text stringlengths 181 608k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 3
values | url stringlengths 13 2.97k | file_path stringlengths 125 140 | language stringclasses 1
value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 50 138k | score float64 1.5 5 | int_score int64 2 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Legacy of Eden by Nelle Davy
|The Legacy of Eden by Nelle Davy|
|Category: Historical Fiction|
|Reviewer: Susmita Chatto|
|Summary: Family secrets are carried through generations, adding to the burden each time.|
|Buy? Maybe||Borrow? Yes|
|Pages: 512||Date: February 2012|
|External links: Author's website|
Much as I hate to appear to be on the fence about this book – I’m on the fence about this book!
All the seeds of a great saga appear to be present - strong characters, an engaging setting in the form of Aurelia, the family farm, and an inciting incident early on. All this is backed up with some superb description in the early part of the novel, with the period and the handful of characters we meet at the start all being carefully drawn.
However, while Davy clearly has the skills to write a great novel, they were mixed in with some problems in this book. The main issue is that every major incident is signposted with the narrator telling you that something major is about to occur. It is therefore inevitable that whatever it is will struggle to rise to that level of build-up. This is a tactic Davy employs a few times throughout the book. As a result, the only truly surprising incident is the one that has only had a few subtle pointers marking it out.
It's almost as if Davy didn't have enough confidence in herself or in her reader to simply tell the story. With her storytelling skills, showcased as they are in many sections of the story, this is a great shame; when she goes along unhindered by explanation, the novel becomes utterly gripping.
As sagas go, it is rather complicated; the cast of characters is vast and Davy tries to remind us of who's who by interspersing references to their name and their relationship to the narrator, Meredith. However, this gets frustrating after a while as it spoils the flow of some otherwise excellent prose and it might have been easier to simply stick with the old-fashioned tactic of placing a family tree in the front of the novel, thus giving the reader the option to look up anything they might have forgotten.
The story does flow nicely otherwise. Largely based around the female family members residing on the farm, generations show the effect that the family habits as well as the genealogy has had upon them.
There are hints that Davy couldn't decide what writing style to adopt for what situation. The best of the work is when she sticks to one style and undertakes more showing than telling; the worst of it is when she mixes styles and at one point even says that things are about to get confusing. The novel would have benefitted from Davy making it clearer rather than simply explaining that it gets complicated.
The novel shows great potential and really all that was needed was more clarity and fewer indications to the reader of what type of incident may be about to occur. Additionally, Aurelia needed to feature more heavily than it did. As the title talks of the “legacy” of the family home, I expected to hear more about it, and indeed become attached to it.
Overall, it is an enjoyable read with strong characters and enough drama to keep the reader turning the page.
If this book appealed then you might enjoy The Ghost of Lily Painter by Caitlin Davies
You can read more book reviews or buy The Legacy of Eden by Nelle Davy at Amazon.co.uk.
You can read more book reviews or buy The Legacy of Eden by Nelle Davy at Amazon.com.
Like to comment on this review?
Just send us an email and we'll put the best up on the site. | <urn:uuid:0b1eddbd-1fa8-48ad-b251-973e18dfb5cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thebookbag.co.uk/reviews/index.php?title=The_Legacy_of_Eden_by_Nelle_Davy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00478-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974425 | 779 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Several studies have shown that Americans in general are not saving enough for retirement. One such survey, published in March 2016, found that around one-third of people have no retirement savings, which puts them in an extremely vulnerable position. Even among those who do manage to save for retirement, there are two common errors that affect whether they will have enough put away to see them through retirement.
Underestimating your life expectancy. A 1992 study questioned thousands of people in their fifties, asking if they believed they would reach the age of 75. Over half of those who expected to die before then were in fact alive on their 75th birthday. Life expectancy keeps going up and many people will live for several decades after retiring.
Overestimate how long you will be working. This can sway people into spending now with the intention of saving at some point in the future. Unfortunately, many people may not be able to work as long as they'd like. Voya Financial conducted a study in 2015, which identified that 60 percent of workers were forced into retirement earlier than intended.
To plan properly for retirement, it's crucial to take into account your life expectancy and the length of your career.
Let the free MoneyTips Retirement Planner help you calculate when you can retire without jeopardizing your lifestyle.
Originally Posted at: http://www.moneytips.com/2-mistakes-in-saving-for-retirement | <urn:uuid:41e304a1-374d-4180-a400-dce4ccc3b256> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aol.com/article/finance/2016/12/23/2-mistakes-in-saving-for-retirement/21641171/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.972812 | 291 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Gold Route in Parati and its landscape
Delegation permanente du Brésil aupres de l'UNESCO - Municipality of Paraty
The Secretariat of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Heritage Centre do not represent or endorse the accuracy or reliability of any advice, opinion, statement or other information or documentation provided by the States Parties to the World Heritage Convention to the Secretariat of UNESCO or to the World Heritage Centre.
The publication of any such advice, opinion, statement or other information documentation on the World Heritage Centre’s website and/or on working documents also does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of UNESCO or of the World Heritage Centre concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries.
Property names are listed in the language in which they have been submitted by the State Party
The colonization of the Brazilian territory and the conquest of its backlands are reflected in the routes of Parati. In its explicit destiny, Parati became the first benchmark for trade along the Atlantic Forest's trails. Parati was a turning point and an interface between sea and land, a temporary or permanent point for extinct, absorbed or excluded races.
Ever since the Europeans first caught sight of Brazil in 1500, and especially of Parati's coast in 1502, the slopes of the so-called Serra do Mar – covered by the Atlantic Forest, which lies along with the Atlantic coast between the Brazilian plateau and the coastal plains – have been playing a critical role in Brazilian history.
Before the Portuguese arrived, the trails outlined by tapirs 10,000 through 5,000 b.C. to cross the virtually insurmountable wall in Serra do Mar were used by tupinambás and guaianás. After discovery, the Paulista bandeirantes renewed the sense of those trails during their expeditions into the backlands for wealth. The route started out in Parati bay and became the shortest link between the Piratininga plateau, in the State of Sao Paulo, and the State of Rio de Janeiro, seat of the General Eastern and Southern Government. As gold was discovered in the State of Minas Gerais, they became part of the gold route. First made into a path and later into a road, it was used by the early colonizers of Brazil's backlands in the 18th century, to coffee troopers in the 19th century and today it serves the local population and historical and environmental tourism.
Its sheltered bay with protected waters provided optimal port infrastructure to the discoverers' vessels. The Portuguese maritime expansion fueled by mercantilism provided extensive experience with urbanization. In Brazil, two urban models were used. Parati's urban structure reflects the vernacular heritage as shown in the close relationship between the urban design and the topography of the location.
The village's character was perfectly expressed in the extraordinary impression of density caused by the aligned constructions that made up a homogeneous mass of buildings, which involves the blocks entirely and infuses them with a sense of monumentality, despite the limited dimensions, where ground or terraced houses prevail. The typical pace of warehouse pillaring is lessened by walls that envelope the houses' backyards; the urban composition has a simple geometry. Two side squares stand out in the landscape.
Differently from all other coastal colonial cities, Parati is still paved with stones, as well as the streets' drainage system. The urban language interfaces with the landscape seamlessly, framed between the mountain background and the wide and alternate pace of tide. Under a full moon, it takes hold of the historical site.
The architectural ensemble stages religious traditions that take place along the streets connecting the churches and the oratories called squares. The religious ceremonies that have been held every year since the colonial period include Festa do Divino Espírito Santo (a celebration of the Holy Ghost), Festa de Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (a celebration of Our Lady of Cures), Procissão do Encontro, which builds on Passos da Paixão (the Stations of the Cross) and Festa do Fogaréu (Bonfire Procession).
Traditional technologies applied both to activities and development of instruments associated to these activities have been preserved in the locals' memory.
Its landscape is comprised by zeniths, valleys and slopes, which spread into the sea as sudden promontories or smooth hillsides. The waterfalls lead to jagged beaches or mangroves where a significant portion of sea life abounds. Over sixty islands make up a real garden. The mere contact with this small universe is enough to behold the wealth of its biodiversity, which comprises plant and animal species that dwell in holes deep in the sea and peaks that are nearly 2 thousand meters high. Sea environments, especially the estuary systems in Parati Bay, Saco do Mamanguá and Parati-Mirim, are natural breeding areas for countless sea species.
Nowadays, the Atlantic Forest is one of the most endangered ecosystems in the planet, and the Parati area was deemed extremely important for the preservation of flora, mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, as well as climatic, hydrological and geomorphological factors that support these forms of life.
These attributes were a justification for the area involving the whole municipality of Parati to be deemed by Unesco's MAB program as an integral part of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve in 1992. | <urn:uuid:001177b6-9670-454b-9043-ef23c6538e4c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1859/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00416-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943354 | 1,139 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Americanisms in England
More than once, during our original days, we encountered Americanisms that had gone over into English, and English locutions that had begun to get a foothold in the United States. Such exchanges are made frequently and often very quickly, and though the guardians of English, still attack every new Americanism vigorously, even when, as in the case of scientist, it is obviously sound, or, as in the case of joy-ride, it is irresistibly picturesque, they are often routed by public pressure, and have to submit in the end with the best grace possible.
For example, consider caucus. It originated in Boston at some indeterminate time before 1750, and remained so peculiarly American for more than a century following that most of the English visitors before the Civil War remarked its use. But, according to J. Redding Ware, 1 it began to creep into English political slang about 1870, and in the 80's it was lifted to good usage by the late Joseph Chamberlain.
Ware, writing in the first years of the present century, said that the word had become "very important" in England, but was "not admitted into dictionaries." But in the Concise Oxford Dictionary, dated 1914, and in Cassell's New English Dictionary, published five years later, it is given as a sound English word, though its American origin is noted. The English, however, use it in a sense that has become archaic in America, thus preserving an abandoned American meaning in the same way that many abandoned British meanings have been preserved on this side. In the United States the word means, and has meant for years, a meeting of some division, large or small, of a political or legislative body for the purpose of agreeing upon a united course of action in the... | <urn:uuid:e92cb3af-0d4c-4879-8877-c950154cd944> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.writework.com/essay/americanisms-england | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00270-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980912 | 365 | 2.53125 | 3 |
They are those fabrics that have been decorated by design applied
to the fabric after it has been constructed. It is a coloured design
created through application of dyes.
Types of Printing
1. Resist Printing: This is oldest method of applying surface design.
The basic principal of resist printing is the protection of certain
areas of fabric by some device to prevent dye penetration. It has 2
2. Tie & Dye : The fabric is spread over pointed objects and tiny puffs
of the fabric are tied tightly with threads and dipped into colour where
the fabric was to resist colour, it was protected by the thread both
was retied for dipping in separate colour. Batik : This method was used
by Indonasians and people or Jawa Melted wase is applied on the portions
to remove unefected by colour. The fabric is dipped in the dye and after
dying wase is removed sometime, the wase cracks giving a good design.
3) Block Printing: Fabrics are stamped with blocks Printing. A separate
block is recquired for each colour and on the smooth. Surface dye is
applied on the design carved position of the blocks. Blocksis pressed
on the fabric, so dye is transferred on the fabric. These blocks are
basically made of wood or patatoes etc. Stencil printing Screen printing
Discharge Printing :- In this printing, when the fabric is printed,
colour is removed from same places. Roller Printing. | <urn:uuid:514959ee-c471-43c8-8f19-c3827963ce27> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.indiafashionexpo.com/complete%20fashion/fashion%20printing.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00455-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948929 | 310 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The PhD students of the Jena School for Microbial Communication cordially invite you to attend the first European Student Conference on Microbial Communication on September 28 – October 1, 2010 in the top-class science city of Jena, Germany.
The conference is a meeting of PhD students and scientific experts from all over the world who will actively discuss and exchange ideas on the different aspects of microbial communication. The programme consists of scientific talks, inspiring workshop in small groups (‘Meet the Experts’) given by leading scientists in the field of microbial communication as well as social and cultural events.
Sessions & Keynotes
Microbes and microbes
Prof Clay Fuqua (Department of Biology, Indiana University, U.S.)
Microbes and Bioinformatics/Biophysics
Prof Dr Ronald L Westra (Maastricht University, The Netherlands)
Microbes and Environment
Prof Dr Rudolf Amann (Department of Molecular Ecology and University of Bremen, Germany)
Microbes and Humans
Prof Alistair Brown (University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, UK)
Microbes and higher organisms
Prof Dr Wilhelm Boland (Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology & Friedrich Schiller University, Jena) | <urn:uuid:97f1d026-6310-4cb7-9ec9-372d77a51682> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.micom.uni-jena.de/archives/micom-2010/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00548-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.849527 | 254 | 1.859375 | 2 |
The Province is introducing a new oil and gas royalty system that puts the interests of British Columbians first and eliminates outdated and inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies.
“Our province is blessed with abundant resources, which belong to all of us. But for too long, a broken system of fossil-fuel subsidies has failed to align with our climate goals or ensure people fully benefit from these resources,” said Premier John Horgan. “That’s why we’re fixing the outdated oil and gas royalty system by eliminating the largest fossil-fuel subsidy in British Columbia. This will give British Columbians a fair return and allow us to invest in their priorities – like improving services, bringing down costs and tackling carbon pollution.”
The new system will eliminate the Deep Well Royalty Program, the largest oil and gas subsidy, as well as other outdated and inefficient programs, such as the Marginal Well, Ultramarginal Well, Low Productivity Well Rate Reduction and the Clean Growth Infrastructure Royalty programs.
The new system will apply to all new wells. It will be phased in during two years starting on Sept. 1, 2022. In 2017, Alberta announced it would modernize its royalty system over a 10-year period.
“This new system is long overdue and will replace an outdated system that was in place for nearly three decades,” said Bruce Ralston, Minister of Energy, Mines and Low Carbon Innovation. “This will support vital public services, such as roads and hospitals, while advancing continued environmental protection for British Columbians.”
A new minimum royalty rate of 5% will be in effect, which is a significant increase from the current 3%. This increase will provide more revenue for public services and climate action. It also recognizes the surplus of credits that companies have accumulated and the need for British Columbians to get a fair return.
“The new system is a good start to simplify, modernize, and eliminate outdated programs,” said Nancy Olewiler, director and professor, school of public policy, Simon Fraser University. “I look forward to seeing the new system implemented and more details on how the Government of British Columbia will continue to use the royalty system to incent efficient production and maximize shared value for British Columbians.”
Under the new system, existing credits will expire in four years unless transferred to an environmentally focused land healings and emissions reductions pool. Using this pool, companies may use credits to fund healing the land and emission-reduction work, but only if it is beyond regulatory requirements.
This new system is the outcome of extensive public engagement that included industry, environmental groups and First Nations. Most of the feedback favoured a revamped framework that puts British Columbians first and protects the environment.
Full Press Release: https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2022EMLI0034-000787 | <urn:uuid:15fb54f8-78d0-4cf4-8d9a-acb5c60407a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mikefarnworthmla.ca/news/new-oil-and-gas-royalty-system-ending-inefficient-subsidies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.934616 | 590 | 2.296875 | 2 |
A lot of people have been having a cow lately about beef potentially disappearing from their lives.
Americans love beef and it is starting to become popular in other developing countries as well.
But it is really one of the worst foods you can eat if you care about your environmental impact.
So let’s look at how bad beef really is.
What type of foods pollutes the most?
If you read the introduction to this Data Story, you probably already know that beef is one of the worst polluters.
But a lot of people really don’t realize how bad it is for the environment.
For every kilogram of beef produced, there are 60 kilograms of greenhouse gases emitted. That is a staggering number when you look at other protein sources.
No other food really comes close to that figure, with other popular protein sources producing less than half as many greenhouse gases.
A lot of people are going to be surprised at the volume of greenhouse gases produced by coffee and chocolate too.
To put this in perspective, you could produce 10 kilograms of poultry before you would match the greenhouse gasses emitted by 1 kilogram of beef.
A majority of the greenhouse gases come from methane that the cows actually produce and emissions from farming.
Processing, transportation and other things make up a pretty small percentage of total emissions.
What protein sources should you eat instead?
There really isn’t an emission-free protein source, but there are a lot of other options that pollute less.
Most of those protein sources are actually non-animal-based products like tofu and nuts.
You could produce 16,600 grams of protein from nuts before you would match pollution for 100 grams of beef protein!
But according to experts, eating less meat on the whole is better than eating meat that produces fewer greenhouse gases.
25% of greenhouse gases come from food production
About one-fourth of all emissions each year comes from food production, the full breakdown can be seen below:
As you can see, the majority of that comes from livestock production and fishing. Bringing that number down is one of the best ways to fight against rising greenhouse emissions.
Now half of all land is currently used for production of food, but the majority of that land goes to housing and feeding livestock as well. Only 30% of that land is actually used for producing edible food.
Beef production is also one of the biggest drivers of deforestation in tropical regions.
This stat about soybeans might have people swearing off tofu or other meat replacements, but 94% of soybeans are used for livestock feed. Only 6% of soybeans in that region are grown for human food.
Now how crazy does it sound to ban or reduce beef production?
Hopefully it’s a no-brainer. | <urn:uuid:4cd3efdf-0d05-4370-a320-bdd05904d915> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://venngage.com/blog/food-pollution-data-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.946255 | 647 | 2.875 | 3 |
One could hardly agree more with Paul Seaton when he writes, in the June Liberty Forum essay, that the elegant voice of Pierre Manent is one that we should listen to carefully these days, as our liberal democracies are on the defensive on both sides of the Atlantic, threatened by the rise of populism and new forms of authoritarianism. Manent’s critique of the European Union seems more relevant than ever before.
And there is, I believe, an even stronger reason for turning to Manent’s books today. He has articulated over the past four decades an original agenda in political philosophy, one that has managed to carve out an original path between different methodologies and figures such as Leo Strauss, Martin Heidegger, and Raymond Aron. Manent has been seen alternatively as a conservative liberal or liberal conservative, and as heir to a distinguished intellectual tradition that goes back to the Baron de Montesquieu and Alexis de Tocqueville in France. In North America, some have seen him as a French Straussian even though there are major differences between Manent and Leo Strauss.
Be that as it may, Manent’s writings have had a strong impact on younger colleagues in France and beyond, including in the United States, where a small group of devoted readers—among them Daniel Mahoney, Paul Seaton, Ralph Hancock, Mark Lilla, Thomas Pavel, and Harvey Mansfield—have done a great deal to bring him to the attention of North American readers. I should add that my own work on the French Doctrinaires, Tocqueville, and the Group of Coppet (Jacques Necker, Madame de Staël, and Benjamin Constant among others) owes a lot to the encounter with Manent’s writings.
Manent, who retired from teaching at Paris’ École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in 2014, came to our attention on this side of the ocean back in 1994, when Princeton University Press launched its “New French Thought” series. Among the first in that series was Manent’s An Intellectual History of Liberalism (1994). Since then, some of his most important writings have been translated into English and published by several American presses. He also taught for a while at Boston College.
Some might say that Manent is an acquired taste and that he belongs to a particularly French school of sad and melancholy liberalism that might explain, among other things, his conservative skepticism toward the European Union. This remains an open question that I cannot settle here. Paul Seaton tends to interpret Manent in a more conservative light than I would be inclined to, and he does not fully account for the evolution of his thought over time. What I can say for sure, though, is that Manent’s style and perspective are very French and that, fortunately, as Harvey Mansfield once quipped, his approach is also full of good sense. Manent is no Derrida or Bourdieu. He writes with Gallic charm and precision using a graceful and clear style that combines intellectual history and political theory, and displays a great sensitivity to the texture of political life.
As Paul Seaton notes in his essay, Manent’s political allegiances, including his thoroughgoing critique of the current European alternative to the nation-state, are a direct consequence of—and are based upon—his philosophical analysis and convictions concerning man and politics in general. That is why I would like to first say a few words about this aspect of Manent’s work before turning to the focus of Seaton’s essay, the European Union today. Seaton describes Manent as a French patriot “whose mind is given over to the demands of dispassionate thought,” and whose focus has been “the political.” This portrait might explain Manent’s current views on the nation, but it needs unpacking for those unfamiliar with his intellectual trajectory. How are we to understand it?
Early on in his career, Manent had the great luck of meeting great French sociologist Raymond Aron (1905-1983), who played a key role in his intellectual development as well as that of others. Through his many books, articles, and public interventions, Aron demonstrated a unique capacity to perceive and interpret what is happening in the world around him. He also showed that one can be a defender of reason and a friend of liberal democracy without ever becoming blind to democracy’s faults or turning into a democratic zealot. Equally important for Manent has been the encounter with Tocqueville, who taught him, to use a Manentian phrase that would later be widely quoted, that “to love democracy well, it is necessary to love it moderately.”
As Manent himself acknowledged in an excellent book of conversations with Bénédicte Delorme-Montini (originally published, in 2010, as Le Regard Politique, translated into English as Seeing Things Politically), he has always found himself operating inside a triangle formed by politics (modern world), philosophy (classical thought), and religion (Christianity). Unlike Aron, Strauss, or Jacques Maritain, for example, Manent has never been able to settle on any one of them. In keeping his distance in relation to these three fundamental dimensions of human life, he has tried to remain open to the diversity and complexity of the world—to find, as he put it in Le Regard Politique, a “fragile equilibrium, or rather a productive disequilibrium” in his questioning about the manner in which politics, philosophy, and religion have been articulated throughout the course of the history of the Western world.
It is worth pointing out that Manent has never been preoccupied with joining a particular circle or school of thought. Although he tended initially to align himself with those who were “apprehensive about the triumphs of the modern movement, or who regarded them skeptically, without joining any particular school,” he never joined the school of disenchantment with modernity. “Indignation and vituperation are not my register,” he admitted, in spite of the fact that many of his early articles had a combative tone and were quite polemical. “I sensed a riddle to solve, something enigmatic to understand,” he added.
To be sure, Manent has always seen himself, above all, as “someone who is seeking to understand,” and never felt the temptation to exchange the toga of the teacher for that of the senator or engaged public intellectual. “I have always felt that intellectual work,” he wrote, “constituted a complete life, and that, in any case, I could not lead two at the same time, that I was capable of only one, and this was the intellectual life.”
On his view, the task of a philosopher is to be an educator, something that Raymond Aron achieved so well. If true to his/her vocation, the political philosopher aspires to impartiality and seeks to educate the civic body and the legislators by bringing out the criteria of justice and evaluating them critically and impartially. This is also the task that Manent tried to fulfil in the past decades that witnessed momentous events, including the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.
The project that has continually engaged Manent’s attention—and that also explains, in part, his current views on Europe and the nation-state—has been, in his words, “the question of the modern difference.” He has carefully explored what he called, in La Cité de l’homme (The City of Man, 1998), the “liberating deed of the modern experience”—that is, the long process by which the modern man fled the law that was given to him and sought the new law that he gave himself, thus subjecting nature to his autonomy and liberty. This has been the revolution that has ended with the triumph of the individual will and the affirmation of the authority of history over nature.
“I was gradually brought to strive to reconstitute the immense architecture of the modern political framework,” Manent acknowledged, “a framework which the great notions by which we interpret and organize our lives are deployed with an extraordinary authority: the notion of society, the notion of history, the notion of the rights of man— man is determined by society, man is a historical being, man is a being who has rights.”
La Cité de l’homme represents Manent’s critical analysis of the intellectual framework of the moderns in its most complete and systematic form. It is an accomplished work of synthesis and intellectual maturity that concluded an important phase in his intellectual journey. According to Manent, that work still retained a certain degree of polemical posture in the debate between the moderns and the ancients. That is why, in his subsequent books, he has attempted to reduce “the part of enmity” in his writing by adopting, to use his own words, a “classic view” of political life. The latter has given him “a better view of the eternal play between the few and the many, beyond the democratic enthusiasm characteristic of modern societies.” This classic perspective undergirds the ambitious The Metamorphoses of the City (2013), Manent’s book about political forms—city-state, nation, empire—which some of his readers (including myself) have found more obscure and difficult to read than his previous works.
Far from becoming less polemical, Manent’s latest writings have become, in fact, even more polemical and controversial after the publication of the The Metamorphoses of the City. I have in mind here La raison des nations (originally published in 2006 and translated into English a year later, in an enlarged version, as Democracy without Nations?) and Situation de la France (which came out in 2015 in France, and the following year in the United States as Beyond Radical Secularism), in which Manent touched upon the role of Islam in modern France.
In the first book, Manent put forward a sophisticated defense of the nation that took to task the Europeans’ embrace of a superficial religion of humanity and their increasing distrust of the nation as the natural political body of democracy. Paul Seaton correctly points out that Manent’s complex advocacy of the nation in La raison des nations is not rooted in any version of nationalism, and has nothing to do with ethnic forms of nationalism that have wrought so much havoc in Europe and elsewhere. Instead, he insists, Manent’s defense of the nation is marked by an acute awareness of nationalism’s past hubris and apprehension over the current weakness of the nation-state.
Let’s take a closer look at what really motivates Manent to praise the nation today. At the present moment, Europeans do not, in his view, enjoy a vigorous political order likely to last. How so? Manent begins by admitting that people in Europe are currently trying “to accomplish something radical that has very rarely been accomplished in history, that is, to found a new political form.” European ideal today, he argues, is that “we would all be governed by general rules and that all action would be subsumed under a rule, with evaluating institutions for verifying that things are done by the rules.”
This is what is commonly called “governance” and is marked by a proliferation of regulations (enforced top-down from Brussels) and rights guaranteed by states that attempt to meet each individual and group in their own peculiarity, in order to bring the latter into the limelight of the political scene. Yet, “governance” thus defined lacks any distinctive political dimension and makes self-government and common action more and more difficult, if not simply impossible. “We can still say that there is a public space, a public light,” notes Manent, “but certainly not something common, since, to repeat, particularities alone as seen as truly real.”
There is an interesting paradox in all that. While embracing democratic values, Europeans tend to forget the political meaning of democracy, which is the self-government of a people. What Europe has done is to “put on this abstract body called ‘Europe,’” that is a body without limits.” The ensuing depoliticization of our democracies today is far from being a benign phenomenon. It produces a tyranny of rules and a new form of enlightened despotism sui generis that makes it more and more difficult to have any meaningful participation in what is common, which Manent regards as a fundamental condition of any res publica. “We have lost the sense of action,” he claims, “and we understand action only as the application of the rule, or conformity to the rule.”
The absence of an authoritative perspective capable of linking us together in meaningful ways does not bode well for our future. Individuals fear more and more that they are not well represented and that they are no longer a people in the proper sense of the word: “The state is less and less sovereign, and the government is less and less representative. The political instruments of the democratic nation are more and more functional-bureaucratic and less and less political.” Liberty is again threatened, this time in the name of more democracy, inclusion, and recognition.
Yet not everything is lost, and Manent’s critique should not be identified with the rejection of the European project so common in the circles of Marie le Pen and others. Europe, Manent believes, can still change its course and rethink the implications of the Maastricht moment. To this effect, it will have to recognize that mutual comprehension presupposes that interlocutors are real and belong to communities “whose political regimes and collective experiences are close.” Let us listen to Manent himself describing (in Seeing Things Politically) our challenges today:
If Europe intends to continue historically, it faces the necessity, either of producing an unprecedented political form, or of giving new life to traditional elements, that is, to the old nations on the one hand, and, perhaps, to the old religion on the other. In any case, there is no future for Europe in European projects as now constituted, no future for Europe in the Commission or in the Parliament, since, precisely, the projects and these institutions do not take into account the question of the political form, or even the question of the regime.
These are harsh words uttered with the authority of an engaged spectator concerned that our new instruments of governance, far from increasing our ability to govern ourselves, are reducing it more and more each day, thus depriving political decisions and deliberations of any genuine legitimacy. Europe, Manent believes, must try to define itself politically anew by admitting that political attachments are not outdated and that political communities are irreplaceable as the framework for deliberation over justice. We must work with the nations that we have, he maintains, and this out of concern not for the particular, but rather for the universal. “It is not by ceaselessly denigrating these nations,” he concludes, “but only by employing their energy, dormant but still capable of being roused, that we have the possibility of elaborating a new political body, a political ‘Europe’.”
While I am deeply sympathetic to Manent’s defense of liberty and self-government and I understand that his defense of the nation does not endorse any form of ethnic nationalism, I find his call for a new form of “common action” somewhat elusive and ambiguous. What would a recovery of “the perspective of the common” entail in practice, one might ask? What would it mean to develop in real politics “a way of speaking of what is common”? Would that entail a world without passports, as it was the case in Europe until about a century ago?
I remember without any nostalgia those days when one needed transit visas to go to study in France, soon after the fall of communism in 1989. Coming from Romania, I needed two such transit visas, for Austria and Germany, before entering France. It was not fun to stand in line at the respective embassies to get those visas before buying a train ticket for a long journey from Bucharest to Paris. That was before the Maastricht moment, and it is not a thing we should remember fondly today. I certainly don’t!
Granted, it is difficult to be a fan of the European Union in its present form, which has many flaws and a huge bureaucracy that cast doubt on its sustainability in the long-term. Yet, I find it equally difficult to join those, like Paul Seaton, who see in the contemporary European Union, above all, “a monstrous hybrid” of rules, judges, and bureaucrats, “and a two-tiered system of dictators and dictated-to’s,” with “some resemblance to the most recent regime of the Lie.” I presume Paul Seaton refers here to communism, but having lived under real communism, I fail to see any real similarity here. Only the future will tell who is right. For the time being, it may be wise to embrace skepticism, prudence, and moderation—that is, those virtues that Manent’s own teacher (Raymond Aron) practiced so well in dark times.
The titles translated into English are: An Intellectual History of Liberalism (Princeton University Press, 1994); Tocqueville and the Nature of Democracy (Rowman and Littlefield, 1996); The City of Man (Princeton University Press, 1998); Modern Liberty and Its Discontents (Rowman and Littlefield, 1998); The Metamorphoses of the City: On the Western Dynamic (Princeton University Press, 2013), and Democracy without Nations? The Fate of Self-Government in Europe, translated and with an Introduction by Paul Seaton (ISI Books, 2007). Another indispensable source is La politique et l’âme. Autour de Pierre Manent, edited by Giulio De Ligio, Jean-Vincent Holeindre, and Daniel J. Mahoney (Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2014). This substantial volume contains many contributions from Manent’s friends and former students that shed light on several dimensions of his thought. It also includes a bibliography of his most important scholarly contributions.
From the English version of Le Regard Politique (Flammarion, 2010), which St. Augustine Press brought out two years ago: Pierre Manent, Seeing Things Politically: Interviews with Bénédicte Delorme-Montini, translated by Ralph C. Hancock, with an Introduction by Daniel J. Mahoney (St. Augustine Press, 2015), p. 116. See also Manent’s important essay “On Historical Causality,” included in Modern Liberty and Its Discontents. The relevant passage here can be found on page 213.
Seeing Things Politically, pp. 87 and 88.
Seeing Things Politically, p. 139.
Seeing Things Politically, p. 86.
The City of Man, p. 48.
Seeing Things Politically, p. 89.
Seeing Things Politically, pp. 101 and 105.
Seeing Things Politically, pp. 146-147.
Ibid., 156.
Ibid., p. 157.
Democracy without Nations?, p. 82.
Seeing Things Politically, p. 156.
Democracy without Nations?, p. 33.
Ibid., p. 29.
Seeing Things Politically, pp. 147-48.
Democracy without Nations?, p. 84.
Seeing Things Politically, p. 155. | <urn:uuid:d6881978-3fbe-456a-8dc8-67b70cd480a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lawliberty.org/forum/within-the-triangle-of-politics-philosophy-and-religion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.958549 | 4,248 | 1.710938 | 2 |
X-15 rocket-powered aircraft piloted by Joseph Albert Walker setting a new altitude record of 169,600 feet in California, United States. Aircraft stationed at the Edwards Air Force Base. Aircraft taxis. The U.S. Air Force Bomber NB-52A Stratofortress with the X-15 rocket-powered aircraft under its wing while in flight as seen from another aircraft in flight below it. Pilot in the cockpit of the aircraft.
This historic stock footage available in HD and SD video. View pricing below video player.
Have a correction or more info about this clip? Edit Now
Be the first to correct or edit this clip's info! Edit Now | <urn:uuid:737bda86-7007-4043-8fc2-d67362e71bc0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675067036_X-15-rocket-powered-aircraft_NB-52A-Stratofortress_Edwards-Air-Force-Base_pilot-in-cockpit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00298-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911025 | 136 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Alternate names: Piątek [Pol], Piontka, פיונטק [Yid], Piontek. Пёнтек [Rus]. Russian: Пёнтек. 52°04' N, 19°29' E, 22 miles N of Łódź, 13 miles SSE of Kutno. 1900 Jewish population: 1,090. Słownik Geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego (1880-1902), VIII, pp. 63-64: "Piątek" #1. Gmina Piątek is a rural administrative district in Łęczyca powiat, Łódź Voivodeship in central Poland with its seat is the village of Piątek, 20 km (12 mi) E of Łęczyca and 32 km (20 mi) N of the regional capital Łódź. Gmina Piątek contains the villages and settlements of Balków, Bielice, Boguszyce, Borowiec, Broników, Czerników, Górki Łubnickie, Górki Pęcławskie, Goślub, Goślub-Osada, Janków, Janówek, Janowice, Jasionna, Konarzew, Krzyszkowice, Łęka, Leżajna, Łubnica, Mchowice, Michałówka, Młynów, Mysłówka, Orądki, Orenice, Pęcławice, Piątek, Piekary, Pokrzywnica, Rogaszyn, Śladków Podleśny, Śladków Rozlazły, Stare Piaski, Sułkowice Drugie, Sułkowice Pierwsze, Sypin, Witów, Włostowice, Włostowice-Parcele and Żabokrzeki. The gmina 2006 total population was 6,574. [June 2009]
CEMETERY Located by the road to Pokrzywniki, the 0.80 ha cemetery was established in 18th century. Some visible traces of matzevot remained, but reportedly in 2009, none were visible in the intense vegetation. photo. [June 2009]
US Commission No. POCE000623
Alternate name: Piontke in Yiddish. Piatek is located at 52º04 19º29 in region Plockie, 35 km from Lodz and and 105 from Warszawa. The old cemetery is located at Ulica Pokrzywnicka. Present town population is 1,000-5,000 with no Jews.
The earliest known Jewish community was 1765. 1921 Orthodox Jewish population was 1291. The cemetery probably was established during the first half of the 18th century. In 1796, the Prussian government took over the town. Landmarked: on the official register of Jewish cemeteries of 1981. The isolated suburban hillside has no sign or marker. Reached by crossing private property, access is open to all with no fence or gate. The approximate size before WWII and now is.8 ha. There are 1 to 20 stones visible all not in original locations. Less than 25% are toppled or broken. There are no dates on the broken fragments of sandstone and concrete, flat shaped stones or multi-stone monuments. There are no known mass graves. The municipality owns the property used for agriculture. Adjacent property is residential and agricultural. Rarely, private visitors and local residents visit. It was vandalized during World War II. No maintenance. There are no structures. Vegetation is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Security, vegetation, and vandalism are slight threats.
Pawel Figalkowski 96-500, Sochaczew, Ulica Ziemowita 11, Tel. 227-91 completed survey on Nov. 9, 1991 and visited the site in April.
|Last Updated on Wednesday, 24 June 2009 12:19| | <urn:uuid:a8f70af4-5cd2-4601-9ab7-748374728f2a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/poland/piatek.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00448-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848822 | 925 | 1.695313 | 2 |
There was a disturbing case in the news this week. It involved a Norfolk-based sailor charged with reckless endangerment because he engaged in sex with a female sailor without informing her that he has the AIDS virus. The case was disturbing for two reasons.
First, the sailor, Petty Officer 3rd Class Robert A. Woods, was found not guilty, even though the facts of the case were not in dispute: He did have sex without warning his partner - despite knowing that he carries the virus and despite having been counseled about the various precautions his situation merits.
Part of the testimony at his military trial centered on Woods' intentions and the 1 in 500 odds that Woods could infect his partner in a single act of intercourse. It is unlikely, however, that Woods was aware of those odds.
Rather, it is more believable that a man who knows he has the AIDS virus and has sex without informing his partner of that fact simply does not care if he infects others. And that sort of behavior certainly constitutes reckless endangerment.
But the case is disturbing for another reason, too: While Woods was awaiting trial, he was promoted. According to trial testimony, he is considered a top sailor and plans to re-enlist. It is a sorry commentary on today's Navy if Woods is among its best.
AIDS kills. For some time now, the government has been conducting an expensive and crucial campaign to educate people about just how deadly this virus is and how its spread can be avoided. Maybe that message hasn't gotten through to the Navy. | <urn:uuid:01c203dd-ee22-4e2f-accf-e871911712c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://articles.dailypress.com/1989-09-23/news/8909230105_1_aids-virus-sailor-military-trial | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720475.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00355-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989002 | 313 | 1.734375 | 2 |
The new different-speed mixer is widely used in the production of hydrofluoric acid, amino plastics, synthetic rubber and so on. The stirring kneader shafts are the key parts of different-speed mixer, and the problems about strength of shafts were very important. The finite element model of the stirring kneader shaft was built based on ANSYS software in this paper. The ANSYS software was adopted for the static strength analysis of the stirring kneader shaft, and the dangerous points were found. Then these data were used to perform a fatigue analysis by ANSYS-Fatigue. The results showed that the new stirring kneader shaft was able to meet fatigue requirement during the whole service life. | <urn:uuid:23fc057b-d6de-478c-ab0c-20d0d286e2b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.scientific.net/AMR.87-88.149 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00301-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972789 | 147 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Tattooing is an art that the Razzouk family brought with them to Palestine five centuries ago bringing it with them from Egypt. The family came to the Holy Land for pilgrimage but then stayed for trade and for the Tattooing tradition that had existed, and since this art has been in the family for 700 hundred years starting in Egypt, the family started tattooing pilgrims for a living.
Our ancestors used tattoos to mark Christian Copts in Egypt with a small cross on the inside of the wrist to grant them access to churches. Those without it would have difficulty entering the church; therefore, and from a very young age (sometimes even a few months old) Christians would tattoo their children with the cross identifying them as Copts.
Read on to learn more about this stunning history from the current owner of the Razzouk Tattoo shop, Wassim, the 27th generation of the family members that have been practicing this profession and the tradition of offering tattoos to visitors to the Old City of Jerusalem.
“My grandfather, Jacob Razzouk (known also as Hagop or “the tattooist”), was the first tattoo artist in this country to use an electric tattoo machine (which was powered by a car battery) and the first to use color as well. Many artists have learned from him and he has been mentioned in many books and magazines that discuss the history of tattooing (especially religious and Christian tattoos).
He had learned the art from his father who learned it from his father and the ancestors who came from Egypt and brought with them the wooden hand-carved stamps that act as stencils for the religious designs of motifs inspired from the bible such as the crucifixion, the ascension, the Madonna, etc… Pilgrims would stand in line waiting for their turn to be tattooed with either a cross or another design of their choice with the date as certification to their pilgrimage to the Holy Land and as a souvenir. Many Pilgrims would visit another time in a different year and have the date of that year added to the tattoo.
My Father, Anton Razzouk, speaks of a man who had visited Palestine for decades on a yearly basis bringing other pilgrims with him from Egypt every year, and every year he would bring his groups to be tattooed and, of course, get tattooed with the year again, he ended up having tens of tattooed dates on his arms. Another story that my father is proud of is about the fact that his father, Jacob, had tattooed the Emperor of Ethiopia in the 1930’s, he wanted to be tattooed only by the original artist from the original family. One of the interesting recent stories is that my father was contacted by an Armenian American doctor who invited him to the USA to have him put an original tattoo for him (probably cost him more than a hundred tattoos!), but for him, the authenticity and the heritage was all that mattered.
My father (Anton Razzouk) taught me as his father (Yacoub Razzouk) had taught him, and I have decided to carry over the tradition and the heritage, now my two sons are also practicing this profession that will hopefully remain in the family for many centuries to come.” | <urn:uuid:71f1a2f8-474e-47be-a226-16a1b73815ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://razzouktattoo.com/pages/about-us | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.985287 | 675 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Most of you have probably seen this photo:
It was made in February 1st, 1968. in Saigon, after the North Vietnamese forces started Tet offensive. A man with a hand gun was South Vietnamese officer, general Nguyễn Ngọc Loan. A prisoner was Nguyễn Văn Lém. Photograph was made by Eddie Adams who was AP photojournalist in Vietnam.
This photograph made great influence on American public opinion, turning it against American involvement in Vietnam war. Eddie Adams won a Pulitzer Prize for that one. About that day he wrote:
I just followed the three of them as they walked towards us, making an occasional picture. When they were close – maybe five feet away – the soldiers stopped and backed away. I saw a man walk into my camera viewfinder from the left. He took a pistol out of his holster and raised it. I had no idea he would shoot. It was common to hold a pistol to the head of prisoners during questioning. So I prepared to make that picture – the threat, the interrogation. But it didn't happen. The man just pulled a pistol out of his holster, raised it to the VC's head and shot him in the temple. I made a picture at the same time.
This is all about a cruelty of war. We can see armed man executing helpless prisoner. Evil that wins over truth and life. But, as Adams later said, photography is just a half of the story. According the South Vietnamese sources, Nguyễn Văn Lém (a prisoner) was Viet Cong officer who has been caught the same day close the ditch holding as many as thirty-four bound and shot bodies of police and their relatives, some of whom were the families of general Loan's deputy… General Loan escaped to USA after the war, where he died in 1998. Eddie Adams died too, 5 years ago.
For me this photograph is a proof what one single moment in someone`s life can change a destinu of one man and millions of people. There is nothing heroic in executing helpless man. People act weird in stressful and life threatening situations. One day you are a hero. Tomorrow you are war criminal. We will probably never know which one of the stories were true. All involved are dead, just a photo remained to tell its own story.
The general killed the Viet Cong; I killed the general with my camera. Still photographs are the most powerful weapon in the world. People believe them; but photographs do lie, even without manipulation. They are only half-truths. | <urn:uuid:66bcea99-63db-4f08-bd7f-08287624add8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gdare.wordpress.com/2009/01/31/power-of-photography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.98663 | 543 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What is Inflammation Doing to Your Joints?
By Stepy Kamei
How much do you know about the function of inflammation in the body? Like carbohydrates and fat, inflammation can be good for the body in certain cases. For instance, the body needs carbs and certain fats in order to gain energy to get through the day. Similarly, the body relies on its natural inflammatory response to fight off any potential threats to the immune system, such as viruses, illnesses, and invasive foreign substances. When relied on in this natural manner, the inflammatory response can be incredibly helpful and useful for anyone.
However, the body sometimes kicks its inflammatory response into overdrive, which can lead to many health problems. Most distressingly, an abundance of inflammation in the body can lead to aches, pain, and general discomfort throughout the back and joints. Over time, chronic bouts of inflammation don't just continue to create discomfort -- they can often lead to more serious health issues as well. Arthritis, heart disease, and even obesity have all been linked to increased levels of inflammation in the body. Fortunately, in addition to seeing a chiropractor, there are ways you can fight off inflammation for less back and joint pain and better physical health overall.
Improve Your Diet
One of the most significant determining factors of how much inflammation flares up in your body is the consistency of your diet. Some foods have a very high inflammatory impact on the body. Other foods don't create too much inflammation, and there are even some foods which can help reduce the amount of inflammation in your body. A general rule of thumb: The more natural and unprocessed a food is, the less likely it is to produce harmful amounts of inflammation. Foods that are packaged and contain high amounts of sugar, salt, and fat (think chips, candy, and soda) tend to create large flare-ups of inflammation. High consumption of sugar in particular can also lead to increased insulin resistance, which is a dangerous early warning sign of developing metabolic syndrome and, eventually, diabetes. Eating these types of foods can also hinder any positive benefits which anti-inflammatory foods may have.
The best anti-inflammatory foods include those high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fatty fish, chia seeds, and olive oil. You'll want to make sure your meals consist primarily of lean proteins, fresh vegetables, and whole grains, so your body is less likely to experience unnecessary amounts of inflammation.
Chiropractic is a Safe Way to Combat Inflammation
Another way you can rid the body of inflammation is by trusting a chiropractor at The Joint clinics to adjust your spine. Spinal adjustments have been known to reduce inflammation in the joints, which brings safe and natural relief to aches and pains. | <urn:uuid:191f11b8-0308-476c-ac20-8fd8abd3c117> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.thejoint.com/california/sacramento/loehmanns-plaza-31073/188482-what-is-inflammation-doing-to-your-joints | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719416.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00364-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95721 | 560 | 3.046875 | 3 |
#6 BSc (Hons) Sport and Exercise Science, one of the University's School of Sport and Exercise Science courses ranked 6th in the UK for overall student satisfaction, according to the National Student Survey 2016.
The Sport and Exercise Science degree at Lincoln was developed to meet both the student demand and the growing reputation of sport and exercise science and the role that sport and physical activity can play in improving the health of the nation. The programme is a multidisciplinary degree that aims to develop students’ knowledge, understanding and practical skills in the key areas of physiology, biomechanics and psychology — so they can understand their impact on sports performance, physical activity and health.
This degree reflects current research-informed teaching and innovation within the sector. Throughout the course, students have access to specialist equipment and facilities including our sports laboratory, endless pool and fitness suite.
The School boasts modern state-of-the-art facilities and equipment, housed within the Human Performance Centre, enabling cutting edge research, assessment and training of health, physical fitness and technique.
Integrated into the curriculum are a number of professional qualifications that students may potentially gain alongside their degree at no extra cost. These industry recognised qualifications are endorsed by SkillsActive and may include Gym Instruction, Personal Training and Exercise Referral.
Is This Course Right For Me?
This course should be considered by students who have an interest and a background in Physical Education, sport or science, are willing to engage in theoretical concepts and apply these through laboratory practicals, and who are committed to becoming an independent learner.
How You Study
This degree aims to provide a progressive and multi-disciplinary programme that gives students the opportunity to gain an Honours-level degree qualification in the areas specific to sport and exercise science.
The first year of the course is designed to provide students with an opportunity to develop an extensive understanding of sport and exercise science, while year two offers the opportunity to convert theoretical knowledge into practice. During the third year, students can choose modules based around their own interests and career goals, such as biomechanical analysis, sport and exercise nutrition, personal training and strength and conditioning.
Students have the opportunity to undertake applied assessments and work placement opportunities in order to apply their learning in a real-world setting and to gain valuable work experience. Students who choose to undertake a placement are responsible for their travel, accommodation and general living costs.
Contact Hours and Independent Study
Contact hours may vary for each year of your degree. However, remember that you are engaging in a full-time degree; so, at the very least, you should expect to undertake a minimum of 37 hours of study each week during term time and you may undertake assignments outside of term time. The composition and delivery for the course breaks down differently for each module and may include lectures, seminars, workshops, independent study, practicals, work placements, research and one-to-one learning.
University-level study involves a significant proportion of independent study, exploring the material covered in lectures and seminars. As a general guide, for every hour in class students are expected to spend two - three hours in independent study.
Please see the Unistats data, using the link at the bottom of this page, for specific information relating to this course in terms of course composition and delivery, contact hours and student satisfaction.
How You Are Assessed
Students experience a variety of assessment methods depending on whether the study is practical, theoretical or contextual/vocational. Assessment methods may include demonstration of laboratory techniques, field assessments, laboratory reports, coursework, individual/group presentations and written examinations.
The University of Lincoln's policy on assessment feedback aims to ensure that academics will return in-course assessments to you promptly – usually within 15 working days after the submission date (unless stated differently above).
Methods of Assessment
The way you will be assessed on this course will vary for each module. It could include coursework, such as a dissertation or essay, written and practical exams, portfolio development, group work or presentations to name some examples.
For a breakdown of assessment methods used on this course and student satisfaction, please visit the Unistats website, using the link at the bottom of this page.
What We Look For In Your Application
We look for a good background in science at GCSE and Further Education Level, a commitment to sport and a desire to learn new concepts. We also value evidence of a variety of transferable skills, including strong communication skills and working as part of a team. We look for commitment and enthusiasm for sport and exercise science, the ability to work effectively as an independent learner and as part of a group, and interpersonal skills.
Throughout this degree, students may receive tuition from professors, senior lecturers, lecturers, researchers, practitioners, visiting experts or technicians, and they may be supported in their learning by other students.
For a comprehensive list of teaching staff, please see our School of Sport and Exercise Science Staff Pages.
Entry Requirements 2017-18
GCE Advanced Levels: BBB
International Baccalaureate: 30 points overall
BTEC Extended Diploma: Distinction, Distinction, Merit
Access to Higher Education Diploma: A minimum of 45 level 3 credits at merit or above will be required.
Applicants will also be required to have at least five GCSEs at grade C or above (or the equivalent), including English, Maths and science/sports related subject.
We will also consider applicants with extensive relevant work experience.
If you would like further information about entry requirements, or would like to discuss whether the qualifications you are currently studying are acceptable, please contact the Admissions team on 01522 886097, or email email@example.com.
Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement
This module seeks to examine the mechanics of human movement, identifying the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects of these forces. Particular emphasis will be placed on applying the theoretical principles of biomechanics to sport and exercise.
The specific objectives are to:
- Provide an opportunity to develop an understanding of the basic principles of biomechanics.
- Investigate the relationship between the theoretical principles of biomechanics and sports performance.
- Introduce students to the basic laboratory techniques for the biomechanical assessment of motion.
This module aims to enable students to develop an understanding of the underpinning theory and skills required to be able to competently instruct different modalities of exercise pertaining to free weight exercises and cardiovascular/resistance machines.
Fundamentals of Human Physiology
This module aims to provide the opportunity for students to develop a basic knowledge of the structure and function of the human body. The module seeks to focus on anatomical, biochemical and physiological integration necessary for human movement production.
Initial examination aims to develop an understanding of structures and processes relating to biological energy processing and systems, and the relationship between anatomical structures and physical functions. Students have the opportunity to develop an integrated systems approach to human movement, examining endocrine, neural and muscular functions required for movement initiation.
Introduction to Psychological Principles.
This module aims to introduce students to key concepts and theories that describe and explain the importance of psychology in sport, exercise and physical activity settings.
There is a focus on supporting students to understand how and why psychological factors are related to issues such as performance outcomes, participation rates and wellbeing. In particular, students will have the opportunity to examine the influence of thoughts, feelings and behaviours on various outcome measures (success, enjoyment etc.), and how these same variables can change as a result of experiences within sport and exercise.
On this module, students have the opportunity to develop useful study skills for the sport and exercise scientist and benefit from an introduction to the underpinning concepts of scientific study and research methods.
