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Black Hole Spins at Nearly the Speed of Light
A superfast black hole almost 60 million light-years afar has all the earmarks of being prodding the extreme speed breaking point of the universe, another study states.
Outside of the norm, space experts have figured out how to measure the rate of twist of a supermassive black hole—and its been timed at 84 percent of the velocity of light, or the greatest permitted by the law of physical science.
“The most animating part of this finding is the capability to test the speculation of general relativity in quite an impressive great administration, where the gravitational field is immense, and the lands of space-time around it are totally distinctive from the standard Newtonian case,” stated lead creator Guido Risaliti, of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) and INAF-Arcetri Observatory in Italy. (Identified: “Speedy Star Found Near Black Hole May Test Einstein Theory.”)
Infamous for splitting separated and swallowing stars, supermassive black holes inhabit the middle of most universes, incorporating our particular Milky Way. (See black hole pictures.)
They can pack the gravitational punch of numerous million or even billions of suns—contorting space-time in the locale around them, not all the more letting light to getaway their grip.
The voracious beast that hides at the center of the moderately close-by winding world NGC 1365 is evaluated to weigh in at around two million times the mass of the sun, and extends in the ballpark of 2 million miles (3.2 million kilometers) crosswise over-more than eight times the separation between Earth and the moon, Risaliti stated. (Additionally see “Black Hole Blast Biggest Ever Recorded.”)
Risaliti and coconspirators’ exceptional finding was made plausible as a result of the joined perceptions from NASA’s heightened-power x-beam indicators on its Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) test and the European Space Agency’s level-power, x-beam-distinguishing XMM-Newton space observatory.
Stargazers recognized x-flash molecule remainders of stars orbiting in a flapjack-molded growth circle encompassing the black hole, and utilized this information to help figure out its rate of rotation.
By getting a fix on this rotation speed, space experts now want to better comprehend what happens inside monster black holes as they gravitationally warp space-time around themselves.
All the additionally charming to the exploration group is that this disclosure will shed intimations to black hole’s past, and the development of its encompassing cosmic system.
Following the Universe’s Evolution
Supermassive black holes have a great effect in the advancement of their host system, where an automatic process happens between the two structures.
“Any time more stars are shaped, they hurl gas into the black hole, expanding its mass, yet the radiation processed by this gradual addition warms up the gas in the cosmic system, averting more star structuring,” stated Risaliti.
“So the two occasions—black hole growth and creation of new stars—communicate with one another.”
Knowing how quick black holes twist might additionally assist shed light how the whole universe developed. (Study more concerning the source of the universe.)
“With a learning of the normal twist of cosmic systems at diverse a really long time of the universe,” Risaliti stated, “we might track their development significantly more accurately than we can do today.” | <urn:uuid:16931687-e925-4ce8-b994-744a68e90342> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mixtechs.com/black-hole-spins-at-nearly-the-speed-of-light-0874287.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00388-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90697 | 754 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Places of Interest nearby
Location address: United Kingdom, Denbighshire
Number of texts: 1
Bryn Alyn is a hill and Site of Special Scientific Interest in Denbighshire, North Wales, and forms part of the Clwydian Range Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Bryn Alyn lies in the community of Llanarmon-yn-Iâl, to the east of the River Alyn, with the valley of Dyffryn Alyn separating it from the main range of the Clwydian hills. At just 408m, Bryn Alyn’s significance is not in its height, but in the dramatic west-facing limestone cliffs, which can be seen from the nearby A494 trunk road and from many of the walking routes in the southern Clwydian hills. Areas of natural limestone pavement can be found throughout the upper parts of the hill. The main points of access to Bryn Alyn are from the nearby villages of Llanferres and Eryrys. A nature information board for Bryn Alyn can be found in the layby on the A494 just south of Llanferres, at grid reference SJ188600. | <urn:uuid:d56454bd-171f-4cd1-a831-a98caf8c1660> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.routeyou.com/en-gb/location/view/48057568/bryn-alyn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00145-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915956 | 247 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Human rights results of Ice Hockey Championship: Repressive machine shows its power in action
Valiantsin Stefanovich, Deputy Chairman of the Human Rights Center “Viasna”, in his interview for spring96.org, tells about the human rights results of the Ice Hockey World Championship, which was held in Minsk from 9 to 25 May.
- The Ice Hockey World Championship has just finished in Belarus. Ahead of the event, human rights defenders, and “Viasna” in particular, feared that it would be transformed into an ideological and politicized show by the Belarusian authoritarian regime. Have these fears come true?
- Unfortunately, we can state that our concerns, both about turning the event into a politicized show and the arbitrary preventive arrests, have come true. Meanwhile, in the beginning we heard the authorities urging us not to politicize the event, not to confuse sports with politics. But the preventive detentions ahead and during the World Championship showed that the authorities themselves politicized the event, using it to exert pressure and isolate activists of various political groups who, according to the authorities, theoretically posed a threat to the public events arranged during the Championship.
- It should be noted that the Minsk city authorities kept all their promises related to the Championship. However, the city was not only cleared from so-called anti-social elements, as stated by the Minsk city executive committee. The campaign affected a total of about 40 activists, although their statements did not relate to these people... What in your opinion this behavior of the authorities may mean?
- First, although there were no statements by the authorities but there were several statements by the Minister of Internal Affairs. He said that there could be no preventive detentions and that all that was invented by human rights defenders. But the practice, which we encountered, shows that there was a campaign launched by the authorities to arbitrary detain citizens. Moreover, we can note certain trends here. First of all, administrative charges for several offenses at a time, which made it possible to prosecute for people a longer period – up to 25 days of arrest. Second, repeated administrative charges immediately after release, as it was with Mr. Rubtsou from Homel. We have seen that the detainees (representatives of completely different political groups: activists of the Young Front and anarchists, as well as fans of different football clubs) were previously involved in some activities. For example, the fans of FC BATE Borisov, who supported the Ukrainian Maidan and were prosecuted for posting photos on social networks. And by and large, even today we do not know the extent of everything that happened in the country during the tournament. Since all the people who came out of the detention center said that there were so many detainees that they had to be taken to Zhodzina [temporary detention at prison No. 8 - Ed.], as it was during the political campaigns of 2006 and after December 19, 2010.
Indeed, we observed, as the Minsk city executive committee had promised, clearing the city of “antisocial elements” – they isolated homeless persons and prostitutes, while alcoholics were sent to activity therapy centers where they will be for a year and a half “cure” for alcoholism using forced labor... I repeat that we'll probably never know the dimensions of all this. And what unites all of these categories of citizens is lack of justice. The authorities did not bother too much to search for evidence against these people and very often isolated them without regard to the offenses on their part – just because of the campaign underway. This directly indicates that the established system in Belarus leads to the systematic and systemic human rights violations. The repressive machine starts on a certain occasion and at the appropriate political conditions of the authorities and works flawlessly performing its tasks.
That is, all this shows that the government can run its repressive machine when they need it and in any such occasion.
- How do you assess the reaction of the international community to this repression?
- Judging by the visits of journalists who came to Viasna’s office during the tournament, Belarus was in the focus of attention of the international community. I think there will be quite a lot of reports not only about the championship, but also about the background to it. We received journalists from various European countries – Germany, Finland, Czech Republic, representatives of several media from Sweden, who met with the relatives of political prisoners, as during the World Championship Belarus still held eight people for political reasons. And some of the expectations of the international community for their release before the World Championship did not materialize. Frankly, we did not have such hopes, because we believe that the value of this sporting event for the Belarusian authorities was exaggerated. On the one hand, they wanted to hold the World Championship, but this is not an event that could really push them to release political prisoners. And secondly, why should they take such steps if the championship in any case would be held in Belarus?
As for the statements, the EU condemned all arbitrary detentions that took place before and during the World Championship. And, of course, there were reactions from a number of international human rights organizations. For our part, we informed the UN Group on Arbitrary Detention, and I believe that the report of the Special Rapporteur on Belarus will reflect this information. In addition, the international community has condemned the execution of the last two death sentences in Belarus on the eve of the championship.
- International Ice Hockey Federation President René Fasel has been repeatedly criticized for having denied any connection between the increased pressure on the opposition and the Championship. When in Minsk, he said that he saw a beautiful clean city, celebration and hockey...
- Everyone sees what he can see or what he wants to see. In our work we see the other side of the coin. We see these people, who were forced to spend 25 days behind bars, their relatives. For example, Anastasia Dashkevich, who is now pregnant and had 25 days of nervous waiting for Dzmitry, who spent the term under arrest for nothing. We see so-called “anti-social elements”, who were unwelcome in this celebration, no one wanted to see them on the streets of this city, they were isolated and everyone pretended that they did not exist. So they decided to show the absence of the problem of alcoholism in the country? This problem exists and everyone knows about it. Analogy with the 1980 Olympics in Moscow naturally suggests itself, when people were also, so-called “anti-social”, ”parasites”, they were expelled to the 101st kilometer, clearing the capital. And the objective before the then Soviet leadership was partly the same – to hold the Olympics in a non-free country, to show the world how “well it is to live in the Soviet country”...
But the President of the International Ice Hockey Federation wanted to see celebration, hockey and happy faces... But the former does not deny the existence of the latter. As both is our reality. And for us, on the one hand, it is a problem always talking about the balance – non-politicization of sports – during large-scale events in repressive states. But it seems to me that if such events lead to systemic violations of human rights, I would, for example, refrain from their conduct. Well, you do not have to guess who is to blame for politicizing the sports event. All responsibility for this lies with the authorities. The authorities, who were the organizers of the championship. The authorities launched repressions against undesirable citizens for the sake of creating an illusory picture of a clean city. And I think that’s a good reason for the leaders of international sports organizations to think about this balance.
- Will you predict a decline of repression after the championship or will the summer be “hot”?
- After the championship, I think, the level of repression will decline, but I do not mean that the situation will change radically and there will be some system changes. Certainly not. Perhaps we should expect arbitrary detentions before July 3 [the official Independence Day in Belarus - Ed.]. But considering the situation that we saw during the World Championship, one immediately thinks about the context of 2015 – the presidential election. And you do not have to be an analyst to understand that large political campaigns in the country are usually accompanied by increased repression. And this practice of using the repressive machine shows that there is no guarantee that it will not be repeated. In principle, we, as human rights defenders, are preparing for the worst, to the fact that in 2015 we will face an increased repression and more stringent forms of harassment. There is no reason to believe that the election will be held in some other way. | <urn:uuid:e1c3765e-9c86-4647-991a-38574e416ef4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://spring96.org/en/news/71258 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.977718 | 1,808 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Throughout history, powerful figures have helped shape our world. But many have had their lives cut short due to the lack of a more sophisticated healthcare system at the time of their deaths.
This is ADVANCE For Nurses' Historic Trauma Cases, where we investigate the lives and deaths of these prominent figures and consider how their health would have been treated had they been alive today.
ADVANCE investigates the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
Experience the life and death of President Lincoln in this exclusive photo gallery.
Both the president and John Wilkes Booth could have had different outcomes had healthcare been better in their time. | <urn:uuid:a73a9b6d-8ead-45b5-9966-614d6a94a3d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://nursing.advanceweb.com/Multimedia/Videos/Historic-Trauma-Cases-Abraham-Lincoln.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00237-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984446 | 124 | 2.296875 | 2 |
- Open Access
Vertical traction for lumbar radiculopathy: a systematic review
Archives of Physiotherapy volume 11, Article number: 7 (2021)
Only low-quality evidence is currently available to support the effectiveness of different traction modalities in the treatment of lumbar radiculopathy (LR). Yet, traction is still very commonly used in clinical practice. Some authors have suggested that the subgroup of patients presenting signs and symptoms of nerve root compression and unresponsive to movements centralizing symptoms may benefit from lumbar traction. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of vertical traction (VT) on pain and activity limitation in patients affected by LR.
We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, ISI Web of Science and PEDro from their inception to March 31, 2019 to retrieve RCTs on adults with LR using VT to reduce pain and activity limitation. We considered only trials reporting complete data on outcomes. Two reviewers selected the studies, extracted the results, and performed the quality assessment using the Risk of Bias and GRADE tools.
Three studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was not possible due to the heterogeneity of the included studies. We found very low quality evidence for a large effect of VT added to bed rest when compared to bed rest alone (g = − 1.01; 95% CI = -2.00 to − 0.02). Similarly, VT added to medication may have a large effect on pain relief when compared to medication alone (g = − 1.13; 95% CI = -1.72 to − 0.54, low quality evidence). Effects of VT added to physical therapy on pain relief were very small when compared to physical therapy without VT (g = − 0.14; 95% CI = -1.03 to 0.76, low quality evidence). All reported effects concerned short-term effect up to 3 months post-intervention.
With respect to short-term effects, VT may have a positive effect on pain relief if added to medication or bed rest. Long-term effects of VT are currently unknown. Future higher quality research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change these conclusions.
Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder . Most LBP are non-specific, and only 3–5% of the general population is affected by lumbar radiculopathy (LR) , that is a pain syndrome caused by compression and/or irritation of lumbar nerve roots . LR is a common reason for physician consultations and imaging referrals ; typical symptoms are radiating pain, often with numbness, paresthesia, and/or muscle weakness .
The initial management for LR is conservative treatment, as recommended by the North American Spine Society . Among different interventions , lumbar traction has been used for decades in the treatment of acute or chronic LBP , with or without sciatica [8, 9]. Delitto and Fritz have suggested that the subgroup of patients presenting signs and symptoms of nerve root compression and who are unresponsive to movements that centralize symptoms may benefit from lumbar traction.
On the contrary, previous reviews have not confirmed the effectiveness of traction for LBP, with or without LR [6, 12, 13]. Judging the state of the literature as a whole, only low-quality evidence is currently available supporting the effectiveness of different traction modalities in the treatment of LR . Despite this gap in knowledge, it is very commonly used in clinical practice [7, 14].
Traction can be manual or mechanical, and traction forces may be applied continuously (maintained for 20 min or more) or intermittently (alternating traction and relaxation with cycles of a few minutes each) . Traction rhythm, force, and patient position can also vary.
Vertical traction (VT) exerts a distractive force by suspending the patient while held in a vertical or seated position using a belt around the chest or placing the patient in an upside down position from the ankles (the so-called inverted lumbar traction) . Patients may also be asked to perform traction independently by using a pull-up bar to suspend the trunk in vertical position. Finally, VT may be done in water, using the same modalities previously described with the addiction of an external weight placed on the patient’s ankles . As a result, traction force can vary from upper half patients’ body weight plus gravity to a patient’s full body weight plus gravity and/or external weight .
