions with full benefits and the power to influence governance policies. If the university is to emphasize a discourse of enlightenment, ethics, vision, and democratic politics over the language of militarization, political orthodoxy, and market fundamentalism, it is crucial that higher education honor its students by not only providing them with crucial skills and knowledge but also giving them the opportunity to appropriate and exercise a language of critique and possibility as part of a broader effort to connect what they learn in the classroom to the larger world and the promise of an inclusive and substantive democracy. Higher education should be a place where imagining the unimaginable matters as part of an effort not only to get students to think otherwise but also to act otherwise in the service of taking the promise of democracy seriously. This is why taking back the university is so crucial.
SJ: Your arguments are likely to resonate with readers on the left. What would be your approach to getting someone who doesn’t share your politics on why he or she should take the ideas in your book seriously?
HA: I think there are a few issues that might characterize such an approach. First, it is crucial to be as persuasive as possible in getting others to recognize that education is crucial to the renewal and extension of democratic life — but also the sustainability of the planet. Corporatism and militarism don’t just infringe on the pursuit of higher learning, they have also produced irreparable damage to the environment as well as considerable risk to health, global peace, notions of democratic transparency, accountability, equality and the public good. We need critical debate, dialogue, and exchange about these issues, and, hopefully, The University in Chains will promote such an engagement among a wide variety of groups. At the same time, such exchanges are being jeopardized by the current widespread politics of certainty, fundamentalism, patriotic correctness, national chauvinism, fear, and dogmatism.
Second, I would hope that the book, given its concern with the relationship between democracy and education, serves as an invitation to engage in self-reflection and dialogue rather than to close down such vital democratic practices. Third, one has to have some faith in the power of reason, argument, and evidence as well as in the importance of critical engagement and persuasion to believe that people will approach the book not as an act of bad faith but as a sincere attempt to engage others who have quite different ideological and political views. Far from being a manifesto, I am hoping this book serves as both a warning and an invitation to think more deeply about not only the crisis of higher education but also the crisis of democracy itself, including, most importantly, what it might mean to transform such a crisis into renewed hope and action for a more democratic future. | <urn:uuid:e49cac47-28a3-4a81-bd32-bca95e1b8ad0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dissidentvoice.org/2007/08/the-university-in-chains/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00010-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959194 | 4,587 | 1.625 | 2 |
COVID-19's Impact on the Education Profession
NEA Predicts 20 Percent Decline in Education Workforce
- By Dian Schaffhauser
largest labor union in the country, the National
has estimated that the United States could lose 1.9 million education
jobs unless Congress delivers additional funding for states and
localities to bolster support for schools.
arrive at its count, NEA analyzed the outcome on state revenues over
three fiscal years — 2020, 2021 and 2022 — and the corresponding effect
the expected decline of $765 billion would have on the ability of
states to fund public education. Without additional federal emergency
aid, NEA stated, state general fund revenues in support of education
could fall by about $200 billion. As a result, about a fifth of the
education workforce would lose jobs, after accounting for the use of
state rainy day funds and funding available under the CARES
analysis was done in part to put pressure on the
Republican-controlled Senate to sign on for the HEROES
House-approved initiative to provide additional public relief funds
in response to the impact of COVID-19. NEA leans left, spending most
of its political campaign dollars to support Democratic candidates.
HEROES (Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions)
Act, which passed the Democrat-controlled U.S. House of
Representatives in mid-May, would help stem some of the state revenue
shortfall, the union reported. The Act also includes $915 billion in
direct relief for state and local governments that could be used to
pay workers deemed vital, such as educators. It also provides for $90
billion in additional funding for support of elementary, secondary
and postsecondary education. However, NEA estimated, even that much
would only protect 800,000 education jobs, about 673,000 in K-12 and
153,000 in higher ed.
NEA issued a letter
with a June 10 Senate hearing, "Going Back to School Safely."
"To reopen schools safely, we will need to provide personal
protective equipment (PPE) for students and educators; modify
classrooms, cafeterias and school buses to permit social distancing;
intensify instruction and support for students traumatized by the
impact of the coronavirus on their families and communities; and
more," the union stated. "Doing so will require significant
investments at a time when schools are facing budget cuts that are
expected to far exceed those during the Great Recession."
its comments, NEA urged Congress to provide at least $175 billion
more for the Education Stabilization Fund, $56 million in directed
funding for protective equipment and $4 billion to create a special
fund, administered by the E-rate program, to equip students with hot
spots and computing devices.
American economy cannot recover if schools can't reopen, and we
cannot properly reopen schools if funding is slashed and students
don't have what they need to be safe, learn and succeed," said
NEA President Lily Eskelsen García, in a statement. "Congress
must put aside partisanship and take immediate action to save
millions of jobs and ensure students don't pay the price if states
are forced to make deeps cuts to education funding."
state-by-state analysis of the impact of the HEROES Act on school
funding is openly available through
the NEA website.
Dian Schaffhauser is a former senior contributing editor for 1105 Media's education publications THE Journal, Campus Technology and Spaces4Learning. | <urn:uuid:f9aaeb43-3cdf-4a2f-a2d6-a14c3cf28af8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thejournal.com/articles/2020/06/17/nea-predicts-20-percent-decline-in-education-workforce.aspx?admgarea=News1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.939251 | 788 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Cheyenne – A western adventure and certainly a challenge, the Wyoming Cutt-Slam is one of the most sought-after achievements for a trout angler. As the summer begins, and the rivers are flowing clear, it’s a good time to pursue native trout.
The Cutt-Slam challenges anglers to catch Wyoming’s four subspecies of cutthroats — Bonneville, Colorado River, Snake River and Yellowstone — in their respective native range.
“For trout enthusiasts, it is more than catching fish,” said Alan Osterland, Wyoming Game and Fish Department chief of fisheries. “The Cutt-Slam will most certainly take anglers to remote places in Wyoming where they’ve never been before, through spectacular country and of course, to wonderful fishing waters.”
Beyond the reward of memories, those who complete the challenge will receive a personalized certificate featuring the four subspecies, a Wyoming Cutt-Slam commemorative medallion provided by Wyoming Trout Unlimited and a Cutt-Slam vehicle decal. For consideration, anglers must submit to Game and Fish a photo of each species labeled with the date and location caught. Submissions can be sent with a mail-in application or online.
A new interactive mapping tool on the Game and Fish website helps anglers plan their trip through Western Wyoming. It provides the location of waters native to each species and gives recommendations on where to fish.
The Wyoming Cutt-Slam was founded 22 years ago by Ron Remmick, a Game and Fish fisheries biologist, to encourage anglers to learn about Wyoming’s cutthroat trout, their habitat needs and the ways Game and Fish manages these native fish. Since 1996, 1,591 anglers have been recognized for completing the aquatic treasure hunt. To see photos of past recipients and for more information, visit the Cutt-Slam website. | <urn:uuid:9f086834-fa27-41ca-a870-4a995e93b42b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://outdoornewsdaily.com/cutt-slam-offers-anglers-summer-adventure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.906469 | 395 | 1.679688 | 2 |
This is a test I'm taking but I don't have any details sooooo
Answers 1Add Yours
Learning to read made Douglass understand just how horrible and futile his situation was. What became clear to Douglass was that his master was right – learning did make slaves intractable and unmanageable. He came to perceive slaveholders as no more than "a band of successful robbers" who had gone to Africa and stolen them from their homes. He felt discontentment surge through him and often wondered if learning to read had been more of a curse than a blessing. His enslavement tormented him unceasingly. | <urn:uuid:7e137255-c28c-4ab0-8017-4f1f5017b495> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gradesaver.com/narrative-of-the-life-of-frederick-douglass-an-american-slave-written-by-himself/q-and-a/according-to-the-text-why-does-douglass-say-that-learning-to-read-has-already-come-to-torment-him-294939 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00574-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.99412 | 129 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Include animals in your disaster preparedness plan
Do you have a severe weather response plan that covers not only your family but also your animals?
For example, microchipping your pet now can be a lifesaver if your pet is separated from you during a natural disaster.
If your animal is sometimes boarded or stabled away from your home, make sure the business has an emergency response plan that covers natural disasters, fire, and other threatening situations. Ask to see the plan.
If you must evacuate your home, preparations will be different for small vs. large animals. In the event you don’t have a place to shelter your animals, have a plan worked out with family or friends who might not be in the path of danger.
Large animals pose a much greater challenge because they are not accepted in shelters. In some instances the state may provide assistance in sheltering large animals; health papers or a health examination at a state inspection station will likely be required before the animal is allowed in the shelter destination. Large animal owners should be prepared with access to trailers, feed, health papers, and an alternative place to house the animals in the event of a natural disaster. | <urn:uuid:8c2a5fa2-a849-4271-96da-780d74f1870f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://icl.coop/include-animals-in-your-disaster-preparedness-plan/?pfstyle=wp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00291-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950783 | 239 | 2.296875 | 2 |
WASHINGTON, April 16 (Xinhua) -- Economic growth in Asia will keep robust this year and the next, but there are signs of overheating, said a senior official of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on Saturday.
"We see Asian economy remain robust in 2011 and 2012," said Anoop Singh, director of Asia and Pacific Department of the IMF at a press briefing during the IMF and World Bank spring meetings here in Washington.
"China and India will continue to lead the economic growth in this region," Singh told reporters.
According to the IMF's latest World Economic Outlook report released on Monday, economic growth rate in developing Asian countries will reach 8.4 percent both in 2011 and 2012.
Chinese economy is projected to grow 9.6 percent and 9.5 percent this year and the next. Indian economy will increase 8.2 percent and 7.8 percent respectively.
But the overheating pressure has been building in the past several months, Singh warned.
Driven by food and fuel prices spike, the rising inflation pressure has become the key concern of many Asian countries.
To tackle inflation will be the "top policy" for China and India in coming months, said Singh.
He also mentioned that the recent earthquake and tsunami as well as nuclear disaster happened in Japan would have negative impact on the global supply chain in the short run. However, it may not drag down the overall robust Asian growth prospect.
Singh noted that the tightening monetary policies that have been taken by China and other major Asian economies are proper to deal with the challenges. | <urn:uuid:3061ebfc-599f-4931-be01-c8bfe4ddf270> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/business/2011-04/17/c_13832413.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00048-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959625 | 319 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Note: Each week, family physician Regina Chinsio-Kwong, DO from Mission Heritage Medical Group in Laguna Niguel will offer insight on a different vitamin—why you need it, how to incorporate it into your diet and how it affects your health. If you are considering taking any kind of supplement, consult with a medical professional first.
WHAT IT DOES: B12, one of eight B vitamins, can put pep in your step. It helps with metabolism, or how your body creates and uses energy. It also boosts the production of red blood cells; that can guard against anemia, which can cause weakness or fatigue. B12 can also ensure optimal body function by maintaining the central nervous system and helping with DNA production, which helps the body's cells work properly.
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE: The amount ranges from 0.4 micrograms for newborns to 6 month olds, to 2.4 mcg for adults older than 18. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should have 2.6 mcg and 2.8 mcg, respectively.
HOW TO INCLUDE IT IN YOUR DIET: Generally, food is the best way to get enough B12, and the best food sources are lean meats or organ meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs and nuts. Foods such as cereal and bread that are B12 fortified are also good options. B12 can also be found in multivitamins or on its own in supplements that can be swallowed in pill form or dissolved under the tongue. People who are vitamin B12 deficient—usually because they can't absorb the vitamin in their stomachs—can take a supplement, or prescription shots or nasal gel.
HEALTH IMPACT: A B12 deficiency can cause several problems, including anemia, weakness and fatigue, constipation, confusion and poor memory, balance problems and nerve damage. Babies can suffer developmental delays. Those at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency include people with can't properly absorb it—such as older people or those who have had gastrointestinal surgery or disorders, such as celiac disease—as well as vegans and vegetarians, because B12 is naturally found in food products sourced from animals.
Some have thought B12 can help with heart disease, dementia and athletic performance, but medical studies have not conclusively shown that. It can also interfere with certain medications, such as proton pump inhibitors, which are used for reflux or heartburn, and the diabetes drug metformin. Patients on medication should always be monitored by their doctor when taking B12.
RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENT BRANDS: Metagenics, Integrated Therapeutics.
Read more about vitamins: Value of Vitamin Series: D3 | <urn:uuid:46ad1e5b-988b-4d18-8446-2ec95ccc750d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.stjhs.org/HealthCalling/2015/March/Value-of-Vitamin-Series-B12.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00485-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930073 | 562 | 2.90625 | 3 |
If you had asked me, before I moved to DC, which nearby state would be my favorite for road trips and weekend getaways, I can’t imagine I would have said West Virginia. I had never visited and had no idea just how beautiful and unique West Virginia is!
For this sponsored trip, my second with the West Virginia Department of Tourism, I headed to the National Coal Heritage Area in the heart of the Appalachian Mountains to explore the region’s fascinating history and culture. I visited charming mountain towns that boomed when coal barons discovered a coal seam in southern West Virginia (1870-1920), but then struggled to survive as technology replaced manual labor and the industries that built these towns abandoned them. Today, these resilient towns offer the perfect peaceful getaway and feature vibrant local cultural scenes, brimming with art, history, farm-to-table dining, and outdoor recreation. I also explored the nation’s newest National Park, New River Gorge National Park & Preserve, and took in the breathtaking scenery of the area’s very dramatic landscape!
For my first day of adventure, I hopped from one charming railtown to the next. I started in Hinton, where I was staying at the most delightful little B&B, The Guest House Inn, before heading to Princeton to explore their burgeoning arts scene and local railroad museum. Driving the dramatic mountain roads through the naturally rugged terrain into Hinton and on to Princeton, it is easy to see why this area was pretty much uninhabited by European settlers before the railroad. Of course, there were Native American settlements in and around this region as well as tribes pushed west by European colonization.
Both Hinton and Princeton owe their establishment to the railroad, which made this area accessible. I learned all about the history of these towns and the railroad at the Princeton Railroad Museum. This local museum, full of artifacts, pictures, and memorabilia donated directly from locals, traced the story of how the introduction of railways—in Princeton’s case the Virginian Railway—to southern West Virginia to access a newly-discovered coal seam created booming railtowns almost overnight. Building railroads through the area’s solid rock required a lot of labor, as did the coal mining and lumber industries the railroads were built to support. Coal and railroad companies capitalized on 19th century US immigration and offered new arrivals at Ellis Island a one-way ticket, immediate work, and housing if they came to West Virginia. This sudden influx of people and industry to the area created a lot of concentrated wealth and the creation of towns along the railway.
From Princeton, I headed to another boom railtown, Bramwell. After visiting their train depot and museum, I stopped for lunch at the town bakery and then headed to the restored historic corner pharmacy and soda shop for a milkshake. Afterwards, I strolled the town to admire the charming Victorian-style mansions. Yep, mansions. Bramwell was where the coal barons built their homes. Most of these homes are wonderfully preserved and make for a delightful self-guided walking tour.
From Bramwell, I stopped by the John Henry Historical Park on my way back towards Hinton. This park is the site of John Henry’s epic battle with a steam engine. The story goes that John Henry was a steel driver employed to help bore the Great Bend Tunnel through Big Bend Mountain for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. When a steam drill showed up at the site, a threat to the workers livelihood, John Henry challenged it to a contest. Most accounts agree that after about an hour he had out driven the steam drill by more than five feet. Legend also says that Henry then “laid down his hammer and died.” While this story is apocryphal, the legend and the park tell the important history of the workers and hard labor that made the railroad, coal, and lumber industries possible. It also illustrates an enduring struggle for workers in the region—manual labor continually being replaced by machine.
After a long day of exploring and lots of history, I ended my evening with a local farm-to-table dining experience at Pipestem Resort State Park.
My second day centered on the New River Gorge National Park. The park surrounds a rugged, deep canyon whitewater river—one of the oldest rivers on the North American continent—and offers an abundance of scenic and recreational opportunities. I started my day by stopping at the Sandstone Visitor Center, just outside of Hinton, to grab a map of the park and chat about the best route with a very knowledgeable park ranger. After formulating a plan to work north to south, I headed out. My first stop was a nearby state park, Babcock State Park. I couldn’t resist the gorgeous photo-op of the historic Grist Mill.
From the mill, I headed to New River Gorge Canyon Rim Visitors Center for the most epic view of the river and gorge. Then it was on to the Beckley Exhibition Mine. I donned a hardhat and descended deep into a vintage coal mine where veteran miners described how they worked and the unimaginable conditions they faced. As the miners warned, a good lunch was key to surviving a long day, so after learning all about coal mining and mining towns, I stopped for lunch and some souvenir shopping at Tamarack.
After lunch I head to yet another railroad boom town, Thurmond. Can you tell that I have a soft spot for cute small towns and their local histories? Like Bramwell, Thurmond was a classic boom town, owing their establishment and development to the completion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway mainline in 1873. As the coal and timber industries expanded, coal barons and industry tycoons made these tiny mountain towns home, bringing great wealth and prosperity to little mountain towns like Thurmond. Sadly, like many rail boom towns, Bramwell and Thurmond struggled as the Great Depression hit, cars replaced passenger trains, and industries evolved.
Fortunately, today these towns are being revitalized by tourism, albeit in very different ways. In towns like Hinton, Princeton, and Bramwell you can visit homegrown museums and cute local stores, admire historic architecture, and even hop on a 4-wheeler for some off roading through the area. Thurmond, however, has taken a different path. Almost completely abandoned, save a handful of residents, Thurmond has been protected by becoming part of the New River Gorge National Park. Basically, the entire town, or what remains, has been turned into an open-air museum and the rail depot is now a visitor center for the park. And according to the National Park’s website the town hosts an annual reunion for former residents.
I made one last stop on my way out of town to see “the best view of the river and gorge” at Grandview. The view did not disappoint! But there was something else I noticed at Grandview; nearly every visitor center and scenic overlook I visited in the park was handicap accessible! While you can certainly enjoy some epic hikes to reach these great views, you can also drive. From the parking lot, nearly all were just a quick 5-minute walk on a paved pathway to the scenic overlook.
All in all it was another incredible trip to West Virginia!
Have you been to West Virginia yet? If not, you must add it to your list! | <urn:uuid:71a11a32-1570-4db4-96c3-fdee34d5a254> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://historyinhighheels.com/2022/07/west-virginias-national-coal-heritage-area/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.96455 | 1,515 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Causes of Plague
Primary Cause of Plague
The primary cause of Plague is the result:
- of transmission of an infectious disease. Some subtypes of this disease are contagious - spread easily between people,
while other subtypes are infectious - transmitted by a pathogenic organism.
Plague Causes: Risk Factors
The following conditions have been cited in various
sources as potentially causal risk factors
related to Plague:
Plague: Geographical Location Profile
Geographical Profile for Plague: In the United States,
health care workers report cases of plague even today, most of which are
found in the Southwest. (Source: excerpt from Microbes in Sickness and in Health -- Publications, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: NIAID)
Plague: Related Medical Conditions
To research the causes of Plague, consider researching the causes of these
these diseases that may be similar, or associated with Plague:
Plague: Causes and Types
Causes of Types of Plague: Review the cause informationfor the various types of Plague:
Causes of Broader Categories of Plague: Review the causal information about the various more general categories of medical conditions:
Plague as a symptom:
Conditions listing Plague
as a symptom may also be potential underlying causes of Plague.
Our database lists the following as having
Plague as a symptom of that condition:
What causes Plague?
Yersinia pestis bacteria
CDC Plague Home Page: DVBID (Excerpt)
usually get plague from being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying
the plague bacterium or by handling an infected animal. (Source: excerpt from CDC Plague Home Page: DVBID)
Facts About Plague: CDC-OC (Excerpt)
Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacillus.
(Source: excerpt from Facts About Plague: CDC-OC)
Related information on causes of Plague:
As with all medical conditions,
there may be many causal factors.
Further relevant information on causes of Plague may be found in:
» Next page: Risk Factors for Plague
Medical Tools & Articles:
Tools & Services:
Forums & Message Boards
- Ask or answer a question at the Boards: | <urn:uuid:68f3dd31-537b-42ab-a15d-c47114949c51> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/p/plague/causes.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00568-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886438 | 465 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Further to the Decree of 6 May 2017 which was issued pursuant to the Act on “Justice in the 21st Century”, the legal rules governing appellate procedure in civil matters are amended in a substantial way. Below is an overview of the most significant changes involved, on the eve of its entry into force.
In a nutshell, the scope of appeals must now be precisely determined, must list all the claims to be determined from the onset and be lodged within specified time limits using a predefined form. The rules relating to specific procedures have also been amended to fasten and enhance the efficiency of the process. If such changes are consistent in theory with the new definition of the appeal – as the procedural way to challenge first-instance court’s reasoning, yet in practice, they require from unsuccessful litigants to act with unprecedented anticipation and responsiveness by studying thoroughly the challenged decision and identify what claims to submit to the Court of Appeal.
In the wake of the previous reforms of 2009 and 2010 inspired by the Magendie report, the stated aim of the reform is to reduce the courts’ backlog.
The first major change is the re-definition of the appeal itself, as follows: “The aim of the appeal is, by challenging the judgment issued by a first-instance court, to obtain that it be reformed or overturned by the Court of Appeal”. The appeal is no longer construed as a “second judgment” but rather as a reviewed or reformed judgment, which would ensure a better administration of justice.
By consequence, the appeal becomes specific and the notice of appeal must expressly indicate which provisions of the first-instance judgment are challenged. The scope of the dispute referred to the Court of Appeal is thereby defined, by the appellant, upon filing the notice of appeal (subject to invalidity of the appeal) and by the other parties, upon submitting their initial written brief. Only where the appeal seeks that the judgment of first instance be overturned, or where the matter in dispute is indivisible, will the Court of Appeal be seized of the full scope of the dispute that was decided at first instance (full “devolutive” effect): what used to be the rule now becomes the exception.
The second major change is the new principle of “concentrated” claims, which goes with the end of a general, undefined appeal. Now, “subject to automatic invalidity, the parties shall submit, upon filing their first brief (…), all of their claims on the merits”. Accordingly, it is no longer possible to extend the scope of the Court of Appeal’s referral in the course of the proceedings, nor to challenge any provision of the judgment of first instance which would not have been included in the notice of appeal. New factual or legal arguments can nonetheless be raised in the course of the appeal proceedings, as the restriction only applies to claims. It is also possible to raise new claims in reply, including to seek the dismissal of another party’s claims.