This module aims to enable students to benefit fully from the higher education learning environment and develop their reflective practice, alongside an understanding of the philosophy of science as related to scientific study in sport and exercise.
Applied Exercise Physiology
This module aims to give students the opportunity to consolidate and expand their knowledge of the foundations of sport physiology developed at level one, by encouraging the application of the fundamental principles of anatomy and physiology.
There is an emphasis on practical skills development with the aim of enabling students to evaluate responses to exercise in a laboratory and field environment. Students have the opportunity to apply the generic principles of sports physiology to different athletic groups in order to develop an appreciation of suitable methods of fitness development and adaptations to training prescription.
Applied Health Physiology
The aim of this module is to examine the relationship between physical activity and health, understanding the health problems that are caused by inactivity and their pathophysiology.
Students can learn both the risks and benefits of physical activity, understanding the contraindications to exercise for a range of special population groups. Students will be supported in the measurement of health-related fitness for sedentary individuals and make suitable recommendations for exercise in order to benefit health.
Applied Movement Analysis
This module aims to enable students to build on practical knowledge and skills gained at level one within the Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement module.
It aims to include a discussion of how to assess human movement through different kinetic, kinematic and performance analysis techniques and the delivery of application of theoretical concepts to practical sport assessment.
The specific objectives are to:
- Introduce advanced theoretical concepts.
- Apply these concepts to the practical assessment of human movement, with a particular emphasis on sports performance.
- Provide an opportunity to develop competency in using specialist biomechanical equipment and software.
- Apply performance analysis strategies and theory to the assessment of individual and team sports.
Nutrition for Health and Performance
The Nutrition for Health and Performance module seeks to outline the principles of human nutrition by providing theoretical content regarding nutrient structure and function and the concept of a healthy diet. Practical components aim to explore the range of dietary assessment techniques and provide students with the opportunity to practice these with both health and sport-orientated people.
Research Methods and Analysis
This module aims to build directly on the key research concepts delivered at level one, as well as seeking to provide an introduction to a wide range of methodologies applicable to exercise, physical activity, health and sport performance research. Students have an opportunity to undertake independent research activities to develop their analytical skills through applied evidence-based practice.
Sport and Exercise Psychology
This module aims to build upon knowledge gained in the first year of the course by facilitating a deeper level of knowledge and critical analysis in key areas of sport and exercise psychology. Module content aims to evaluate how psychological knowledge is developed with a critical evaluation of existing knowledge.
Key theories can be discussed and evaluated in light of existing research evidence. Additionally, a number of important developing lines of research can be covered with the aim of a move towards understanding how psychology can be applied to aid performance and promote more enjoyable experiences.
Advanced Biomechanical Analysis (Option)
This optional module provides students with an opportunity to develop their ability to carry out independent research and consultancy activities in the area of sport and exercise biomechanics. Seeking to build upon the knowledge gained at previous levels, this module introduces specialised techniques to assess performance and the wider issues surrounding support work.
The specific objectives of the module are to:
- Provide an opportunity to develop proficiency in the use of advanced quantitative biomechanical systems to analyse and evaluate human performance.
- Provide the opportunity to develop an advanced understanding of the use of biomechanics in supporting and developing performance within elite athletes.
- Critically analyse recent and possible future developments in sports biomechanics.
Advanced Sport and Exercise Nutrition (Option)
This optional module aims to draw upon prior knowledge and practical experience in sport and exercise nutrition and sport physiology.
The specific objectives of this module are to:
- Integrate these disciplines to enhance understanding of the demands of sport and exercise upon nutritional requirements.
- Provide an opportunity to develop an understanding of the relationship between the health requirements of daily nutritional intake and optimal sports performance.
- Provide the opportunity to develop practical skills for the assessment of nutritional intake, hydration status, energy balance and body composition.
- Improve ability to translate individual nutritional needs of different sports performers into appropriate dietary strategies and daily nutritional prescription.
Advanced Sport Physiology (Option)
This optional module aims to encourage students to apply knowledge and understanding of the physiological systems active during exercise, at fatigue and following training, to the performance and specific requirements of different high-performance athletes.
The specific objectives of this module are to:
- Provide the opportunity to develop an understanding and experience of physiological intervention and sports science support models as accepted tools for the performance development of the elite athlete.
- Provide the opportunity to gain relevant vocational experience in relation to physiological assessment and training prescription.
- Prepare students academically and vocationally for future work in terms of knowledge, planning, understanding, research and assessment.
Applied Sport and Exercise Psychology (Option)
This optional module aims to develop a further understanding of how sport psychology can be applied to improve and support sport performance.
It seeks to provide an insight into how psychological skills training can be used by athletes from all different levels and how the performer can manage competition and training and enhance performance. Students have the opportunity to consider how to effectively assess an athlete’s psychological profile, and how to design and implement training programmes.
The Dissertation module provides an opportunity for an in-depth study of a particular topic and to demonstrate original and critical thought.
Exercise Prescription for Health (Option)
This elective module aims to explore the prescription of exercise to benefit specific medical conditions. It draws upon the theoretical issues and practical skills delivered at level two when exploring physical activity and health. Students have the opportunity to employ vocationally relevant skills in the health assessment of a client, designing and delivering an exercise programme to benefit a specified medical condition. Students can explore healthcare systems, critically examining roles and responsibilities and the use of evaluation.
This optional module includes a placement that is linked to the module assessment. Students who choose to take this module will be responsible for their travel, accommodation and general living costs during the placement.
Personal Training (Option)
This interdisciplinary module is designed to build on prior knowledge of exercise instruction, and the anatomical and physiological processes of sport and exercise physiology related to the planning, prescription and delivery of a specific exercise programme.
Sport and Exercise Nutrition (Option)
This optional module seeks to draw upon prior knowledge and practical experience in nutrition, with the aim of furthering the relationship with exercise and environmental physiology.
Strength and Conditioning (Option)
This optional interdisciplinary module aims to build on prior knowledge of anatomical and physiological processes of the musculoskeletal system, and the testing and evaluation of sports performance.
The specific objectives are to:
- Provide students with the opportunity to develop a comprehensive knowledge of the strength and conditioning environment and factors to consider within the support of athletes.
- Provide students with the chance to develop a critical understanding and appreciation of strength and conditioning programmes to enable effective delivery, implementation and evaluation.
- Prepare students academically and vocationally for future work in terms of knowledge, understanding, research, assessment and planning.
The availability of optional modules may vary from year to year and will be subject to minimum student numbers being achieved. This means that the availability of specific optional modules cannot be guaranteed. Optional module selection may also be affected by staff availability.
The School has an active research environment which engages in applied research and has a number of research groups (Biofeedback, MTough, Psychophysiology, HART). For example current research in the MTough research group is focused on investigating the importance of mental toughness in sports performance, examining the relationship between the attitudes of athletes and their performance.
Students are encouraged to conduct their own research independently and in collaboration with staff. Findings have been showcased at national conferences, such as the annual British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences Student Conference.
Student as Producer
Student as Producer is a model of teaching and learning that encourages academics and undergraduate students to collaborate on research activities. It is a programme committed to learning through doing.
The Student as Producer initiative was commended by the QAA in our 2012 review and is one of the teaching and learning features that makes the Lincoln experience unique.
Facilities include a state-of-the-art Human Performance Centre, which includes an endless pool, two physiology labs, a biomechanics lab, a strength and conditioning area and dedicated computer suites.
The Sports Centre hosts a double sports hall, all weather synthetic pitches, fitness suites, squash courts, a dance studio and saunas.
At Lincoln, we constantly invest in our campus as we aim to provide the best learning environment for our undergraduates. Whatever your area of study, the University strives to ensure students have access to specialist equipment and resources, to develop the skills, which you may need in your future career.
View our campus pages [www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/campuslife/ourcampus/] to learn more about our teaching and learning facilities.
This degree offers students the opportunity to develop the skills and knowledge necessary for a range of careers in sport science and health, such as sport science support officers, strength and conditioning coaches, performance analysts and clinical and community health advisers.
Opportunities also exist to progress into teaching, (following further training), the emergency services and to continue on to study at postgraduate level.
The University Careers and Employability Team offer qualified advisors who can work with you to provide tailored, individual support and careers advice during your time at the University. As a member of our alumni we also offer one-to-one support in the first year after completing your course, including access to events, vacancy information and website resources; with access to online vacancies and virtual and website resources for the following two years.
This service can include one-to-one coaching, CV advice and interview preparation to help you maximise your future opportunities.
The service works closely with local, national and international employers, acting as a gateway to the business world.
Visit our Careers Service pages for further information. [http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/campuslife/studentsupport/careersservice/]
For each course you may find that there are additional costs. These may be with regard to the specific clothing, materials or equipment required, depending on your course. Some courses provide opportunities for you to undertake field work or field trips. Where these are compulsory, the cost for the travel, accommodation and your meals may be covered by the University and so is included in your fee. Where these are optional you will normally (unless stated otherwise) be required to pay your own transportation, accommodation and meal costs.
With regards to text books, the University provides students who enrol with a comprehensive reading list and you will find that our extensive library holds either material or virtual versions of the core texts that you are required to read. However, you may prefer to purchase some of these for yourself and you will be responsible for this cost. Where there may be exceptions to this general rule, information will be displayed in a section titled Other Costs below.
|Full-time||£9,250 per level||£14,500 per level|
|Part-time||£77.09 per credit point†|
The University undergraduate tuition fee may increase year on year in line with government policy. This will enable us to continue to provide the best possible educational facilities and student experience.
In 2017/18, subject to final confirmation from government, there will be an inflationary adjustment to fees to £9,250 for new and returning UK/EU students. In 2018/19 there may be an increase in fees in line with inflation.
We will update this information when fees for 2017/18 are finalised.
†Please note that not all courses are available as a part-time option. | <urn:uuid:3de2802f-e50f-486c-ac2b-dd82492253c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/home/course/sessesub/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00408-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92026 | 4,094 | 1.515625 | 2 |
By: Christen Walton
Rationale: There are five components to fluency and those include reading faster, reading with expression, reading smoother, reading silently, and reading voluntarily. In lesson, we will focus on reading more expressively by having the children hear a model of reading with and without expression and practicing reading with a partner. Reading with expression will lead them one step closer to fluency
Materials: a copy of The Father Who Walked on His Hands (by Margaret Mahy) for each child, a copy of Earrings! (by Judith Viorst; pub. by Scholastic, Inc.), chalkboard, chalk,
Eexpressive Reading Assessment Checklist
Pitch rose and fell _____
Paces speed up and slowed down ____
Volume rose and fell_____
Phrasing made sense_____
1. "Today we are going to talk about reading with expression. When we read with expression it adds to the story. It keeps the listener interested and excited about what you are reading. As you begin to feel more confident with reading, reading with expression will become easier."
2. "We have worked on rereading sentences that we have trouble on but I want to remind you again how important it is to reread. Sometimes a word does not make sense to us and then the entire sentence does not make sense. Once we know what the word is, we should go back and read the entire sentence. Also sometimes when we are reading with expression, what we said does not make sense. In that class we should look at the punctuation again and reread the since a different way."
3. "Punctuation is one way that we can tell what expression to have while we are reading. We're going to talk about what some important punctuation marks are such as the question mark, and exclamation point. When you see a question mark, usually you read a sentence like this. (Say a sentence out loud). When you see an exclamation point, usually you read it like this. (Say another sentence that requires an exclamation point)." Put the sentence "Sally ate her lunch" on the board. "Can someone say this sentence out loud if it had a question mark at the end? Can someone say this sentence out loud if it had an exclamation point at the end?"
4. "Now I am going to read the book, Earrings! by Judith Viorst out loud. I am going to read it twice and I want each of you to listen for the difference." I will read the book once with no expression and once with expression. Then I will ask the students to tell me what the difference was between the two times. I will also ask them which time they liked better. "You see, reading with expression made the book more interesting and easier to understand."
5. Then I will pass out copies of the book, The Father Who Walked on His Hands by Margaret Mahy to each child. I will pair the children up and tell them to practice reading the book to each other with expression.
6. For the assessment, I will walk around and listen to each
child read. I will use the expressive reading assessment checklist
to check each child. Later in the day, I will meet with each child
to discuss his or her reading with expression. I will model for the
students who didn't meet some of the criteria on the checklist.
Beginning to Read: Thinking and Learning about Print. By Marilyn Adams. Chapter 7, pages 88-94.
Click here to return to Elucidations | <urn:uuid:714f8d0a-2163-4c31-9df9-33ec4ea016f6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.auburn.edu/academic/education/reading_genie/elucid/waltongf.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00437-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96268 | 735 | 4.5625 | 5 |
- Login | Register
- Current Issue
- Most Read
- Back Issues
A three-month-long bitter war fought between India and Pakistan in the icy heights of Jammu and Kashmir’s Kargil region, claiming the lives of several hundred soldiers on both sides, is perhaps a fading memory for most Indians today. But recent revelations by a retired Pakistani top general, backroom negotiations between opinion-makers of the two sides and last month’s tension along the Line of Control show that the political and military establishments in neither India nor Pakistan have been able to fully exorcise the ghosts of Kargil even after 14 years. One reason for this is that the nub of the problem, which prompted the Kargil operation, stays with us as a live issue: the Siachen glacier.
‘Operation Badr’—as Pervez Musharraf, who was then the army chief of Pakistan, had codenamed the Kargil operation—was aimed at severing India’s supply lines to Siachen and force it to vacate the glacier and enter into negotiations with Pakistan on the fate of Kashmir.
The revelations of Lt Gen Shahid Aziz (see interview) show how close Pakistan had come to meeting its objective by stealthily sneaking in its soldiers inside the Indian territory in the garb of Afghan and Kashmiri mujahideen and how the Indians were caught napping before getting into rearguard action to throw out the infiltrators.
Much of what Aziz said is already known to us. But still a disclosure by someone of his rank is definitely significant.”
Since 1984, when India launched its Operation Meghdoot to beat the Pakistani army in taking control of the 70-km-long Siachen glacier and the important tributary glaciers in the area, Pakistan has made several attempts to dislodge Indian troops from their vantage position. Indian strategic planners maintain that its position on the glacier gives it the advantage of straddling Pakistan on the one side and China on the other. Any attempts to withdraw its troops from the glacial heights, described by many as the highest battleground in the world, could deprive India of a locational advantage, beyond the symbolism of ownership. Forfeiting it, according to this view, would detract from India’s legal claim on Jammu and Kashmir and allow Pakistan to dictate the pace of negotiations on the region. The Kargil operation was perhaps one of the most audacious adventures on the Pakistan army’s part to force India to withdraw its troops from Siachen.
So, how should one see Shahid Aziz’s public disclosure of Musharraf’s Kargil operations? There is no unanimity in India about the timing of his disclosure. “Much of what he has said was already known to us,” Lt Gen (retd) V.R. Raghavan of the Chennai-based Centre for Security Analysis told Outlook. “But the disclosure of someone of his rank on some of the details on Kargil is definitely significant.”
Like some others, Raghavan feels that Aziz’s public pronouncement could be a reflection of the existence of various factions within the Pakistani military establishment and their attempt to dissociate themselves post facto from the embarrassment of the misadventure. “Let’s not forget that the US pressure, forcing Pakistan to withdraw troops from Kargil, was a very humiliating experience for many in the Pakistani army establishment,” says Raghavan.
There are yet others in India who feel that Aziz has decided to wash Musharraf’s dirty linen in public to stop him from staging a political comeback in Pakistan. With impending elections in the country and no clear leader, Musharraf may have fancied his chance of making a re-entry into the political theatre to offer himself as a future democratic leader.
But there is no doubt that what the former Pakistani general has revealed is significant and is likely to shape India’s stand on Pakistan, and particularly its decision on whether troops should be withdrawn from Siachen. For, among other things, Aziz makes it clear that all those who took part in the Kargil operation were regular Pakistani soldiers and not mujahideen, as Musharraf and the Pakistani government had claimed. He also stresses that the entire planning of the operation was done by Musharraf in complete secrecy by taking only four senior army officials into confidence. Thirdly, Aziz emphasises that the operation was aimed at cutting off Indian supplies to Siachen and forcing its troops to withdraw from the glacier.
“There’s no question of demilitarising Siachen. We hold advantage over Pakistan, that’s how it should be.”
The question, therefore, remains: can India take Pakistan at face value and does it have any leverage with the Pakistani government to ensure that it would enforce any agreement in future were India to withdraw its troops from Siachen? For what Aziz has reaffirmed is that Pakistan can yet again sneak in its army regulars in the garb of Kashmiri mujahideen and claim to have no role in the illegal occupation or violation of proposed treaty terms. This is especially significant as retired Indian army officials and bureaucrats, who were part of a Canada-initiated Track II initiative, had recently courted controversy and strong criticism from the Indian army establishment for agreeing with their Pakistani counterparts on the ‘doability’ of withdrawing troops from Siachen. The current mood definitely scuttles any such move.
“There is no peace dividend in going for a troop pullout from Siachen. There is no justification for it. After Kargil, it has become difficult and the latest developments make it almost impossible. A goodwill gesture has no place now as things stand in the present ambience,” says Raghavan, pointing to last month’s tension along the LoC with the subsequent beheading and mutilation of Indian soldiers by the Pakistani side as a cautionary note.
Though optimistic, strategic affairs commentator and former Indian army brigadier Gurmeet Kanwal also advises caution in dealing with the Siachen issue. “While the demilitarisation of the Siachen conflict zone is doable, the political climate is not right at present,” he told Outlook. “The government cannot afford to alienate people during an election year.”
Interestingly, though Aziz claims that he all along thought Musharraf’s ambitious operation was doomed to failure, he also points out that the weakness of the Indian intelligence-sharing mechanism was one of the key elements that had allowed Pak troops their initial success in Kargil.
The armed conflict that engaged the two sides in the summer of 1999 had managed to catch the attention not only of Indians and Pakistanis, but also that of the world at large. For this was a conventional war being fought by two countries barely a year after they had conducted a series of nuclear tests and declared themselves nuclear powers.
The months of condemnation that followed the twin nuclear tests of May 1998, with demands that both India and Pakistan dismantle their nuclear programmes, had stopped only in the early part of 1999. In February of that year, Indian prime minister Atal Behari Vajpayee had boarded the peace bus to Lahore to hold talks with his Pakistani counterpart, Nawaz Sharif, and sign the Lahore Declaration to normalise bilateral ties. Ominously, Musharraf, the then Pakistani army chief, probably busy in hatching the Kargil operation, remained absent from all the meetings of the two prime ministers. Within months, the peace initiative between the two sides was reduced to tatters as it became known that Pakistani armed infiltrators had managed to sneak in and take control of key peaks in Kargil, in the area through which the important NH-ID highway linking Srinagar and Leh runs. The vantage position that the Pakistanis succeeded in controlling had made it extremely difficult for the Indians to launch a counter-offensive to dislodge the intruders.
“It is doable only if Pakistan agrees to extending the LoC to formally acknowledge Indian position on Siachen.”
This also corroborates to a large extent the Outlook expose of 1999 when it detailed how the then Indian army chief, Gen V.P. Malik, and some of his key aides, including northern army commander Lt Gen H.M. Khanna, commander, Srinagar-based 15 Corps, Lt Gen Kishan Pal, and GoC, 3 infantry division Major Gen V.S. Budhwar—all key players in the Indian military establishment at the time—had ignored or downplayed initial warnings about the presence of Pak infiltrations in Kargil (see infographic and accompanying stories). But Gen Malik, who was roundly criticised for going on a trip to Poland while reports of Pak infiltrators were being made available to senior army officials, in a recent interview with The Sunday Guardian deftly laid the blame on the doors of the intelligence agencies. He said they had continued to claim that a large part of the infiltrators from across the border were mujahideen and not army regulars. The key members of the intelligence agencies who were then in service have, however, in turn made it clear that though the primary task of such intelligence-gathering lies with the army’s own outfit, the IB had informed the Indian authorities of plans and preparations of a possible Pakistani operation across the LoC almost a year before the Kargil infiltration took place.
Irrespective of where the blame lies, Gen Aziz’s current revelations have diminished the chances of India thinking of a possible troop withdrawal from Siachen quite a bit. Sections in the Indian establishment were always divided on this contentious issue and there are indications that in 2006—when the Indo-US nuclear deal negotiations were at a crucial stage—the Indian leadership was seriously weighing the option of demilitarisation in Siachen, something that the George W. Bush administration in the US was keen on. However, following strong resistance from the armed forces and some of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s close aides, the plan was abandoned.
Retired Indian army chief Gen Shankar Roychowdhury told Outlook, “I don’t know the fate of my proposal to build a parallel road out of Pakistani artillery range.” In fact, he says, a secondary road does exist but he is not sure whether it can take the weight of regular military traffic. But, he adds emphatically, “There is no question of demilitarising Siachen—our Saltoro ranges to be precise. We hold the advantage over Pakistan and that’s the way it should remain.”
Is it goodbye then to any future negotiation on demilitarising Siachen? Former Indian foreign secretary Kanwal Sibal remains cautiously optimistic. “It is doable only if Pakistan agrees on an agreement to extend the LoC to formally acknowledge the Indian position on Siachen.” But he too hastens to point out that the Aziz revelations have exposed “Pakistani duplicity”, making it difficult for the Indian leadership to seriously think of withdrawing troops from Siachen in the near future.
14 Years Ago
Lessons The New Admissions Teach Us
By Pranay Sharma in New Delhi with S.N.M. Abdi in Calcutta | <urn:uuid:7bee93f3-d430-4bd7-996b-8ba0d608a477> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-glacial-intent/283853 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00123-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969151 | 2,372 | 2.265625 | 2 |
This article focuses on the folk notion of authority presented in the talks with poorly educated villagers of Nowy Targ region. Presented material was collected in the course of anthropologic fieldwork conducted in Southern Poland in 1999-2005. The main argument is that talks with the villagers reveal that state authority is perceived by the model of 'good farmer' (master of the house). That is why the most desired authority should be autocratic (sovereign), patriarchal, pastoral, hard-working and traditional. Folk notions and expectations are quite different from contemporary models of state authority, which is institutional, collective, procedural and representative. It seems the folk imaginations of state authority are rather post-traditional than post-socialist, tough the influence of ideology can not be ignored.
Financed by the National Centre for Research and Development under grant No. SP/I/1/77065/10 by the strategic scientific research and experimental development program:
SYNAT - “Interdisciplinary System for Interactive Scientific and Scientific-Technical Information”. | <urn:uuid:6ade4271-786b-4141-8692-b627bf978d7d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.62041dbf-cbb0-37fe-82ef-fadad3e634aa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00076-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918923 | 209 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Technology giant Google launched on Monday Google Trips new app, which helps world travelers feel more comfortable with their flight itineraries and places to visit abroad. ‘Trips’ is the company’s new application and is available for iOs and Android users.
On Monday Google informed the world about Trips, a new free app that doesn’t work on Wifi or mobile data, so users don’t have to worry about international phone plans. The app works by linking hotel and flight data from the customer’s main Google account, linking all of the information into one place and creating a Google map of the desired places to visit while abroad.
“You might get recommendations from friends, professional travel guides or online reviews but figuring out how to squeeze everything you want to do into a finite window of time can be stressful,” said Stefan Frank, product manager for Google Trips in a written statement.
A personal and international guide
The company is treating the new app as a personal guide that plans out events for the day, places to eat and locations to see based on Google searches and personal tastes administered in the app.
As Google puts it in their promotional video, the main objective of the app is to be the traveler’s companion from the beginning to the end of their experience abroad. Managing flight schedules, hotel, and car reservations and even looking for activities depending on the weather.
The app has 200 cities on its data so far, works offline and includes city maps and directions in a “google map style” so users can choose their transport of choice. Richard Holden, Google’s vice president of product management, said this is the result of two years of the company’s travel products.
Users have the option to research fun facts or information about the country’s currency, airport schedules and others by tapping the “Need to know” button on the app. Trips also offer the “Things to do” option that gives the user an extensive list of activities to do in the city.
The app adapts itself to the user and the time they are traveling since they have the option to modify it to their taste, offering shopping guides, museums, art galleries and other options.
Trips divide locations into top sightings places depending on the traveler’s location, and tastes and works actively trough the day. If the user has an active cellular plan, the app can even inform if a business or place is closed for the day.
The company is hoping that the application works on the travel market since it could be a great opportunity for travel advertising.
“If this were to take off, and millions of people have the app installed on their phone, that creates a huge audience for Google to get data from,” said Greg Sterling, Google’s vice president of strategy to USA Today.
However this is not the first nor last application involving traveler’s choices and organizing information, there’s a lot of similar apps that perform similar tasks. But according to The Verge’s journalist Casey Newton, Trips is a friendly app that might come in hand when needed.
Source: The Verge | <urn:uuid:c7fc33f9-382c-4061-9689-086d7d4d8741> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pulseheadlines.com/google-launches-trip-application-travelers/50468/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00010-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943136 | 657 | 1.5 | 2 |
Cars aren’t the only vehicles that pollute — marine vessels, in fact, produce a large portion of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions, and this contribution can only be expected to increase. To call attention to the problem, the Center and a coalition of conservation groups petitioned the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in October 2007 to set pollution limits for large ships under the Clean Air Act. The state of California petitioned the agency with a similar request in the same month.
October 3, 2007– Conservationists Urge EPA to Cut Global Warming Pollution From Ships; U.S. Supreme Court Decision Clears the Way for Regulation of Greenhouse Gases Under Clean Air Act
October 3, 2007 – “Petitions seek EPA control of emissions by diesel-powered ships,” San Francisco Chronicle
October 4, 2007 – “E.P.A. Is Petitioned to Limit Ship Emissions,” New York Times
|Photo courtesy of NOAA||HOME / DONATE NOW / SIGN UP FOR E-NETWORK / CONTACT US / PHOTO USE /| | <urn:uuid:4c42f202-0003-4c82-9580-1cecbb15963e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/ocean_noise/ship_emissions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00432-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858355 | 227 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Posted by Arab American Institute on June 15, 2015 in Blog
Salma Hayek Pinault, born to a Lebanese father and Mexican mother, has long cherished the rich culture of her father and grandfather. Growing up in southern Mexico, Salma took great pride in being known in her neighborhood as part of the Arab diaspora. While her grandparents emigrated from Lebanon to Mexico, Salma would later move to the United States, then France, and finally to England. Everywhere Hayek has lived, she has always embraced the different cultures and ethnicities of the world. Hayek powerfully articulated this at AAI’s 2015 Kahlil Gibran Awards Gala, sharing “I am a citizen of the world, and my country is humanity”.
Salma’s connection to her Lebanese heritage was nurtured by her grandfather’s devotion to the works of Khalil Gibran. Hayek has frequently shared that Kahlil Gibran’s The Prophet enjoyed a perpetual and treasured presence on her grandfather’s bedside table. Having committed many of his greatest poems to memory, Hayek grew up believing that the wondrous, magical quality of Gibran’s works can unite people across countries, religions, and generations.
This past year, Hayek brought Khalil Gibran’s most famous work to life by producing an animated film adaptation of Gibran’s The Prophet. The film premiered in Beirut this April, which was the first star-studded red carpet premiere in Beirut’s history. The film’s premiere was Hayek’s first ever trip to Lebanon, though she had tried to go many times before. Hayek remarked that nothing could have prepared her for the beauty of the country of her ancestors, or the warmth of its people. Hayek took the opportunity to not only share her film, but she visited many refugee camps and Lebanese organizations that assist those refuges. Hayek had privately contributed to camps hosting Syrian refugees, but formally launched her non-profit group, Chime for the Children of Syria, to take her philanthropy to a larger scale of impact. In Lebanon, her organization is helping feed, house, educate, and further assist Lebanese and Syrians displaced and affected by turmoil.
Salma Hayek Pinault’s work to empower girls across the world through the Salma Hayek Foundation, Chime for Change, her tenure as an Ambassador with UNICEF, and countless charitable acts that have impated the lives of refugees and vulnerable populations across the world makes her much more than a famous Hollywood actress. The self proclaimed perpetual immigrant has made an indelible impact on each country she has lived in and the people she has come to know.
Read more stories about Arab immigrants and their descendants on the "Together We Came" main page. | <urn:uuid:08b873d9-cb28-49cc-93db-70b1d924b0c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.aaiusa.org/together_we_came_salma_hayek | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00173-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973315 | 585 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Sometimes it is impossible to see beyond the tongue of a child who has a sore throat.
Sometimes it is impossible to see beyond the tongue of a child who has a sore throat. The tongues of about 30% of my pediatric patients do not go down when they say "Ahh."
However, when I instruct the child to "pant like a puppy," a complete visual evaluation of the oropharynx becomes quick and easy. The panting elevates the soft palate and lowers the tongue.
--Richard A. Honaker, MD
I do not follow the customary "Stick your tongue out" to examine a throat. I simply tell the patients to leave the tongue as is in the floor of their mouth. Then instruct them not to push against your tongue blade. Most of the time in the first or second try as they understand your instruction, you can have a great look for extended period of time, without a gag.
--Yash Pal Verma, MD | <urn:uuid:100dd9b9-bbb6-4abb-b6eb-da5f554abc8a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/pant-puppy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.939187 | 214 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Respiratory Physiotherapy is a core area within the practice of Physiotherapy and it is essential that best practice is achieved for the benefit of the patient. Respiratory Physiotherapy has been defined as the physical management of problems or potential problems in patients with respiratory conditions, in order to obtain and maintain maximal function and to minimize disease progression.
This course aims to develop both knowledge and skills in the Physiotherapy management of patients with respiratory disorders and to encourage critical evaluation of clinical practice through research. The course will build on the knowledge and skills gained through undergraduate training.
There will be particular emphasis placed on providing a thorough knowledge and understanding of respiratory pathophysiology and management of respiratory disease, enhancing relevant practical skills and providing experience and skills required to conduct research in this area.
This course is run on a part-time basis and extends over a 2 year period. Students will attend 3 days per month for the first year, a 5- week clinical placement will be timetabled for the end of year 1 and a dissertation will be carried out in year 2.
Always verify the dates on the programme website.
Physiotherapists with a relevant undergraduate degree that deems them eligible for membership of the ISCP.
StudyPortals Tip: Students can search online for independent or external scholarships Students can that can help fund their studies. Check the scholarships to see whether you are eligible to apply. Many scholarships are either merit-based or needs-based.
The award recognises studying abroad as a positively life changing experience for many students as well as promoting intercultural understanding and tolerance. Successful candidates will receive up to £10,000 to be applied toward the cost of tuition fees.
Testimonial Registration Module
Together with the ISIC Association and British Council IELTS, StudyPortals offers you the chance to receive up to £10000 to expand your horizon and study abroad. We want to ultimately encourage you to study abroad in order to experience and explore new countries, cultures and languages. | <urn:uuid:1c670508-ecee-48fb-bb59-8de2e06b5e73> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mastersportal.eu/studies/6072/respiratory-physiotherapy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00455-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919817 | 407 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Why automatic enrollment in 401(k)s might not always be for the best
In August 2006, Congress passed the Pension Protection Act of 2006, which included a provision to allow automated enrollment in 401(k) plans (as well as similar plans like 403(b) and 457 plans). With nearly 30% of employees failing to sign up in 401(k) plans, many Americans are failing to adequately prepare for a pension-less retirement and often even missing out on ‘free money’ in the form of employer matches. So a law that allows companies to automatically enroll employees at a pre-set level (say, 3%) and then may (or may not) increase that contribution over time. The employee can usually opt-out within 90 days of being enrolled and get that money back.
So why would this be a bad idea?
- Automated enrollment gives people a false sense of confidence. Because of the lack of financial education in this country, a lot of people may not be aware that saving 3% of their income will not be enough to fund their retirement. If an employee who’s generally unaware of finance issues is told that there’s a default rate of withholding for the 401(k) program, I think they would be likely to “let it ride” and assume that 3% was a reasonable amount.
- Too many companies don’t offer an automatic increase. Currently only 17% of companies offering automatic enrollment also increase the rate of savings, usually by 1% per year. Since companies typically match some or all of the contribution up to 6%, I consider that a cynical move to “do something” but not to go the extra mile.
- Automatic enrollment forces some people into an arena they don’t know much about, the market. While many companies will use lifecycle funds or index funds for their 401(k) programs, others offer company stock or expensive managed funds. I have seen some terrible choices offered in 401(k) programs, with annual fees up to 3% (compared to the sub-1% fees charged by most Vanguard funds). An employee who isn’t fully educated on the effect of fees and who doesn’t understand how that could eat up gains is likely to take a quick, 5 minute glance at funds and throw money at the one with the highest return – which is almost never, ever shown net of fees. No-one expects you start betting your life savings on a poker match if you don’t know how to play poker, so why should you expect yourself to bet your life savings on investing if you don’t understand the market?
- Automatic enrollment continues our nation’s long-standing (and bad) habit of requiring employer-specific remedies for individual problems. My personal opinion is that an employee’s savings should be completely separated from an employer’s control. If the employer isn’t willing to take the responsibility to set up a pension program and pay for your retirement, why should they have control over where you invest your money? Wouldn’t it be simpler to eliminate 401(k)s and increase the amount anyone can contribute to an IRA, tax-free, to $20,000 per year? Then you could control where your money was held, what it was invested in and when you invested it. Most IRAs allow you a very broad range of investment options, and some even let you go outside the stock market and use IRAs for real estate or foreign currencies if you desire. A 401(k) typically locks you into a very limited set of choices determined by the employer or the employer-chosen plan administrator. Once you leave that employer, you can roll your money out into an IRA, but as long as you stay with that employer, your investment choices are determined by your employer, not you.
The solution is, as with any investment problem, simple but requires self-motivation. If your employer offers a 401(k), either automated or not, how should you approach it?
- Calculate how much money you’ll need for retirement on your own. Don’t rely on your employer’s default rate. At a minimum, you should always contribute enough to receive an employer match, if it’s offered. If possible, you should max out your contributions, particularly if you’re in a high-tax area.
- Study your choices, and not just the literature they give you. If your plan offers you a choice of funds, study them all. Go beyond the historical returns, which don’t tell you much about future returns. Consider the fees, particularly, because although the returns may vary, those fees won’t! If a fund charges a 3% fee, you’re going to be charged that whether the fund return is 28% this year or -8%. Go to Morningstar or use Yahoo! Finance to study the funds.
- Diversify. If your fund offers company stock, don’t put all of your eggs in one basket. You have already locked up a significant portion of your net worth – YOU – by being an employee of that company. Use the same approach you would use if you were moving a large set of china plates. Would you pile everything in one huge box and hand it to the movers, so if they drop it you lose the whole set? Probably not – you’re going to put it in several smaller boxes, well padded and light enough to carry easily.
- Monitor your investments. I am as guilty as everyone else in this category – I check the accounts I “control” such as my IRAs and brokerage accounts on a regular basis, but I tend to let my 401(k) ride. If you are enrolled in an automated plan, you are doubly required to carefully watch your money – what is the contribution rate, where is it being put, how much matching money are you leaving on the table, what are your returns? Be careful, and don’t automatically assume that your employer is watching out for YOU.
Just remember that whether or not a 401(k) is automated, you should always consider investing in a 401(k) before almost any other form of investment for this reason: it takes money away from you before you ever see it (the “pay yourself first” concept), it is tax-advantaged and typically gives you “free money” in the form of a contribution match by your employer. Just make sure that you keep an eye on automated investments, and don’t let this be one more thing that you let your employer control for you rather than with you. | <urn:uuid:70c6bd5b-fa5c-40f2-843c-780b259fb8df> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bripblap.com/why-automatic-enrollment-in-401ks-might-not-always-be-for-the-best/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00033-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955903 | 1,382 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Laura Fitton started a new wave with her charity.water fundraising campaign on Twitter, and there is no stopping the flow of other social organizations wanting to jump in. After all, money’s tight and big donors are no longer so eager to write the big checks that used to keep non profits afloat.
The problem is, people like me, with not so deep pockets, want to help, but only up to a point. Once the novelty of Tipjoy wears off, my hunch is, the people are going to start suffering from micro-donor’s fatigue, and micro-fundraisers are going to have to work a lot harder.
When going for the gold on Twitter, or other social media platforms, try to answer these five questions first:
- Who are the people most likely to be interested in helping our cause?
- Who else is competing for these people’s money?
- What is it in our cause that’s uniquely compelling, and that will give potential donors the biggest emotional reward?
- Besides altruism, what are some creative ways that we can we reward and entice donors?
- How high is the gift threshold?
Any other question I have not covered, please add in comments. | <urn:uuid:a885ae66-6a32-4089-8be1-5ddfe1f8c7d5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://lamarguerite.wordpress.com/2008/12/30/beware-of-micro-donors-fatigue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00016-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940277 | 258 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Osteoarthritis increase by age
Curcuma Longa Extract (Tumeric)
Tumeric has been used in Ayurvedic medicine, for many conditions, including breathing problems, rheumatism, serious pain, and fatigue. Today, turmeric is used as a dietary supplement for inflammation; arthritis; stomach, skin, liver, and gallbladder problems; cancer; and other conditions.
Curcumin has a long established safety record. For example, according to JECFA (The Joint United Nations and World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives) and EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) reports, the Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) value of curcumin is 0–3 mg/kg body weight. Several trials on healthy subjects have supported the safety and efficacy of curcumin.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
Curcumin is the main active ingredient in turmeric. This bioactive substance has powerful anti-inflammatory effects at molecular level, can suppress many molecules known to play major role in inflammation. Many studies show that curcumin matches and even more effective than some of anti-inflammatory drugs, without the side effects in treating arthritis related joint inflammation. Thus, curcumin is well known of control knee pain from osteoarthritis.
Curcumin also has powerful antioxidant effects. It neutralizes free radicals on its own but also stimulates your body’s own antioxidant enzymes.
Curcumin has received worldwide attention for its multiple health benefits. Research suggests that curcumin can help in the management of:
- oxidative and inflammatory conditions,
- metabolic syndrome,
- exercise-induced inflammation and muscle soreness,
- enhancing recovery and subsequent performance in active people.
Boswellia Serrata Gum extract
Boswellia, also known as Indian frankincense, comes from the Boswellia serrata tree, native to India. It’s been used for thousands of years in Ayurveda and other traditional healing systems to treat conditions like arthritis, pain, fever, and heart disease.
It’s similar to turmeric in mechanisms of action and conditions treated; used together, curcumin and boswellia may have synergistic effects that make them more powerful than using each alone. In one study, a combination of boswellia and turmeric was significantly more effective in reducing pain than the prescription NSAID celecoxib, commonly used for arthritis.
Studies show that boswellia may reduce inflammation and useful in treating the following conditions:
- osteoarthritis (OA)
- rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Because boswellia is an effective anti-inflammatory, it can be an effective painkiller and may prevent the loss of cartilage. Some studies have found that it may even be useful in treating certain cancers, such as leukemia and breast cancer.
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
The anti-inflammatory actions of boswellia have been shown in several studies to ease pain, reduce swelling, and improve mobility in people with arthritis or osteoarthritis. Some research shows a profound effect, including a reduction in arthritis symptoms by 45 to 67 percent, which is comparable to prescription medications, and a 35 percent reduction in inflammation.
It appears to be especially helpful in osteoarthritis of the knee; several studies have found significant reductions in knee pain, knee jerking, swelling, and pain while walking, and improvements in flexion in test subjects who took boswellia.
Unlike some herbs, which may take weeks to be effective, boswellia works quickly: in one study, boswellia extract reduced pain and considerably improved knee-joint functions, in some cases providing relief even within seven days.
Some research suggests that boswellia may interfere with the autoimmune process, which would make it an effective therapy for RA. Further research supports the effective anti-inflammatory and immune-balancing properties.
Vitamin B12 (METHYLCOBALAMIN)
Vitamin B12 is required for proper red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. Due to its role in energy metabolism, vitamin B12 is frequently promoted as an energy enhancer and an athletic performance and endurance booster. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes tiredness, weakness, nerve problems, such as numbness and tingling in the hands and feet, can also occur.
Methylcobalamin is the activated form of vitamin B12, was regarded as painkilling vitamin in some countries from 1950. Methylcobalamin or its combined use with other agents has the potential analgesic effect in specific patients, for example, nonspecific low back pain; neck pain; diabetic neuropathic pain.
Methylcobalamin also help in
- improved nerve conduction velocity;
- promoted injured nerve regeneration, recovering the neuromuscular functions in peripheral hyperalgesia and allodynia;
- inhibited the ectopic spontaneous discharges from peripheral primary sensory neurons in neuropathic pain states.
As the cartilage weakens and the amount of collagen in your body decreases as you get older, the risk of developing degenerative joint disorders such as osteoarthritis increases. you may start to feel stiff, achy joints. Collagen helps maintain the integrity of your cartilage, which is the rubber-like tissue that protects your joints .
Collagen intake help reduce joint pain and alleviate symptoms of arthritis. Studies have shown that taking collagen supplements may help improve symptoms of osteoarthritis and reduce joint pain. Studies have suggested this may lead to lower inflammation, better support of your joints and reduced pain
- Helps support deteriorated joint matrixes.
- Helps improve long-term joint comfort and mobility.
- Type I collagen is the strongest of all known collagen types.
Calcium is needed by the body for healthy bones, muscles, nervous system, teeth and heart. A naturally occurring element, calcium carbonate exists in oyster shells, limestone and chalk, and become calcium supplements. Elemental calcium is the amount of calcium actually absorbed by the body, for example, there is more elemental calcium in calcium carbonate compared with other form of Calcium. Calcium carbonate contains 40% of elemental calcium making it the highest concentration of calcium in supplement form for maximum absorption.
Each softgel (845 mg) contains:
- Turmeric root extract
- Bosswellia serrata gum extract (250 mg)
- Elemental calcium (as calcium carbonate)
- Vitamin B12 (0.5 mg)
- Collagen peptide (from salmon skin) (100 mg)
Used as health supplement
Dosage and Administration
Adults: Take 1 capsule orally after meal once daily or as directed by your pharmacist or doctor
Precautions and Contraindications
Keep out of reach of children. This product contains ingredients derived from seafood. Please consult your doctor or pharmacist before using this product if you are on other medicines.
- Store below 30°C. Protect from sunlight and moisture
- Best to consume within 2 months from open cap | <urn:uuid:31220e04-a5ca-4bcc-b224-11b53acc58a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nutrinlife.com/shop/uncategorized/coric-b/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.913959 | 1,508 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Altitude 3071m a.s.l
The Balaitus (Spanish) or Pic du Balaïtous (French) is a granitic massif of the Pyrenees, located right on the border between Spain and France. The peak reaches 3144m in height and is steep on all sides.
There are a number of long climbing routes on fantastic rock giving some excellent views of both France and Spain. There are 2 'normal' routes, one from each side, though neither should be underestimated due to the precipitaous nature of the mountain.
Balaitus can be accessed from either side of the border. From France the most frequent route goes through Las Neous glacier starting from any of the refuges nearby:
Larribet (2,060 m),
Balaïtous (1,970 m),
Arrémoulit (2,305 m).
From Spain the starting point is La Sarra parking, near Sallent de Gállego, and then to the Arriel lakes or the Respumoso lake.
|There are no comments from visitors to this crag.| | <urn:uuid:eb60514b-e8aa-4e25-bd2b-0b7cff4daa14> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.ukclimbing.com/logbook/crag.php?id=16862 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884642 | 239 | 1.992188 | 2 |
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND PAGE 1 OF 3
STATUS - EMPLOYEE VERSUS INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR
AGENCY FISCAL OFFICERS, AGENCY PROCUREMENT OFFICERS,
PERSONNEL OFFICERS AND PAYROLL OFFICERS
CONTACT: KATHY A. STEEPY
The State of New
Jersey, along with all other employers in the
United States, is required to make determinations as to whether
certain payments, made to individuals qualify as "covered wages"
in accordance with the Federal Social Security Act. In all
instances where payments are identified as covered wages, State
agencies are required to withhold FICA taxes from those payments.
The primary criteria
to be used in determining whether an
individual receiving payment for services rendered is to be
considered an employee (and, therefore subject to FICA
withholding) or an independent contractor is whether the party
for whom work is performed has the right to direct and control
the way in which that person works, both as to final results and
as to the detail of when, where, and how the work is to be done.
A person is considered
to be an independent contractor if the
individual is self-employed or is an employee of a firm,
corporation, business, etc., other than the State.
Individuals engaged in the pursuit of an independent trade,
business, or profession in which they offer their services to
the public are generally considered to be independent
contractors rather than employees. An independent contractor
usually agrees to perform or complete a specific job or
service and is responsible for its satisfactory completion.
In addition, it is the contractor who has the right to direct
and control the way in which the work is performed, both as to
final results and as to the details of when, where, and how
the work is to be done.
AS INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR
There can be situations
in which an employee receives payments
as an independent contractor, in addition to the employee's
normal salary, when the services rendered are not a part of
the employee's daily routine of work. Compensation for such
services is paid on a flat fee or per diem basis and the
services performed are rendered during a period other than the
employee's regularly scheduled work hours. The final
determination as to whether the person providing such services
is an independent contractor shall be made in accordance with
the criteria set forth in this Circular Letter.
EMPLOYEE RETURNING TO SERVICE
Many of the issues
concerning the definition of employment
versus self-employment concern employees who return to work
after retirement from State service. It is often assumed by
both the employee and former employer that, if the employee
returns to service following retirement, the employee
qualifies to be treated, for compensation purposes, as a
consultant or self-employed contractor. Very often the
retired employee performs in essentially the same or
comparable manner as before retirement; in these instances,
the position that the retired employee is a consultant or
self-employed rarely can be sustained and may result in
forfeiture of pension benefits. All such cases should be
referred, without exception, to the Division of Pensions and
Benefits to avoid any unintended forfeiture of a pension by a
former employee who does not meet the criteria for status as a
consultant or self-employed individual when returning to work
for the State.
It shall be the
responsibility of the appointing authority to
inform the person engaged, prior to the performance of
services, as to whether that individual will be compensated as
an employee or as an independent contractor. The State may be
liable for penalties and interest if an individual is
misclassified as a contractor; any penalty or interest will be
charged to the offending agency's appropriation.
Under the provisions
of the Social Security Act, certain payments
may be considered "covered wages" subject to FICA tax. To comply
with federal tax regulations, State agencies must determine which
payments are properly considered covered wages for the purpose of
withholding FICA taxes where applicable. These guidelines and
the examples provided are not intended to be an exhaustive list.
Agency fiscal officers are responsible for making final
determination as to taxability based on these guidelines and an
evaluation of the attendant circumstances of each case.
A.PAYMENTS TO OTHER
Payments to companies,
corporations and other governmental
units are exempt from FICA withholding tax.
B.PAYMENTS TO INDIVIDUALS
Prior to the engagement
of an individual for performance of
service, a determination must be made as to employee versus
independent contractor status. Those services deemed to be that of
an employee must be paid through the centralized payroll system.
Those services deemed to be an independent contractor must be paid
through the New Jersey Comprehensive Financial System (NJCFS).
C.PAYMENTS NOT FOR
to employees for reimbursement of job related
expenses, such as travel and various petty cash expenditures, are
exempt from tax. However, some payments, not for services, are
considered wages subject to tax. For example, suggestion awards
and lump sum payments of unused sick leave upon retirement.
D.PAYMENTS TO EMPLOYEES
FOR WORK PERFORMED SOLELY ON A FEE BASIS
solely on a fee basis performed as an
employee of a state, or political subdivision thereof, are
subject to self-employment coverage. However, if the services
are covered under an agreement between the U.S. Secretary of
Health and Human Services and the state for which the services
are rendered, the services would be covered as employment.
When a fee is
paid by the same organization or agency that
pays the employee his regular salary, it is difficult to meet
the definition of an independent contractor. As a result,
this payment should generally be considered subject to tax.
E.IRS - THE COMMON
LAW STANDARD (Appendix - to obtain a copy,
call Cynthia Quig @ 609-292-5358)
REQUEST FOR RULING
OF QUESTIONABLE ITEMS
Requests for rulings
and determination of questionable items
should be directed to the Office of Management and Budget,
Assistant Director, Financial Management.
Payments to independent
contractors must be processed through the
NJCFS. Agencies should use standard forms and follow procedures
specified in the Procedures Manual for the NJCFS issued by the
Department of the Treasury.
to be covered wages subject to tax must be
processed for payment through the State's centralized payroll
system by agency fiscal officers.
Elizabeth L. Pugh | <urn:uuid:8d22774b-adea-4be9-a132-cf54e8eef73a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nj.gov/infobank/circular/cir9718b.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00402-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925952 | 1,431 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Here’s the video I brought up in class.
An article that uses the OED in rich ways also opens up a cultural etymology for a word we tend to toss about without a whole lot of consideration.
For my final paper in the class i want to use The City and The City and Metropolis. I want to explore the theme of unity between the two sources. I wish to inspect how different times periods could effect how a writer wants to end a story. Will they pick a happy ending where everyone will be happy and live together in peace? Or will the author choose to shock the reader and not follow the cliche of happy ending?
The main characters both journey between two cities to discover their roles in the harmony of the cities. In Metropolis he was the mediator and helps the cities achieve peace. In The City and The City China Mievelle uses his mediating character to change nothing immediately. I want to focus on the idea of unity is literature and how that can make a break a happy ending.
For this final project, I want to write about The Outward Room and The Artificial Silk Girl and I want to talk about the main characters and how they react with the world around them, but I want to specifically talk about how Harriet is portrayed by a male author while Doris is written by a woman. I think that has a lot to do with the way they are presented, the way they act, the way they interact with men, etc. I think that would be an interesting subject to explore, especially if I research the authors to see how their lives could have possibly impacted their writing of these female characters. However, I feel as though this could be too broad a topic and I may have to narrow it down.
As of right now, my Idea is to use The City and The City and Metropolis and use them to look at the idea of a dystopia. Why do we like the idea of dystopia in fiction? How does the time period affect the form of the dystopia? I think these two pieces work well for this topic because they are both pieces of dystopian fiction from far off time periods and different cultures. Comparing and contrasting ideas from a 1920’s German film and a 2009 English novel sounds fun. Depending on the direction I go what I actually research could vary quite a bit. I could look up historical research about 1920’s Germany and England’s status in 2009. I could also do some research on Fritz Lang and China Miéville and see what their personal political views were when these works were published. Alternatively I could also compare the dystopian themes in these two works to more recent works in popular culture, but this idea in particular would take the most time so I am a bit apprehensive. My biggest worries for this topic are the difficulty of the research, and the presentation portion of the project. This topic is a particularly loaded one and it would be easy to overwhelm myself with the research. I have no doubt that it could make an interesting paper, but I have no idea if it would be fun to sit through a presentation about it. I am hoping that this is sounding as interesting to other people as it does to me. Please let me know what you think. I do not want to end up giving a boring presentation.