Traction forces in VT are likely to be more consistent and tailored to each patient than manual traction. In fact, they are linearly proportional to the weight of the patient’s lower body. Using the second law of Newton, the force exerted on the lower disk spaces while in suspension can be calculated with the formula F = m x g, where F is force with the unit of Newton, m is the weight of the lower body in kilograms, and g is a constant for the gravity of earth, which is equal to 9.8 . Gravitational traction produces a greater widening of the individual disc space than the static supine lumbar traction and may result in decreased intradiscal pressure and pain . However, most traction devices are available only in physical therapy clinics, which places a burden on patients to receive treatment.
Globally, researchers emphasize the need to identify targeted delivery methods of traction that match appropriate parameters and patient populations . For all these reasons, we conducted a systematic review to investigate the effectiveness of each different type of VT compared with or added to other conservative treatments on pain and activity limitations, in patients with LR.
This systematic review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (code CRD42019136591) and followed PRISMA recommendations (see Additional file 1).
Data sources and searches
The authors undertook a multiple database electronic search of articles in the following databases: Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and PEDro. The following search terms in various combinations were utilized: “sciatica”/"radiculopathy”/"radicular syndrome”/“nerve root pain”/"leg pain/"low back pain”; “traction”/"physical therapy modalities” and adapted for the search in all databases (see Additional file 2).
Databases were searched from their inception until March 31, 2019. Additional records were explored by manually searching reference lists of selected articles, systematic reviews and Guidelines on LBP and LR, and personal records of the authors. If necessary, authors were contacted for missing information. Two independent blinded reviewers (AP, LT) conducted study selection. They first imported all results on EndNote X9 to search for and delete duplicates , and then they screened titles, abstracts and full texts using Rayyan QRCI . Systematically the two authors compared their results; when disagreement occurred, a third expert author (CV) was consulted.
We included in this systematic review randomized controlled trials (RCT) on humans, in all languages and published in every date. We included only studies on adults (≥18 years) with LR confirmed by the presence of at least two of the following criteria:
radicular symptoms: LBP with pain and/or numbness radiating below the knee.
≥1 radicular signs:
sensory loss/paresthesia in any of the L4-S1 dermatomes;
diminished Patellar/Achilles reflex;
muscle strength deficit in any of the L4-S1 myotomes.
positive imaging (MRI/CT) .
Trials including patients without signs and symptoms of LR were excluded; trials involving patients with other specific diagnoses/current pregnancy/early postpartum period were also excluded. We included RCTs in which every type of VT was applied alone or in combination with other conservative or pharmacological treatments. Only trials with complete data regarding traction (patient position, traction type, rhythm, force, duration and frequency; and number of sessions) were considered for inclusion. We considered every type of non-traction therapy, including other conservative treatment, placebo, sham treatment, minimal care, or no intervention, a control/comparison group as long as traction was the main contrast between intervention and control group. We excluded studies comparing different traction types or traction parameters.
We considered as primary outcome the intensity of pain perceived in lumbar and/or sciatic areas, measured with a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) or a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), In case of separate data concerning lumbar and sciatic pain, we selected those about leg pain. Secondary outcomes were: physical functioning, measured with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) or the Roland & Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ); lumbar/leg mobility; psychological parameters (e.g. fear-avoidance beliefs, depression, anxiety); quality of life; changes in neurological function (e.g. Straight Leg Raising, Herniation Index, etc.); and treatment adherence. In cases in which data were lacking, we contacted the authors to obtain them. When they were impossible to obtain, we estimated unreported standard deviations borrowing them from one or more other studies .
Adverse effects, when reported, were collected.
Outcome measures were collected at short-time (up to 3 months), mid-time (from three to 6 months), and long-time (more than 6 months) follow-ups.
Data extraction and quality assessment
Two reviewers (AP, LT) independently conducted data extraction and collection of the following data:
population: total number of participants; number of participants of treatment/control groups; proportion of male/females; mean age; previous episodes of LBP; mean pain intensity; mean physical functioning; number of patients taking drugs;
interventions: setting and geographical area where the intervention was conducted; type of intervention, with frequency, intensity, number/duration of sessions;
comparisons: type of control, including frequency, intensity, number/duration of sessions;
outcomes: measurement tools used to record each outcome; means and standard deviations of each outcome at the baseline and each follow-up for all groups; measurement scales/questionnaires and their direction for each outcome.
For any disagreement, another expert author (CV) was consulted.
The same two authors conducted the risk of bias assessment using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias (RoB) Tool [23, 24]. This tool comprises 13 items, each item was scored as “YES” if it fulfilled the criterion, “NO” if there was a clear RoB, and “UNSURE” if there was insufficient information. To summarize the overall RoB for a study, according to Gianola and colleagues, items related to allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessment, and incomplete outcome data were considered . Studies were classified as at “low risk of bias” when all three criteria were met, at “high risk of bias” when at least one criterion was unmet, and at “moderate risk of bias” in the remaining cases.
We evaluated the overall quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework . GRADE is a systematic and explicit approach to make judgments about quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Using GRADE, we rated the evidence not by individual study, but across studies for specific clinical outcomes. We considered the five GRADE domains:
study limitations for RoB assessment was defined “serious” if studies were classified as “high risk of bias” or “not serious” if studies were classified as “moderate/low risk of bias” using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias (RoB) Tool [23, 24];
inconsistency, in case of conflicting results;
indirectness, to describe comparisons of the characteristics of population, setting and outcomes to those of our clinical practice;
imprecision, identifying studies that include relatively few patients and few events and thus have a wide confidence interval around the estimate of the effect ;
publication bias, describing the possibility that a systematic under-estimation or over-estimation of the underlying beneficial or harmful effect is due to selective publication .
We planned to perform the assessment of publication bias using the Egger t test only if ten or more studies have been included in our systematic review. The test proposed by Egger in 1997 may be used to test for funnel plot asymmetry. General considerations suggest that the power will be greater in the continuous outcomes than for dichotomous outcomes, but that use of the method with substantially fewer than 10 studies is unwise .
We decided to evaluate the quality of the evidence using GRADE approach , even in the case when only a single RCT addressed a comparison, by careful scrutiny of all relevant issues (risk of bias, imprecision, indirectness, and publication bias) as suggested by GRADE Guideline .
Data synthesis and analysis
To calculate the effects of interventions, separate analyses were made according to traction type, patient position (vertical, sitting) and force delivered. We did not take into consideration the stage of LR, so that studies on subjects in acute (less than four weeks duration), subacute (from four to 12 weeks duration), or chronic (more than 12 weeks duration) stages of LR were analyzed together. Likewise, no differences in the statistical analysis were made regarding period of application of the traction therapy (continuous or intermittent).
We provided a descriptive synthesis of the findings and estimated the effects of interventions from the included studies. When possible, we calculated Hedge’s g using a random effects model to give a more conservative estimate of effect. We chose a priori to use the random effects method because it is a more conservative approach that also allows generalization of findings beyond the studies included in the synthesis. We used the Q and I-square statistics to assess heterogeneity across studies .
For statistical analysis we used the software ProMeta v.2.0 (Internovi by Scarpellini Daniele s.a.s., Cesena [FC], Italy; now owned by Idostatistics) . We calculated standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for continuous data. To interpret effect size calculated with SMD, we used Cohen’s interpretations of d thresholds as a guide to identify very small (< 0.20), small (≥0.20 < 0.50), medium (≥0.50 < 0.80), or large (≥0.80) effects . We calculated the effect size based on the reported data (means/standard deviations/sample sizes of intervention and control groups). We excluded the studies for which these or other essential data were not reported or obtainable by contacting authors.
Characteristics of the selected studies
We identified 3673 records through database searching and 30 additional studies through other sources, for a total of 3703 records. After we removed duplicates, we assessed 2995 records by title and abstract, of which 94 studies were eligible to be assessed by full text reading to verify the eligibility for inclusion in this systematic review. Of these 94, we excluded another 91 studies for different reasons (see Additional file 3), resulting in three studies available for quantitative synthesis (Fig. 1).
The three included studies were published from 1998 to 2015 and conducted in Iran , Nederland , and United Kingdom . The total number of patients enrolled in the studies was 90; the total number of patients who completed the assessments was 85 (range 16–50), with a mean of 28.3 participants.
The different types of traction used were VT [33, 34] and inversion traction , which was considered a different type of VT for statistical analysis purposes. Two studies used intermittent traction [33, 35] and one study used continuous traction. The duration of the treatments ranged from 1 week to 2 months and the duration of each treatment ranged from 10 to 45 min. Traction force ranged from upper half of patient’s bodyweight to patient’s bodyweight. Interventions with which traction were compared were physical therapy (PT) , medications , and bed rest .
Given the aims of this study, pain was considered as primary outcome measure. Concerning secondary outcome measures, we considered only activity limitation for quantitative analyses because it was reported in most of the selected studies [34, 35]. We included other outcomes collected in single studies (i.e. lumbar range of motion, global perceived recovery, Herniation Index, etc.) only in qualitative analyses.
All studies evaluated pain and activity limitation only at short-term follow-up. All the details regarding characteristics of the studies are shown in Table 1.
Risk of bias assessment according to the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias Tool showed that two studies had moderate RoB [33, 35], and one had high RoB . A complete description on RoB assessment is shown in Fig. 2.
Effects of interventions
Table 2 shows the study findings for pain and activity limitation with respect to the effect size for intervention outcomes, with 95% CI values.
First comparison: intermittent inversion traction combined with physical therapy versus physical therapy alone
Only one study assessed this outcome and only at short-term follow-up. The effect size of VT was very small and non-significant (g = − 0.14) with a 95% CI from − 1.03 to 0.76. Following GRADE criteria this outcome provides low-quality evidence.
Only one study assessed this outcome and only at short-term follow-up. The effect size of VT was small and non-significant (g = − 0.31) with a 95% CI from − 1.21 to 0.58. Following GRADE criteria this outcome provides low-quality evidence.
Second comparison: continuous VT combined with bed rest versus bed rest alone
Only one study assessed this outcome and only at short-term follow-up. The effect size of VT was large and significant (g = − 1.01) with a 95% CI from − 2.00 to − 0.02. Following GRADE criteria this outcome provides very low-quality evidence.
Only one study assessed this outcome and only at short-term follow-up. The effect size of VT was medium and non-significant (g = − 0.56) with a 95% CI from − 1.50 to 0.39. Following GRADE criteria, this outcome provides very low-quality evidence.
Third comparison: intermittent VT combined with routine medication versus routine medication alone
Only one study assessed this outcome and only at short-term follow-up. The effect size of VT was large and significant (g = − 1.13) with a 95% CI from − 1.72 to − 0.54. Following GRADE criteria this outcome provides low-quality evidence.
The certainty of the evidence (GRADE) for each comparison is shown in Table 3.
Among the selected studies, only the study of Moret cited adverse effects. One patient reported hyperventilation complaints and had to stop traction before the end of the therapy period and another reported discomfort from the traction belt, which was easily resolved by correcting the belt position and giving extra instructions about how to fasten the belt around the chest. No other complaints were reported.
This systematic review aimed to investigate the effectiveness of VT in the treatment of LR. Among all the studies assessed, only three studies met the criteria to be included in our systematic review, i.e., having used VT in a well-defined population and having reported complete data.
The included studies showed large statistically significant results on pain in favor of VT only when traction was combined with a passive treatment (bed rest or medications) and compared with the same treatment alone. These results are based on very low and low quality evidence respectively. According to these results, we could infer initially that VT might be effective on pain with LR. However, when we look subsequently at the results of inversion traction combined with PT and compared with PT alone, we cannot find statistically significant results either on pain or on activity limitation. Notably, these results are based on low quality evidence.
Although pain management is a primary aim of treatment, other outcomes such as the improvement of activity limitation are relevant to a complete recovery . In this study, no statistically significant results on activity limitation, albeit based on low quality evidence, were found even when VT was combined with bed rest and compared with bed rest alone.
Therefore, we conclude that the role of VT appears very limited in LR, since positive results were found only on pain and only when it was compared to medications or bed rest. Relative to the effects of medications in LR, there are conflicting conclusions on NSAIDs among who considered them as effective , who did not draw conclusions , and who did not recommend them [37, 38], while a recent systematic review suggested that corticosteroids were effective in LR . Concerning the advice of bed rest or stay active in patients with sciatica, little or no difference emerged on pain and function, with moderate quality evidence [6, 40]. Therefore, better results for VT appear to emerge only when it was compared with treatments whose effectiveness is uncertain.
However, an interesting suggestion in favor of VT comes from the study of Prasad , where 76.9% of the patients in the traction group avoided surgery, while only 22.2% of the patient in the control group had this benefit. This might imply a relevant cost-effectiveness of VT if future research offers confirmatory evidence.
VT can be particularly appealing as a clinical tool due to some of the advantages of this kind of therapy; it is very easy to use and time sparing; and it could be applied at home more frequently and for longer duration, thereby increasing the dosage. Among the studies selected in this review, VT has been applied in very different ways. In the study of Moret traction was delivered in sitting position with a belt around patient’s chest; in the study of Khani patients were asked to perform an auto-traction in vertical position holding in suspension from a pull-up bar; and in the study of Prasad traction was performed in inverted position. Even the ways of delivering traction force changed among the studies, with one using continuous and two using intermittent [33, 35] forces. Treatment dosage was different, and control groups also received different treatments. These factors did not allow us to perform meta-analysis, so our results are based on singular analyses made per each trial.
Our results are in same direction of the systematic reviews of Cheng and Zhang . The first one showed short-term results in favor of traction for the treatment of LBP with herniated intervertebral disks, but this review included studies on patients with and without LR. The second one recommended traction in patients with radiculopathy, but it did not make any difference between patients with cervical or lumbar radiculopathy.
Other systematic reviews investigating the effectiveness of traction obtained different results, but we observe that they included studies comparing different types of traction [42,43,44,45,46] or the same type of traction with different force of application [47,48,49,50,51,52,53]. The lack of a control group, which did not receive traction, could generate a high risk of bias, especially if we assume that the effect of traction could not be only related to the delivered force .
Adverse effects were reported only in the study of Moret , but they were more related to the device than to the technique. Poor tolerance and anxiety due to inversion traction were reported by Güevenol . However in this trial patients were inverted for 10 consecutive minutes, so anxiety may have been due to the treatment dosage. Static inversion may produce feelings of congestion that could be avoided delivering it in shorter periods within patient’s tolerance .