Thirdly, the parties’ briefs, both in litigation and informal appeals (à titre gracieux), are also now subject to new requirements and must follow a set plan, which includes: (i) a summary of facts and proceedings, (ii) a statement of the provisions of the decision of first instance which are challenged on appeal; (iii) a detailed presentation (“discussion”) of claims and legal arguments; and (iv) an operative section (“dispositive”) summarising the claims. Any claim which would not appear in the operative section despite being discussed in the other sections of the brief, or any argument which would not be developed in the detailed presentation (“discussion”), will not be considered by the Court. These requirements, which are already met by many attorneys in their ordinary practice, are now codified.
Fourthly, the time limits within which the parties must file their briefs, in ordinary appeal proceedings, have also been aligned, with the respondent in the main claim, the respondent in a cross-appeal (“appel incident”) or in a cross-appeal by a third party affected by the proceedings (“appel provoqué”), and the third-party intervener (“intervenant volontaire”) being subject to the same 3-month limit as the appellant to file their respective brief. This rule is however subject to exceptions, for example where mediation is ordered, resulting in an interruption of the time limit until the mediator’s assignment is completed. This also illustrates how the legislator seeks to encourage the recourse to alternative dispute resolution methods, as already shown in the Act on “Justice in the 21st Century”. Yet time limits are interrupted only by the filing of briefs which clearly state the subject matter of the dispute, or raise procedural objections (“exceptions de procédure”), grounds for dismissal of the action (“fins de non-recevoir”) or any such other procedural issue (“incident”) capable of putting an end to the action.
Lastly, the rules relating to emergency procedure also have been substantially amended. This procedure is no longer limited to urgent matters, appeals lodged against decisions rendered in summary proceedings or by the pre-trial judge (“juge de la mise en état”), but is also applicable to decisions rendered by courts “ruling in summary proceedings” under Article 492-1 of the Code of civil procedure. It is now subject to very short deadlines, as both the appellant and the respondent are required to file their briefs within one month. Also, the notice of appeal must now be served within 10 days of the notice setting the hearing date.
Said changes will require, both from the parties and from their counsel, great responsiveness and work as a close team. More importantly, the decision of first instance will need to be analysed thoroughly, using this evaluation grid, so as to allow the decision-makers of each party to determine their position within the new procedural time limits.
Decree no. 2017-891 of 6 May 2017 on pleas of lack of jurisdiction and appeals in civil matters
Act no. 2016-1547 of 18 November 2016 for the modernization of justice in the 21st Century
Fast and high-quality justice process before the court of appeals: Report by the French Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals, Jean-Claude Magendie, 2008
French Code of civil procedure, new article 542
French Code of civil procedure, new article 901, 4°
French Code of civil procedure, new article 562
French Code of civil procedure, new article 910-4
French Code of civil procedure, new article 954
French Code of civil procedure, new article 908, 909 and 910
French Code of civil procedure, new article 910-2
French Code of civil procedure, new article 910-1
French Code of civil procedure, new article 905
French Code of civil procedure, new article 905-2
French Code of civil procedure, new article 905-1 | <urn:uuid:446a36db-c26d-443a-9b37-3da0f4143df2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.august-debouzy.com/en/blog/1055-entry-into-force-of-new-appeals-rules-in-france-what-you-need-to-know | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.938661 | 1,556 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Years ago, inattentive educators nearly new a middling taut buttonhole to education the deaf-and-dumb to send. Sign speech was discouraged, even punished at times, and deafened family were anticipated to learn to lip-read and to intercommunicate. Unfortunately, for those dropped deaf, who had no endure of of all time sharp-eared quality speech, it was irrational and sometimes unattainable to get it together perceivable speech act.
Deaf educational activity has changed, gratitude to a more evolved and light insight of the necessarily and capabilities of stone-deaf individuals and to the support of unhearing activists. Sign language-American Sign Language (ASL) in particular-is one celebrated as a distinct, legal idiom beside its own structure, syntax, and idioms, and the deaf unrestricted is upcoming into its own as a well-to-do culture, near its own stand as economically as a mushrooming body of literature and drama.
McDaniel College, a lesser quiet body in Maryland, includes as one of its central fields, and looks at the system of rules as bilingual and bi-cultural. (The two languages are English and ASL.) All classes are skilled in ASL, near sound interpreters commonly available, and the system of rules includes a school term at Gallaudet University in Washington, DC, and internships in miscellaneous programs say the province. McDaniel's besides has a graduate system in Deaf Studies principal to a Master of Science scope in Deaf Education, which prepares its students to get significantly skilled, honorific teachers of hard-of-hearing individuals.Post ads:
Tools NPT Pipe Tap T41003 / 1/8-27 Carbide Thread Mill NPTF / Parker 2A-PR4-VT-SS Stainless Steel 316 Plug Valve, 1/8" / 2½" Female Swivel Adapter - SF250F / Chicago Electric Power Tools Magnesium 18 Volt Cordless / IFM Photoelectric sensor OGT100, Diffuse, 18mm dia, 400mm / 1/4-20 Coolant Thru Carbide Thread Mill / Pleated Media Furnace Filter - Honeywell 20X25X4-1/2 Merv / Graphite Crucible with Silica Liner for Metal Casting 75ml / Parker MV60-046 Mounting Kit, 14mm Motor Shaft Diameter, / Tapping Screws/Sheet Metal Screws 6 X 5/8 (Pack of 7500) / Top Glove Textured Extra-Large Nitrile Gloves, 100 / Self Feeding Wood Drill Bit - 2-9/16" Self Feed Wood / Triumph Twist Drill Co. 012826 13/32 Diameter T1HDG High / 10 x 3-3/4" OAL x 3/8" Point Dia x 60DEG HSS / Easy Dip Slide Staining Boxes, Green, 6/pack / IFM Photoelectric sensor OGT103, Diffuse, 18mm dia, 400mm / Amana A-30-110 CORNER ROUND 4" DIAMETER
The academy is courier of a new spectacle of deaf individuals, not as family who are seen or who see themselves as handicapped, but who are factor of a loaded perceptiveness heritage with prima contributions to submit to their own union and to the large world. McDaniel's learning posture to proximo teachers of hearing-impaired students arms these teachers next to the perceptive of deaf as a post culture, the skills, and the high esteem required to trailblazer their students into fulfilling lives where on earth they can kind these contributions.Post ads:
SIA Abrasives H9256 18" x 48" Sanding Belt A80, 5 pk. / 96 Well Semi Skirt Plates, Blue, 25 plates/pack / IFM Photoelectric sensor OGP280, Polarized / Molymod Atomic Orbital Set / Galvanized Cable by THE ROLL - 5/32" - 7x19 - 500 ft / Upright Freezer Drawer Rack for Bottles--1 Drawer / 96 Well Semi Skirt Plates, Green, 25 plates/pack / Rusco 3/4-140-F 140 Mesh 3/4 Spin-Down Polyester Filter / Clear Ld Liners - 38x60 3 Mil 100/Cnt / DrillSpot 40 Amp 240 VAC 120 VAC Coil 3 Pl Definite / Vertical Rack for Chest Freezers and Liquid Nitrogen Tanks / NTE R28-11A10-120M 120 Volts AC DPDT 3.0 sec to 300 sec. / 16x24x1 Merv 13 Furnace Filter (6 Pack) / Precision Ground Shaft, 17-4 Ph Stainless,10 Mm Dia. X 900 / 96 Well Aluminum Block - Black / Lyon DD63182 Steel Upright Assembly with Braces and Posts / 12 x 12 x 2 Merv 8 Furnace Filter (12 Pack) / Red Head WW-3470 Trubolt Type 304 Stainless Steel Wedge | <urn:uuid:f2d89332-62a1-4143-9626-3d13d04437e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sxlazar92.pixnet.net/blog/post/65904042-quiet-body-in-maryland- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00247-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871882 | 1,047 | 2.125 | 2 |
In the field of medicine, IV (intravenous) treatment is a very common term. These treatments aren’t quite new, since long they are used in hospitals to assist patients to rehydrate or repair nutrient shortages. However, they have recently gained popularity since they are a rapid fix that’s been made available to the general public.
It is a therapy in which medication or fluids are supplied using a needle or catheter. IV is a method of giving medications that can’t be taken orally or need to be administered at a specific rate. Some medicines can’t be eaten orally since they lose their efficacy when they come into contact with your digestive system. In such cases, IV treatment is an alternative.
IV treatment is a means of administering fluids and medications. IV stands for ‘intravenous’ and refers to a treatment that is delivered through the veins. An IV drip or injection into a vein delivers the fluid containing vitamins, minerals, or medicine, allowing the medication to travel quickly through your blood.
It is a simple process to perform. Our medical professional will clean the injection site before inserting a needle into a vein. The IV is usually inserted into the arm, although it can also be inserted into some other area of the body. The fluid drips into your body through the catheter. The liquid from the IV bag is transferred straight into the blood once inside your body. When compared to oral delivery, this approach often delivers medicines faster.
An IV drip consists of a tiny tube known as a catheter and a saline-based electrolyte solution that comprises prescribed vitamins and nutrients. An IV drip bypasses your digestive tract and provides these vital nutrients and fluids directly into your bloodstream. There is zero wait time and the nutrients are immediately available to address your body’s health requirements.
Electrolytes and salts are present in some IV drips, whereas vitamins, sugars, and antioxidants are included in others. Each mixture is unique to the patient’s health and wellness requirements.
IV treatments are given by a medical professional for a variety of causes, including dehydration and medical emergencies. IV therapy can also help with symptoms associated with the common cold, flu, hangovers, and morning sickness. Some of the primary reasons to choose IV treatment include:
IV treatment can be beneficial to a wide range of people for a variety of reasons. This therapy is fast and provides more effective results. The advantages vary based on the disease being treated, the protocol followed, the patient’s overall health, and the number of sessions performed. Some of the stated benefits include:
IV treatment is quite safe. All the fluids undergo extensive testing before they are administered to a patient. The drips are injected by an experienced medical professional and each patient’s medical history is assessed before starting IV therapy.
An IV drip’s side effects are usually non-existent or extremely minimal. Some may experience pain, swelling, itching, soreness, or redness at or near the injection site, which might last anywhere from a few minutes to few days. Severe allergic reactions, on the other hand, are extremely rare. Nonetheless, visit our clinic to discuss your case and know more about the treatment.
IV therapy experts at 7DMC have extensive experience. Our IV infusions are created fresh to your specifications to ensure that you get the safest and highest-quality drips right when you need them. Our IV therapies are meant to make you feel better by providing a combination of vitamins, hydration, electrolytes, and antioxidants to keep your body functioning at its best. Choose from hydration, beauty, wellness, and recovery IV therapies for a whole IV wellness boost.
Every patient at 7DMC undergoes a complete medical evaluation prior to receiving any treatment. We also do a full diagnostic examination to determine the levels of minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and other nutrients in a patient’s body and tailor the treatment accordingly.
If you wish to undergo IV nutrition therapy in Dubai, it is advisable that you book a consultation with our specialist first. This consultation will help you to talk to us about your problems and get answers to your questions. Our knowledgeable specialists are always available to provide you with professional assistance. Feel free to book an appointment with us any time.
IV or Intravenous treatment is the delivery of nutrients and fluids straight into the bloodstream for instant absorption and usage by the body. It is the quickest way to get nutrients into your body as it goes straight to the organs and bypasses the digestive system. It is used to administer a number of therapies for a variety of ailments.
IV procedure is also popular since it allows for precise dosage management. You can also get anti-nausea and other medicines without using extra needles. IV is administered by skilled medical specialists and the procedure is closely monitored. Contact us to discuss the potential benefits and risks of this treatment to make it as safe and successful as possible. | <urn:uuid:2a25c141-5099-4c8b-85e0-f661bd40b77f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://7dmc.ae/iv-treatment-in-dubai/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.948227 | 1,099 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Over the years, many families have affixed decals known as Tot-Finder® stickers to the window or door of a young child's room to alert firefighters to the presence of that child. The bright red and silver, reflective decals are emblazoned with the words "Tot Finder" and an image of a firefighter carrying a child to safety.
But the NFPA doesn't recommend using the stickers, citing two concerns:
- The decals might direct an intruding child abductor to a sleeping child; and
- If a child no longer sleeps in the bedroom with the decal - either because she has moved to a different room or is older and no longer needs the assistance of the sticker - it could waste valuable time for a firefighter trying to get the most vulnerable family member out of danger.
"We would much rather a family get together and plan a home fire escape plan that includes the whole family, where if there was a child who couldn't get out on his own, there was an adult assigned to that child and the child would get out," says Comoletti.
Window decals which identify the location of a child’s room are NOT the solution to home escape planning with small children. The NFPA recommends that all families install and regularly check smoke alarms for their effectiveness and that they develop and regularly practice a fire escape plan in their homes.
For more information on fire safety tips, visit the NFPA's Web site.
- Deirdre Wilson | <urn:uuid:179c99f0-1cea-478d-ad1a-28e550dccff6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.parenthood.com/article/tot_finderreg_stickers_not_recommended.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00207-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965458 | 306 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Should Under-Vaccinated Children Avoid Visiting London
According to media reports, Public Health England (PHE) announced about 90 measles have been reported in a south London borough, mainly in school-age children.
The Standard reported on December 17, 2019, that parents in Wandsworth, which is located southwest of London City, have been warned by PHE to ‘vaccinate their children following a sudden rise in measles cases in local schools ahead of the holidays.’
In reaction to this PHE notice, parents of children at schools in Wandsworth were sent a letter by the local government inviting them to attend the town hall catch-up measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination session, as soon as possible.
‘Wandsworth parents can also seek measles vaccination advice from a GP or practice nurse,’ said this notice.
Wandsworth Cabinet member for health and social care Cllr Melanie Hampton said in a press statement on December 13th: “Measles isn’t a harmless childhood disease and some people go on to develop very serious complications, so please make sure you and your children are fully immunized.”
Previously, an eastern suburb of London reported a similar measles outbreak.
On October 2, 2019, PHE and the local council announced a measles outbreak in Southend-on-Sea, in Essex. Within one week, 9 measles cases were confirmed by the government.
PHE says measles is common in many countries around the world, and currently, there are several large measles outbreaks across Europe.
London's current measles outbreak is reported to be related to religious pilgrims returning from Israel and Ukraine with the measles virus. A similar measles outbreak occurred in Israel during 2007.
According to the New York Times in April 2019, the measles outbreaks in London is related to Breslov Hasidic Jews visiting the Ukrainian city of Uman in 2018.
Based on the findings of a recent study, a very large percentage of children traveling aboard are not fully protected from infectious diseases, such as measles.
A Massachusetts General Hospital study published on December 9, 2019, found that despite recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, a large number of children traveling aboard are not protected from the measles virus due to a clinician decision or guardian refusal.
This new study was published in JAMA Pediatrics and reported about 88 percent of MMR vaccination–eligible school-aged travelers were not vaccinated during pre-departure consultation.
This study is important since children represent less than 10 percent of international travelers departing the USA, but have accounted for about 47 percent of known measles importation cases.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 75 percent of the measles cases in the USA during 2019 were related to just a few, under-vaccinated international travelers.
Previous London measles outbreak news
- Measles Outbreak Reported Near London
- London’s Hackney and Haringey Measles Outbreaks Continue
- Three Measles Hotspots To Avoid This Summer
The UK’s National Health Service (NHS) says ‘measles is a highly infectious viral illness that now uncommon in the UK because of the effectiveness of vaccination. But, anyone can get measles if they have not been vaccinated or have not had it before.
The measles virus is contained in the millions of tiny droplets that come out of an infected person’s nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing.
In most cases, measles can be prevented by having 2 doses of the MMR vaccine. Adults and older children can be vaccinated at any age if they have not been fully vaccinated before.
And, if the MMR vaccine is not suitable for you, a treatment called human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG) can be used if you're at immediate risk of catching measles, says the NHS.
To notify all international travelers of their health risks, the CDC issued the worldwide measles Level 1, Travel Alert in June 2019, which includes the UK.
This CDC travel alert says ‘before you travel internationally, regardless of where you are going, make sure you are protected fully against measles. If you are not sure, see your healthcare provider at least 1-month before your scheduled departure.’
Furthermore, a commentary published in The Lancet on September 20, 2019, discusses the long-term immunity related to early infant vaccinations for the measles virus.
This editorial indicates a 3-dose measles vaccine schedule may be needed in ‘outbreak zones.’
As a general notice, the CDC says ‘any vaccine can cause a side effect, which should be reported to a healthcare provider, or to the CDC.’
Measles vaccine news published by Precision Vaccinations
- Measles outbreak hits south London with almost 90 cases across number of schools
- Drop-in clinic to help tackle measles
- Southend measles update
- NHS: Measles
- Clinical Practices for Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination Among US Pediatric International Travelers
- CDC: Family Travel Vaccine Recommendations for Infants & Children
- UK Travel Health Notice | <urn:uuid:4aa9b4af-85bb-4f3f-ad23-6271c2d08c1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brookshires.precisionvaccinations.com/london-measles-outbreaks-continue-holiday-travel-season | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.953515 | 1,067 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Study of parameters influencing punch press noise.
Stewart-ND; Bailey-JR; Daggerhart-JA
Noise Control Eng 1975 Sep; 5(2):80-86
A study was conducted of punch press noise generated by a single- cycle punching operation, which is typical for presses requiring frequent changes in tooling. Peak noise levels associated with clutch and brake activation were reduced approximately 6 decibels through installation of commercially available mufflers. It has been shown that both workpiece and machine structural vibrations are significant contributors to radiated sound for those operations in which the workpiece dimensionless vibration factor is greater than one. Studies of punch-die clearance have shown that the smallest clearance consistent with required hole quality should be used. Specifically, a reduction of approximately 10 decibels was observed in peak punching noise level as the clearance was reduced from 20 percent to 6 percent. Using the A-weighting network, the reduction in peak noise level was approximately 15 decibels for the same change in clearance. Further for a given clearance, the use of a shear punch has been shown to provide from 5 decibels to 10 decibels reduction in peak punching noise level.
NIOSH-Grant; Noise-induced-hearing-loss; Noise-sources; Environmental-engineering; Safety-engineering; Occupational-health; Noise-levels; Noise-control; Control-measures; Control-equipment; Safety-equipment; Noise-damping; Impact-noise; Metalworking; Design
Mechanical and Aerospace Engr North Carolina State Univ Post Office Box 5801 Raleigh, N C 27607
Noise Control Engineering
North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina | <urn:uuid:580a7dbe-e986-494b-8b18-7d15b3ca97fa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/00052663.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00058-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875848 | 346 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Two kids talking about fractions.
What is a fraction?
A fraction is when you take your total amount, and break it up into equal parts.
Thank you for sharing what you learned in math with me. I was distracted by how beautiful it is outside. It reminds me that Spring is almost here!
Here is an example of one whole circle broken into two equal parts. One half of the circle is shaded navy blue.
What about if you need three parts?
Then, you would split the circle into three equal parts. Remember, when you use fractions, each part is equal to the rest.
Now you can do fractions by yourself and try to pay attention to the greatest teacher!
If Mr. Dominguez was here, I think he would be jumping for joy because I could now do my fraction homework by myself! Thank you!
Try Our Other Websites!
Photos for Class
– Search for School-Safe, Creative Commons Photos! (It Even Cites for You!
– Easily Make and Share Great Looking Rubrics! | <urn:uuid:92c8222e-97dc-4aba-8243-fb6983173637> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/adominguez/fractions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00034-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940463 | 219 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) is a state statute that provides the public the right to access government documents and records. The law provides that a person can ask a public body for a copy of its records on a specific subject, and the public body must provide those records unless there is an exemption in the statute that protects those records from disclosure.
Note: Under the Freedom of Information Act certain information may not be released or available for inspection. This includes but is not limited to information regarding juvenile offenders, pending investigations, information that would identify informants, information that would impede investigations, and information that violates the right to privacy of another. Reviews of the request may take up to 5 business days unless the request is made for commercial purposes, in which case it is 21 working days. We will notify you if we require an additional 5 business days to process your request under Section 140/3(d) of the Freedom of Information Act (http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs2.asp?ChapterID=2).
Request for Public Information
The Macomb Police Department does not have an individual Freedom of Information Department. Instead, 3 FOIA Officers have been appointed to provide public records as expeditiously and efficiently as possible under the requirements of the law. The responsibilities and duties of the Freedom of Information Officer have been delegated to the Deputy Chief and the two Records Division Clerks.
The following records are readily available to the public between the departments office hours of 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (some records may not be immediately available depending upon the size of the request):
- Accident reports (no fatality involved)
- Arrest logs
- IL UCR reports
- FOIA denials
- Macomb Police Department List of Records
- Records Disposal Certificates
- Traffic Accident Summaries
- Record requests by Insurance (non-pending incidents)
- Lost, Found, Missing reports (complainant’s own report)
How to File a FOIA Request
The following are instructions on how to file a FOIA request:
- To ensure that you preserve all of you rights under the Freedom of Information Act we require that you file a written request known as a Freedom of Information Request (FOIA Request). Address the request to the FOIA Officer of the public body.
- Be as specific as possible when identifying the documents you wish to obtain so the public body can find the requested records. Providing as much information as possible in your request on the subject matter may expedite the search process.
- Let the public body know whether you wish to examine the records in person or have copies.
- Include your name, address, the date and daytime phone number so that the public body can contact you if there are questions about the request. You may submit your written request by mail, personal delivery, fax, or e-mail.
- The public body may offer a FOIA form but the requestor is not required to use it if he/she so chooses.
- Always keep a copy of your FOIA request and any responses you get from the public body.
|The Request for Public Information form is available to download and print here:|
Requests should be addressed to one of the following FOIA Officers: or they can be reached via e-mail at: email@example.com
|Sherry Holmes, FOIA OfficerMacomb Police DepartmentRecords Division120 S. McArthur St.
Macomb, IL 61455
|Lorie Fisher, FOIA OfficerMacomb Police DepartmentRecords Division120 S. McArthur St.