My final research paper is going to be about the women rights during the Great Depression. Since Millen Brand’s The Outward Room (1937) and Meridel le Sueur, “Women on the Breadlines” (1932) are both in the same era and also wrote about women main characters, so I want to compare and find the similarity from women characters about the struggles that they faced in the city, how they were confined to limiting roles such as in working and living. For career, what are the common and most popular jobs for women (if they are not married)? For living, can woman be a head of the family instead of men?
I think the women rights were very limited in this era. For example, Brand wrote that when John asked Harried to married, Harriet’s answer was no because she thought it was not right that a man would marry an insane woman (129). Another example from the same text was when Harried realized that she was not insane and she wanted to leave the hospital, but the doctor (man) said that she was insane, so other people still see her as an insane women even though she might not insane anymore, but she had to accept that judge and keep remind herself of what people had judge on her.
At the end of my paper, I want to make the decision (based on my research) that does the rights that women had at that time, were most of women happy with it? And did the rights provide women more or less benefits?
In my final proposal for this class, I am very interested in exploring Mieville’s “The City and the The City” and Virginia Woolf’s “Street Hauntings”. Through the semester, i have been very interested in the idea of sight and being seen in a city. The concept of seeing and unseeing in Mieville’s novel was incredibly interesting for me because of how completely it affects every person in that city. I want to compare this with the enormous eye image in Woolf’s piece. I have been imagining Breach as the manifestation of that enormous eye because it has the power of seeing both cities, which Virginia does by seeing all sides of London. She ‘sees’ her true self by imagining being on a balcony while walking to the Strand. This is startlingly similar to seeing and unseeing.
I also thought it would be interesting to look at Mieville’s novel through Woolf’s quote “Or is the true self neither this nor that, neither here nor there, but something so varied and wandering that it is only when we give the rein to its wishes and let it take its way unimpeded that we are indeed ourselves?” (Woolf). This suggests to the city of Orciny and the whole picture view of Ul Qoma and Beszel. Overall, I just think that these pieces enhance one another.
From this point, I really need to work on refining a specific argument that can be support by these pieces of work. If anyone has any suggestions, I would love to hear them!
For my final project, I am thinking about attempting a rather political undergoing, in analyzing the socialist sentiments underlying some of the works of the interwar period that we have examined in this class.
This semester, I already wrote an essay analyzing the portrayal of the suffering and of the plight of the working class in both Fritz Lang’s Metropolis and Meridel Le Sueur’s article “Women on the Breadlines,” which I believe could be a good starting point for the analysis of socialist sentiment, but not by any means a basis: in writing said essay—as I am looking back on it now—I remember a certain feeling of wishing I could have incorporated more of an explication as to how such themes of workers’ suffering is truly socialist rather than simply examining the ways in which each piece exemplifies such suffering (which, tragically, is all I examined).
In order to achieve this true explication of socialist themes, I was strongly considering bringing actual quotes from Karl Marx himself, from his various manifestos and books on the subjects of socialism and communism, which would give me a rather nice basis for examine such themes in the two pieces spoken of above—indeed, using points from Marx himself, I believe my paper would take on a certain credibility in that it would be utilizing the text of the very origin of all socialist sentiments.
One concern I have with this, however, is that “Women on the Breadlines” may not contain enough evidence to show that it is truly socialist in nature. Sure it is published in a magazine called The New Masses which was admittedly a communist magazine, and sure it evokes an ethos in the reader at the plight of the workers, but I can’t say that such ethos would be enough to base a half of my paper upon. I have found ample evidence for socialism in Metropolis, however, and I plan to analyze it heavily in my paper.
For the reason of a lack of enough socialist sentiment in Le Sueur’s piece, I was considering using it only slightly (to fulfill the requirement for the analysis of two in-class texts) and perhaps bringing in other interwar socialist-biased pieces, though I imagine this would take a vast amount of research and time in analyzing such pieces. And, therefore, I was thinking about focusing primarily on Metropolis.
My last concern for this proposal, though, from Metropolis drawing socialist themes and relating them to the actual writings of Marx, that it has been a while since I have viewed the movie, and my notes on such movie, though meaningful and useful, are by no means full, and it may seem thusly that my analysis may seem equally empty upon completion.
Writing to Promote Change
I wanted to entertain the idea of geographically following two characters throughout a story. However, since this class has been more than challenging in the writing department, I have decided to pick up on an essay I started earlier. What I need help with is narrowing down my idea to form one argument.
I want to explore The Artificial Silk Girl and The Outward Room. I would like to include in my essay what times were like during the Great Depression both in Europe and in the United States to equally show the hardships of both countries and I would like to show how the economic times impacted both men and women. I would like to take this information and relate it to both authors, particularly where they were during the time these novels were published. And I would like to end it with how the historical events of the time (The Great Depression) is reflected in both stories by the main characters. What message regarding this time in history is the author trying to send us?
So, how do I sum this up? Let me give it one more shot. I want to explore The Artificial Silk Girl and The Outward Room. I want to compare how The Great Depression impacted both the U.S. and Germany, hereby impacting the authors of both novels and deciphering what message both authors were trying to send their readers during this influential period in history. | <urn:uuid:63100a8f-726f-4076-875b-59b093e26df5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://literarymetropolis195.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00458-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979839 | 2,156 | 2.90625 | 3 |
“Everybody in this country should learn how to program a computer… because it teaches you how to think”
The Challenge is a programming competition for secondary school students. It’s been running in Australia for the last 11 years, and this year it’s open to everyone.
The Challenge is unlike any other programming competition. We’ll teach you how to program as we go along, rather than expecting you to be an expert already. If you’re a seasoned coder, we have something for you too – the problems range from relatively simple to mind-bendingly hard.
For 5 weeks starting on Monday 1st August, 2016 and running until Sunday 4th September, 2016, we will release a set of notes containing the information you will need to complete the week's programming challenges.
Programming (also known as coding) is how sites like Facebook and apps like Instagram are made. Knowing how to program is like having a computing super power.
Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates have all said that students should learn how to code. It’s a skill that not only teaches you how to work with computers, but also teaches you how to think about solving problems with systems.
The NCSS Challenge teaches students to code in Python 3.5. Python is an easy to learn scripting language used for many different purposes such as web applications and scientific research. Companies like Google, Facebook and Reddit all use Python in their infrastructure and web services.
Each course comes with notes tailored to a different learning level. Whether you're a beginner or have some experience you'll learn at a comfortable pace.
Our notes have been expanded over more than a decade of teaching. When combined with our challenging problems they're the perfect format for learning to code. Thousands of students have been through our courses and learned a great deal. We think you will too.
To take you beyond the notes, each concept you learn is matched with a problem to solve. While you may start by saying "Hello World!", you'll eventually be navigating mazes and solving sudoku puzzles.
Our cloud based automarking system breaks each problem down to a number of tests, checking various different types of input. If you're not 100% there, we'll tell you why and help you on the way to completely solving the problem.
Each stream of the NCSS Challenge has its own leaderboard where you can see how you're doing against all of your peers.
Compete for glory on a stage dominated by the hardest working. But don't worry, you're only competing against those in your stream. Each question answered correctly gets you points that improve your ranking, bringing you closer to global programming domination.
Our University trained tutors are always available to help you out through private internal messaging.
You ask a question and we'll walk you through the solution. From simple questions like “what does this error mean?” or “how do I submit my answer?” to more complex questions like “how would I go about implementing a depth first search?”. Most of the time the notes will be enough, but when things get tricky having a programming expert to step you through is handy.
Our forums allow students to chat about the problems and their solutions in a safe environment monitored by our staff.
At the end of each week threads start for each of the problems, where students will talk about what was tough and how they worked through it. General banter is also encouraged so that everyone can get to know each other better and perhaps even start projects on the side.
Newbies, Beginners, Intermediate and Advanced
All NCSS Streams & All Grok Courses
The Challenge is used by hundreds of teachers as a key part of their existing computing courses.
We provide you with all the notes and support you need to run the NCSS Challenge as a classroom activity - no software installation is required. We give you access to the content throughout the year, so you can move at a pace that suits your class. You can track your students’ progress using our teacher dashboard, and we provide expert support for any questions you have.Sign up my class!
The NCSS Challenge is run by Grok Learning, a new education start-up from the University of Sydney. Between us we have decades of experience teaching students how to program.
Our goal in starting Grok Learning is to do more: more students in more countries; more intelligent auto-marking; more courses, projects and competitions running more times each year — which equals more fun learning.
The Challenge is supported by an army of expert tutors from universities and our industry sponsors. They patrol the forums answering questions at the speed of light. | <urn:uuid:3f651897-3e65-46fc-b4ec-5cadd2b27da3> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://groklearning.com/challenge/?bonus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00498-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956232 | 968 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Local-scale snow accumulation variability on the Greenland ice sheet from ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) pulled on a sled by snowmobile
on the Greenland ice sheet. Photo: Konrad Steffen.
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
1680 East-West Rd., POST-815C
Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
This paper was written for my Masters thesis in the Department of Geography at the University of Colorado at Boulder. My thesis committee consisted of my thesis advisor, Dr. Konrad Steffen (Geography Professor, CIRES Director), Dr. Ted Scambos (NSIDC Lead Scientist), and Ken Knowles (NSIDC Lead Scientific Programmer).
Measurements of snow accumulation are critical to studies of mass balance. Traditional point measurement techniques (snow pits, manual probes, firn and ice cores) are limited in space and often do not represent the region surrounding them due to spatial variability that is caused by a variety of factors, including surface slope and deposition and erosion by wind. Current accumulation maps of Greenland are based on point measurements and have estimated errors of 20-25% (Bales et al. 2001; Ohmura and Reeh 1991). Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has the potential to significantly improve upon these accumulation estimates because of its ability to cover large regions over short time periods with relative ease at high vertical (depth) and horizontal (areal) resolutions. The current study employs GPR data to investigate the distribution and variability of accumulation at shallow depths (~5 m) and at the local scale (100-m by 100-m) at two locations on the Greenland ice sheet (Tunu-N and NASA-U). Beyond providing a better understanding of local-scale snow accumulation patterns on the Greenland ice sheet, the results that will be discussed also have potential implications for the interpretation and selection of ice cores as well as for space-borne remote sensing techniques aimed at deriving snow water equivalent (SWE) from passive-microwave and/or scatterometry.
Introduction • Methods • Results • Discussion • References
Appendix A. Data Processing Instructions • Appendix B. Program Documentation and Installation Instructions
Click here for a printer-friendly PDF version of this site (3.6 MB).
Figure 1. Map of the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net), with Tunu-N (northeast) and NASA-U (west-central) labeled.
1.1. Current Knowledge About Accumulation on Greenland
1.2. Cryospheric Applications of GPR
1.3. The Physical Basis of GPR
1.4. Project Significance
Due to the technical and physical difficulties involved, it is not known yet whether the Greenland ice sheet is shrinking or growing. Net losses of ice mass, potentially associated with climate change, are important to monitor because of the commensurate rises in sea level, as well as freshening of the North Atlantic, which could slow or halt ocean currents that transport heat to the north. Containing 8% of all of the Earth’s fresh water, the Greenland ice sheet has the potential to raise the global mean sea level by about seven meters if it were to melt. There is evidence that Greenland significantly melted during the most recent interglacial (Cuffey and Marshall, 2000) and may therefore be a primary contributor to sea level rise in the event of continued global warming. This would be catastrophic for many coastal regions across the planet (Small and Nicholls, 2003; Nicholls, 2002), inciting large migrations of environmental refugees. On the other hand, a warmer atmosphere could contain more water vapor, which may potentially lead to increased snow accumulation and growth of the ice sheet (Zwally, 1989). Shutting down or significantly weakening North Atlantic currents, furthermore, could abruptly halt heat transport to the Arctic and incite another glacial period (Schwartz and Randall, 2003). For all of these reasons, it is important to monitor Greenland’s mass balance, or changes to its total volume of snow and ice.
Mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet can be estimated by measuring volume inputs (snow accumulation) and subtracting volume losses (melting, iceberg calving, and sublimation), by measuring changes in ice sheet height using altimetry and correcting for isostatic uplift and losses due to calving and basal melt of floating ice tongues (see ICESat), or by measuring changes in the gravity field above Greenland and correcting for isostatic uplift (see GRACE). Accurately measuring accumulation is critical to the first method. Current estimates of snow accumulation on Greenland, however, have large errors (20-25%) because they are derived from a relatively sparse network of point measurements from snow pits, firn or ice cores, and manual probing (Ohmura and Reeh, 1991; Bales et al., 2001). Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), also referred to as radio echo sounding (RES) when used at lower frequencies (< 10 MHz), has the potential to significantly improve upon these accumulation estimates because of its ability to cover large regions over short time periods with relative ease at high vertical (depth) and horizontal (areal) resolutions. This coverage is useful to help characterize the spatial variability and distribution of accumulation.
A total of 20 automatic weather stations (AWS) have been installed across Greenland since 1995 (Steffen and Box, 2001), known as the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net), as part of NASA’s Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA). The primary objective of this research has been to process and analyze GPR data collected near two of these AWSs to analyze the variability and spatial distribution of snow accumulation at the local scale (< 100 m). On May 31 and June 1, 2003, Dr. Konrad Steffen and his graduate student, Russell Huff, collected 100-m by 100-m GPR survey grids in the accumulation zone of Greenland near two PARCA automatic weather stations: respectively, Tunu-N in the northeast (78°01'01" N, 33°58'54" W; 2113 m a.s.l.) and NASA-U in west-central Greenland (73°50'29" N, 49°30'14" W; 2369 m a.s.l.) (Figure 1).
In this introduction I will review current knowledge about accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet as well as previously published cryospheric applications of GPR, focusing on those investigating snow accumulation. A more theoretical review of the physics behind GPR over snow and ice follows, with emphasis on some of the difficulties encountered when analyzing GPR data.
1.1. Current Knowledge About Accumulation on Greenland
Figure 2. Map of observed mean annual accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet from a collection of 256 snow pits and ice cores and 17 coastal meteorological stations from the period 1913-1999 (Bales et al., 2001) reprinted from the Journal of Geophysical Research with permission of the American Geophysical Union. Average accumulation for the entire ice sheet is ~30 g·cm-2·yr-1 (300 mm·yr-1).
Current estimates of snow accumulation on Greenland have large errors (20-25%) because they are derived from a relatively sparse network of point measurements from snow pits, firn or ice cores, and manual probing. These measurements are sparse both temporally and spatially due to the difficulty of collecting measurements in the harsh environment of the Greenland ice sheet and because they are manually intensive to acquire. The most recent compilations of existing accumulation measurements are Ohmura and Reeh (1991) and Bales et al. (2001). In total, the number of point locations included in these compilations are 251 and 256, respectively, spread over more than three-quarters of a century from 1913 to 1999.
The mean accumulation maps derived in these two sources agree to within 3% of their total accumulation average for the entire ice sheet (31 g·cm-2·yr-1 vs. 30 g·cm-2·yr-1) but have large regional differences due to differing interpolation techniques (hand-contouring in Ohmura and Reeh, 1991, vs. kriging in Bales et al., 2001) and data sources. Overall, the Bales et al. (2001) map (Figure 2) is an improvement on the previous Ohmura and Reeh (1991) compilation due to the addition of new, high-quality firn and ice cores from NASA’s PARCA initiative and their filtering out of erroneous, short (single-year), and/or closely spaced records. There are relatively few data records below 1800 m elevation or in northeastern, southeastern, far northern, or east-central Greenland.
Primary sources for spatial distribution of accumulation on the ice sheet include topography and wind/atmospheric circulation patterns (Ohmura and Reeh, 1991; van der Veen et al., 2001). The greatest accumulation on the ice sheet occurs in the southeast due to cyclonic activity generated by the Icelandic low in winter, while the least accumulation occurs in the northeast due to the precipitation shadow that is caused by a topographic barrier preventing flows from both the southeast and the west. The west coast of Greenland experiences moderate accumulation from a wet continental air mass in the summer but is mostly dry in the winter except for stray cyclones entering Baffin Bay through Davis Strait from the Atlantic. Meanwhile, the northwest gets moderate-to-low levels of precipitation resulting from polar lows in the summer only.
Based on the available measurements in the Bales et al. (2001) compilation, the mean uncertainty (standard deviation) in accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet is 24% (7 g·cm-2·yr-1) and ranges between 15-30% (4.5-9 g·cm-2·yr-1). In his effort to produce formal error bars for Greenland’s existing accumulation maps, Cogley (2004) notes the need to double our current accuracy in accumulation in order to achieve a corresponding ±1 mm·yr-1 accuracy in sea level rise with 95% confidence. He concludes that this can be achieved through measurement of the winter balance in the ablation zone of Greenland, where measurements are currently extremely sparse, and through concerted efforts involving airborne and spaceborne remote sensing techniques. High-resolution airborne radar surveys seem like a promising avenue for accomplishing this in the relatively near future (Kanagaratnam et al., 2001). It is important to note, however, that uncertainty in the accumulation is only part of the problem regarding accuracy of Greeland’s mass balance, and that the amount of iceberg calving from the ice sheet may have an even larger uncertainty at this time.
Mosley-Thompson et al. (2001) point out that any single point measurement of accumulation contains both a climate signal (i.e. accumulation due to climate in that specific location) and local glaciological “noise” such as topography (e.g. small-scale sastrugi vs. large-scale shifting dunes) or redeposition and sublimation of snow due to wind. In order to derive the climate signal, one must first correct for local glaciological noise by using time-averaging within a point measurement (i.e. depth-averaging) and/or spatial-averaging across several closely-spaced point measurements. How much averaging that is required for any particular location, however, (i.e. how many years or points you must average across to separate out the climate signal from the noise) is dependent on the degree to which local glaciological noise impacts the snow accumulation at a given location.
Quantifying glaciological noise at the local scale at two locations in Greenland is the objective of this thesis. Mosley-Thompson et al. (2001) drives home the point for why this is an important endeavor: so that we can get a better measurement of actual climate variability. Though closely-spaced cores have been compared for accumulation variability on the Greenland ice sheet (e.g. Humbolt > 20% within 25 km (Mosley-Thompson et al., 2001)), smaller-scale variability has not been previously studied for the Greenland ice sheet. Such an assessment can best be accomplished with GPR due to its continuous areal coverage.
Besides point measurements, other tools have also been used to measure accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet, including remote sensing, meteorological models, and GCMs. Drinkwater et al. (2001) use scatterometry measurements from Seasat, ERS-1/2, NASA scatterometer (NSCAT), and QuikSCAT to empirically relate the backscatter coefficient to accumulation in the dry snow zone of Greenland; similarly, Nghiem et al. (2005) use QuikSCAT to derive accumulation in the percolation zone of Greenland. As previously mentioned, high-resolution airborne radar also shows promise in mapping accumulation over the entire ice sheet (Kanagaratnam et al., 2004). Meteorological models have been used to employ ECMWF re-analysis data (ERA-40) for the analysis of ice sheet-wide mass balance and accumulation patterns for the period 1958-2003 (Hanna et al., 2005). GCMs do not yet accurately reproduce mean accumulation on Greenland, consistently underestimating this value. Nevertheless, ECHAM4 and Genesis-2 have been used to predict a ~30% increase in accumulation for Greenland in a double-C02 climate due to increased moisture in the atmosphere and northward displacement of the Icelandic low, which brings precipitation to southeastern Greenland (Wild and Ohmura, 2000; Thompson and Pollard, 1997). The magnitude of such predictions justifies the need for a better understanding of accumulation changes in Greenland, to which the current study hopes to contribute.
1.2. Cryospheric Applications of GPR
Since the first surface-based radar soundings of ice in 1964 (Walford, 1964), glaciological applications of GPR have included measurements of glacier or ice sheet thickness (e.g. Welch et al., 1998), basal conditions (e.g. Winebrenner et al., 2003), liquid water content (e.g. Arcone, 1996; Albert et al., 1999; Pettersson et al., 2004), and internal structure (e.g. Pälli et al, 2003), including crevasse and buried debris detection for the purposes of construction (e.g. Delaney and Arcone, 1995; Delaney et al., 1999). In the category of internal structure, GPR surveys have been successfully conducted to identify isochronous reflection horizons for correlating between disparate ice cores in order to better calibrate their time-depth relationships (e.g. Eisen et al., 2003a). Internal reflection horizons have also been used to infer glacial dynamics (e.g. Vaughan et al., 1999) and, more relevant to the current study, patterns of snow accumulation over time and space. Other cryospheric applications of GPR include mapping of permafrost extent and depth (e.g. Wu et al., 2005; Judge et al., 1991) as well as measurements of snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) in alpine mountain catchments (e.g. Marchand et al., 2001; Marchand and Killingveit, 2004) and validation of spaceborne radar data (e.g. Engeset and Ødegård, 1999).
To date, there have been several published studies using GPR to measure snow accumulation distribution and variability. These have focused on glaciers and ice caps on Svalbard and on a few locations on the Antarctic ice sheet, which I will briefly review here. Though there have been numerous airborne radar studies of the Greenland ice sheet, no GPR studies conducted on Greenland appear in the scientific literature.
Sources: Wikipedia (left) and CIA World Factbook (right).
Winther et al. (1998) conducted three GPR transects ranging in length from approximately 100-200 km on Spitsbergen, Svalbard in May, 1997 at 450 & 500 MHz. The previous year’s snow accumulation was mapped, using manual probing and snow pit stratigraphy for validation, and converted to snow water equivalent using representative in situ measurements of density. They found that accumulation increases significantly with elevation, is 38-49% higher in the east than the west, 40-55% higher in the south than the north, and occurs at a minimum in central and northern locations.
Pinglot et al. (2001) similarly mapped the previous year’s snow accumulation on the Austfonna ice cap on the nearby island of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard in 1998/1999 at 500 MHz measured across seven separate 300-km transects. As Winther et al. (1998) found on Spitsbergen, Pinglot et al. find that accumulation increases with elevation and is higher on the eastern coast compared with the west. Of particular interest was their finding that SWE is highly variable over both short (50-100 m) and long (1-10 km) distances, with up to 25% variability in the accumulation zone of the ice cap, presumably due to wind scouring and redeposition of snow. The authors conclude that individual measurements (cores and pits) are therefore not a reliable estimator of average accumulation rates.
Pälli et al. (2002) limited their GPR survey to Nordenskjöldbreen glacier on Spitsbergen, Svalbard in May, 1999 over a single 11.4 km transect. Using a much lower frequency of 50 MHz to achieve greater penetration depths, the authors use data from three existing ice cores along the transect to accurately date two accumulation layers identified in the GPR data at depths of roughly 10 m (1986) and 20 m (1963). They then use the GPR data to measure and compare snow accumulation rates between three time periods, finding an average annual accumulation rate for 1986-1999 that is 12% higher than for the period 1963-1986. Of interest to my study is that they also found high spatial variability (40-60%) in snow accumulation over short distances (100 m) along their transect, which they attribute, in part, to changes in basal topography beneath the glacier (i.e. increased ice thickness within bedrock depressions).
Lastly, Sand et al. (2003) acquired 13 transects on Spitsbergen and Nordaustlandet, Svalbard during 1997-1999 at 450 & 500 MHz, ranging in length from approximately 100-200 km at four different latitudes. Methodology and results were similar to Winther et al. (1998) and Pinglot et al. (2001) for mapping the previous year’s snow accumulation. The authors also note that accumulation varies considerably on the Austfonna ice cap over relatively short distances (a factor of four within a few tens of kilometers) due to topography.
Source: NASA Blue Marble
Richardson et al. (1997) use frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) GPR at a center frequency of 1550 MHz and a bandwidth of 800-2300 MHz to measure accumulation variability on Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica during the austral summer of 1993/1994. Penetrating 12 m below the surface, their 1040 km transect extended from the ice shelf of the Antarctic coast at Neumayer station inland to the polar plateau. The authors find that accumulation is highly variable over short and regional distances: over a distance of < 5 km, accumulation varied by as much as ± 60-70% from the local average value. Areas with large surface slopes reached standard deviations of 59% from the spatial average accumulation, while smoother areas on the higher-altitude plateau had standard deviations reaching 22%. The authors conclude that wind redistribution due to topographic features may have a major influence on the observed variability and that because of the large magnitude of variability in the region, point measurements are insufficient for characterizing accumulation.
Richardson and Holmlund (1999) similarly measure accumulation variability at Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, in 1996/1997, using 800-2300 MHz FMCW. They conducted a 500-km traverse on the polar plateau along a path of 11 existing firn cores. The GPR transect shows that the firn cores are generally representative of the mean accumulation rate of the surrounding region, but can be off by as much as 22%, indicating the importance of incorporating GPR for the validation and interpretation of firn and ice cores. The GPR data also show standard deviations in depth of accumulation layers ranging from 3-35%, with less variability (< 10 %) at higher elevations on the plateau where the surface relief is much smoother. The authors also conducted a more detailed GPR survey (700-1100 MHz, 15 km x 20 km) surrounding a deeper core (100 m) nearer the coast. For this study, they found that the spatial variability in accumulation was 21% and that the core underestimates the mean accumulation rate for the survey grid area by 10% (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Example of local-scale snow accumulation variability mapped using GPR data, as measured in East
Antarctica in 1999 (Richardson and Holmlund, 1999).
Frezzotti et al. (2004) acquired a 1000+ km GPR transect extending from Terra Nova Bay to Dome C in East Antarctica during a 1998-2000 investigation. Their study shows that accumulation is homogenous at large scales (> 100's km2) but highly variable (3-47% std. dev.) at short (10's of m) and medium (km) spatial scales due mostly to wind-driven processes. They also conclude that previous compilations of surface mass balance (SMB) in the study region, which are based on point measurements, over-estimate SMB by as much as 65% due to sparse data and the unrepresentativeness of many of the collected data points as compared with their GPR results.
Lastly, King et al. (2004) collected a 100-MHz 13-km transect across the Lyddan ice rise in northwestern Antarctica (74º S, 22º W) off the coast of the Weddell Sea during 2000-2002, with a penetration depth ranging from 5-50 m. Counter to previous assumptions, they found that even gentle topography (slopes < 0.04) can be associated with large spatial variability (20-30%) in snow accumulation. Based on wind speed measurements from nearby automatic weather stations (AWS) and radiosonde measurements as well as a snow transport model using these data, they were able to attribute the observed variability in accumulation to postdepositional redistribution (i.e. sublimation and redistribution of wind-borne snow). Similar to the other publications described above, the authors therefore caution that the interpretation and location of ice cores must be done carefully to avoid wind-driven variation patterns that may mask or distort the climate-based precipitation variability derived from such data.* * *
In summary, almost all of the aforementioned GPR publications report high spatial variability in snow accumulation over both short and regional scales due to either surface and/or basal topography and the wind patterns that surface topography controls, even on surfaces with very gradual slopes. The authors therefore recommend caution in the interpretation of point measurements when used to represent average accumulation over a surrounding area. None of the studies are at the scale or location used in my thesis, which investigates sub-100-m accumulation variability at two locations on the Greenland ice sheet, so it will be interesting to find out how our results compare against these previous GPR surveys.
Other reviews of cryospheric GPR applications include Plewes and Hubbard (2001) and Gruber and Ludwig (1996). Siegert (1999) also presents a review of airborne radar surveys conducted in Antarctica that is also relevant to the current investigation.
1.3. The Physical Basis of GPR
Short, successive pulses of radar electromagnetic energy are transmitted by a GPR antenna. These radar pulses are reflected at dielectric discontinuities (Figure 4). The reflected pulses are measured by a separate receiver antenna and result in relatively high amplitude signals in the output display at the location of the discontinuity. Discontinuities in snow and ice include air-bubble related changes in density, liquid water content, chemical impurities, and crystal fabric (Pälli et al., 2002). In dry snow in the uppermost ~75 meters, changes in density have the most significant impact on the radar signal (Winther et al., 1998).
Figure 4. Radar pulses are reflected at dielectric discontinuities (Plewes and Hubbard, 2001).
Depositional processes of snow accumulation create stratigraphic layers within the subsurface. Melting and refreezing of snow at the end of summer results in relatively dense layers of snow and/or hoar frost that appear in GPR data as reflection horizons (Figure 5). These layers are shaped by spatial variation in accumulation, surface slopes, and wind-induced snow deposition and erosion. The data for this project were collected over flat terrain, however, so surface slope does not play a significant role. Intrusions of refrozen melt water that exist as ice layers and ice lenses within the subsurface, prevalent in the percolation zone of Greenland, may interrupt the continuity of these stratigraphic layers and result in gaps in the GPR reflection horizons.
Figure 5. Photograph of a back-lit snow pit wall (Photo: Konrad Steffen) (left) and a sample GPR profile from Tunu-N, Greenland (right), both illustrating reflection horizons.
GPR instruments measure the time it takes for a pulse to travel to and from a target, referred to as its two-way travel time (TWT). In order to convert this travel time into a measurement of depth, the velocity of the radar pulse through the subsurface must be known (i.e. depth [m] = velocity [m/s] * time [s]). Velocity is a function of two electrical properties of the propagated medium: its relative dielectric permittivity (εr) and electrical conductivity (σ), collectively referred to as the "dielectric constant." A material’s dielectric permittivity measures its capacity to store an applied electric charge relative to a vacuum, thereby impeding its flow. A material with high εr, such as liquid water, absorbs an applied electromagnetic signal such as GPR such that very little signal is left to be reflected to the instrument. Electrical conductivity, on the other hand, measures the ability of a material to conduct, or carry, an applied electrical charge. A material with high σ, such as a metal, acts as a good conduit for a GPR signal, carrying most of the signal away from the instrument into the host material so that very little signal is reflected to the instrument. For these reasons, GPR requires subsurfaces with low enough εr and σ so that the signal is not completely absorbed.
The conductivity of pure snow and ice is almost zero so that velocity is primarily determined by the relative dielectric permittivity of the subsurface, which varies between ~1.0 for air and ~3-4 for ice, with intermediate values for snow and firn (i.e. compacted snow) depending on density (Plewes and Hubbard, 2001). Density profiles can be measured, then, using ice core dielectric profiling (DEP) (Eisen et al., 2003b) or traditional stratigraphic methods associated with snow pits and cores (Østrem and Bruggman, 1991) for deriving a velocity-depth function that can be applied to the GPR data for converting TWT to measurements of depth. Velocity can be empirically related to density via the permittivity of snow (Mätzler, 1996). The resulting permittivity can then be used to compute the velocity of the radar signal through the snow via the following equation:
v = c ÷ √εr
where: v = wave propagation speed,
c = speed of light in a vacuum (0.3 m/ns),
εr = relative dielectric permittivity.
Once the depth of a given reflection horizon is known, accumulation above that horizon can be derived. For the purposes of our data, calibration of TWT to depth is accomplished using an average snow density measured from a snow pit at one corner of the GPR survey grid.
Advantages of using GPR include its complete areal coverage, ease of use relative to traditional point measurement techniques, and high resolution. There are also difficulties associated with using GPR, however, which I expound upon here:* * *
Antenna ringing. Horizontal banding in the resulting radargram is caused by "ringing" of the radar signal (negative and positive perturbations of signal strength) that results from interference due to radar waves that flow directly from the transmitting antenna and couple with the signal received at the receiving antenna during data acquisition (Figure 6).
Figure 6. An illustration demonstrating antenna ringing (left) and a sample GPR profile demonstrating the horizontal banding that results from this (right).
Near-field effect. GPR does not collect good data near the surface down to a depth of about 1.5 times the center wavelength (Conyers and Goodman, 1997) while the signal first penetrates the surface from the air above it and is still in the process of coupling with the subsurface medium (Figure 7).
Figure 7. An illustration demonstrating the near-field effect (left) and a sample GPR profile demonstrating the extreme horizontal
banding that results from this at the top of the profile (right).
Geometrical spreading. Because of geometrical spreading, the radar signal decreases exponentially in strength with depth as 1/r2, where r is depth (Plewes and Hubbard, 2001) (Figure 8).
Figure 8. An illustration demonstrating geometrical spreading (left) and a sample GPR profile demonstrating the loss of signal with
depth that results from this (right).
Echoes. There is often evidence of multiple reflections (i.e. echoes) from a single reflection horizon in the resulting radargram when part of the return signal continually bounces between the surface boundary and the reflection horizon (Figure 9). With each subsequent "bounce," however, the signal dissipates in energy so that subsequent echoes become increasingly faint in the resulting GPR data. The brightest return in the radargram, therefore, can be interpreted as the first reflection and the true source of the reflector in the subsurface.
Figure 9. An illustration demonstrating radar echoes (left) and a sample GPR profile demonstrating the repeated layers that results
from this (right), highlighting one particular layer in red.
Interpretation. Because dielectric discontinuities can be due to a variety of factors, the interpretation of GPR data can sometimes be challenging, in cryospheric applications as well as in others. Reflection horizons in glacial subsurfaces can be due to accumulation layers, sporadic ice lenses from refrozen meltwater, layers of meltwater, relatively dense snow resulting from past weather events, crevasses, debris, dust layers, etc. At lower resolutions, also, the reflections that are apparent in the radargram are a combined effect of dielectric properties within the subsurface since individual layers cannot be resolved, making the data interpretation all the more complex. For these reasons, it is important to include in situ observations (e.g. snow pit stratigraphy, historical AWS measurements, manual probes, firn/ice cores, etc.) along with a GPR survey to help identify features and interpret the resulting radargram.
Resolution vs. penetration depth. Shorter wavelengths can resolve smaller features within the subsurface but dissipate more quickly with depth as they are readily absorbed by the medium. Longer wavelengths can penetrate more deeply into the subsurface but have poorer resolution in the vertical (depth) direction. As a practical sidenote, longer wavelengths also require larger antennae and more sophisticated transport mechanisms.
Resolution vs. noise. The tradeoff to good resolution is a higher incidence of noise, or a lower signal-to-noise ratio, which speckles the resulting radargram and can heavily obscure features you are trying to locate.
Correct for topography. GPR data that are not collected over flat terrain must correct for surface topography by warping the data in the vertical direction so that reflection horizons are not distorted (Figure 10). This requires the collection of accurate GPS elevation data coincident with the GPR survey.
Figure 10. An illustration demonstrating the effect of topography on the resulting radargram if left uncorrected.
The top two scenarios properly reproduce the shape of the subsurface reflection horizon, but the bottom scenario skews the horizon.
Correct for forward velocity variations. GPR data must also be dynamically stretched or compressed in the horizontal direction after data collection to correct for any significant variation in forward velocity of the antennae during data acquisition, if any. This either requires GPS data or equidistant markings stored within the data via an attached wheel during acquisition. Because such wheels do not often operate successfully over snow and ice surfaces, the GPS method is usually used.
TWT-depth conversion. As previously mentioned, consideration and effort must be made prior to a GPR survey for calibrating the instrument’s native measurement of two-way travel-time (TWT) to a more useful measurement of depth. This can be acquired in a variety of ways, from dielectric profiling of the subsurface, to calibration against a target of known depth, to manual measurements of density in a snow pit.* * *
The GPR data processed and analyzed for this thesis exhibit a number of the difficulties mentioned above. At a frequency of 1000 MHz, our data have high enough depth resolution (~0.5 cm ) to resolve individual stratigraphic layers. On the downside, they only penetrate about five meters into the subsurface before geometrical spreading completely dissipates the signal, and they also have a relatively high incidence of speckle (noise). Antenna ringing is obvious in the horizontal banding that is present throughout the data, and the near-field effect highly distorts the imagery down to a depth of roughly 45 cm. Echoes from stratigraphic layers are numerous and can be tricky to separate visually in areas where overlap of echoes from different layers occurs. Interpretation of the subsurface features in the radargram has been aided by snow-pit stratigraphy and AWS sonic surface-height measurements. Because the surveys were conducted over flat terrain and at constant walking speed, it was unnecessary to correct for vertical or horizontal distortion within the data. Lastly, TWT-depth conversion has been made by a simple average density derived from the snow pit analysis.
In short, as I will show later, the data allow successful identification of 1-2 stratigraphic layers after processing to correct for antenna ringing, the near-field interference zone, geometrical spreading, and noise. Echoes and remaining noise make the layer identifications difficult along some areas of the survey grid but not impossible. From these layers, variability and distribution of snow accumulation have been computed for two 100-m by 100-m GPR survey grids in northeastern and west-central Greenland.
1.4. Project Significance
The proposed GPR study is one small piece in the larger puzzle of Greenland’s mass balance. With the potential to raise sea levels by as much as seven meters if it were to completely melt, it is imperative that Greenland’s mass balance be better understood and monitored. Though continued global warming is not expected to melt the ice sheet entirely or very quickly, Greenland’s contributions to sea level rise could still be significant. Melt can also indirectly influence ablation through basal lubrication and increased dynamic response of the ice sheet, leading to greater rates of calving (Zwally et al., 2002). Although Greenland is an order of magnitude smaller than Antarctica, it has a much greater potential for melting due to its lower latitude, and there is evidence that it has significantly melted in the past during the most recent interglacial (Cuffey and Marshall, 2000). Losses in Greenland’s mass balance could also combine with other increasing outlets of freshwater into the Artic (melting glaciers and permafrost, increased precipitation) that may eventually slow or halt the oceanic conveyor belt that transports heat to the Arctic, with the potential for abrupt climate change that could catapult the planet into another glacial period (Schwartz and Randall, 2003). Because global warming is amplified in the Arctic due to positive feedbacks associated with the high albedo of snow and ice, it is imperative that we continue to monitor and improve our understanding of Greenland’s mass balance.
2.1. Data Acquisition
2.2. Data Processing
2.3. Data Analysis
2.1. Data Acquisition
A total of 20 automatic weather stations (AWS) have been installed across Greenland since 1995 (Steffen and Box, 2001), known as the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net), as part of NASA’s Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA). On May 31 and June 1, 2003, Konrad Steffen and Russell Huff collected GPR data in the accumulation zone of Greenland near two PARCA AWSs: respectively, Tunu-N in the northeast (78°01'01"N, 33°58'54"W; 2,113 m a.s.l.) and NASA-U in west-central Greenland (73°50'29"N, 49°30'14"W; 2,369 m a.s.l.).
The Tunu-N location experiences relatively little accumulation (Ohmura and Reeh, 1991; Bales et al., 2001) or melt (Abdalati and Steffen, 2001) throughout the year, with 100-150 mm·yr-1 of snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation on average (Bales et al., 2001). In 2002, however, Greenland experienced an anomalously large amount of surface melt that extended from the northeast coast into the region where Tunu-N is located (Steffen and Huff, 2003). This melt event, after refreezing as an ice layer in the subsurface, results in a dielectric contrast compared to the snow above and below it that appears as a distinct reflection horizon within the GPR data and will be analyzed as part of this project. The NASA-U location accumulates twice as much snow annually as Tunu-N with 200-300 mm·yr-1 SWE on average (Ohmura and Reeh, 1991; Bales et al., 2001) and regular occurrence of summer melt (Abdalati and Steffen, 2001), providing two visible reflection horizons in the collected data.
Besides refrozen melt layers and summer accumulation surfaces that appear via hoar frost, other mechanisms that can cause reflection horizons through the formation of dielectric interfaces in the subsurface are: relatively dense layers that form through wind compaction (wind crusts); percolation and refreezing of melt water as discontinuous ice layers, ice lenses, and ice pipes; layers that may have formed as the result of significant dust deposition; as well as the presence of crevasses or other empty spaces in the subsurface.
A Malå Geoscience (http://malags.com) RAMAC™ GPR instrument with a 1000-MHz antenna (the highest frequency antenna offered for the RAMAC GPR) was housed and pulled in a sled at a constant walking speed for the GPR surveys. Sixteen consecutive traces were stacked together during data acquisition to reduce noise in the horizontal (areal) direction. The instrument transmitted pulses at a rate of 24,081 MHz, collecting 1024 discrete samples per trace over a two-way time window of 42.5 ns. The data therefore have high vertical (depth) resolution of ~0.5 cm, well within the width of many stratigraphic layers. Using an average dry snow density of 0.3 g·cm-3 measured at each of the snow pits and an empirically derived relative dielectric permittivity of 1.62 (Mätzler, 1996), maximum penetration depth of the GPR signal at 1000-MHz over a 42.5 ns two-way time window was about five meters. Within these five meters, one or two stratigraphic layers can be visually identified within the data after filtering.
Non-differential GPS data were collected coincident with the GPR data. Due to the low position update rate of many GPS receivers (one measurement per second, in our case), the RAMAC acquisition software interpolates between GPS positions so that each individual GPR trace has an assigned GPS position. Though differential GPS data were also collected during the survey, the low number of available GPS satellites at the time of collection prevented improved accuracy. Though the non-differential GPS data give relatively poor estimates of surface elevation, the surface was very flat and so the elevation measurements are ignored. Accuracy in latitude and longitude, however, appears to be more than sufficient at the scale of the current study.
Surveys were conducted along 100-m by 100-m grids, with 10-m spacing between transects (Figure 11). In addition, two diagonal transects were collected, connecting opposite corners of the grid, providing overlap with other measurements to allow for subsequent validation. A shallow snow pit (2-3 meters) was dug at one corner of each grid to investigate stratigraphic layers and their depths to assist in subsequent analysis of the GPR data.
Figure 11. Survey grid used for both the Tunu-N and NASA-U GPR surveys.
2.2. Data Processing
- For step-by-step data processing instructions, please see the instruction manual provided in Appendix A. For a listing of the custom IDL programs written for this project, please see Appendix B, which also includes documentation and installation instructions for these programs.
Preprocessing of the resulting GPR data is necessary to produce quality images with clearly-visible reflection horizons. Malå Geoscience “GroundVision” software, used to acquire and display GPR data from the RAMAC instrument, has filtering capabilities that can dramatically improve the appearance of data when properly applied. Unfortunately, however, these filters are for display purposes only and cannot be permanently applied to the data or saved to a new output file, preventing any post-processing on the filtered data such as digitizing reflection horizons in other image-processing applications. To circumvent this limitation, we have simulated the GroundVision filters based on their description in the manual into a programming environment that allows us to save the results for subsequent processing and data analysis. This has been accomplished using Research Systems Inc.’s (RSI) (http://rsinc.com) Interactive Data Language (IDL) programming language along with RSI’s Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) image-processing software. A histogram-based image contrast stretch is automatically applied in ENVI to enhance details. In addition, the following IDL/ENVI software tools have been created:
- Subtract Mean Trace
Removes horizontal banding within the radargram by subtracting a calculated mean trace from all traces. A "trace" is a single, vertical column of GPR data, representing the signal "traced" by radar pulses as they travel from the instrument into the subsurface and back. Horizontal banding is caused by "ringing" of the radar signal (negative and positive perturbations of signal strength) that results from interference between the transmitting and receiving signals since some of the transmission travels straight from the transmitter to the nearby receiver antenna (i.e. the “direct wave”) (Figure 6).
- Time- (Depth-) Varying Gain
Because of geometrical spreading, the radar signal decreases in strength with depth as 1/r2, where r is depth (Plewes and Hubbard, 2001) (Figure 8). Each radar trace is multiplied by a gain function combining linear and exponential components, with coefficients set by the user, to correct for this loss of signal with depth.
- DC Removal
There is often a constant offset in the amplitude of each radar trace caused by interference from direct current (DC) used to power the GPR instrument. This filter removes the DC component from the data, which has the effect of making the data less noisy.
Because of the extremely flat surface terrain (Figure 12) and constant walking speed of the GPR survey, there was no need to also correct for vertical (topography) (Figure 10) or horizontal (areal) variations that would otherwise distort the data.
a) Tunu-N AWS, 31 May 2003:
b) NASA-U AWS, 1 June 2003:
Figure 12. Photographs of the Tunu-N (a) and NASA-U (b) AWS at the time of the GPR surveys. Note the very flat topography at these sites. The disturbed region directly surrounding the Tunu-N AWS is the result of human footprints.
The original data file was spatially subsetted into individual 100-m or 10-m transects in order to decrease the individual file sizes to improve processing speed and filter performance. After application of the above filters, the GPR data are visually optimized for identifying reflection horizons, as shown in Figure 13 below.
Figure 13. Screen shot in ENVI showing GPR data before (left) and after (right) application of custom-made IDL filters listed in the pull-down menu.
Note the clearer reflection horizons and lack of horizontal bands (ringing) in the right image. A stratigraphic layer has been traced in the right image in red.
Now that the reflection horizons can be visually identified, the next step is to digitize these reflection horizons so that the stratigraphic layers can be compiled, visualized, and analyzed. Because the reflection horizons are not continuous enough, display multiple echoes, are distorted by varying degrees of noise, and are not delineated clearly enough for automatic or semi-automatic identification, this process was done manually using ENVI’s polyline Region of Interest (ROI) tool, which allowed the layers to be traced with the mouse, capturing the location of every pixel therein for subsequent analysis (e.g. see red line in Figure 13).
After a contiguous layer had been digitized for the entire GPR survey grid, the depth and location (latitude and longitude) of each point in the layer could be extracted. Depth was computed using the two-way travel time window (i.e. the total time in nanoseconds that the instrument was set to “listen” for radar pulses during acquisition) and an estimated radar velocity (i.e. the velocity with which radar pulses traveled through the subsurface). Using an average dry snow density of 0.3 g·cm-3 measured at each of the snow pits and an empirically derived relative dielectric permittivity of 1.62 (Mätzler, 1996), radar velocity was computed to be 236 m·µs-1 according to the previously described equation:
csnow = cvacuum ÷ √ε’
where csnow is the computed radar velocity in snow, cvacuum is the speed of light in a vacuum (300 m·µs-1), and ε’ is the relative dielectric permittivity of the subsurface (snow = 1.62).
After compiling latitude, longitude, and depth for each point in a stratigraphic layer, the output was fed into Surfer software, version 8.00, by Golden Software, Inc. (http://www.goldensoftware.com) for applying kriging to grid the data and render a smooth three-dimensional surface for visualization purposes.
2.3. Data Analysis
The first step of analysis was to validate the GPR measurements. This was accomplished in a variety of ways. Observed stratigraphy of the subsurface in a shallow snow pit at one corner of the GPR surveys is compared against depth of layers detected in the GPR data. Also, points within the GPR survey where transects overlapped (i.e. cross-points) are used to test how well measurements of depth are reproduced. Lastly, the directionality of patterns observed in the final three-dimensional visualization is compared against the predominant wind direction observed at the two sites as measured over several years by a nearby AWS.
The spatial variability in the depth of stratigraphic layers is statistically determined from the survey grid (not the kriged three-dimensional surface, since this introduces interpolation errors) using the mean and standard deviation.
Lastly, the volume of snow measured above and between the separate stratigraphic layers can be used to derive a measurement of snow accumulation in terms of its snow water equivalent (SWE). In order to do this, the mean depth (cm) of the layer is multiplied by the average snow density (0.3 g·cm-3), divided by the density of water (1 g·cm-3), and then multiplied by 10 in order to derive SWE in units of mm·yr-1.
All together, these measurements will provide an estimate as to how (un)representative a single point measurement of layer depth using traditional mass balance techniques would have been for the surveyed grids. For one such comparison at Tunu-N, the annual accumulation measured at the nearby AWS is compared against the mean of the survey grid for a corresponding year.
After filtering, only one internal reflecting horizon was clearly identifiable within the Tunu-N GPR data while two separate horizons were identifiable in the data for NASA-U. The results of applying kriging in the Surfer software package to these digitized layers for visualizing them as three-dimensional surfaces is shown in Figure 14, where latitude and longitude are displayed on the X and Y axes, respectively, and depth is shown on the vertical (Z) axis. Recall that the survey grids are 100-m by 100-m. Depth is plotted with 10x vertical exaggeration in the right-hand column to emphasize the topography of the layers, since the layers are otherwise extremely flat when plotted at true scale. These surfaces are also plotted orthogonally in the left-hand column of Figure 14 to help illustrate any spatial patterns.
Figure 14. Kriged three-dimensional surface views of stratigraphic layers identified within the GPR data at Tunu-N (a-b) and NASA-U (layer 1: c-d, layer 2: e-f). Grid surveys are 100-m by 100-m, and are outlined in the NASA-U data with a dashed line, whereas the survey fills the entire images in the Tunu-N data. Images in the left-hand column (a, c, e) are orthogonal views looking straight down onto the surface, with the predominant wind direction labeled from Steffen and Box (2001). Images in the right-hand column (b, d, f) have 10x vertical exaggeration in the depth direction to emphasize topography.
The results of the three-dimensional surfaces plotted in Figure 14 were verified using various other interpolation methods (e.g. nearest neighbor, natural neighbor, triangulation with linear interpolation, etc.), each of which produced similar results. The features of these surfaces were also preserved even after plotting the digitized layers from transects aligned in only one orientation (e.g. north-south transects vs. east-west). These methods help confirm that the patterns observed are not a relict of either the interpolation method or the orientation of transects in the survey grid.
There is a clear orientation of the surface features present in the Tunu-N layer, as can be seen in Figure 14a. The shallow dunes that this surface is composed of are aligned at an angle of roughly 170-175° with an undulation frequency of about 5-10 m. These features lie perpendicular to the predominant (1995-1999) wind direction (~265°, 5.3 m·s-1), which is portrayed in the upper-right-hand corner of Figure 14a (Steffen and Box, 2001). The nearby Tunu-N AWS anemometer data (not shown) determine that the average wind direction and speed during the formation of this layer surface (roughly 42 days between 21 July and 1 September 2001: see Figure 15) were typical (266°, 5.1 m·s-1).
Figure 15. AWS sonic surface-height measurements from the Tunu-N GC-Net AWS between July 1, 2000 and May 31, 2003 (Steffen et al. 1996).
The two reflection horizons at NASA-U, on the other hand, are more homogenous and noisy in their surface features (Figure 14c,e), especially in the upper layer (Figure 14c). It is difficult to ascertain any preferred orientation or undulation frequency of these features as a result. Several plausible reasons for this will be explained below. The predominant (1995-1999) wind direction is shown as ~130° at 6.4 m·s-1, and according to the same logic applied to the Tunu-N surface, one would expect shallow dunes to align perpendicular to this (i.e. ~220°) if they had been allowed to form properly. The NASA-U AWS anemometer data (not shown) determine that the average wind direction and speed during the formation of NASA-U layer 2 was also typical for the region (157° at 6.9 m·s-1 for layer 2; no data for layer 1).