Strength and limitations
Our search was extensive, using many databases and carefully consulting all published reviews and guidelines on this topic. The selection and qualitative assessment were independently done by two authors on studies reflecting clear PICOS criteria: this method minimized the heterogeneity of study population and allowed us to exclude studies with critically important missing data, and thereby reduced reference biases.
A strong publication bias is unlikely because studies in all languages, from every country and for any year of publication were included. However, we cannot exclude that we could have missed potential records, due to the search strategies we adopted. Moreover, other small studies or studies with negative studies have not published. Using only RCTs may have influenced the potential publication bias, but this approach allowed us to derive our conclusions by more rigorous studies. We believe our review has external validity because traction is often used by physical therapists for the treatment of LR, mostly in combination with treatments similar to that employed in the included trials [7, 14].
The most important limitation is related to the small number of included studies, also due to the very restricted population we considered, and the small sample sizes of included studies. It did not allow a sensitivity analysis; however, we have tried to account for the RoB found in the different studies with the GRADE method. Only two studies considered physical functioning as outcome measure, and only one study separately measured lumbar and sciatic pain.
The overall summarizing of RoB was different from current standards, having also used the “moderate risk of bias” classification, according to Gianola and colleagues . The unreported standard deviations were derived from other similar studies: this may have led to an under-estimation or an over-estimation of the results.
No study was rated as “high quality,” and we did not find any published protocols, making it difficult to assess reporting bias. We cannot derive conclusions on what type of VT is better or which is the best patient’s position. Due to the heterogeneity in treatment dosage, both in terms of time of application and days of treatment, suggestions on this topic are not forthcoming.
VT may be an effective treatment only for reducing pain in LR at short-term, and may be preferred to passive treatments as bed rest and medications. VT does not demonstrate significant effects on activity limitation due to LR.
We have insufficient data to conclude that VT gives additional benefits when combined to or compared with PT treatments. Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change these conclusions. New large, high-quality studies are needed to investigate the effectiveness of VT and identify the most effective delivering, the best treatment dosage, or the pain stage that could benefit more by this intervention.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation
Low Back Pain
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Numerical Rating Scale
Oswestry Disability Index
Patient, Intervention/Treatment, Control, Outcome
- Rayyan QRCI:
Rayyan Qatar Computer Research Institute
Randomized Clinical Trial
Roland & Morris Disability Questionnaire
Risk of Bias
Straight Leg Raising
Standardized Mean Differences
Visual Analogue Scale
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Vanti, C., Turone, L., Panizzolo, A. et al. Vertical traction for lumbar radiculopathy: a systematic review. Arch Physiother 11, 7 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40945-021-00102-5
- Radiating pain
- Low Back pain
- Pain management
- Intervertebral disc disease
- Randomized controlled trials
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CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE(1995)
Ohio law makes Capitol Square, the Statehouse plaza in Columbus, a forum for discussion of public questions and for public activities, and gives petitioner Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board responsibility for regulating access to the square. To use the square, a group must simply fill out an official application form and meet several speech-neutral criteria. After the Board denied, on Establishment Clause grounds, the application of respondent Ku Klux Klan to place an unattended cross on the square during the 1993 Christmas season, the Klan filed this suit. The District Court entered an injunction requiring issuance of the requested permit, and the Board permitted the Klan to erect its cross. The Sixth Circuit affirmed the judgment, adding to a conflict among the Courts of Appeals as to whether a private, unattended display of a religious symbol in a public forum violates the Establishment Clause.
The judgment is affirmed.
30 F.3d 675, affirmed.
JUSTICE SCALIA announced the judgment of the Court and delivered the opinion of the Court with respect to Parts I, II, and III, and an opinion with respect to Part IV, in which the CHIEF JUSTICE, JUSTICE KENNEDY and JUSTICE THOMAS join.
The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, made binding upon the States through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides that government "shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." The question in this case is whether a State violates the Establishment Clause when, pursuant to a religiously neutral state policy, it permits a private party to display an unattended religious symbol in a traditional public forum located next to its seat of government.
It has been the Board's policy "to allow a broad range of speakers and other gatherings of people to conduct events on the Capitol Square." Brief for Petitioner 3-4. Such diverse groups as homosexual rights organizations, the Ku Klux Klan and the United Way have held rallies. The Board has also permitted a variety of unattended displays on Capitol Square: a State-sponsored lighted tree during the Christmas season, a privately-sponsored menorah during Chanukah, a display showing the progress of a United Way fundraising campaign, and booths and exhibits during an arts festival. Although there was some dispute in this litigation regarding the frequency of unattended displays, the District Court found, with ample justification, that there was no policy against them. 844 F. Supp. 1182, 1184 (SD Ohio 1993).
In November 1993, after reversing an initial decision to ban unattended holiday displays from the square during December 1993, the Board authorized the State to put up its annual Christmas tree. On November 29, 1993, the Board granted a rabbi's application to erect a menorah. That same day, the Board received an application from respondent Donnie Carr, an officer of the Ohio Ku Klux Klan, to place a cross on the square from December 8, 1993, to December 24, 1993. The Board denied that application on December 3, informing the Klan by letter that the decision to deny "was made upon the advice of counsel, in a good faith attempt to comply [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 3] with the Ohio and United States Constitutions, as they have been interpreted in relevant decisions by the Federal and State Courts." App. 47.
Two weeks later, having been unsuccessful in its effort to obtain administrative relief from the Board's decision, the Ohio Klan, through its leader Vincent Pinette, filed the present suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, seeking an injunction requiring the Board to issue the requested permit. The Board defended on the ground that the permit would violate the Establishment Clause. The District Court determined that Capitol Square was a traditional public forum open to all without any policy against free-standing displays; that the Klan's cross was entirely private expression entitled to full First Amendment protection; and that the Board had failed to show that the display of the cross could reasonably be construed as endorsement of Christianity by the State. The District Court issued the injunction and, after the Board's application for an emergency stay was denied, 510 U.S. ___ (1993) (STEVENS, J., in chambers), the Board permitted the Klan to erect its cross. The Board then received, and granted, several additional applications to erect crosses on Capitol Square during December 1993 and January 1994.
On appeal by the Board, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed the District Court's judgment. 30 F.3d 675 (1994). That decision agrees with a ruling by the Eleventh Circuit, Chabad-Lubavitch v. Miller, 5 F.3d 1383 (1993), but disagrees with decisions of the Second and Fourth Circuits, Chabad-Lubavitch v. Burlington, 936 F.2d 109 (CA2 1991), cert. denied, 505 U.S. 1218 (1992), Kaplan v. Burlington, 891 F.2d 1024 (CA2 1989), cert. denied, 496 U.S. 926 (1990), Smith v. County of Albemarle, 895 F.2d 953 (CA4), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 823 (1990). We granted certiorari. 513 U.S. ___ (1995). [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 4]
Respondents' religious display in Capitol Square was private expression. Our precedent establishes that private religious speech, far from being a First Amendment orphan, is as fully protected under the Free Speech Clause as secular private expression. Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist., 508 U.S. ___ (1993); Board of Ed. of Westside Community Schools (Dist. 66) v. Mergens, 496 U.S. 226 (1990); Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263 (1981); Heffron v. International Soc. for Krishna Consciousness, Inc., [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 5] 452 U.S. 640 (1981). Indeed, in Anglo-American history, at least, government suppression of speech has so commonly been directed precisely at religious speech that a free-speech clause without religion would be Hamlet without the prince. Accordingly, we have not excluded from free-speech protections religious proselytizing, Heffron, supra, at 647, or even acts of worship, Widmar, supra, at 269, n.6. Petitioners do not dispute that respondents, in displaying their cross, were engaging in constitutionally protected expression. They do contend that the constitutional protection does not extend to the length of permitting that expression to be made on Capitol Square.
It is undeniable, of course, that speech which is constitutionally protected against state suppression is not thereby accorded a guaranteed forum on all property owned by the State. Postal Service v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns., 453 U.S. 114, 129 (1981); Perry Ed. Assn. v. Perry Local Educators' Assn., 460 U.S. 37, 44 (1983). The right to use government property for one's private expression depends upon whether the property has by law or tradition been given the status of a public forum, or rather has been reserved for specific official uses. Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Ed. Fund, Inc., 473 U.S. 788, 802 -803 (1985). If the former, a State's right to limit protected expressive activity is sharply circumscribed: it may impose reasonable, content-neutral time, place and manner restrictions (a ban on all unattended displays, which did not exist here, might be one such), but it may regulate expressive content only if such a restriction is necessary, and narrowly drawn, to serve a compelling state interest. Perry Ed. Assn., supra, at 45. These strict standards apply here, since the District Court and the Court of Appeals found that Capitol Square was a traditional public forum. 844 F. Supp., at 1184; 30 F.3d, at 678. [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 6]
Petitioners do not claim that their denial of respondents' application was based upon a content-neutral time, place, or manner restriction. To the contrary, they concede - indeed it is the essence of their case - that the Board rejected the display precisely because its content was religious. Petitioners advance a single justification for closing Capitol Square to respondents' cross: the State's interest in avoiding official endorsement of Christianity, as required by the Establishment Clause.
In Lamb's Chapel, a school district allowed private groups to use school facilities during off-hours for a variety of civic, social and recreational purposes, excluding, however, religious purposes. We held that even if school property during off-hours was not a public forum, the school district violated an applicant's free-speech rights by denying it use of the facilities solely because of the religious viewpoint of the program it wished to present. 508 U.S., at ___ (slip op., at 6-11). We rejected the district's compelling-state-interest Establishment Clause defense (the same made here) because the school property was open to a wide variety of uses, the district was not directly sponsoring the religious group's [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 7] activity, and "any benefit to religion or to the Church would have been no more than incidental." Id., at ___ (slip op., at 10). The Lamb's Chapel reasoning applies a fortiori here, where the property at issue is not a school but a full-fledged public forum.
Lamb's Chapel followed naturally from our decision in Widmar, in which we examined a public university's exclusion of student religious groups from facilities available to other student groups. There also we addressed official discrimination against groups who wished to use a "generally open forum" for religious speech. 454 U.S., at 269 . And there also the State claimed that its compelling interest in complying with the Establishment Clause justified the content-based restriction. We rejected the defense because the forum created by the State was open to a broad spectrum of groups and would provide only incidental benefit to religion. Id., at 274. We stated categorically that "an open forum in a public university does not confer any imprimatur of state approval on religious sects or practices." Ibid.
Quite obviously, the factors that we considered determinative in Lamb's Chapel and Widmar exist here as well. The State did not sponsor respondents' expression, the expression was made on government property that had been opened to the public for speech, and permission was requested through the same application process and on the same terms required of other private groups.
We must note, to begin with, that it is not really an "endorsement test" of any sort, much less the "endorsement test" which appears in our more recent Establishment Clause jurisprudence, that petitioners urge upon us. "Endorsement" connotes an expression or demonstration of approval or support. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 818 (1993); Webster's New Dictionary 845 (2d ed. 1950). Our cases have accordingly equated "endorsement" with "promotion" or "favoritism." Allegheny County, supra, at 593 (citing cases). We find it peculiar to say that government "promotes" or "favors" a religious display by giving it the same access to a public forum that all other displays enjoy. And as a matter of Establishment Clause jurisprudence, we have consistently held that it is no violation for government to enact neutral policies that happen to benefit religion. See, e.g., Bowen v. Kendrick, 487 U.S. 589, 608 (1988); Witters v. Washington Dept. of Services for Blind, 474 U.S. 481, 486 -489 (1986); Mueller v. Allen, 463 U.S. 388 (1983); McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U.S. 420 (1961). Where we have tested for endorsement of religion, the subject of the test was either expression by the government itself, Lynch, supra, or else government action alleged to discriminate in favor of private religious expression or activity, Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet, 512 U.S. ___ (slip op., at 18-20) (1994), Allegheny County, supra. The test petitioners propose, which would attribute to a neutrally behaving government private religious expression, has no antecedent in our jurisprudence, and would better be called a "transferred endorsement" test. [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 9]
Petitioners rely heavily on Allegheny County and Lynch, but each is easily distinguished. In Allegheny County we held that the display of a privately-sponsored creche on the "Grand Staircase" of the Allegheny County Courthouse violated the Establishment Clause. That staircase was not, however, open to all on an equal basis, so the County was favoring sectarian religious expression. 492 U.S., at 599 -600, and n. 50 ("[t]he Grand Staircase does not appear to be the kind of location in which all were free to place their displays"). We expressly distinguished that site from the kind of public forum at issue here, and made clear that if the staircase were available to all on the same terms, "the presence of the creche in that location for over six weeks would then not serve to associate the government with the creche." Ibid. (emphasis added). In Lynch we held creche did not violate the Establishment Clause because, in context, the display did not endorse religion. 465 U.S., at 685 -687. The opinion does assume, as petitioners contend, that the government's use of religious symbols is unconstitutional if it effectively endorses sectarian religious belief. But the case neither holds nor even remotely assumes that the government's private religious expression can be unconstitutional.
Petitioners argue that absence of perceived endorsement was material in Lamb's Chapel and Widmar. We did state in Lamb's Chapel that there was "no realistic danger that the community would think that the District was endorsing religion or any particular creed," 508 U.S., at ___ (slip op., at 10). But that conclusion was not the result of empirical investigation; it followed directly, we thought, from the fact that the forum was open and the religious activity privately sponsored. See ibid. It is significant that we referred only to what would be thought by "the community" - not by outsiders or individual members of the community uninformed [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 10] about the school's practice. Surely some of the latter, hearing of religious ceremonies on school premises, and not knowing of the premises' availability and use for all sorts of other private activities, might leap to the erroneous conclusion of state endorsement. But, we in effect said, given an open forum and private sponsorship, erroneous conclusions do not count. So also in Widmar. Once we determined that the benefit to religious groups from the public forum was incidental and shared by other groups, we categorically rejected the State's Establishment Clause defense. 454 U.S., at 274 .
What distinguishes Allegheny County and the dictum in Lynch from Widmar and Lamb's Chapel is the difference between government speech and private speech. "[T]here is a crucial difference between government speech endorsing religion, which the Establishment Clause forbids, and private speech endorsing religion, which the Free Speech and Free Exercise Clauses protect." Mergens, 496 U.S., at 250 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring). 2 Petitioners assert, in effect, that that distinction disappears when the private speech is conducted too close to the symbols of government. But that, of course, must be merely a subpart of a more general principle: that the distinction disappears whenever private speech can be mistaken for government speech. That proposition cannot be accepted, at least where, as [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 11] here, the government has not fostered or encouraged the mistake.