Macomb, IL 61455
|Deputy Chief Eric Lenardt, FOIA OfficerMacomb Police Department120 S. McArthur St.Macomb, IL 61455|
As per the Freedom of Information Act a public body must respond to a FOIA request within 5 business days after the public body receives the request unless the request is made for commercial purposes, in which case it is 21 working days. Day 1 of the 5 day or 21 day timeline is the first business day after the request is received by the public body.
If additional time is needed the public body must notify the requestor in writing within 5 business days after receipt of the request. The public body must state the statutory reasons for the extension and give a date when the requested information will be produce.
The public body can charge for copies of reports. There is no charge for the first 50 copied pages of black and white, letter size (8½” X 11″) or legal size (11″ X 14″). Additional copies can cost no more than $0.15 per page each unless the requestor wishes the copied information be double-sided, which would cost $0.30 per page. For color copies or abnormal sized copies the public body can charge the actual copying cost. Depending on the amount of documents requested the public body may require payment of fees prior to making copies.
If the FOIA Request is denied you will receive written notice with a specific legal reason under the Freedom of Information Act to justify the denial. You will be informed that you have a right to seek review of the issue by the Public Access Counselor (PAC) in the Illinois Attorney General’s Office as well as the right to seek judicial review by filing a court case.
The Public Access Counselor (PAC) contact information is as follows:
Public Access Bureau
500 S. 2nd Street
Springfield, Illinois 62706 | <urn:uuid:ec75dee7-1e43-49a8-bfb4-9a98df793247> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://macombpolice.com/foia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00442-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912268 | 1,151 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Class DB-EXT-ENV extended db environment using special buffer
readers and writers.
Class EXT-CURSOR this cursor is generated, when you use db-cursor with
an database being type of db-ext
Class DB-STD simple standart database class for databases without
Class DB-EXT when using db-open with an environment of db-ext-env,
this will be returned. | <urn:uuid:1d6a9b6b-fa7a-442a-8947-8199f2e2ee42> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://common-lisp.net/project/bdb/qbook/bdb/BDB_0020Classes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00357-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.720114 | 88 | 2.078125 | 2 |
There’s a generational time-bomb ticking – and the student debt crisis is the trip wire.
Adults under 35 disproportionately bear the brunt of escalating inequality.
America’s educated youth are graduating into an economy with stagnant wages and a torn safety net. Federal and state budget cuts, meanwhile, have spiked tuition costs and cut public services that aid young workers, such as transportation and affordable housing.
A rumble of legitimate discontent is mounting from the 40 million Americans saddled with student debt totaling $1.16 trillion – a number expected to increase to $2 trillion by 2022. College debt now touches one in five U.S. households and exceeds total credit card indebtedness.
The most frustrated students are blocking highways over tuition hikes. Others are launching “debt strikes” by refusing to pay the for-profit schools that bilked them.
Many more are defaulting after facing the stressful realization that they can’t find a job that pays enough to repay their debt. Over half of outstanding student loans are presently in deferral, delinquency, or default.
The student debt debacle has huge implications for the future. The average college graduate is now almost $30,000 underwater, with some on the hook for over $100,000.
This debt keeps young people from starting families, buying houses, and taking risks on new businesses. It also exacerbates the growing problem of wealth inequality and declining social mobility, since it gives debt-free graduates from wealthier families an enormous head start over their peers.
Many baby boomers without kids in college don’t fully appreciate how the economy is tilted against the rising generation – or how much higher education financing has changed from previous generations.
Since the 1970s, tuition rates have risen over 1,000 percent, while state funding of universities has declined by 40 percent. And the proportion of young Americans with education debt more than quadrupled, from 5 percent to 22 percent.
The powerful student loan industry lobbied for – and got – draconian laws that penalize student debtors more than people holding mortgages, car loans, or credit cards. Servicerscan garnish young graduates’ wages and disability payments to get their due.
And not even bankruptcy can cancel out these loans.
In some states, student debtors who fall into default can lose their professional certifications and even their driver’s licenses. Imagine borrowing money to get a nursing or cosmetology degree, falling behind in your payments, and having your source of livelihood revoked.
It doesn’t have to be this way. Other countries have offered free public higher education for decades.
In the 30 years after World War II, the government expanded access to debt-free college for millions of Americans. These included GI Bill recipients, but also millions of men and women without military service records who attended the great public universities of our land, paying a tuition bill they could afford with only a summer job.
Lawmakers should reverse the cycle of state budget cuts in higher education that shift tuition costs onto students and their cash-strapped families. Some states are considering creating “opportunity trust funds,” capitalized by state estate taxes on the richest 1 percent, to finance debt-free public education.
The national Strike Debt movement calls on Congress to spend an additional $15 billion a year to make public education free. They could accomplish this by cutting out for-profit colleges and the parasitical college loan industry, and by simplifying the existing labyrinth of education subsidies.
The vast majority of college debtors still suffer in isolation, viewing their struggle as a personal problem, not a societal issue. But this is about to change. When college debt borrowers wake up and flex their political muscles, they’ll be a force to be reckoned with. | <urn:uuid:caf916d9-0d63-4f58-9f4e-e9ff1921ca62> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://rinf.com/alt-news/latest-news/student-debt-crisis-time-bomb-implode/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.952261 | 780 | 2.40625 | 2 |
But there is a clear hierarchy here. Reason judges and corrects sense experience, and reason has to be corrected by faith, albeit that the correction is “not violent . . . but gentle, so that that very thing which is corrected, acknowledgeth, and admits it of its own accord, and with joy.” Comenius admired Bacon, but was impatient at the slowness of Bacon’s method, which would require generations of experimental scientists. Comenius believed that the Bible could speed up the progress of discovery.
The results were meagre. Some pious philosophers simply discussed biblical topics that were relevant to natural philosophy (animal classification, salt), as a kind of appendage to biblical commentary. In others, biblical exposition became an adjunct to the existing body of natural philosophy, often drawn from pagan sources, even from Aristotle.
By the end of the seventeenth century, pious philosophy had been largely abandoned in favor of two alternative strategies, which Blair labels “separationist” and “natural theology. “For those who advocated a separation of the natural philosophic spheres, the natural philosopher dealt exclusively with philosophy and might be left, in the long run, with little sense of a religious motivation or constraint.” Natural philosophers saw their work as a support for the worship of God, but as independent of revelation. Many eighteenth century scientists were, of course, Christians, but the project of Mosaic physics was largely abandoned. | <urn:uuid:6ed93877-8568-4faf-9aa7-9e77dd68a386> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.patheos.com/blogs/leithart/2018/11/24087/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.966282 | 299 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Together, We’ll Shape a Generation Through Early Childhood Education
Building a Just Future Where Every Child and Family Thrives Because of Early Childhood Education
Children’s Learning Centers of Fairfield County (CLC) is committed to providing early childhood education for all families, with direct services and programs focused on health, nutrition & family support for children 6 weeks – 5 years of age.
As the second largest early childhood education provider in Connecticut, CLC has been a leader in developing and implementing high-quality and affordable early childhood education and care programs since 1902. The nonprofit agency is accredited by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and has eight locations in Stamford.
CLC is a Fairfield County innovator in early childhood education outcomes, empowering families to be their own advocates in any circumstance, including when faced with early education obstacles. CLC also identifies and develops strategic community relationships to strengthen families and just educational outcomes.
Both my children attended CLC and it was the best experience for them, as well as for myself. I was even given an opportunity to work for CLC and it taught me so much. I am thankful for all the staff and how they work with each other. I would recommend CLC to any parent because they care for your child in every way!
Ryley has learned so much academically, socially and emotionally. She has grown and learned to be independent. I love to hear her stories of what she learned and did during the day when she gets home each day.
Infant, toddler and preschool classrooms utilize high-quality, comprehensive resources which empower educators to intentionally teach and care for our youngest learners during their most critical and formative years of development. Financial assistance for CLC programs is based on eligibility.
Children in all programs are provided two meals and a snack each day at no cost to families. This makes CLC the largest food provider to young children in Southwest Connecticut, sustaining 80% of our children’s nutritional needs.
In 2020, during eight weeks early in the COVID-19 pandemic, CLC provided reliable and safe childcare to children of healthcare and frontline workers as part of Project 26. CLC re-opened all eight of its Stamford locations in June 2020, enabling more parents to go back to work. CLC also continues to provide remote learning and support services to children who cannot join in classrooms right away.
The pandemic did not change our resolve and commitment to prepare the next generation for a promising future. | <urn:uuid:21991e5f-2253-4c6e-8aa4-6ee48b172e87> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://clcfc.org/about_childrens_learning_centers_of_fairfield_county/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.96838 | 524 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Stormwater Management as an Economic Catalyst?
The ultimate goal of stormwater management facilities is protect public health, safety, and welfare. The City of Virginia Beach understood this over a decade ago when they constructed a seawall and pump station to minimize flooding during hurricanes at the Oceanfront and Boardwalk. This project was also a catalyst for great economic development.
Read more about how this extensive system performed during the recent visit of Hurricane Irene to Virginia’s coast.
Big Beach – an investment to preserve Virginia Beach’s success! | <urn:uuid:a3b56972-b84d-4f4d-9e4a-2724b3b686b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.daa.com/stormwater-management-as-an-economic-catalyst/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00190-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908688 | 110 | 2.0625 | 2 |
ELISA for Antibody Concentration Determination
The steps of the general, "indirect," ELISA for determining serum antibody concentrations are:
1. Apply a sample of known antigen of known concentration to a surface, often the well of a microtiter plate. The antigen is fixed to the surface to render it immobile. Simple adsorption of the protein to the plastic surface is usually sufficient. These samples of known antigen concentrations will constitute a standard curve used to calculate antigen concentrations of unknown samples. Note that the antigen itself may be an antibody.
2. A concentrated solution of noninteracting protein, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) or casein, is added to all plate wells. This step is known as blocking, because the serum proteins block nonspecific adsorption of other proteins to the plate.
3. The plate wells or other surface are then coated with serum samples of unknown antigen concentration, diluted into the same buffer used for the antigen standards. Since antigen immobilization in this step is due to nonspecific adsorption, it is important for the total protein concentration to be similar to that of the antigen standards.
4. The plate is washed, and a detection antibody specific to the antigen of interest is applied to all plate wells. This antibody will only bind to immobilized antigen on the well surface, not to other serum proteins or the blocking proteins.
5. Secondary antibodies, which will bind to any remaining detection antibodies, are added to the wells. These secondary antibodies are conjugated to the substratespecific enzyme. This step may be skipped if the detection antibody is conjugated to an enzyme.
6. Wash the plate, so that excess unbound enzymeantibody conjugates are removed.
7. Apply a substrate which is converted by the enzyme to elicit a chromogenic or fluorogenic or electrochemical signal.
8. View/quantify the result using a spectrophotometer, spectrofluorometer, or other optical/electrochemical device.
Learn more applications of ELISA: | <urn:uuid:42f10cd9-3a96-47ba-8b23-e90167bcc9e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.elisa-antibody.com/ELISA-applications/antibody-titer-measurement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00532-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904379 | 428 | 3.28125 | 3 |
I suppose I could have added this to yesterday’s post, but here’s the one-section summary on mystagogy:
330. A period of post-baptismal catechesis or mystagogy should be provided to assist the young neophytes and their companions who have completed their Christian initiation. This period can be arranged by an adaptation of the guidelines given for adults. (RCIA 244-251).
A sure sign that the pastor and parish leadership have failed to discern well with candidates for initiation is of the mystagogy period falls flat. Parents are often willing to jump and jump their kids through hoops to get what they want. If children disappear after Confirmation, it would be a good opportunity for serious soul-searching.
That said, note that mystagogy is expected not only of the newly baptized, but also of the “companions” who have been confirmed or received First Eucharist. How many parishes out there provide this post-sacramental catechesis? | <urn:uuid:fde48b36-8940-442f-94f7-24beb3c4a778> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://catholicsensibility.wordpress.com/2010/02/25/rcia-330-mystagogy-for-everybody/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00348-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960638 | 215 | 1.5625 | 2 |
City (town): Alexandrowo: map, population, location
Back to article: Bulgaria
Navigate Map of Whole world: By clicking and dragging on the World map or use the pan and zoom controls.
Latitude of Alexandrowo:
Longitude of Alexandrowo:
Altitude of Alexandrowo:
GMT time in Alexandrowo:
Distance from city Alexandrowo to 25 biggest cities of country: Bulgaria
Distance from city: Alexandrowo to Top 10 cities of the world
Banner on your page
· Visitor's book
· Add to favorite
· Besplatnye igry onlajn
· Free games online
· CZ HryCopyright (c) 2017 by Tiptopglobe.com. All Rights Reserved! | <urn:uuid:e4f2ccd5-9df0-4e71-92be-6aadebbcb1e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tiptopglobe.com/city?i=195608&n=Alexandrowo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00239-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.671996 | 164 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Soldiers fought for a nation that did not fight for them.
January 31, 2022
Writer at Motus News
Every year, thousands of non-citizens enter the military and contribute to the hard-working, selfless, and brave identity of our country. While often forgotten and undervalued, immigrants are and have been a crucial part of the United States Armed Forces, serving in every armed conflict in the nation's history.
Specifically, the current state of immigration policy persists as a roadblock for countless members of the armed forces; as it stands, our systems do not sufficiently repay these courageous individuals for their service. With a rapid amount of deported veterans leaving this country and the Trump Administration's campaign to halt numerous military immigration benefits, Biden's administration must decide whether or not it wishes to correct these errors.
Before 2017, numerous opportunities helped non-citizens to naturalize through service. The Military Accessions Vital to National Interest Recruitment Pilot Program (MANVI), a program that recruited legal non-immigrants into the army, and the Naturalization and Basic Training Initiative, a program that allowed noncitizens to naturalize after they complete their combat training, are two examples of benefits that currently exist in limbo. Additionally, the Trump administration has also restricted service members from receiving Naturalization Honorable Service Certification after a 180 day period. Because of these closures and new requirements, hundreds of military immigrant enlistees have been discharged, leaving many without a path to naturalization or legal status in the country.
Along with this, Judge Advocate General (JAG) attorneys, more commonly referred to as military lawyers, have not extended their scope of representation beyond the basics of immigration law and naturalization. Therefore, many non-citizens within the military affected by these policy changes have been unable to receive the proper legal representation they deserve. The consequences of these changes often result in drastic outcomes - for example, deportation.
In 2010, Andrew De León, an army veteran living in the United States, was removed for a nonviolent drug offense; despite his prolonged service, De León was not naturalized and was subject to deportation. After years of attempting to re-enter the United States, he was able to cross the Tijuana border earlier this month with the help of Attorney Ian Seruelo. De León’s story is, unfortunately, not a unique case. According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office’s report in 2019, ICE “did not consistently follow its policies involving veterans who were placed in removal proceedings.” In the same report, it was found that hundreds of veteran immigrants were deported between 2013 and 2018 with a 92% removal rate when placed in removal proceedings.
Recently, lawmakers and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security have made numerous statements on ending the immigrant veteran crisis. Shortly before the July 4th holiday, the DHS announced an initiative to support non-citizen service members, veterans, and their families. "We are committed to bringing back military service members, veterans, and their immediate family members who were unjustly removed and ensuring they receive the benefits to which they may be entitled," said Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro N. Mayorkas in his July 2nd press statement. Congress representatives have also made recent attempts to reach out to immigrant veterans with the introduction of acts such as the "Repatriate Our Patriots Act," introduced by Congressman Vicente Gonzalez, and the efforts of senators such as Sen. Tammy Duckworth, an Army veteran who has recently been pushing for immigration reform within the armed forces.
Discussions about how to fix the imperative immigrant veteran crisis have been brought to light in recent times, however little to no action or change has been done since the end of Trump's era of stagnant and inactive aid for immigration. Unless new legislation or administrative regulations pass, non-citizen veterans and service members will continually face hardship and risk having their livelihoods being taken away, despite their courageous service to this nation. | <urn:uuid:a101c55d-40a0-4bd8-a63d-4b6f5c7f0cab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.motusnews.com/articles/the-immigrant-veteran-crisis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.966988 | 804 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Researchers conducted a study on home remedies among patients in the participating GP offices in the United Kingdom. Although the study did not specifically ask if patients had used or know about home remedies, they did design a questionnaire that asked about their usage and knowledge of them. This could have affected the results as patients may have been more familiarized with the pre-defined home remedies than they are with their daily practices. One example is that some patients may have understood a home remedy for coughs as a cough drops, but not knew they were practicing a home remedy.
Warm compresses can be helpful, but you also have the option to try home remedies. All of these home remedies are excellent for colds. You can add some to your soup, or decaf tea. Cayenne pepper can help clear your stuffy nose. These remedies work best for short-term relief. Common colds usually last one to two weeks. You can also apply menthol oil to the affected area.
As a general rule, the CDC recommends consulting a doctor if your cold symptoms persist for more than 10 days. Contact your doctor if you are pregnant, nursing, or have a compromised immune response. If you have fever, or other unusual symptoms in children, see your pediatrician immediately. If you’re suffering from a cold or the flu, try home remedies to reduce fever and relieve symptoms.
One of the best home remedies for flu is to rest. While influenza is contagious, you should not be active and avoid meeting others if you have the virus. Good sleep is vital for fighting flu. It can help boost your immune system. Humidity can also be helpful in relieving a stuffy nose and sore throat. Place a humidifier in your bedroom to keep the air moist. Turn on a humidifier if you wake up with a stuffy nasal passage.
A hot shower can also help. A steaming shower helps to moisturize the nasal passages, while a sponge bath can be a soothing way to unwind. You can also have your favorite restaurants delivered or your favorite meals delivered. Avoid fried and hard foods and spend as much time indoors as possible, reading and resting. If you have the flu, avoid going to the gym or running errands. Spend the day in bed reading a book.
Sore throat remedies
A home remedy for sore throat can be as simple as gargling with lemon juice. Lemons contain high levels of vitamin C, which helps the body fight inflammation. Drink one teaspoon of lemon juice in warm water every half hour. The steam will soothe your sinuses and help you breathe easier. Alternately, you can use one teaspoon of honey mixed in a cup warm water. Honey has antibacterial properties that may soothe the throat.
Steam can also be used to soothe sore throats. It can help to clear congestion from the throat and open the sinuses. In case you don’t have access to a steam room, you can use a hot shower to get the same effects. If you can’t afford a steam room, boil water in a pan and place a towel over your face. Breathe deeply and direct the water stream towards your nose.
Poison ivy remedies
If you’ve been in contact with poison ivy, then you’ve probably wondered if there’s a home remedy for poison ivy. Although there are no medically proven remedies, there are effective remedies to poison ivy. The most effective ways to reduce the itching and pain from poison ivy include cold compresses and witch hazel.
It is possible to wash the affected area with soap, especially in the first 30 minutes after exposure. However, avoid using soap that contains oils. Another remedy is using rubbing alcohol. If your pet has been in contact with poison ivy, you should also give it a bath. This will help to remove any oil that has been transferred from your skin onto your pet’s skin. You can also give your pets a cool bath or soak them in soapy warm water to ease their itching.
Ginger tea is a natural remedy for many ailments, including flu and cold symptoms. Ginger is an excellent anti-inflammatory and aids digestion. High blood pressure can be reduced by ginger’s anti-inflammatory properties. A cup of ginger tea each day can prevent nausea and discomfort during pregnancy, and may also be a soothing remedy for menstrual cramps. Additionally, the warm drink can also ease the symptoms of coughing and sore throat.
Make ginger tea by boiling the root in water. Add a slice of lemon or two. Let the mixture steep for about five minutes before serving. Add some honey and lemon slices for added health benefits. Stir well, and enjoy! To give your ginger tea home remedies for flu symptoms or cold symptoms, you can add a few drops honey or lemon juice to give it a tangy taste. You can even serve ginger tea in a mug filled with hot water.
Gargle with turmeric salt
Gargling with a mixture of turmeric and salt can help relieve symptoms of a sore or irritated throat. The combination of turmeric and salt will help to reduce inflammation as well as any phlegm. It is one the most powerful expectorants. You can also try adding a few drops honey to the water. Gargle should be done in the morning.
Turmeric has many beneficial effects on the body. It can fight off infections and prevent the coronavirus. You can make a gargle by mixing turmeric with hot water. Turmeric milk can also ingested to soothe sore throats. To make a paste of turmeric powder, you can mix it with water. You can also grind some turmeric powder into a fine powder, and apply it directly to the affected area. Peppermint oil contains menthol, which has antibacterial and numbing properties.
Hot chicken soup
Chicken soup is the perfect solution for cold and hot days. It’s a fast, delicious meal that can be ready in less than two hours. You can also add carrots, onions and celery to the soup. Add bay leaves, spices, and dried mint, and simmer the soup for 2 1/2 hours or until the chicken is tender. If you’d like to add rice, prepare it while the soup simmers.
One study found that chicken has antibacterial and immune-boosting properties. According to an American Journal of Therapeutics study, the compound carnosine in chicken can regulate the body’s immune response. This could help combat a cold. Chicken soup is also known for its ability to loosen the mucus, making them an effective treatment for congestion. According to Dr. Ziment, chicken soup is more effective than hot water when it comes to clearing the sinuses.
Figs reduce constipation
Figs are a great way of increasing your fiber intake without sacrificing taste. A quarter cup of dried figs contains around 4 grams of fiber, comparable to the amount found in a medium grapefruit. Figs are great for constipation prevention, whether you eat them raw or cooked. You can also soak the leaves in water before putting them in salads and baking. You can also buy dried figs at specialty shops or online.
Besides their delicious taste, figs are also rich in dietary fiber, which aids in inducing bowel movements. For a natural remedy for constipation you can soak two figs in water overnight. To stimulate bowel movements, take one teaspoonful of the soaked raisins in the morning. Alternatively, you can also eat them as a snack.
High blood pressure is reduced by olive-tree leaves
Research suggests that the olive-tree leaves may lower blood pressure in hypertensives. The natural substance oleuropein is found in high amounts in olive leaves. These compounds have been shown in studies to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures by 11.5 mmHg each, as well as other vascular benefits. However, it is not yet clear if olive-tree leaf extracts are effective.