The statistics that describe the three different reflection horizons are shown in Table 1, including their mean depths and standard deviations, as well as the total range in depth and—in cases where it was feasible—how the means compare against depths of the same layers as identified in both manual snow pit stratigraphy analysis (Figure 16) and a nearby AWS sonic surface-height instrument (Figure 15). The values used to compute these statistics are the digitized reflection horizons from each of the individual survey grid transects and not the kriged three-dimensional surfaces shown in Figure 14, so as to avoid any errors introduced by interpolation. To convert these depth values to measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE) in millimeters, the reader only need multiply the depth values by the average snow density at each of the sites (~0.3 g·cm-3), divide by the density of water (1 g·cm-3), and then multiply by 10 (to convert from cm to mm). Because the layers identified at NASA-U were determined from snow pit stratigraphy and the AWS surface height data not to correspond to annual accumulation surfaces, these GPR layers are not compared to the NASA-U AWS surface height data. Furthermore, NASA-U layer 1 occurs over a period when the AWS failed to record measurements.
TABLE 1. Depth comparison of stratigraphic layers identified within the GPR data compared to their corresponding depths identified in a snow pit and by a nearby AWS sonic surface-height sensor, where possible. These values can be converted to SWE (mm) by multiplying by an average snow density of ~0.3 g·cm-3, dividing by the density of water (1 g·cm-3), and multipling by 10. N is the number of measurements in the GPR data included in the computations of mean depth and range.
The statistics in Table 1 show that the three layers have a standard deviation of between 7.42 cm and 12.21 cm with an average standard deviation of 10.58 cm. This implies that the average local-scale spatial variability at these sites in the upper five meters is about 10 cm on average. The total range of depth values over the course of the survey, however, extends more widely between 53.36 cm and 86.14 cm with an average range of about 70 cm. Together, these statistics imply that a given point measurement of depth at these sites would be expected to be off by ±10 cm on average but could be unrepresentative by as much as ±35 cm. With a mean depth of only 65.60 cm for the reflection horizon identified at Tunu-N, this means that any given point measurement taken within the survey site (e.g. ice core, snow pit, AWS sensor, manual probe, etc.) would be in error by 15% on average or as much as 53% compared to the survey mean.
To get a sense of how accurately the layers were manually traced in ENVI, Table 2 also shows the statistics for a comparison of the depths of points that intersect within the survey grid (i.e. cross-points). Overall, the depths at these cross-over points stray on average by about 8 cm, only somewhat less than the standard deviation of depth reported in Table 1 (~10 cm on average). Unfortunately, this would suggest that the human error in identifying the layers within the GPR data is almost as great as the natural variability of the layers themselves. There are a few alternative explanations for the relatively poor agreement of these cross-over points, however, described below.
TABLE 2. Validation of stratigraphic layers identified within the GPR data by comparison of depths of these layers at cross-over points within the GPR survey grid. N is the number of identifiable cross-over points included in the measurements. Mean layer depths vary slightly from Table 1 because of the smaller sample size.
First of all, cross-over points were selected as points within the survey grid that could be identified as having identical latitude and longitude GPS coordinates; given that the GPS data are non-differential, their accuracy is only on the order of 1-2 m, which means that the cross-over points that are being compared may not always precisely intersect. Secondly, the effective footprint of the GPR transmitter is oriented in a particular direction and will therefore see a slightly different portion of the subsurface when the antenna is aligned differently (e.g. north-south transects vs. east-west transects). The high resolution of these GPR data also make certain sections of the layers difficult to identify due to noise. Lastly, the large number of echoes present in these data can lead to errors in the particular echo being traced in any given transect, although this effect has been minimized as greatly as possible through careful identification of layers during the digitization process.
Figure 16 illustrates the manual snow-pit stratigraphy analyses that were conducted at one corner of each of the Tunu-N and NASA-U survey grids for validation purposes. Table 1 has a snow pit column that can be used to compare the depth of isochronous layers between the GPR data and the manual snow pit estimate. One should note that the Tunu-N layer is incorrectly identified in the snow pit analysis (Figure 16) as belonging to the summer accumulation surface of 2002, whereas the AWS surface-height time series (Figure 15) reveals that this layer actually belongs to the summer of 2001. Compared to the mean depth of the GPR surveys, the snow pit estimate at Tunu-N differs by -16 cm (-24%), whereas the wind crust layer at NASA-U only differs by +4 cm (+8%). Both of these snow pit estimates are within the reported range of the GPR data, which suggests that the same layers are indeed being compared, although the Tunu-N snow pit estimate differs by more than one standard deviation compared to the GPR mean depth. For the second NASA-U layer, no corresponding layer was identified in the NASA-U snow pit analysis for comparison, suggesting that the layer was discontinuous, which was also evident in the GPR data.
In addition to the snow pit comparison, a sonic surface-height measurement has also been employed from the nearby AWS tower at the Tunu-N survey site for another independent point measurement to compare against the GPR survey (Figure 15). Since these measurements have been collected every 10 minutes from 1996 to the present, the time series of surface height can also be used to derive the age of the GPR layer and the time period over which the layer was formed and then subsequently covered by new snow. The depth of the Tunu-N layer as derived from the AWS data agrees well with the mean GPR depth, which disagree by only -1.6 cm (-2.4%).
The AWS data show that the Tunu-N layer is the summer surface for 2001 (Figure 15), last experiencing new snow on around 21 July after which it slowly compacted and was exposed to wind for a relatively lengthy period of ~42 days before new snow arrived and covered it on around 1 September. The shallow 2002 summer surface at a depth of ~26 cm was not identifiable in the GPR data and surely lost in the GPR’s near-field zone. Though we do not have AWS data to compare against NASA-U layer 1, we can see from the snow pit stratigraphy (Figure 16) that there were a series of closely spaced wind crusts occurring near the mean depth of this layer (~50 cm), suggesting that the layer identified in the GPR data was successively covered with new snow events. This can help explain why surface features have better expression and a much more obvious orientation in the kriged Tunu-N surface compared to those interpolated from NASA-U layer 1 (Figure 14). The absence of NASA-U layer 2 in the snow pit stratigraphy and its discontinuity in the GPR data, furthermore, suggest that this layer may be the result of percolation and refreezing from a previous melt event. Such a layer would not have been shaped by wind, therefore, and could also be expected to portray the relatively homogenous spatial patterns shown in Figure 14e.
The purpose of the present study was to determine snow accumulation variability at the local-scale at two sites in the accumulation zone of the Greenland ice sheet. An estimate of this variability was made possible by conducting 100-m by 100-m GPR surveys, which can detect the presence of stratigraphic layers through the electromagnetic contrast of differing snow-crystal grain sizes in the subsurface caused by a variety of factors previously described, most notably the presence of hoar frost that sometimes develops after the onset of warmer temperatures during the summer months. Current maps of accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet (Ohmura and Reeh, 1991; Bales et al., 2001) are compilations of points measurements (e.g. ice cores, manual probes, snow pits). Having an estimate for the spatial variability of snow accumulation can help determine how representative such point measurements are for their respective regions, thereby ultimately characterizing the magnitude of error bars or standard deviations that should be attached to the available accumulation maps.
The results of the current study can begin to address these concerns for at least two widely separated locations on Greenland: Tunu-N and NASA-U. The results suggest that spatial variability in the depth of stratigraphic layers at these two sites—and thereby the surface roughness of these layers—is on the order of ±10 cm (1 S.D.), with a range extending to as much as ±35 cm. Given that Tunu-N has on average about 100-150 mm·yr-1 of snow water equivalent (SWE) (Bales et al., 2001), or about 40 cm of snow in terms of depth, this means that a point estimate of accumulation at Tunu-N for a given year would have an expected error of ±25% but could be off by as much as ±88%. NASA-U, on the other hand, gets about 200-300 mm·yr-1 of SWE on average (Bales et al., 2001), or about 75 cm of snow in terms of depth, which means a point estimate would have about half the expected error of Tunu-N (±13%) and a lower range in error (±47%). Interestingly, the magnitude of these errors agrees well with the estimated error of 20-25% reported for the available accumulation maps (Ohmura and Reeh, 1991; Bales et al., 2001; Cogley, 2004). The current study only surveys two sites, however, and how well these data represent other regions on the Greenland ice sheet can only be investigated through additional GPR surveys in the future.
In comparing the Tunu-N and NASA-U results, it is apparent in the orthogonal visualizations of Figure 14 that the surface features in the Tunu-N layer have a clear orientation (Figure 14a) while those of the NASA-U layers have little-to-no organized spatial pattern (Figure 14c,e). As previously suggested, this could be the result of the relative amount of time that these layers were left uncovered by new snow and exposed to the winds, and the likelihood that NASA-U layer 2 is a discontinuous ice layer formed by percolation and refreezing of melt water. The Tunu-N layer was an exposed surface for ~42 days, allowing the wind to carve features and form dunes into that surface that align perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction as do sand dunes. NASA-U layer 1, on the other hand, may not have been exposed long enough to significantly express these features before they were superimposed by new snow, which can help explain the lack of any obvious orientation or dominant spatial pattern. Because the wind speed was nearly equivalent at both sites at the time of layer formation (~5 m·s-1), the strength of the wind cannot also be used as an argument as to why surface features are better expressed at one site compared to another.
Another possible partial explanation for the homogeneity of the NASA-U layers is the greater difficulty of identifying layers within the NASA-U GPR data compared to Tunu-N. NASA-U layer 1 was at a mean depth of 49.92 ± 7.42 cm, placing it at the edge of the instrument’s near-field zone. Recall from the introduction that the near-field zone of a GPR instrument is a region of high distortion that occurs in the data from the surface down to a depth of ~1.5 times the transmitter frequency, when the radar signal is still in the process of coupling with the subsurface. Since these data were collected at a frequency of 1000 MHz, which corresponds to a wavelength of ~30 cm, this near-field zone extends to a depth of about 45 cm. In short, it was difficult to ascertain the depth of layer 1 along several sectors of the GPR survey grid. In addition, NASA-U layer 2 was deep enough (302.21 ± 11.32 cm) that the signal had become quite faint (recall that radar amplitude decreases exponentially with depth). Even after applying a depth-varying gain filter to the data, layer 2 was also intermittently difficult to digitize because of high levels of noise and discontinuity. For each of these reasons, there is less confidence in the digitized layers at NASA-U and this may partially explain the lack of obvious surface patterns.
The GPR surveys described in the current study were conducted as pilot studies to investigate the feasibility of assessing spatial variability in snow accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet. As previously described, software tools were developed to enable the processing and analysis of these and future GPR data. The results of this study show that it is indeed feasible to measure spatial variability in snow accumulation at the local scale and at relatively shallow depths using high-resolution GPR. However, the greatest strength of these GPR data (high-resolution) can also be interpreted as their greatest weakness (high levels of noise). Even after our best filtering attempts, the remaining presence of noise, prevalence of echoes (at times overlapping echoes from distinct reflection horizons), the near-field distortion zone, and exponential loss of signal with depth all challenge the accurate identification of and absolute depth measurement of stratigraphic layers within the subsurface. Future efforts could likely benefit from more advanced signal processing to help further alleviate some of these problems; use of a broadband, continuous-wave radar such as FMCW would also be worth investigating for comparison against the single-frequency, pulsed radar methodology employed in the present study. Complexity in the subsurface stratigraphy (e.g. discontinuous layers; significant layers from sources other than annual hoar frost such as melt percolation, ice lenses, and/or wind compaction) can also make interpretation of the GPR radargram difficult, and the acquisition of manual snow pit stratigraphy and/or other data such as AWS snow-height and wind data are practically a necessity.
Although similar studies have been conducted with GPR on glaciers in Svalbard and on the Antarctic ice sheet also for the purposes of assessing snow accumulation variability (as described in the introduction), this is the first such study collected on Greenland. Previous studies have also focused mostly on assessing variability over long transects (> 1 km) rather than on acquiring a survey grid that could then be used to generate a three-dimensional surface for assessing local-scale spatial patterns. Most of these previous studies also employ lower antenna frequencies (e.g. 250-500 MHz), which aim at assessing cumulative features at greater depths rather than on identifying individual stratigraphic layers in the shallow subsurface, which requires greater resolution. The message of all of the previous studies as well as the current one, however, is that spatial variability can and often plays an important role in the snow accumulation of glaciers and ice sheets, even where there is apparently flat terrain. Whereas point measurements have been frequently and predominantly employed for assessing accumulation on glaciers and ice sheets and spaceborne methods such as scatterometry are also beginning to be developed for monitoring accumulation (Drinkwater et al., 2001; Nghiem et al., 2005), it is important that we assess how accurately these measurements are representative of wider regions. GPR is a useful tool for accomplishing this, as has been demonstrated by the current study.
~ end ~
top of page
Acknowledgements: This research has been funded by NASA (NAG5-10857) as part of the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) and the Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA). The author would like to thank Konrad Steffen and Russell Huff for collecting the GPR data used in this study. The author would also like to express his deepest gratitude to Konrad Steffen for his constant assistance and patience throughout the duration of this project and to Kasey E. Barton for her support and feedback. Thanks also to Ken Knowles for his Software Construction Workshop at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and for constructive criticism on the programs written for this project, and to Ted Scambos for relating his GPR experiences from Antarctica.
top of page
Appendix A. DATA PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS
Click here for Appendix A.
Appendix B. PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION AND INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
Click here for Appendix B.
Top of page • Introduction • Methods • Results • Discussion • References
Appendix A. Data Processing Instructions • Appendix B. Program Documentation and Installation Instructions
© 2006, John Maurer <> | <urn:uuid:ec106340-5242-4964-95df-f55f8eb06175> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www2.hawaii.edu/~jmaurer/gpr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00309-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924287 | 14,918 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Longfellow Bridge Construction Project in Cambridge
Event Planning Guide
The chart below is supplied as a recommendation to special event coordinators and portable restroom contractors. Recommendations are based on the concept that each portable restroom provided will accommodate 200 separate uses.
To calculate the number of units needed:
- Determine the approximate attendance by scanning the column marked in red.
- Next select how long the event is scheduled to run which is marked toward the top of the chart under the title of Hours.
- The cross point between hours and number of people will give you the base quantity needed, As an example, if the event is expected to draw 3000 people and will run for five hours, the chart indicates a need for 20 portable restrooms.(1 unit provides approximately 200 uses)
There are other considerations that require the expertise of a professional portable sanitation contractor.
|Number of Hours for Event| | <urn:uuid:28e4bb74-fbe2-4774-b567-855d205a2fad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thronedepot.com/support-and-faq/event-planning-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.652136 | 546 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Superintendent’s Vision Statement
“The time we have with our kids will be effective and efficient, not wasting one minute, one second while we have them in our hands."
Aeries Student/Parent Portal
All class assignments and grades will be posted to Aeries. Please register your student and parent portal accounts using the verification code given at registration. Parents can call the main office for their verification code.
Register to Vote!
Exercise your right to vote!
Students 18 years or older are eligible to vote.
Do your civic duty and register to vote by following the link below or pick up a voter registration form in the office.
Suicide Prevention Hotlines
Talk of suicide is always a serious situation. For assistance with a friend or family member struggling with mental health issues, call one of the following numbers immediately.
Click Aid Life for more information on warning signs and how to help.
Welconnect App for families on the move
The WelConnect app connects families to available resources and support programs provided by their school district, their schools, the surrounding community, and the US military. It's available to download on your device from the Apple iTunes Store, or Google Play for Android. Click here to download.
OUSD Policy on Bullying, Harassment and Discrimination
The local educational agency (LEA) adopted a policy that prohibits discrimination, harassment, intimidation, and bullying based on actual or perceived ancestry, age, color, disability, gender, gender identity, gender expression, nationality, race or ethnicity, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or association with a person or a group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics | <urn:uuid:64de214d-181f-46a5-8384-a28777af6598> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://ohs-ousd-ca.schoolloop.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00086-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901809 | 339 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Henry Craik, ed. English Prose. 1916. Vol. I. Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century
Critical Introduction by Norman Moore
Dr. Timothy Bright (15511615)
[Dr. Timothy Bright was born in 1551, and at the age of eleven entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1568. He studied afterwards in Paris, and on St. Bartholomews Day 1572 took refuge in the house of Sir Francis Walsingham, where he met Sir Philip Sidney. He was physician to St. Bartholomews Hospital, London, from 1586 to 1590, and lived in the Hospital. He then took orders, and was presented by Queen Elizabeth to the rectory of Methley in 1591, and afterwards to that of Berwick in Elmet, both in Yorkshire. He died in 1615.]
DR. TIMOTHY BRIGHT is most famous as the inventor of modern shorthand, and described his system in a small book, Characterie: an Arte of Shorte, Swift, and Secret Writing by Character, published in London in 1588. The copy in the Bodleian Library is the only one which is known to have survived to our times. In Latin he wrote (1584) a reply to Scribonius, In Physicam, which is one of the earliest productions of the Cambridge University Press; Animadversiones de Traduce (1590); and two medical treatises, Hygieina (1581) and Therapeutica (1583). His English works are an abridgement of Foxes Book of Martyrs (1581), and A Treatise of Melancholie, containing the causes thereof, and reasons of the strange effects it worketh in our minds and bodies, with the phisicke, cure, and spirituall consolation for such as have thereto adjoyned an afflicted conscience (1586). This book is sometimes said to have suggested to Burton his Anatomy of Melancholy, but elaborate disquisitions on melancholy are to be found in many earlier medical writers, and there is no real resemblance between the treatises of Burton and of Bright. His style is less colloquial than that of the London surgeon, Clowes, who was his contemporary; while he shows less knowledge of Greek, and uses more long words than his Cambridge predecessor as a medical writer in English, Dr. Christopher Langton. He is never so pithy as More, is often prolix, and sometimes involved. Though he had graduated in medicine, he was not much more of a physician than Sir Thomas Elyot, who was merely a reader of medical books. | <urn:uuid:18600816-81d8-4783-80a9-5ffc0aad5b93> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bartleby.com/209/234.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00302-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975462 | 546 | 2.53125 | 3 |
To print the picture above just highlight it and send it to your printer or save to your device to print later. If you have problems printing this see the HOW TO PRINT TAB above for some suggestions.
|Print and Color Page. Fairy with a flute.|
There are a lot of colors you can use on this picture.
* The background can be blue.
* The grass can be green.
* The mushrooms can be any color orange, tan, white, beige, or yellow.
* The spots can be red or purple or blue.
* The underside of the caps should be a darker.
* The ladybug should be bright red with black spots.
* The fairy is wearing a dress made out of flowers and leaves.
* The leaves are the blouse and the flowers are the skirt.
* Her hat is a flower turned upside down you can color the flowers any color.
* You can have a lot of fun with her wings, they can be any color but I like red and purple with white dots.
* The tulips can be pink or purple or red. The sunflowers could be yellow.
* The ground and rocks can be brown and gray mixed together with other colors.
It will be a bright and beautiful picture.
I hope you have as much fun coloring it as I had drawing it.
To see more free coloring pages like this click on the label fantasy, at the top of this blog or in the sidebar.
This is free to print but your small gift will help keep this blog going. Thank you. | <urn:uuid:5ae587e4-cf36-4dfe-a5f8-b8b0113ed790> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://coloringpagesbymradron.blogspot.com/2013/01/pixie-fairy-print-and-color-page.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719677.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00559-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921828 | 329 | 1.578125 | 2 |
History of any government gives a deep understanding about its origin, development and background. While comparing Ergatocracy vs Unorganized Territory history, the most relevant points for comparison are its origin, famous leaders that have contributed towards the development of Ergatocracy and Unorganized Territory as well as their modern day aspects. Now you can easily get to know the gist of History of Ergatocracy vs History of Unorganized Territory with respect to all the above points!
When we are comparing Ergatocracy vs Unorganized Territory, history of these government types plays a significant role. You can differentiate Ergatocracy vs Unorganized Territory history to understand how these forms of government have evolved from their origins to their modern day theories. The factors that set apart Ergatocracy and Unorganized Territory history are its place of origin and period of origin. People who have developed theories and philosophies and have contributed towards the growth of these types of governments should also be considered. To know how these contributions have fared, you can compare Ergatocracy vs Unorganized Territory Characteristics!
The roots of any government characterize its history. A fact that one should never miss while studying governments is knowing the founders or advocates of these governments. Many Ergatocracy and Unorganized Territory famous leaders have a major share in establishing as well as improving them. The theories and practicalities may differ, but the intention of establishing or promoting a specific government has always been betterment of some entity. Ergatocracy famous leaders include Eden Paul. Some of the Unorganized Territory are Not Available.
Ergatocracy originated in Great Britain around 20th century AD, Not Available. Around Not Available Unorganized Territory was originated in Not Available.
After knowing about the origin, we should also get to know the modern day Ergatocracy vs Unorganized Territory theories and the way in which these governments have evolved. Given below is a summary of modern day Ergatocracy vs Unorganized Territory ideas:
Early modern period: Ergatocracy- NAUnorganized Territory- NA.
18th and 19th centuries:Ergatocracy- NAUnorganized Territory- NA.
20th and 21st centuries:Ergatocracy- NAUnorganized Territory- NA.
© 2015-2022. A softUsvista venture! | <urn:uuid:ce3c5dae-7ddf-42ff-b5a3-7c9080545c3f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.governmentvs.com/en/ergatocracy-vs-unorganized-territory-history/comparison-97-121-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.944517 | 455 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The work presents issues with the structure and thermal calculations of mobile tank for transport and storage of LNG. A modern design of cryogenic tank container and stationery cryogenic tank is presented in the paper. Mobile cryogenics container tank has been designed for transportation of LNG as well as other liquefied cryogenic gases with the temperature down to 196°C.
Thrifco Plumbing 4906029 Water Heater Restraining Safety Strap in Galvanized Steel for 80 Gallon Tanks. WELLMATE PENTAIR WM9 WM-9 29.5 gallon quick connect + Brass tank tee install kit + brass ball and check Valves -Free standing Water Well PRESSURE TANK Cryogenic Liquid Storage Tank for Lox Lin Lar Lco2 LNG Tank Container, Cryogenic Tank, Liquid Gas Tank manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Cryogenic Liquid Storage Tank for Lox Lin Lar Lco2 LNG with Stainless Steel Material Tank Container 10000L Tank, Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon CO2 LNG Seamless Steel Gas Cylinder, Large Flow and Medium Pressure Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Vacuum Piston Pump and so on.
oil production. Unwanted natural gas was burned off at the well site or pumped back into the oil reservoir with an injection well. Today, natural gas is traded around the world by pipeline (in its gaseous form) or by sea in its liquid form (liquefied natural gas, LNG). The advantage of transporting LNG is clear:a defined volume of LNG LNGPac - WartsilaWärtsiläs Multi-Lobe LNGPac is a fuel-gas-supply system for large LNG volumes of fuel. The system provides adequate storage and supply capabilities for gas-fuelled ships involved in extended voyages between port calls, such as cruise vessels, container ships, and large feeder vessels. Wärtsilä offers the Multi-Lobe LNGPac as a full
Large-scale Lng Storage Tank, Large-scale Lng Storage Tank Suppliers Directory - Find variety Large-scale Lng Storage Tank Suppliers, Manufacturers, Companies from around the World at lpg storage tank ,water storage tank ,well water storage tank, Chemical Storage Equipment New Product Listing 5008w Lng Cryogenic Large Storage New Product Listing 5008w Lng Cryogenic Large Storage Tank , Find Complete Details about New Product Listing 5008w Lng Cryogenic Large Storage Tank,Cryogenic Tank,Lng Tank Container,Lng Cylinder Tank from Pressure Vessels Supplier or Manufacturer-Liaoyang Zhengyang Machinery And Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Purchase multifunctional lng storage tank container on . These highly designed lng storage tank container come with attractive price deals, offers, and customized provisions. Top Sale Guaranteed Quality 5008w Lng Lng Storage Tanks Top Sale Guaranteed Quality 5008w Lng Lng Storage Tanks Lng Tank Container , Find Complete Details about Top Sale Guaranteed Quality 5008w Lng Lng Storage Tanks Lng Tank Container,Cryogenic Tank,Lng Cylinder Tank,Lng Storage Tanks from Pressure Vessels Supplier or Manufacturer-Liaoyang Zhengyang Machinery And Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Well packaged 5008W LNG tank large storage container . Simply complete the form below, click submit, you will get the price list and a Luyi representative will contact you within one business day. Please also feel free to contact us by email or phone. ( * Denotes a required field).
Your email address will not be published.* | <urn:uuid:06d7b528-1d3c-48c7-a93e-95dd2b676942> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.gokarting.es/news/Well-packaged-5008W-LNG-tank-large-stora_10001.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.834333 | 756 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Adolescent girls and young women have a right to know: Accessing information on sexual and reproductive health and rights in the wake of COVID-19Posted: 22 October, 2020
Author: Kerigo Odada
Human Rights Lawyer; LLM (Sexual & Reproductive Rights in Africa) student, Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria
For many adolescent girls and young women around the world, adolescence marks not only the commencement of puberty, but also a time where statistically, the risk of facing human rights abuses such as sexual violence, exploitation, and other adverse outcomes of sex increases. However, despite this high predisposition to abuse, adolescent girls and young women still face multiple barriers in accessing information on sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR). Discriminatory cultural values, laws, and policies that are driven by the stigma attached to sexuality have made it challenging for members of this social group to enjoy full access to much needed SRHR information.
As of April 2020, about 1.725 billion students worldwide were forced out of learning institutions due to COVID-19. Although the closure of schools and other lockdown measures were strategic in controlling the spread of COVID-19, this situation unfortunately meant that many adolescent girls and young women were now confined in homes where they were, and still are, at a heightened risk of prolonged sexual abuse, exploitation and negative outcomes of sex.
Although lockdowns, quarantines, and other isolation measures have had a negative impact on the lives of countless adolescent girls and young women worldwide, it is not COVID-19 that is responsible for more than one girl being raped during the first 17 days of quarantine in Peru. It is not COVID-19 that is responsible for “a daily average of 48 cases of violence against children, including sexual assault and rape since the beginning of the lockdown in Bolivia”. It is not COVID-19 that is responsible for approximately 4,000 school girls being impregnated in Machakos County, Kenya within the first 4 months of lockdown, nor is it responsible for impregnating around 2,300 schoolgirls and marrying off around 128 of them in Uganda. These are the consequences of pre-existing gender inequalities that are driven by androcentric systems of justice, health care and education -systems that are oftentimes designed to protect perpetrators while leaving adolescent girls and young women exposed.
Denying adolescent girls and young women the opportunity to freely access SRHR information during this period is a failure on the part of governments because they have a duty to ensure all persons can fully enjoy the right to health. This approach does not take into consideration the lived realities of many adolescents and young women, nor their evolving capacities. SRHR information empowers members of this social group with essential knowledge, skills, and values such as critical thinking, communication, negotiation, decision-making and assertiveness all of which empower them to navigate a world where they are highly susceptible to sexual exploitation and abuse, child marriage, unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.
Several organisations working on adolescent girls and young women’s SRHR, have called upon governments to ensure we do not have a repeat of what was witnessed during the 2014 Ebola outbreak where teenage pregnancies increased by 65%. These organisations noted that measures taken to respond to epidemics often leave adolescent girls and young women vulnerable to sexual abuse and exploitation because they are usually isolated from people, systems and resources that can help them safeguard their SRHR. Therefore, preventative measures such as uninterrupted access to SRHR services and information must be ensured to safeguard the health and well being of members of this social group.
Keeping communication channels open, informed, and supportive of adolescent girls and young women play a key role in ensuring this social group acquires practical knowledge that will help protect them from abuse and other negative outcomes of sex. It is therefore imperative that governments, in collaboration with the media, develop and implement a framework for engaging with adolescent girls and young women on matters relating to SRHR.
Engaging the Media
Media has one of the greatest potentials to advance SRHR globally. Given its “ability to disseminate information in a broad, timely, and accessible manner”, strong partnerships and collaboration with journalists and social media activists at the global and local levels are essential in safeguarding adolescent girls and young women’s SRHR. Governments, in collaboration with organisations working on SRHR, should invest in creating and sustaining the interest of the media in reporting on SRHR issues because this will ensure adolescent girls and young women have uninterrupted access to SRHR information. This also involves strengthening the capacity of the media to engage in the topic. Virtual trainings, workshops, and webinars should be organised to educate the media on how to report on SRHR issues. Helping journalists get a deeper understanding of the issues will ensure that they are motivated to report on them.
A good collaboration with the media can lead to the production and dissemination of quality campaign and educational materials such as movies, radio shows, songs, posters, stickers, and online campaigns. For example, in Burkina Faso, a partnership with the National Coalition for the Abandonment of Child Marriage saw the training of 30 national journalists on child marriage, while in Niger, radio ‘Voix du Sahel’ and nine private radio stations worked together to air a soap opera that successfully raised awareness on child marriage in the region.
Nevertheless, in as much as using media will be essential in ensuring SRHR information is accessible to adolescent girls and young women, stakeholders must also ensure that they put in place measures to protect this group as they engage with these media platforms. This is especially relevant for online models of communication, such as social media. According to UNICEF, children now spend a lot of time online either for school, or when socialising with friends which consequently puts them at risk of online sexual exploitation and misinformation. In a report released in April, UNICEF noted that, since the pandemic started, internet usage had increased by up to 50% in some parts of the world as life became more and more digitalised. With fewer physically accessible activities during the COVID-19 pandemic, young people are spending more time browsing the internet. In Canada, for instance, Cybertip.ca, an online sexual exploitation of children tip line, reported a 66% increase in reports in April following the implementation of lockdowns. In India, there has been a 95% rise in traffic searching for child sexual abuse content, while in Europe, Europol (The European Union police agency) has sounded the alarm over significant increases in activity relating to child sexual abuse and exploitation on both the surface web and dark web during the COVID-19 lockdown period.
Governments should partner with other stakeholders such as civil society organisations, and community-based organisations to develop strategies to engage the media, both mainstream and social media. This engagement should ultimately lead to the development of a framework to educate the youth on SRHR and should be part of the educational programs rolled out in various countries. Forming partnerships will be instrumental in bringing together a diverse range of people and organisations, thereby facilitating the exchange of information, skills, experience, and materials while providing peer support, encouragement, and motivation. Partnerships, especially with grassroots organisations, help in getting community buy-in which is vital in addressing issues related to young women’s access to comprehensive SRHR information.
For example, technical, financial, and logistical support could be given to initiatives such as InfoAdoJeunes, a mobile app developed in Togo to help youth access credible SRHR information during this time of COVID-19. Another successful initiative is U-Report, an SMS-based peer counselling service in Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and Uganda, that was developed to support continuous training and answers to young people’s questions and concerns on SRHR. U-report equipped mentors with mobile access that reaches over 200,000 adolescents with youth-friendly information mainly on child marriage.
The pandemic has exposed the fact that sexual exploitation of adolescent girls and young women, despite being a gross violation of human rights, is deeply woven into the tapestry of many societies. A situation that is further worsened by either lack of access to information on SRHR, or if access is there, the information is confusing or conflicting. When this group lacks knowledge on their SRHR, they are left vulnerable to sexual exploitation, coercion, sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS, unintended pregnancies, and unsafe abortions. It is therefore of paramount importance that we provide adolescent girls with comprehensive information on SRHR that prepares them for a safe, productive, and fulfilling life. To continue denying adolescent girls and young women access to this information under the pretext of protecting them from immorality is discriminatory and a violation of their rights.
This article was originally published on the SRHM Blog
About the Author:
Kerigo Odada is a human rights lawyer who specialises in Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights and currently serves as a Board Member of The Youth Coalition for Sexual and Reproductive Rights. She is currently a LLM (SRRA) student at the Centre for Human Rights, University nof Pretoria | <urn:uuid:5ed000bd-1e57-41da-944d-7768f275c265> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://africlaw.com/2020/10/22/adolescent-girls-and-young-women-have-a-right-to-know-accessing-information-on-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/?replytocom=117705 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.952 | 1,877 | 2.921875 | 3 |
In late 2017, the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology released new guidelines that expand the definition of high blood pressure. Previously, anything above 140/90 was considered a risk factor for cardiovascular problems; that number has now changed to 130/80.
The revision will add an estimated 31 million Americans to the ranks of the cardiac-challenged, marking nearly half of Americans as hypertensive, a condition that’s seen as a precursor to heart attack and stroke.
Rita Redberg, MD, MSc, FACC
Professor of medicine at University of California, San Francisco, and editor of JAMA Internal Medicine
“I worry about the negative effects of labeling a lot of healthy people as suddenly having a disease, or even a predisease, when it’s not clear that the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks of medications. I do not plan to change my recommendations based on the new guidelines.
“One does not need to change the definitions for hypertension in order to recommend a healthy diet, activity, and not smoking.”
P. Michael Stone, MD, MS
Integrative physician at Stone Medical, PC, in Ashland, Ore.
“So often we lose track of how sleep, exercise, diet, thoughts, emotions, and relationships change blood pressure. To me, it’s not that we are suddenly identifying a huge proportion of the population that needs more medication; we are trying to be honest about how lifestyle factors affect health, and how over time our choices can lead to stroke, heart attack, and disability. The new guidelines offer a great opportunity to focus on modifiable lifestyle changes sooner, immediately upon diagnosis.”
Mimi Guarneri, MD, FACC, ABOIM
Integrative cardiologist and president of the Academy of Integrative Health & Medicine
“I favor the new guidelines. Hypertension is a completely modifiable risk factor . . . and research shows that lifestyle change is successful in lowering blood pressure. Studies show that a diet high in green leafy vegetables, which are rich in potassium, can lower blood pressure. So can losing weight and lowering salt intake. Meditation has been studied in hypertensive African Americans . . . [and shown to decrease] stroke and heart-attack risk.”
Yousef Elyaman, MD
Board certified in internal, functional, and integrative medicine, and director of Absolute Health in Ocala, Fla.
“Whenever you try to group people, there’s no individuality. A patient may be at 135, but he’s in a great relationship, doesn’t drink, and exercises. He’s going to be seen the same as one who eats junk food and sits all day.
“But you have to start somewhere, and we now have a stronger argument for getting patients to work on lifestyle earlier. If I tell you you’re hypertensive, you’re likely to act sooner to make lifestyle changes. And that’s good.” | <urn:uuid:70629d21-b6c0-4e56-8d23-05676219e6de> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://experiencelife.lifetime.life/article/new-blood-pressure-guidelines-experts-weigh-in/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.929192 | 629 | 2.265625 | 2 |
The two countries, China and Peru have political systems which are both different and similar in one way or the other. The two countries have similar political systems in that both have multi-party systems which play key roles sin the government. The main difference is that china have multi-party system which fall under one major party called the Chinese communist party thus there is no opposition unlike in Peru where there is both the ruling and opposition party.
The political system of a country is an important determinant to the democratic politics. However, the kind of political party system that is adopted by a country depends on the nature, social development and national conditions of that particular country. Moreover, the diversity of the political parties in a country's political system also reflects the magnitude of human civilization in that country.
Since china got independence in 1949, the Chinese communist party has been the ruling political party. Other eight parties have also been inexistence since then but they are seen as minor parties which cooperate with the major party in the administration of China. However, the Chinese communist party together with its affiliates plays a major role in formulation of detailed government policies in the country.
However, in Peru multiparty system has been the political system since the country got independence. In addition, in the politics of Peru, personalities and politic powers have dominated the party platforms. Historically, the first political party, American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, was formed in 1924 as a labor movement for workers who were Latin Americans. Originally, it was an opposition platform to the Yankee imperialism and communism in Peru. It has been the major party in the country though the evolution and development of politics have resulted to the formation of other parties in the country (Hilliker, 1971).
Moreover, china is a communist country which implies that government is involved in nearly all the activities that take place in the country. However, the Chinese communist party, being the dominant party has its members as the leaders of any activity that takes place in the country while members of other political parties take junior roles in such activities. China is the only country in the world where there is multiparty system but all under one major party which controls and monitors their activities (Townsend, 1972).
However, Peru has a democratic government though not as transparent as other democratic governments of other nations in the western world. Political parties produce the president, who must be a leader of a political party. The president is elected by the majority citizens. The political party which produces the president becomes the leading party in the legislature which serves as the law making party while the opposition party oversees the conduct of the ruling part in the house of legislature known as the parliament.
In china, the Chinese communist party serves as a socialist party which suits the conditions of Chinese people. However, the party forms the backbone of the country's legislature in which it has more main functions and powers. These functions include; supervision, appointment, legislation and also the removal of officials from power. First, the party supervises the state functions at all levels of governance including the supervision of other counterpart political parties in the country. However, in Peru the ruling part also has the role of supervising state functions at all levels of government.
Secondly, the party officials carry out the role of appointing government officials and other state officials whose appointments fall under the party's jurisdiction. The president of china is an appointee of the party unlike in Peru whereby the president is an elected official by the citizens. Thirdly, the Chinese Communist Party also plays the role of legislation in the country. In addition, in china the legislature is the leader of the government thus all arms of the government fall under the legislature which makes laws and oversees the enforcement of the same laws. Also, in Peru the leading party carry's out the role of legislature but it is not the leader of government affairs as it is the case in china.
Lastly, the party officials also carry out the role of removing the appointed officials from powerful positions in the country. With accordance to the party's role of appointing government officials, the role of removing the same officials falls under the jurisdiction of the party. However, this is not the case in Peru since appointing authority falls under the jurisdiction of the president as it is the case in many western countries who also can remove the same appointee.
Furthermore, in china the leading party, Chinese Communist Party, has the role in making decisions in international affairs which affect China. However, the decisions are represented by the president of china who in such cases acts as the spokesman of the majority of Chinese citizens. This is not the case in Peru since foreign affairs falls under the jurisdiction of the roles of president who consults president advisors in case advice is required in the decision making.
In conclusion, the roles of political parties in Peru and China have both similarities and differences though differences outweigh the similarities. In Peru political parties take the form of democratic republic parties which serves to produce leaders and overseeing the activities of the government. In contrast, the political parties of China together form a block party which is the leader of the government business whereby all decisions are made by the political party rather than other arms of the government. | <urn:uuid:2fd9f8e1-e721-4e76-b466-19d6b722a065> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/role-of-political-parties-in-china-politics-essay.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00249-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974035 | 1,043 | 4.09375 | 4 |
By using a cross connect cabinet, cross-connect fiber cables are routed between two termination points while using standoffs, brackets, along with other wire management devices.
Cross connect wiring requires extra care in handling to maintain performance characteristics. Guidelines that are using in telephone-grade cross-connects are not whatsoever right for the larger performance types of LAN wiring. A good example: sharply bent jumpers really are a common practice when they’re wrapped around wire management brackets. But in fiber cable management, these sharp bends may be under the minimum bend radius recommended in TIA/EIA-568-B.
Various fiber cable routing schemes help achieve redundancy in SONET networks. Trunks are the main fiber cables that may carry hundreds of fiber strands of carries.
Laterals are the fiber cables in the customer premises towards the nearest splice point around the cable trunk. Within cities, laterals is often as short as a few meters or could extend several kilometers in suburban and rural areas.
Aerial installation on existing poles is the most cost-effective installation method while offering moderate reliability. Rules and operations for licensed carriers and fiber installers to access existing utility and telephone poles are very well established by regulatory bodies. Many regulatory bodies require carriers to install extra conduits which are accessible by other licensed carriers or fiber installers.
To be able to enhance the accessibility to cable telephony systems, some operators are installing redundant node receivers and transmitters, and connecting these to the headend using fiber optic cable having diverse routing.
Outdoor hardware consists of a type of fiber optic splice closures, wall-mounte distribution centers, and pedestal-mountable cross-connects. The unit provide environmental protection for splices, connectors, and jumpers within the outside plant environment, often required in industrial and other special applications.
In certain indoor circumstances, space is restricted for mounting hardware. Specially designed furcation (or fan-out) kits provide protection and pull-out strength for bare fibers, and they are direct connectorized. They are best when the fiber counts are low and all of the fibers is going to be patched into other hardware or electronics within the same are. | <urn:uuid:421cb379-1930-496e-8fb8-571460f8ea95> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.fs.com/blog/fiber-optic-cables-routing-in-cable-management.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00329-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924352 | 442 | 2.3125 | 2 |
The Prophet and his Roundels: Stained Glass in Pendeen Church, Cornwall
The small Cornish village of Pendeen abuts rugged Atlantic coastland three miles (4.8 km) east of St Just. By popular account once a haven for smugglers, its interest to Vidimus readers lies in its barely-known collection of pre-1700 continental glass panels assembled by one of the foremost preachers of Victorian England – lauded by one admirer as the ‘Prophet of Pendeen’. The glass collection is not described in William Cole’s Catalogue of Netherlandish and North European Roundels in Britain, Corpus Vitrearum Great Britain, Summary Catalogue 1, Oxford, 1993 and nor is it mentioned in the current (second) edition of Nikolaus Pevsner’s volume on Cornwall in the Buildings of England series.
Before cataloguing the glass, some background:
Until 1843 the modern parish of Pendeen was part of the mother-parish of St Just-in-Penwith. But following the New Parishes Act of that year which created independent parishes from larger districts (known as ‘Peel Districts’ after Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850) the prime minister who promoted the act) the community was separated from St Just and encouraged to go its own way. In the event, it struggled for three years without either a church or a parish priest, until Bishop (Henry) Phillpotts (1778–1869) of Exeter offered the post to the Revd Robert Aitken (1800–1873). [Fig 1]
Aitken was in his fiftieth year and had already had a colourful career in the church. He was ordained in 1823, but after a dispute with the Bishop of Chester, he moved to the Isle of Man where he was a regular preacher on the Methodist circuit and made many friends. He subsequently returned to the Church of England and became known throughout England as an evangelist of almost unrivalled fervour. One critic described the experience thus: ‘I thought I could distinguish very perceptibly an effort in the preacher to produce an animal excitement…. I could not divest my mind of the idea of a maniac’. Aitken had his largest following in Liverpool where his supporters attracted attention mainly because of their frenzied revivalist activities in the vaults of Hope Hall. It was standard practice for members of the congregation to rise up, dance and caper about the room, jump over the forms, tear their hair and clothes, and throw themselves on the floor. Apart his work in Liverpool, he also held positions in deprived urban parishes in Leeds and London, before becoming curate of Perranuthnoe near Marazion in Cornwall.
His response to the Bishop’s invitation to become the incumbent of the parish of Pendeen in 1849 did not get off to a good start. He got lost in fog, and finding nothing but moorland with no church or school, he returned home. However, a local petition resulted in more pressure on Aitken by the Bishop, and a second visit secured his acceptance of the position. A temporary wooden church was replaced after two years by the present church of St John the Baptist, which was opened on 1 November 1851. It was built to Aitken’s own designs and by local craftsmen under his personal supervision. According to William Lake’s Parochial History of Cornwall, it was modelled on the ancient cathedral of Iona. The site was later enlarged with schools and a rectory, the whole group of buildings being tied together by a series of high-walled enclosures with battlemented gateways and ornamental gates, all to Aitken’s designs. [Fig 2]
Aitken was a tireless preacher, regularly in demand to speak at missions throughout industrialised urban centres. His creed was a combination of evangelism, stemming from his Methodist experiences of the process of ‘conversion’, and the sacramental beliefs of high church Anglicanism, known as Tractarianism. Whilst he was curate at St James, York Square, Leeds (1840–43) it became the only church in the city to have a weekly early morning communion, and he also established a quasi-monastic community there. Disputes over the place of such an ‘Evangelical-Tractarian’ within the established church lasted until well after his death.
In accordance with his Tractarian wish to enhance the celebration of the sacraments in his new church, Aitken was determined to enrich the building with stained glass. Unfortunately, the cost of his building works had exhausted the capital fund of £2,000, and was in deficit. The coloured glass of the chancel east window was funded by the local Ladies’ Guild Association and Aitken himself donated a series of twelve roundels to enhance six of the remaining windows. Collected from antique shops in London, these were set in modern glass borders. When complete the Royal Cornish Gazette of 5 November 1852, described them as ‘All the windows are of coloured glass with painted centres, many of which are of a very early date and are curious in their antiquity.’ [Fig 3]
Unfortunately no records have been found of where Aitken bought his pre-1700 glass or how his gift was received by his parishioners. Aitken remained at the church (with occasional visits to the Isle of Man) until his sudden death on the Great Western Railway platform at Paddington on 11 July 1873.
Overall the glass is of mixed quality. Without being able to inspect it in a conservation studio, it appears that some panels have suffered significant paint loss, perhaps due to their proximity to the sea. Other panels have been broken and repaired. In 2001 a fine image of the Adoration of the Magi was shattered by vandals. Notwithstanding such setbacks the collection remains interesting and important, not just as previously unrecorded continental glass in England, but for the light it shows on how such glass was perceived by a passionate clergyman of the period. Rather than arranged for any narrative or didactic function, it seems to have been used for its ability to infuse the new church with reminders of Christian history and to enhance its appeal and ambience as a place of worship and beauty.
Aitken’s glass was set into six windows. Using the CVMA numbering system which works from east to west they are:
Fig. 4: window n7, panel a, The Presentation in the Temple, Germany, 17th century.
Fig. 5: window n7, panel b, Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane (the Agony in the Garden); an angel presents a chalice, possibly Flemish, 17th century
Fig. 6: window s3, panel a, St John the Evangelist and St Agnes, Germany, 17th century, possibly repainted.
Fig. 7: window s3, panel b St John the Baptist and St Katherine, Germany, possibly 17th century but could be later.
Fig. 8: window s4, panel a, The Flight into Egypt, Flemish, 16th century.
Fig. 9: window s4, panel b, The Adoration of the Magi. Modern copy of the original, broken in 2001.
Fig. 10: window s6, panel a The Sacrifice of Isaac, possibly Flemish, 16th century.
Fig. 11: window s6, panel b, Christ as Salvator Mundi, probably German, 17th century.
Fig. 12: window s7, panel a, Lower half only of Christ carrying the cross, Flemish, 17th century.
Fig. 13: window s7, panel b, The Crowning of Thorns: design after Maarten de Vos (1532–1603), probably, Flemish, 17th century.
Fig. 14: window 8, panel a, The Prodigal son, Dutch, 17th century.
Fig. 15: window s8, panel b, St John the Evangelist, Flemish, 16th century. A similar example belongs to a private collection in Ghent (Belgium).
Michael G Swift
Stained glass advisor to the Diocese of Truro
I am grateful to Kees Berserik for his help with this item.
Images 2–15 are © c b newham and reproduced with his kind permission.
- Obituary of Robert Aitken in the Guardian, 23 July 1873
- W. Lake, Parochial History of Cornwall, Vol 2, London, 1868, p. 194
- M. G. Swift, ‘An examination of the development of stained glass windows in the Anglican Churches of Leeds: 1841–1860’, MA thesis, University of Leeds, 1999
- C. E. Woods, Memoirs and letters of Canon Hay Aitken with an introductory memoir of his father, the Rev Robert Aitken of Pendeen, 1928.
York Minster East window Glass Survives Fire Scare
On 30 December 2009 nearly 300 panels from the great east window of York Minster – in volume the size of a modern tennis court – came perilously close to being destroyed after a fire erupted in the offices above where they were being stored. The glass was made between 1405–1408 by the Coventry based glass-painter, John Thornton and is one of the greatest surviving masterpieces of medieval art in England. Master Glazier, Ian Tomlinson has worked for the York Glaziers Trust for nearly 40 years and played a key role in saving the glass. We are delighted to publish his exclusive eye-witness account of the events of that dramatic night.
Most stories start the same way. You go to bed, the phone rings until you eventually wake up. You wonder who on earth could be calling you at 12.45 in the morning and just as importantly, why? Then you pick up the phone and listen and you know.
Twenty five years ago the Minster was hit by a terrible fire. Now I was being told that fire had struck again, not in the church but in a nearby building where the glass from the east window was being stored.
I just threw on some clothes and scrambled into my car. The city was deserted. As long as the traffic lights were green and I could just keep driving I was focused. But when the lights turned red and I was forced to stop, I couldn’t help thinking the worst.
Fortunately, when I arrived the scene was nowhere near as awful as I had feared. Fire engines filled the street and lots of people were moving around. Although I could smell smoke I could see that the building was still intact and that the fire was under control.
Dr Richard Shephard , York Minster’s Chamberlain and Director of Development , and Canon Glyn Webster quickly told me what had happened. Simon Errington, a past Master of the Gild of Freemen of the City of York, was walking past the offices after an evening out in the city when he saw smoke wisping from a downpipe. At 11.24 pm he made a 999 call. Thank goodness he did.
By the time the first fire appliance arrived the fire was taking hold and spreading. Flames were shooting through the office windows. The officer in charge quickly requested assistance. In all, over 30 fire-fighters and officers on 6 fire appliances and an aerial ladder platform arrived from York, Acomb, Huntington, Tadcaster, Selby and Easingwold fire stations.
The fire had broken out in an upstairs office belonging to the stonemasons, directly above a large room where we had stored the glass from the east window a year earlier. A team of fire-fighters had entered the upper story to tackle the blaze. Although the fire seemed to be extinguished by the time I arrived, the glass was still at risk. Water from the hosepipes was pouring through a corner of the ceiling floor directly onto some of the glass. More dangerous was the possibility that the entire ceiling floor might collapse, burying the glass under a ton and more of rubble. Together with North Yorkshire Fire & Rescue officers, Group Manager Dave McCabe and station manager Jane Proud, we decided that it was imperative to move the glass to safety. Jane told her team that the glass was a national treasure which had to be saved. She was very passionate. I explained how it needed to be removed from the racks, carried to safety and stacked to avoid breakages. I found stiff boards to lay against walls so that the glass would not slip or buckle when it was stacked. The stone-yard manager Adrian Hodges, and York Minster policeman Steve Wilkinson provided invaluable support. Despite the conditions in the storeroom itself (dark, cold, and wet) and conditions outside, made doubly tricky by hosepipes snaking from appliances to the fire scene, the fire-crews were magnificent. With their help all the glass was moved to new locations in the stonemasons’ and carvers’ workshops as well as to the main hall in the adjacent Minster Choir School. From start to finish it took us about three hours to carry the panels to safety.
When it was done I felt a huge sense of relief. It is a night I will never forget.