Of course, giving sectarian religious speech preferential access to a forum close to the seat of government (or anywhere else for that matter) would violate the Establishment Clause (as well as the Free Speech Clause, since it would involve content discrimination). And one can conceive of a case in which a governmental entity manipulates its administration of a public forum close to the seat of government (or within a government building) in such a manner that only certain religious groups take advantage of it, creating an impression of endorsement that is in fact accurate. But those situations, which involve governmental favoritism, do not exist here. Capitol Square is a genuinely public forum, is known to be a public forum, and has been widely used as a public forum for many, many years. Private religious speech cannot be subject to veto by those who see favoritism where there is none.
The contrary view, most strongly espoused by JUSTICE STEVENS, post, at 11-12, but endorsed by JUSTICE SOUTER and JUSTICE O'CONNOR as well, exiles private religious speech to a realm of less-protected expression heretofore inhabited only by sexually explicit displays and commercial speech. Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc., 427 U.S. 50, 61 , 70-71 (1976); Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Serv. Comm'n of N. Y., 447 U.S. 557 (1980). It will be a sad day when this Court casts piety in with pornography, and finds the First Amendment more hospitable to private expletives, see Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 26 (1971), than to private prayers. This would be merely bizarre were religious speech simply as protected by the Constitution as other forms of private speech; but it is outright perverse when one considers that private religious expression receives preferential treatment under the Free Exercise Clause. It is no answer to say that the [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 12] Establishment Clause tempers religious speech. By its terms that Clause applies only to the words and acts of government. It was never meant, and has never been read by this Court, to serve as an impediment to purely private religious speech connected to the State only through its occurrence in a public forum.
Since petitioners' "transferred endorsement" principle cannot possibly be restricted to squares in front of state capitols, the Establishment Clause regime that it would usher in is most unappealing. To require (and permit) access by a religious group in Lamb's Chapel, it was sufficient that the group's activity was not in fact government sponsored, that the event was open to the public, and that the benefit of the facilities was shared by various organizations. Petitioners' rule would require school districts adopting similar policies in the future to guess whether some undetermined critical mass of the community might nonetheless perceive the district to be advocating a religious viewpoint. Similarly, state universities would be forced to reassess our statement that "an open forum in a public university does not confer any imprimatur of state approval on religious sects or practices." Widmar, 454 U.S., at 274 . Whether it does would henceforth depend upon immediate appearances. Policy makers would find themselves in a vise between the Establishment Clause on one side and the Free Speech and Free Exercise Clauses on the other. Every proposed act of private, religious expression in a public forum would force officials to weigh a host of imponderables. How close to government is too close? What kind of building, and in what context, symbolizes state authority? If the State guessed wrong in one direction, it would be guilty of an Establishment Clause violation; if in the other, it would be liable for suppressing free exercise or free speech (a risk not run when the State restrains only its own expression). [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 13]
The "transferred endorsement" test would also disrupt the settled principle that policies providing incidental benefits to religion do not contravene the Establishment Clause. That principle is the basis for the constitutionality of a broad range of laws, not merely those that implicate free-speech issues, see, e.g., Witters, supra; Mueller, supra. It has radical implications for our public policy to suggest that neutral laws are invalid whenever hypothetical observers may - even reasonably - confuse an incidental benefit to religion with state endorsement. 3 [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 14]
If Ohio is concerned about misperceptions, nothing prevents it from requiring all private displays in the Square to be identified as such. That would be a content-neutral "manner" restriction which is assuredly constitutional. See Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 (1984). But the State may not, on the claim of misperception of official endorsement, ban all private religious speech from the public square, or discriminate against it by requiring religious speech alone to disclaim public sponsorship. 4
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is
[ Footnote 2 ] This statement in JUSTICE O'CONNOR'S Mergens concurrence is followed by the observation: "We think that secondary school students are mature enough and are likely to understand that a school does not endorse or support student speech that it merely permits on a nondiscriminatory basis." 496 U.S., at 250 . JUSTICE O'CONNOR today says this observation means that, even when we recognize private speech to be at issue, we must apply the endorsement test. Post, at 4. But that would cause the second sentence to contradict the first, saying in effect that the "difference between government speech . . . and private speech" is not "crucial."
[ Footnote 3 ] If it is true, as JUSTICE O'CONNOR suggests, post, at 5, that she would not "be likely to come to a different result from the plurality where truly private speech is allowed on equal terms in a public forum that the government has administered properly," then she is extending the "endorsement test" to private speech to cover an eventuality that is "not likely" to occur. Before doing that, it would seem desirable to explore the precise degree of the unlikelihood (is it perhaps 100%?) - for as we point out in text, the extension to private speech has considerable costs. Contrary to what JUSTICE O'CONNOR, JUSTICE SOUTER, and JUSTICE STEVENS argue, the endorsement test does not supply an appropriate standard for the inquiry before us. It supplies no standard whatsoever. The lower federal courts that the concurrence identifies as having "applied the endorsement test in precisely the context before us today," post, at 4, have reached precisely differing results - which is what led the Court to take this case. And if further proof of the invited chaos is required, one need only follow the debate between the concurrence and JUSTICE STEVENS' dissent as to whether the hypothetical beholder who will be the determinant of "endorsement" should be any beholder (no matter how unknowledgeable), or the average beholder, or (what JUSTICE STEVENS accuses the concurrence of favoring) the "ultra-reasonable" beholder. See post, at 8-12 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring in judgment); post, at 12-13 (STEVENS, J., dissenting). And of course even when one achieves agreement upon that question, it will be unrealistic to expect different judges (or should it be juries?) to reach consistent answers as to what any beholder, the average beholder, or the ultra-reasonable beholder (as the case may be) would think. It is irresponsible to make the Nation's legislators walk this minefield.
[ Footnote 4 ] For this reason, among others, we do not inquire into the adequacy of the identification which was attached to the cross ultimately erected in this case. The difficulties posed by such an inquiry, however, are yet another reason to reject the principle of "transferred endorsement." The only principled line for adequacy of identification would be identification that is legible at whatever distance the cross is visible. Otherwise, the uninformed viewer who does not have time or inclination to come closer to read the sign might be misled, just as (under current law) the uninformed viewer who does not have time or inclination to inquire whether speech in Capitol Square is publicly endorsed speech might be misled. Needless to say, such a rule would place considerable constraint upon religious speech, not to mention that it would be ridiculous. But if one rejects that criterion, courts would have to decide (on what basis we cannot imagine) how large an identifying sign is large enough. Our Religion Clause jurisprudence is complex enough without the addition of this highly litigable feature. [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 1]
JUSTICE THOMAS, concurring.
I join the Court's conclusion that petitioner's exclusion of the Ku Klux Klan's cross cannot be justified on Establishment Clause grounds. But the fact that the legal issue before us involves the Establishment Clause should not lead anyone to think that a cross erected by the Ku Klux Klan is a purely religious symbol. The erection of such a cross is a political act, not a Christian one.
There is little doubt that the Klan's main objective is to establish a racist white government in the United States. In Klan ceremony, the cross is a symbol of white supremacy and a tool for the intimidation and harassment of racial minorities, Catholics, Jews, Communists, and any other groups hated by the Klan. The cross is associated with the Klan not because of religious worship, but because of the Klan's practice of cross-burning. Cross-burning was entirely unknown to the early Ku Klux Klan, which emerged in some Southern States during Reconstruction. W. Wade, The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America 146 (1987). The practice appears to have been the product of Thomas Dixon, whose book The Clansman formed the story for [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 2] the movie, The Birth of a Nation. See M. Newton & J. Newton, The Ku Klux Klan: An Encyclopedia 145-146 (1991). In the book, cross-burning is borrowed from an "old Scottish rite" (Dixon apparently believed that the members of the Reconstruction Ku Klux Klan were the "reincarnated souls of the Clansmen of Old Scotland") that the Klan uses to celebrate the execution of a former slave. T. Dixon, The Clansman: An Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan 324-326 (1905). Although the cross took on some religious significance in the 1920's when the Klan became connected with certain southern white clergy, by the postwar period it had reverted to its original function as an instrument of intimidation. Wade, supra, at 185, 279.
To be sure, the cross appears to serve as a religious symbol of Christianity for some Klan members. The hymn "The Old Rugged Cross" is sometimes played during cross-burnings. See W. Moore, A Sheet and a Cross: A Symbolic Analysis of the Ku Klux Klan 287-288 (Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane University, 1975). But to the extent that the Klan had a message to communicate in Capitol Square, it was primarily a political one. During his testimony before the District Court, the leader of the local Klan testified that the cross was seen "as a symbol of freedom, as a symbol of trying to unite our people." App. 150. The Klan chapter wished to erect the cross because it was also "a symbol of freedom from tyranny," and because it "was also incorporated in the confederate battle flag." Ibid. Of course, the cross also had some religious connotation; the Klan leader linked the cross to what he claimed was one of the central purposes of the Klan: "to establish a Christian government in America." Id., at 142-145. But surely this message was both political and religious in nature.
Although the Klan might have sought to convey a message with some religious component, I think that the [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 3] Klan had a primarily nonreligious purpose in erecting the cross. The Klan simply has appropriated one of the most sacred of religious symbols as a symbol of hate. In my mind, this suggests that this case may not have truly involved the Establishment Clause, although I agree with the Court's disposition because of the manner in which the case has come before us. In the end, there may be much less here than meets the eye. [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 1]
JUSTICE O'CONNOR, with whom JUSTICE SOUTER and JUSTICE BREYER join, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.
I join Parts I, II, and III of the Court's opinion and concur in the judgment. Despite the messages of bigotry and racism that may be conveyed along with religious connotations by the display of a Ku Klux Klan cross, see ante, at 2 (THOMAS, J., concurring), at bottom this case must be understood as it has been presented to us - as a case about private religious expression and whether the State's relationship to it violates the Establishment Clause. In my view, "the endorsement test asks the right question about governmental practices challenged on Establishment Clause grounds, including challenged practices involving the display of religious symbols," Allegheny County v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, 492 U.S. 573, 628 (1989) (O'CONNOR, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment), even where a neutral state policy toward private religious speech in a public forum is at issue. Accordingly, I see no necessity to carve out, as the plurality opinion would today, an exception to the endorsement test for the public forum context. [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 2]
For the reasons given by JUSTICE SOUTER, whose opinion I also join, I conclude on the facts of this case that there is "no realistic danger that the community would think that the [State] was endorsing religion or any particular creed," Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist., 508 U.S. ___, ___ (1993) (slip op., at 10), by granting respondents a permit to erect their temporary cross on Capitol Square. I write separately, however, to emphasize that, because it seeks to identify those situations in which government makes "`adherence to a religion relevant . . . to a person's standing in the political community,'" Allegheny, supra, at 594 (quoting Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 687 (1984) (O'CONNOR, J., concurring), the endorsement test necessarily focuses upon the perception of a reasonable, informed observer.
There is, as the plurality notes, ante, at 10, "a crucial difference between government speech endorsing religion, which the Establishment Clause forbids, and private speech endorsing religion, which the Free Speech and Free Exercise Clauses protect." Board of Ed. of Westside Community Schools (Dist. 66) v. Mergens, 496 U.S. 226, 250 (1990) (plurality opinion). But the quoted statement was made while applying the endorsement test itself; indeed, the sentence upon which the plurality relies was followed immediately by the conclusion that "secondary school students are mature enough and are likely to understand that a school does not endorse or support student speech that it merely permits on a nondiscriminatory basis." Ibid. Thus, as I read the decisions JUSTICE SOUTER carefully surveys, our prior cases do not imply that the endorsement test has no place where private religious speech in a public forum is at issue. Moreover, numerous lower courts (including the Court of Appeals in this case) have applied the endorsement test in precisely the context before us today. See, e.g., Chabad-Lubavitch of Georgia v. Miller, 5 F.3d 1383 (CA11 1993) (en banc); Kreisner v. San Diego, 1 F.3d 775, 782-787 (CA9 1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. ___ (1994); Americans United for Separation of Church and State v. Grand Rapids, 980 F.2d 1538 (CA6 1992) (en banc); Doe v. Small, 964 F.2d 611 (CA7 1992) (en banc); cf. Smith v. County of Albemarle, 895 F.2d 953 (CA4 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 823 (1990); Kaplan v. Burlington, 891 F.2d 1024 (CA2 1989), cert. denied, 496 U.S. 926 (1990). Given this background, I see no necessity to draw new lines where "[r]eligious expression [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 5] . . . (1) is purely private and (2) occurs in a traditional or designated public forum," ante, at 14.
None of this is to suggest that I would be likely to come to a different result from the plurality where truly private speech is allowed on equal terms in a vigorous public forum that the government has administered properly. That the religious display at issue here was erected by a private group in a public square available "for use by the public . . . for free discussion of public questions, or for activities of a broad public purpose," Ohio Admin. Code Ann. 128-4-02(A) (1994), certainly informs the Establishment Clause inquiry under the endorsement test. Indeed, many of the factors the plurality identifies are some of those I would consider important in deciding cases like this one where religious speakers seek access to public spaces: "The State did not sponsor respondents' expression, the expression was made on government property that had been opened to the public for speech, and permission was requested through the same application process and on the same terms required of other groups." Ante, at 7. And, as I read the plurality opinion, a case is not governed by its proposed per se rule where such circumstances are otherwise - that is, where preferential placement of a religious symbol in a public space or government manipulation of the forum is involved. See ante, at 11.
To the plurality's consideration of the open nature of the forum and the private ownership of the display, however, I would add the presence of a sign disclaiming government sponsorship or endorsement on the Klan cross, which would make the State's role clear to the community. This factor is important because, as JUSTICE SOUTER makes clear, post, at 3-4, certain aspects of the cross display in this case arguably intimate government approval of respondents' private religious message - particularly that the cross is an especially potent sectarian symbol which stood unattended in [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 6] close proximity to official government buildings. In context, a disclaimer helps remove doubt about State approval of respondents' religious message. Cf. Widmar, 454 U.S., at 274 , n. 14 ("In light of the large number of groups meeting on campus, however, we doubt students could draw any reasonable inference of University support from the mere fact of a campus meeting place. The University's student handbook already notes that the University's name will not `be identified in any way with the aims, policies, programs, products, or opinions of any organization or its members'"). On these facts, then, "the message [of inclusion] is one of neutrality rather than endorsement." Mergens, 496 U.S., at 248 (plurality opinion).