The olive tree is a symbol for endurance and resilience, capable of withstanding even the most severe climates. Its leaves are an effective remedy, containing compounds known to be cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory. Two studies examined the effects of olive-tree leaf on blood pressure and waist circumference. These studies showed that olive-tree leaf consumption significantly reduced the risk of developing heart disease and CVD by as much as 15%. | <urn:uuid:d227d20e-b98e-463b-933a-b8cddc882de8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bhsheli.com/home-remedies-for-fleas-on-carpet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.951185 | 1,742 | 1.789063 | 2 |
The most important thing we build is trust
From the design of the first breathing regulator for Project Mercury, to a full suite of hardware and cutting-edge pneumatic subsystems for the ISS, Cobham has engineered some of the most complex, challenging space components in existence today. Cobham builds ultimate reliability into life support...
Many of the world’s best known aircraft, including the F-35 and all Airbus platforms, feature Cobham technology. From internet in the sky through to jamming and missile guidance for the latest fighter aircraft, Cobham has an innovative suite of avionics, communication and navigation products for an...
From some of the world’s most dexterous robotic equipment to wireless coverage in the world’s tallest building, Cobham has a variety of land based solutions for commercial and defence applications. Our advanced Ground Penetrating Radar detection, and secure communications support security forces an...
Cobham’s maritime communications provide reliable communications in the toughest maritime conditions. We provide satcom and radio for the Volvo Ocean Race and microwave and radar technology for the AEGIS class cruiser and Type 45 Destroyer. Cobham also offers an innovative range of safety and survi...
We deliver outsourced aviation services for military and civil customers worldwide through military training, special mission flight operations, outsourced commercial aviation and aircraft engineering.
Taking you places others can’t.
Safe, reliable and responsive outsourced airline operations.
Enhancing helicopter operations with a unique blend of military capability and commercial expertise.
Protecting borders, saving lives and enhancing the effectiveness of defence personnel.
Cobham launches first CL-604 jet aircraft to provide a search and rescue service over land and sea.
Cobham Falcon jets flew from Bournemouth to Cape Town using the same route Sir Alan Cobham pioneered in 1926; 90 years ago
Cobham has signed a 24 month contract with new Australian gold mining company Blackham Resources – Matilda Operations Pty Ltd | <urn:uuid:26c9f2aa-f5fd-470f-a290-0035b88b88b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cobham.com/aviation-services.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00556-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909412 | 404 | 1.546875 | 2 |
On this day, December 30th, in 1936 — 75 years ago today — hundreds of workers at the General Motors factories in Flint, Michigan, took over the facilities and occupied them for 44 days. My uncle was one of them.
The workers couldn’t take the abuse from the corporation any longer. Their working conditions, the slave wages, no vacation, no health care, no overtime — it was do as you’re told or get tossed onto the curb.
So on the day before New Year’s Eve, emboldened by the recent re-election of Franklin Roosevelt, they sat down on the job and refused to leave. | <urn:uuid:90bfcfb0-5e31-4b13-8334-b6a0286e15fe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://circleof13.blogspot.com/2011/12/michael-moore-75-years-ago-today-first.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00173-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964434 | 133 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Opinions Of Integrated Migrants On Germans
The Accurate Source To Find Transcript To Opinions Of Integrated Migrants On Germans.”
[Opinions Of Integrated Migrants On Germans]
Have you ever heard of the word “integration?”
What does integration mean?
It mean you exclude others, right?
No, that’s precisely what it’s not.
Who of you has German friends?
– German friends? (laughs)
– Me? No, not a single one.
Not a single one.
You don’t have (German friends) either?
Let’s be honest. Sangasi, do you have German friends? No. Well, wait – don’t lie – sure…
Do you have German friends? No. Why don’t you have German friends?
Because they don’t belong to us. I cannot be like them.
You don’t like the Germans?
It’s like this: If you hang out with Germans, they do different things than you. For example eating pork. I’m disgusted by them to be honest. If I see this I’m absolutely disgusted.
Look, if all migrants would stay in Germany, and if all the Germans would disappear for just a single day, nobody would notice.
Opinions Of Integrated Migrants On Germans. Have you ever heard of the word “integration?” Complete Full Transcript, Dialogue, Remarks, Saying, Quotes, Words And Text. | <urn:uuid:2e427459-5bc5-4e58-9bfd-84bbf36b4afa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://lybio.net/opinions-of-integrated-migrants-on-germans/people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00396-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.861062 | 330 | 2.21875 | 2 |
By KRISTA CONGER
How many of us avert our eyes and stumble in our conversations when a new mom lifts her shirt to feed her baby? A confident mother convinced of the benefits of breast milk may overlook embarrassed reactions from her peers. But when awkwardness sidles into a woman’s interaction with her health-care team, it can have devastating results.
Without adequate support immediately after birth, most women forgo breast-feeding altogether or quit within days of leaving the hospital.
"Breast-feeding can be very difficult," said Jane Morton, MD. "In our country we have skipped generations of breast-feeding, and most of us have never gotten our noses 6 inches away and watched. It’s so much easier to see the milk in a bottle and give it to the baby."
Morton, newly arrived from the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, is spearheading Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital’s Johnson Center’s Breastfeeding Medicine Program — a unique effort to increase rates of breast-feeding in full-term and premature infants delivered at Packard and its satellite nurseries. The effort requires bridging obstetric and pediatric care, pre- and postnatal care, and maternal and infant care.
"Issues of breast-feeding fall into several different specialties, and advice and care can be confusing and inconsistent," said Morton. "It’s easy for everyone to assume it is someone else’s responsibility."
Morton’s plan to garner more support for breast-feeding among obstetrics and pediatric staff will complement the efforts of the hospital’s seven lactation consultants, who are dedicated to helping new mothers learn to breast-feed effectively.
"This is an important part of the range of services that we provide for moms and their babies," said David Stevenson, MD, the Harold K. Faber Professor of Pediatrics and professor, by courtesy, of obstetrics and gynecology. "We’ve had a lactation program, but we’ve not had a complementary piece on the physician side that would further facilitate their efforts."
Morton plans ongoing in-service education about the benefits of breast-feeding, the physiology of breast-feeding and the composition of breast milk. She’ll also address how to manage breast-feeding in infants or mothers with special medical concerns. Common problems such as impaired milk production or problems with latching on will also be reviewed.
The benefits of breast-feeding are legion, including speeding mom’s recovery after birth, boosting the newborn’s immunity and enhancing the bond between mother and child. But many mothers who attempt breast-feeding are discouraged by a real or perceived inadequacy in their milk supply or the sore nipples that often plague first-timers.
The stakes are higher and the challenges greater for premature babies. Breast milk is more effective than formula at protecting a tiny baby from life-threatening necrotizing enterocolitis, or sepsis. Studies have also shown improved neurocognitive development and decreased length of hospitalization for babies who receive human milk.
But the bulky equipment that keeps these tiny babies alive, along with physical problems linked to prematurity, may hinder traditional breast-feeding. Mothers must depend on breast pumps to express milk, which is then fed to their infants through small tubes leading from their nose to their stomach. Transitioning from tube feedings to the breast can be difficult yet critical to the infant’s long-term health.
"We want to help mothers do what’s natural and best for babies," said Stevenson. "Jane is probably one of the best people in the world in helping women establish breast-feeding in circumstances that would almost certainly lead to failure"
Morton established her reputation as a breast-feeding expert during her 20 years as a community pediatrician at the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, teaching Stanford students and consulting with physicians on breast-feeding support issues. She’s enthusiastic about the opportunities of her new position.
"It is unique of Packard to be so visionary," said Morton, pointing out that her physician colleagues in the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine invariably juggle other jobs in addition to their efforts to promote and aid lactation. "My primary responsibility here is to develop a successful program. I’ve been sort of a nut case about breast-feeding for a long time, but previously I was primarily a general pediatrician with a passionate interest in breast-feeding. Now I feel like Henry Higgins in ‘My Fair Lady,’ who said, ‘It’s a rare fellow who is lucky enough to have his passion as his profession.’ "
Stanford Report, January 29, 2003 | <urn:uuid:8dc4e3f7-ddfa-41c0-ba0c-c365dd1dd3f6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.stanford.edu/news/2003/january29/packard.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00393-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962539 | 974 | 2.171875 | 2 |
A desktop is the starting screen a computer user is given before opening any programs on their laptop, notebook or personal computer. It serves as an interface by which a human can control the computer by selecting icons that open programs and files. The desktop is a location on the computer, just like a folder, where files and shortcut icons can be stored. The copy and paste commands in a computer allow the user to create duplicates of files and shortcuts and relocate these duplicates to other areas on a computer without destroying the original file.
Locate a file or folder you wish to duplicate. This may be on the desktop, in another folder or on another drive in your computer.
Video of the Day
Right-click on the file, and select "Copy" from the options that appear. Alternatively, single-click the file name and press "Ctrl" and "C" simultaneously on your keyboard. Both of these actions will indicate to your computer that you wish to create a duplicate of this file. Note that no indication of the copy will be given to you on your screen. Press the keys, and proceed to Step 3.
Return your cursor to the desktop screen. Right-click, and select "Paste" from the menu that appears. Alternatively, press "Ctrl" and "V" simultaneously on your keyboard. Both of these options will tell your computer you wish to put the copied duplicate of your chosen file or folder on the desktop.
Watch the progress bar in the window that appears to identify when the copying is complete. Do not attempt to access the file or folder until this window disappears.
Right-click on the file or folder, and select "Rename" to type in a unique file name. If copied from the desktop to the desktop, your file name will have automatically been changed to "Copy of [old file name]". You may keep this file name or rename it to something unique. No two file or folder names can occur within the same location on your computer, such as your desktop. | <urn:uuid:499f96e4-fce5-4775-b443-8cc5b583a337> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.techwalla.com/articles/how-to-copy-paste-in-my-desktop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.911547 | 424 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Tsunamis and this Thing Called Humanity
From the Oceans, Indiscriminate Devastation
As if to burst the bubble of human grandeur, infallibility and perceived omnipotence, Earth has once again thundered powerful vibrations onto her once pristine surface, in a sudden instant of horrific oceanic energy killing hundreds of thousands of innocent human beings and laying waste to vast coastlines throughout Asiatic lands bordering the Indian Ocean. In one brief moment the fantasies of Hollywood fictions fused with the horrors of our nightmares, creating one of the worst tragedies since recorded history put to paper such natural calamities and their inevitable consequences.
The utter devastation left in the tsunami’s wake is a reality never contemplated by the creativity of humankind’s most talented fiction writers. What is left are lands now in ruins, villages, towns and resorts razed, vanished from existence, survivors confronting death, misery, disease, thirst, hunger and the realization that nothing will ever be as it once was. A diverse amalgam of peoples, already living in various poverty-stricken, tropical areas, will be unable to extricate themselves from incalculable human suffering, being buried even deeper inside the quicksand of indigence, shortly to be standing face to face with a multitude of deadly water-borne diseases such as dysentery, typhoid, diarrhea and malaria that will claim countless lives. Those now dead will be considered the lucky ones, for those who remain living fight amongst themselves for food, clean water and remnants of their once peaceful co-existence, competing with each other for the relief aid provided by the world and battling those microscopic organisms that have forever laid waste to humanity and that mankind, the king of the proverbial jungle, has yet to defeat.
A tragedy of the magnitude we have just seen far exceeds the destruction of 9/11 in lower Manhattan, making the World Trade Center, where 3000 people lost their continued existence on the planet, look benign. Indeed, both tragedies are not even in the same universe. The sheer devastation of the tsunami ripped apart humanity, shredding countless lives to pieces, eroding the foundations of society, affecting numerous countries, erasing from reality entire towns and ways of life. Hundreds of thousands of natives perished, washed out into the vastness of Earth’s salt waters, never to be seen or heard from again, leaving behind them waves of destruction, suffering and untold sadness. Thousands of European tourists also vanished, one day basking in the glow of paradise and the next transported by water to the lands beyond the realm of human understanding. One nation, Sweden, with a population of only nine million people, may have lost as many citizens as the United States did on 9/11.
What it has taken George Bush and his Amerika a year and a half to achieve, namely the mass murder of over 100,000 people in Iraq, the physical and mental maiming of countless more along with unqualifiable levels of suffering, at the price of ceaseless and immoral violence, at a cost of $200 billions dollars, Earth has dwarfed in a microcosm of time, prematurely robbing of life hundreds of thousands of human energies in a tidal wave of cataclysmic proportions. Entire coastlines have been obliterated; lives have been torn to pieces; futures no longer exist.
It is no doubt difficult for those of us living in the northern hemisphere, those regions and nations endowed with insurmountable levels of human luck in environment, climate, soils, available crops, bountiful food and plentiful water, free of the corrosive effects on humans of living in the tropics, with its inhospitable weather unsuitable for human prosperity and its disease-riddled environments, to place ourselves in the same life as those now suffering. Many of us will never experience the incredible poverty of most of the survivors, nor the calamities that will befall those that must keep living in the next years. We will never see our feet inside wooden shacks or mud-brick homes half the size of our garages. We will never experience the smells, sights and tastes of living in shantytowns, without the comforts of the exorbitance we take for granted on a daily basis, nor the reality of sustaining our families on two dollars or less per day, roaming the streets for food or work.
Driving in our giant size SUVs from mega-size Wal-Mart to consumerist malls, gas guzzling the devil’s excrement of the third-world on vast highways and wide-open spaces, heading to our three story homes, many built with the wood of the once-pristine forests and jungles of those whose houses and belongings now call the Indian Ocean home, their insides littered with the spoils of exorbitant empire, we oftentimes fail to understand that our planet is shared with billions more, most of whom are born sentenced to a life of indigence, robbed of talent and ability, opportunity made extinct, forever to roam Earth’s expanse toiling for survival, excreting blood, sweat and tears day to day in order to live, not in comfort but in indigence, their energies exploited for the benefit of their consumerist brothers and sisters of the northern hemisphere.
It is these peoples, from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Somalia and all nations in between that are the front lines of modern day, market colonialism slavery, among the most destitute and exploited peoples on Earth. If anybody deserved a break in life, instead of a tidal wave, it was these hundreds of millions of human beings. Yet in a world that does not discriminate, being blind to the colors of humanity and the socio-economic status of peoples, moving to the vibrations of plate tectonics, free to release energy anywhere on the planet, it is the people of the so-called third world that suffer the most, adding to their daily misery, furthering the ever-growing gap between the rich north and the poorer south.
Tremors which sent tsunamis rushing towards habitable coasts did not discriminate among Muslims, Atheists, Christians, Hindus and Buddhists, between rich and poor, European and Asian, socio-economic status and caste, between tribe, ethnicity, color, village and hotel resort. Walls of water swallowed vast numbers of man and devastated large patches of land, erasing from history coastlines, villages and countless lives, most of whom were living in quiet normalcy one instant and in utter terror the next.
Earth does not ask questions in its long journey through time. What transpired more than a week ago is but one manifestation of mechanisms that have shaped our home for more than four billion years. The mountains we see, the hills we climb, the valleys we cross, the canyons whose beauty we absorb, the oceans we traverse and the continents we live in are the result of timeless changes on the surface of our planet. Erosion, volcanoes, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornados, typhoons, rivers, lakes, glaciers, gorges, shifting continents, crashing plates, conifer forests, impenetrable jungles, fertile lands, arid deserts and frozen tundra are all witnesses to the living energy that Earth has created since its formation. The world of today is a result of four billion years of history, of evolution, of constant changes, of slow mechanisms that take hundreds of thousands of years to mold and form, to destroy and create. One human lifetime, not to mention civilization itself, cannot possibly comprehend how many times the planet has been devastated, altered and damaged, only to become a living paradise over and over again.
In the life of Earth, over four billion years of history, there have undoubtedly been millions of tsunamis like the one that killed so many people. Many have been bigger, many smaller, yet before, mankind did not exist as we do today. We have only been around this tiny planet for a few million years, a few hundred thousand as modern humans. In the long life of Earth, we are nothing, a simple second or two in a twenty-four hour clock, one exhale of carbon dioxide out of billions taken. Yet to humans it is hard to contemplate centuries of time, much less millennia or entire epochs. Time is unfathomable to us, an exercise in futility to primitive brains and short mammalian lives. How can we comprehend hundreds of millions of years when our existence lasts, on average, 70 years?
Earth is an eternal mechanism of energy which has played host to an unimaginable number of life forms, some bigger than others, some more dominant than most. Humanity is but one such species to grace the green grasses of Earth, a passenger on a grand bus in an endless journey through space. Our journey has but begun, yet the bus has been traveling for a very long time. Humans are mere infants still sucking our collective thumb, fragile creatures still immature, slowly learning and defining life, desperate to have meaning and purpose and an understanding of who and what we are. We were spawned by the bowels of Earth, made of carbon and Earthly minerals, molded from the sands of time and the clays of nature, a lowly animal whose evolution has led to the world of today.
Yet we are at the mercy of Earth and nature, and when the day comes, not too far in the future, when we get off the bus at the stop called self-annihilation, Earth will continue the journey without us, spinning as it always has, giving birth to life once more, its lands moving with the tremors and vibrations of tectonics, manifested by earthquakes and volcano eruptions and even tsunamis. Long after we are gone and nuclear winters are exchanged for warm and enjoyable summers Earth will replenish itself, in a blink of an eye in the parameters of time growing back her forests and her jungles and her multitude of species. Her oceans will be teeming with life again; her air will exhibit the pureness of nature and her lands will blossom with the diversity of living, breathing entities evolving along with the passage of time.
To a world of such size as Earth, whose magnitude remains incomprehensible to grasp by primates still living under primitive levels of understanding, still unable to escape the mechanisms of primitive dogma and archaic thought, still penitent to invisible and metaphysical deities whose use has long since passed the realm of human necessity and still shackled to the passions and behaviors of our animal selves, the cumbersome and destructive capacity of the plague called humanity is of little significance when its natural forces make themselves manifest. An earthquake whose energy was equal to one million atomic bombs does not ask for human permission before continuing on its natural progression through the underground tectonic plates that abound below our feet.
This Thing Called Humanity
Our species is in reality, when compared to the forces of the only home we have, an impotent army of six billion primates at the mercy of anything Earth throws at us. We are as primitive as the humans of 100,000 years ago, with slight evolutions – or regressions, depending on how one might look at it – of theology, music, dance, communication, war, culture, technology, art and food, to name but a few, that have grown with our increased numbers and our communal intelligence.
In fact, we have been doing much of the above since the beginning of time, banging on drums, wood and rock with bones, grunting and singing below a sky-lit night, thus making music in front of fire; conjuring up deities to explain a mysterious and dangerous world around us, encompassing the unknown and the fear-induced, creating myths and fables to give our existence meaning and our world answers; painting figures on cave walls to the extent of human imagination much like today’s art masterpieces conjure up world’s of creative design and ingenuity; hunting for mammoth and bison and picking seeds now replaced by hunting and gathering at the nearest supermarket; caves and primitive dwellings have been replaced by homes and buildings, yet we still sleep in our nests, our beds, and still perform daily functions in the home much like our forefathers did in their caves; we still fear out of ignorance, we still fight over territory, we still claim hierarchical leaders and we still battle over which god is better than the other; we communicate much like those of yesteryear, much like humanity has done since the beginning, but with newer technologies. Everything remains the same, only altered by changing technology and the power of the growing communal brain, now six billion strong.
Yet primitive we remain, no matter how enlightened industrialized nations and their peoples think themselves to be, no matter how modern their societies tend to be and no matter how ego driven their delusion of supreme ascendancy is. Modern man, with all his knowledge, intelligence, technology, culture and civilization, remains as primitive as his ancestors of centuries past. He remains a product of his animal urges, needs, wants and psychology, a mammal confined to the basic elements of what makes him a bipedal primate.
In the end, all humans, whether from industrialized nations or third world hellholes, whether rich or poor, whether from one tribe or ethnicity, live life in much the same way, breathing, seeing, hearing, sweating, bleeding, communicating, reproducing, thinking, observing, eating, drinking, sleeping, surviving and behaving much the same way humankind has done for thousands upon thousands of years, much the same way as our mammal cousins have and continue to do as well. We are the same species of long ago, our brains being of the same variety, not having grown or evolved for millennia, leaving the long chain of primate links behind as testament to our origins and our reality. For evolution does not work in decades or centuries, and our changes over the last 100,000 years have been civilizational and societal, not physical, mental or behavioral. Modern man of today has not changed significantly for a few hundred thousand years, and our behaviors, while more technologically sophisticated and assaulted by the never-before stresses of modern life, are nonetheless very similar to those of our long dead ancestors who roamed the plains of the world in the greatest Diaspora in the history of man.
We are powerless to stop and control nature, yet we crown ourselves emperors and rulers of the planet. From the smallest virus birthing plague and disease to the largest earthquake destroying our cities to the deadliest hurricanes ravaging states to the most unpredictable tornado causing havoc we are at the mercy of nature and Earth, unable to control and dominate weather and even the smallest microbes. Yet we think ourselves beyond primitive, beyond the impotent and plebian species we really are, ravaging its planet and its home, making extinct untold number of species, polluting its air, water and land, growing in number like the most voracious plague of locusts, exploiting Earth beyond its means, ripping apart balances that have lasted into perpetuity and each year bringing closer to destruction an entire planet.
In our wake lies a planet whose paradise is consumed and devastated more each day, our appetite for destruction and materialism replacing harmonious wonderment with garbage and waste. The machines of human decimation suck up beauty and spit out refuse, wherever they go causing death and destruction of ecosystems, making paradise conform to our insatiable hunger for land and our vision of destitute existence. In front of us lies a world brilliant and beautiful, virgin and pristine, in balance with itself. In our footprints that land becomes barren and desolate, exploited, polluted and abandoned, devoid of life and marked by the repulsive signature of human presence.
For everywhere man goes destruction soon follows. It is our nature, being the most destructive species to ever walk on Earth. We have cleared entire continents of forest and jungle, making extinct once bountiful life, altering entire ecosystems and burdening a balance we care nothing to learn about. To have seen Earth 10,000 years ago, when man was but beginning its destructive ways, would have been like peering into a different dimension, a paradise of unsurpassed beauty whose magnificence we would fail to recognize. Yet it once existed, before human war and exploitation and destructive behaviors and territorial competition and sheer ignorance came about. It lasted for hundreds of millions of years, unspoiled and unsurpassed, a gift for all life to cherish and live in.