By the time I returned to the site later that day Sarah Brown, the YGT director, was already devising a plan for the immediate safe storage of the glass. Space had been found in St Stephen’s chapel to the north of the Lady Chapel at the east end of the Minster. The next step was to organise the move. Before the fire the glass was stored on a specially-designed racking system in a room with state-of-the-art environmental controls and (thankfully) fire retardant ceilings. Now the heavy racking had to be dismantled and moved. I don’t think we could have done it by ourselves but the stonemasons were superb. Some even came in over the New Year holidays to help us transfer the racks to the minister and reassemble them. Once that was done we could begin moving the glass to its new home. Easier said than done, as by now snow was falling in the city and every surface was as slippery as an ice rink. Nothing could be carried by hand. Every panel had to be ferried on trolleys. As we loaded the panels we also undertook condition inspections. To our joy, none of the glass had been damaged by the fire. The chapel area is secure and fully alarmed. As soon as possible we will find a new long-term storage facility. [Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4]
What are my thoughts now it is over? Two stand out. I have worked for the YGT for nearly forty years. I remember the 1984 fire and the months we spent cleaning and repairing the famous 16th-century rose window glass in the south transept. Last year was the 25th anniversary of that terrible night. When I was forced to stop at the red traffic lights I couldn’t believe that history might be repeating itself. I never want to feel those fears again.
My second memory is of the fire crews. Once again their courage and professionalism was exemplary. A few years ago Peter Gibson, who was my boss at the time of the 1984 fire, said he thought there should be a statue to the firemen who saved the Minister. After the night of 30 December I say three cheers to that.
Ian Tomlinson was speaking to Roger Rosewell
To read an account of the 1984 fire see Vidimus13. | <urn:uuid:39bf26e0-7d9e-4225-9c2d-7d8367f91522> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://vidimus.org/issues/issue-37/features/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00423-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979065 | 3,271 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Tooth visual aspect can be of two key types: foreign (caused by substances we inform into our mouths) and intrinsic, (caused by stipulations in the body which control dagger foundation or color).
Predisposition to dagger discoloration
Some factors formulate incisor discolouration much imagined for many people, both family and adults:
· Tiny enamel defects - that let bruising substances to accumulate.Post ads:
Plantronics DuoSet H141N Headset. H141N DUOSET CONVERTIBLE / ASPIRE ONE D257-13434 Laptop Screen 10.1 ASPIRE ONE / HP 90W Slim Energy Efficient Power Adapter / Dayton Audio DC160S-8 6-1/2" Classic Shielded Woofer / Kolo Hudson, 8½" x 8½" Bookbound Picture / 12v 20A AC Power Adapter DC Transformer for LED Strip / Genuine Dell 4GJJT Motherboard Mainboard System Board For / New-INK, HP NO 11 CYAN PRINTHEAD - C4811A / J7934-69011 Hp Networking Print Server Internal / Black Green VG Pindar Edition Messenger Bag Carrying Case / Laptop Kroo Carrying Case for HP DV Series Laptops + White / Hello Kitty KT7004 1.3 Megapixel Digital Camera / Jabra Biz 620 Duo USB Oc Ear Cushions Ms Oc / 7.20V,8800mAh,Li-ion, Replacement for HP 441132-001, / Keyless Entry Remote Fob Clicker for 2002 Acura MDX - / 3M privacy filter- 3M PF317 Widescreen Monitor privacy / Kingston 4 GB DDR3 SDRAM Memory Module 4 GB (1 x 4 GB) / EMINENCE CROSSOVERS
· Insufficient saliva, - which commonly helps us comprehensible diet waste and early fleck.
Saliva production can be belittled by an pollution or impediment in the mouth, by several diseases, by radiation to the come first and neck, and by tons medications.
· Poor os sanitariness - which is a uncoerced factor, allowing substance particles to linger, spot to assemble up, and cream of tartar to form, all of which creates brownish or dark stains.
There are some material possession we put in our mouths which increasingly discolor our teeth.Post ads:
Audiovox XM Radio Tuner With RF Modulator XMCK10AP / BARSKA 40x40 Huntmaster Riflescope / Wireless shock sensor w/ door window contact built-in / TRENDnet 2-Port Stackable Video Splitter TK-V201S (Black) / Verbatim Bluetooth Wireless Folding Keyboard for Android & / OPTI-UPS VS575C Standby Series 6-Outlet Uninterruptible / Otterbox Commuter Case for ZTE Warp Black, Leather / Smatree iphone Gamepad Wireless Bluetooth Gamecore / JAMO RIK8LW In-Ceiling Rough In Kit / Panasonic RP-HC30 Noise-Canceling Earbud Headphones / HEC-460U3-TF / PM Company Plastic Disposable Deposit Bags, 15 x 20 Inches / Redrock Micro Single 15mm Stainless Steel Rod, 4" Length / TL-16/CS10 (Casepack of 10 SETS) Banana to Alligator Lead / Dell PE6850 1470w Redundant Power Supply New K2576 / George Ls Guitar Cable - 10' / Celestion TF0510 5" Professional Midrange Speaker 30W / Belkin network Cable - 82 ft ( F2F202LL-25M )
· Coffee, tea, red wine, and sodium carbonate drinks
· Tobacco, whether smoke-cured or chewed
· Some medications, notably bactericide and vibramycin once they're specified to brood low eight, and antihistamines such as as Benadryl
Any ill health to a child's burgeoning teeth can cut off the foundation of enamel and do it to have jagged solidity. Dentin, the sheet beneath enamel, is a xanthous color, and if the tooth enamel is thin, animal material can bear out through, superficial like a spot.
· Some infections in a pregnant parent can feeling the promotion of the child's dagger enamel
Too such halide in early life causes fluorosis:
· Fluoride supplements
· Chewable vitamins which contain fluoride
· Store-bought beverages
· Fluoride in the river supply
· Fluoride-containing rinses, toothpastes etc.
· Foods preconditioned near fluoridated water
In mild pathology smooth as glass light lines occur on the tooth enamel. In modest fluorosis, the lines go mottling, and in intense pathology the marking becomes extensive; it stains and chips glibly and becomes faveolate and brown
For cancer of whole teeth, we involve calcium, vitamins C and D, and phosphate. If any of these are underprovided in the diet, our dagger tooth enamel becomes thinner and weaker.
Our teeth change as we age, and this is inbred.
Although here are numerous exceptions, utmost stains on our teeth, and supreme yellowing can be removed by a . These can be done in-office or at nest exploitation customised trays and professional-strength change of color gel.
Some bone materials, mega the amalgam utilized for fillings, can change the color of the incisor by showing done the semitransparent enamel, and concluded time can darken the tooth enamel itself. | <urn:uuid:a420d233-ca72-4bf1-8947-cbdd26d6a8cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://herrgng45.pixnet.net/blog/post/62670159-and-becomes-faveolate-and- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00335-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.800822 | 1,183 | 1.664063 | 2 |
(bordeaux-threads:acquire-lock lock &optional (wait-p t))
|Function: Acquire the lock LOCK for the calling thread. WAIT-P governs what happens if the lock is not available: if WAIT-P is true, the calling thread will wait until the lock is available and then acquire it; if WAIT-P is NIL, ACQUIRE-LOCK will return immediately. ACQUIRE-LOCK returns true if the lock was acquired and NIL otherwise. This specification does not define what happens if a thread attempts to acquire a lock that it already holds. For applications that require locks to be safe when acquired recursively, see instead MAKE-RECURSIVE-LOCK and friends. | <urn:uuid:93903cde-5165-4578-882a-2ab87613b22d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://lispdoc.com/?q=acquire-lock | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00146-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90713 | 153 | 2.046875 | 2 |
The End of the New Zealand Forest Service
The Weaknesses Appear
Rural Fire Services Review (Hensley Report) and Implementation
National Rural Fire Authority
Fire Research and Development
Emergency Services Reviews
Fire Services Review
Fire and Emergency New Zealand
The End of the New Zealand Forest Service
On the 31st of March 1987, the New Zealand Forest Service was disestablished with the loss of about 3,000 jobs. Some of the staff were moved to three newly established organisations: the NZ Forestry Corporation Ltd, Department of Conservation and the Ministry of Forestry. The NZFC was handed the state production forests, more than half of the plantation forests of NZ, logging operation and associated land. The intent was for the Corporation to turn the State’s forestry assets into a successful commercial business; if necessary, by selling them off. It was later split into four separate businesses in 1990, one of these being Timberlands West Coast Ltd that was established as a State Owned Enterprise (SOE) to run the West Coast indigenous production forests. Environmental and conservation functions were taken over by the DOC. It gained responsibility for about one third of the area of New Zealand, encompassing National Parks, reserves, and much indigenous forest. However, fire was only one aspect of the protection that DOC was required to provide for New Zealand’s natural and historic heritage.
The policy advice, biosecurity functions and remaining Crown forests on leased Maori land passed to the Ministry of Forestry. It became responsible for the administration of the legislation and oversight of rural fire control. It did not have a fire suppression role, but many of the experienced Forest Service personnel were moved to the Ministry. In particular, the Chief Fire Control Officer, Neill Cooper, became the MOF Chief Protection Officer. In 1992, with the reorganisation of Government departmental scientific research, the research function of MOF was split off to set up the Forest Research Institute (now Scion Research), one of ten new Crown Research Institutes. And in 1998, MOF was merged with the Ministry of Agriculture to become the current Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF).
Other than the State, there were four big companies that owned the bulk of the rest of the plantation forests in New Zealand. While these big players in forestry were able to provide their own fire protection, it was the NZ Forest Service that had provided an umbrella under which rural areas and the small forest owners sheltered for many years. With the demise of the Forest Service, that umbrella was gone.
The Weaknesses Appear
Even as arrangements were being made to end the Forest Service, events were conspiring to realise the fears that rural firefighters perceived over the loss of the Forest Service expertise. On 4 February 1987, the hot, dry winds of Canterbury rekindled a fire at Burnt Hill, Oxford, that resulted in a 16 km run along the Waimakariri River, and threatened the Eyrewell Forest. It was reported that at one stage the fire moved at over 12 kpm. The NZ Fire Service assumed responsibility for managing the fire. Over 900 people assisted, including 200 army personnel, but at least half were involved in shifting stock and property. 1600 ha of farmland were burnt, two homes were lost, along many sheds and barns, and 1200 sheep. The fire perimeter extended 32 km, and came within 100 m of the Eyrewell Forest. At about the same time, power lines sparked to generate two large fires near further south at Rakaia. 40 to 50 hectares of paddocks burnt, razing a hay barn and four shelter belts. 150 people fought these blazes with eight water tankers and 3 fire units. Another fire at Pendarves was limited to about 25 ha by six appliances from Rakaia and Ashburton.
The drought that Canterbury (and other parts of the country) was to last two years, driven by an El Nino phase. Dr Neil Cherry, the Lincoln College meteorologist, in analysing the weather for 1988, observed that
“For the year the rainfall at 308.6 mm was the lowest ever recorded at Lincoln. The previous lowest annual total was 338 mm in 1915. It was also the lowest July to December total with 126.1 mm compared to the previous lowest of 139 mm in 1915. The mean annual temperature of 12.4 oC is the highest since the record of 12.9 oC was recorded in 1924. Allowing for the fact that the climate station was highly sheltered before the Second World War, 1988 was warmer than the previous recorded “hot” year. The mean annual wind speed was the highest since reliable wind speed records began in 1896. Sunshine hours at 2366 was the highest recorded for Christchurch and the highest of any recorded at Lincoln since sunshine records began in 1930.
Thus 1988 was the record windiest, sunniest, hottest and driest year.”
As a consequence, there was a string of bad vegetation fires in Canterbury, and elsewhere in the country, over the 1988/89 season. In all but one of these Canterbury fires, the Fire Service assumed command, and complaints were made about the expanded role expected of them. This was not necessarily a direct consequence of loss of Forest Service expertise, but a sign that many rural fire authorities had been complacent, sheltering under the Fire and Forest Services’ umbrellas. Now exposed, their resources were individually inadequate for larger vegetation fires, and together they lacked the cohesion to mount credible combined operations.
The Ministry of Forestry had anticipated the lack of cohesion following the loss of the Forest Service, and began setting up regional rural fire coordination committees in 1987. 17 were in place at the time of the ‘Prevent Rural Fires Convention’ held in Wellington 10-11 May 1989, but they did not cover all of the country, and there were teething problems with some of the committees. One plea that Alan Flux, MOF, made at the convention was for ”greater involvement and recognition [to be] given to Volunteer Rural Fire Forces….and stronger provision for financial assistance.” At that time he compiled a list of 100 county and district council RFAs (total area 26,348,000 ha, of which these RFAs were responsible for fire in 13,446,119 ha). In total, these held a population of 897,422 people. The 100 RFAs quoted did not include city councils (presumably covered by the NZ Fire Service), and these are now also RFAs. The total area of NZ is 26,867,600 ha. There were 24 Rural Fire Districts (1,013,360 ha). NZ Forestry Corporation had 14 fire districts (741,552 ha), and Ministry of Defence was divided into 7 districts (66,084 ha).
While the Ministry may not have had an operational role, it was quite apparent that the old hands were active in the management of the 1988 Dunsandel fire, effectively implementing a management system that is easily recognised as the coordinated incident management system (CIMS) that was some years away from being introduced by rural fire, and adopted by all emergency providers in New Zealand.
The old hands had also anticipated the loss of Forest Service fire fighting capability, and acted. In 1986, Chief Fire Control Officer Neill Cooperconvened regional meetings to promote the formation of the Forest and Rural Fires Association of New Zealand Inc. to retain that expertise. Founded in 1987, FRFANZ’ immediate task was was facilitate control at fires with the provision of a suitable command structure to co-ordinate multi-agency responses, and introduction of standard hire rates for specialised fire equipment (March 1988). Senior fire officers also contributed to the Code of Practice that was to come.
The Government ordered the newly-appointed Domestic and External Security Coordinator, Gerald Hensley, to carry out a Rural Fire Services Review and report by 26 June 1989. Speaking to the May 1989 ”Prevent Rural Fires Convention’, both Hensley and others anticipated the drafting of a new Forest and Rural Fires Act. Based on cost escalation, the Minister of Forestry, Hon. Peter Tapsell, did not favour a handing over of rural fire to the urban fire service.
Rural Fire Services Review (Hensley Report) and Implementation
The DESC Coordinator formed a review team with representatives from the Department of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Forestry, Department of Conservation and the NZ Fire Service Commission. A discussion paper was produced, and draft recommendations were put to the Cabinet on 26 June 1989. Approval was given for public consultation, and the team invited submissions and held six public meetings. A Fire Service takeover was not recommended on the grounds that it neither had the statutory obligation nor the training to deal with rural fires. Common ground was established in that rural fire services would continue to be provided at a local level, but there was a need for regional coordination, and that a central authority should be established for standards, audits and national awareness campaigns. A new structure was proposed and the service would need to continue to rely upon volunteers for fire suppression. Funding was a problem, and access to the Rural Fire Fighting Fund needed to be opened up. It was thought that the necessary changes could be fiscally neutral.
Gerald Hensley recalled his review in 2000. The Hensley Report went to Cabinet on 23 August 1989, and the Government Cabinet Policy Committee agreed to the release of it on 8 November. It also decided that responsibility for national rural fire coordination should be transferred from the Ministry of Forestry to the NZ Fire Service Commission by 1 October 1990; in the latter role, the NZFSC would also be called the National Rural Fire Authority (NRFA). Responsibility for the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977 would transfer to the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA). It directed the formation of a Working Group on Rural Fire Services to report to the Minister of Internal Affairs by 1 March 1990 on an appropriate structure within the NZ Fire Service, and appropriate funding arrangements for that structure.
The Working Group, chaired by Murray Darroch of DIA, reported to the Minister of Internal Affairs on 15 March 1990. It recommended that the NRFA be in place by 1 July 1990, and laid out its functions. A National Rural Fire Advisory Committee, composed by representatives from organisations with skills and knowledge of rural firefighting, should be formed to advise the NZFSC. A non-operational rural fire division should be established, to be managed by a National Rural Fire Officer (NRFO) who would report directly to the Chief Executive of the NZ Fire Service. The Rural Fire Fighting Fund should be extended to recognise three categories of fires, with 95% of costs above an excess to be met by the Fund, and recoveries sought where possible. The Fund had originally been enacted in law as part of the Fire Service Amendment Act 19865. It would continue to be funded from the NZ Fire Service Levy, but supplemented by DOC each year. It was agreed that fires originating in commercial forests would not be covered by the Fund. Eligibility to the Fund would be restricted to RFAs having approved fire plans. Legislative changes would be required to both the Fires Service Act 1975 and the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977. At the time, Fire Service Amendment Bill (No. 2) 1989 was underway, and it was suggested that the necessary changes, particularly including financial considerations, could be incorporated into this amendment bill. Complementary minor amendments were also planned for the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977.
The Government agreed but all of the legislative changes had not been passed by Parliament before it was dissolved for the November 1990 General Election. This resulted in a change of party on the Treasury benches. The new Government reconvened Parliament and, with the rural fire reforms added to urgent legislation, they were passed through all remaining stages and signed into law on 21 December 1990. The expanded Rural Fire Fighting Fund was backdated to 1 October 1990.
National Rural Fire Authority
A Transition Group, composed of MOF and NZFS Officers, was set up to implement the Review recommendations for the transfer of responsibilities. The position of NRFO was advertised by the NZFSC, and Murray Dudfield of the MOF who had been on the Review team, was appointed, starting 1 July 1990. Curiously (see above), at that stage, he had no statutory authority until the end of the year. His staff at the NZFS National Office in Wellington numbered three. Although the Review had recommended that Regional councils should be required to appoint Regional Rural Fire Officers to carry out regional coordination functions, including the setting up of regional rural fire committees, this had proved impractical. The regions had neither the immediate local concerns or the national responsibility. Instead, four full-time Managers Rural Fire (expanded to 5 in 1995) were appointed, reporting to the NRFO. While the review of rural firefighting had been underway, the Government had forced the amalgamation of local authorities in 1989, with over 230 authorities being reduced to 92 (comprising 74 territorial local authorities (TLAs), 12 regional councils and 6 special purpose authorities).
The NZFS Commission assumed responsibility for the NRFA on 1 January 1991. With that, the elements of the present-day rural fire service were essentially in place, and a series of measures were introduced to evolve its effectiveness:
|December 1990, NRFA rural fire training advisory group meets for first time.|
|1991, NRFA Advisory Committee established. Representatives from Forest Owners Assn (FOA), DOC, Local Government Assn, Min. Defence, Fire Service and Federated Farmers.|
|1 July 1991, Rural Fire Management Code of Practice. This required all RFAs to have approved Fire Plans in place in accordance with the Code on that date. Approval was to be by Regional Rural Fire Co-ordinating Committees (RRFC). Failure to conform with requirements such as having approved plans would prohibit access to reimbursement of suppression costs from the Rural Fire Fighting Fund. Fire Plans were also subject to periodic audit by NRFA Managers. The Fund met $6.26M costs between 1991 and 1997.|
|The RFMCOF specified a standard constitution for the RRFCs. These 19 Committees replaced those that MOF had established, and they were to become serviced by the NRFA Managers Rural Fire.|
|1991/92 season, NRFA and FOA carry out a joint rural fire protection publicity ‘Keep it green’ campaign. ‘Bernie’ was to become a regular summertime TV character.|
|November 1991, 107 fire plans have approval.|
|April 1992, under Canadian scientist ME Alexander, rural fire research resumes after absence of 13 years. Joint funding was obtained for 2 years, and Alexander was seconded for a year at Forest Research Institute, Rotorua.|
|August 1992, Min. Int. Affairs, Graeme Lee, announces an annual $400K Grant Assistance package for a 50% subsidy for RFAs to purchase fire equipment and personal protection equipment (PPE) for volunteer rural fire forces (VRFFs). The VRFFs had to registered with NRFA and (later) had to adopt a Standard Constitution.|
|1 July 1993, Grant Assistance boosted to $800,000 and expanded: PPE subsidy to be 75%; up to $10K per station to be made available for establishment of a network of remote automatic weather (RAW) stations around the country (by 1999, there were over 120 RAWS); 50% subsidy for approved costs (maximum $50K) towards converting ex-NZFS appliances for use by VRFFs; up to 100% subsidy for appliance land mobile radios (LMRs, being introduced by NZFS) and station alerting equipment.|
|October 1992, the excess of RFFF claims was reduced from $5000 to $1000. 95% of the RFA suppression costs beyond the excess could be met from the Fund. The NRFA and the RFA would jointly pursue reimbursement if blame for the fire start could be established.|
|January 1994, Laser Disc training simulator introduced|
|1996/97, the first of an ongoing number of strategy studies are completed. These included RFD administration grants, and discussions of reducing the number of RFAs through forming enlarged RFDs.|
|1996/97, proposed integration of RFA fire statistics into a Fire Service database. While there had been an apparent quantum step in the number of fires from 1993/94 season, this was a consequence of fuller reporting. FIRS was running in 2000.|
|November 1998, Co-ordinated Incident Management System (CIMS) adopted for all emergency service providers, including Police, in NZ. This was an NRFA initiative, borrowing heavily from overseas management systems.|
|SITE (Shared Information Technology Environment): Comms Centres, LMR, pagers, incident ground radios|
|2000/01, first deployment of National Incident Management Teams at 4 large incidents. Most Regions were later to setup RIMTs.|
|2000, first deployment of fire officers to USA. This begins negotiations for formal agreements between authorities in USA (National Wildfire Co-ordinating Group, 2001), Canada and Australia (Dept of Sustainability and the Environment) and NRFA for mutual assistance.|
|2001, UN Year of the Volunteers: NRFA strikes a medal ‘NZ Rural Fire Services’ for issue to rural fire service volunteers.|
|2001, firefighter fitness tests being introduced.|
|March 2002, RFMCOF revised.|
|2002, Min. Int. Affairs, George Hawkins, boosts Grant Assistance by $500,000 for the year 2002/03 to start a subsidy programme for new rural fire appliances for RFAs. Unlike those of the NZFS, these are 4WD and painted yellow. About 6 each year were provided.|
|2003, new computer software for FWSYS system to access for daily fire weather and RuralNet for fire information.|
|2003, exclusion of Grant Assistance for VRFFs conditionally removed .|
|5 July 2005, the 1979 Regulations are superceded by the Forest and Rural Fires Regulations 2005. The management provisions of the new Regulations are objective-based, and are used to replace the prescriptive requirements of the RFMCOP. The Fire Service Act was also amended: instead of by audit, Fire Plans are to be verified by operational assessments, and consideration to be given to fire prevention, not just suppression ie. the ‘4Rs’ are to apply.|
|2007, seasonal fire teams become available for long duration incidents. Unlike in the US, these are only be paid when deployed to a fire.|
|2 November 2009, release of strategy to promote formation of enlarged RFDs. The merger of RFAs into enlarged RFDs had stalled over 2004-08 due to review uncertainty. By 2010/11, the number of RFAs had been reduced from 90 to 78 by amalgamations.|
After 24 years, Murray Dudfield retired as NRFO on 30 June 2014, and was replaced by Kevin O’Connor from DOC. In the Queen’s Birthday Honours List of 2015, Murray was made an Officer of the NZ Order of Merit, having previously been made a Member in 1999.
Government passed the Industry Training Act 1992 to raise the skill level of the work force of New Zealand. This enabled industries to form Industry Training Organisations (ITOs) that would be responsible for training and setting standards in the industries they represented. An emphasis was on-the-job training. A Fire and Rescue Services Advisory Group met for first time on 10 June 1993. On
|Lake Okareka volunteers training|
11 May 1994, a subcommittee of the Group met with the NZ Qualifications Authority (NZQA) and the Education & Training Support Agency (ETSA) to begin the process of forming an ITO. The Fire and Rescue Services ITO (FRSITO) was registered on 8 May 1995, and had representatives from all areas of the fire and rescue services. All training has been modularised into a series of Unit Standards of a range of levels, with industry Assessors to judge the competencies of candidates. A moderation system was also introduced to ensure a uniform standard of assessment throughout the country. Moderators are now employees of FRSITO. National Certificates and Diplomas in Vegetation Fire Fighting have also been formulated, and subsidised Student Training Programmes are available to assist RFAs in meeting the costs of training.
The disparate nature of the rural fire service meant that the advent of FRSITO was more important to it than to the NZFS. Like the old Forest Service, the urban fire service, being a national body, had already developed a uniform system of training throughout the country. However, the universal nature of Unit Standards enabled mutual recognition of training, and facilitated movement of personnel between services and authorities
Fire Research and Development
While the Forest Research Institute had been established in 1947, it was not until the appointment of John Valentine, a forester, in the latter 1970s that research into modern fire danger and behaviour systems blossomed briefly. A fire danger rating system, combining weather data and weights of standard ‘sticks’ had been used since 1948. Valentine examined the Canadian Fire Weather Index system (FWI), which was adapted for NZ latitudes3 and trialled in 1979, and adopted in 1980. In essence, it is a moisture accounting system using daily measurements of weather data, and its application was greatly assisted by the introduction of remote automatic weather stations from 1993.
Research was abandoned for 13 years, and reinstated through the efforts of the NRFA in April 1992 with the secondment of Canadian Marty Alexander for a year at Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, and Grant Pearce was appointed to a permanent position in June. The initial research drive was to complete the adoption of the FWI system for fire danger rating, and begin the adaptation of the Canadian fire behaviour system. This required the start of a series of experimental burns in NZ vegetation types that is ongoing. In August 1993, burns were conducted in pine slash around Tokoroa, and the first burn in gorse was done at Wainuiomata on 6 April 1994. A series of Fire Technology Transfer Notes and research report began flowing from 1994. Training in fire behaviour applications began, and the first wildfire study was a retrospective study of a grass fire on the 31 January 1991 at Tikokino4. In 1996/97, a Wildfire Threat Analysis programme was launched.
In 2003, the fire researchers were invited to participate in the Australian Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre, expanding the effort available. In 2005, the FRI was rebranded as Scion, and had about 6 full-time-equivalents engaged in fire research. In 2008, they introduced software for the calculation of fire behaviour.
Founded in 1987, with DOC’s Kerry Hilliard elected as Chairman and MOF’s Murray Dudfield as Secretary, FRFANZ’s immediate task was was facilitate control at fires with the provision of a suitable command structure to co-ordinate multi-agency responses, and introduction of standard hire rates for specialised fire equipment in a Technical Bulletin (March 1988). Senior fire officers also contributed to the Code of Practice that was to come. The Senior Fire Officers annual conferences, initiated by the Forest Service, continued along the same exclusive lines, although membership of the Association became diversified. In 1989, Don Geddes (Tasman Forestry) was elected to the Chair (and remained until 2005), and Morrie Geenty (PF Olsen & Co.) was elected Secretary.
The Wainuiomata Bushfire Force (WBF) joined FRFANZ in 1987. Bill McCabe, WBF Controller, attended the FRFANZ AGM held at the SFO’s Taupo conference in 1989, and got himself elected to the Management Committee. The interest by the WBF in FRFANZ stemmed from the ineligibility of VRFFs to become members of the UFBA; membership was opened up 10 years later in 1998. While everyone knew of ‘fire parties’, no one had an estimate of how many there were nationally, or the total number of rural volunteers. In 1988, with the assistance of MOF, Gavin Wallace of the WBF launched a survey among a list of 125 volunteer rural fire units. The projection suggested 1940 firefighters in total, with some of the units busier than NZFS brigades. As expected, financial support for the units varied enormously. In August 1989, Wallace started a quarterly newsletter The Rural Firefighter to survey respondents, funded by fire equipment firm Phillips & Smith. The first edition reported that the FRFANZ Constitution would be changed at the 1989 AGM (Taupo) to create a VRFF class of membership. By August 1989, 13 VRFFs had joined FRFANZ, and FRFANZ had adopted the newsletter from the February 1990 issue.
In 1991, the first FRFANZ service medals were presented to rural firefighter, followed by Gold Stars for 25 years of more service in 1995. Also in 1991, the Senior Fire Officers conference held in Rotorua was the first FRFANZ Annual Conference, with attendance open to all members, and a national rural fire competition was reinstated under FRFANZ, running in Wainuiomata. It had last been held under the Forest Service in 1986. The annual FRFANZ Conference in August has evolved to become a well-attended event, enabling a review of the previous season, and notice of forthcoming changes. The conference is themed, and uses overseas speakers to share their knowledge and experience. Training seminars are frequently organised by NRFA immediately before the conference to make use of the overseas experts. The FRFANZ conference is particularly important because of the diversity of people and sectors making up the rural fire service. In 2001, it was held jointly in Christchurch with the Australian Bushfire Conference, and in 2007, jointly with the Institute of Fire Engineers in Palmerston North.
In 2003, the Minister of Internal Affairs, George Hawkins, initiated a modest travel grant to FRFANZ. Since then, FRFANZ has assisted with study travel of two members to Canada, and has organised and led four groups of volunteer firefighters to Australia. The newsletter ran for 12 years until replaced by a website in 2001. By then, membership in FRFANZ by VRFFs was 72, out of a total FRFANZ membership of 245. Overseas deployments of rural firefighters highlighted a deficiency arising from the diversity of the rural fire service. Whereas all tend to wear standard overalls when on the job, there was no standard uniform when appearing in public on other occasions. FRFANZ now has uniform clothing available for rural firefighters to identify with the service.
Veteran firefighter – he started in 1954 – John Ward provided his assessment of how rural fire service had developed since the end of the Forest Service.
In 1995, the NZFS had divided the country into six administrative regions in which there was 269 Urban Fire Districts (246 are volunteer) and 57 fire brigade auxiliary units. Staff numbered2 2,000 full time employees and 7,000 volunteers. The NZFS had 819 fire vehicles, and it was estimated2 that RFAs had 518, and 11,600 part time firefighters. Local territorial authorities included 58 District Councils, 14 City Councils and 1 County Council. There were 34 Rural Fire Districts (including 6 Defence Rural Fire Districts) covering about 2 million ha, or 8% of the land area. DOC had responsibility for the largest area, about 35%. Annual expenditure of the NZFS was $171M (about 60% on salaries) and estimated to be $16.6M for RFAs. By 2001, there were 109 RFAs in total; the current list can be viewed.
Whereas the NZFS had remained static in number of resources since formation in 1976, the RFAs had grown significantly since being forced to pick up their responsibilities after 1987. A number of new VRFFs were formed to assist the RFAs in this. When the NRFA was formed in 1990, there were 24 VRFFs registered1; a year later, 36, and by 1994, 1462 of the 210 believed to exist were registered.
Speaking after dinner at the 1993 FRFANZ Conference, retired NZFS CEO Brian Armstrong gave his personal views of the involvement of urban fire with rural fire.
Emergency Services Reviews
The Minister of Internal Affairs, Graeme Lee, conducted a Ministerial Review of fire services, dated 23 March 1993. His findings were more concerned with the business of the NZFS, including conditions for permanent firefighters and crew manning of appliances, but he did declare that ‘ultimately there must be acceptance that New Zealand should have one total integrated Fire Service provided that this does not add to the total cost’.
In September 1993, the newly appointed Chief Executive Officer of the NZFS and NRFA, Maurie Cummings, a former policemen, was directed by Government to undertake a review that, among other issues, would consider ‘the present interaction between all agencies that have responsibilities to discharge in providing protection against fire and associated dangers and identify any adjustments to those relationships which would improve the overall economy and efficiency of operations through the elimination of unnecessary duplication’. Cummings conducted an Internal Review involving extensive consultation with, among others, both urban and rural firefighters. At the same time, he directed that an external team undertake an independent review. The latter reported in December 1993, and the report of Internal Review Team of G Summers (urban) and M Dudfield (rural) was published in March 1994.
The Internal Review concluded that the changes implemented by the NRFA were working well, but reducing the number of RFAs by enlarging districts would improve efficiencies. Strong views had been expressed on integrating the two fire services, but the Team believed that these views were focussed on suppression, and integration would overlook the other requirements placed on RFAs. Integration was not warranted. It was however proposed that where Brigades are tasked with suppression of vegetation fires, they should also become registered as VRFFs. The Independent Review also favoured retaining two fire services and rural fire delivery by RFAs, but having a smaller number of them. It also recommended splitting the national NZFS into three independent Fire enterprises.
In his report of 24 February 1994, the CEO rejected the breakup of the NZFS. While agreeing with the Minister’s desire of integrating urban and rural fire services, he saw this as a long-term objective. He was concerned that some RFAs were contracting out rural fire services and, to avoid possible problems, was going to encourage NZFS brigades to contract for this RFA business. This did happen to a limited extent, but had little overall effect on the rural fire service.
The majority of the recommendations impacted on the NZFS with the aim of modernisation and the promotion of fire prevention rather than just focussing on suppression. The intention was to expand the role of the NZFS into a broader emergency service provider. Job losses totalling 490 were proposed, 330 of these to permanent firefighters by new employment agreements that would alter their hours of work and duties. The NZ Professional Firefighters Union (NZPFU) took exception to this and negotiations broke down in December 1995. The stoush became very public. The NZPFU collected sufficient signatures for a citizens’ initiated referendum, held in December 1995, to oppose staff cuts. The NZFS countered by hiring and training 260 ‘community safety personnel’ and placing these CST teams in fire stations. NZPFU members refused to work with them, and some were suspended (April 1996). On 30 July 1997, Roger Estall was controversially appointed Chair of the NZFS Commission, and promptly began a restructure of senior management, intending to revert the focus back to fire suppression. CEO Maurie Cummings resigned in protest 2 months later, followed by some other senior staff. NRFO Dudfield was appointed Acting CEO (until Jean Martin was appointed in June 1998). Estall continued with restructuring plans, proposing to sack 1600 firefighters and have then reapply for 300 fewer positions. A legal injunction was granted in October 1998 to halt this, and Mrs Martin brokered an accord with the NZPFU that Estall refused to sign in March 1999. The Prime Minister Jenny Shipley became involved, and a reform plan prepared by the Commission was approved by Government on 7 April 1999. Estall was forced to resign on 18 May 1999, and was replaced next day by Margaret Bazley. CEO Mrs Martin resigned one week later. The dispute with the NZPFU continued, and a new employment agreement was not made until June 2001, 9 years after expiry of the old one. The agreement retained the old shift hours, gave the permanent firefighters a pay rise, and saw the absorption of most of the former CST members into their ranks, and into the NZPFU.
In his address at the 2002 FRFANZ Conference (repeated in 2003), NZFS Commissioner Piers Reid said:
‘I am frequently reminded of the wisdom of the rural fire management framework. It places the primary responsibility on those who best understand the risk – the land managers. This arrangement has great merit. Particularly when compared with some aspects of the urban fire regime. In the urban regime, responsibility for managing structure fire risk somehow got separated from the owners and users of the structures. But in the rural environment, the land owners and users are an integral part of the risk management framework. So things like the fuel load and its conditions can be managed on a daily basis as part and parcel of the ongoing land management operations. Perhaps more importantly, the cost of managing the rural fire risk is constantly referred back to the land and its ability to support the cost. So, rural fire has tended to avoid some of the high fixed cost structures adopted in the urban setting. But that same merit of the rural fire system renders it absolutely reliant on the good will and continued involvement of the rural and forest sectors. Without your involvement and input the framework just would not work. The Commission records its gratitude to you for that involvement’.
Nevertheless, the question of amalgamation of fire services reappeared in July 2006 when the Min. Int. Affairs, Rick Barker, hosted key fire stakeholders to a workshop at Parliament. From those discussions, in April 2007 the Department of Internal Affairs produced a document ‘New Fire Legislation’ that proposed a new Fire and Rescue Act to combine the Fire Service and Forest and Rural Fires Acts. A new service, the Fire and Rescue Service, would be created. RFAs would remain, but would be limited to dealing with vegetation fire, and would have the option of ceding their responsibilities to the new FRS. VRFFs would have the same status as brigades, and would be part of the FRS. The long-term objective would be a gradual transition to a fully integrated national service. The discussion document also proposed changes to the property insurance levy that had been funding fire services. DIA invited submissions on the proposals, closing 30 June 2007.
368 submissions were received. A summary report on submissions was released in July 2007. There were two broad views: those allied to the NZFS favoured integration of fire services, and rural interests wanted to remain separate. The latter were divided as to retaining the status quo, or moving to regional rural fire districts. There was overwhelming rejection of the proposed funding model. With a change in Government, the new Min. Int. Affairs, Nathan Guy, announced in 2009 that the proposal for integration of services was abandoned.
Fire Services Review
An Fire Review Panel, chaired by former Minister Paul Swain, was appointed in 2012 to provide independent advice to the Minister of Internal Affairs, Chris Tremain, about how the Government can achieve:
|a clear mandate and operating platform for the fire services’ functions;|
effective, efficient fire service operations that will provide value for money in the future; and
|a sustainable, stable and equitable funding system for fire services.|
The devastating Christchurch earthquake in 2011, which claimed 185 lives, and the 2010 Pike River disaster, where 29 miners lost their lives, had highlighted the rescue function of the fire services. Of particular interest to rural firefighters was the inclusion of Dave Adamson, prominent in Southland rural fire, in the four-man panel. The Panel’s Terms of Reference specified that the Panel was not to provide advice on whether:
New Zealand needs a national fire service in the form of the NZFS;
the NZFS should maintain its core fire-related roles;
management of fire on forest and rural lands should be provided by rural fire authorities;
the NZFS should be funded by the Crown; and
the industrial relations framework applying to firefighters should be reformed.
Over the latter part of 2012, the Panel invited submissions and held meetings with representatives from organisations and agencies with an interest in the activities of New Zealand’s fire services. The Panel present its report (Swain Report), dated 11 December 2012, to the Minister of Internal Affairs, and the Report of the Fire Review Panel was made public on 7 February 2013. Among its 55 recommendations, it called for redrafting of the Fire Service and Forest and Rural Fires Acts to reflect expanded roles, but with the latter still focusing on vegetation fires. However, provision was made for rural fire authorities to undertake additional emergency services provided they were accredited to do so by the Commission. It suggested that Cabinet approve the formation of a Emergencies Services Chief Executives Forum to provide ongoing advice. Provision was also made for the Minister to force amalgamation of RFAs into enlarged RFDs.
Submissions were invited after the release of the report, and after consultations, Cabinet Government made some initial decisions in September 2013. After that, Ministers decided to widen the scope of the response to build on the work of the Panel and to consider other matters that were outside the Panel’s terms of reference. These other matters include the structure and funding of rural fire services, urban and rural workforce engagement issues and modernising the fire services’ legislation. The Minister of Internal Affairs was now Peter Dunne, and the DIA, the NZFS and the NRFA were charged with discussing these matters with stakeholders. Drawing from consultations that occurred between December 2014 to April 2015, the DIA released Fires Services Review: Discussion Document in May 2015.
For the first time, the formation of a national fire service became the preferred option of rural fire stakeholders. While they may have been several reasons for this, it was clear from the Discussion Document that what was proposed was not a takeover by urban fire, but an amalgamation of fire services in which vegetation fire would continue as a separate function, and that paid full-time rural fire officers (about 150 staff) along with volunteers would transfer into the new organisation. In November 2015, Cabinet agreed in principle to unifying 52 rural fire authorities, the NRFA, and the NZFS, with regional committees to provide regional influence. It was made clear that the changes would be designed to support the rural fire sector as well as the urban sector, and that there would be improved support for volunteers. The Fire Service and the Forest and Rural Fires Acts would be repealed, and unified legislation would be put in place.
Fire and Emergency New Zealand
The Min. Int. Affairs Peter Dunne set an ambitious schedule to implement the transition to the unified fire services. On 25 February 2016, Paul Swain was appointed as the new chair of the Board of the New Zealand Fire Service Commission, effective 1 April, and a new board followed on 17 March. The three new members included Dr Nicola Crauford, chair of the Wellington Rural Fire Authority, and Te Arohanui Cook, a former PRFO, NZFS volunteer, former FRFANZ Committee and FRSITO Board member. A fourth board member, Angela Hauk-Willis, would be the only member of the old board to continue beyond 1 April.
In his announcement of 29 April 2016, Dunne named the new service, and said $112 million of capital funding would be spent on moving to it over four years, beginning in 2016/17. The remaining $191 million of operating funding over four years from 2017/18 would be spent on new measures to address funding gaps in rural fire services, set up local committees to ensure community needs are well understood by the single fire organisation, and to better support for New Zealand’s 12,000 fire volunteers. The main source of funding would be the Fire Service Levy, and from July 2018 the levy will be broadened to include insurance on material damage, not just fire damage, to better reflect the range of services FENZ would provide. The fire levy on motor vehicle insurance would be extended to include third party insurance. The old cost recovery model of rural fires would be replaced by a regime of new penalties and offences. New legislation was to be introduced in mid-2016, and it was intended that FENZ would take over in mid-2017. Dunne claimed it was the biggest structural change to fire services in 70 years. At that stage, the structure was not defined, but it was made clear that statutory powers and authority would no longer be identified in legislation. Instead, the legislation will refer to the delegation of powers and functions to appropriately qualified personnel, appropriate with the modern definitions associated with Crown entities.
In January 1994, the first of what would become many overseas deployments saw DOC sending 15 monsoon buckets and 3 technical personnel to assist in New South Wales, Australia. The New Zealand Air Force provided transport to Australia, and 300 firefighters were placed on standby for possible deployment overseas. After this, in 2000, the NRFA concluded formal agreements with fire authorities in Australia , the USA and subsequently Canada to facilitate mutual aid. Because of CIMS training, it was comparatively easy for NZ managers to slot into these international incident management teams. Agreement was also reached on the matching and cross qualifications for fire fighting roles and this was facilitated by the emerging standards for records of qualifications and experience for NZ rural firefighters.
|USA, 11 Aug. – 20 Sep., 2000. 11 experienced NZ fire managers went as part of an ANZAC contingent of 79.|
|NSW, Australia, 24 Dec. to 16 Jan. 2001. A total of 12 personnel went, including 10 IMT managers. 750,000 ha burnt, 4600 km fire perimeter, 600 structures destroyed.|
|USA Aug. 2002. 10 IMT managers.|
|Vic., Australia, Jan. – Feb. 2003. 63 firefighters and IMT managers.|
|USA, Aug. – Sep. 2006. 29 firefighters and IMT managers.|
|Vic. , Australia , Dec 2006 – Jan 2007. A total of over 100 personnel over the two month period. Burn injuries to 7 NZers, 4 serious, as a result of a burnover at Mt Terrible, Mansfield. The video above records the burnover.|
|USA, 2008. Eight rural fire managers and a liaison officer were sent to assist with major wildfires that were the result of dry lightning storms that struck Northern California during a very dry 2008 fire season. Total fire suppression costs exceeded $US1B in that 2008 fire season.|
|Vic., Australia, Feb-Mar 2009. A team of over 100 firefighters were sent in two contingents to|
assist the DSE following the Black Saturday fires of 7 February.
|British Columbia, Canada, Aug.-Sep. 2009, 7 IMT personnel.|
The deployments have provided NZ personnel with very good experience and knowledge. NRFA Rural Fire Manager John Rasmussen contrasted US and NZ rural fire firefighting in an address to the 2001 FRFANZ Conference. The deployments also did much to raise the profile of the rural fire service with the NZ public and Government.
During the NZ Forest Service era to 1987, at least one major forest fire (500+ ha) occurred nationally about once each decade; the average annual plantation loss was in the order of 640 ha or 0.16%. However, since 1987, the average annual loss over a decade is lower with about 440 hectares or 0.03%). The average is about one major plantation fire (100+ ha) every 2-3 years. The area burnt by fires other than in forests is significant.
The total number of vegetation fires over the last 30 years show a significant rise, but this is due to better reporting of fires, and the areas burnt, for all types of vegetation, have stabilised to about 5000 ha annually:
A significant fire prevention factor was the introduction of restrictions in the sales of fireworks over the Guy Fawkes period, including the banning of sky rockets. It had taken many years of complaints by fire officers before these effective measures were introduced (Wellington CFO, 1937).
Scion fire researchers have provided an analysis of wildfire records for the 16 year period 1991-2007 over which 93,860 ha was burnt. This is broken down to national and regional analyses for the period for the same period. Forecasting a busy fire season is difficult. Although El Niño and La Nina6 has an important influence on New Zealand’s climate, it accounts for less than 25% of the year to year variance in seasonal rainfall and temperature at most New Zealand measurement sites. East coast droughts may be common during El Niños, but they can also happen in non-El Niño years (eg. the severe 1988-89 drought). Serious east coast droughts do not occur in every El Niño, and the districts where droughts occur can vary from one El Niño to another (although some are more consistently affected than others). However the probabilities of the climate variations discussed above happening in association with El Niño are sufficient to warrant management actions and planning to be taken when an El Niño episode is expected or in progress. The 2007/08 season was driest in some regions for 30 yrs; cost recoveries in that season exceeded $3M. Recent NRFA records of claims on the Rural Fire Fighting Fund are shown:
The economic costs of wildfires were analysed in a December 2009 BERL report commissioned by the NZFSC. This included a comparison with a similar Forest Service report of 1987, and showed that while total fire prevention costs had risen by 30%, fire fighting and fire prevention per-hectare costs in
plantation forest had reduced by a similar percentage, and the average annual area burnt in wildfires had fallen to less than half the 1987 area. A summary can be viewed in NRFA Circular 2010-05, and the full report is available. The total annual economic costs of wildfire was estimated at about $100M, and when inflation adjusted, this was found to remained constant over the 26 year comparative period, in spite of plantation area increasing by 40%. Suppression costs are now only 8% of the total economic costs, and nearly 50% of these suppression costs are for hire of aerial firefighting resources. Unlike urban fire, vigorous legal action is undertaken by the NRFA and the RFA to recover suppression costs from those responsible for rural fires.
Some modern videos of rural firefighter action are available.
|Southern rural firefighters (1)|
|Southern rural firefighters (2)|
|Titahi Bay fire, 2010 (1)|
|Titahi Bay fire, 2010 (2)|
|Titahi Bay fire, 2010 (3)|
Significant fires over the period were:
Oxford, grass, Canterbury, 4 February 1987. 1,600 ha. 2 houses lost.
Dunsandel, exotic plantation, Canterbury, 8-22 December 1988. 164 ha.
Kaimaumau, wetlands, Northland, 1988. 3,500 ha.
Pt Howard, RUI scrub, 22 February 1989. 2 houses lost, first by vegetation fire in Wellington Region since 1965.
Whangamarino wetlands, Waikato, 1989. 2,100 ha.
Tikokino, grass, Hawkes Bay, 31 January 1991. 130 ha.
Mt Oxford, fire, November 1993. Pilot and crewman killed in helicopter crash.
Lake Ohia (Karikari Peninsula), Northland, DOC, $195K cost, deliberate
Mt Horrible, Canterbury, tussock, 580 ha.
Karori, Rural/Urban Interface gorse fires, February/March 1994.
Purakaunui, Otago, uncontrolled burn, exotic pine plantation, 6-7 November 1994. 210 ha.
Berwick, plantation forest, Otago, 26 February 1995. 255 ha.
|Pt Howard fire, 1989|
Mohaka, plantation forest, East Coast, 1996. 241 ha.
Loch Linnhe, Otago, uncontrolled burn, 1997. 860 ha.
Hillend/Cadrona, Otago, 1997. 1850 ha.
Harakeke plantation forest, Nelson, 23 October 1997. 532 ha.
Bucklands Crossing, plantation plus scrub, Otago, 24 March 1998. 200 ha plus 3 firefighters burnt.
Alexandra tussock and grass fires – in 2.5 hours, Otago, 28 February 1999. Total 8200 ha, two houses plus out buildings lost, first use of CIMS.
Wither Hills, grass, Marlborough 26 December 2000. 6,151 ha. Insurance issues.
Ward, grass, Marlborough 26 December 2000. 545 ha.
No Mans, Canterbury, 13 March 2001. 280 ha.
Cora Lynn, Canterbury, 25 March 2001. 371 ha.
Miners Rd, grass and plantation forest, Canterbury, 2 February 2002. 200 ha.
Atawhai, Nelson, 3 February 2003. 60-100 ha. Video is a series of stills showing fire buildup from start.
Irvines plantation forest, Wairoa Gorge, Nelson, 3 December 2004. 200 ha, $1M suppression cost.
Mohaka plantation forest, East Coast, 8 January 2005. 204 ha.
Awarua, uncontrolled burn, Southland, 27 October 2005. 1,348 ha.
Closeburn, RUI fire, Queenstown, 5 November 2005.
Maringi exotic plantation, Wairarapa, 28 February 2006. 193 ha.
Canvastown, plantation forest and scrub, Marlborough, 8 March 2006. 215 ha.
Blackburn. 330 ha.
Waipoua exotic plantation, Northland, 1 February 2007. 224 ha; cost $700,000.
Mt Cook Station, wilding pines and tussock, South Canterbury, January 2008. 750 ha
Clayton Station, tussock, South Canterbury, July 2008? 650 ha.
Wye Creek, Otago, tussock. 750 ha.
Waiouru, tussock, 2008. 930 ha.
Mt Allan, Otago, exotic plantation and slash, 23-25 February 2010, 820 ha.. Costs >$2M.
Mt Allan, Otago, exotic plantation and slash, 24 December 2010, 200 ha. Cost ~$1M. Fire caused by spontaneous combustion in one high skid site from which rolling debris and high winds set multiple spot fires.
Papatotara, Southland, 15.1.11-4.2.11, 100 ha. Multiple spot fires caused property loss.
Matai Bay, Northland, 30.11.11, 130 ha and 3 homes. A helicopter crashed in the sea, killing the pilot and a DOC ranger who had been diverted from bucket work to rescue fleeing residents.
1. M. Dudfield, Senior Fire Control Officers Conference, Rotorua, 1991.
2. M. Dudfield, FRFANZ Conference, Nelson, 1995.
3. J.M. Valentine, ‘Fire Danger Rating in New Zealand: Review and Evaluation’, 1978
4. J.H. Rasmussen & L.G.Fogarty, ‘A case study of grassland fire behaviour and suppression: The Tikokino Fire of 31 January 1991′. FRI Bull. 197, 1997.
5. M. Darroch, pers. comm.
6. H.G. Pearce, J. Salinger & J. Renwick, Impact of Climate Variability on Fire Danger, NIWA Client Report AKL2007-061. | <urn:uuid:f90cb339-dd5a-4e16-9fb2-f7b3c4a06182> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://frfanz.org.nz/history/1987-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.966588 | 10,873 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Officials in New Jersey have unleashed thousands of weevils to devour the so-called mile-a-minute vine weed that's been flourishing since Superstorm Sandy.
The tiny bugs only eat the mile-a-minute weed.
The weed, which thrives on sunshine and moist soil and can grow up to 6 inches a day, has been spreading throughout Watchung Reservation since Sandy downed shade trees.