Our agreement as to the outcome of this case, however, cannot mask the fact that I part company with the plurality on a fundamental point: I disagree that "[i]t has radical implications for our public policy to suggest that neutral laws are invalid whenever hypothetical observers may even reasonably - confuse an incidental benefit to religion with State endorsement." Ante, at 13. On the contrary, when the reasonable observer would view a government practice as endorsing religion, I believe that it is our duty to hold the practice invalid. The plurality today takes an exceedingly narrow view of the Establishment Clause that is out of step both with the Court's prior cases and with well-established notions of what the Constitution requires. The Clause is more than a negative prohibition against certain narrowly defined forms of government favoritism, see ante, at 11; it also imposes affirmative obligations that may require a State, in some situations, to take steps to avoid being perceived as supporting or endorsing a private religious message. That is, the Establishment Clause forbids a State from hiding behind the application of formally neutral criteria and remaining studiously oblivious to the effects of its actions. Governmental intent cannot [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 7] control, and not all state policies are permissible under the Religion Clauses simply because they are neutral in form.
Where the government's operation of a public forum has the effect of endorsing religion, even if the governmental actor neither intends nor actively encourages that result, see Lynch, 465 U.S., at 690 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring), the Establishment Clause is violated. This is so not because of "`transferred endorsement,'" ante, at 8, or mistaken attribution of private speech to the State, but because the State's own actions (operating the forum in a particular manner and permitting the religious expression to take place therein), and their relationship to the private speech at issue, actually convey a message of endorsement. At some point, for example, a private religious group may so dominate a public forum that a formal policy of equal access is transformed into a demonstration of approval. Cf. Mergens, 454 U.S., at 275 (concluding that there was no danger of an Establishment Clause violation in a public university's allowing access by student religious groups to facilities available to others "[a]t least in the absence of empirical evidence that religious groups will dominate [the school's] open forum"). Other circumstances may produce the same effect - whether because of the fortuity of geography, the nature of the particular public space, or the character of the religious speech at issue, among others. Our Establishment Clause jurisprudence should remain flexible enough to handle such situations when they arise.
In the end, I would recognize that the Establishment Clause inquiry cannot be distilled into a fixed, per se rule. Thus, "[e]very government practice must be judged in its unique circumstances to determine whether it constitutes an endorsement or disapproval of religion." Lynch, 465 U.S., at 694 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring). And this question cannot be answered in the abstract, [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 8] but instead requires courts to examine the history and administration of a particular practice to determine whether it operates as such an endorsement. I continue to believe that government practices relating to speech on religious topics "must be subjected to careful judicial scrutiny," ibid., and that the endorsement test supplies an appropriate standard for that inquiry.
Because an Establishment Clause violation must be moored in government action of some sort, and because our concern is with the political community writ large, see Allegheny, supra, at 627 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment); Lynch, 465 U.S., at 690 , the endorsement inquiry is not about the [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 9] perceptions of particular individuals or saving isolated non-adherents from the discomfort of viewing symbols of a faith to which they do not subscribe. Indeed, to avoid "entirely sweep[ing] away all government recognition and acknowledgment of the role of religion in the lives of our citizens," Allegheny, supra, at 623 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment), our Establishment Clause jurisprudence must seek to identify the point at which the government becomes responsible, whether due to favoritism toward or disregard for the evident effect of religious speech, for the injection of religion into the political life of the citizenry.
I therefore disagree that the endorsement test should focus on the actual perception of individual observers, who naturally have differing degrees of knowledge. Under such an approach, a religious display is necessarily precluded so long as some passersby would perceive a governmental endorsement thereof. In my view, however, the endorsement test creates a more collective standard to gauge "the `objective' meaning of the [government's] statement in the community," Lynch, supra, at 690 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring). In this respect, the applicable observer is similar to the "reasonable person" in tort law, who "is not to be identified with any ordinary individual, who might occasionally do unreasonable things" but is "rather a personification of a community ideal of reasonable behavior, determined by the [collective] social judgment." W. Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on The Law of Torts 175 (5th ed. 1984). Thus, "we do not ask whether there is any person who could find an endorsement of religion, whether some people may be offended by the display, or whether some reasonable person might think [the State] endorses religion." Americans United, 980 F.2d, at 1544. Saying that the endorsement inquiry should be conducted from the perspective of a hypothetical observer who is presumed to possess a certain level of information [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 10] that all citizens might not share neither chooses the perceptions of the majority over those of a "reasonable non-adherent," cf. L. Tribe, American Constitutional Law 1293 (2d ed. 1988), nor invites disregard for the values the Establishment Clause was intended to protect. It simply recognizes the fundamental difficulty inherent in focusing on actual people: there is always someone who, with a particular quantum of knowledge, reasonably might perceive a particular action as an endorsement of religion. A State has not made religion relevant to standing in the political community simply because a particular viewer of a display might feel uncomfortable.
It is for this reason that the reasonable observer in the endorsement inquiry must be deemed aware of the history and context of the community and forum in which the religious display appears. As I explained in Allegheny, "the `history and ubiquity' of a practice is relevant because it provides part of the context in which a reasonable observer evaluates whether a challenged governmental practice conveys a message of endorsement of religion." 492 U.S., at 630 . Nor can the knowledge attributed to the reasonable observer be limited to the information gleaned simply from viewing the challenged display. Today's proponents of the endorsement test all agree that we should attribute to the observer knowledge that the cross is a religious symbol, that Capitol Square is owned by the State, and that the large building nearby is the seat of state government. See post, at 10-11 (SOUTER, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment); post, at 11 (STEVENS, J., dissenting). In my view, our hypothetical observer also should know the general history of the place in which the cross is displayed. Indeed, the fact that Capitol Square is a public park that has been used over time by private speakers of various types is as much a part of the display's context as its proximity to the Ohio Statehouse. Cf. Allegheny, 492 U.S., at 600 , n. 50 [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 11] (noting that "[t]he Grand Staircase does not appear to be the kind of location in which all were free to place their displays for weeks at a time . . ."). This approach does not require us to assume an "`ultra-reasonable observer' who understands the vagaries of this Court's First Amendment jurisprudence," post, at 12 (STEVENS, J., dissenting). An informed member of the community will know how the public space in question has been used in the past - and it is that fact, not that the space may meet the legal definition of a public forum, which is relevant to the endorsement inquiry.
The dissent's property-based argument fails to give sufficient weight to the fact that the cross at issue here was displayed in a forum traditionally open to the public. "The very fact that a sign is installed on public property," the dissent suggests, "implies official approval of its message." Post, at 6. While this may be the case where a government building and its immediate curtilage are involved, it is not necessarily so with respect to those "places which by long tradition or by government fiat have been devoted to assembly and debate, . . . [particularly] streets and parks which `have immemorially been held in trust for the use of the public and, time out of mind, have been used for purposes of assembly, communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public questions.'" Perry Ed. Assn. v. Perry Local Educators' Assn., 460 U.S. 37, 45 (1983) (quoting Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization, 307 U.S. 496, 515 (1939)). To the extent there is a presumption that "structures on government property - and, in particular, in front of buildings plainly identified with the State - imply state approval of their message," post, at 9 (STEVENS, J., dissenting), that presumption can be rebutted where the property at issue is a forum historically available for private expression. The reasonable observer would recognize the distinction between speech the government supports and speech that it merely [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 12] allows in a place that traditionally has been open to a range of private speakers accompanied, if necessary, by an appropriate disclaimer.
In this case, I believe, the reasonable observer would view the Klan's cross display fully aware that Capitol Square is a public space in which a multiplicity of groups, both secular and religious, engage in expressive conduct. It is precisely this type of knowledge that we presumed in Lamb's Chapel, 508 U.S., at ___ (slip op., at 10), and in Mergens, 496 U.S., at 250 (plurality opinion). Moreover, this observer would certainly be able to read and understand an adequate disclaimer, which the Klan had informed the State it would include in the display at the time it applied for the permit, see App. to Pet. for Cert. A-15 to A-16; post, at 11, n. 1 (SOUTER, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment), and the content of which the Board could have defined as it deemed necessary as a condition of granting the Klan's application. Cf. American Civil Liberties Union v. Wilkinson, 895 F.2d 1098, 1104-1106 (CA6 1990). On the facts of this case, therefore, I conclude that the reasonable observer would not interpret the State's tolerance of the Klan's private religious display in Capitol Square as an endorsement of religion.
JUSTICE SOUTER, with whom JUSTICE O'CONNOR and JUSTICE BREYER join, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.
I concur in Parts I, II, and III of the Court's opinion. I also want to note specifically my agreement with the Court's suggestion that the State of Ohio could ban all unattended private displays in Capitol Square if it so desired. See ante, at 5-6; see also post, at 7-8 (STEVENS, J., dissenting). The fact that the Capitol lawn has been the site of public protests and gatherings, and is the location of any number of the government's own unattended displays, such as statues, does not disable the State from closing the square to all privately owned, unattended structures. A government entity may ban posters on publicly owned utility poles to eliminate visual clutter, City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 808 (1984), and may bar camping as part of a demonstration in certain public parks, Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288 (1984). It may similarly adopt a content-neutral policy prohibiting private individuals and groups from erecting unattended displays in forums around public buildings. See also Ward v. Rock Against Racism, [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 2] 491 U.S. 781, 791 (1989) ("[E]ven in a public forum the government may impose reasonable restrictions on the time, place, or manner of protected speech, provided [that] the restrictions `are justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech, that they are narrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental interest, and that they leave open ample alternative channels for communication of the information,'" quoting Clark, supra, at 293).
Otherwise, however, I limit my concurrence to the judgment. Although I agree in the end that, in the circumstances of this case, petitioners erred in denying the Klan's application for a permit to erect a cross on Capitol Square, my analysis of the Establishment Clause issue differs from JUSTICE SCALIA'S, and I vote to affirm in large part because of the possibility of affixing a sign to the cross adequately disclaiming any government sponsorship or endorsement of it.
The plurality's opinion declines to apply the endorsement test to the Board's action, in favor of a per se rule: religious expression cannot violate the Establishment Clause where it (1) is private and (2) occurs in a public forum, even if a reasonable observer would see the expression as indicating state endorsement. Ante, at 14. This per se rule would be an exception to the endorsement test, not previously recognized and out of square with our precedents.
My disagreement with the plurality on the law may receive some focus from attention to a matter of straight fact that we see alike: in some circumstances an intelligent observer may mistake private, unattended religious displays in a public forum for government speech endorsing religion. See ante, at 13 (acknowledging that "hypothetical observers may even reasonably - confuse an incidental benefit to religion with state endorsement") [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 3] (emphasis in original); see also ante, at 14, n. 4 (noting that an observer might be "misled" by the presence of the cross in Capitol Square if the disclaimer was of insufficient size or if the observer failed to enquire whether the State had sponsored the cross). The Klan concedes this possibility as well, saying that, in its view, "on a different set of facts, the government might be found guilty of violating the endorsement test by permitting a private religious display in a public forum." Brief for Respondents 43.
An observer need not be "obtuse," Doe v. Small, 964 F.2d 611, 630 (CA7 1992) (Easterbrook, J., concurring), to presume that an unattended display on government land in a place of prominence in front of a government building either belongs to the government, represents government speech, or enjoys its location because of government endorsement of its message. Capitol Square, for example, is the site of a number of unattended displays owned or sponsored by the government, some permanent (statues), some temporary (such as the Christmas tree and a "Seasons Greetings" banner), and some in between (flags, which are, presumably, taken down and put up from time to time). See App. 59, 64-65 (photos); Appendices A & B to this opinion, infra. Given the domination of the square by the government's own displays, one would not be a dimwit as a matter of law to think that an unattended religious display there was endorsed by the government, even though the square has also been the site of three privately sponsored, unattended displays over the years (a menorah, a United Way "thermometer," and some artisans' booths left overnight during an arts festival), ante, at 2, cf. Allegheny County v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, 492 U.S. 573, 600 , n. 50 (1989) ("Even if the Grand Staircase occasionally was used for displays other than the creche . . . it remains true that any display located there fairly may be [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 4] understood to express views that receive the support and endorsement of the government"), and even though the square meets the legal definition of a public forum and has been used "[f]or over a century" as the site of "speeches, gatherings, and festivals," ante, at 1. When an individual speaks in a public forum, it is reasonable for an observer to attribute the speech, first and foremost, to the speaker, while an unattended display (and any message it conveys) can naturally be viewed as belonging to the owner of the land on which it stands.
In sum, I do not understand that I am at odds with the plurality when I assume that in some circumstances an intelligent observer would reasonably perceive private religious expression in a public forum to imply the government's endorsement of religion. My disagreement with the plurality is simply that I would attribute these perceptions of the intelligent observer to the reasonable observer of Establishment Clause analysis under our precedents, where I believe that such reasonable perceptions matter.
In Allegheny County, the Court alluded to two elements of the analytical framework supplied by Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), by asking "whether the challenged governmental practice either has the purpose or effect of `endorsing' religion." 492 U.S., at 592 . We said that "the prohibition against governmental endorsement of religion `preclude[s] government from conveying or attempting to convey a message that religion or a particular religious belief is favored or preferred,'" id., at 593, quoting Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38, 70 (1985) (O'CONNOR, J., concurring in judgment) (emphasis omitted), and held that "[t]he Establishment Clause, at the very least, prohibits government from appearing to take a position on questions of religious belief," 492 U.S., at 593 -594. [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 5]
Allegheny County's endorsement test cannot be dismissed, as JUSTICE SCALIA suggests, as applying only to situations in which there is an allegation that the Establishment Clause has been violated through "expression by the government itself" or "government action . . . discriminat[ing] in favor of private religious expression." Ante, at 8. (emphasis omitted). Such a distinction would, in all but a handful of cases, make meaningless the "effect-of-endorsing" part of Allegheny County's test. Effects matter to the Establishment Clause, and one, principal way that we assess them is by asking whether the practice in question creates the appearance of endorsement to the reasonable observer. See Allegheny County, supra, at 630, 635-636 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment); Witters v. Washington Dept. of Services for Blind, 474 U.S. 481, 493 (1986) (O'CONNOR, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment); see also Allegheny County, supra, at 593-594, 599-600 (majority opinion); Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 690 (1984) (O'CONNOR, J., concurring). If a reasonable observer would perceive a religious display in a government forum as government speech endorsing religion, then the display has made "religion relevant, in . . . public perception, to status in the political community." Id., at 692 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring). Unless we are to retreat entirely to government intent and abandon consideration of effects, it makes no sense to recognize a public perception of endorsement as a harm only in that subclass of cases in which the government owns the display. Indeed, the Court stated in Allegheny County that "once the judgment has been made that a particular proclamation of Christian belief, when disseminated from a particular location on government property, has the effect of demonstrating the government's endorsement of Christian faith, then it necessarily follows that the practice must be enjoined." 492 U.S., at 612 . Notably, we did [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 6] not say that it was only a "particular government proclamation" that could have such an unconstitutional effect, nor does the passage imply anything of the kind.