Yet it was man, that most greedy and self-destructive entity, that claimed it for itself, as ruler of Earth, dominator of nature, despoiler of all things living. A gift to us turned to an invitation to do with the planet as we wished, and upon our arrival into lands once unknown and pristine, and those inhabited by peoples actually living in harmony with nature and in respect of Earth, exploitation soon began, made worse by technology and the Industrial Revolution, exacerbated by our growing numbers and our exponentially-growing demand, greed and love of money feeding the machine of destruction. After all, Earth was ours, given to us by the Almighty to do with it as we wished. As rulers of all things living and beautiful we exploited and destroyed, not caring or understanding about future ramifications, turning the only home we have into a cesspool of waste and pollution, leaving ruin in our wake and extinction in our midst. But Earth is “owned” by us, and so the devastation continues.
We refuse to understand our origins, and thus our reality, and so we continue on the road to violent suicide using the energies of the atom and the dangerousness of genetic, biological and chemical technologies. As humans we refuse to explore who and what we are, in the process failing to understand our behaviors, born of evolution and biology, and our passions, born of mammalian needs and reptilian wants. The belief in our greatness is the greatest mistake of our beliefs. We are on an ego-trip, deluded into believing in our supreme ascendancy, blasting off in a space ship of fantasy, traveling miles away from reality, inevitably heading to self-induced catastrophe.
In reality, we are humans, not gods, billions of pebbles in an otherwise inconspicuous beach, as vulnerable to crashing waves as once monolithic rock now made minute by the carving forces of salt water, eroded into millions of inconsequential sand. To the long, billions year old history of Earth we are but mere hiccups, insignificant organisms relatively new to the soils of the planet, barely scratching the surface of all that has come before us, unable to fully contemplate the longevity of time and space or the massiveness of a universe we belong to, which Earth is but a mere proton-size member of. We are mammals, born of flesh and blood, created out of the primordial cesspools of oozing blob and green ponds of organisms evolving together. We are descended from amphibians and reptiles, for hundreds of millions of years roaming the great expanse of Earth, in time evolving into mammals living among dinosaurs, finally given our chance to thrive through the calamity of a falling asteroid and subsequent extinction of the dinosaurs. A world now dominated by mammals allowed us to evolve once again, transforming from rats to primates over the course of million-year old epochs, in a slow process of evolution that our primitive brains cannot fully understand.
Our brains are the result of our history, from the bacteria we were born out of to the modern man of today. New layers were added through time, yet deep inside, in the most primitive reaches of our minds, the reptile and the mammal we once were talk to us through our behaviors, passions and emotions. It is they who we must understand if we ever want to survive what we are doing to ourselves. The keys to saving humanity from itself lie in opening the doors of our innermost psychology, in knowing and understanding the mammalian world of today, in discovering the ways of our cousins living in nature and in realizing that we are not gods or rulers or chosen ones, but rather a species descended from the primordial cesspool of long lost yesterdays from where everything living was spawned.
Of Tsunamis and Wake Up Calls
The tsunami humankind has recently experienced is a wake up call, a tremor trying to clear our minds from the hazy delusion we have for too long been immersed in. Trying to shake the foundations of our thousands year old ego trip, it has manifested our impotence to nature and the grandeur of Earth’s power, of which we are powerless to control or escape from. In every corner of the globe have we migrated to, and in each region do we remain at the mercy of Earth.
Yet it is humankind that has killed more people than all the natural calamities to ever arise from the bowels of the planet. It is perpetual war and violence, ingrained into the human condition since our inception, making us the most violent creature on the face of the globe, the only one to self-destroy both its home and itself, that has killed more humans than anything manifested by Earth. It is man’s exploitation of self and addiction to materialism, our inability to master the gripping control greed has over us, our perpetual reliance on corrupt and immoral leadership that constantly leads to war and misery, our insistence on pursuing the corrosive mechanism of capitalism, our pursuit of exploiting our fellow man and natural lands, our continued use of primitive forms of energy in times of great technological capacities and our blind pursuit and need for both flag and god that continues to devastate our fellow man, slowly but surely sending our species towards the point of no return, where momentum will be such that our destiny becomes sealed in an irreversible vicious cycle of the worst in the human condition.
Earth has once again laid claim her mighty omnipotence, unaltered by humanity’s locust-like population growth or our voracious consumption and unhindered by the ever-reaching presence of human civilization. For billions of years she has moved the pieces of her living puzzle, delivering a plethora of natural phenomenon that refuses to stop, even for the perceived and self-aggrandizing greatness of our species. She has unleashed her energy since the dawn of time, and will undoubtedly continue to shift her underground plates after human existence ceases to exist. For she is Earth, over four billion years of balance and energy, understanding that plagues have come before just as they will surely arise once again. She remains unperturbed by the six billion strong species that is intent on destroying both itself and her, yet she will survive, in a nanosecond of time recycling the wasted landscapes, polluted airs and devastated waterways that humanity has created, washing away all remnants of what man was and did from the face of her surface. Long after we are gone and long after Earth has been made clean from the destruction we wrought, life will once more thrive and evolve, for Earth will continue living, creating life and returning balance to both herself and the universe.
Yet it is man that has and will continue to kill more of our kind than all natural calamities combined. It is man that will lay waste to more ecosystems than all natural calamities combined. It is man, the self-proclaimed ruler of the planet, and perhaps even the universe, that through human wickedness, exploitation, subjugation and oppression of our fellow beings will unearth more suffering and pain onto those of our same kind. Natural calamities come and go, yet human evil persists. We see it in unending wars, in ethic and religious strife and violence, in new and old crusades, in warlike leadership creating warlike people, in economic genocide and market colonialism, in slavery masked as capitalism, in individual pursuits trumping communal triumph, in division of classes and castes and skin colors and ideologies and opportunities, in the way we treat our fellow man.
Natural calamities such as earthquakes may seem evil, unleashing death and destruction onto humanity, yet it humanity itself which must look itself in the mirror, because what a tsunami achieves in mere moments we sustain for entire centuries. The only difference is that the former arrives without warning, suddenly and catastrophically, its damage apparent in an instant, while the latter is slow and progressive, systemic and devastating, clandestine in implementation and without the attention of the world’s cameras focused on the severe damage it unleashes on billions of human beings. Tsunamis may kill two hundred thousand in one fell swoop, but we kill millions upon millions through our actions, our voting, our acquiescence, our indifference and guilty complicity, creating untold levels of suffering with each passing day that the system creates more poverty, more exploitation and oppression.
It is in times of natural calamity when humanity rises to assist those devastated by what Earth has wrought, contributing money, aid and assistance, helping in any way we can. This is the innate goodness ingrained in most of humanity, and helps bring us all a little bit closer together. This is a wonderful manifestation of humanity, yet we must not wait for these natural phenomenon before we assist those who desperately need aid and food and medicine and shelter and opportunity. The tsunamis of poverty, hunger, exploitation, lost opportunity, disease, marginalization, dehumanization, lack of education, ignorance and oppression are much more debilitating than the natural kind, and must be attacked preemptively, before they unleash their devastating and continued malignancies upon billions throughout the world. It is these tsunamis we must fear most, and those which we should attempt to destroy through our human goodness and willingness to aid our fellow human beings.
Millions of humans die prematurely each year not by tsunamis or earthquakes, but by our exploitation of their lands and labor, by our indifference to their plight as industrialized nations commit yearly acts of economic genocide, as their nation’s treasure is gobbled up by banks and lending institutions, as their lands and their resources are pillaged and raped, as their social programs are gutted to suit the needs of America and other northern nations, condemning billions to a life subsisting on two dollars a day, their talents ignored, opportunity made extinct and futures oppressed.
The goodness of humankind should not wait for tsunamis to rise from the ocean floor because every day is a tsunami for billions of fellow human beings who are being swept out into the ocean of lost lives and shattered dreams. It is time we awaken to this reality, knowing that behind every tsunami-like catastrophe lies an even greater man-made tragedy. | <urn:uuid:cc740352-54ae-41c0-9cae-ac4c41005974> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://valenzuelasveritas.blogspot.com/2005/01/tsunamis-and-this-thing-called.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00274-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945576 | 5,413 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Champaign County Clerk Says Nearly 150 Voters in 2008 Didn’t Live At Stated Address
Champaign County Clerk Mark Shelden is urging voters to act with integrity after discovering nearly 150 people in the county voted illegally in the fall 2008.
He says there is no good way of checking as to whether some of these voters moved within Champaign County and should have filled out a federal-only ballot, or if they left the county entirely. Shelden's office discovered more than 600 pieces of mail sent to voters in 2008 that were returned as undeliverable.
After some research, it was determined that 146 of them provided a different address when registering than the one they lived at on November 2nd. Shelden contends a lot of these people probably didn't think much about listing the wrong address - but adds that kind of thing could affect an outcome of a race.
"When one group of people plays by the rules and doesn't get to vote on the school sales tax referendum and another group of people doesn't play by the rules and gets to vote on things they shouldn't be able to vote on - that's wrong." said Shelden. "In our society, we know virtually everyone is a law breaker in some fashion... they jaywalk, or they speed a little bit... everyone's got their own level of what they consider a law that they're not willing to violate versus laws that they're willing to violate."
Champaign County's sales tax referendum passed last year. But the totals were close when the item failed in 2008. Shelden says while illegal votes probably aren't a high priority for law enforcement, he has turned information on those 146 residents over to the FBI.
Shelden has written about his office's research in his blog, linked to below. | <urn:uuid:9659c304-6c90-4a00-b73b-9077dd04943d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://will.illinois.edu/news/story/champaign-county-clerk-says-nearly-150-voted-illegally-in-fall-2008 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719155.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00333-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983578 | 368 | 1.546875 | 2 |
About the George Barrett Award
The Sidney Hillman Foundation announced the creation of the George Barrett Award in 2015, named in honor of the crusading Nashville attorney, well-known for his role in the civil rights and labor movements and other important social causes.
The George Barrett Award is given to an attorney whose work exemplifies the public spirit of “Citizen Barrett” and the causes he supported over six decades of advocacy.
The George Barrett Award complements the Hillman Foundation’s famed Hillman Prizes, awarded each year since 1950 for journalism in the public interest, and the Sol Stetin Award for Labor History named after Sol Stetin, the president of the Textile Workers Union of America.
“Hundreds of great American journalists have been awarded Hillman Prizes over the last six decades for telling stories in the public interest,” said Hillman Foundation president Bruce Raynor. “But we know that calling attention to the great social causes of our time is just part of what needs to be done. Smart, tough, courageous organizers and lawyers are crucial to social change and civil rights. The Barrett Award recognizes the vital role that lawyers play fighting for justice in our court system, and on behalf of people who don’t have money or power.”
George Barrett, who died in 2014 at the age of 86, was one of Nashville’s most prominent attorneys and spent much of his career defending civil rights activists, anti-war protesters, and labor organizers. He also defended death row inmates and prosecuted lawsuits against public companies accused of cheating investors. One of his biggest cases was Geier v. Tennessee, a higher education desegregation lawsuit that lasted more than 30 years and eventually ended the last vestiges of legal segregation in the South.
At his passing, former Vice President Al Gore called him “a beacon of progressive politics for three generations of Tennesseans.”
Nominations will be made by a panel of attorneys including George Barrett’s daughter, Mary Brewer, an attorney with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; Penda Hair, Legal Director of Forward Justice; Lucas Guttentag, founder and former longtime national director of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Immigrants’ Rights Project, and David Prouty, General Counsel, SEIU 32BJ. | <urn:uuid:00f3f302-d33e-4ae5-9cae-70906944af76> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hillmanfoundation.org/george-barrett-award | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.95827 | 486 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Today, the BC government announced a projected provincial budget surplus of over $1.9 billion even as school districts around the province are considering more school closures and deeper cutbacks. BCTF President Glen Hansman reacted to the news by calling on the government to make an immediate and substantial re-investment in BC's public education system.
“With the BC government sitting on a $1.9 billion surplus, it's time to significantly increase education funding to ensure our students and teachers get the support they need in the province's classrooms,” said Hansman. “Back in the spring, the government made several small one-off funding announcements in response to growing parent and community advocacy, but none of those one-offs have made the impact that is really needed. With such a massive surplus, it's time for the government to commit to the long-term, stable, and adequate education funding that parents, trustees, adult learners, and teachers have been calling for.”
Hansman also pointed out that significant funding and resources are required if the government wants its revamped curriculum to be successfully implemented.
“Teachers across BC are asking the government to back up their curriculum changes with additional and ongoing funding and resources,” said Hansman. “For teachers to offer students the best of the new curriculum, we need up-to-date textbooks, science equipment, technology, and other supplies.
“BC currently funds public education $1,000 less per student than the national average. It's long past time our government brought BC up to at least the national average. Increased education funding will mean smaller classes, better support for children with special needs, and more one-on-one time for all students. The money is there, it's time to make it happen.” | <urn:uuid:b355092b-2e8f-49db-ac96-ba0ccb19ea83> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bctf.ca/NewsReleases.aspx?id=43099 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00315-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969467 | 370 | 1.632813 | 2 |
This book explores Muslims' conception of themselves as "the people of the book" and explains the multifaceted meanings of this concept. Published jointly with the Library of Congress, it is an illustrated history of the book and the written word in th
The Book in the Islamic World brings together serious studies on the book as an intellectual entity and as a vehicle of cultural development. Written by a group of distinguished scholars, it examines and reflects upon this unique tool of communication not as a physical artifact but as a manifestation of the aspirations, values, and wisdom of Arabs and Muslims in general.
The Islamic system of book production differed from that of the West. This volume shows the peculiarities of book making and the intellectual principles that governed a book's inner structure, mysteries, and impact on culture. Investigated and explained are the issues involved in printing; the compilation of the Koran, the most important book in Islam; attitudes toward books; the oral versus the written tradition; metaphors of the book in literature; biographical dictionaries, an important genre of Islamic books; the grammatical tradition; women's contribution to calligraphy; scientific manuscripts; the transition from scribal to print culture; publishing in the modern Arab World; and the new electronic media, a non-book vehicle of communication, and its impact on education.
George N. Atiyeh is the head of the Near East Section at the Library of Congress. He has authored and edited a number of books and articles, among which are al-Kindi, the Philosopher of the Arabs; The Contemporary Middle East, 1948-1973: A Bibliography; and Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses.
"The scholarship is sound, persuasive, interesting, and compelling. Most attractive to me is the breadth of the book. It is pleasantly instructive, and with the various illustrations is a delight to the eyes as well as to the mind. " -- Charles E. Butterworth, University of Maryland, College Park | <urn:uuid:4c51560c-f3e3-474f-accf-fc73eae77a14> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sunypress.edu/Books/T/The-Book-in-the-Islamic-World2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.944083 | 399 | 2.796875 | 3 |
LIPO fat separators are installed in places of their excessive formation, e.g. in bars, restaurants, mass catering points, in meat and food processing plants, etc.
Natural fats are a mixture of glycerol esters and higher fatty acids. They are available in solid, semi-solid and liquid states. Fats are divided into two groups: animal fats (lard, butter, tallow, blubber, etc.) and vegetable fats commonly known as oils (olive oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil and others).
Excessive grease in sewer networks causes fouling of the pipes. As a result of biological decomposition, fats form corrosive fatty acids with an unpleasant odor. In municipal wastewater treatment plants, they pose serious operational problems (e.g. overgrowth of deposits, oxygen deficit).
LIPO fat separators
NavoTech manufactures separators in free-standing, under-sink and underground versions. The free-standing and under-sink versions of the separators are made of PE-HD polyethylene. Tanks for underground construction are made of structural, double-walled PE-HD pipes with high ring stiffness from SN2 (as standard) to SN8 or of concrete class C35/45.
LIPO fat separators in NavoTech offer:
- LIPO-PZ under-sink separator, free-standing construction, made of polyethylene,
- LIPO-W separator for free-standing construction, made of polyethylene,
- LIPO-TW separator for free-standing installation, integrated settler, made of polyethylene,
- LIPO-PE polyethylene separator for underground installation,
- LIPO-T underground separator, integrated settler, made of polyethylene,
- LIPO-B underground concrete separator,
- LIPO-BO underground separator, integrated settler, made of concrete. | <urn:uuid:50d2b970-f547-4670-b56f-6e78818aa093> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://navotech.com.pl/en/offer/water-and-sewage/fat-separators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.881884 | 419 | 2.3125 | 2 |
For high achievers who fear falling short.
For those who aim for perfection
but keep raising the bar higher.
For those who need help
but fear the stigma of seeking it.
For those who smile through pain
when the pain is too much to handle.
When striving for success drives one to the edge.
When those on the up and up
find themselves coming down.
When life throws a curve ball
and one has no practice handling them.
When the need for success compromises happiness and that unhappiness is difficult to articulate.
For all the Stephys and their families.
Join the effort @
You would be surprised who else has been there... and made it through.
The Stephanie Becker Fund Mission:
1. Promote parity between mental and physical health
2. Promote emotional wellness with a focus on the workplace
3. Eradicate the stigma asssociated with emotional health issues and their treatment
1. Effectively identify, reach, and help those at risk or in need
2. Empower family and friends trying to help those at risk or in need
3. Assist family and friends with the trauma and grief that accompanies coping with the loss of a loved one
20-40 year olds who are high-achieving, high-functioning individuals that are struggling emotionally (including those who may lack any apparent history of psychological health issues) | <urn:uuid:6553753e-c7d9-4942-b02f-142bbcc1d17f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://juliebecker11.wixsite.com/stephaniebecker/mission | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.937388 | 300 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Mitigating the potential risks your business might face in the coming year helps ensure you can ride the ups and downs of running your own company without crashing. While it’s impossible to predict everything that might happen, there are some common pitfalls to running a small business for which you can prepare.
In the latest report from the United States Small Business Administration, experts showed the survival rate of new businesses is 67.6% in the first two years. The number drops to 33.6% at the ten-year mark and a dismal 25.7% for fifteen years.
As many small business owners learned in 2020, sudden disasters can cause a massive shift. When shutdowns occurred due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many companies floundered due to lack of planning for such an event. Not every brand could pivot and figure out how to stay in business.
Pandemics aren’t the only threat businesses face either. Below are the 10 most common potential risks and how to prepare for them now. A little forward thinking may mean the difference between long-term success and failure for your company.
1. Economic Uncertainty
The economy runs in cycles. Different factors impact it in various ways. Some elements are predictable if you look at patterns, but others aren’t. For example, the pandemic of 2020 wasn’t something anyone expected.
Your best defense against economic fluctuations is keeping healthy cash flow. Lack of cash during growth stages is one reason many companies cite failure. When things are going well, set aside a rainy day fund.
Even if the economy remains strong, you’ll have enough cash to scale growth. You can invest in a terrific deal, upgrade equipment when it fails and pour more money into marketing.
If you run a brick-and-mortar store or own a warehouse, the potential for theft is always present. Most insurance policies don’t cover losses due to burglary. Getting police to respond quickly increases the odds they’ll catch the perpetrators.
It makes sense the faster you catch culprits, the more likely you’ll recover some if not all of your stolen goods. Invest in a strong security system with cameras to capture footage of illegal activity and notify law enforcement instantly.
3. Compliance Regulations
Depending on what type of business you run, you may be subject to any number of regulations in your area and globally. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) out of the European Union (EU) applies to any country doing business or collecting information from citizens of EU countries.
If you sell a product on your website to someone who lives in France, you may fall under GDPR if you don’t take steps to protect your customers’ information. Know the laws for your industry.If you fail to follow the rules, you could be hit with fines by any number of regulatory companies, including the EU, OSHA and the EPA.
4. Damaged Reputation
At some point in every business’ lifespan, mistakes cause a crisis of some sort. Perhaps you release a faulty product, your employees lack customer service skills or delivery times become lengthy. Whatever the reason, a sudden influx of poor reviews might harm your overall brand name and cause a loss of revenue.
Your best line of defense is by keeping an eye on what people say about you online. You can set up alerts to notify you anytime your brand name pops up. You should also monitor social media mentions. If you see bad reviews, stop and fix whatever issue caused them and address them immediately.
Keep the name of a reputation management firm on hand in case you need to enlist their services. PR companies sometimes offer this service and will help you spin the situation to your favor.
5. Data Breaches
The pandemic forced many companies to move to a remote model. Cybercriminals everywhere rejoiced at the increased opportunities to steal personal data. IBM’s 2020 Cost of Data Breach Report uncovered an increased cost to brands of $137,000. About 76% of survey participants indicated the nature of remote work would mean a longer time to identify and contain a data breach.
You might think cybersecurity is a more significant concern for large corporations, but many small businesses face the threat of an attack. Now is the time to shore up your security. Invest in virus protection, change passwords regularly and train your employees how to avoid compromising their computers and accounts.
6. Natural Disasters
No matter where your business resides, there is some type of natural disaster potential. If you’re on the west coast, you may worry about earthquakes. The Florida panhandle is subject to hurricane force winds. The midwest often brings flooding and soaring summer temperatures.
Spend time writing out the potential natural disasters which might occur in your area. Have a plan in place for how you’ll respond. Your first priority should always be getting humans to safety. Your employees and customers should go home when impending weather looms.
Know how you’ll stay afloat if the worst happens. Have insurance adjustor numbers close at hand, so you can call and get on the list for an assessment. Is there a backup location where you can run a pop-up shop for a few weeks? Do you have enough cash on hand to pay employees even if you’re closed? You don’t want to lose your highly skilled workers.
7. Sudden Marketplace Changes
Did your business do a pivot during the COVID pandemic? People’s spending habits changed on a dime with many buying only essential items. Distilleries changed their operations over to make hand sanitizer for first responders and their customers. Restaurants adopted a curbside and delivery model to keep things running.
What happens when life as you know it changes due to no fault of your own? Is your business prepared to pivot and do so quickly? One way to prepare is to write out some potential scenarios, such as a second pandemic, wildfires, floods, sudden crime, etc. How would you respond to each situation?
While you might face something totally different than expected, training yourself in a pivot mindset may be all that’s needed to adapt quickly. You should also encourage your staff to share out-of-the-box thinking on a regular basis. You never know when you might need their fresh ideas to stay in business during a catastrophe.
8. Lack of Employees
The worker shortage isn’t just hitting the United States. The United Kingdom faces a similar issue. Industries such as restaurants and trucking have a hard time filling empty positions. People refuse to work for low pay and high risk.
In April, four million people resigned from their positions with about 649,000 of them being retail employees. Businesses already struggling from lower income due to the pandemic may have a hard time paying workers more and thus suffer from lack of staff when they need it most.