The weed also gained strength from a wet summer.
New York City officials recently announced plans to do the same in the Bronx, Queens and Staten Island.
Union County Parks and Community Renewal environmental specialist Betty Ann Kelly tells The Star-Ledger of Newark the reservation's trails may need more than 2,000 weevils to keep the weed in check.
Officials say the 2,000 bugs that have been released are expected to multiply over the next two years, battling the weed as it advances. | <urn:uuid:fd3331ab-f969-4588-8a54-fd70f83a9d03> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Weevils-Unleashed-Mile-a-Minute-Vine-NJ-224565551.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00425-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94078 | 187 | 2.109375 | 2 |
All Vienna knows that the inhabitant of number 10 Seilerstatte is none other than Christopher Alt, piano maker, the best in Vienna, probably in all of Austria, and possibly the world over. His piano keys have given life to melodies by Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, and many more. On his deathbed, moved by the wish to keep his children united, he leaves a will specifying that his descendants, if they are to get their inheritance, must live together in the family home.
Over successive generations of the Alt family, history itself passes through the doors, down the halls, and into the private rooms of the Alt’s building. There is intrigue at the court of Franz-Josef: an heir to the throne has fallen in love with Henrietta Alt, who will have to carry the guilt for his eventual suicide. There are betrayals, beloved illegitimate children, and despised legitimate offspring. There are seething passions and icy relations, a world war and the rise of Nazism to contend with. There are duals, ambitions, hopes, affairs of the heart and affairs of state. Three generations of Alts live and die at number 10 Silerstatte and each member of the family, in his or or her own way, is a privileged witness to the winds of change and a Europe at the height of both its splendor and decadence.
Ernst Lothar was born in Brünn, Austria-Hungary (now Brno in the Czech Republic) in 1890 and died in Vienna in 1974. He was a writer, theater director, and producer. In addition to The Vienna Melody, first published in the US in 1944 as The Angel with the Trumpet, his best-known works are The Prisoner and Beneath Another Sun. He was married to the Austrian actress Adrienne Gessner. | <urn:uuid:ca9e8c5c-18af-4353-8d5e-7b5153efa629> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.europaeditions.com/book/9781609452827/the-vienna-melody | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.976279 | 389 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Medical tourism: Bonus or Burden
Medical tourism is the practice of traveling across international borders to get health care services. The major reasons which necessitate medical tourism are affordable health costs and high quality services found in other countries. Medical tourists also are attracted by convenience of finding all the services they require in one medical centre. Traditional medicine and services are as well quoted as vital factors which trigger medical tourism in areas where they are practiced. Singapore being one of the leading countries with high market share of medical tourism is competing for a better share of the market. Singapore is favored by development of two medical centers and nine hospitals that have gained international accreditation. This paper reviews the nature of medical tourism analyzing its impacts to both tourists and the nations visited.
The development of this industry has seen above 50 in the world identifying medical tourism as a national source of revenue. Startlingly, the notion of medical tourism started many years ago with the first recorded case the Greek pilgrims travelling from the Mediterranean to the small state in the Saronic Gulf known as Epidauria to seek medical services. In Italy and Roman provinces, the primeval Romans made resorts with thermal healing spas where people visited for medical services. (Jesitus J, 2006). Sun-seeking and Spa tourism persevered into the 20th century. Beaches and resorts, medicinal springs, spas, particularly in dry and warm climates, continued to be thought as therapeutic through lengthy exposures to the sun, water and fresh air (Horowitz M, 2007). Ancient people sort medical tourism for both myths and believe as well as healing concerns.
Nowadays, countries such as India, South America the East Indies and South East Asia offer health care facilities which are at par with global standards at a reduced cost. The aspects such as increased cost of... | <urn:uuid:262ed95a-ba69-408b-9a79-00fd6612bffa> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.brainia.com/essays/Medical-Tuorism/281264.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719155.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00333-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959149 | 362 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Dec. 20, 2009
-- The Tales Of the Talking Pot is a collection of five stories written for children and teenagers . The titles of the stories are 1 Grandma's Christmas gift 2 The Little Dog and the River 3 The Little Dog and the big fight 4 The Warrior Queen 5 The Talking Pot Grandma's Christmas gift is the story of a little boy who was very close to his grandmother.He was looking forward to having a beautiful Christmas with his grandmother, but she died leaving him a surprise fortune. The story portrays the love and deep affection that exists between children and their grandmothers.Most grandmothers affect their grandchildren in very positive ways.Their presence could really make a difference in the lives of our children. The Little Dog and the river is the story of the dog that fell inside a river , while pursuing it's own shadow.We all love our dogs,but they could be foolish sometimes.This story is hilarious and amusing Children and teenagers will enjoy reading it. The little Dog and the big fight is the story of a foolish lazy couple who proposed to buy a dog to make money.They ended up fighting over a non existing dog. The warrior Queen is a folktale about a woman who ruled a country and conquered her greedy neghbour in the battle of Musanga. The Talking Pot from where the book derives it's title is the story of how a poor little boy was taken to the land of the spirit through a talking pot.He visited the land of the spirits and fought with the spirits.He latter returned with riches,gold and silver ,given to him by the king of the spirits as rewards for his bravery. He was latter crowned the king of his country . Children and teenagers will find the book interesting They will enjoy the stories especially as bedtime tales.It is a 50paged children"s book written in simple language.
It could be obtained at www.amazon.co.uk/
# # #
Publisher and bookseller.Sells books on the internet via amazon,ebay.
Honest and you will get all orders on time. | <urn:uuid:519abc9d-c943-4b12-8fe8-425c796f6d58> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.prlog.org/10459513-the-tales-of-the-talking-pot-by-chinyere-nwakanma-is-republished-and-released-for-purchase.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00272-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965363 | 422 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Wear of the polyethylene tibial component is a major factor in the success of total knee replacements. However, sampling resolution and the challenges of estimating original surfaces with relatively complex articulating geometries have limited the accuracy of volumetric measurements of wear on surgically retrieved inserts. A mathematical model analyzed volume error due to sampling resolution and found that 100 × 100 μm2 point spacing reduced error below 1 mm3. Small volumes of material were progressively removed from the topside of three unworn tibial inserts, after which each component was weighed and digitized with a laser coordinate measuring machine. Six inserts worn in knee simulator tests and nine surgically retrieved inserts visually scored for damage were also digitized. For these tests, the original surface of an insert was mathematically reconstructed from unworn regions of the same component, and volume loss and its spatial distribution were calculated. Volume loss estimated by autonomous reconstruction correlated strongly to mass removed manually (R2 = 0.954, slope = 1.02 ± 0.04), mass lost during simulator testing (R2 = 0.935, slope = 1.01 ± 0.07) and visual damage scores separated by size (R2large = 0.9824, R2small = 0.9728). These results suggest that an autonomous mathematical reconstruction can be used to effectively measure volume loss in retrieved tibial inserts. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 101B: 449–457, 2013. | <urn:uuid:7a3c8434-7c76-45d1-9b0e-e576624333ec> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbm.b.32782/abstract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00431-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936769 | 312 | 1.898438 | 2 |
The world is a big place, but in today’s world, it’s more accessible than it’s ever been before. Instead of pen pals writing each other every month, you can instantly connect with someone on the other side of the world through social media and video chat. While this gives you some access to other cultures and peoples, actually visiting those countries and meeting those people can’t be replaced by a computer screen and high-resolution graphics. If you have the desire to experience culture and adventure across the globe, take some time to learn about Youth International’s gap year volunteer programs.
Not only will you get to see exotic locales and experience a variety of cultures, you’ll have the opportunity to work alongside the people that make up those cultures. You’ll stay in their homes and share meals with them, learning how they live and what their daily life is like. You’ll also travel across the countryside on trains and buses, moving as the local culture does. We want you to have a truly transformative experience during your gap year, and come away with a better understanding of the world and the people that live in it.
If our gap year volunteer programs are something that interest you, please let us know. We’re currently organizing our Fall 2015 South America and Asia trips, so if you’ve ever wanted to visit either of those continents, your opportunity is here. The trips run from September to December, so be prepared to make a serious commitment to seeing the world. | <urn:uuid:bc7f002d-acf2-4c39-a833-6771507c523e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.youthinternational.org/experience-culture-and-adventure-on-new-continents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.953077 | 315 | 2.015625 | 2 |
economic important of mineral in nigeria.
The importance of this paper; "Nigeria's Solid Mineral R esource Potentials: An Overview " cannot be overemphasized at this present moment of our national existence. The
contribute to the long-term economic development of nations, and not only to short-term revenue generation. High-quality institutions in the present, and planning for the future, can turn the so-called ―resource curse‖ into an opportunity. The current paper discusses both the economic importance of natural resources and how, by
The mining of minerals in Nigeria accounts for only 0.3% of its GDP, due to the influence of its vast oil resources. The domestic mining industry is underdeveloped, leading to Nigeria having to import minerals that it could produce domestically, such as salt or iron ore.Rights to ownership of mineral resources is held by the Federal government of Nigeria, which grants titles to organizations ...
Nigeria - Nigeria - Economy: The Nigerian economy is one of the largest in Africa. Since the late 1960s it has been based primarily on the petroleum industry. A series of world oil price increases from 1973 produced rapid economic growth in transportation, construction, manufacturing, and government services. Because this led to a great influx of rural people into the larger urban centres ...
Coal mining processing plant in Nigeria. This coal mining project is an open pit mine located in Nigeria, announced by mining company - Western Goldfields - that it has discovered 62,400,000 tonnes of proven reserves of coal deposits worth US$1.2 billion which could be used for the generation of electric power...
Mineral Resources and Economic Development* Gavin Wright and Jesse Czelusta Stanford University October 2003 Prepared for the Conference on Sector Reform in Latin America Stanford Center for International Development November 13-15, 2003 Abstract Recent studies assert that natural resource abundance (particularly minerals) has adverse
Minerals provide a great part of the national income of Nigeria. The first mining products for export in Nigeria were tin ore and coal. Since 1904, mining of cassiterite and tin ore on Jos plateau has always been in hands of private companies, and coal mining in Enugu district under the control of …
Nigeria is Naturally blessed as a country, with a lot of things that we can even touch in this post. If any or some of this are capitalized on, we can see a shift in movement gradually from the crude oil-dependent country Nigeria is at the moment. List of Mineral Resources in Nigeria and Their Location.
Dec 22, 2015· 4. Low Productivity: Nigeria's mining techniques and processes need to be upgraded in order to reduce mine site waste, and boost productivity of output. Ditto some of our older steel plants. Even in a labour intensive mining sector, it is important that miners have access to the most efficient supporting technology. 5.
A Review of Nigerian Metallic Minerals for Technological Development. Mar 17, 2011 ... The metallic mineral resources of Nigeria have not been fully ... diversity of the mineral types and industrial importance of most of them and the. More details » Get Price
Sep 24, 2013· Nigeria mineral resources are considered as a source of revenue to the greatest need on earth is food. In different Geographical location in Nigeria agriculture was the first importance resources in terms of cash crop and second was the mining of mineral ores and oil. Read More
Nigeria is rich in solid minerals. This have attracted many foreign nationals. These solid minerals drive the economic sector of Nigeria. In this article, I will share with you the list of solid minerals in Nigeria and their states of location. I will also discuss the major solid minerals.
Mineral resources are the natural resources which cannot be renewed. They are present in the organisms as an organic and inorganic molecule and ions. The calcium, phosphorous, sodium, chlorine and sulphur are the major minerals in the animals. The minor minerals in the animals are iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, fluorine and selenium.The minerals in the plants are divided into the macro and micro ...
The economic importance of granite mining in nigeria economic importance of granite mining to a nation economic importance of granite mining the nigerian government is leaving no stone unturned in its have for the nigeria economy coal mining seems to be an get price and support online granite of mining in mozambique youtube.
Sep 24, 2013· Economic Mineral are Mineral Resources that has commercial value. That fully understood, we can now proceed in our learning. Nigeria is the most populous country in the African continent with a population figure of 140 million people according to the last 2006 census, Nigeria have the highest resources in West Africa.
Mineral resources in Nigeria and their importance. The importance of mineral resources to the Nigeria economy is great. For example, oil constitutes 9% of Nigeria GDP in 2018 by africacheck.org. The major minerals of Nigeria are crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, tin ores, and rare metals such as niobium, tantalum as well as non-metallic ...
Nigeria is endowed with Mineral Resources such as cassiterite, columbite, lead, Gold, Barite, gypsum, bitumen, coal etc. and the mineral industry remains the main source of Nigeria's foreign exchange and provides more than 90% of the country's export value.
The importance of minerals to economic development in nigeria Products. As a leading global manufacturer of crushing, grinding and mining equipments, we offer advanced, reasonable solutions for any size-reduction requirements including, The importance of minerals to economic development in nigeria, quarry, aggregate, and different kinds of minerals.
Economic Diversification in Nigeria: Any Role for Solid Mineral ... Jul 6, 2013 ... For over four decades, the Nigerian economy has mostly depended on ... 1.1 Significance of the Study to existing Solid Mineral …
The economy of Nigeria is a middle-income, mixed economy and emerging market, with expanding manufacturing, financial, service, communications, technology and entertainment sectors. It is ranked as the 27th-largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP, and the 24nd-largest in terms of purchasing power parity.Nigeria has the largest economy in Africa; its re-emergent ...
First, solid mineral resources are economically, socially and environmentally crucial for Nigeria. There are key knowledge gaps in the sector. In addition the utilization of solid mineral resources is well aligned with the Bank's country partnership strategy, which is placing a …
May 30, 2018· Mineral resources are materials of economic interest found in or on the earth's crust in such quality, quantity and form that can be considered for economic extraction. In Nigeria, mineral resources play a great role in the economic sector. In fact, the Nigerian economy is skewed toward the exploration of minerals.
However, mineral exploration and production constitute significant parts of Nigeria' s economy and remain keys to future economic growth. Despite a good fiscal regime for mining, the development ...
Jun 01, 2013· Mining industry of Nigeria – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The mining of minerals in Nigeria accounts for only % of its GDP, due to the influence …. Conoco has performed a technical and economic evaluation of these … Recently, several important uranium deposits were discovered in Cross River … »More detailed
Apr 22, 2013· Nigeria – An Economic Analysis of Natural Resources Sustainability for the Mining … of the Nigerian economy as the environment within which the solid minerals sector … The study is considered to be important from two different perspectives.
List Of Top Nigeria Mineral Resources. Crude Oil. This is one of the major mineral resources in Nigeria at the moment. In fact, the Nigeria economy depends so much on it. It was first discovered in 1959 in Bayelsa State. It is now being extracted in 8 states which …
Jul 17, 2017· The Economic Significance of Mining. Most people underestimate the importance of the role of this sector in global economies, but little do they know national governments of countries who export minerals rely heavily on this industry to boost their economic performance.
Contributions of Solid Mineral Sectors to Nigeria''s Economic ... potential importance of solid minerals to the Nigerian economy. A more ..... possible to evolve complex and social organizations that supported increasing labour.
The Importance of Mineral Resources ... Economic geologists have been quite successful in finding more ore deposits in known areas. The Round Mountain gold mine in Nevada (volcanic-rock-hosted deposit) discovered in 1904, has yielded 13 million ounces of gold from 1977 to
importance of minerals mining in nigeria Mining industry of Nigeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The mining of minerals in Nigeria accounts for only 0.3% …
The economic importance of industrial minerals Mike O'Driscoll, Industrial Minerals What are industrial minerals? non-met. value metal value • bauxite cement, abrasives aluminium • chromite foundry sand, chemicals chrome, Fe-Cr • rutile white pigment titanium • zircon ceramics, glass zirconium • manganese batteries, pigments manganese
The importance of minerals to economic development in . The importance of minerals to economic development in nigeria Products. As a leading global manufacturer of crushing, grinding and mining equipments, we offer advanced, reasonable solutions for any size-reduction requirements including, The importance of minerals to economic development in nigeria, quarry, aggregate, and different kinds ...
Coal Mining And Its Economic Importance In Nigeria. The map below shows the economic activities in different mineral, agricultural and industrial resources in nigeria.The following untapped mineral resources are viable options for the nigerian government to explore coal.Felix bamidele fatoye lists coal as one of nigerias main natural resources and the countrys oldest commercial fuel.
- mineral processing welcome
- scorpion mineral processing international
- mineral ore evaluate
- mineral resources zircon
- problem associated with mineral exploitation in africa
- mineral processing merz
- taraba state mineral deposit maps
- mineral processing contacts
- mineral resources proven
- steps in mineral processing
- tratamiento del mineral apatito
- trituradora de cono for mineral processing
- submerged chain mineral
- mineral processing plant commissioning
- china mineral supplier
- new condition china high quality economic dust removal oxygen plant
- mineral processing turnkey
- smelting mineral benefication
- mica mineral industriales
- the role of mineral dissolution in the adsorption of
- the mineral resources in saudi arabia
- fine mineral jet
- solid mineral currently being eand ploited in nigeria
- impact gold economic
- mineral processing future
- mobile mineral alluvial
- sulfide ore mineral processing production line ndash samac
- company low grade iron ore hematite mineral processing
- sme mineral processing handbook download
- mineral naturally owing
- processing epc mineral
- mineral resource reserve
- mineral processing criteria
- mineral processing sieving
- iron processing and refining the mineral
- china mineral products
- scribd mineral processing plant design
- felspar mineral related
- pyrophyllite mineral
- state mineral connecticut | <urn:uuid:fc55d205-e642-49ff-a16b-f2a821abcbdf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.chambredhotes-lasantijohannaise.fr/39730_economic_important_of_mineral_in_nigeria.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.902063 | 2,335 | 2.3125 | 2 |
A cheerful readiness determination or promptitude joyous task briskness sprightliness whilst the troops advanced with alacrity to satisfy the enemy
- liveliness and eagerness
- A cheerful readiness, readiness, or promptitude; joyous task; briskness; sprightliness; since, the troops advanced with alacrity to meet up the adversary.
mid-15c., from Latin alacritatem (nominative alacritas) "liveliness, ardor, eagerness," from alacer (genitive alacris) "cheerful, quick, vibrant;" that is of uncertain beginning, maybe cognate with Gothic aljan "zeal," Old English ellen "courage, zeal, energy," Old High German ellian.
(letter.) A cheerful ability, determination, or promptitude; joyous task; briskness; sprightliness; as, the soldiers higher level with alacrity to satisfy the enemy.
In 1867 the Magyars accepted with alacrity this role in Hungary, the eastern half of the Dual Monarchy, while in the Cisleithanian territories the cooperation of the Poles was also sought. | <urn:uuid:be434f53-df75-4de3-8594-b6754b84754a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.all-dictionary.com/meaning%20of%20alacrity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00366-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859334 | 241 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What is SEO?
SEO or Search Engine Optimisation is the name given to an activity that attempts to improve search engine rankings. In search results Google™ displays links to pages it considers relevant and authoriatitve. Authority is mostly measured by analysing the number and quality of links from other web pages. In simple terms you web pages have the potential to rank in Google™ so long as other web pages link to them.
A Simple 1 – 2 – 3 Guide to getting better search results | <urn:uuid:8006d506-81aa-4c68-9403-b83c31902a21> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.onlineoptimisation.com.au/search-engine-optimisation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.876493 | 101 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Travertine is one of the natural rocks in sedimentary rock type. Travertine is used usually to coat buildings. Therefore, it is important to know radiation interaction with travertine. In this study linear attenuation coefficient as a result of interaction of radiation with matter for some travertines in Turkey has been investigated. The measurements have been carry out by using gamma spectrometer system. This system contains Nal(Tl) detector and Multi-Channel-Analyser (MCA). In measurements radioactive sources were used at 662, 1173 and 1332 keV which are obtained from Cs-137 and Co-60 sources. The measured results were compared with the calculation obtained using computer code of XCOM. | <urn:uuid:2eac9fb2-9fd5-4a40-8da2-598512af89a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://avesis.sdu.edu.tr/yayin/47f09768-32dd-441e-9e5f-196c56f03234/investigation-of-gamma-ray-interaction-with-some-travertines-in-turkey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.958205 | 148 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Browsing by Subject "NAEP"
Now showing items 1-1 of 1
Consequential Validity and Social Studies Education: An Examination of Standards, Assessment Policies, and Teacher Preparation (North Dakota State University, 2019)Educational quality is a way to influence the future of the American economy (Hanushek, 1986). Large-scale assessments are designed to determine quality in education by measuring student achievement. A connection exists ... | <urn:uuid:5de78985-903c-4b2d-948c-49d391813e97> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://library.ndsu.edu/ir/browse?type=subject&value=NAEP | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.903279 | 93 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Here’s an easy valentine’s day craft for kids– stamping glitter hearts with a cardboard tube! They’re super simple to make and can be used to decorate just about anything- even homemade valentines!
Follow our Valentine’s Day for Kids Pinterest board!
Lucy and I have been doing lots of art with hearts lately! Recently we’ve had lots of fun using a cardboard tube (toilet paper roll or paper towel roll) to stamp hearts with paint. This time we decided to do a slight variation and instead of using paint, we stamped with glue and added glitter! (This post contains affiliate links.)
Valentine’s Day Craft for Kids: Glitter Hearts
Materials for Glitter Hearts Craft for Kids
- Thick paper (You could use cardstock or construction paper.)
- Cardboard Tube (toilet paper roll or paper towel roll
- Liquid glue
- Glitter (We received ours free from Craftprojectideas.)
This is a fun and easy Valentine’s Day craft! First, get your cardboard tube and press it into a heart shape. This will be your stamp!
Get your glue ready by squeezing some into a container.
Dip your cardboard tube into the glue and stamp it onto your paper.
Sprinkle the glue liberally with glitter.
Shake of the excess and voila- beautiful glitter hearts!
(Do you know the trick to getting all the unused glitter back into the container? Shake off the excess glitter over a paper plate or sheet of paper. Carefully fold your plate or paper in half forming a crease. Place the end of the crease right on top of your open container and slide that glitter right back in there!)
You can used these glitter hearts to make beautiful wall art or even to decorate valentines!
Tip: Toddlers can take part in this Valentine’s Day craft too! My 2 year old LOVED sprinkling the glitter onto the glue! | <urn:uuid:54c9060d-7d44-48b8-8b02-6b35fd000424> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://buggyandbuddy.com/valentines-day-art-stamping-glitter-hearts-with-a-cardboard-tube/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00486-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.856623 | 418 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Austin officials are set to consider a water fluoridation proposal from a city councilman, who wants the practice to end by December.
The city has fluoridated its water for several decades, and public health officials say that it’s one of the primary ways to combat tooth decay, the Austin American-Statesman said.
But anti-fluoride activists contend that drinking the treated water can damage a person’s bones and lower intelligence levels.
Councilman Don Zimmerman said it’s “unethical” to force residents to drink fluoridated water, and his resolution is set to go before the council’s Public Utilities Committee this week. The Health and Human Services Committee also will consider the issue.
The first city to add fluoride to its water was Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1945. Researchers monitored children there and in another community without a fluoridation program over 15 years, finding that those who drank the fluoridated water were less likely to experience tooth decay.
Federal officials say 67 percent of Americans drink fluoridated water, but cities across the nation have chosen not to fluoridate their water. Voters in Portland have rejected fluoridating city water four times since 1956. Residents in College Station and Elgin have voted to end the practice, and a group in San Marcos has been pushing for a vote on prohibiting water fluoridation.
Austin has fluoridated its water since 1973, after a public vote on the issue prior, though the level has changed at least once.
The Austin Water Utility last changed its target in 2008 to 0.7 milligrams per liter, which is the same level in a new recommendation the federal government finalized this summer. The previous recommendation was 0.7 to 1.2 milligrams per liter.
The water utility adds fluorosilicic acid, which is heavily diluted, to increase the naturally occurring level of fluoride in the water, said Jane Burazer, assistant director of the utility’s treatment program.
Information from: Austin American-Statesman, http://www.statesman.com | <urn:uuid:ca56ddf7-79d5-462d-b04d-d68f0d66a360> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fluoridealert.org/news/austin-panel-set-to-consider-water-fluoridation-proposal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.960756 | 422 | 2.921875 | 3 |
By Susan Lease
As we look back over the years at how much money, time and effort have been spent on alcohol and other drug prevention in Quay County, we can say that, statistically, we have seen some gains and some benefits to all of that hard work.
However, we can never become complacent, since we are still a long way from where we should be in the reduction of alcohol and other drug consumption in this county, particularly among our youth.
According to the New Mexico High School Youth Risk and Resiliency Survey (YRRS) of 2013, we have seen a downward trend in alcohol use in our high school youth. As one example, according to the YRRS of 2003, binge drinking among high school youth was self-reported at 35.4 percent. This means that, roughly, more than one out of every three high school youth were participating actively in binge drinking. However, in 2009, this number had declined to 25 percent. This was a significant decrease in binge drinking in that population. However, these statistics tell us that, in 2009, one out of every four high school students participated in binge drinking at some point in their high school years. Still, this is way too many youth abusing alcohol.
By 2013, the percentage had dropped even more to 18.9 percent. However, we can say that this percentage is, again, way too high for high school youth who participate in drinking activities – almost one in every five youth. This now begs the question: Why is there so much alcohol abuse among our youth? The answer for this is not as simple as quoting statistics.
For those of us involved in the spectrum of drug and alcohol abuse reduction activities, from prevention through treatment through law enforcement activities, we know the answer is complex; it includes, among other factors, familial norms around alcohol consumption, peer pressure among youth, societal/cultural risk factors, the lack of certain protective factors (also known as resiliency) in the target populations, and easy access to alcohol. Factors such as alcohol density (the number of alcohol distribution areas near schools and other places where youth congregate), as well as the number of places that sell alcohol within a community, especially those that are not consistent in their carding process, create opportunities for youth to obtainalcohol through some method, though this last one seems to be declining due to years of surveillance activities by local and state authorities.
Whatever the case, we do need to be more diligent in decreasing the accessibilityof alcohol to youth by reducing the number of access points that fail in keeping alcohol out of the hands of youth, whether that be in businesses or in the home. This responsibility does not only fall upon law enforcement, but also upon business proprietors and their staff and, most importantly, upon parents to help decrease access of alcohol and to teach behavior that will builds protective factors within the very youth who may be most inclined to drink.
Susan Lease is a prevention specialist with the Quay County ASAP program. She can be reached at: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:5a2c441c-c1b2-4cf5-b612-fec88f2b6a92> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.qcsunonline.com/2015/07/14/susan-lease-county-shows-gains-in-prevention-efforts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00056-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974491 | 628 | 2.1875 | 2 |
— Sofia Lagergren is a solicitor at McKinnells in Lincoln, specialising in all aspects of family law. She regularly deals with issues concerning contact with and residence of children, divorce, civil partnership and financial issues following the breakdown of relationships.
The government has just published the Norgrove report on family justice, which was undertaken in order to look at ways in which the family court system could be reformed in order to make it more efficient and cost-effective.
It doesn’t make for good reading. To me, this report fails on two levels. First, because some of the proposals are barking mad. Second, because the changes, far from saving money, will probably end up costing more.
The proposal that is making all the headlines is that it rejects the idea of giving both parents equal rights so that they share access to children. Predictably, and understandably, groups representing and campaigning on behalf of fathers have soundly criticized this.
All too often, access to children becomes a battleground for embittered parents, where the outcome, whatever it is, damages all concerned. Giving both parties equal rights would have avoided this. It is a real opportunity missed. By not clearly defining such rights it means that bitter disputes will continue to play out through the courts. It’s sad, but inevitable.
Equally controversial is the proposal for separated couples to deal with their own divorces rather than use a lawyer. Instead they would access an information hub, download forms, talk things through and then sort things out amicably. I am not sure which planet this is supposed to happen on — most of the divorce clients I see cannot even stand to be in the same room as each other, let alone sit down over a cup of tea and calmly decide how to end their relationship.
There doesn’t seem to be any understanding of the fact that divorce and separation are highly emotional issues, often triggered by mistrust, betrayal or even physical violence. When extreme emotions are at work then logic and reasoning go out of the window along with their ex’s clothes and CD collection.
However, according to this report, mediation is the answer to everything, so let’s look at this for a moment. For mediation to work, a separated couple have to be able to agree matters. If they can do that, then they probably don’t need mediation. If they can’t agree things, then mediation is not going to work anyway!
The only creditable way to handle a divorce is when someone looks at the issues without emotion and can deal with the facts objectively on your behalf, and that’s where lawyers like me come in. We work on your behalf to get the best outcome.
Now, we all know this government is committed to saving money; and most would agree that savings do have to be made, so the Legal Aid budget is now in the firing line. Never mind that the whole budget for legal aid would only keep the NHS running for one weekend, cuts are going to be made in 2012. Side by side with this, the government wants to reform family courts. So does reform equal cost savings? I am not so sure.
There are some good things in the report, such as reducing the time taken in dealing with child care cases. The present delays are a scandal. But by being cost driven and not understanding human emotions, the report has missed an opportunity to really get to grips with some of the problems in family justice. | <urn:uuid:d8c5b7b2-9693-4017-95e8-b7bf96a6e702> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thelincolnite.co.uk/2011/11/fathers-still-don%E2%80%99t-get-equal-rights-to-see-their-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00324-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970821 | 712 | 1.75 | 2 |
Becoming a real-life cyborg
Neil Harbisson has an antenna connected to his skull with sensors that let him hear colours.
06 August 2018
Imagine being able to feel the tremors of the tectonic plates of the Earth shifting far beneath your feet, or being able to detect true north in your elbow, or hear the sound of a rainbow.
This is possible, and artists across the world are experimenting with how they incorporate sensors into themselves and become real-life cyborgs.
Get 3 months of unlimited access
No credit card. No obligation. | <urn:uuid:2702d3de-3ba0-4f54-ace1-1cfcb58cc4ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brainstorm.itweb.co.za:443/content/WnpNgq2KZP5vVrGd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.941464 | 122 | 2.03125 | 2 |
There is a strong evil spirit named leviathan. This very powerful demon has been repeatedly encountered and the more we know about what leviathan does and how he operates, the more likely we are to win this fierce contest with him.
"Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength; thou brakest the heads of the dragons in the waters. Thou brakest the heads of the leviathan in pieces, and gavest him to be meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness" (Psalms 74:13). Here leviathan is associated with water and the ocean and is pictured with multiple heads.
"There go the ships; there is that leviathan, whom thou has made to play therein" (Psalms 104:26). "In that day the Lord with his sore and great and strong sword shall punish leviathan the piercing serpent, even leviathan that crooked serpent and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea" (Isaiah 27:1). Here he is called both a dragon and a serpent, and again is connected with the sea.
The most extensive reference to this strange creature is found in Job 41. The fact that the Bible devotes an entire chapter describing him indicates his importance. The Modern Language translation reads:
"Can you draw out the crocodile with a hook or hold down his tongue with a cord? Can you put a fish line through his gills or pierce his jaws with a spur? Will he make repeated requests of you: Will he use friendly words in addressing you: will he make a bargain with you that you should take him as your servant for life? Would you play with him as the birds or keep him as a plaything for your girls?
"Will fishermen bargain over him, apportioning him among the merchants? Can you fill his skin with barbed darts or his head with harpoons? Lay your hand upon him then remember the conflict. You will not do it a second time! The man who hopes to master him will be disillusioned. At the sight of him a person is paralyzed. No one is foolhardy enough to stir him up.
"Who has ever stripped off his thick coat or mail or pierced his impenetrable scales? Who can open the doors of his mouth; around his teeth there is terror. His back is shingled with scales closely fitted together with a tight seal. So near are his scales to one another that no air can get between them. They clasp one another, joining so closely they cannot be separated.
"His sneezings sparkle light; his eyes are like rays of morning. Out of his jaws come burning torches and sparks of fire shoot out. From his nostrils vapors issue as steam from a boiling pot over burning rushes. His breath sets coals on fire; a flame issues from his mouth.
"Such strength dwells in his neck that panic moves before him. The folds of his flesh close in on each other firmly and are immovably cast upon him. His heart is as hard as a rock, solid as a nether millstone. When he raises himself up the mighty are afraid and are beside themselves with panic.
"To hit him with a sword is useless; so is a spear, a dart or javelin. To him iron is as straw and copper as rotten wood. Arrows do not rout him, sling stones he treats as stubble. Clubs are counted by him as reeds and he mocks the rattle of javelins. His nether parts are like potsherds, they leave threshing sledge grooves in the mire.
"He makes the deep to boil like a pot, the sea like a vessel of ointment. Behind him he leaves a foaming wake and one wonders if the sea might be growing frost. On earth there is not his equal. A creature devoid of fear, he looks down on all that is highest. He is a king over all the sons of pride" (Job 41).
Leviathan particularly hates this chapter, and the first and second commandments; also the references to him in Isaiah which label him as the crooked serpent.
Although we do not know much about leviathan's work, this chapter and other references definitely connect him with the sea. Undoubtedly he is the inspiration for the various mythological gods of the sea: Neptune, Poseidon, Dagon and others. Always there is one demon god who rules the seas or rivers and who has his characteristics. Some believe leviathan was the chief deity worshipped in Atlantis and that this kingdom was destroyed by God in judgment.
As we have confronted leviathan in deliverance, certainly we have only uncovered a very few of the various things that he does. Over and over when there have been severe problems with Bible study; concentration on spiritual goals; restrictions and bondages which hinder worship or just about any thing which is genuinely spiritual and of the Lord; there we have found leviathan operating. I refer to a real flowing with the Holy Spirit, not the shallow, bogus religious externals which often pass for spirituality today. Another area where he works is in causing a variety of learning difficulties for youngsters, including reading problems.
Another common characteristic of leviathan is that he is almost always present as the result of a curse riding on the family. Almost everyone in the family will have problems in this area.
To break the curse, declare: "I do break the curse of leviathan back to ten generations on both sides of the family, and destroy any legal rights or grounds which give evil spirits reason to operate. I destroy all these in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ." Next move directly against the evil spirit, ordering him to mainifest and leave in Jesus' name.
Believers need genuine edification by prayer in the Spirit and with the understanding; Bible study; heartfelt praise; and fellowship with the Lord's people. These are hindered or stopped by leviathan, depending upon how much control he exerts over that particular individual. Some deliverance workers have reported that leviathan is responsible for stopping revival movements and works in conjunction with ruling spirits in the heavenlies to block and hinder the moving of God's Spirit in the climatic, final endtime revival.
When you battle with leviathan you will learn why scripture declares him to be a powerful, wily foe and a nightmarish monster. His description is so frightening it is probably just as well that we cannot see him face to face.
If the Lord lets you see in to the spirit world, fine, however, if not, don't fret about it. People often ask if I can see the spirits I battle. On very rare occasions I have seen a demon. When I asked the Lord why I did not see them all the time He said I was to teach thousands how to cast out demons. Because I did not see them but could cast them out, believers everywhhere would be encouraged to join in the battle. If I could see the demons with whom I dealt, then others would tend to take the view that they too would join the battle as soon as they possessed this "gift."
"Seeing in the spirit" realm is not an unmixed blessing. Although it can be useful, too often it is a hangover from the mind being forced open in the occult. One danger is the tendency to become absorbed in the bits and pieces, losing sight of the goal of knocking out the enemy. The battle is the important thing, the weapons by which it is won will vary from case to case.
Leviathan certainly doesn't sound like anything you would want to meet on a dark night or even in the daylight. This demonic entity is said to be impossible to attack. His appearance is so terrible, he is so powerful and ghastly looking, that his enemies are paralyzed with fear at the sight of him.
We do not go into conflict as natural men, but can succeed because of the supernatural power which we have in Jesus (Luke 10:19). Attacking from the third heaven, high above Lucifer, principalities, powers, thrones, dominions, world rulers, kings, princes and every other angelic rank, we are able to prevail.
When leviathan manifests expect a determined resistance to expulsion. He often will manifest with serpentine twisting and winding of the person's head, body and limbs.
In Isaiah 14:14, Lucifer said in his heart (secret sin), "I will be like the Most High." Ambitious pride snared Satan himself and he has regularly used this to subvert human beings, since all are susceptible and never quite immune to it. We must remain constantly vigilant lest this spirit gain a foothold in our lives and thinking.
Often pains and stiffness in the neck and shoulder region have been traced to leviathan. As he begins to manifest, many times these symptoms will surface. Although this is not the only source of such discomfort, for problems of this nature, check leviathan.
One of the immediate blessings resulting from the expulsion of leviathan is a radical change apparent in outlook and whole approach to spiritual growth process. Many report a clearing of confusion and a greatly increased ability to read and retain the Word.
Notice that after the long, detailed description of the monster, God asks, tongue-in-cheek, if you would care to make a pet of him. This would be like taking a tyrannosaurus home for a pet.
If we could see these awesome powers we attack we would appreciate even more the superior power and protection given to us by the Lord. Not only can we confront but we can attack these tremendous creatures with impunity! This explains their fuming anger, fury, and frustrated rage.
The Bible speaks often about loosing captives and this very thing was prophesied about Jesus. As we follow Jesus and learn to do his works, we must loose the captives, held prisoner by demonic forces.
Freedom is available; God has ordained it and we must never let the ridicule or opposition of foolish people prevent us from pursuing deliverance. Always there will be those who misunderstand what we are doing and why; they will even think us to be enemies.
Satan's prison house still holds multitudes in dreadful bondage and he uses cruel creatures such as leviathan to drive, to harass and to torment, destroying all hope. To be captive is a terrible, miserable existence.
When demons gain the upper hand in lives, seizing control, they force victims into abject slavery to every whim of the spirits. Surely we must storm the citadels of the adversary and destroy leviathan's kingdom. | <urn:uuid:0407fc0a-87f4-4a1e-8db0-3d94aa76f158> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://prideisamonster-leviathan.com/7128.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00010-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973235 | 2,192 | 2.125 | 2 |
These sun glints are like sunshine glancing off the hood of a car. We can see them reflecting off a smooth surface when we are positioned in just the right way with respect to the sun and the smooth surface.
On a planetary scale, only liquids and ice can form a surface smooth enough to produce the effect—land masses are too rough—and the surface must be very large. To stand out against a background of other radiation from a planet, the reflected light must be very bright. We won't necessarily see glints from every distant planet that has liquids or ice.
"But these sun glints are important because, if we saw an extrasolar planet which had glints that popped up periodically, we would know that we were seeing lakes, oceans or other large bodies of liquid, such as water," says Drake Deming, of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. Deming is the deputy principal investigator who leads the team that works on the Extrasolar Planet Observations and Characterization (EPOCh) part of Deep Impact's extended mission, called EPOXI. "And if we found large bodies of water on a distant planet, we would become much more optimistic about finding life."
One of EPOCh's goals is to observe the Earth from far away—in this case, about 11 million miles away—so that we know what an Earth-like planet would look like when viewed from our spacecraft. The images in these videos were collected when the spacecraft was close enough to resolve some of Earth's features, but at the same time, Earth could be treated as a very distant, single point. "This allows us to properly simulate what we would have observed if Earth were an extrasolar planet," says Michael A'Hearn, principal investigator for EPOXI.
The researchers expected to see the sun glints but were surprised by the intensity and small focus of some, says Goddard's Richard K. Barry. Glints appeared over oceans, most likely in relatively calm patches, and over a few land masses, probably caused by large inland lakes. Barry, who is leading the Earth-glint research effort, is putting together a catalog that will relate each glint to an exact location on Earth.
Together, the new videos provide the first view of Earth for a full rotation from the north pole (shown in one video) and south pole (the second video). The resolution is high enough to distinguish land masses, bodies of water and clouds. Each 16-second video is a compilation of a series of green, blue and near-infrared images taken every 15 minutes on a single day. Each is also the end product of months of planning, sophisticated data processing and analysis by the team.
The choice of infrared light, which is beyond the range of human sight, instead of visible red produces a better contrast between land and water. "People think of land as being greenish, but that's because our eyes aren't sensitive in the infrared," Deming explains. "Vegetation actually shows up better in the infrared."
Seen from very far away, Earth looks like a blue dot. "But the blue comes from Rayleigh scattering in our atmosphere rather than from the oceans," says Nicolas Cowan, an EPOCh team member at the University of Washington. "That means that our planet appears blue even to an observer located above the North Pole, despite the fact that there isn't always much ocean in sight. As Earth spins, different surface features rotate in and out of view, causing the color of the blue dot to change slightly from one hour to the next."
For an observer above the pole, most of the visible part of Earth is covered in snow, ice and clouds. From far away, these appear grayish and are hard to tell apart because they are all basically water molecules in different forms. "But when a large expanse of bare land, like the Sahara Desert, rotates into view, Earth gets a bit redder because continents reflect near infrared light relatively well," Cowan explains.
Given just this limited amount of information, the researchers could begin to describe an extrasolar planet's surface—perhaps even infer the existence of oceans and continents.
Of course, gathering this type of information about an exoplanet is a big undertaking. Once gathered, though, such data could point scientists toward the best targets to investigate first. "This is just the first step in trying to understand the nature of the surfaces of extrasolar planets," says A'Hearn.
The University of Maryland is the Principal Investigator institution, leading the overall EPOXI mission. NASA Goddard leads the extrasolar planet observations. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages EPOXI for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The spacecraft was built for NASA by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Boulder, Colo.
Liz Zubritsky | EurekAlert!
Studying fundamental particles in materials
17.01.2017 | Max-Planck-Institut für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie
Seeing the quantum future... literally
16.01.2017 | University of Sydney
10.01.2017 | Event News
09.01.2017 | Event News
05.01.2017 | Event News
17.01.2017 | Earth Sciences
17.01.2017 | Materials Sciences
17.01.2017 | Architecture and Construction | <urn:uuid:61312b74-3928-4869-babf-29c69ad0a77c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/physics-astronomy/sun-glints-space-signal-oceans-lakes-146017.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00070-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941947 | 1,113 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Wednesday, January 14
- Introduction, Expectations, Assignments, Grade distribution
Friday, January 16
- Word Press set up–bring your computer to class!
Assignment #1: Trial post to website.
- Due Monday, January 19:
- Choose one of the sample DH projects on this site. Given the six categories of DH approaches we have outlined e.g. distant reading, visualization, mapping, what is the primary DH focus of this website? Is there a secondary approach addressed in the project? How does method fit with the scholarly subject matter? In what way does the medium of the subject matter determine the choice of mode of digital representation?
- Your post should be 300-350 words and should include 2 visual components. Post in category “Practice”
Monday, January 19
- Reporting back on Practice Blog
- Who were the Moravians?
- Slide presentation Intro to Zinzendorf and Pennsylvania
Wednesday, January 21
Visit Omeka site –-look at items, exhibit, collections
- Use the search function to find items using the following terms:
“Payne” “Maryland” “Virginia” “slave” “Moravian”
- What items come up? How did the search engine find them? Were there any false hits? Why? (look at Metadata)
- Create an exhibit of 3-5 items… What is your thematic? River, portraits, maps?
- (Optional-if you have time) Try to embed an image and link to your exhibit in a WP blog
Friday, January 23
- On physical vs. digital archivesLook at Livingstone Papers website
http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/Unlocking the Scrolls preserved in the eruption at Vesuvius
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/01/22/378904803/x-rays-open-secrets-of-ancient-scrollsQuestions to consider:
- Are we interacting with textual material on the screen more than on the (manuscript or printed) page, and if so, how are our research practices changing?
- Are our physical and emotional relationships to our objects of study shifting in a digital age?
- Do digitized materials supplant our need to view the physical originals, or enhance the necessity of and desire for archival work?
- Do digital versions of material texts highlight physical elements of texts that might otherwise pass unremarked?
- What sources of knowledge and serendipitous discovery can be provided only in the physical archive? The digital archive?
- Is there a developing consensus about best practices for digitizing and editing archival material?
- Are there ways to create online reading interfaces that can more closely approximate the experience of reading physical materials?
- Do archival materials of women and minorities present unique challenges in their transformation to digital forms?
- What new pedagogical opportunities do open-source and free digitized materials offer, and how are students using them?
- Pennsylvania in the Colonial period–Native American populations
- Slavery in the Chesapeake Bay-
- Stories of the Susquehanna Digital Project introduction
- Blog #1 “On Material and Digital Archives” by 11pm, Sunday
- Assignment of manuscript materials for transcription. Read them and report back on them on the Monday about ease of reading
Monday, January 26
- Report back on transcription comprehension
Wednesday, January 28
- Transcription practice
For Friday, read Dublin Core Metadata Standards
Friday, January 30
- What is metadata and why is it so important?
- Transcription practice–putting things together…
Transcription assignment #1 due Sunday night (2/1 11pm)
For Monday, read Whitley, “Visualizing the Archive” in The American Literature Scholar in the Digital Age, eds. Amy E. Earhart and Andrew Jewell (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011), pp. 185-208. | <urn:uuid:a3c81475-f801-4ee6-a266-1a1c56d52354> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://thehumanitiesnow2015.blogs.bucknell.edu/archival-research-and-creation-of-a-digital-text-11415-2115/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.875309 | 915 | 2.5 | 2 |
|| License: Freeware || Size: 2.60 mb || Developer's website: LazPaint ||
Download for free LazPaint!
*Download LazPaint clicking on the link free download below on this page!
LazPaint is a computer program that allows users to edit photos.
Using LazPaint can rotate, resize, apply effects and filters or change the color and brightness.
LazPaint is compatible with most popular photo formats.
An interesting feature offered by LazPaint, is that it has different drawing tools.
LazPaint is a photo editing software, specially designed for the average / advanced user.
LazPaint - system requirements
LazPaint works with Windows operating systems - Windows XP / Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8 / Windows 8.1 / Windows 10 - works very well with Windows 7 and Windows Vista.
* For use LazPaint need a minimum:
Processor: 1 GHz Pentium|| Memory: 512 Mb of RAM|| Free disk space: 250 MB||
* It is recommended:
Processor: 2 GHz Pentium|| Memory: 2 Gb of RAM|| Free disk space: 4 GB||
LazPaint - main features
The main features of LazPaint are:
- Photo Editing;
- Compatible with most popular photo formats;
- Several drawing tools;
- Simple and intuitive interface;
- LazPaint is an application easy to use;
- Support in different languages;
- Manual Update;
- Support install / uninstall, etc.
LazPaint - other features
LazPaint is an easy to use and install program, the LazPaint program does not consume many system resources and does not take up much space on the hard disk.
LazPaint has a simple and intuitive interface from which anyone can use the program without any problem.
LazPaint is a very good application of the category "programs to edit images", a software that deserves to have it installed on your computer.
The download link will take you to the official download web page of the author.
To download for free LazPaint go to the download page by clicking on the button below:
2 Comments / Feedbacks / Reviews
"Do you use often LazPaint" should be "Do you often use...".
"Describe in detail the problem" should be "Describe the problem in detail".
"..want info on this page to be quality" should be "want info on this page to be of high quality".
LazPaint - opinions, comments:
Do you often use LazPaint? Are you an expert or inexperienced user? Have you formed an opinion about LazPaint or just want to know more? Then this is the place to review or ask for more details!
LazPaint - ask for help:
Have a problem with LazPaint and do not know how to fix it or something is not working properly, then ask for help!
Describe the problem in detail, do not forget to specify details about the computer - operating system, processor, memory - and from where you downloaded LazPaint.
You can also ask for help if you experience downloading or installing problems.
LazPaint - review:
If you are an expert in LazPaint, or you are a user of LazPaint disappointed and believe that the information on this page is insufficient, write a review, positive or critical, arguing your opinion.
LazPaint - errors, spelling errors, incomplete information:
Because we want the information on this page to be high quality, we ask your help, because, with you, we want to achieve our goal.
So, if you find grammar, expression or spelling errors - keep in mind that we are not native speakers of English, inaccurate or incomplete information, or several other errors, please show us!
All comments will be manually reviewed before being published!
Thank you in advance for your cooperation!
If you have problems with LazPaint and you need help to install, to download or you have any question about a problem that may occur during the installation or during the use of this program go to our blog by clicking here: help LazPaint and leave a comment with your problems and we will try to help you.
LazPaint - Troubleshooting. | <urn:uuid:37faf1f5-5a39-4f4a-8770-716d2aef75af> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://lazpaint.softfree.eu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00314-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881834 | 910 | 1.554688 | 2 |
In the words of the director of the Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC’s) Bureau of Competition, the recent enforcement against Invibio, Inc., the first company to sell implant-grade polyetheretherketone, known as PEEK, to medical device makers, “affirms that the first company to enter a market cannot rely on anticompetitive contract terms to lock up customers and box out rivals.” But what if you are not the first company to enter the market? More on that below, but first, what exactly did Invibio do when faced with new rivals?
According to the FTC’s administrative complaint, Invibio responded to new rivals seeking to sell PEEK at lower prices by adopting a strategy of expanding the scope and coverage of exclusivity terms in its own PEEK supply contracts. Concerned that if it did not block these new rivals, it would be forced to engage in painful price competition, Invibio implemented its exclusivity strategy through negotiations with existing and potential customers.
Significantly, Invibio sought to broaden its exclusivity terms by (1) inserting more explicit exclusivity provisions into supply contracts, (2) expanding the scope of and limiting the exceptions to its exclusivity requirements, and (3) implementing more restrictive contract terms that impeded customers’ ability to switch to an alternative PEEK supplier for products at the expiration of a contract. Invibio also threatened to withhold needed supply or regulatory support to gain exclusivity. For example, Invibio threatened (1) to cut off PEEK supply for all of a device maker’s existing products, (2) not to sell Invibio’s new brands of PEEK to a device maker unless the device maker agreed to buy Invibio’s main brand of PEEK on an exclusive basis, and (3) to withhold access to regulatory support if device makers did not agree to exclusivity. In certain circumstances, Invibio also provided a small price discount or other benefit in exchange for exclusivity.
Invibio’s efforts apparently paid off, because nearly all medical device makers that purchased PEEK from Invibio did so under contracts containing some form of exclusivity. Invibio’s exclusivity terms took one of three forms: (1) requiring that the customer use Invibio PEEK for all PEEK-containing medical devices, (2) requiring that the customer use Invibio PEEK for a broad category of PEEK-containing devices, or (3) requiring that the customer use Invibio PEEK for a list of identified PEEK-containing devices – with the list often including nearly every device in the customer’s portfolio.
What did Invibio agree to do (or not do) to resolve the FTC’s administrative complaint?
Invibio agreed to “cease and desist” from adopting or implementing any agreement or policy that results in exclusivity with customers. Invibio also agreed not to enforce any provision in an existing contract that would prevent a medical device maker from using other suppliers of implant-grade PEEK for any device, or from switching suppliers for any current device, and it agreed not to retaliate against customers for using or preparing to use an alternative PEEK supplier.