The significance of the fact that the Court in Allegheny County did not intend to lay down a per se rule in the way suggested by the plurality today has been confirmed by subsequent cases. In Board of Ed. of Westside Community Schools (Dist. 66) v. Mergens, 496 U.S. 226 (1990), six Justices applied the endorsement test to decide whether the Establishment Clause would be violated by a public high school's application of the Equal Access Act, Pub. L. 98-377, 98 Stat. 1302, 20 U.S.C. 4071-4074, to allow students to form a religious club having the same access to meeting facilities as other "noncurricular" groups organized by students. A plurality of four Justices concluded that such an equal access policy "does not convey a message of state approval or endorsement of the particular religion" espoused by the student religious group. 496 U.S., at 252 (O'CONNOR, J., joined by REHNQUIST, C. J., and White and Blackmun, JJ.). Two others concurred in the judgment in order "to emphasize the steps [the school] must take to avoid appearing to endorse the [religious] club's goals." Id., at 263 (opinion of Marshall, J., joined by Brennan, J.); see also id., at 264 ("If public schools are perceived as conferring the imprimatur of the State on religious doctrine or practice as a result of such a policy, the nominally `neutral' character of the policy will not save it from running afoul of the Establishment Clause") (emphasis in original).
What is important is that, even though Mergens involved private religious speech in a nondiscriminatory "`limited open forum,'" id., at 233, 247, a majority of the Court reached the conclusion in the case not by applying an irrebuttable presumption, as the plurality does today, but by making a contextual judgment taking account of the circumstances of the specific case. See id., at [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 7] 250-252 (plurality opinion); id., at 264-270 (opinion of Marshall, J., joined by Brennan, J.); cf. Allegheny County, supra, at 629 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment) ("[T]he endorsement test depends on a sensitivity to the unique circumstances and context of a particular challenged practice"); Lynch, supra, at 694 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring) ("Every government practice must be judged in its unique circumstances to determine whether it constitutes an endorsement or disapproval of religion"). The Mergens plurality considered the nature of the likely audience, 496 U.S., at 250 ("[S]econdary school students are mature enough . . . to understand that a school does not endorse or support student speech that it merely permits on a nondiscriminatory basis"); the details of the particular forum, id., at 252 (noting "the broad spectrum of officially recognized student clubs" at the school, and the students' freedom "to initiate and organize additional student clubs"); the presumptively secular nature of most student organizations, ibid. ("`[I]n the absence of empirical evidence that religious groups will dominate [the] . . . open forum, . . . the advancement of religion would not be the forum's "primary effect,"'" quoting Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263, 275 (1981)); and the school's specific action or inaction that would disassociate itself from any religious message, 496 U.S., at 251 ("[N]o school officials actively participate" in the religious group's activities). The plurality, moreover, expressly relied on the fact that the school could issue a disclaimer specific to the religious group, concluding that "[t]o the extent a school makes clear that its recognition of [a religious student group] is not an endorsement . . . students will reasonably understand that the . . . recognition of the club evinces neutrality toward, rather than endorsement of, religious speech." Ibid.; see also id., at 270 (Marshall, J., concurring in judgment) (noting importance of schools "taking whatever [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 8] further steps are necessary to make clear that their recognition of a religious club does not reflect their endorsement of the views of the club's participants").
Similarly, in Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist., 508 U.S. ___ (1993), we held that an evangelical church, wanting to use public school property to show a series of films about child-rearing with a religious perspective, could not be refused access to the premises under a policy that would open the school to other groups showing similar films from a non-religious perspective. In reaching this conclusion, we expressly concluded that the policy would "not have the principal or primary effect of advancing or inhibiting religion." 508 U.S., at ___ (slip op., at 10). Again we looked to the specific circumstances of the private religious speech and the public forum: the film would not be shown during school hours or be sponsored by the school, it would be open to the public, and the forum had been used "repeatedly" by "a wide variety" of other private speakers. Ibid. "Under these circumstances," we concluded, "there would have been no realistic danger that the community would think that the [school] was endorsing religion." Ibid. We thus expressly looked to the endorsement effects of the private religious speech at issue, notwithstanding the fact that there was no allegation that the Establishment Clause had been violated through active "expression by the government itself" or affirmative "government action . . . discriminat[ing] in favor of private religious expression." Ante, at 8-9 (emphasis omitted). Indeed, the issue of whether the private religious speech in a government forum had the effect of advancing religion was central, rather than irrelevant, to our Establishment Clause enquiry. This is why I agree with the Court that "[t]he Lamb's Chapel reasoning applies a fortiori here," ante, at 7.
Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263 (1981), is not to the contrary. Although Widmar was decided before our [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 9] adoption of the endorsement test in Allegheny County, its reasoning fits with such a test and not with the per se rule announced today. There, in determining whether it would violate the Establishment Clause to allow private religious speech in a "generally open forum" at a university, 454 U.S., at 269 , the Court looked to the Lemon test, 454 U.S., at 271 , and focused on the "effects" prong, id., at 272, in reaching a contextual judgment. It was relevant that university students "should be able to appreciate that the University's policy is one of neutrality toward religion," that students were unlikely, as a matter of fact, to "draw any reasonable inference of University support from the mere fact of a campus meeting place," and that the University's student handbook carried a disclaimer that the University should not "`be identified in any way with the . . . opinions of any [student] organization.'" Id., at 274 n. 14. "In this context," id., at 273, and in the "absence of empirical evidence that religious groups [would] dominate [the] open forum," id., at 275, the Court found that the forum at issue did not "confer any imprimatur of state approval on religious sects or practices," id., at 274.
Even if precedent and practice were otherwise, however, and there were an open question about applying the endorsement test to private speech in public forums, I would apply it in preference to the plurality's view, which creates a serious loophole in the protection provided by the endorsement test. In JUSTICE SCALIA'S view, as I understand it, the Establishment Clause is violated in a public forum only when the government itself intentionally endorses religion or willfully "foster[s]" a misperception of endorsement in the forum, ante, at 11, or when it "manipulates" the public forum "in such a manner that only certain religious groups take advantage of it," ibid. If the list of forbidden acts is truly this short, then governmental [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 10] bodies and officials are left with generous scope to encourage a multiplicity of religious speakers to erect displays in public forums. As long as the governmental entity does not "manipulat[e]" the forum in such a way as to exclude all other speech, the plurality's opinion would seem to invite such government encouragement, even when the result will be the domination of the forum by religious displays and religious speakers. By allowing government to encourage what it can not do on its own, the proposed per se rule would tempt a public body to contract out its establishment of religion, by encouraging the private enterprise of the religious to exhibit what the government could not display itself.
Something of the sort, in fact, may have happened here. Immediately after the District Court issued the injunction ordering petitioners to grant the Klan's permit, a local church council applied for a permit, apparently for the purpose of overwhelming the Klan's cross with other crosses. The council proposed to invite all local churches to erect crosses, and the Board granted "blanket permission" for "all churches friendly to or affiliated with" the council to do so. See Brief in Opposition RA24-RA26. The end result was that a part of the square was strewn with crosses, see Appendices A & B to this opinion, infra, at 14-15, and while the effect in this case may have provided more embarrassment than suspicion of endorsement, the opportunity for the latter is clear.
As for the specifics of this case, one must admit that a number of facts known to the Board, or reasonably anticipated, weighed in favor of upholding its denial of the permit. For example, the Latin cross the Klan sought to erect is the principal symbol of Christianity around the world, and display of the cross alone could not reasonably be taken to have any secular point. It [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 11] was displayed immediately in front of the Ohio Statehouse, with the government's flags flying nearby, and the government's statues close at hand. For much of the time the cross was supposed to stand on the square, it would have been the only private display on the public plot (the menorah's permit expired several days before the cross actually went up). See Pet. for Cert. A15-A16, A31; 30 F.3d, at 677. There was nothing else on the Statehouse lawn that would have suggested a forum open to any and all private, unattended religious displays.
Based on these and other factors, the Board was understandably concerned about a possible Establishment Clause violation if it had granted the permit. But a flat denial of the Klan's application was not the Board's only option to protect against an appearance of endorsement, and the Board was required to find its most "narrowly drawn" alternative. Perry Ed. Assn. v. Perry Local Educators' Assn., 460 U.S. 37, 45 (1983), see also ante, at 6. Either of two possibilities would have been better suited to this situation. In support of the Klan's application, its representative stated in a letter to the Board that the cross would be accompanied by a disclaimer, legible "from a distance," explaining that the cross was erected by private individuals "without government support." App. 118. The letter said that "the contents of the sign" were "open to negotiation." Ibid. 1 The Board, then, could have granted the [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 12] application subject to the condition that the Klan attach a disclaimer sufficiently large and clear to preclude any reasonable inference that the cross was there to "demonstrat[e] the government's allegiance to, or endorsement of, Christian faith." Allegheny County, 492 U.S., at 612 . 2 In the alternative, the Board could have [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 13] instituted a policy of restricting all private, unattended displays to one area of the square, with a permanent sign marking the area as a forum for private speech carrying no endorsement from the State.
With such alternatives available, the Board cannot claim that its flat denial was a narrowly tailored response to the Klan's permit application and thus cannot rely on that denial as necessary to ensure that the State did not "appea[r] to take a position on questions of religious belief." Id., at 594. For these reasons, I concur in the judgment. [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 14]
[ Footnote 1 ] This description of the disclaimer, as well as the agreement to negotiate, also appeared in the Klan's District Court complaint, App. 26, and in stipulations of fact jointly filed in the District Court by both parties, id., at 100, § 32. The Klan conceded before the District Court that "the state could have required . . . a disclaimer" like the one proposed, Memorandum in Support of Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction in No. C2-93-1162 (SD Ohio), p. 5, and the State assumed throughout the litigation that the display would include the disclaimer, see, e.g., Memorandum of Defendants [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 12] in Opposition to Plaintiffs's Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and for Preliminary Injunction in No. C2-93-1162 (SD Ohio), p. 6, 21. Both parties considered the disclaimer as an integral part of the display that the Klan desired to place on Capitol Square. Thus the District Court's order, which did not expressly require the disclaimer in awarding the injunction, see Pet. for Cert. A26 ("Plaintiffs are entitled to an injunction requiring the defendants to issue a permit to erect a cross on Capitol Square"), cannot reasonably be read to mean that the disclaimer was unnecessary. Indeed, in both its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the District Court discussed the presence and importance of the disclaimer, see id., at A15-A16 (findings of fact), A20, A22-A23 (conclusions of law), and the Klan itself understood that the District Court's order was based on the assumption that a disclaimer would accompany the cross, since the cross the Klan put up on the basis of the District Court's command in fact carried a disclaimer, see App. 63 (photo); Appendix to Opinion of Stevens, J., post, at 21. Since the litigation preceded the appearance of the cross and the sign, the adequacy of the sign actually produced was not considered. The adequacy of a disclaimer, in size as well as content, is, of course, a proper subject of judicial scrutiny when placed in issue. Whether the flimsy cardboard sign attached by the Klan to the base of the cross functioned as an adequate disclaimer in this case is a question not before us.
[ Footnote 2 ] Of course the presence of a disclaimer does not always remove the possibility that a private religious display "convey[s] or attempt[s] to convey a message that religion or a particular religious belief is favored or preferred," Allegheny County, 492 U.S., at 593 (emphasis, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted), when other indicia of endorsement (e.g., objective indications that the government in fact invited the display or otherwise intended to further a religious purpose) outweigh the mitigating effect of the disclaimer, or when the disclaimer itself does not sufficiently disclaim government support. See, e.g., Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39, 41 (1980); Allegheny County, supra, at 600-601; cf. ante, at 14, n. 4. In this case, however, there is no reason to presume that an [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 13] adequate disclaimer could not have been drafted. Cf. Parish, Private Religious Displays in Public Fora, 61 U. Chi. L. Rev. 253, 285-287 (1994). [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 1]
JUSTICE STEVENS, dissenting.
The Establishment Clause should be construed to create a strong presumption against the installation of unattended religious symbols on public property. Although the State of Ohio has allowed Capitol Square, the area around the seat of its government, to be used as a public forum, and although it has occasionally allowed private groups to erect other sectarian displays there, neither fact provides a sufficient basis for rebutting that presumption. On the contrary, the sequence of sectarian displays disclosed by the record in this case illustrates the importance of rebuilding the "wall of separation between church and State" that Jefferson envisioned. 1
At issue in this case is an unadorned Latin cross, which the Ku Klux Klan placed, and left unattended, on the lawn in front of the Ohio State Capitol. The Court decides this case on the assumption that the cross was [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 2] a religious symbol. I agree with that assumption notwithstanding the hybrid character of this particular object. The record indicates that the "Grand Titan of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan for the Realm of Ohio" applied for a permit to place a cross in front of the State Capitol because "the Jews" were placing a "symbol for the Jewish belief" in the Square. App. 173. 2 Some observers, unaware of who had sponsored the cross, or unfamiliar with the history of the Klan and its reaction to the menorah, might interpret the Klan's cross as an inspirational symbol of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ. More knowledgeable observers might regard it, given the context, as an anti-semitic symbol of bigotry and disrespect for a particular religious sect. Under the first interpretation, the cross is plainly a religious symbol. 3 Under the second, an icon of intolerance expressing an anti-clerical message should also be treated as a religious symbol because the Establishment Clause must prohibit official sponsorship of irreligious as [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 3] well as religious messages. See Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38, 52 (1985). This principle is no less binding if the anti-religious message is also a bigoted message. See United States v. Ballard, 322 U.S. 78, 86 -89 (1944) (government lacks power to judge truth of religious beliefs); Watson v. Jones, 13 Wall. 679, 728 (1872) ("The law knows no heresy, and is committed to the support of no dogma, the establishment of no sect").