While you can only pay what you can afford to workers, you can develop a strong company culture to lift them up and show them you care. Pay for training, give them some perks the big companies don’t and treat them as though you value them. If you don’t, you can be sure another company will.
Many people got used to staying home during the pandemic. Some decided to start their own businesses, no longer content to work for someone else. For a few, they were laid off and had no choice but to figure out how to create their own income.
You may even find some of your old employees started a business directly competing with you. After all, they know how you run your company and they likely have the insider information needed to operate efficiently.
The only way to stay on top of new competition is to actively seek information on what’s available in your industry. Pay attention to the unique value proposition (UVP) of your nearest competitors. What do they claim to do well? How is your UVP different? Note areas of weakness they have and make those things your strengths.
Do an assessment every few months, mapping the areas where your competitors have a presence. Pay attention to their marketing, new products and local events. You can’t keep up with the competition if you don’t have a clear idea of what they’re doing and how best to compete.
The pandemic also increased the shift toward a more autonomous world and remote work environment. Figuring out how to automate some industries is quite a challenge and there is a big risk you could fall behind due to the expense of investing in new equipment and technologies.
Look at the things taking up most of your employees’ time. What elements are repetitive? Could a machine do a faster and better job on some things?
As more businesses turn to ordering kiosks and remote work, expect the cost of equipment and services to come down a bit. Invest in those things that make the most sense for your business model and wait on the ones that don’t. Make sure your workers know you are changing their roles and not doing away with them. You don’t want to lose valuable employees in the middle of a labor shortage.
Plan for the Worst
Create a plan for what might happen. Expect the best but if anything else occurs, you’ll be ready for the risk and able to make a sudden shift to ensure your business continues on successfully. Any business faces hundreds of potential risks, but the benefits far outweigh them. Plan but don’t worry as some things may never occur. If they do, though, you’ll be prepared. | <urn:uuid:5c98201d-08e2-4862-b5c0-7c1f7d315651> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.businessforum.uk/blog/10-potential-risks-your-business-might-face-in-the-next-year/1328 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.947389 | 1,992 | 2.140625 | 2 |
In the run-up to Christmas, I had a remarkable number of conversations that went something like this:
Me: “Are you doing anything for the holidays?”
Them: “Yes! We’re going to France/to Australia/to Venice to stay in a chateau/at a surfing resort/with my stepmother, the Contessa. Then we’re going back to London/on to New Zealand/over to Rome to see “Mamma Mia!” / where they filmed “Lord of the Rings”/the Pope. What are you doing for Christmas?”
Me: “Um…we’re having dinner with friends at a pub where they walk a horse through the bar on Christmas Day.”
Yes, we chose a quiet close-to-home Christmas this year, venturing no further than West Sussex, but getting in on one of those age-old and inexplicable traditions that crop up all over the UK: they’ve been walking a horse through the bar of the Fox Inn in the little hamlet of Bucks Green for so long that nobody remembers when it started, or why.
Staff at the pub said they believe it may have to do with keeping a bridleway open, though that’s just a guess. British ramblers (US: hikers) can be fiercely protective of their right to use public footpaths and bridle paths, which can bring them into conflict with landowners when owners and ramblers have different ideas of how extensive the public’s rights really are.
Walkers, often from the Ramblers (a nationwide association), go past my house every once in a while, groups of people wearing plastic sleeves full of maps hanging from straps around their necks. They traverse all the local footpaths as a hobby, a form of exercise, and a means of asserting their right to keep those paths public and to make sure no one is threatening to close any right of way. On the other side of the fence (sometimes literally), landowners may close paths over private land a few days a year to remind people that the public has no right to pass. An old friend of mine in Essex had one of these—they’re called permissive paths—across his land, and used to close the gate on Christmas Day every year to remind people that while he was happy for them to walk across the land, his farm was private property.
Which brings us back to Christmas, and to the Fox Inn where a horse—his name is Blue—visits for lunch at Christmas. There’s a brick path running right through the building; presumably that’s the old bridleway and at some point—by at least the 16th century, because the present building dates back that far—somebody plunked a pub down right onto it. So Blue comes in on Christmas day, eats a bag of crisps (US: potato chips), has a bowl of beer, and then walks on out the other side.
I followed him out to snap some more pictures because the pub was chock full of people and I couldn’t get close enough to the horse inside the building to get a decent photo, though a very kind (and very tall) stranger lifted my camera up over his head to take a shot over the crowd. I don’t know where all the people came from; Bucks Green is a small group of houses classed as a hamlet, an outlier of the thriving metropolis of Rudgwick, itself a village that can claim all of 2900 people (if they round up to an nice-looking number).
A good proportion of Bucks Green citizenry must have been in the pub that day. In fact, Blue’s handler had to persuade him at one point not to try go back in. Once is all it takes; even if no other horse ever walks up to the bar at the Fox, the bridleway is (presumably) safe for another year. | <urn:uuid:eaea5ebf-cb4c-482e-b542-b066c2d5efea> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mefoley.wordpress.com/2011/12/30/christmas-horse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00386-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963719 | 833 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Each afternoon, with the sun slipping toward the horizon, photographer Mike Hettwer would hurry from Bangladesh’s shipbreaking yards to a teahouse where workers gathered for their evening break. “I noticed this golden light that would gradually descend the wall for just a few minutes,” he says. The men seemed to bask in it, lingering over the last of their sweet tea before returning to the job at hand: dismantling derelict ships, using little more than acetylene torches and their bare hands.
“When I started photographing in the yards, I was impressed by the spectacle of massive ships being demolished,” says Hettwer. “But I soon realized the heart of this story is these men who risk their lives for little more than a couple dollars a day.” During several trips over six years, he followed them into the oil-slick bowels of tankers and through the pitch-black passages of cargo ships. But his most intense experience was feeling the shock wave when a ship exploded nearby and rushing to the scene. “The owners had sealed off the yards, but from a distance I could see workers frantically carrying the bodies of their friends out of the smoking wreckage.” —Peter Gwin | <urn:uuid:827f11ea-07ab-44a5-9743-12a0e721eeb6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/05/shipbreakers/hettwer-field-notes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00380-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981073 | 255 | 1.851563 | 2 |
A life transformed, thanks to your support.
With your support of the project Rescue And Educate "Carpet Kids" In South Asia project, GoodWeave has worked for many years to rescue children from labor and exploitation to transition them to school. Eleven-year-old Maya, a beneficiary of GoodWeave programs, is one success story.
Growing up in Nepal, Maya watched as her two older brothers were sent to work as servants to repay their father’s gambling loan of $34. Maya dreaded she’d be next, and then she was.
Maya was taken to a Kathmandu carpet factory and forced to weave rugs to pay off her father’s latest loan. There she suffered silently through taunts and beatings, stomachaches and fevers. She accepted that she would grow up illiterate, just like her brothers.
Then, earlier this year, on February 28th, Maya was rescued by GoodWeave inspectors. Today, 11-year-old Maya is happy to have a safe home at the GoodWeave center and the opportunity to go to school. She is a disciplined and diligent student. Maya hasn’t decided what she wants to be yet, but that’s okay. Thanks to your committed support to Rescue And Educate "Carpet Kids" In South Asia project, she can now choose her own future.
PS. Just a reminder that on October 17th is GlobalGiving’s final Bonus Day of the 2012. GlobalGiving is offering a match on all donations given on that day. This is a fantastic opportunity to increase the impact of your support to help end child labor and transform the lives of the thousands of children trapped in carpet work.
Also, please help us spread the word about this opportunity to your family and friends through Facebook and email. | <urn:uuid:d5b51b04-6054-4ed2-82f0-e9a4ac9ffde3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/rescue-and-educate-child-laborers/updates/?subid=24514 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00078-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974598 | 377 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Delicious and packed with germ-busting vitamin C, many people call upon bijora fruit benefits to keep them healthy when cold and flu season comes around. And while their immune boosting powers are common knowledge, most people don’t realize all the other ways these juicy fruits can improve our health—from weight loss to skin care. It is considered to be an important medicinal plant in Unani and Ayurvedic medicine where both the peel and the whole fruit are used.
The bijora fruit is characterized by its thick rind and small sections. Generally, it is eaten preserved by making pickels. It is a very effective medicine and clears the throat and helps in digestion. Bijora fruit benefits cures asthama, cough, and other disorders caused due to bile. Increases the appetite and its roots destroy worms, give relief in rheumatism. Bijora fruit benefits are loaded with a rich array of nutrients that include high levels of Vitamin C, potent antioxidants, dietary fibre, calcium, iron, beta-carotene, niacin, manganese, zinc, selenium, vitamin B6, and potassium.
1. Reduce Signs of Aging
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) helps to regenerate collagen and helps to improve elasticity. When it comes to skin health, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is right on top of the list of nutrients that you need to keep your skin looking young. The consumption of bijora fruits becomes even more important here because not only does the amount of collagen reduce in our skin with aging but also because our body cannot naturally produce it. Good intake of vitamin C is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer as it helps to get of free radicals that cause damage to our DNA.
2. Skin Exfoliant
The citric acid in these fruits kill bacteria and other pathogens. The coarseness of the bijora peels act as great exfoliants for clearing out clogged pores and dead skin cells. The coarse peel of this bijora fruit is filled with vitamin C, which is a great exfoliating and cleansing agent. It clears all old, dead skin cells and shrinks pores to leave your skin looking clear and glowing
3. Reduce Pigmentation
Dark spots and pigmentation occur when your skin is exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun. The antioxidants found in vitamin C prevent skin pigmentation and oxidative damage induced by ultraviolet rays of the sun. For this purpose, you can either consume bijora fruit or apply it’s juice topically.
4. Improves Hair Health
Vitamin C along with bio-flavonoids in bijoras aids in circulation to the scalp which in turn promotes hair growth. It also helps with strength & structure: Vitamin C produces collagen in your body– providing strength and structure for your hair follicles. They also contain folic acid, a type of vitamin B that is vital to hair growth.
5. Boosts Immune System
Bijora fruit benefits contains flavonoids, plant compounds that may promote heart health. That’s because they are filled with Vitamin C, which you need to produce the white blood cells that destroy viruses, bacteria and other foreign invaders. Bijora fruit also contain vitamin A, folate and copper, nutrients that assist Vitamin C in keeping your immune system in tip-top shape.
6. Promotes Heart Health
Bijora fruit benefits include an electrolyte mineral, is responsible for helping the heart function well. Potassium is involved in every heart beat, as it helps the heart squeeze and send blood through the body. Vitamin C has also been linked to reduced risk of heart disease.
7. Cancer & Strokes
Many studies have linked citrus fruits like bijora to a reduced risk of certain cancers. Bijora fruits contain vitamin A (carotenoids) and folate. Folate is needed for cell division and DNA synthesis. Folate and vitamin A aid in preventing breast, esophageal, stomach, ovarian and liver cancer. They also contain flavonoids that have been proven to help reduce ischemic strokes in women by 19%.
8. Weight Loss
Bijora fruit benefits when paired with a low-calorie diet, work brilliantly in helping you lose weight. This is because aside from being low in calories, they also have a high water and fiber content that fills you up and prevents you from feeling hungry Thiamin is a B vitamin found in bijora fruits that help boost metabolism. Bijora fruits are also low in calories yet have a high water and fiber content. They keep you hydrated, full and prevent hunger. Bijora fruits also aid in digestion and support weight loss.
9. Eye Health
Bijora fruit benefits contain vitamin C. Vitamin C not only helps maintain the health of the blood vessels in your eyes, but it is also essential to reduce the risk of developing cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. The Vitamin A present in bijora fruit also play an important role in keeping the mucus membranes in the eyes healthy.
10. Alkalizes the Body
While the basic nature of bijora fruit is acidic before you actually digest them, they have a lot of alkaline minerals that play a role in the process of digestion. This property of bijora fruits is similar to that of lemons, which are without doubt among the most alkaline foods.
11. Reduce Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are painful mineral crystals that form when your urine is very concentrated or when you have higher-than-normal amounts of stone-forming minerals in your urine. One type of kidney stone is caused by low levels of citrate in urine. Bijora fruit benefits can raise the levels of citrate in your urine, lowering the risk of kidney stone development.
So, you see, bijora fruit benefits are the key to good health, beautiful skin, and strong hair. Interested in other health packed fruits? Check out salacca fruit, amarphal fruit, and mamey fruit health benefits. | <urn:uuid:9bdc8bc9-704a-4237-aec6-5d851615d299> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://healthyhuemans.com/11-great-bijora-fruit-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.932449 | 1,261 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Show stopper displays of color and fragrance at home
POPULAR FLOWER SEEDS
City Floral carries a large variety of flower seeds that can create a magnificent show-stopping display throughout your yard. Whether you are planting in the ground, in a patio pot, or creating your own hanging basket for your front porch you’ll find exactly what you are looking for at City Floral Garden Center in Denver!
Create the garden of your dreams with beautiful annual flower seeds from City Floral. Annuals provide a continuous display of color throughout the spring and summer. These flowers are colorful and often fragrant, making them perfect for your pollinator garden by attracting butterflies, hummingbirds, or beneficial bees in the garden love them too. Visit us at City Floral, and let us help you pick out the best seeds for your garden!
AND MORE SEEDS AT CITY FLORAL GARDEN CENTER!
DENVER SEED CALENDAR
To help you determine the best times to start seeds indoors, transplant them outside or just direct sow them we put together a seed calendar for all of Colorado.
SEED & CUTTING SOIL
Growing new plants from seed is a delicate process that requires them to be started in a special type of soil to ensure proper growth. At City Floral, we carry the best soils for your seed starting project.
We suggest Fertilome Seed & Cutting Soil. Ask your cashier for help.
We carry a large selection of seed supplies that will help you create the garden of your dreams.
FEATURED BLOG POSTS
The houseplant craze that started pre-pandemic, has grown faster than a pothos in perfect conditions. And
Making a beautiful floral centerpiece for your Christmas dinner or holiday party is quick and easy when you have the right supplies. You can make your centerpiece as simple or as extravagant as you want. Your guests will be impressed either way! | <urn:uuid:590c98ad-b352-4185-9137-3d3738a20462> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.trainrunescape.com/seeds/flower-seeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.89794 | 422 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Australian police and animal welfare inspectors are investigating the discovery of at least 55 greyhound carcasses near Bundaberg in Queensland.
The investigation is part of the Joint Greyhound Racing Inquiry Task Force, set up after revelations that Australian greyhounds were being trained to chase live piglets, possums and rabbits tied to mechanical lures.
So far, 36 Queensland trainers have been suspended and six issued with life bans from dog racing.
Queensland Police Minister Jo-Ann Miller said the animal cruelty was totally sickening and it would not be tolerated in her state.
The Queensland Government has also ordered an independent review of the state's greyhound industry to investigate how the practice went undetected. | <urn:uuid:78d5d675-d493-4c20-bb8d-27ce5c0933da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/270269/greyhound-carcasses-found-in-queensland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.962616 | 145 | 1.734375 | 2 |
A playful way to learn the recorder
|Musical Editions||Book, CD|
|Author / Composer||Jaap Kastelein, Paul van der Voort|
|Publisher / Producer||De Haske|
|Producer No.||DHP 1074057-400|
This carefully constructed recorder book has more to offer than just enjoyable tunes. After an initial explanation of musical notation, the young recorder player will progress step by step, and note for note, guided by short exercises. The fingerings for new notes are clearly indicated. Difficult rhythms do not occur in My First Recorder Book. The recorder player can easily work through this book without the help of a teacher. Playing enjoyment is the main thing.The play-along CD offers support and is a motivational tool. The tunes form ideal material for small concerts at home and for school performances. | <urn:uuid:d8ea8c59-0028-4714-8e24-3e08df9238d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.stretta-music.com/kastelein-vandervoort-my-first-recorder-book-nr-887102.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.851751 | 237 | 2.671875 | 3 |
An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers. Seeram Ramakrishna
ISBN: 9812564543,9789812564542 | 396 pages | 10 Mb
An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers Seeram Ramakrishna
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
(2011) Technological advances in electrospinning of nanofibers. Various nanofibre assemblies, and coaxial electrospinning . An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers [Seeram Ramakrishna] on Amazon.com. Electrospraying is a Electrospinning is a process of formation of nanofibers nanofiber varies from 2 m/sec to 200 m/sec depending on the. This review presents an introduction to polymer nanofiber electrospinning, focusing on the use of natural proteins and synthetic peptides. Fabrication of ceramic fibers via electrospinning has recently drawn much interest owing to their simple nature of fabrication and versatile applications . As depicted in Ltd., An Introduction to. An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers. Electrospinning is one of the most widely used processes for the production of nanofibers. Introduction to electrospinning and nanofibers. Publication » “An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers”. *FREE* super saver shipping on qualifying offers. This technique of producing nanofibers employs electrostatic forces for stretching the viscoelastic fluid . EBay: Aimed at the researchers in the field, this book covers the areas of electro- spinning and nanofibers. Ɩ件名:An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers.rar 文件大小:13.71M 分享者:403874541 分享时间:2013-4-22 11:16 下载次数:56. Functional Nanofibers via Electrospinning: New Materials and (2) Ramakrishna, S. In An introduction to electrospinning and nanofibers; World Scientific:.
Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, 4th Edition book download
Locks, Safes and Security: An International Police Reference Two Volumes ebook
Shorinji Kempo book | <urn:uuid:3256bc1b-12f5-49db-bb0f-b28738d03772> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://qebefedaroni.comunidades.net/an-introduction-to-electrospinning-and-nanofibers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.750792 | 524 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Councillors are our community leaders. They advocate in the interests of the Shire and make important decisions on your behalf.
Moorabool Shire's Wards
Wards are the electorates a Councillor represents. Moorabool Shire consists of one four-Councillor ward and three single-Councillor wards.
Find out what ward you live in and who your Councillors are.
The division is:
MEET YOUR COUNCILLORS
The Councillor Code of Conduct(DOCX, 116KB) was adopted by resolution of Council on 24 February 2021 in accordance with section 139 of the Local Government Act 2020.
The Code of Conduct is established as part of Council's commitment to govern Moorabool Shire effectively and adhering to the principles of good governance.
Following Council elections, it is the responsibility of the newly elected Councillors to elect one Councillor as Mayor. The Mayoral term may be for 12 or 24 months pending a decision of Council. The elected Mayor may either be re-elected for another 12-month term or Councillors may elect another Councillor as Mayor. The Mayoral election is conducted at a Statutory and Annual Appointments Meeting in early November. A Deputy Mayor may also be appointed. | <urn:uuid:d71a84c9-fc9e-4c45-967c-683ebfaec69a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.moorabool.vic.gov.au/About-Council/Councillors-and-meetings/Councillors?lang_update=637926363499246216 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.963896 | 268 | 1.640625 | 2 |
AbstractThere is an urgent and unmet clinical need to improve accuracy and safety during needle-based interventional procedures including regional anaesthesia and cancer biopsy. In ultrasound guided percutaneous needle procedures, there is a universal problem of imaging the needle, particularly the tip, especially in dense tissues and steep insertion angles. Poor visualization of the needle tip can have serious consequences for the patients including nerve damage and internal bleeding in regional anaesthesia and, in the case of biopsy, mis-sampling, resulting in misdiagnosis or the need for repeat biopsy. The aim of the work was to design and develop an ergonomic ultrasound device to actuate standard, unmodified needles such that the visibility of needle can be enhanced when observed under colour Doppler mode of ultrasound imaging. This will make the needle procedures efficient through accurate needle placement while reducing the overall procedure duration.
The research reported in this thesis provides an insight into the new breed of piezoelectric materials. A methodology is proposed and implemented to characterize the new piezocrystals under ambient and extreme practical conditions. For the first time, the IEEE standard method (1987) was applied to an investigation of this type with binary (PMN-PT) and ternary (PIN-PMN-PT) compositions of piezocrystals. Using the existing data and the data obtained through characterization, finite element analysis (FEA) were carried to adequately design the ultrasound device. Various configurations of the device were modelled and fabricated, using both piezoceramic and piezocrystal materials, in order to assess the dependency of device’s performance on the configuration and type of piezoelectric material used. In order to prove the design concept and to measure the benefits of the device, pre-clinical trials were carried out on a range of specimens including the soft embalmed Thiel cadavers. Furthermore, an ultrasound planar cutting tool with various configurations was also designed and developed as an alternative to the existing cumbersome ultrasonic scalpels. These configurations were based on new piezocrystals including the Mn-doped ternary (Mn:PIN-PMN-PT) material.
It is concluded that the needle actuating device can significantly enhance the visibility of standard needles and additionally benefits in reducing the penetration force. However, in order to make it clinically viable, further work is required to make it compliant with the medical environment. The piezocrystals tested under practical conditions although offer extraordinary piezoelectric properties, are vulnerable to extreme temperature and drive conditions. However, it is observed that newer piezocrystals, especially Mn:PIN-PMN-PT have shown the potential to replace the conventional piezoceramics in high power and actuator applications. Moreover, the d31-mode based planar cutting tool contrasts with the cumbersome design of mass-spring transducer structure and has the potential to be used in surgical procedures.
|Date of Award||2013|
|Supervisor||Zhihong Huang (Supervisor) & Sandy Cochran (Supervisor)|
- Piezoelectric Materials
- Regional Anaesthesia
- Penetration Force | <urn:uuid:30edd820-aad0-4820-8ab1-c47c70d613de> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/enhanced-biopsy-and-regional-anaesthesia-through-ultrasound-actua | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.92505 | 683 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Accession Number : ADA311483
Title : China and the Revolution in Military Affairs.
Descriptive Note : Final rept.,
Corporate Author : ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA
Personal Author(s) : Gill, Bates ; Henley, Lonnie
PDF Url : ADA311483
Report Date : MAY 1996
Pagination or Media Count : 64
Abstract : The author of the first essay, 'China and the Revolution in Military Affairs: Assessing Economic and Socio-cultural Factors,' argues that, for a variety of reasons, China cannot seize the Revolution in Military Affairs. For example, China is missing a generation of educated men and women due to the excesses of the cultural revolution. The author of the second essay, 'China's Capacity for Achieving a Revolution in Military Affairs,' argues that China's limited capabilities of air and sea forces will not enable it to achieve the level of military capability demonstrated by the United States during the Gulf War.