Invibio also agreed not to enter into any new contracts that (1) require minimum purchases, either as a condition of sale or as a condition for receiving important contract terms or services, and (2) offer volume discounts that are applied retroactively once a customer reaches a specified threshold. Each of those prohibitions is designed to prevent de facto exclusivity.
But what if you are not the first company to enter the market? Can you then introduce or broaden your use of exclusivity provisions?
It depends. To be safe, “seek immediate [legal] help . . .” | <urn:uuid:dafc3465-b118-4e29-a2ef-15755eb02438> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=1accfa8d-f122-463a-a660-de2153e6e5a1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00059-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934269 | 801 | 1.648438 | 2 |
One-Third of Cyber Attack Traffic Originates in China, Akamai Says
About one-third of the world's cyber attack traffic was traced back to China, according to a report by Akamai Technologies to be published today.
Between July and September of last year, about 33 percent of the attacks originated in China, double the percentage in the previous quarter, the report said.
The U.S. was the second-largest source with 13 percent. Next came Russia, Taiwan and Turkey, which each accounted for less than 5 percent of the attacks, according to the report by the Internet services company.
Corporate espionage, especially computer-data heists, has become a common practice in China, as Bloomberg Businessweek reported last year. In 2010, Google accused China of staging an attack on the company's network. China has been the top source of cyber attacks since the end of 2011, the Akamai report said.
Most of the attacks originating in China targeted a particular database system made by Microsoft, according to David Belson, who edited the report.
"It may have been a flareup in some sort of exploit that is trying to spread," Belson said in an interview.
The Akami report also contains the most recent list of countries and regions with the fastest Internet access. Check out the Bloomberg.com slideshow to learn more about the top 10. | <urn:uuid:4e9f5a7d-f35e-4455-8aa3-37c9f9b3d692> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.bloomberg.com/news/print/2013-01-23/one-third-of-cyber-attack-traffic-originates-in-china-akamai-says.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00451-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967579 | 282 | 1.765625 | 2 |
The Weekly Budget Worksheet is a very useful way to work your way through the month, month to month costs and their categories. It is a great way to get the most out of your finances.
Most people, once they go into debt on a monthly basis, would like to know how to get out of it. In a normal situation you should set aside some money each month for a rainy day and use that money in times of need, but what happens when it’s a rainy day and the only money you have is the money that you had saved the whole month.
A usual scenario is that you get into debt and never really think about how to get out of it, just because you are still on a monthly basis. I say this because usually when you are searching for solutions that will allow you to get out of debt you do not consider what you are going to do until you find one. I know because I did not and I ended up losing my home and credit rating.
When looking at a Weekly Budget Worksheet, it is important to understand how each category relates to the others and what the result will be for each. When this is done you can see the importance of each step. You will see that some items are often used for multiple categories and sometimes they are not even related to your other expenses.
This means that if you were thinking about not having enough money for those unexpected things that are going to come up, then you should be aware that those categories may be inadequate. This is why the budget worksheet is so valuable.
The PDF version of the budget worksheet has all the information you need to calculate your numbers. You can break down your monthly expenses into categories and check how much each one cost. You can also break it down further by business sectors or whether you need to apply for a personal loan.
The PDF version of the budget worksheet also comes with an excel spreadsheet so that you can input your numbers manually or in order of the month. You can print the budget worksheet from your computer so that you can keep it with you and do not have to worry about losing it somewhere.
The Weekly Budget Worksheet is designed to help you determine your lifestyle and how to bring that lifestyle closer to your standard of living. I hope you enjoy using it as much as I do. | <urn:uuid:6d772f22-b289-43ea-93c0-c926d6a552d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.semesprit.com/42196/weekly-budget-worksheet-pdf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.970962 | 473 | 2.046875 | 2 |
My family and I recently had the honor of spending the day in Scotts Valley, where we attended a “Kindness Assembly” at the high school (with motivational speaker Keith Hawkins), visited the middle school and got a tour of the local fire department. Many people asked me about the #imkinderthanthat movement and its inception. I explained to them about my nieces and nephew and the message that I was trying to send to them. The more I talked about it, the more I realized how important the lesson was to ME and how much it had changed MY life.
One of my old friends recently said to me, “You’re so much nicer now”. I didn’t take this as an insult, and I don’t think that I wasn’t nice before, but I do think that the #imkinderthanthat movement has made me infinitely more mindful of my action and REACTIONS. In dealing with people, instead of instantly being on the defensive, I find myself thinking about their feelings and motivation. I don’t react negatively when someone else isn’t behaving the way that I want them to. I actually take the time to consider what might be happening in their lives. I honestly say to myself over and over, all day long, “I’m kinder than that”. This makes all the difference.
It used to be easy for me to react and judge people. I know, that sounds terrible, but it’s true. I think that the majority of us do it pretty regularly. We are programmed for it. You are standing in line in Starbucks and you look at the people around you. What is she wearing? Why he talking so loudly? She’s overweight. He looks like he didn’t shower today. Why is everyone annoying me? It goes on and on. Admit it, you do it too.
Now, when one of those thoughts creeps into my brain, I am immediately snapped to attention with a resounding “I’m kinder than that”. I realize that whatever judgement I am making about them or reaction that I am having, has a negative effect on both of us. And while these previous judgements were only going on in my head, I can’t tell you how good it feels to NOT to let those negative thoughts invade my psyche. Not making those judgements about other people and not reacting negatively in certain situations has in turn made me feel better about myself. I own my kindness. It’s pretty amazing that four little words can make such a difference…but honestly, they do.
I believe so deeply in this movement and how large of a role kindness plays in our lives. We must own our kindness, teach children the importance of it, and spread it everywhere we go. Today and every day, be kinder than that. | <urn:uuid:1843316b-0a37-4437-a1b3-60e81420cbce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.imkinderthanthat.org/act-dont-react/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.977232 | 603 | 1.84375 | 2 |
In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful;
1 . A.L.R. These are the symbols (or Verses) of the perspicuous Book.
2 . We have sent it down as an Arabic Qur'an, in order that ye may learn wisdom.
3 . We do relate unto thee the most beautiful of stories, in that We reveal to thee this (portion of the) Qur'an: before this, thou too was among those who knew it not.
4 . Behold! Joseph said to his father: "O my father! I did see eleven stars and the sun and the moon: I saw them prostrate themselves to me!"
5 . Said (the father): "My (dear) little son! relate not thy vision to thy brothers, lest they concoct a plot against thee: for Satan is to man an avowed enemy!
6 . "Thus will thy Lord choose thee and teach thee the interpretation of stories (and events) and perfect His favour to thee and to the posterity of Jacob - even as He perfected it to thy fathers Abraham and Isaac aforetime! for Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom."
7 . Verily in Joseph and his brethren are signs (or symbols) for seekers (after Truth).
8 . They said: "Truly Joseph and his brother are loved more by our father than we: But we are a goodly body! really our father is obviously wandering (in his mind)!
9 . "Slay ye Joseph or cast him out to some (unknown) land, that so the favour of your father may be given to you alone: (there will be time enough) for you to be righteous after that!"
10 . Said one of them: "Slay not Joseph, but if ye must do something, throw him down to the bottom of the well: he will be picked up by some caravan of travellers."
11 . They said: "O our father! why dost thou not trust us with Joseph,- seeing we are indeed his sincere well-wishers?
12 . "Send him with us tomorrow to enjoy himself and play, and we shall take every care of him."
13 . (Jacob) said: "Really it saddens me that ye should take him away: I fear lest the wolf should devour him while ye attend not to him."
14 . They said: "If the wolf were to devour him while we are (so large) a party, then should we indeed (first) have perished ourselves!"
15 . So they did take him away, and they all agreed to throw him down to the bottom of the well: and We put into his heart (this Message): 'Of a surety thou shalt (one day) tell them the truth of this their affair while they know (thee) not'
16 . Then they came to their father in the early part of the night, weeping.
17 . They said: "O our father! We went racing with one another, and left Joseph with our things; and the wolf devoured him.... But thou wilt never believe us even though we tell the truth."
18 . They stained his shirt with false blood. He said: "Nay, but your minds have made up a tale (that may pass) with you, (for me) patience is most fitting: Against that which ye assert, it is Allah (alone) Whose help can be sought"..
19 . Then there came a caravan of travellers: they sent their water-carrier (for water), and he let down his bucket (into the well)...He said: "Ah there! Good news! Here is a (fine) young man!" So they concealed him as a treasure! But Allah knoweth well all that they do!
20 . The (Brethren) sold him for a miserable price, for a few dirhams counted out: in such low estimation did they hold him!
21 . The man in Egypt who bought him, said to his wife: "Make his stay (among us) honourable: may be he will bring us much good, or we shall adopt him as a son." Thus did We establish Joseph in the land, that We might teach him the interpretation of stories (and events). And Allah hath full power and control over His affairs; but most among mankind know it not.
22 . When Joseph attained His full manhood, We gave him power and knowledge: thus do We reward those who do right.
23 . But she in whose house he was, sought to seduce him from his (true) self: she fastened the doors, and said: "Now come, thou (dear one)!" He said: "Allah forbid! truly (thy husband) is my lord! he made my sojourn agreeable! truly to no good come those who do wrong!"
24 . And (with passion) did she desire him, and he would have desired her, but that he saw the evidence of his Lord: thus (did We order) that We might turn away from him (all) evil and shameful deeds: for he was one of Our servants, sincere and purified.
25 . So they both raced each other to the door, and she tore his shirt from the back: they both found her lord near the door. She said: "What is the (fitting) punishment for one who formed an evil design against thy wife, but prison or a grievous chastisement?"
26 . He said: "It was she that sought to seduce me - from my (true) self." And one of her household saw (this) and bore witness, (thus):- "If it be that his shirt is rent from the front, then is her tale true, and he is a liar!
27 . "But if it be that his shirt is torn from the back, then is she the liar, and he is telling the truth!"
28 . So when he saw his shirt,- that it was torn at the back,- (her husband) said: "Behold! It is a snare of you women! truly, mighty is your snare!
29 . "O Joseph, pass this over! (O wife), ask forgiveness for thy sin, for truly thou hast been at fault!"
30 . Ladies said in the City: "The wife of the (great) 'Aziz is seeking to seduce her slave from his (true) self: Truly hath he inspired her with violent love: we see she is evidently going astray."
31 . When she heard of their malicious talk, she sent for them and prepared a banquet for them: she gave each of them a knife: and she said (to Joseph), "Come out before them." When they saw him, they did extol him, and (in their amazement) cut their hands: they said, "Allah preserve us! no mortal is this! this is none other than a noble angel!"
32 . She said: "There before you is the man about whom ye did blame me! I did seek to seduce him from his (true) self but he did firmly save himself guiltless!....and now, if he doth not my bidding, he shall certainly be cast into prison, and (what is more) be of the company of the vilest!"
33 . He said: "O my Lord! the prison is more to my liking than that to which they invite me: Unless Thou turn away their snare from me, I should (in my youthful folly) feel inclined towards them and join the ranks of the ignorant."
34 . So his Lord hearkened to him (in his prayer), and turned away from him their snare: Verily He heareth and knoweth (all things).
35 . Then it occurred to the men, after they had seen the signs, (that it was best) to imprison him for a time.
36 . Now with him there came into the prison two young men. Said one of them: "I see myself (in a dream) pressing wine." said the other: "I see myself (in a dream) carrying bread on my head, and birds are eating, thereof." "Tell us" (they said) "The truth and meaning thereof: for we see thou art one that doth good (to all)."
37 . He said: "Before any food comes (in due course) to feed either of you, I will surely reveal to you the truth and meaning of this ere it befall you: that is part of the (duty) which my Lord hath taught me. I have (I assure you) abandoned the ways of a people that believe not in Allah and that (even) deny the Hereafter.
38 . "And I follow the ways of my fathers,- Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; and never could we attribute any partners whatever to Allah: that (comes) of the grace of Allah to us and to mankind: yet most men are not grateful.
39 . "O my two companions of the prison! (I ask you): are many lords differing among themselves better, or the One Allah, Supreme and Irresistible?
40 . "If not Him, ye worship nothing but names which ye have named,- ye and your fathers,- for which Allah hath sent down no authority: the command is for none but Allah: He hath commanded that ye worship none but Him: that is the right religion, but most men understand not...
41 . "O my two companions of the prison! As to one of you, he will pour out the wine for his lord to drink: as for the other, he will hang from the cross, and the birds will eat from off his head. (so) hath been decreed that matter whereof ye twain do enquire"...
42 . And of the two, to that one whom he consider about to be saved, he said: "Mention me to thy lord." But Satan made him forget to mention him to his lord: and (Joseph) lingered in prison a few (more) years.
43 . The king (of Egypt) said: "I do see (in a vision) seven fat kine, whom seven lean ones devour, and seven green ears of corn, and seven (others) withered. O ye chiefs! Expound to me my vision if it be that ye can interpret visions."
44 . They said: "A confused medley of dreams: and we are not skilled in the interpretation of dreams."
45 . But the man who had been released, one of the two (who had been in prison) and who now bethought him after (so long) a space of time, said: "I will tell you the truth of its interpretation: send ye me (therefore)."
46 . "O Joseph!" (he said) "O man of truth! Expound to us (the dream) of seven fat kine whom seven lean ones devour, and of seven green ears of corn and (seven) others withered: that I may return to the people, and that they may understand."
47 . (Joseph) said: "For seven years shall ye diligently sow as is your wont: and the harvests that ye reap, ye shall leave them in the ear,- except a little, of which ye shall eat.
48 . "Then will come after that (period) seven dreadful (years), which will devour what ye shall have laid by in advance for them,- (all) except a little which ye shall have (specially) guarded.
49 . "Then will come after that (period) a year in which the people will have abundant water, and in which they will press (wine and oil)."
50 . So the king said: "Bring ye him unto me." But when the messenger came to him, (Joseph) said: "Go thou back to thy lord, and ask him, 'What is the state of mind of the ladies who cut their hands'? For my Lord is certainly well aware of their snare."
51 . (The king) said (to the ladies): "What was your affair when ye did seek to seduce Joseph from his (true) self?" The ladies said: "Allah preserve us! no evil know we against him!" Said the 'Aziz's wife: "Now is the truth manifest (to all): it was I who sought to seduce him from his (true) self: He is indeed of those who are (ever) true (and virtuous).
52 . "This (say I), in order that He may know that I have never been false to him in his absence, and that Allah will never guide the snare of the false ones.
53 . "Nor do I absolve my own self (of blame): the (human) soul is certainly prone to evil, unless my Lord do bestow His Mercy: but surely my Lord is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful."
54 . So the king said: "Bring him unto me; I will take him specially to serve about my own person." Therefore when he had spoken to him, he said: "Be assured this day, thou art, before our own presence, with rank firmly established, and fidelity fully proved!
55 . (Joseph) said: "Set me over the store-houses of the land: I will indeed guard them, as one that knows (their importance)."
56 . Thus did We give established power to Joseph in the land, to take possession therein as, when, or where he pleased. We bestow of our Mercy on whom We please, and We suffer not, to be lost, the reward of those who do good.
57 . But verily the reward of the Hereafter is the best, for those who believe, and are constant in righteousness.
58 . Then came Joseph's brethren: they entered his presence, and he knew them, but they knew him not.
59 . And when he had furnished them forth with provisions (suitable) for them, he said: "Bring unto me a brother ye have, of the same father as yourselves, (but a different mother): see ye not that I pay out full measure, and that I do provide the best hospitality?
60 . "Now if ye bring him not to me, ye shall have no measure (of corn) from me, nor shall ye (even) come near me."
61 . They said: "We shall certainly seek to get our wish about him from his father: Indeed we shall do it."
62 . And (Joseph) told his servants to put their stock-in-trade (with which they had bartered) into their saddle-bags, so they should know it only when they returned to their people, in order that they might come back.
63 . Now when they returned to their father, they said: "O our father! No more measure of grain shall we get (unless we take our brother): So send our brother with us, that we may get our measure; and we will indeed take every care of him."
64 . He said: "Shall I trust you with him with any result other than when I trusted you with his brother aforetime? But Allah is the best to take care (of him), and He is the Most Merciful of those who show mercy!"
65 . Then when they opened their baggage, they found their stock-in-trade had been returned to them. They said: "O our father! What (more) can we desire? this our stock-in-trade has been returned to us: so we shall get (more) food for our family; We shall take care of our brother; and add (at the same time) a full camel's load (of grain to our provisions). This is but a small quantity.
66 . (Jacob) said: "Never will I send him with you until ye swear a solemn oath to me, in Allah's name, that ye will be sure to bring him back to me unless ye are yourselves hemmed in (and made powerless). And when they had sworn their solemn oath, he said: "Over all that we say, be Allah the witness and guardian!"
67 . Further he said: "O my sons! enter not all by one gate: enter ye by different gates. Not that I can profit you aught against Allah (with my advice): None can command except Allah: On Him do I put my trust: and let all that trust put their trust on Him."
68 . And when they entered in the manner their father had enjoined, it did not profit them in the least against (the plan of) Allah: It was but a necessity of Jacob's soul, which he discharged. For he was, by our instruction, full of knowledge (and experience): but most men know not.
69 . Now when they came into Joseph's presence, he received his (full) brother to stay with him. He said (to him): "Behold! I am thy (own) brother; so grieve not at aught of their doings."
70 . At length when he had furnished them forth with provisions (suitable) for them, he put the drinking cup into his brother's saddle-bag. Then shouted out a crier: "O ye (in) the caravan! behold! ye are thieves, without doubt!"
71 . They said, turning towards them: "What is it that ye miss?"
72 . They said: "We miss the great beaker of the king; for him who produces it, is (the reward of) a camel load; I will be bound by it."
73 . (The brothers) said: "By Allah! well ye know that we came not to make mischief in the land, and we are no thieves!"
74 . (The Egyptians) said: "What then shall be the penalty of this, if ye are (proved) to have lied?"
75 . They said: "The penalty should be that he in whose saddle-bag it is found, should be held (as bondman) to atone for the (crime). Thus it is we punish the wrong-doers!"
76 . So he began (the search) with their baggage, before (he came to) the baggage of his brother: at length he brought it out of his brother's baggage. Thus did We plan for Joseph. He could not take his brother by the law of the king except that Allah willed it (so). We raise to degrees (of wisdom) whom We please: but over all endued with knowledge is one, the All-Knowing.
77 . They said: "If he steals, there was a brother of his who did steal before (him)." But these things did Joseph keep locked in his heart, revealing not the secrets to them. He (simply) said (to himself): "Ye are the worse situated; and Allah knoweth best the truth of what ye assert!"
78 . They said: "O exalted one! Behold! he has a father, aged and venerable, (who will grieve for him); so take one of us in his place; for we see that thou art (gracious) in doing good."
79 . He said: "Allah forbid that we take other than him with whom we found our property: indeed (if we did so), we should be acting wrongfully.
80 . Now when they saw no hope of his (yielding), they held a conference in private. The leader among them said: "Know ye not that your father did take an oath from you in Allah's name, and how, before this, ye did fail in your duty with Joseph? Therefore will I not leave this land until my father permits me, or Allah commands me; and He is the best to command.
81 . "Turn ye back to your father, and say, 'O our father! behold! thy son committed theft! we bear witness only to what we know, and we could not well guard against the unseen!
82 . "'Ask at the town where we have been and the caravan in which we returned, and (you will find) we are indeed telling the truth.'"
83 . Jacob said: "Nay, but ye have yourselves contrived a story (good enough) for you. So patience is most fitting (for me). Maybe Allah will bring them (back) all to me (in the end). For He is indeed full of knowledge and wisdom."
84 . And he turned away from them, and said: "How great is my grief for Joseph!" And his eyes became white with sorrow, and he fell into silent melancholy.
85 . They said: "By Allah! (never) wilt thou cease to remember Joseph until thou reach the last extremity of illness, or until thou die!"
86 . He said: "I only complain of my distraction and anguish to Allah, and I know from Allah that which ye know not...
87 . "O my sons! go ye and enquire about Joseph and his brother, and never give up hope of Allah's Soothing Mercy: truly no one despairs of Allah's Soothing Mercy, except those who have no faith."
88 . Then, when they came (back) into (Joseph's) presence they said: "O exalted one! distress has seized us and our family: we have (now) brought but scanty capital: so pay us full measure, (we pray thee), and treat it as charity to us: for Allah doth reward the charitable."
89 . He said: "Know ye how ye dealt with Joseph and his brother, not knowing (what ye were doing)?"
90 . They said: "Art thou indeed Joseph?" He said, "I am Joseph, and this is my brother: Allah has indeed been gracious to us (all): behold, he that is righteous and patient,- never will Allah suffer the reward to be lost, of those who do right."
91 . They said: "By Allah! indeed has Allah preferred thee above us, and we certainly have been guilty of sin!"
92 . He said: "This day let no reproach be (cast) on you: Allah will forgive you, and He is the Most Merciful of those who show mercy!
93 . "Go with this my shirt, and cast it over the face of my father: he will come to see (clearly). Then come ye (here) to me together with all your family."
94 . When the caravan left (Egypt), their father said: "I do indeed scent the presence of Joseph: Nay, think me not a dotard."
95 . They said: "By Allah! truly thou art in thine old wandering mind."
96 . Then when the bearer of the good news came, He cast (the shirt) over his face, and he forthwith regained clear sight. He said: "Did I not say to you, 'I know from Allah that which ye know not?'"
97 . They said: "O our father! ask for us forgiveness for our sins, for we were truly at fault."
98 . He said: "Soon will I ask my Lord for forgiveness for you: for he is indeed Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful."
99 . Then when they entered the presence of Joseph, he provided a home for his parents with himself, and said: "Enter ye Egypt (all) in safety if it please Allah."
100 . And he raised his parents high on the throne (of dignity), and they fell down in prostration, (all) before him. He said: "O my father! this is the fulfilment of my vision of old! Allah hath made it come true! He was indeed good to me when He took me out of prison and brought you (all here) out of the desert, (even) after Satan had sown enmity between me and my brothers. Verily my Lord understandeth best the mysteries of all that He planneth to do, for verily He is full of knowledge and wisdom.
101 . "O my Lord! Thou hast indeed bestowed on me some power, and taught me something of the interpretation of dreams and events,- O Thou Creator of the heavens and the earth! Thou art my Protector in this world and in the Hereafter. Take Thou my soul (at death) as one submitting to Thy will (as a Muslim), and unite me with the righteous."
102 . Such is one of the stories of what happened unseen, which We reveal by inspiration unto thee; nor wast thou (present) with them then when they concerted their plans together in the process of weaving their plots.
103 . Yet no faith will the greater part of mankind have, however ardently thou dost desire it.
104 . And no reward dost thou ask of them for this: it is no less than a message for all creatures.
105 . And how many Signs in the heavens and the earth do they pass by? Yet they turn (their faces) away from them!
106 . And most of them believe not in Allah without associating (other as partners) with Him!
107 . Do they then feel secure from the coming against them of the covering veil of the wrath of Allah,- or of the coming against them of the (final) Hour all of a sudden while they perceive not?
108 . Say thou: "This is my way: I do invite unto Allah,- on evidence clear as the seeing with one's eyes,- I and whoever follows me. Glory to Allah. and never will I join gods with Allah."
109 . Nor did We send before thee (as messengers) any but men, whom we did inspire,- (men) living in human habitations. Do they not travel through the earth, and see what was the end of those before them? But the home of the hereafter is best, for those who do right. Will ye not then understand?
110 . (Respite will be granted) until, when the messengers give up hope (of their people) and (come to) think that they were treated as liars, there reaches them Our help, and those whom We will are delivered into safety. But never will be warded off our punishment from those who are in sin.
111 . There is, in their stories, instruction for men endued with understanding. It is not a tale invented, but a confirmation of what went before it,- a detailed exposition of all things, and a guide and a mercy to any such as believe.
In this page you can listen Joseph in English, Joseph and read and download Joseph in English veya yükleyebilirsiniz. You can download Joseph translation, get information on the interpretations of Quranic verses, download all translations of surah in pdf format. You can listen to the audio of Joseph in English or read and download. You can also share English Quranic verses on Facebook and Twitter and other social media with share buttons. | <urn:uuid:5f1129a5-96d2-4d5f-97de-09d078191cf8> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.harunyahya.com/bilgi/kurani-kerim/12/yusuf-Ingilizce-translation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720941.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00519-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978329 | 5,615 | 2.03125 | 2 |
PARIS — With the Bush administration facing growing pressure to cool or confront crises flaring across the globe, the world's major powers agreed with the U.S. on Wednesday to send Iran back to the UN Security Council with the threat of sanctions because of the regime's refusal to suspend its uranium enrichment program.
Wednesday's deal appears to represent the strongest unified front against Iran since the Bush administration changed course 15 months ago by opting to try diplomacy over the threat of force. Yet the powers still do not agree on what, if any, penalties Tehran might ultimately face, officials said.
Because Iran failed to cease enrichment or respond to an offer of incentives and negotiations it received more than five weeks ago, "we have no choice but to return to the United Nations Security Council," the group said Wednesday in a joint statement.
Iran suspected of stalling
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad had said his government would offer a formal reply to the package late next month, but there appeared to be widespread agreement here Wednesday that his regime was stalling.
The Paris statement said Iran's failure to seriously engage on the incentives is a "profound disappointment" and promised a Security Council resolution making the suspension of uranium enrichment mandatory. It also promised that the group would "work for the adoption" of unspecified sanctions if Tehran fails to comply and act on the offer.
Washington says the regime's enrichment efforts are aimed at fueling nuclear weapons, while Tehran insists it has the legal right to produce fuel for peaceful nuclear power.
Signing on were foreign ministers from Germany, the European Union and the only five world powers with veto authority at the Security Council -- the U.S., France, Britain, China and Russia.
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice flew into Paris on Wednesday morning for the talks before joining President Bush in St. Petersburg, Russia, for the G-8 summit.
Agreement in Paris from China and Russia, each of which have strong economic and political ties to Tehran in addition to their traditional resistance to sanctions, was seen as especially key.
"They agreed to the sanctions track and the threat," a senior Bush administration official involved in the talks said of China and Russia. The official, speaking to reporters on the condition of anonymity, also said, "We're leveraging the Iranians with this statement here -- we're trying to."
Action on a binding Security Council resolution, which would be the first against Iran in the wake of its decision earlier this year to remove UN inspection seals from its nuclear equipment, is expected early next week after Bush and other world leaders discuss the issue in St. Petersburg.
The Paris statement came after a meeting Tuesday in Brussels between the EU foreign policy chief, Javier Solana, and Iran's top nuclear negotiator, Ali Larijani. It was their third such session without substantial progress since the world powers agreed on the package for Tehran more than five weeks ago, officials said.
The senior U.S. official who briefed reporters said Tehran's latest diplomatic strategy had failed.
"They were calculating that they could divide Russia and China from Europe and America and they haven't done it and it's very clear they haven't done it," he said.
White House faces pressure
He portrayed Wednesday's action as an important escalation of pressure against Tehran. The Bush administration believes there are serious divisions within the regime over how to proceed on the U.S.-backed offer.
But the White House is facing growing pressures of its own, in part because the nuclear programs in both Iran and North Korea have only advanced since Bush put those nations on notice by branding them as members of an "axis of evil."
He declared in his 2002 State of the Union address that a post-Sept. 11 America had the right to pre-emptively attack a nation that represented a potential threat, famously declaring the U.S. "would not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons."
But the tough message the White House had hoped to send the world with the invasion of Iraq and the ousting of Saddam Hussein may have backfired. More than three years after firing the first pre-emptive shot, the U.S. remains deeply and expensively involved in Iraq, and experts say the U.S. military is severely stretched. | <urn:uuid:4d1fdb86-0771-4fc2-ba62-d13ffe42ae62> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-07-13/news/0607130164_1_enrichment-peaceful-nuclear-power-world-powers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00554-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968866 | 873 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Loanwords and loan phrases are terms that have been taken from other languages and used as English words and phrases. Another term for a loanword is a borrowed word. Loanwords and loan phrases come into the English language when English speakers come into contact with other languages and cultures.
When loanwords and loan phrases first enter the English language, they are used by bilingual speakers and usually maintain the original pronunciation from the source language. As other English speakers adopt the loanwords and loan phrases, the pronunciation may change to incorporate sounds more in keeping with the English speakers’ accents. A foreign word evolves into a loanword when it is adopted into the vocabulary of the average English speaker, not just English speakers who come into contact with the source language and culture. Do not confuse loanwords and loan phrases with calques. A calque is a loan translation, it is a word or phrase which adopts the meaning of a foreign word or phrase with existing English words. Some examples of calques are the English word bushmeat taken from the French word viande de brousse, and the English phrase rest in peace derived from the Latin phrase requiescat in pace.
English has incorporated loanwords and loan phrases from many languages. For instance, the terms modus operandi and quid pro quo are borrowed from Latin, à la carte and gaffe are borrowed from French, karaoke and bokeh are borrowed from Japanese and loot and nirvana are borrowed from Hindi. English is an ever-evolving language that is somewhat of a melting pot of other languages and cultures. | <urn:uuid:569f1865-1ae8-41f2-b0df-8ef545eef972> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://grammarist.com/loanwords-and-loan-phrases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.950632 | 322 | 3.625 | 4 |
This assessment will cover certain questions:
- What are the stages managed in consumer behavior?
- Elaborate with the marketers in the decision-making process
- What is the application of theory?
Consumer behaviour refers as the ideas and behaviour of customers who uses at the time of purchase something. This is related with different behaviour where business concern identify the needs of people and provide products accordingly which attracts customers and make profits (Visscher and et. al., 2017). To understand about consumer and its buying behaviour The Churchill has been selected that is five star hotel located on Portman square, north of Marble Arch in central London, England. This Hotel is operated by Hayatt Hotel corporation. Different topics are covered in this report such as consumer behaviour and its importance, ability to map a path to purchase in given category by focusing on decision making process, importance for marketers for mapping a path, proper form of research to understand influence decision making process in context to B2B and B2C. Moreover, how marketers influence the different stages of decision making process covered in this report.
P1 Stages of Consumer Decision Making Journey
Consumer behaviour is consider as the process which is used by consumer to purchase the products and services effectively. Business is depends on customers who purchases goods by knowing their needs and income level. Consumer map is stated as journey which is used by people to buys the products and services. This journey involves various stages which used by customers make the buying decision (Customer’s buying process, 2019). In context to The Churchill is providing better quality of food, staying facility, attractive accommodation as per people's wants which helps to increase the productivity and profitability. People make buying decision after going through all steps that are as elaborated:
This means whenever customers plans to buy some thing then firstly it needs to recognise their needs that clears what need to purchase. For instance, some people wants to spend their vacations with their family by visiting places so they needs hotel to stay and getting better accommodation service.
After getting needs people needs to search the information about products and services which are providing by organisation. For instance, people who want to go outside starts to research and collect the information about different places and others.
After collecting information, customers evaluates the all information where it compares with others under map journey which helps to make right decision. In context to The Churchill hotel, various information are collected by customers which are providing by such organisation (De Mooij, 2019).
Pre Purchase Stage
In this step, customers perform map journey by focusing on pre purchase stage where it compare with other organisation and helps to take correct action. By comparing with other hotel or services in context to The Churchill hotel, information are collected by customers by using websites, social media and others which helps to make buying decision.
After identifying various information by people on the basis of price, income level, services etc and purchase the products. In context to The Churchill hotel, various information are analysed by customers and make decision to book the hotel as per cost which helps to maintain get the effective products and services.
In this stage payment made by customers after getting satisfaction for the purpose of buying products and services. In context to The Churchill hotel services are enjoyed by customers which helps to satisfy the demand wants and create good experience.
Post Purchase Evaluation Stage
In this stage, customers take test or examine the experience which helps make further purchase decisions in future. Customers also further provide feedback form which helps management to improve and increase more customers.
Levels of Consumer Decision Making
Routine Problem Solving
This means when customers et information about routine products in that case there is not need to thing deeply for the purpose of buying products. Here, the level of making decision is low because consumer buys products for daily uses.
Customers buys products and services after solving their problems while purchasing. Sometime customer have many options to opt the products and services that states the high level of consumer decision making (Evans, Welch and Swaffield, 2017).
In this customers get solution of their problem effectively which helps to buy the products or making buying decision.
In this, customers are able to find different solution for their problems and buy products and services.
P2 Importance For Marketers to Map Path to Purchase Consumer Decision Making
Mapping a path is consider as journey where customer make decision to purchase the commodities and services. Marketers are playing an important role in business organisation who helps to increase the sale by attracting customers. For marketers, to map a path is important because it get information what customer wants and how it can be satisfied. In other words, marketers is the link between customers and organisation who analyses the needs and provide information about attractive products and services which highly satisfy the customers (Lin and et. al., 2019). In context to The Churchill hotel, marketers are playing important role as they analyses the information and provide important information which helps to make right buying decision. There are different factors which influences decision making that are as follows:
This means mental shortcut which helps to people to make decision which are highly influenced by current emotions. Something customers are highly connected by brand and single services due to their mentality which influences the buying decision of customers. In this factor, marketers understand the psychology of their customers and provide products and services which helps customers to buys commodities. In context to The Churchill hotel, marketers understand demand of its regular customers what they wants and treat them perfectly which influenced customer buying decision positively.
Marketing Mix Factor
This consider some element such as product, price, place and promotion which influences customers to take right step while buying anything. Customers depend on such element which helps to buys the products if they are fully satisfied. Marketers influenced the customers to buy products by providing information about product, place and price which helps to make buying decision (Itzchakov, Uziel and Wood, 2018).
This is also influencing factor which is used by organisation and marketers to influence customers and increase the business sale. Marketers analysis the new technology which is used to attracts the people and make easy operation in order to increase customer base. This factor influenced customer buying behaviour such as marketers of The Churchill hotel introduced from new technology like online booking and cancellation, sharing feedback and queries, e Bay, tailing etc. which attracts customers and buys hotel services and also increases C2C purchasing.
M1 How Marketers are Responding to Decision Making Process
Marketers are those who evaluate the needs and wants of people and provide information about new products which influence them and emphasis them to make buying decision. Marketers are those person who are playing an important role in business organisation which helps to connect the customers with organisation by satisfying them effectively. In context to The Churchill hotel, marketers provide important information like discount, package, facility, cost and destination which emphasis customers to buy services and increase the productivity.
P3 Compare and Contrast The Difference of Decision Making Process in Context to B2C and B2B
This means business to business which is used to deal between two business concern in order to selling products and services (Bucherâ€Koenen and et. al., 2017).
This means business to customers which is used to deal between business and customers understanding their needs and wants.
Difference Between B2B and B2C Research
This means purchase decision are associated with business to business which helps to increase business sale. Herein information are collected by business concern by analysing business needs.
This means purchase decision taken by customers by analysing the products and services effectively. Herein, business organisation analysis the needs and wants of people which helps to increase business sale by providing products and services.
Finding out needs
In it, the management of business industries identify the needs of different products which are important to operate a business successfully.
In this, management identify the needs of customers and make efforts to operate business by providing the products according which helps to make high profits. Such as The Churchill hotel uses different methods to get the needs of people and provide products accordingly.
Decision related to market size
In B2B, The Churchill hotel classify the market size which is large on the basis of income, age, occupation and target of other business which helps to make different from others.
In B2C, The Churchill hotel segmented the market size in to different categories such as age, income level, destination, needed facility and occupation of customers which helps to provide services accordingly.
Importance of B2B and B2C in Business Environment
This is important run a business at wider level as it sale product directly to business in business environment. Marketers in business environment understand what other business expects and how it can be satisfied by offering products. It uses different ways or technology which helps to continue the business with the help of new technology (Aschemann-Witzel and et. al., 2017). This is linked with products and services in businesses for instance, marketers of The Churchill hotel visits the market and understand other business which helps to sale the products and services accordingly.
This is important in business environment such as it helps to maintain the good relation with customers and business. Marketers uses different techniques which attracts people and increase the productivity by increasing the number of customers. They are linked with products and services. For example, The Churchill hotel provides hotel services to people which attracts people and increase the organisational productivity and profitability.
P4 Different Approaches to Market Research and Methods of Research Used For Decision Making Process
Market research refers acknowledge about market and customers by using skills which helps to make the right buying decision. Research is done by marketers who visits the market and get needs of people which helps to maintain the number of customers. For instance, marketers of The Churchill hotel are having marketing skills and great knowledge which is used to attracts targeted customers and new one also in order to increase the productivity of organisation. This research involves two methods in market research that are as explained:
This method is used by B2B and B2C by analysing the needs of business and customers which helps to generate high profits. Such method represents the theoretical data which is collected by sample representation, survey and observation method. In context to The Churchill hotel, managers collect the data by using observation method which help to collect the information for its customers. In B2B research all data is collected by sample representation which helps to understand what business wants and how they can get success in their business (Verain and et. al., 2017).
This method refers as collection of data in numerical form which helps to work accordingly and make decision accordingly. For example, the marketing manager of The Churchill hotel uses this method under B2B and B2C research where it collects data by using sample survey and questionnaire which helps to maintain wide range of customers and business by influencing the people.
Pareto principle is used by The Churchill hotel in market research in order to make buying decision process that are as defined:
There is required different skills set in B2B and B2C research which helps to make buying decision. For example, manager of The Churchill hotel are required management skills, coordination, communication and mathematical skills in B2B research which helps to perform a business in business environment. And in B2C research are required leadership, marketing, communication, mathematical results and technical skills which helps to keep records of information that can be used to improve the business performance (Singh and Verma, 2017).
The Churchill hotel that is five star hotel provides different types of products and services by using sample observation and questionnaire method which can help to know about customers and increase the productivity.
This means researcher should analyses the sample size which helps to gather the information in order to make buying process. The sample size in B2B research for The Churchill hotel is not effective where as in B2C research is effective which helps to make buying decision for customers properly (Shi and Liao, 2017).
Tele Depth Interview
This means collection of information by using telephones, emails and messages which helps to keep contact with customers and business. In context to The Churchill hotel management gather the information by tele depth interview where customers have option to put query and get responds in order to make buying process.
M2 Factors Influence Decision Making and Buying Behaviour
In business environment there are many factors which influences the buying behaviour such as heuristic, technological and marketing mix which are used by organisation to influence the people and increase the market image effectively. By using this factors customers get information about cost, services and facility of The Churchill hotel which influence them to make buying process. On the other side, qualitative and quantitative approach to collect the information and provide them services accordingly.
P5 Marketers Can Influence Different Stages of Decision Making Process
Decision making process is consider as long term process that uses to identify and choosing appropriate options in order to make right business decision. A person who make buying decision after analysing all factors such as culture, subculture, values, beliefs and buying behaviour which helps to make right decision. Herein, marketers are important who influences customers to make decision process by attracting the people (De Nisco, Papadopoulos and Elliot, 2017). For example, the marketers of The Churchill hotel focuses on culture, sub cultures, tradition and other factors which helps to provide products and services accordingly. They understand the the different culture of people and provide hotel services accordingly which helps to retain them for long period. There are different ways which is use by marketers to influence the consumer behaviour such as:
Marketers uses this factor to influence people by using advertisement, word of mouth, promotion and others which helps to attain the business goals. In context to The Churchill hotel marketers focus on promotion in which they attracts people by offering quality of food and staying facility on the basis of their culture and subculture which processed to consumer buying decision and also enhance the organisational productivity.
This is the another way that states that how a person perceive things and keep in thoughts which help to make buying decisions. The perception of people is not same so this is important for marketers to focus on customer perception and make efforts to complete them. In context to The Churchill hotel, marketers has responsibility to understand the perception of national and international customers or target audience which provide satisfaction to people in order to make buying decision (Fan, Liu, Wang and Wang, 2017).
The Churchill hotel is a multinational hotel which provides various hotel services which highly attracts people to purchase service by making decisions. In context to B2B such organisation operate business in other sector by connected with other business concern such as travel agency which can suggest customers to avail services from respective company which helps to make buying decision.
In context to B2C, The Churchill hotel offers all services and quality of food, transportation services, best WiFi and adventurous trip which attracts customers in order to make consumer buying decision. Moreover, required information are provided by marketers with the help of advertisement, promotional activity and billboards which influences customers and make decisions.
M3 Decision Making Process Influenced By Marketers
Decision making process is continuous process which is used by customers to take the decision for particular thing. It is influenced by marketers, is consider as single player who attract the people and increase the organisational sale (Grebitus, Printezis and Printezis, 2017). In context to The Churchill hotel, needs are evaluated by marketers that what the culture and subculture of people which helps to provide products and services accordingly which helps to make the right business decision.
D1 Application of Theory, Concept and Models
The concept of consumer buying behaviour states that how customer can make decision to buy the products and services. There are different models and theories which should be use by business organisation to influence the people and increase sale. Such as The Churchill hotel is using Cognitive and Behavioural theory which helps to make the consumer buying decision.
This refers as mental activity like remember, thinking and language which helps marketer to make buying decision in context to B2B and B2C.
In this theory manager of The Churchill hotel observe the stimulus response, and behaviour of customers which helps to increase the skills and knowledge in order to select the appropriate product and services.
Also read: Ways in Which the Company Deals With Issues
From the above report it can be concluded that consumer behaviour is related with buying behaviour where customer recognise their needs, collect information, evaluate alternatives and purchase product in order to consume and get satisfaction. If customers are happy with products they give positive feedback which helps to increase the productivity and profitability. B2B and B2C market research are conducted by manager which helps to perform the business effectively and increase profit margin. There are different models and theories which are used by marketers to influence the people and emphasis them to buy the product effectively. Get more details about assignment help UK from our experts.
- Visschers, V. H., and et. al., 2017. Beliefs and values explain international differences in perception of solar radiation management: insights from a cross-country survey.Climatic change. 142(3-4). pp.531-544.
- De Mooij, M., 2019.Consumer behavior and culture: Consequences for global marketing and advertising. SAGE Publications Limited.
- Evans, D., Welch, D. and Swaffield, J., 2017. Constructing and mobilizing ‘the consumer’: Responsibility, consumption and the politics of sustainability.Environment and Planning A. 49(6). pp.1396-1412.
- Lin, X., and et. al., 2019. Exploring gender differences in online consumer purchase decision making: An online product presentation perspective.Information Systems Frontiers. 21(5). pp.1187-1201.
- Itzchakov, G., Uziel, L. and Wood, W., 2018. When attitudes and habits don’t correspond: Self-control depletion increases persuasion but not behavior.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.75.pp.1-10.
- Bucherâ€Koenen, and et. al., 2017. How financially literate are women? An overview and new insights.Journal of Consumer Affairs,51(2), pp.255-283.
- Aschemann-Witzel, J., and et. al., 2017. Key characteristics and success factors of supply chain initiatives tackling consumer-related food waste–A multiple case study.Journal of cleaner production. 155. pp.33-45.
- Verain, M., and et. al., 2017. Attribute segmentation and communication effects on healthy and sustainable consumer diet intentions.Sustainability. 9(5). p.743.
- Singh, A. and Verma, P., 2017. Factors influencing Indian consumers' actual buying behaviour towards organic food products.Journal of cleaner production. 167. pp.473-483.
- Shi, X. and Liao, Z., 2017. Online consumer review and group-buying participation: the mediating effects of consumer beliefs.Telematics and Informatics. 34(5). pp.605-617.
- De Nisco, A., Papadopoulos, N. and Elliot, S., 2017. From international travelling consumer to place ambassador: Connecting place image to tourism satisfaction and post-visit intentions.International Marketing Review. 34(3). pp.425-443.
- Fan, L., Liu, X., Wang, B. and Wang, L., 2017. Interactivity, engagement, and technology dependence: understanding users’ technology utilisation behaviour.Behaviour & Information Technology. 36(2). pp.113-124.
- Grebitus, C., Printezis, I. and Printezis, A., 2017. Relationship between consumer behavior and success of urban agriculture.Ecological Economics. 136. pp.189-200. | <urn:uuid:7244a117-6922-4c1a-8017-923900f0f764> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.assignmentdesk.co.uk/free-samples/business-assignment-help/consumer-behaviour-and-decision-making-journey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.94886 | 4,215 | 3.125 | 3 |
Family cars started to trickle back onto British roads after the end of the Second World War. These were cars that had been stored away in garages during the war because petrol had only been available for essential work.
Consequently many of the cars that I saw as a child in the 1940s were old ones from the 1920s and 1930s. Some were even earlier. What struck me particularly about these old cars were their indicators for turning left or right.
The old cars indicated that they were turning left or right with a control that swung out a little lever-like arm - see the photos. These were widely known as 'flippers' but their formal name was 'trafficators'.
The trafficator system was not at all satisfactory because the mechanism tended to jam so that the flipper was either stuck in or out all the time - and there was no flashing light to focus anyone's attention on it.
Trafficators sat in a recess, which could become gummed up with dirt, grime, polish and all manner of things, and they could be frozen stuck in winter. Water could seep into the aperture and (maybe because of this) the solenoids that worked the arms failed or jammed. Bulb life was not brilliant either, possibly because the trafficator arms opened and closed with a bit of a 'thwack'. Trafficators were also a pedestrian liability. They would suddenly pop out at head, throat or arm level and I understand that several people were injured by them.
My father said that if you turned the engine off before the trafficator had come in, it would stay sticking out and he had broken several by getting out and walking into them.
Some buses and lorries were fitted with trafficators. They were usually somewhat larger than those on cars and vans. Some buses also had complimenting left and right pointing illuminated arrows on the rear, and these were often retained after the advent of flashing indicators.
As far as I know there was no car indicator to show that a car was slowing down.
The solution to this and to the unreliability of trafficators was hand signals. The driver opened his window and stuck out his arm as explained in more detail on the traffic control page.
As you can imagine hand signalling was not a rapid reaction process. To add to the problem, it relied on the driver behind concentrating on the car in front rather than on the road generally.
The fact that trafficator indicators did not result in more accidents must have been due to there being so little traffic on the roads.
My first car was a 1960 VW Beetle with trafficators, which, after use, I always had lean out of the window and slap down again by hand because they refused to retract into their slots. This was easier on the driver's side of course. So if I didn't have a travelling companion to do the slapping-down on the nearside, every time I turned left I had to resort to hand signals, knowledge of which was mandatory for the driving test in those days.
If I recollect correctly trafficators were made obsolete on new vehicles by law at some point in the 1960s. I remember, as a child, my father commenting that it was "...a ****** good thing too". | <urn:uuid:1867406b-d9ec-4004-813b-91850a2dc12a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://1900s.org.uk/1920s40s-car-indicators.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00412-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992416 | 664 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences at Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague got support for International Project called HUNTOUR co-financed from ERASMUS+.
FFWS will act as project coordinator in this project and will work with other partners from Finland, Hungary and Serbia. Project duration is 36 months with start date at the beginning of the September.
„The main objective of HUNTOUR project is mainly to create educational materials for subsequent decision-making direction of the development of hunting tourism in the European Union countries. Only systematic collection of materials, comparison on a uniform basis can lead to the subsequent creation of a strategic development plan in a given area“, says the main researcher of the project, Vice-dean for Education, Ing. et Ing. Markéta Kalábová, Ph.D.
FFWS will be represented and collaborated in this project by employees of 3 departments, the Department of Forestry and Wood Economics, the Department of Forest Protection and Entomology and the Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology. | <urn:uuid:57d1be76-cda8-4420-8dd8-0b155352cebc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fld.czu.cz/en/r-10421-visual-homepage/ffws-has-received-funding-for-another-international-project-.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.908496 | 214 | 1.5 | 2 |
By the year 2025, the Philippines is believed to be brought to a water crisis if no new sources of water are developed or found to meet the growing demand of the citizens. (Sapnu, R., Balabo, D., & Cervantes, D., 2007) "There is a Japan International Cooperation Agency study that says that if we will not conserve water, there may be some problems. But of course we can always start conserving now and look for other sources," Lopez (2013) said. Studies have shown how water conservation and appropriate water utilization are significant as early as today.
The average citizen in the Philippines most likely does not think too much about the impending water issues that may come to us sooner rather than later. It is believed that there is a lot of groundwater in the Philippines with Department…show more content… General Pipe’s should be cleaned, if possible, every two weeks since unnecessary dirt and feces’ residuals unknowingly remains along the pipes’ rims, thickening as time pass by.
• Add another machine to speed up the mall’s Waste Water treatments. Since the current machines are bought back in 2011, the addition of stalls and establishments adds up to the machine’s work, thus implying that additional ones should be installed.
• Separate the machine utilizing the pool’s water. Unavoidable circumstances occur, and effluents might penetrate the pipes intended for the pool and endanger the swimmers’ health, particularly kids.
• Revamping of pipes should be practiced once in every two years since rust are seen on some pipes, adding up to the danger of mixing with the processed water.
Anonuevo, E. & Miel, Likha. (2013, March 20). Water crisis to hit Philippines in 10 years if no new sources are tapped, expert says. Retrieved from | <urn:uuid:9ee1126e-7bb1-4492-b0e2-2e90dcad9360> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www2.bartleby.com/essay/Water-Utilization-In-The-Philippines-Case-Study-PCD4AC9ER | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.937185 | 387 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The last time ASM was held in New Orleans was the year before hurricane Katrina blew through and wrought such devastation. When I arrived for the 2011 conference in May of this year, I was curious to see if the city had changed much. As it turns out, the recovery has been two-pronged. The French Quarter and downtown sections of the city seem to have fully recovered, but there are vast areas of the city that are still boarded up and abandoned. According to several people we spoke to, only about 10% of the evacuees from these areas have returned to their homes.
Of course, the main reason for my trip was to attend the conference. The Mycobacteriology scientific session held interesting talks about newly categorized Mycobacterium bolletii and M. massiliense as subspecies of M. abscessus. And for the first time since the advent of line-probe assays and genetic-marker-based susceptibility determinations for MTB, we heard the researchers admit that phenotypic susceptibility testing could never go away – something we clinical people have been saying from the beginning.
From a personal perspective, I feel it was a successful conference – I gave away all my handouts at my poster, I made a few discoveries in the vendor’s booths, collected a few brochures for possible new equipment, had a long look at the mysterious new MALDI-TOF instrument that’s heading our way for validation in the fall, and won an iPad in a raffle (how cool is that?).