Thus, while this unattended, freestanding wooden cross was unquestionably a religious symbol, observers may well have received completely different messages from that symbol. Some might have perceived it as a message of love, others as a message of hate, still others as a message of exclusion - a Statehouse sign calling powerfully to mind their outsider status. In any event, it was a message that the State of Ohio may not communicate to its citizens without violating the Establishment Clause.
The plurality does not disagree with the proposition that the State may not espouse a religious message. Ante, at 10. It concludes, however, that the State has not sent such a message; it has merely allowed others to do so on its property. Thus, the State has provided an "incidental benefit" to religion by allowing private parties access to a traditional public forum. See ante, at 10. In my judgment, neither precedent nor respect for the values protected by the Establishment Clause justifies that conclusion.
The Establishment Clause, "at the very least, prohibits government from appearing to take a position on questions of religious belief or from `making adherence to a religion relevant in any way to a person's standing in the political community.'" County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, 492 U.S. 573, 593 -594 (1989), quoting Lynch [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 4] v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 687 (1984) (O'CONNOR, J., concurring). At least when religious symbols are involved, the question of whether the state is "appearing to take a position" is best judged from the standpoint of a "reasonable observer." 4 It is especially important to take account of the perspective of a reasonable observer who may not share the particular religious belief it expresses. A paramount purpose of the Establishment Clause is to protect such a person from being made to feel like an outsider in matters of faith, and a stranger in the political community. Ibid. If a reasonable person could perceive a government endorsement of religion from a private display, then the State may not allow its property to be used as a forum for that display. No less stringent rule can adequately protect non-adherents from a well-grounded perception that their sovereign supports a faith to which they do not subscribe. 5 [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 5]
In determining whether the State's maintenance of the Klan's cross in front of the Statehouse conveyed a forbidden message of endorsement, we should be mindful of the power of a symbol standing alone and unexplained. Even on private property, signs and symbols are generally understood to express the owner's views. The location of the sign is a significant component of the message it conveys.
So it is with signs and symbols left to speak for themselves on public property. The very fact that a sign is installed on public property implies official recognition and reinforcement of its message. That implication is especially strong when the sign stands in front of the seat of the government itself. The "reasonable observer" of any symbol placed unattended in front of any capitol in the world will normally assume that the sovereign - which is not only the owner of that parcel of real estate but also the lawgiver for the surrounding territory - has sponsored and facilitated its message.
That the State may have granted a variety of groups permission to engage in uncensored expressive activities in front of the capitol building does not, in my opinion, qualify or contradict the normal inference of endorsement that the reasonable observer would draw from the unattended, freestanding sign or symbol. Indeed, parades and demonstrations at or near the seat of government are often exercises of the right of the people to petition their government for a redress of grievances [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 7] - exercises in which the government is the recipient of the message rather than the messenger. Even when a demonstration or parade is not directed against government policy, but merely has made use of a particularly visible forum in order to reach as wide an audience as possible, there usually can be no mistake about the identity of the messengers as persons other than the State. But when a statue or some other free-standing, silent, unattended, immoveable structure - regardless of its particular message - appears on the lawn of the Capitol building, the reasonable observer must identify the State either as the messenger, or, at the very least, as one who has endorsed the message. Contrast, in this light, the image of the cross standing alone and unattended, see infra, at 22, and the image the observer would take away were a hooded Klansman holding, or standing next to, the very same cross.
This Court has never held that a private party has a right to place an unattended object in a public forum. 7 Today the Court correctly recognizes that a State may impose a ban on all private unattended displays in such a forum, ante, at 5-6. This is true despite the fact that our cases have condemned a number of laws that foreclose an entire medium of expression, even in places where free speech is otherwise allowed. 8 The First [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 8] Amendment affords protection to a basic liberty: "the freedom of speech" that an individual may exercise when using the public streets and parks. Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization, 307 U.S. 496, 515 -516 (1939) (opinion of Roberts, J.). The Amendment, however, does not destroy all property rights. In particular, it does not empower individuals to erect structures of any kind on public property. City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 814 (1984); 9 see also Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288 (1984). Thus our cases protecting the individual's freedom to engage in communicative [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 9] conduct on public property (whether by speaking, parading, handbilling, waving a flag, or carrying a banner), e.g., Lovell v. Griffin, 303 U.S. 444 (1938), or to send messages from her own property by placing a sign in the window of her home, City of Ladue v. Gilleo, 512 U.S., at ___, do not establish the right to implant a physical structure (whether a campaign poster, a burning cross, or a statue of Elvis Presley) on public property. I think the latter "right," which creates a far greater intrusion on government property and interferes with the Government's ability to differentiate its own message from those of public individuals, does not exist. 10
Because structures on government property - and, in particular, in front of buildings plainly identified with the state - imply state approval of their message, the Government must have considerable leeway, outside of the religious arena, to choose what kinds of displays it will allow and what kinds it will not. Although the First Amendment requires the Government to allow leafletting or demonstrating outside its buildings, the state has greater power to exclude unattended symbols when they convey a type of message with which the state does not wish to be identified. I think it obvious, for example, that Ohio could prohibit certain categories of signs or symbols in Capitol Square - erotic exhibits, commercial advertising, and perhaps campaign posters as well - without violating the Free Speech Clause. 11 [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 10] Moreover, our "public forum" cases do not foreclose public entities from enforcing prohibitions against all unattended displays in public parks, or possibly even limiting the use of such displays to the communication of non-controversial messages. 12 Such a limitation would not inhibit any of the traditional forms of expression that have been given full constitutional protection in public fora.
The State's general power to restrict the types of unattended displays does not alone suffice to decide this case, because Ohio did not profess to be exercising any such authority. Instead, the Capitol Square Review Board denied a permit for the cross because it believed the Establishment Clause required as much, and we cannot know whether the Board would have denied the permit on other grounds. App. 91-92, 169. Accordingly, we must evaluate the State's rationale on its own [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 11] terms. But in this case, the endorsement inquiry under the Establishment Clause follows from the State's power to exclude unattended private displays from public property. Just as the Constitution recognizes the State's interest in preventing its property from being used as a conduit for ideas it does not wish to give the appearance of ratifying, the Establishment Clause prohibits government from allowing, and thus endorsing, unattended displays that take a position on a religious issue. If the State allows such stationary displays in front of its seat of government, viewers will reasonably assume that it approves of them. As the picture appended to this opinion demonstrates, infra, at 22, a reasonable observer would likely infer endorsement from the location of the cross erected by the Klan in this case. Even if the disclaimer at the foot of the cross (which stated that the cross was placed there by a private organization) were legible, that inference would remain, because a property owner's decision to allow a third party to place a sign on her property conveys the same message of endorsement as if she had erected it herself. 13
When the message is religious in character, it is a message the state can neither send nor reinforce without violating the Establishment Clause. Accordingly, I would hold that the Constitution generally forbids the [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 12] placement of a symbol of a religious character in, on, or before a seat of government.
The Court correctly acknowledges that the state's duty to avoid a violation of the Establishment Clause can justify a content-based restriction on speech or expression, even when that restriction would otherwise be prohibited by the Free Speech Clause. Ante, at 6; ante, at 13 (opinion of O'CONNOR, J.). The plurality asserts, however, that government cannot be perceived to be endorsing a religious display when it merely accords that display "the same access to a public forum that all other displays enjoy." Ante, at 8. I find this argument unpersuasive.
The existence of a "public forum" in itself cannot dispel the message of endorsement. A contrary argument would assume an "ultra-reasonable observer" who understands the vagaries of this Court's First Amendment jurisprudence. I think it presumptuous to consider such knowledge a precondition of Establishment Clause protection. Many (probably most) reasonable people do not know the difference between a "public forum," a "limited public forum," and a "non-public forum." They do know the difference between a state capitol and a church. Reasonable people have differing degrees of knowledge; that does not make them "`obtuse,'" see 30 F.3d 675, 679 (CA6 1994) (quoting Doe v. Small, 964 F.2d 611, 630 (CA7 1992) (Easterbrook, J., concurring)); nor does it make them unworthy of constitutional protection. It merely makes them human. For a religious display to violate the Establishment Clause, I think it is enough that some reasonable observers would attribute a religious message to the State.
The plurality appears to rely on the history of this particular public forum - specifically, it emphasizes that Ohio has in the past allowed three other private [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 13] unattended displays. Even if the State could not reasonably have been understood to endorse the prior displays, I would not find this argument convincing, because it assumes that all reasonable viewers know all about the history of Capitol Square - a highly unlikely supposition. 14 But the plurality's argument fails on its own terms, because each of the three previous displays conveyed the same message of approval and endorsement that this one does.
Most significant, of course, is the menorah that stood in Capitol Square during Chanukah. The display of that religious symbol should be governed by the same rule as the display of the cross. 15 In my opinion, both [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 14] displays are equally objectionable. Moreover, the fact that the State has placed its stamp of approval on two different religions instead of one only compounds the constitutional violation. The Establishment Clause does not merely prohibit the State from favoring one religious sect over others. It also proscribes state action supporting the establishment of a number of religions, 16 as well as the official endorsement of religion in preference to nonreligion. Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S., at 52 -55. The State's prior approval of the pro-religious message conveyed by the menorah is fully consistent with its endorsement of one of the messages conveyed by the cross: "The State of Ohio favors religion over irreligion." This message is incompatible with the principles embodied by our Establishment Clause.
The record identifies two other examples of free-standing displays that the State previously permitted in Capitol Square: a "United Way Campaign `thermometer,'" and "craftsmen's booths and displays erected during an Arts Festival." 17 App. to Pet. for Cert. A-16. Both of those examples confirm the proposition that a reasonable observer should infer official approval of the message conveyed by a structure erected in front of the Statehouse. Surely the thermometer suggested that the State was encouraging passersby to contribute to the [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 15] United Way. It seems equally clear that the State was endorsing the creativity of artisans and craftsmen by permitting their booths to occupy a part of the Square. Nothing about either of those freestanding displays contradicts the normal inference that the State has endorsed whatever message might be conveyed by permitting an unattended symbol to adorn the Capitol grounds. 18 Accordingly, the fact that the menorah, and later the cross, stood in an area available "`for free discussion of public questions, or for activities of a broad public purpose,'" Ohio Rev. Code Ann. 105.41 (1994), quoted ante, at 1-2, is fully consistent with the conclusion that the State sponsored those religious symbols. They, like the thermometer and the booths, were displayed in a context that connotes state approval.
This case is therefore readily distinguishable from Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263 (1981), and Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist., 508 U.S. ___ (1993). In both of those cases, as we made perfectly clear, there was no danger of incorrect identification of the speakers and no basis for inferring that their messages had been endorsed by any public entity. As we explained in the later case:
The battle over the Klan cross underscores the power of such symbolism. The menorah prompted the Klan to seek permission to erect an anti-semitic symbol, which in turn not only prompted vandalism but also motivated other sects to seek permission to place their own symbols in the Square. These facts illustrate the potential for insidious entanglement that flows from state-endorsed proselytizing. There is no reason to believe [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 17] that a menorah placed in front of a synagogue would have motivated any reaction from the Klan, or that a Klan cross placed on a Klansman's front lawn would have produced the same reaction as one that enjoyed the apparent imprimatur of the State of Ohio. Nor is there any reason to believe the placement of the displays in Capitol Square had any purpose other than to connect the State - though perhaps against its will - to the religious or anti-religious beliefs of those who placed them there. The cause of the conflict is the State's apparent approval of a religious or anti-religious message. 19 Our Constitution wisely seeks to minimize [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 18] such strife by forbidding state-endorsed religious activity.
Conspicuously absent from the plurality's opinion is any mention of the values served by the Establishment Clause. It therefore seems appropriate to repeat a portion of a Court opinion authored by Justice Black who, more than any other Justice in the Court's history, espoused a literal interpretation of constitutional text:
I respectfully dissent. [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 22]
[ Footnote 1 ] See Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 164 (1879).
[ Footnote 2 ] The "Grand Titan" apparently was referring to a menorah that a private group placed in the Square during the season of Chanukah. App. 98; see infra, at 13-14. The Klan found the menorah offensive. The Klan's cross, in turn, offended a number of observers. It was vandalized the day after it was erected, and a local church group applied for, and was granted, permission to display its own crosses around the Klan's to protest the latter's presence. See Record 31.
[ Footnote 3 ] Indeed, the Latin cross is identifiable as a symbol of a particular religion, that of Christianity; and, further, as a symbol of particular denominations within Christianity. See American Civil Liberties Union v. St. Charles, 794 F.2d 265, 271 (CA7 1986) ("Such a display is not only religious but also sectarian. This is not just because some religious Americans are not Christians. Some Protestant sects still do not display the cross. . . . The Greek Orthodox church uses as its symbol the Greek (equilateral) cross, not the Latin cross. . . . [T]he more sectarian the display, the closer it is to the original targets of the [establishment] clause, so the more strictly is the clause applied").
[ Footnote 4 ] In Allegheny, five Justices found the likely reaction of a "`reasonable observer'" relevant for purposes of determining whether an endorsement was present. 492 U.S., at 620 (opinion of Blackmun, J.); id., at 635-636 (opinion of O'CONNOR, J.); id., at 642-643 (opinion of Brennan, J., joined by Marshall and STEVENS, JJ.).
[ Footnote 5 ] JUSTICE O'CONNOR agrees that an "endorsement test" is appropriate and that we should judge endorsement from the standpoint of a reasonable observer. Ante, at 8-9. But her reasonable observer is a legal fiction, "`a personification of a community ideal of reasonable behavior, determined by the [collective] social judgment.'" Ante, at 9. The ideal human JUSTICE O'CONNOR describes knows and understands much more than meets the eye. Her "reasonable person" comes off as a well-schooled jurist, a being finer than the tort-law model. With respect, I think this enhanced tort-law standard is singularly out of place in the Establishment Clause context. It strips of constitutional protection every reasonable person whose knowledge happens to fall below some "`ideal'" standard. Instead of protecting only the "`ideal'" observer, then, I would extend protection to the universe of reasonable persons and ask whether some viewers of the religious display would be likely to perceive a government endorsement. [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 5]
JUSTICE O'CONNOR'S argument that "there is always someone" who will feel excluded by any particular governmental action, ante, at 10, ignores the requirement that such an apprehension be objectively reasonable. A person who views an exotic cow at the zoo as a symbol of the Government's approval of the Hindu religion cannot survive this test.