Descriptors : *MILITARY CAPABILITIES, *MILITARY MODERNIZATION, *POLITICAL REVOLUTION, *CHINA, ECONOMICS, LIMITATIONS, RUSSIA, CULTURE, SOCIOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY FORECASTING, INFORMATION SCIENCES.
Subject Categories : Government and Political Science
Military Operations, Strategy and Tactics
Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE | <urn:uuid:7d1725ed-fa62-4aec-ad4b-e555d9c1402c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA311483 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00503-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.752215 | 312 | 1.625 | 2 |
SAN FRANCISCO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) has approved an increase in rebates offered through the California Solar Initiative (CSI)-Thermal Program of up to 45 percent. The CPUC authorized the higher rebates to help boost early adoption of solar water heating technology and encourage involvement in the statewide program.
Through the program administrators – California Center for Sustainable Energy® (CCSE) in the San Diego Gas & Electric Company® territory; Pacific Gas & Electric Company® (PG&E); Southern California Edison® (SCE); and Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas®) – customers who heat their water with electricity, natural gas or propane can be eligible for the program’s highest solar water heating rebate yet.
The increased incentive structure applies to the early steps of the CSI-Thermal Program, with cash rebates rising 45 percent for qualifying systems installed on single-family homes and by 13.33 percent for those installed on commercial or multi-family buildings. The maximum rebate has increased to $2,719 for single-family homes and remains at $500,000 for multi-family or commercial buildings.
The rebate increases apply to all CSI-Thermal Program applications submitted after July 3, 2012. Requirements must be met to qualify for a rebate under the program, and factors such as how much energy the system can displace will affect the amount of rebate that can be received.
In addition to CSI-Thermal rebates, customers may be able to take advantage of the 30% Federal Investment Tax Credit on the net cost of a system less the CSI rebate. (Customers should consult the IRS or a tax professional for details.)
Typical solar water heating systems reduce the amount of energy needed to heat water by working as a companion system with a current water heater. The system captures the warmth of the sun and transfers the heat to the water. The solar-heated water is held in a storage tank until it’s needed to replace the hot water pulled from the conventional water heater for use in sinks, showers, baths, dishwashers and washing machines.
For more information about the benefits of solar water heating and the rebates available for qualifying systems through the CSI-Thermal Program, visit: http://waterheatedbythesun.com.
About the California Solar Initiative
The California Solar Initiative (CSI)-Thermal Program is funded by California investor-owned utility customers and is administered by regional Program Administrators under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. CSI-Thermal is part of the overarching “Go Solar California” campaign, which is a joint effort of the California Energy Commission and the California Public Utilities Commission. | <urn:uuid:cbae72fc-7e89-43d4-988a-f8421f1d7d13> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.esolarenergynews.com/2012/12/californians-encouraged-to-take.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00425-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903206 | 561 | 1.65625 | 2 |
As if nothing had happened in the defunct Trump administration, it was revealed that President Joe Biden had removed the button from Donald Trump’s Diet Coke Butler, which had been installed in the Resolute office. Yeah, that’s right. A Diet Coke button. You may recall that the Washington Post reported in 2017 that Donald Trump was drinking Diet Coke, and in large quantities. Critics have compared his controversial policies and nightly storms on Twitter to his penchant for caffeinated beverages, and many have suggested that Donald Trump’s health is at risk because of his poor diet and excessive consumption of Coca-Cola diets.
It has been reported that President Trump has a butler’s knot on his desk that he would push and White House staff would quickly pull out one of his 12 daily diet shakes and Trump would be happy. That button disappeared when President Joe Biden went to work fighting the coronavirus pandemic and repealed much of what President Donald Trump had put in place during his four years in office through executive orders, proclamations and statements.
Needless to say, memes about Donald Trump’s addiction to diet coke and Butler’s Butler’s Button are flooding social media.
Here’s a tweet from 2017, when it was first revealed that Donald Trump was addicted to Diet Coke.
Trump allegedly drank 12 cans of Diet Coke a day. Is it great? No wonder he went off the rails. He hasn’t eaten real food in years. Well, garbage. Go on. So far, the worst president in the world. #NaturalSelection but not fast enough https://t.co/w34PKH4LjM pic.twitter.com/XDXR8kAutQ
– The Real Jack Chow (@TheRealJackChow) December 13, 2017.
You may remember that video that went around the world where Donald Trump mispronounced the word Origins when he said Orange. Many attribute it to his addiction to Diet Coke. You can see it below.
Son of a bitch. My grandfather started saying this and then there was a family gathering and we hired a nurse to watch him at home. https://t.co/7bptnuWRSz
– Patton Oswalt (@pattonoswalt) April 3, 2019
Journalists are currently discussing the Diet Coca-Cola button and its removal. Tom Newton Dunn told the story of an interview with President Trump that made him see a red button. According to Dunn, after Donald Trump called them, White House staff brought him a Diet Coke on a silver platter.
Dunn shared photos from his visit to the White House, and you can see a large box on a table with a red button on it.
President Biden abolished the Diet Coke button. When Donald Trump and I interviewed @ShippersUnbound in 2019, we were fascinated by the role of the red button. Finally Trump squeezed it, and the butler quickly pulled out a Diet Coke on a silver platter. Now he’s gone pic.twitter.com/rFzhPaHYjk
– Tom Newton Dunn (@tnewtondunn) January 21, 2021
Donald Trump has been repeatedly accused of failing to communicate with the American people, and there is no better example than his red Diet Coke button on his desk in the Oval Office.
How do you feel about Donald Trump installing a Diet Coke Butler button so his lemonade would be delivered on a silver platter? | <urn:uuid:0995c327-8d60-4600-890e-e0f333bcfa42> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://onlineinterviews.net/donald-trump-had-a-diet-coke-butler-button-on-the-resolute-desk-its-gone-now/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.971943 | 721 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Caffeine gives you a whole lot more than a boost of energy, according to a new study conducted by a team at Johns Hopkins University.
In an attempt to find a scientific motive for why students drink coffee, tea or energy drinks when cramming for exams, researchers found that caffeine enhances certain memories for at least one day after they were formed. Prior to this study, there had been no evidence between the correlation between caffeine and memory, and determining whether or not memory is retained because of caffeine or from one’s natural alertness was difficult.
To answer this question, researchers asked 73 volunteers to look at images of a number of objects. Afterwards half the group were given a 200 milligram dose of caffeine - which is the equivalent to two cups of strong espresso - while the others were given a dummy pill, known scientifically known as a placebo. Saliva samples were then taken one, three and 24 hours later to measure their caffeine levels. The following day, both groups of participants were asked to look at another set of pictures, old and new, in which the group with the caffeine were much sharper at identifying pictures from the previous lineup.
The test sought to discern the effect of caffeine on the hippocampus, a part of the brain that distinguishes between patterns --requiring both short- and long-term memory. The study, published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, could be valuable in the study of brain cell health. | <urn:uuid:506159a3-e735-45d3-af9b-bcc892439251> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.centrictv.com/life-love/health-fitness/articles/2014/01/14/study-caffeine-may-enhance-your-memory.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00087-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973294 | 289 | 3.421875 | 3 |
RNAV is a method of navigation which permits the operation of an aircraft on any desired flight path; it allows its position to be continuously determined wherever it is rather than only along tracks between individual ground navigation aids. RNAV includes Performance Based Navigation (PBN) as well as other RNAV operations that are not within the definition of PBN.
Various types of ground-based area navigation systems have been available from terrestrial sources for nearly thirty years; these were originally dependent on VLF/Omega and LORAN ‘C’ long range radio signals. More recently R-NAV moved to position derived from VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range (VOR) radials (up to 62nm slant distance) and/or Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) distances. LORAN ‘C’ can also be used in certain circumstances and lNS can be used to maintain prior tracking for up to 2 hours. As RNAV accuracy has improved, it has begun to play a vital role in increasing ATM efficiency whilst also sustaining safety performance.
The advent of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), mainly in the specific form of GPS, has now brought a completely new opportunity to derive an accurate three-dimensional (VNAV) position as well as a highly accurate two-dimensional (LNAV) position over an area not restricted by the disposition of ground transmitters. RNAV of sufficient accuracy is now seen ultimately as providing a replacement for all ground-based navigational aids. Although the only reliable and extensive GNSS presently available is the GPS coverage of the US Department of Defence, there is also the partially operative Russian Global Orbiting Navigation System (GLONASS) system and the planned European system, GALILEO. Initial GALILEO services will be made available by the end of 2016. Then, as the constellation is built-up, new services will be tested and made available, with system completion scheduled for 2020.
Although the use of GNSS input for RNAV has made this method of navigation truly global, it has led to the availability of a very wide range of accuracy in RNAV - and therefore the uses to which it can be put - depending on how GNSS data is used. RNAV use of GNSS varies from hand held GPS, as an aid to day Visual Flight Rules (VFR) navigation, to the use of approach procedures which meet the highest accuracy and integrity standards of RNP-RNAV.
In Europe, Basic Area Navigation (B-RNAV) has been in use since 1998 and is mandated for aircraft using higher level airspace. It requires a minimum navigational accuracy of +/- 5nm (RNP=5) for 95% of the time and is not approved for use below Minimum Sector Altitude. European standards for Precision Area Navigation (P-RNAV) are now also defined - a navigational accuracy of +/- 1nm (RNP=1) for 95% of the time. Qualifying systems must have the ability to fly accurate tactical offsets, P-RNAV routes must be extracted directly from the FMS data base and must be flown by linking the R-NAV system to the Flight Management System/Autopilot. As well, flight crews are restricted from manually adding waypoints to the route. This level of navigation accuracy can be achieved using DME/DME, VOR/DME or GPS. It can also be maintained for short periods using IRS (the length of time that a particular IRS can be used to maintain P-RNAV accuracy without external update is determined at the time of equipment certification). It should be noted that if GPS is not used as a source then two independent ground-based sources are required to meet P-RNAV minimum requirements apart from specified short periods of INS ‘backup’, which is a more stringent requirement than for some older FMS. P-RNAV is now being used to provide more routes and terminal area procedures and may be used down to the FAF on designated approach procedures. Since the use of a GNSS source for navigation in P-RNAV is optional, it is used only for lateral navigation and baro-VNAV.
The final stage of RNAV navigational performance RNP-RNAV combines VNAV with LNAV at an RNP <1, which is expected to be between 0.3nm and 0.1nm for LNAV. This will require suitable augmented GNSS to be the source of position rather than an option for it and will deliver precision approach accuracy in both VNV an LNAV. | <urn:uuid:6551e598-0421-4174-91cf-c7a005dadc5a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.skybrary.aero/articles/area-navigation-systems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.940114 | 977 | 3.296875 | 3 |
By Chris Schultz
June 12, 2006
DNR asks landowners to give wildlife a break
From the DNR
The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) will kick off an advertising campaign asking rural landowners to give ground nesting birds a break by holding off on mowing ditches until after Aug. 1.
Advertisements and public service announcements will appear in select rural newspapers throughout the state’s pheasant range. The DNR’s Roadsides for Wildlife Program is coordinating the effort.
“Wherever we can avoid disturbing grassland, we improve cover for pheasants and other ground nesting birds,” said Tom Keefe, DNR Roadside for Wildlife Program coordinator. “This is an effort to let landowners know what they can do to help wildlife.”
Roadside grasslands also benefit mourning doves, bobolinks, meadowlarks and dozens of other wildlife species. Researchers in the Midwest have found more than 40 kinds of birds and mammals nesting on the ground or in low vegetation on roadsides.
In addition, roadside grasslands can also retain and filter runoff water when they are planted with native grasses and wildflowers. With their extensive root systems, native plant species improve water filtration, reduce the need for long-term weed control, and anchor soil more effectively than nonnative grass species.
“While the DNR’s 1,382 wildlife management areas are first priority for wildlife funding, it is encouraging to see renewed interest in capturing the potential of roadside habitats for small game birds and other wildlife,” Keefe said. “This is an area where we can have significant progress.”
Landowners who are interested in roadside management can get further information about roadsides on the DNR Web site at www.dnr.state.mn.us.
Roadsides for Wildlife signs are available for landowners and road authorities to post along roads to prevent nesting disturbance. To order a sign, contact Keefe at (651) 259-5014.
Keg’s Bar Fishing League
Bass & Walleye
Week 3 - Granite Lake
1 Woody Langenfeld & Dick Fiecke
2 bass 6 lbs. 1 oz.
2. Marcus Halverson & Corey Zitzloff
2 bass 4 lbs. 11 oz.
3. Gus Schuenfeld
2 bass 4 lbs. 1 oz.
Name Pts PtsTotal
Woody Langenfeld 20 60
Dave Fiecke 20 40
Gus Schoenfeld 14 29
Marcus Halverson 16 16
Corey Zitzloff 16 16
Dick Langenfeld DNF 20
Mike Moy 10 42
Kim Moy 10 42
Tom Schoenfeld 9 24
Eric S. (Gus) 1 15
Mark Kieser 1 13.5
Jason Kieser 1 13.5
John Lambrecht 11 22.5
Brian Hankomp 11 22.5
Tim Thul 12 14
Russ C. 12 14
Kyle Kulinski 9 9
Gaylen Schoenfeld 8 8
Bonnie Schoenfeld 8 8
Todd Prudent DNF 1
Dave Groff DNF 2
To participate, stop in at Keg’s Bar in Winsted, or call (320) 485-4250.
Tournament runs Thursday evenings from 6 to 9 p.m. Lake is chosen at 3 p.m. on day of fishing. Twelve weeks total with different lake each week.
Surplus bear licenses on sale Aug. 7
From the DNR
Minnesota bear hunters who were unsuccessful in this year’s lottery may purchase a surplus bear license starting at noon on Monday, Aug. 7.
Surplus licenses are available in six permit areas where the number of available bear licenses exceeded the number of applicants. For the 2006 season, 14,850 licenses were offered in 11 permit areas and a total of 15,722 applications were received.
Surplus licenses are available at any of more than 1,800 statewide Electronic License System vendors or at the DNR License Center, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul. Beginning at noon on Monday, Aug. 14, any eligible person will be able to purchase the remaining bear permits.
The bear season will run Sept. 1 to Oct. 15. Licenses for the no-quota area (outside the 11 lottery permit areas) can be purchased directly at any Electronic Licensing System vendor beginning July 1.
This year, hunters, whether they were successful in the lottery or not, will be able to purchase permits in both quota and no-quota areas.
However, they will be restricted to hunting only those areas where their permit is valid.
A total of 1,558 surplus licenses will be available for the bear season.
In area 22, 58 licenses are available, while 113 are available in permit area 25, 120 in area 13, 360 in area 24, 573 in area 45, and 531 in area 51.
A map showing the location of these bear permit areas can be found on the DNR Web site at www.dnr.state.mn.us.
Bear licenses cost $39 for residents and $196 for nonresidents.
DNR to consider duck season zoning and splitting options
From the DNR
The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) will make a regulatory decision in July that will have implications for duck hunters during the five-year period of 2006-2010 if the duck season is less than 40 days.
The DNR, as required by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, must decide whether to zone the state for duck hunting, meaning different season dates in different zones, or to split the season into three segments. The latter would mean the same open duck season dates statewide, according to Steve Cordts, DNR waterfowl staff specialist
“We need to make this decision because every five years the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service requires states to select a zoning or splitting regulatory framework for the next five-year period,” Cordts said. “The decision -- meaning to zone or split -- becomes meaningful only if duck seasons are significantly reduced from the 60-day seasons offered in recent years. If season length is substantially reduced, we would fall back on our zoning or splitting decision to best manage the season so that hunters would have both early- and late-season hunting opportunities.”
The DNR has already received public input on this topic and will continue to consider additional comments received prior to making a decision in July.
Zones and split seasons for duck hunting are special regulations used to provide different season timing to satisfy different duck hunter preferences. These regulations are not intended to substantially alter the distribution or species composition of harvest within a state, but are often used by states to provide additional flexibility for timing duck hunting seasons.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service established a long-term strategy in 1991 for the use of zones and split seasons to limit the number of options and frequency of changes made by states. At five-year intervals, states are allowed to select one of the following three options for duck seasons:
1) establishment of three zones, with no split seasons in any zone;
2) establishment of two zones, each of which can be split into up to two segments; or
3) no zones, but the season can be split into up to three segments.
“Since 1991, Minnesota has always selected the option of splitting the season into three segments to get later season hunting opportunity and to gain weekend hunting days in years when the season framework was less than 40 days,” said Cordts. “Minnesota has never selected a zoning option.”
While Minnesota is required to declare its selection every five years, the splitting or zoning option is only used in years when the duck season framework is relatively short compared with the 60-day framework that has been in effect in recent years. Past policy has been to use the option of splitting the duck season only when the federally authorized season length is less than 40 days. The last time the Minnesota duck season was split was in 1993. From 1991-1993, duck seasons were 30 days and the Minnesota season was split into three segments.
While zones or split seasons offer flexibility to distribute hunting opportunity during the season, they also add complexity to the regulations that may impact hunter satisfaction. In addition, Minnesota duck hunters may prefer different options based on the region where they live or hunt and the timing of freeze-up and migration. For example, in years of short duck seasons, hunters in northern Minnesota tend to prefer maximum opportunity during October before freeze-up and do not tend to favor splitting the season. Hunters in southern Minnesota tend to prefer a split with some closed days in October in exchange for some open hunting days later in the season.
Establishment of zones can also be controversial. There is debate about where zone lines should be located, particularly in areas near zone boundaries. Also, hunters shifting from zone to zone to take advantage of open duck hunting days can increase competition among hunters for limited hunting locations.
Questions about zoning or splitting were asked in a statistically valid survey of 2005 licensed waterfowl hunters. Preliminary results from that survey indicate that hunters either preferred a zone option or a straight season, with less support for a statewide season split into three segments. When asked where a zone line should be located, there was less agreement.
Duck season zoning and splitting was also a topic at 18 public waterfowl meetings conducted around the state in April 2005.
Attendees at those meetings were asked to complete a survey that included preferences for duck hunting zones or split seasons. Those attendees also tended to favor the option of zoning rather than splitting the season into three segments.
Decision for 2006-2010
If there is a short duck season during 2006 through 2010, the availability of a zoning or splitting option will ensure that season timing can be adjusted so that Minnesota duck hunters will be able to hunt the early part of the season, when most duck harvest occurs, and still be provided some opportunity for hunting later in the season.
Minnesota will make the selection of zoning or splitting options in July.
The DNR will continue to consider additional comments received before the final decision is made. Comments can be e-mailed to email@example.com.
• The sunfish are biting and the spawn is in full swing. The next two weeks are the best time of year to wet a line for sunfish.
The fish are in shallow water and on spawning beds right now, and are biting like crazy on most lakes in our area.
Ramsey, Granite, Waconia, Big Waverly and few others have been big producers.
• Look for ticks, if your’ve in the woods or in the outdoors take the time check yourself and kids for wood and deer ticks.
• Get your dog checked for heart worm, and on a heart worm preventative medication.
• The fish are biting on the Crow River. The water level has dropped and the current has slowed on both forks of the Crow River and the fishing, especially for northern pike, has been pretty good in the last week or so.
At this time of year, very windy days provide the best opportunity to fish the river. The wind doesn’t make the fish bite any faster, but it does a great job at keeping the bugs away. Use a floating jig head tipped with a fathead minnow.
• The application deadline for the 2006 Minnesota moose hunting season is June 16.
• Conditions this spring for nesting pheasants have been almost ideal. If dry, warm weather patterns continue we could have a bumper crop of pheasants this fall.
• Take a kid fishing, he or she will have fun and so will you.
• Today, June 12, the sun will rise at 5:26 a.m. and will set at 9:00 p.m.
• The first official day of summer, the one we have been waiting so long for, is Wednesday, June 21.
Stories | Columns | Obituaries | Classifieds
Guides | Sitemap | Search | Home Page | <urn:uuid:9dcac795-fe35-4dfb-9fcb-604085b2478b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.herald-journal.com/sports/outdoors/2006/c061206.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00438-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943838 | 2,535 | 1.804688 | 2 |
In the past, I have discussed many 1930’s outfits and styles because it was the golden era of menswear. Today, I will discuss spring style, outfits and accessories from 1933 using fabulous fashion illustrations. I am certain you will learn a few things from these outfits, and I will try to help as much as possible to you can be inspired and recreate certain color / pattern combinations in your own ensembles.
Jodhpurs, Tattersall, Cream Flannel & Chalk Stripe Suit
First, let’s look at a very diversified trio. On the left, we have a gentleman in khaki Jodhpurs (see our guide here) with chestnut brown leather boots, yellow tattersall vest with the bottom button undone. Both of these items are paired with an Ascot and a stick pin. Note, this is the classic Ascot that is worn outside the shirt with a detachable collar, and fastened with the stick pin.
You may associate this kind of Ascot with a proper morning coat, and while that’s correct, it is also worn for horse mounted hunts and as such country attire through and through.
Peaked Lapels Are Formal
On the one hand, the peaked lapels of the brown sportcoat are not quite proper – generally peaked lapels were reserved for city wear and even though these are not very peaked and resemble a Tautz lapel (which points out exactly horizontally) it is still a peak lapel. On the other hand, the two cuff buttons indicate country jacket. I am not sure if the illustrator was just confused with the craze for the short peaked lapel at the time or if it was a conscious, fashion forward design, but in any case the color and pattern combination in this outfit is spot on.