It was a great privilege to attend and present research at the 2011 ASM General Meeting in New Orleans. This meeting highlights the accomplishments and ongoing research of the field’s brightest minds. The ASM General Meeting offered many excellent seminars ranging from the history of B. anthracis as a biological weapon to the use of DNA-based techniques for the detection and identification of bacteria from culture negative biofilms. The meeting showcased the latest in technology, including sequencing and mass spectrometry. These techniques hope to streamline the identification of organisms in the microbiology laboratory, which can often take several days to weeks. A highlight of the conference involved showing support with many of my co-workers for our director, Dr. Karen Carroll, as she received an award for research in clinical microbiology. Overall, the conference was a great learning experience that showcased many different techniques and technologies that would be useful in our microbiology laboratory.
Lead Clinical Laboratory Scientist – Microbiology
Johns Hopkins Hospital
I am extremely grateful for the opportunity to attend the 111th Annual American Society for Microbiology meeting held in New Orleans, Louisiana this past May. My experience attending this meeting was informative and enlightening. I attended a morning symposium called The Global Spread of Bacteria that Produce Beta-Lactamases, the lecturers were very engaging and thorough. The symposium covered hospital environment settings to implementing new CLSI guidelines. MALDI-TOF was a very big topic throughout the meeting which I found very interesting and exciting, especially with the identification of yeast and moulds. A highlight during the trip was being able to see Dr. Carroll win her BD award and all of Johns Hopkins Micro cheering for her. During my poster presentation, I met a colleague of a researcher who actually first began describing the Prototheca species that I was presenting from a case report. The entire trip was fun and informative.
Lead Clinical Laboratory Scientist of Mycology
Johns Hopkins Hospital
New Orleans was hot and humid and seems to be still not completely recovered from the effects of Katrina. Bourbon street was looking seeder then I remembered. The big topic at the meeting was MALDI-TOF (mass-spec)where the reality of the method is begining to overtake the fantasy. I had good intrest in my poster, mainly because it was a topic (centroid database) that most had never heard of. I thought Dr. Carroll gave a great talk at her award symposium reflecting on her recent work with MRSA and C. difficle. I was glad to see her win this award as it is well desereved and real tribute to one of the hardest working and most dedicated Microbiologist I have ever worked with. | <urn:uuid:2230ff4e-19c1-4e6b-966b-1c370548bfdf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://apps.pathology.jhu.edu/blogs/pathology/tag/asm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00470-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97103 | 874 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Recorded: Saturday Nov 10, 2012
TO LISTEN TO THIS PODCAST please enter or confirm your email address below:
To listen to the free dharma talks on this site, we'd like to invite you to our mailing list. After entering your email, this page will reload, and you will have instant and unlimited access to the hundreds of dharma podcasts on this site.
Episode Description: During this full one-day sit, or zazenkai, Roshi Joan and Sensei Robert unpack the famous story of the illiterate woodcutter Huineng, whose insight into the dharma astonished everyone and outraged not a few. Teacher Bios: Joan Halifax Roshi is a Buddhist teacher, Zen priest, anthropologist, and author. She is Founder, Abbot, and Head […] | <urn:uuid:bb88acd5-07ce-45d7-95d6-605544c6c48c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.upaya.org/tag/zen-buddhism/page/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718296.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00539-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907265 | 166 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Read the original post, iHTML is interactive, totally different from the
way html is currently handled (static documents). There are no 'gateways'
involved because you are basically at the equivalent of a shell login.
Using this example (as simply an example, this is not actually the intended
use (so no comments about just using emacs please ;)) you could get a
directory listing by typing 'ls -lF'. Except for your 'terminal' (i.e.
client) is "ihtml" aware, so rather than flat text you see something
-rw-r--r-- 1 brandon 1006 Sep 14 15:50 <a href="local:less cgi.pl">cgi.pl</a>
drwxr-xr-x 15 brandon 512 Oct 3 02:13 <a href="local:cd bin">bin/</a>
etc. Basically you are defining something which can have an action
envoked upon it, and the action is simply returned in the interactive
login you have (regurgitated). The whole setup is very basic, and
almost seems not worth the effort, until you start considering some
of the greater usages available. For instance, you can anchor anywhere,
not just on the local interactive login--help documents (man pages) can
start locally and move off-system transparently.
Once again, I reiterate, the above example is not the intended use,
although it could be used as such :) | <urn:uuid:e55d27b0-1cdc-435a-9948-6abc936ec2d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-html.1995q4/0104.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00276-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.861817 | 314 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Real Estate Tax Center
Tax Tips - Real Estate
This section contains information on topics such as tax credits, rental income and expenses and the sale of your residence.
Avoiding Problems - Real Estate
This section contains important information on recordkeeping and warns you of fraudulent real estate schemes.
Trends and Statistics - Real Estate
This site provides industry specific and general survey results that should be of interest to the small business owner.
Audit Technique Guides - Real Estate
The IRS Market Segment Specialization Program (MSSP) publishes various guides for use by IRS employees conducting audits and as information for taxpayers and practitioners.
Financial Resources - Real Estate
This section provides you with direct links to many commonly used financial resources for small businesses.
Tips on Rental Real Estate Income, Deductions and Recordkeeping
Questions and answers pertaining to rental real estate tax issues.
Reporting and Paying Tax on U.S. Real Property Interests
The disposition of a U.S. real property interest by a foreign person (transferor) is subject to the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 (FIRPTA) income tax withholding. FIRPTA authorized the United States for the first time to tax foreign persons on disposition of U.S. Real Property Interests (USRPI).
Income Verification Express Service (IVES)
The Income Verification Express Service (IVES) provides two-business day processing and delivery of tax return transcripts. The new service replaces the existing process that required manual pick-up and delivery of transcripts from the IRS Return and Income Verification Services (RAIVS) units located across the country. | <urn:uuid:6d8eca46-224b-45b0-88e1-4f66cd15ede1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/real-estate-tax-center | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00244-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887082 | 335 | 1.5 | 2 |
Charles Kennedy's smart act
The Liberal Democrats are gaining ground. What happens if they start to matter?
THE wild card in the general election expected on May 5th is a party that has barely sniffed power since the first world war: the Liberal Democrats. Although Labour strategists are reluctant to admit it, the third-party Lib Dems may threaten the government's chance of another big majority more than the Tories do.
The 70-plus seats for which the party is privately hoping, against the 52 they won in 2001, are still some way from the tipping point of their dreams. But even that quite possible result could chill both Labour and Tory hopes. It would cost several top Conservatives their seats (half a dozen have close Lib Dem challengers) and dent the party's chances of a real comeback in five years' time. And Lib Dem inroads into traditional Labour territory coupled with a smaller government majority would threaten Tony Blair's ability to push ahead with radical reform of public services.
How likely is that prospect? The Lib Dems are used both to false dawns and the savage quirks of Britain's first-past-the-post electoral system. Despite gaining 25% of the vote in 1983, their forerunner, the Alliance (consisting of the-then Liberals plus the Social Democratic Party, founded by Labour defectors) won only 23 seats. A few months earlier, David Steel, the Liberal leader, had instructed his party activists to “prepare for government”.
Charles Kennedy, a good-humoured Scot who has led the merged Liberal Democrats since 1999, avoids the vainglory that beguiled his predecessors. He declines to contemplate even the possibility of his party wielding power in the event of a hung parliament. The most he is prepared to say is that anything is possible.
In 2001, the party won 52 seats with an 18% share of the vote. Since then, electoral trends have been working in the Lib Dems' favour. Following the invasion of Iraq two years ago, Labour's support has fallen substantially. During almost the whole of its first five years in office, Labour's monthly average in the opinion polls remained stubbornly above 45%. Last year, its average poll rating never exceeded 39%.
But there is little sign of disaffected Labour voters switching to the Tories, whose position in the polls has been anchored in the low 30s or worse for over a decade. By contrast, in the past six months, the Lib Dems have averaged just below 22%, seven points higher than before the 2001 election. It looks as if the anti-war stance taken by Mr Kennedy has paid off handsomely.
Although the war has receded as an election issue, Mr Kennedy argues that it exposed the issue of trust in the prime minister, with enduring effect. Iraq, he believes, is to Labour, or at least to Tony Blair, what sleaze was for John Major's Tories—a permanent reminder of something distasteful. Mr Kennedy argues that Mr Blair's trust deficit now makes it far harder for him to be believed when he boasts of the great strides made in reforming the NHS or education. As a result of the party's willingness to stand up against the war when the Tory front bench was for it, the Lib Dems' boast that they are now the real opposition has some substance.
Robert Waller, co-author of the “Almanac of British Politics”, argues that there is a “significant realignment of the traditional political spectrum in Britain” under way. By declaring themselves the anti-war party and by taking up policy positions to the left of a Labour government that no longer espouses socialism, Mr Waller thinks that the Lib Dems could challenge Labour seriously in up to 20 seats.
Among them are “university seats”, where students, their teachers and younger professionals, particularly those working in the public sector, were one-and-a half times more likely to vote Lib Dem in 2001 than other groups. The Lib Dems do well with such voters on Iraq, on their hostility to tuition fees, and for defending civil liberties and immigration.
In some Labour seats in the Midlands and the North-West with a concentration of Muslim voters, Iraq may still play particularly strongly. Last summer, by-elections in Leicester South and Birmingham Hodge Hill saw big swings to the Lib Dems.
Admittedly, these constituencies are very different from the ones in which the Lib Dems traditionally do well (chiefly Scotland and Wales, rural constituencies in the south-west of England and prosperous suburbs) where the main enemy is the Tories. Nor, with policies easily found on the internet, can the Lib Dems play a favourite trick from the past: tailoring their message to appeal to Labour voters in one part of the country and Tories in another.
Lord (Chris) Rennard, the party's campaign chief, is unconcerned. The party's policies, he says, play as well with Tory turncoats as they do with disillusioned Labour supporters. Middle-class Tories with children heading for university will like the Lib Dems' promise to abolish tuition fees, due to rise to £3,000 ($5,600). They will also like the Lib Dem policy of making long-term care for the elderly free. The first absolves such voters from worrying about their children's university debts; the second means their inheritance is less likely to be eroded by the cost of nursing their parents. Both are to be paid for by a new 50% tax rate on earnings over £100,000 a year. And while both the Tories and Labour are offering to ease the burden of council tax on pensioners, the Lib Dems want to replace it outright, with a fairer-sounding local income tax. Nor is the party's stance on the war an obstacle. Conservative voters supported the war less, and dislike George Bush more, than Labour ones.
Another plank of Lord Rennard's strategy, which plays well with fed-up Labour voters, is that as there is no danger of the Tories winning, it is safe to vote Lib Dem. That will not feature in the televised campaign (the so-called “air war”) but it will be a key theme of the Lib Dems' “ground war”. A third of the country (Scotland, Wales and northern cities) has, he argues, become a no-go area to the Tories, making it almost impossible for them to form a government. Remove the fear of Michael Howard in Downing Street, he thinks, and many more people will vote Lib Dem to give the government a kicking.
The big question now for the Lib Dems is whether, as in previous elections, they will enjoy a surge in support once formal campaigning starts and the party starts getting a fairer share of television time. If after the first week of electioneering, the Lib Dems have moved up to around 25%, while the Tories have slipped back a couple of points, the “story” will be about Lib Dems catching the Tories up, Lord Rennard hopes. “If that were to happen,” he says, “we might be able to turn it into a very big by-election in which we can squeeze the Tory vote in lots of different places and the Labour vote in others.”
There is a less rosy alternative. Ominously, the issues of the informal campaign so far—race, asylum and immigration, which all seem to be high up voters' concerns, are those where the Lib Dems, to their credit, are at their weakest. Despite some wobbles (see article) the Tories show every sign of fighting a tougher, more vigorous and professional campaign than many, including Lord Rennard, thought them capable of. The nightmare for the Lib Dems is that their campaign lift might do more to deliver Labour seats to Mr Howard than to elect MPs of their own. It's another sign of Mr Kennedy's canniness that he will not be getting carried away until all the votes are counted.
This article appeared in the Britain section of the print edition under the headline "Charles Kennedy's smart act"
From the April 2nd 2005 edition
Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contentsExplore the edition
More reservoirs would help. So might less conventional methods
And it’s about to get worse
So are complaints that ethnic minorities are disproportionately targeted | <urn:uuid:2d62ed66-b163-4743-9882-cb4e96880423> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.economist.com/britain/2005/03/31/charles-kennedys-smart-act | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.968477 | 1,712 | 1.664063 | 2 |
A Halo for Haley – Active-Airflow Mattress Helps Prevent SIDS
Update 8/23/09: This product is currently unavailable, as the manufacturer has discontinued production. If this turns out to be a temporary situation, I will update this post as soon as I learn about it. If you are as disappointed as others who have written to us, consider voicing your concern directly to HALO Innovations — but only if you truly would purchase one of their crib mattresses if it were available. — Publisher
When a baby dies from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), the parents are beyond devastated. The loss of a child — at any age — is a pain that never goes away, no matter how much time passes. With 2,500 SIDS deaths in the U.S. alone each year, chances are that you or someone you know has experienced this tragic loss.
After Bill and Cathy Schmid’s tiny daughter, Haley, died of SIDS in 1991, they wanted answers. What they learned was that Haley likely suffocated in her own exhalations when her tiny arms cradled her face as she slept. While oxygen deprivation doesn’t explain all SIDS deaths, Bill, an engineer, was determined to find a way to prevent that particular cause from ever taking another baby’s life.
He invented a crib mattress that allowed fresh air to flow up through the surface to the baby, providing a constant, gentle supply of fresh air. While the idea was good, there were problems that he hadn’t yet solved. The mattress was heavy and hard for a parent to lift without help. And it was difficult to clean. He sold a few mattresses to parents who were eager to prevent a SIDS tragedy from happening to their child. But sales were not brisk, and Bill was not satisfied with his invention.
So, Bill contacted Steve Kunert, a brilliant mechanical engineer, whose specialty is solving problems and refining inventions to get them ready for the market. Steve worked with Bill to improve his invention. The result is the HALO Innovations Active-Airflow Crib Mattress.
A small fan provides gentle, filtered air up through a woven, trampoline-like mattress, stretched taut and covered with a tightly fitted mattress pad. This keeps fresh, HEPA-filtered air circulating around the infant, preventing the build up of carbon dioxide around the baby’s face. The mattress is lightweight and lifts off the base for easy cleaning inside and out. The bed conforms to all safety regulations and exceeds the fire regulations for cribs. As an added benefit, the soft hum of the fan motor provides the baby with white noise that helps lull it to sleep.
In a future post, writer Katie Roche will blog about the Active-Airflow Crib Mattress, to review it from a first-hand, parent’s perspective. But I am writing to tell you about it today for two reasons. The first, and most important, is to share this life-saving invention with parents and grandparents who have babies in their families. The second is a more personal one. Joe and I have been working with Steve Kunert on a contest entry at Intuit, to share useful ideas with small businesses. We’re collaborating with Steve in hopes that he wins, of course, but, most importantly, our goal is to spread the word about this wonderful invention that can prevent infant mortality and give parents peace of mind.
If you’d like to see the contest video — and consider voting for Steve’s entry (which has two silent “extras” you may recognize: Joe and me), please go to Halo for Haley on the Intuit site. You’ll have to register in order to vote. And you can vote in multiple categories (Inspiring and Useful), if you wish. Since 40% of the weighting depends on votes, your votes will definitely help.
As to the prize money — first prize is $25,000 — if Steve’s video wins, he will use the funds to help independent inventors launch new products. Joe and I are part of his support team.
The voting closes on May 31, so please view the video and vote, if you wish, while you’re thinking about it. Thank you.
NOTE from the HALO website: “A percentage of all HALO profits are donated to First Candle/SIDS Alliance to fund ongoing SIDS research, education and family support.”
Blue Planet Green Living (Home Page | <urn:uuid:16b0a2af-d64f-44ff-b992-dc7915d03b33> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.blueplanetgreenliving.com/2009/05/18/a-halo-for-haley-active-airflow-mattress-helps-prevent-sids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00339-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964566 | 940 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Kurdish authorities in Iraq said Saturday they have evidence that the Islamic State group used chlorine gas as a chemical weapon against peshmerga fighters, the latest alleged atrocity carried out by the extremist organization now under attack in Tikrit.
The allegation by the Kurdistan Region Security Council, stemming from a Jan. 23 suicide truck bomb attack in northern Iraq, did not immediately draw a reaction from the Islamic State group, which holds a third of Iraq and neighboring Syria in its self-declared caliphate. However, Iraqi officials and Kurds fighting in Syria have made similar allegations about the militants using the low-grade chemical weapons against them.
In a statement, the council said the alleged chemical attack took place on a road between Iraq’s second-largest city, Mosul, and the Syrian border, as peshmerga forces fought to seize a vital supply line used by the Sunni militants. It said its fighters later found “around 20 gas canisters” that had been loaded onto the truck involved in the attack.
Video provided by the council showed a truck racing down a road, white smoke pouring out of it as it came under heavy fire from peshmerga fighters. It later showed a white, billowing cloud after the truck exploded and the remnants of it scattered across a road. | <urn:uuid:914e1e64-8813-4046-9aa5-e7abd905adf8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.infowars.com/iraqi-kurds-claim-islamic-state-group-used-chemical-weapons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971431 | 260 | 1.765625 | 2 |
A MORNING WALK AND THE SUNRISE
Points: Introduced – The pleasing sights of the sunrise – The pleasures and advantages of a morning INaik -People that meet us in the morning -Conclusion.
The sunrise is one of the most beautiful sights of Nature. Its praises have been sung by many poets who have all associated it with peace and joy. At this time everything appears to be beautiful. The rising sun illumines the mountain-tops, the trees, the temples, the mosques, the buildings of a big city. The eastern sky is flooded with a gentle and rosy colour, and everything appears to be bright and golden. Very often a gentle breeze blows at this time, which is very fresh and health-giving. It blows over vast plains and treetops, and even creeps into dark houses in crowded lanes.4essay.blogspot.com
A walk at this time is very beneficial. It is not only good for one's health, but also for one's mind. The fresh air which one breathes into one's lungs makes one healthy and happy. It also purges one's mind of all sorrows, bitterness and unhappiness. It gives one a new energy to do one's work. At this time even the most melancholy and depressed man feels cheerful and optimistic.4essay.blogspot.com
Besides this good effect on one's body and soul, a morning walk has much good effect on one's mind. It clears our head, and makes us think new thoughts. Sometimes the solution of outmost difficult problems comes to us at this time. A great mathematician used to say: "When I can't solve a problem I take it with me for a walk in the morning. In nine cases out of ten I always succeed in solving it." This is not only true of mathematicians but also of poets, philosophers, and others. Some of their finest thoughts come to them at this time.
At the same time, the sunrise makes us see many fine sights. On the roadside the trees look fresh and beautiful. Flowers bloom in gardens and the air is laden with their perfume. One also hears the songs of birds at this-time. The sparrow chirps from one branch of the tree and the lark sings high up in the sky.
But in addition to these objects of nature, one sees many other sights. One sees the farmer going to the field with his team of oxen, with the bells tinkling around their necks. Everywhere one finds people very serious about their work. Shoo-keepers open their shops and fishermen go to the river for catching fish. At this time of the day the muezzin in the mosque calls the faithful to prayer. The devotees go to their places of worship and pray to God. Even a bath at this time is thought to be good for health. So many people go to wells and tanks to have a bath.4essay.blogspot.com
Thus the sunrise is beautiful on account of its fine sights and sounds, and healthful effect on both body and mind. | <urn:uuid:5ae32b91-bd8d-428d-ad60-a9db04e875e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://4essay.blogspot.com/2012/10/a-morning-walk-and-sunrise.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00353-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967315 | 627 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Abuli, Firecracker Flower - Plant
( 22 times booked in last 90 days )
The pack contains 5 seed packets of
- Radish F1 Great Long White - Seeds
- Coriander Imported - Seeds
- Cucumber F1 Samber Selection - Seeds
- Methi Kasturi, Fenugreek - Seeds
- Sunflower Large Bloom - Seeds
*Use coupon : NLWKGP
-High Quality 8 inch Plastic Pot with each plant.
-Offer Valid on orders with 3 or more Plants
Common name: Russelia equisetiformis
Bloom time: Flowers freely
Height: 2.00 to 4.00 feet
Difficulty level: easy to grow
Planting & Care
During the active growing season from March to October, the soil should be kept evenly moist but never soggy. Feed every 2 weeks with a soluble, house plant fertilizer that has been diluted by 50%.
Sunlight: Full Sun to Partial Shade
Soil: well-drained soil
Temprature: temperatures of 75° with cooler, 60°-65° nights.
Fertilizer: Apply any organic fertilizer
- Also grows well in moist soils at the periphery of ponds or water gardens.
- Site in locations sheltered from strong winds.
- Cascading stems may root where they touch the ground, either accidentally or by design, and new plants can be potted up when this occurs.
Containers may be set in the ground to cascade over walls or sunk in damp soils at the edge of ponds or water gardens. Stems may also be tied to a trellis up against a wall. Container plants are an excellent addition to a bird garden or rock garden.
- Overwinter as a houseplant in a warm sun room (if well sited, it may continue to bloom throughout winter) or force into dormancy by cutting stems back hard and storing in a dark, cool, dry corner of a basement or frost free garage.
- The plant is used for ornamental purpose.
No serious insect or disease problems. | <urn:uuid:c2a35c46-e112-4664-8f02-168a8eaf3684> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://nurserylive.com/shop/404/pr-promotion/abuli-firecracker-flower-plants-in-india | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721387.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00447-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.818582 | 434 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Mission San Juan Capistrano
The Mission at San Juan Capistrano bills itself as the "birthplace of Orange County" and is one of the most recognized historic landmarks along the West Coast. First settled in 1775, the mission originally was built to spread the Spanish empire and convert local natives to Christianity. Now, it is a combination museum and religious site and offers a variety of tours, special events and activities for visitors of all ages. Among activities are a ceramics camp, adventure sleepovers, and summertime outdoor concerts each Saturday evening.
Among the many Mission San Juan Capistrano tours are a Swallows Walk & Talk Tour, which provides a detailed look at the history of the famous swallows migration to the mission each year. Separate audio tours in multiple languages are available for adults and children. The children's tour features humorous presentations aimed at fourth-graders but are appropriate for kids of all ages. Separate historic tours of the mission's church sites and the Serra Chapel also are available and retrace the mission's more than 240 years.
Is this your business?
Claim this page and customize your content.
Google Maps not available. | <urn:uuid:882f59fa-8e14-464b-a2d4-7c93022ca681> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.zozi.com/activities/walking-tours/US/california/mission-san-juan-capistrano | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00146-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933059 | 238 | 2.390625 | 2 |
The village of Munlochy sits astride the B9161 close to its junction with the A832 in the heart of the Black Isle, the promontory that lies north of Inverness, bounded by the Moray Firth to the south and the Cromarty Firth to the north. Half a mile west of this junction, the A832 enters a forested area, and as it does, passing motorists are treated to the odd spectacle of bits of cloth and clothing hanging off the trees and bushes on the south side of the road. Welcome to the Clootie Well!
The Clootie Well is a rather weird remnant of an ancient tradition once commonly found in Scotland and Ireland, of holy wells to which pilgrims would come and make offerings, usually in the hope of having an illness cured. The tradition dates far back into pre-Christian times, to the practice of leaving votive offerings to the local spirits or gods in wells and springs. With the arrival of Christianity, the practice was simply adopted to the new circumstances.
Over time, most of these holy wells became associated with local churches. A good example was at St Mary's, the Parish Church of Tyninghame and Whitekirk, in East Lothian. In just one year, 1413, no fewer than 15,563 pilgrims visited the holy well at St Mary's, to the great financial benefit of both the church and local economy.
Over time, as the Roman Church supplanted the Celtic Church in Scotland, practices which echoed the old pagan ways became frowned upon, and the number of holy wells diminished. And the Reformation of 1560 also served to suppress religious activity outwith a closely defined Presbyterian norm: in 1581 an Act of Parliament in Scotland made pilgrimage to holy wells illegal. Nonetheless the practice seems to have continued in some areas, and when Welshman Thomas Pennant toured Scotland in 1769, he recorded seeing holy wells "tapestried about with rags".
The holy well at Munlochy is said to date back to - and probably beyond - the time of St Boniface or Curitan, who worked as a missionary in Scotland in about AD620. Pilgrims would come, perform a ceremony that involved circling the well sunwise three times before splashing some of its water on the ground and making a prayer. They would then tie a piece of cloth or "cloot" that had been in contact with the ill person to a nearby tree.
As the cloot rotted away, the illness would depart the sick person. An alternative tradition suggests that sick children would be left here overnight to be healed. Presumably any with the strength or spirit to survive what would have been an exceedingly creepy ordeal were pretty likely to recover anyway.
Today's Clootie Well remains an unsettling place. Having left your car in the purpose-made parking area in the forest a hundred yards or so to the west, you make your way along a woodland path over the brow of a hill and find yourself in a setting that is - especially when the trees have no leaves - distinctly odd. At its heart on the far side of the hill is a spring, below which is a stone trough in which water collects.
Many people still obviously believe that leaving an offering will be of benefit to them or to others. One problem is that many choose to leave items made of modern synthetic materials that will never rot away. This does little for the local environment: and neither, according to the tradition of the well, can it do anything for the health of the individual needing to be cured.
In truth, today's Clootie Well has become a sort of all-purpose focus for a range of alternative views of the world. As a result it is especially popular during the traditional Celtic festival of Beltane, on 1 May. And anyone needing evidence of the pan-new-age nature of those attracted to the Clootie Well today need look no further than the yellow t-shirt someone tied round a tree, shown on this page...
Visitor InformationView Location on Map
Grid Ref: NH 641 537 | <urn:uuid:aa1fb0dc-a5c8-4a4d-b1ee-fb17adcc03dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/munlochy/clootiewell/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00305-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965068 | 841 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Imagine a gift that can increase self esteem, reduce stress, and can be given to anybody. Imagine a gift that can lift spirits, enliven inspiration, and even ignite passions. This ideal gift is not found by shopping online, or at the mall, or within the catalogues mounting in your mailbox. It is not something that fits into a bag or in a box, and it provides a feeling of warmth more fitting than a personalized pair of sox.
What is this perfect gift? It is a gift you give yourself – the gift of Forgiveness. By being forgiving of yourself, you can then accept yourself and be more responsible for your life choices. Self-forgiveness is the willingness to believe that you are worthy of love, respect, and great successes. There are dangers when we fail to forgive – dangers that have the potential to limit our relationships with others and ourselves. A failure to forgive yourself has the same consequences as a failure to forgive others. It can result in emotional bondage, uneasiness in your spirit, and a cloud of uncertainty about all your relationships.
6 signs you are stuck in a rut of guilt and regret:
- Feeling unworthy
When you feel unworthy, it affects your self-esteem and self worth. You may find yourself lacking any self-love, instead becoming caught up in unresolved self-anger, self-hatred and self-blaming.
- Being paralyzed by the past
When you cannot let go of your guilt and regrets, there might as well be a chain connecting you to them.
- Having unresolved issues
Until you resolve the issues that are weighting you down, you will likely experience feelings of helplessness and even depression.
- Being unable to forgive yourself
When you are unable to forgive yourself, you might become self-destructive, punishing yourself and showing indifference to your own needs.
- Acting defensive and distant
Your guilt may create a barrier between you and others.
- Feeling afraid of trying again
Your fear of failure, due to constantly reliving the past, may cripple any attempts to move on from the event and forgive yourself.
The act of self-forgiveness changes the energy and the physical structure of your cells, and of your DNA. Guilt is a very powerful and deadening emotion. Guilt can close down the energy systems of your body, and thereby lesson the flow of healing energy and love for our self and for others. The lack of forgiveness is emotionally and physically damaging.
Sometimes the most difficult person to forgive is the one you face in the mirror. Some common situations that challenge self-forgiveness include: overwhelming guilt from a failed marriage, parenting errors, family and relationship mistakes, and poor financial decisions.
7 Tips to forgive yourself of past failures, mistakes and disappointments
If you are tired of limits your self-condemnation places on you, you can do something about it. The past cannot be changed, and the future depends on the decisions you make today. Below are seven tips to replace those self-defeating thoughts.
Let go of self-anger
The effort it takes to maintain total distain for yourself drains your time and energy, and it limits how you receive care from others.
Accept yourself as human
Acknowledge you are not an all knowing and all powerful super person. Everyone has slips in their reactions and actions.
View your mistake as a learning opportunity
Own your mistake. Understand the lesson. Learn from it.
Let go of fear of the future
Be willing to take risks. You now know differently, so you can choose differently.
Trust in yourself and your goodness
You are not a bad person, but one that simply made a faulty or hasty decision. The good is still in you. You have value to contribute to others.
Admit that hiding doesn’t heal the hurt
Trying to block the burden of shame and guilt only keeps it just under the surface. Hiding the hurt placed of yourself and others keeps you chained to the past.
Imagine the gains of moving forward
Picture yourself free from the guilt, regret and self- condemnation. Live in the moment.
Be intentional in new and improved decisions that open up opportunities for freedom and success.
If you are holding to a grudge toward yourself, I challenge and encourage you to let go. Contact Centerstone at (615) 460-4357 to schedule individual counseling services, which can assist in freeing you from the bondage of your protecting guilt - for any past regrets. Give yourself that gift today! | <urn:uuid:38b0fc1f-1abc-4571-b172-656cccbb84ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://centerstone.org/health-wellness/links/the-greatest-gift | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00400-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95017 | 934 | 2.03125 | 2 |
In a major breakthrough, a Swedish district court has ruled that the parental rights of Annie and Christer Johansson will not be terminated. In its 23-page detailed opinion, the court stated it could not ignore the unanimous and extensive testimony of firsthand accounts of friends, family and others that Dominic Johansson was being properly cared for by his parents prior to Swedish authorities seizing him on June 26, 2009.
The boy and his parents were on board a jetliner minutes from departing Sweden for Annie’s home country of India when Dominic was seized. Authorities justified the taking by pointing to the fact that Dominic was homeschooled. Since then, the family has pursued numerous court actions only to lose in all of them until now.
Ruby Harrold-Claesson, the attorney in the case, said this was a huge development.
“I am absolutely elated!” Claesson said. “This family has suffered horribly for three years at the hands of these Swedish officials. There has not been any justice from the Swedish court system—until now. The social workers and authorities in Gotland have made this family’s life a nightmare for no good reason. I am very pleased that the district court finally saw through the flimsy case and has ruled solidly in favor of the Johanssons.”
HSLDA Attorney and Director of International Relations Michael Donnelly has been following the case closely. He noted the decision with great satisfaction.
Justice at Last
“This is a tremendous day for the Johansson family,” Donnelly said. “HSLDA and the Alliance Defense Fund have been supporting them since Swedish officials took their child—a grotesque abuse of their human rights. Dominic has not been returned home yet, but we have every hope that he will be soon.”
HSLDA Founder and Chairman Michael P. Farris called on Swedish officials to take immediate action: “Swedish officials in this case violated several of this family’s fundamental human rights as recognized by a variety of treaties and conventions. Justice demands an immediate response, and Swedish authorities should return Dominic to his parents immediately.”
HSLDA and the Alliance Defense Fund (ADF) previously filed a petition to the European Court of Human Rights. The petition was denied recently. Roger Kiska, an ADF staff attorney who has been involved in the case, was encouraged by this new decision from the district court.
“After three years of separation we hope that Swedish officials will take prompt action to restore this family in light of this favorable court decision,” he said. “The Johanssons’ rights under the European Court of Human Rights have been horribly violated. We hope that the ECHR will reconsider its rejection of this application in light of these circumstances and see that justice is done.”
The ruling may pave the way for the restoration of the family even though the specific issue in the current district court case was whether or not the Johanssons’ parental rights would be terminated. The Johansson family had previously filed a request in December 2011 with the family court overseeing the social services case to ask for review of the order that put Dominic into foster care. Swedish law requires that such motions be acted on within four months, but it has been well beyond that time frame without any action by the court or the social workers in the case. The Johanssons’ attorney hopes that this may be the beginning of the end of the nightmare for this family.
“We will ask the court for the immediate return of Dominic Johansson to his parents. Based on the information in this verdict, there can be no justification for keeping this family apart,” Harrold-Claesson said.
Christer Johansson told HSLDA that he felt that things might be finally turning in his favor.
“It feels pretty good to win,” said Dominic’s father. “The social authorities have been running around winning for the last three years. It was pretty important that we won this because, if we didn’t, we would have permanently lost our only child. There is something very wrong with people who would keep a family separated this long for no legitimate reason.”
According to Johansson, his son’s health has deteriorated since being held in foster care.
“This has been a disgusting legal game. The bureaucrats aren’t looking at the big picture. Dominic was healthy before, and since he was taken, his health has gotten worse.”
A review of Domenic’s medical records shows that there have been health issues since he was placed in foster care. The Johanssons’ attorney reported that expert testimony in the case provided by psychologist and professor Trevor Archer indicated that for Domenic’s health and well-being it would be best that he be returned to his parents’ care right away.
Johansson expressed his gratitude for all the support his family has received.
“I don’t think we’d be here today if it weren’t for the support of many thousands of people through their emails, telephone calls and letters,” he said. “We know many people have been paying attention to this, and we are so grateful for their constant and consistent support. We want to say thank you to all of our supporters!”
Donnelly called for immediate action on the behalf of this family.
“Many thousands of families have supported the Johanssons with letters and emails and with their prayers and concern. Now is the time for all concerned supporters to call on the Gotland social services authorities to do the right thing—return Dominic to his parents now!”
Courtesy HSLDA. Used with permission.
Home School Legal Defense Association is a nonprofit advocacy organization established to defend and advance the constitutional right of parents to direct the education of their children and to protect family freedoms. Through annual memberships, HSLDA is tens of thousands of families united in service together, providing a strong voice when and where needed.
Publication Date: June 20, 2012 | <urn:uuid:aecb560d-c81a-495c-9d52-effa81d408bd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.crosswalk.com/newsletters-only/crosswalk-home-school-news/hslda-fights-for-parental-rights-in-sweden.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00478-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978213 | 1,271 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Send the link below via email or IMCopy
Present to your audienceStart remote presentation
- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present
- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account
- This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation
- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation
- Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article
Do you really want to delete this prezi?
Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again.
Make your likes visible on Facebook?
Connect your Facebook account to Prezi and let your likes appear on your timeline.
You can change this under Settings & Account at any time.
Transcript of Military Robots
The History of Military Robotics
Others Worth Mentioning
Future of Robots in Military
-Used since World War II
-Devices like the Teletank, which was a remotely
operated tank controlled by nearby soldiers using radio technology
-Quickly have grown since this time into a
necessity of war
-Autonomous robots with attached firearms like the TALON are used in the place of soldiers to prevent unnecessary loses
-Predator drones can now be outfitted with missiles to destroy anti-air defences
-Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle
-General Atomics MQ-1 Predator
Advantages and Disadvantages
(Pros and Cons) | <urn:uuid:a680a2dc-43fd-48e2-9745-a0f2a2cecc80> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://prezi.com/qafcpdkibueb/military-robots/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00436-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884161 | 297 | 2.234375 | 2 |
November 26, 2017
Philadelphia House Democrat Angel Cruz and other members of the House's Philadelphia delegation are making a push to end trash dumping, particularly that of tires, in the city Cruz referred to as “Filthydelphia.”
“Cleaning up our streets is one of the easiest ways to reclaim our city -- the city of Philadelphia -- from what has become known as ‘Filthydelphia,’” Cruz said to KYW.
The new legislation tightens regulation on trash-dumping, which Cruz says is both environmentally and fiscally irresponsible. The clean-up of illegal dumping, according to Cruz’s estimates, is $8 million a year.
City & State PA notes that part of the issue of tire dumping comes from standing water inside the tires that breeds mosquitos who can potentially spread disease. As the tires decompose, the chemicals can also become airborne and lead to fires.
The legislation is an update to 2004’s Act 227, which also addressed the enforcement of waste laws, this time including the illegal dumping of tires within the law’s confines and implementing a fine of $5,000 per illegally dumped tire. The new legislation also says violators of the law could be forced to forfeit the car they used while breaking the dumping guidelines.
Chairman Representative Maira Donatucci supported the legislation, City & State PA says, and agrees to make violaters more responsible for breaking the law.
More details on waste tire guidelines and how to legally discard of a tire is available through the state's Waste Tire Program. | <urn:uuid:6c77e131-3fb1-4d56-87e0-60ad54237bf5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.phillyvoice.com/pa-lawmakers-push-end-tire-dumping-philadelphia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.95504 | 329 | 1.867188 | 2 |
In New Zealand, there is widespread debate about the “housing crisis” in Auckland which is perhaps spreading to toher centres. This is due to a dislocation between supply and demand: there are too many people wanting to live in Auckland (and to a lesser extent, Hamilton, Tauranga and Wellington) and too few houses to cope. The crisis has been driven by the unprecedented net migration to New Zealand as fewer New Zealanders are attracted to the lucky country across the ditch, the West Island (aka Australia). In fact, the flow of migrants between the two countries is slightly in New Zealand’s favour which is I think unheard of before. (It might have something to do with the fact that we don’t knife our Prime Ministers like it’s the final act of Titus Andronicus.)
Whatever the causes of this crisis, there is no doubt that the regions of New Zealand are missing out to the big cities, in particular Auckland. The jobs are in largely in Auckland, the good weather is largely in Auckland, and of course, the traffic and rat race culture is largely in Auckland. Currently a third of the New Zealand population of 4.5 million lives in Auckland. (As an aside, I can’t think of any other countries where one city is so predominant, apart from the city states. Can anyone else think of any? Argentina perhaps?) So I was interested to read in the weekend tabloid that there is a call from sociologist Professor Paul Spoonely that the regions in New Zealand should accept the inevitable population decrease and try to manage a “smart decline”.
Spoonley’s book Rebooting the Regions argues that those regions of New Zealand facing population decline should “accept their fate and adopt the strategies of ‘smart decline’”. What this means is that the focus of local governments should change from futile attempts at retaining young people through spending money on facilities, to investing in ways to entice the elderly. This makes sense for a couple of reasons. First, New Zealand’s population is ageing: the median age increased by over two years between the 2006 and the 2013 census. There are more elderly (and will increasingly be more elderly in the future) for rural New Zealand to attract. Second, elderly retirees are no longer tied to the “big smoke” for the purpose of work. Many retirees may see the opportunity to cash up their Auckland property and move to a smaller and slower-paced community attractive. Third, retirees create demand, especially those who have managed to unlock the capital in their expensive Auckland properties. Aside from patronising restaurants, cinemas, cafes etc they also attract health services. The town of Kawerau [a mill town in the Bay of Plenty, about 60km east of the tourist town of Rotorua] now has more doctors in its decline than it had when it was thriving.
So how can communities manage this “smart decline”? By beautifying their appearance for a start. For example:
“Spoonley mentions that Ruapehu District Council is asking Taumarunui [a main trunk line town in the central North Island, about 50km West of lake Taupo, population 4,500] residents for their views on a scheme for improving its main street which is spoiled by closed shops. It may bring the remaining shops closer together and do something with the green spaces left.”
While many the natural environment surrounding small town New Zealand is generally pretty and green, small farm service towns were often built for utilitarian purposes. As the Herald notes:
“Farm service towns had no need to worry about their appearance in their heyday and have not done much about it in their decline.”
If managed properly, a “smart decline” might solve a number of problems in New Zealand as a whole. Perhaps other countries facing urbanisation and an ageing population and declining regions might also consider something similar? | <urn:uuid:20fdc322-992b-4001-af89-cb16d53d4f4d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mercatornet.com/should-rural-communities-accept-population-decline/21314/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.966886 | 811 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Environmentsl Sys Essay, Research Paper
The SA227 family of aircraft are low wing monoplanes, built by Fairchild
Aircraft Corporation. These aircraft include the Merlin IIC, Merlin IVC, and the Metro III. These three aircraft are powered by two turboprop engines equipped with constant speed, full feathering, four blade, reversible propellers made by Dowty-Rotol, or McCauley propellers.
The cabin is pressurized, heated and cooled by bleed air which is ducted through valves, heat exchangers, and refrigeration unit. The air conditioning system supplies cold, hot, and fresh air to both the cockpit and the cabin. These aircraft have two independent systems; both are capable of complete air conditioning. Bleed air is supplied by each engine to drive cooling turbines that provide the cool air. The bleed air is routed to the center section of the aircraft and mixed with cool air to provide hot air. Fresh air is supplied by a blower and motor assembly located in the nose baggage compartment. Either bleed air system may be operated on the ground when the respective engine is operating. Ducts within the fuselage distribute the airflow to the passengers and the crew. An automatic temperature control system senses and regulates the temperature within the aircraft.
The cabin is pressurized to increase passenger comfort. The pressurization system automatically compensates for increasing aircraft altitude by maintaining cabin altitude as near to field elevation as possible. The cabin altitude will remain at sea level until airplane altitude reaches approximately 17,000 feet. The pressurization system also provides for the emergency dumping of cabin pressurization, automatic over pressurization relief, and negative relief.
The pressurization system, within the limits available, maintain the cabin of the aircraft at any selected pressure altitude equal to or lower than the aircraft altitude. In normal operation, the system controls the increase or decrease in cabin pressure and the rate at which these changes in pressure take place.
Safety features prevent the cabin from exceeding the maximum pressurization limit and from maintaining a negative pressure. A safety dump valve is used to manually dump cabin pressure. The entire fuselage, with exception of the nose baggage compartment, is pressurized. The outflow valve is located on the aft pressure bulkhead. The emergency dump valve is located on the forward pressure bulkhead. Normal airflow through the aircraft is rearward and out the outflow valve.
The heating and cooling air conditioning system, the pressurization control system, and the fresh air system comprise the environmental control system (ECS).
Bleed air supplied from the engines, mixed with cold air from the cooling turbines, is used for heating the cabin and cockpit. The heating system consists of two hot air mixing valves controlled by the temperature control system. Each valve controls the introduction of hot air into the cold air duct.
An orifice plate is installed on all later model aircraft at the hot air entry side of the Hot Air Mixing Valve, between the hot air line flange and the valve gasket. The orifice reduces noise by restricting airflow.
By reducing the airflow, the cabin will take longer to get warm. If you need to heat the cabin faster during the winter months, remove the orifice plate and reinstall it during the warmer months. The orifice plate may be removed permanently.
A cooling turbine is installed in each wing. Bleed air from the flow control valve drives the turbine. Cooled bleed air is used to cool and pressurize the cabin. Other systems remove moisture from the cooled air and help prevent ice accumulation in the system. Air enters the turbines and passes through an air-to-air heat exchanger. The cooling turbine inlet and outlet are located in the wing near the turbine. RAM air enters the heat exchanger and cools the bleed air. The inlet transition duct features a spring-loaded door to supply air to the heat exchanger in the event the inlet is blocked. Bleed air is routed through the heat exchanger and directed onto the turbine wheel. The turbine wheel and impeller are connected to a common shaft. The rotation of the impeller draws air through the inlet and over the heat exchanger coils. Air passing over the heat exchanger coils cools the bleed air. A sump housing assembly contains oil to lubricate the turbine wheel and impeller bearings.
No regularly scheduled maintenance is required on the hot air mixing valve. The operation of the valve may be checked by placing the mode control in AUTO and moving the auto temperature control from COLD to HOT. The mixing valves should move near full travel with a smooth steady motion. Watch each valve for evidence of hang up or jerky movement.
The cooling system is to be check every 200 hours, or at recommended inspection intervals, inspect the turbine for security of installation. Check the hoses and lines attached to the turbine for condition a | <urn:uuid:b47197bd-4dda-4dc6-ab16-edcdb399912f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mirznanii.com/a/91275/environmentsl-sys-essay-research-paper-conan-poitrathe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00053-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930286 | 997 | 2.828125 | 3 |
What's Next?By CIOinsight | Posted 01-05-2005
Mini-human? Animal on a chip? No matter what you call it, the use of microfluidic circuitry to simulate human or animal tissue can creep some people out. But these tiny replications could have major market potential. "NASA is interested in using them to see if humans could survive in different environments," says Shuichi Takayama, an assistant professor at the University of Michigan's biomedical engineering department. "And drug companies love them." Using rubber chips with hollow circuits no wider than a human hair, Takayama has been able to create a self-contained circulatory system in which actual cells can be tested and observed. The liquid environment can be tightly controlled, unlike in the past when Petri dishes, subject to constant contamination, were scientists' best option. "When you take cells out of a person or animal, the exact same cells behave totally differently in a dish," says Takayama. "This way we can save animals and reagents, and work in a much more controlled environment. | <urn:uuid:58d33dcd-8168-4364-9b00-185783943d1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cioinsight.com/print/c/a/Past-News/Whats-Next | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00221-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948176 | 222 | 3.375 | 3 |
Explore the camera’s unique and pivotal role in nonfiction storytelling
There are no available registration dates at this time.
Today’s audience has become very sophisticated in their appreciation of the visual art of filmmaking. Expectations by audiences are for high-level production quality in all visual forms of storytelling, including documentary film. This workshop provides students with an understanding of how photography and cinematography tools and skills are adapted to address the unique demand of non-fiction filmmaking.
This one-week course is for emerging and professional documentary filmmakers and cinematographers who want to explore the technical and creative role that the camera plays in documentary production. Through screenings, analysis of documentaries, examination of camera style, and a close look at technical and storytelling solutions, students will become experts at defining what makes a convincing documentary. Throughout the week the class will examine the importance of anticipating technical and logistical choices before the shoot. The workshop covers storytelling, shot design, sequencing and continuity, blocking and camera moves, composition, POV, and lens selection.
The mornings are spent in the classroom for discussion, critiques, and screenings. The afternoons are dedicated to research and fieldwork as the students find and shoot a short documentary and gain practical experience handling the camera in a variety of situations. Scenes are edited for review and critique.
Notable former students include Academy Award-winner, Laura Poitras, director “Citizenfour” (Best Documentary, Oscars – 2015)
“I came away knowing 500% more than I knew coming in“
– Matthew Johnson, Washington, DC
“Documentary camera was both humbling and empowering as a whole new way of ‘seeing’ & perspective opened with regards to filming and as we were given unusual opportunities to practice new skills with encouraging feedback“
– L. Stager, Searsmont, ME
In addition to being offered on an individual basis, this workshop is also part of the 4-week Nonfiction Cinematography Series.
Image Credits: Devin Altobello, Sophie Gibbings, Header Image: Skip Klein
Instructor: Chris Wairegi
Chris Wairegi is an award-winning Brooklyn-based Cinematographer with experience that runs the gamut of genres; encompassing narrative, documentary, and commercial work for streaming, television and the big screen. The daughter of immigrants and product of a multi-cultural upbringing, Chris has a love of discovering and documenting the essence of people, cultures, and stories. Chris’ affinity for visual story telling began at a young age with 35mm dark room photography. She uses every individual frame to tell the story. | <urn:uuid:ca63a111-d50b-44e1-bea0-d635659a8167> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mainemedia.edu/workshops/item/documentary-camera/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.943926 | 549 | 1.929688 | 2 |
The workings at Dannemora iron mine, Sweden, c 1856.
© Science Museum / Science & Society Picture Library
Lithograph entitled 'Dannemora Grufvor', ('Dannemora Mine'), by Baerentzen and Co after A Mayer, isued by D F Bonnier. The Dannemora mines have been producing iron ore since the 15th century. The mines are a series of around 40 deep, steep-sided quarries. The ore has a very high percentage of metal within it, sometimes as much as 90%, which enables iron and steel of very high quality to be produced from it. | <urn:uuid:eebfacd0-3251-4cfa-b844-e5be8d589f3e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ssplprints.com/image/108525/baerentzen-co-the-workings-at-dannemora-iron-mine-sweden-c-1856 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00353-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938642 | 132 | 2.9375 | 3 |
What are 3 reasons why the Articles of Confederation failed quizlet?
Terms in this set (3)
- States could print their own money. the problem: There wasn’t a common currency in the Confederation era.
- Congress had no power to collect taxes/raise armies.
- 13/13 of the states had to agree to change the articles.
What is the main reason why the Articles of Confederation was a total disaster?
Congress did not have the power to tax. Congress did not have the power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. There was no executive branch to enforce any acts passed by Congress. There was no national court system or judicial branch.
Why did the Articles of Confederation fail the new nation quizlet?
Articles of Confederation failed, essentially, because of the lack of a strong central government. 9 out of 13 states had to approve a proposal to become law. The Federal government could not form a military or protect the country from rebellion-like Shay’s rebellion.
What was the biggest problem with the Articles of Confederation quizlet?
Cause: The government under the Articles of Confederation could not collect taxes to raise money. Effect: The government could not pay its debts from the Revolutionary War, and America lost standing with other nations.
What were the two most important problems with the Articles of Confederation?
With the passage of time, weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation became apparent; Congress commanded little respect and no support from state governments anxious to maintain their power. Congress could not raise funds, regulate trade, or conduct foreign policy without the voluntary agreement of the states.
What problems did the Articles of Confederation lead to?
Why were the Articles of Confederation so ineffective?
The primary reason why the Articles of Confederation were largely ineffective was because the articles created a weak federal government. The national government did not have the power to deal with the nation’s many problems.
What were the Articles of Confederation and why did they fail?
Listed below are a few key points to understand why the Articles failed: Articles gave undue powers to the State Governments. The states were free to pass and enact their own rules and laws. Formation of a new state required approval of a minimum of nine states. The National Government relied heavily on the State Governments to fund financial resources.
Why did the Articles of Confederation not last?
The articles of confederation didn’t last long. The article of confederation didn’t last long because it didn’t have the power to enforce commerce, create taxes to pay solders and enforce treaties. Another reason why the articles of confederation didn’t last long was because it didn’t have a strong central government.
Why were the Articles of Confederations inadequate?
The Articles of Confederation was an inadequate form of the government because of foreign and domestic problems. It was the first constitution of the U.S. It was a firm league of friendship between the states, but the states were not so friendly to each other. | <urn:uuid:c6179d7d-32f0-475e-bfe5-053ba24def7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://runyoncanyon-losangeles.com/trending/what-are-3-reasons-why-the-articles-of-confederation-failed-quizlet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.970277 | 616 | 3.453125 | 3 |
You are not currently logged in.
Access your personal account or get JSTOR access through your library or other institution:
The Origins of the War of 1812: Three Decades of Historical Writing
Clifford L. Egan
Vol. 38, No. 2 (Apr., 1974), pp. 72-75
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1987240
Page Count: 4 | <urn:uuid:3596a41f-b543-4de4-8aaf-5223b2d6e6bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jstor.org/stable/1987240?origin=crossref | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00475-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.776668 | 91 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.