Pattern & Color Coordination
Khaki and brown solid paired with large-scale yellow tattersall pattern and a small scale checked Ascot in blue. The man in the middle is casual in the sense that he just wears a sweater and a lightweight spring scarf. Personally, I don’t find his look overly appealing but I really adore the off white flannel trousers, because I think they will pair well with almost anything, including a blazer, hacking jacket, checked sportcoats or windowpanes. So if you look for an investment pieces this spring, off white flannel trousers. Off the rack you can find them at the Merchant Fox and they also sell the fabric individually For more inspirational outfits with cream of off white flannels, please look here. The chap on the right, is wearing a navy chalk stripe suit with about an inch of spacing in between the stripes. It seems. like most inexpensive off the rack suits have less spacing in between the stripes, whereas cloth for bespoke suits often come with a wider spacing. Personally, I prefer an inch as shown in the pictures but it is a very personal choice and simply a matter to taste, so choose the spacing you like best. If you wear hats, a light grey Homburg is obviously always a great choice for a dark striped suit, but what’s less apparent is the grey shirt. During the 1930’s it was a popular color and in combination with the long, non-spread collar you can recreate a thirties look instantly. The necktie is made of a burgundy and off white jacquard pattern but what’s more important is the length of the tie. Today, most guides will tell you that the tie should reach the middle of the belt buckle, but at the same time, most trousers have a much lower rise, so that contemporary ties are much longer than the ones in the thirties. Also, if your tie reaches a belt buckle with an off the rack trousers, it will extend past your waistband in case you wear high waisted trousers with suspenders. Personally, I think it looks terrible to have the tie extend beyond the waistband and therefore, I decided to offer ties in three different lengths, so you can adjust the length to your height, but also to the way you wear your trousers. I own trousers with a high rise, but others with a lower rise and so I have ties in different lengths in my collection. If I want a big knot on a low rise trouser, I choose long or regular ties or long ties, for a four in hand knot, I mostly go with regular length ties, and for high rise trousers and four in hand knots, I wear short ties. As you can see, it all depends on the fact you want to achieve. If you want to achieve a thirties, look, definitely go with short ties. While most trousers back then featured suspenders, the Duke of Windsor popularized belts, and as such you can find the gentleman in the picture wearing a grey belt, rather than suspenders.
1930’s Peaked Lapel
One iconic style feature you see over an over again in old movies and illustrations is the thirties peaked lapel. Below, you can see an example from the film Night After Night.
If you look closely, you’ll notice it is just a 2 button jacket and hence the buttoning point is very high. In order to make it work, the trousers have to be cut likewise very high, because otherwise you will see the shirt front peaking through underneath the closing button, which is never advantageous. At the same tie, the tie has to be very short or tucked into your waistband. Probably the better style for these short lapels is the single breasted 3 button coat, because it is buttoned on the middle button, allowing you to wear a regular high rise trouser. below, you can see an example of a typical 1930’s short lapel striped suit: natural shoulders, large drop – meaning huge difference between chest and waist measurement, full cut trousers and of course, a short peaked lapel that points straight out or just slightly upward. The lapels should end at the top button and measure about 9-10 cm / 3.5 – 4″ in width, for the perfect look.
What to wear with a Navy Striped Suit
Now, once you have the suit details down, the look is not completed quiet yet, because the accoutrements make the difference.
With a Blue Shirt
Tie: Pattern tie with base color in blue, burgundy or white. Hat: Light Grey Homburg Hat Gloves: Unlined – light grey Shoes: Black leather – spit polished Socks: Navy or with shadow stripes in blue or navy and red Pocket square: white linen or white linen with colored edge of framing For 1930s look: Dove grey spats
With Light Brown, Light Red or Cream Colored Shirt
Tie or Bow Tie: base color, red, blue or green Hat: Brown felt snap brim hat Gloves: Chamois yellow unlined Shoes: Oxblood / Burgundy / Cordovan Pocket Square: Light pastel colors Socks; Over the calf blue navy, or same colors as tie For 1930s look: Sand colored spats
With Light Grey Shirt
Tie: light blue, navy, burgundy, yellow or green Hat: Navy or dark green Gloves: Unlined – light grey Shoes: Black leather – spit polished ot dark chestnut brown Pocket Square: Light pastel colors No Spats | <urn:uuid:c50fbd57-25d5-41e9-a744-0fe3c0e3a958> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.gentlemansgazette.com/spring-style-men-short-lapel-suit-1930/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00060-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933778 | 1,515 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Let’s Move! Active Schools Is Making Strides Nationwide
AJ Pearlman, Associate Director for Policy, Let’s Move!
We know that active kids do better – in school and in life. Children across the nation are getting active at school thanks to First Lady Michelle Obama’s Let’s Move! Active Schools initiative. Since its launch in February, more than 5,000 schools have joined Let’s Move! Active Schools, and the effort continues to expand.
Check out a video of Mrs. Obama, Shaquille O’Neal, Allyson Felix, and Dominique Dawes getting active with kids from Orr Elementary in Washington, DC!
The First Lady, Shaq, Allyson, and Dominique visited Orr Elementary in Washington, DC last month to commend DC Public Schools for becoming the first district in the nation to sign all of its schools up for Let’s Move! Active Schools! The First Lady joined the former NBA basketball player, U.S. track and field Olympian, and U.S. Olympic gymnast for fun physical activity with Orr elementary students.
As part of the First Lady’s mission to eliminate obesity within a generation, Let’s Move! Active Schools encourages students to participate in at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Children that stay active perform better academically and have better attendance than those who don’t.
Sign your school up for Let’s Move! Active Schools! Go to www.letsmoveschools.org today to learn more and sign up. | <urn:uuid:0a4e39a3-f0cc-4be5-ab87-bc839bd81564> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.fitness.gov/blog-posts/lmas_making_strides_nationwide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00441-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933043 | 330 | 1.960938 | 2 |
If American schools continue suspending students for completing impressive science projects, it seems inevitable that they will continue to lag behind international standards for STEM education. And for one Texas high school, one of their best and brightest has decided to leave the institution following his high profile arrest for building a clock that was mistaken for a bomb.
In one of the most infuriating and, quite frankly, tragic cases of racial profiling, 14-year-old Ahmed Mohamed was put in handcuffs after his homemade clock was deemed a bomb. Shortly thereafter, social media exploded with righteous indignation, quickly drawing attention to the many instances of young, white children who’d completed similar projects that were not thought to be destructive weapons. Now, Mohamed’s father has pulled all of his children out of Irving Independent School District in Dallas, and Ahmed is no longer a student at MacArthur High School.
“Ahmed said: ‘I don’t want to go to MacArthur,'” Mr. Mohamed said to The Dallas Morning News on Tuesday. “These kids aren’t going to be happy there.” He also revealed that the frenzy of media attention and obvious stress that has come along with the racially charged incident has caused the teen to lose both sleep and his appetite. “It’s torn the family, and makes us very confused.” While Ahmed has certainly had no shortage of offers to attend other schools (in addition to some pretty snazzy invitations from tech companies and political leaders alike), the situation, as he describes it, remains “very sad.”
“I built a clock to impress my teacher but when I showed it to her she thought it was a threat to her,” Ahmed said, “I’m very sad that she got the wrong impression of it.”
The entire ordeal, which is as embarrassing as it is frustrating for a nation that is meant to laud diversity and creativity, does have some silver lining, however. Ahmed and his family will be flying to New York on Wednesday to meet with officials from the United Nations, and President Obama, who has been a vocal supporter of Ahmed’s since the news first broke, has extended an invitation to the tech prodigy for a White House visit.
But as a respite from all the attention, the family will first be making a pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia, where Mr. Mohamed says, “I ask Allah to bless this time.” And it is a tumultuous time for Muslims in America — indeed, being called a Muslim almost seems synonymous with an insult, or something to be defended against. Republican presidential candidate Ben Carson has publicly stated that he “could never support” a Muslim as the nation’s leader, and Donald Trump has also come under fire for failing to correct a supporter who incorrectly stated that President Obama is a practitioner of Islam.
Despite all the racial progress we’d like to claim we’ve made, the evidence to the contrary is stacking up, and if we’re not careful, we’ll lose some of the best talent in the country. | <urn:uuid:33aa7cb5-c7b9-4fb0-a0af-efa39aa3e867> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/ahmed-mohamed-has-withdrawn-from-the-texas-school-that-suspended-him-for-being-brilliant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.980893 | 641 | 1.789063 | 2 |
University of Cambridge’s Prof Jonathan Heeney answers call from Bill Gates to transform flu vaccine
A Cambridge professor has been awarded funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the charity Flu Lab to help tackle the threat of a global influenza pandemic.
Prof Jonathan Heeney, head of the Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics at the University of Cambridge, is one of seven recipients so far of a $12million fund designed to make progress towards a game-changing universal influenza vaccine.
Speaking to the Cambridge Independent from Singapore, where the funding was announced at the Options X for the Control of Influenza conference, Prof Heeney said his lab aimed to create a new vaccine candidate ready for human trials within two years.
He will apply next generation sequencing and computational techniques that have proved fruitful in developing a new hemorrhagic fever vaccine to tackle the scourge of Ebola, Marburg and Lassa fever, which is due to be tested next year.
With predictions that a flu pandemic, like the one that struck in 1918, could kill 33 million people globally in just six months, the stakes could hardly be higher.
“Part of the problem is that the technology for flu vaccines is very old and they work very poorly,” said Prof Heeney. “Seasonal flu vaccine efficacy at best is maybe 50-60 per cent.
“Depending on the season, it may be as low as 10 per cent – which means one in 10 people who get vaccinated would be protected from that particular flu strain.”
He cited the recent example of the H3N2 strain, which earned the nickname ‘Aussie flu’ because it badly affected Australia, where more than 230,000 cases of influenza were confirmed in 2017.
“It caused a significant number of clinical cases and hospital ward shutdowns,” said Prof Heeney. “It’s a major problem for organisations like the NHS but also globally.
“The other big concern and one of the drivers of the donation [from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Flu Lab] is concern about pandemic flu, which is when a new flu strain emerges, and that happens randomly. It’s very difficult to predict, but we can observe it using new sequencing technologies.
“When it does, it races through populations and causes higher mortality than expected.
“So there’s a big motivation not only to improve seasonal flu vaccines but to get vaccines out there that would stop a human pandemic and create loss of life.”
Like other vaccines, the flu jab works by stimulating the body’s immune system to make antibodies to fight the virus.
It is trivalent or quadrivalent – meaning it offers protection against three or four strains.
These are determined by the World Health Organization following meetings with experts every February and September looking ahead to the next flu season.
Candidate vaccine viruses are then grown in eggs and provided to private sector manufacturers.
They inject these into fertilised chicken eggs, which are incubated for several days so that the virus replicates. Fluid containing the virus is then harvested from the eggs. The viruses are then inactivated and the virus antigen purified to make the flu shot.
For the nasal spray, another production process is required using weakened viruses.
The use of eggs to grow the virus stretches back decades.
But Prof Heeney warned: “That process has problems – you have to adapt the virus to eggs. It doesn’t always grow well in eggs and when the virus gets adapted, it changes.
“There are new technologies that are being tried and some seem to be incrementally better.
“But what was needed was a whole new look at how we might address this huge problem.”
Prof Heeney’s lab, part of the Department of Veterinary Medicine at Cambridge, has been working on a vaccine to tackle hemorrhagic fever – a group of highly contagious viruses – and a spin-out company, DiosVax has been formed.
A £2million Innovate UK and Department of Health and Social Care grant was awarded to take the work into human clinical trials, as reported last September.
The researchers are using deep sequencing, a vaccine design process enhanced by artificial intelligence and bioinformatic algorithms, and synthetic gene technology.
“We went back to the drawing board and took a new approach that changes how vaccines are made,” explained Prof Heeney.
“We do that using new technologies like next generation sequencing.
“Nearly all outbreaks of disease these days get sequenced and that allows us to follow how these pathogens are changing over time.
“Computer scientists have become very good at looking at the sequences of pathogens so we can predict the structures that are constant and that the virus cannot change, compared to the parts that do change and mutate. It’s all about finding the Achilles heel for these viruses.
“By doing this we can then bring in another new technology in addition to the computational or what we call digital sequencing technology, and that’s synthetic gene biology.
“We are actually able to synthesise these genes so we don’t have to isolate viruses or grow them in the lab, or work in high containment. We don’t have to worry about egg adaptation.
“We synthesise these genes in a way that we can evaluate them and see if they are really good antigens.”
The implications of this approach are potentially huge.
“It’s a game-changer in that we don’t use any of the old technologies,” said Prof Heeney. “We can move really rapidly into designing new vaccines for new pathogens – not just new flu strains, but other pathogens.”
Despite the presence of an Ebola vaccine, the disease represents an ongoing emergency.
The 2014-16 Ebola outbreak across West Africa infected 28,652 people and killed 11,325, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and about 2,000 people have died in the Democratic Republic of Congo since last August in what is the second worst outbreak in history.
“Currently, there is one vaccine out there being used to try to contain the Ebola epidemic,” said Prof Heeney. “This is based on one of five different viruses that can cause Ebola disease but it doesn’t protect against the other four.
The current outbreak in DRC features a virus that is very different to the one that affected Bundibugyo in Uganda in 2007-08, for example.
“The problem is these different viruses pop up all the time,” added Prof Heeney. “We were able to take all the different sequences from all these types of Ebola viruses and make a vaccine that would protect each and every one of them, wrapped up in one trivalent preparation.
“It’s like MMR – measles, mumps and rubella – it’s a new vaccine that would work across sub-Saharan Africa and protect against Ebola and its cousins, Mahlberg and Lassa fever.
“That is being scaled up for human clinical trials, which we hope to perform next year.”
The success in developing this vaccine – a truly remarkable achievement if it passes through trials – provides new hope for better protection against influenza, which claims the life of between 290,000 and 650,000 people die each year.
“It’s about understanding what differentiates a bad immune response that may cause a disease to be more severe versus an immune response that would protect you.
“By knowing the difference between good and bad immune responses, and where they attack the virus, we can design our vaccines.
“That’s what we’ve done with the trivalent hemorrhagic fever vaccine and that’s what Bill Gates is asking us to do for the universal flu vaccine,” said Prof Heeney.
“What we would do is make a trivalent or quadrivalent vaccine using this technology. We don’t have to work with the live viruses. We just need to understand the immune responses and the sequences and we’re able to come up with computational designs. We never touch an egg in the process.”
While talk of a ‘universal’ vaccine is rather ambitious, there is genuine hope of developing more potent shots with greater longevity.
“There are many types of flu out there but given that we can put three or four different types of flu, or genes, into one vaccine, it makes it achievable to cover the greatest risk,” suggested Prof Heeney. “Instead of having to update them seasonally, we might only have to do it every four or five years.”
While existing flu vaccines do provide important protection – and reduce the potential of exposure for everyone – they are inevitably less effective in older people, who need it most.
“Sadly, as we age, our immune systems get tired, less energetic and less able to rise to the occasion to fight off a pathogen, so it’s about making better vaccines that stimulate a stronger response in the elderly.
“In the last couple of days here in Singapore, I’ve sat through a lot of lectures about how vaccine companies propose to improve the potency of vaccines we give to the elderly, either by giving them higher doses, or using other immune stimulants that you would put in,” he said.
Adjuvants – ingredients added to a vaccine to generate a stronger immune response – offer hope of improvement in the efficacy of the seasonal flu vaccine.
But Prof Heeney hopes to create an entirely new vaccine in two years.
“It’s a two-year project to come up with a candidate – something that could be upscaled to go into a human clinical trial. That’s going from a standing start, but with our technology, we are able to move faster. We came up with the first hemorrhagic fever vaccine in six months, and we’ve already got studies ongoing. Now we have money coming in, we’ll be able to hire people.”
Bill Gates: Nearly 33 million people could die in six months from flu pandemic
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to announced flu as the subject of one of its Grand Challenges in 2018, a century on from the pandemic that infected 500 million people - a third of the world’s population.
The foundation originally teamed up with Google co-founder Larry Page and his wife Lucy Page, whom the charitable organisation Flu Lab has since replaced on the project.
Announcing the $12million challenge, Bill Gates said: “Worldwide, the 1918 flu killed an estimated 50 million people, perhaps more.
“We have better tools today than we did a century ago. We have a seasonal flu vaccine, although it’s not always effective, you have to get one every year, and most people in the world never get the shot. We also have antibiotics for secondary infections of bacterial pneumonia."
But he said despite these advances, if a “highly contagious and lethal airborne pathogen – like the 1918 flu – were to occur today, nearly 33 million people worldwide would die in just six months”.
He went on: “That’s the sobering news. The good news is that scientific advances and growing interest on the federal level, in the private sector, and among philanthropic funders makes development of a universal flu vaccine more feasible now than 10 or 20 years ago.”
He said the $12million Grand Challenge was designed “to accelerate the development of a universal flu vaccine”.
“The goal is to encourage bold thinking by the world’s best scientists across disciplines, including those new to the field,” he added.
Among the other recipients announced are Yoshihiro Kawaoka, of the Institute of Medical Science at the University of Tokyo, who will use a cocktail of synthetic proteins that amplifies vaccine response by focusing the immune system on conserved influenza virus sequences.
Meanwhile, Patrick Wilson, of the Antibody Biology Lab at the University of Chicago will mine a library of human antibodies to influenza to design a new protein sequence for a novel, potent vaccine that prompts a broader antibody response. | <urn:uuid:9c5e1e5d-9ab9-4747-b320-e78f85f40d1c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cambridgeindependent.co.uk/news/university-of-cambridge-s-prof-jonathan-heeney-answers-call-from-bill-gates-to-transform-flu-vaccine-9083999/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.951467 | 2,587 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Surnames That Sort Like "Bhymer"
Histopolis sorts surnames ignoring any capitalization, spaces, accents or punctuation in the name. Histopolis sorts "Bhymer" as "bhymer" and the following surnames sort the same way (meaning they are spelled the same but differ only by capitalization, spaces, accents or punctuation).
Frequency of "Bhymer" Surname in the US
2000 US Census
The surname "Bhymer" is not included in the US Census Bureau's ranking of surnames with 100 or more people. Since fewer than 100 people with this surname were included in the 2000 Census, it is relatively uncommon.
Source: "Frequently Occurring Surnames from the Census 2000", US Census Bureau.
"Bhymer" Graves on Histopolis
Histopolis currently has 0 grave(s) with the surname "Bhymer".
Resource Links for "Bhymer"
Sorry, there are currently no resource links for the surname "Bhymer".
Do you know of a web page containing information about this surname that would be useful to genealogy or history researchers? Please add it now! (Free registration required)
Surnames that Sound Like "Bhymer"
The surname "Bhymer" has a Soundex code of B560. The following 107 surname(s) may sound similar to "Bhymer" since they share the same Soundex code.
Histopolis has an entry for this surname but it might be the result of an error in the source information, since:
- It was not listed in the US Census Bureau list of most frequent surnames for either 1990 or 2000,
- Histopolis currently has few entries (0) for this surname in the Histopolis Grave Index, and
- There are no currently no links to other sites with this surname.
To confirm this surname, add a link (above) to a page with information about this surname or that references individuals with this surname. | <urn:uuid:f4ad4507-9a1b-46ef-b9e9-03c77d048623> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.histopolis.com/Surname/Bhymer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00173-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927911 | 417 | 1.5 | 2 |
(ElectroLuminescent display) A flat panel display technology that provides a sharp, clear image and wide viewing angle. It contains a thin film phosphor layer sandwiched between an x-axis and a y-axis panel. When an x-y coordinate is charged, the phosphor in that vicinity emits visible light. The phosphors are more like semiconductor materials than those used in a CRT. Most EL displays are monochrome, typically yellow orange.
Active matrix EL is an advanced EL technology that uses a transistor at each pixel. It is used to make small head mounted displays (HMDs) that require very sharp images.
For Demanding Applications
Although some of the first portable computers used EL displays, they are mostly used in instrumentation for rugged military, transportation and industrial applications. EL screens range from 3/4" to 10" and larger, but are more cost effective in the smaller sizes. Planar Systems is the leader in this field. | <urn:uuid:d5b56174-1318-40a3-8001-083407b07057> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/el-display | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.895912 | 200 | 2.75 | 3 |
Pre-Engineering (Special Program)
- The Online Bulletin is for information purposes only. Current students must complete the requirements as outlined in the York Bulletin as applicable.
- Course Descriptions
- Course descriptions can be found in the online PDF version of the Bulletin
York has developed a program of pre-engineering study, focusing on fundamental coursework in mathematics, physics, and chemistry to prepare students to smoothly transfer from York to engineering departments at other institutions, including the Grove School of Engineering at City College, the SUNY system, and private engineering colleges. There are many disciplines of engineering education at the Baccalaureate level, including for instance biomedical, chemical, civil, computer, electrical, environmental, and mechanical. Entering students may not be sure which area of engineering is most appealing to them. This is not a problem since there are few differences in the courses taken during the first two years. The sample two-year program below provides a proper sequence of courses for all engineering specialties. Our experience has been that students who apply themselves diligently to these courses will succeed in later engineering courses. Students desiring to transfer from York to an engineering program elsewhere should familiarize themselves with the transfer and curricular requirements of the other college as early as possible, and discuss those requirements with their pre-engineering advisor.
Suggested Two-Year Program Sequence
|ENG125||Composition I: Introduction to College Writing+||3|
|MATH121||Analytic Geometry and Calculus I**||4|
|PHYS113||Physics I Laboratory*||1|
|PHYS117||University Physics I*||4|
|U.S. Experience in its Diversity||3|
|ENG126||Composition II: Writing About Literature+||3|
|MATH122||Analytic Geometry and Calculus II||4|
|PHYS114||University Physics II Laboratory*||1|
|PHYS118||University Physics II*||4|
|World Culture and Global Issues||3|
|CHEM108||Principles of Chemistry I||3.5|
|CHEM109||Principles of Chemistry I Laboratory||1.5|
|MATH221||Analytic Geometry and Calculus III||4|
|MATH223||Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems||3|
|CS172||Computer Science I||4|
|Individual and Society+||3|
|Writing Intensive Course++||3|
*PHYS 117+113 and PHYS 118+114 satisfy the Life and Physical Sciences and Scientific World areas of Pathways, respectively.
**MATH 121 requires MATH 119+120 or placement by the Math department after testing. MATH 121 satisfies the Math and Quantitative Reasoning area of Pathways.
***Optional courses and Electives should be chosen from available courses in Physics, Geology, Mathematics, Chemistry, or Biology in consultation with the Pre-Engineering Advisor so as to satisfy requirements of the desired engineering program at the transfer College (e.g., PHYS 241, 211; GEOl 140; BIO202).
+The noted Pathways area courses are not required to be taken in the order shown here. ENG 125 and ENG 126 together satisfy the English Composition area of Pathways.
++Any writing intensive course, in addition to one taken in an upper level major course (e.g., PHYS 383), satisfies this requirement. | <urn:uuid:c497740d-21be-4e05-9b2b-554a9486fc94> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.york.cuny.edu/produce-and-print/contents/bulletin/school-of-arts-and-sciences/earth-and-physical-sciences/pre-engineering-special-program | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00462-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88048 | 716 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.