[ Footnote 6 ] I recognize there may be exceptions to this general rule. A commercial message displayed on a billboard, for example, usually will not be taken to represent the views of the billboard's owner because every reasonable observer is aware that billboards are rented as advertising space. On the other hand, the observer may reasonably infer that the owner of the billboard is not inalterably opposed to the message presented thereon; for the owner has the right to exclude messages with which he disagrees, and he might be expected to exercise that right if his disagreement is sufficiently profound.
[ Footnote 7 ] Despite the absence of any holding on this point, JUSTICE O'CONNOR assumes that a reasonable observer would not impute the content of an unattended display to the Government because that observer would know that the State is required to allow all such displays on Capitol Square. Ante, at 10-12. JUSTICE O'CONNOR thus presumes a reasonable observer so prescient as to understand legal doctrines that this Court has not yet adopted.
[ Footnote 8 ] "Our prior decisions have voiced particular concern with laws that foreclose an entire medium of expression. Thus, we have held invalid ordinances that completely banned the distribution of pamphlets within the municipality, Lovell v. Griffin, 303 U.S. 444, 451 -452 (1938); handbills on the public streets, Jamison v. Texas, [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 9] 318 U.S. 413, 416 (1943); the door-to-door distribution of literature, Martin v. Struthers, 319 U.S. 141, 145 -149 (1943); Schneider v. State, 308 U.S. 147, 164 -165 (1939), and live entertainment, Schad v. Mount Ephraim, 452 U.S. 61, 75 -76 (1981). See also Frisby v. Schultz, 487 U.S. 474, 486 (1988) (picketing focused upon individual residence is `fundamentally different from more generally directed means of communication that may not be completely banned in residential areas'). Although prohibitions foreclosing entire media may be completely free of content or viewpoint discrimination, the danger they pose to the freedom of speech is readily apparent - by eliminating a common means of speaking, such measures can suppress too much speech." City of Ladue v. Gilleo, 512 U.S. ___, ___ (1994) (slip op., at 12) (footnote omitted).
[ Footnote 9 ] In Vincent, we stated:
[ Footnote 10 ] At least, it does not exist as a general matter. I recognize there may be cases of viewpoint discrimination (say, if the State were to allow campaign signs supporting an incumbent governor but not signs supporting his opponent) in which access cannot be discriminatorily denied.
[ Footnote 11 ] The plurality incorrectly assumes that a decision to exclude a category of speech from an inappropriate forum must rest on a judgment about the value of that speech. See ante, at 11-12. Yet, we have upheld the exclusion of all political signs from public [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 10] vehicles, Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights, 418 U.S. 298 (1974), though political expression is at the heart of the protection afforded by the First Amendment. McIntyre, 514 U.S., at ___ (slip op., at 12-13). A view that "private prayers," ante, at 11, are most appropriate in private settings is neither novel nor disrespectful to religious speech.
[ Footnote 12 ] Several scholars have commented on the malleability of our public-forum precedents.
[ Footnote 13 ] Indeed, I do not think any disclaimer could dispel the message of endorsement in this case. Capitol Square's location in downtown Columbus, Ohio, makes it inevitable that countless motorists and pedestrians would immediately perceive the proximity of the cross to the Capitol without necessarily noticing any disclaimer of public sponsorship. The plurality thus correctly abjures inquiry into the possible adequacy or significance of a legend identifying the owner of the cross. See ante, at 14, n. 4. JUSTICE SOUTER is of the view that an adequate disclaimer is constitutionally required, ante, at 11-12, but he does not suggest that the attachment to the Klan's cross in this case was adequate.
[ Footnote 14 ] JUSTICE O'CONNOR apparently would not extend Establishment Clause protection to passers by who are unaware of Capitol Square's history. See ante, at 10-12. Thus, she sees no reason to distinguish an intimate knowledge of the Square's history from the knowledge that a cross is a religious symbol or that the Statehouse is the Statehouse. Ante, at 10-11. But passers by, including schoolchildren, traveling salesmen, and tourists as much as those who live next to the Statehouse, are members of the body politic, and they are equally entitled to be free from government endorsement of religion.
[ Footnote 15 ] A fragmented Court reached a different conclusion in County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, a creche placed by a private group inside a public building violated the Establishment Clause, id., at 598-602, but that a menorah placed alongside a Christmas tree and a "sign saluting liberty" outside that same building did not. Id., at 613-621 (opinion of Blackmun, J.); id., at 632-637 (opinion of O'CONNOR, J.); id., at 663-667 (opinion of KENNEDY, J., joined by REHNQUIST, C. J., WHITE and SCALIA, JJ.). The two Justices who provided the decisive votes to distinguish these situations relied on the presence of the tree and the sign to find that the menorah, in context, was not a religious but a secular symbol of liberty. Id., at 613-621 (opinion of Blackmun, J.); id., at 632-637 (opinion of O'CONNOR, J.). It was apparently in reliance on the outcome of the Allegheny case that Ohio believed it could provide a forum for the menorah (which [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 14] appeared in Capitol Square with a state-owned Christmas tree and a banner reading, "Season's Greetings") and yet could not provide one for the cross. See App. 169. Given the state of the law at the time, Ohio's decision was hardly unreasonable; but I cannot support a view of the Establishment Clause that permits a State effectively to endorse some kinds of religious symbols but not others. I would find that the State is powerless to place, or allow to be placed, any religious symbol - including a menorah or a cross in front of its seat of government.
[ Footnote 16 ] See Allegheny, 492 U.S., at 647 -649 (STEVENS, J., dissenting).
[ Footnote 17 ] The booths were attended during the festival itself, but were left standing overnight during the pendency of the event. App. 159.
[ Footnote 18 ] Of course, neither of these endorsements was religious in nature, and thus neither was forbidden by the Constitution.
[ Footnote 19 ] As I stated in Allegheny,
[ Footnote 20 ] Everson held that a school district could, as part of a larger program of reimbursing students for their transportation to and from school, also reimburse students attending Catholic schools. 330 U.S. 1 (1947).
[ Footnote 21 ] The words, "respecting an establishment of religion," were selected to emphasize the breadth and richer meaning of this fundamental command. See Allegheny, 492 U.S., at 647 -649 (STEVENS, J., dissenting).
JUSTICE GINSBURG, dissenting.
We confront here, as JUSTICES O'CONNOR and SOUTER point out, a large Latin cross that stood alone and unattended in close proximity to Ohio's Statehouse. See ante, at 5-6 (O'CONNOR, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment); ante, at 10-11 (SOUTER, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment). Near the stationary cross were the government's flags and the government's statues. No human speaker was present to disassociate the religious symbol from the State. No other private display was in sight. No plainly visible sign informed the public that the cross belonged to the Klan and that Ohio's government did not endorse the display's message.
If the aim of the Establishment Clause is genuinely to uncouple government from church, see Everson v. Board of Ed. of Ewing, 330 U.S. 1, 16 (1947), a State may not permit, and a court may not order, a display of this character. Cf. Sullivan, Religion and Liberal Democracy, 59 U. Chi. L. Rev. 195, 197-214 (1992) (negative bar against establishment of religion implies affirmative establishment of secular public order). JUSTICE SOUTER, in the final paragraphs of his opinion, suggests two [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 2] arrangements that might have distanced the State from "the principal symbol of Christianity around the world," see ante, at 10: a sufficiently large and clear disclaimer, ante, at 11-12; 1 or an area reserved for unattended displays carrying no endorsement from the State, a space plainly and permanently so marked. Ante, at 12-13. Neither arrangement is even arguably present in this case. The District Court's order did not mandate a disclaimer. See App. to Pet. for Cert. A26 ("Plaintiffs are entitled to an injunction requiring the defendants to issue a permit to erect a cross on Capitol Square"). And the disclaimer the Klan appended to the foot of the cross 2 was unsturdy: it did not identify the Klan as sponsor; it failed to state unequivocally that Ohio did not endorse the display's message; and it was not shown to be legible from a distance. The relief ordered by the District Court thus violated the Establishment Clause. [ CAPITOL SQ. REVIEW BD. v. PINETTE, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) , 3]
Whether a court order allowing display of a cross, but demanding a sturdier disclaimer, could withstand Establishment Clause analysis is a question more difficult than the one this case poses. I would reserve that question for another day and case. But I would not let the prospect of what might have been permissible control today's decision on the constitutionality of the display the District Court's order in fact authorized. See ante, at 21 (appendix to dissent of STEVENS, J.) (photograph of display).
[ Footnote 1 ] Cf. American Civil Liberties Union v. Wilkinson, 895 F.2d 1098, 1101, n. 2, 1106 (CA6 1990) (approving disclaimer ordered by District Court, which had to be a "`prominently displayed immediately in front of'" the religious symbol and "`readable from an automobile passing on the street directly in front of the structure'"; the approved sign read: "`This display was not constructed with public funds and does not constitute an endorsement by the Commonwealth [of Kentucky] of any religion or religious doctrine.'") (quoting District Court); McCreary v. Stone, 739 F.2d 716, 728 (CA2 1984) (disclaimers must meet requirements of size, visibility, and message; disclaimer at issue was too small), aff'd, 471 U.S. 83 (1985) (per curiam); Parish, Private Religious Displays in Public Fora, 61 U. Chi. L. Rev. 253, 285-286 (1994) (disclaimer must not only identify the sponsor, it must say "in no uncertain language" that the government's permit "in no way connotes [government] endorsement of the display's message"; the "disclaimer's adequacy should be measured by its visibility to the average person viewing the religious display").
[ Footnote 2 ] The disclaimer stated: "[T]his cross was erected by private individuals without government support for the purpose of expressing respect for the holiday season and to assert the right of all religious views to be expressed on an equal basis on public property." See App. to Pet. for Cert. A15-A16. Page I | <urn:uuid:0f45a76a-b274-4a1a-9ad8-43b131dea570> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/515/753.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.941068 | 23,383 | 1.96875 | 2 |
On 22/04/2022 15:38, Dave Howorth wrote:
What investigation have you done? Why do you think the problem is with
LO rather than with mojolicious or somewhere in between?
Also, what is runcmd()?
Sorry, should have said it's a wrapper for perl's open3() (itself a
wrapper for system() ) which runs the given command. But see below.
Steps I would be thinking of trying:
(1) add debugging prints to the mojolicious code so you can see exactly
what arguments are passed on each occasion
(2) for some case where the problem occurs run LO directly from the
command line with the same arguments and see if the problem occurs
Thanks for the reply. I've been banging my head against a wall, because
all of mojolicious, perl's IPC and LO are to varying degrees unfamiliar.
I certainly mis-understood what I was seeing, processes running LO and
with the web network port listening: it's actually correct and harmless.
The problem is now resolved, and at the root was related to running the
program detached as a daemon. I had a web server running LO internally,
which ran correctly from a terminal; ran correctly when detached with
magic using () and shell redirects; but which failed when run "properly"
with freebsd's 'daemon' command.
Obvious in hindsight, the issue was that the daemon, running as user
www, didn't have access to a writeable home directory, so LO couldn't
run because it needs a rather large file tree there. That was compounded
with my misunderstanding of perl's open3() error handling.
I'm now using the -env:UserInstallation=XXXXXX option to give LO a
temporary place to put its bits and bobs, and all - finally - seems to
function. At least, LO runs and does the conversions. I do wonder why
there's an oosplash process started when I'm using --nologo and
--headless though! It also creates more soffice.bin processes than I'd
expect, but they seem to tidy themselves away eventually.
I'm not sure why I had so much trouble here, compared to a couple of
years ago, when I was running LO from apache/php without particular bother.
All's well that end's well, I guess. Mojolicious has a steep learning
curve, but is much easier and cleaner to use than php for this job. LO
works, albeit slowly -- ~20 seconds to do the .odt->.doc conversion on a
Harlow, Essex, England
Mike Scott (unet2 <at> [deletethis] scottsonline.org.uk)
Harlow Essex England
"The only way is Brexit" -- anon.
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Keratoconus is a progressive eye disease in which the normally round cornea thins and begins to bulge into a cone-like shape. The cornea is the clear, central part of the surface of the eye. In patients with keratoconus, the cone-shaped cornea deflects light and causes distorted vision.
Keratoconus has been estimated to occur in 1 out of every 2,000 people in the general population. Keratoconus often begins to develop between the teen years and the early 20s, although it can develop at any age. Changes in the shape of the cornea occur gradually, usually over several years. Patients with keratoconus often experience blurred and distorted vision, nearsightedness, and a glaring sensitivity to light.
Early stages of keratoconus can be treated with eyeglasses or soft contact lenses. For progressive keratoconus, treatment methods include rigid gas-permeable contact lenses, INTACS (plastic implants that flatten the cornea), and collagen cross-linking (light-activated vitamin eye drops). If keratoconus persists, corneal transplant surgery can be performed to correct the condition.
Dr. Johnson has extensive experience in caring for patients with Keratoconus.
Schedule an appointment for a consultation with Dr. Johnson | <urn:uuid:3f6d8971-7fe4-4664-998d-0947b78588bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eyestexas.com/our-specialties/keratoconus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.9243 | 276 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The Effect of Increased Costs on Cemetery Charges
Cemeteries render certain services which may be divided into two classes: First, those for which direct charges are made, such as providing burial lots and opening graves; second, those for which no direct charge is made, as for instance, maintaining avenues, shelters and office facilities. Inasmuch as the cost of furnishing and maintaining avenues and buildings is provided for in different ways by the various cemeteries, this paper will treat of those services for which direct charges are usually made. Everyone on whom the responsibility of superintending a cemetery rests has certainly been confronted, and probably will continue to be, with the difficulty of adjusting charges to meet the ever increasing costs. To some the difficulty of securing sufficient labor and a fair output has been perhaps more urgent than that of securing sufficient funds to pay those they have. The output per man per hour has generally decreased as the number of hours’ labor per day increased. The actual cost of operations must be known to intelligently fix the proper charges for these operations.
For a concrete case, perhaps foundations for monuments furnish a good example. If labor costs were 15 cents per cubic foot and material costs 17 cents per cubic foot and profit or overhead was 8 cents, foundations were built for 40 cents a cubic foot. When labor advances to 45 cents and material to 40 cents and profit and overhead is still 25 percent, the sum of labor and material costs the charge per cubic foot should be $1.06. The cost of foundation includes excavating and removing earth, very frequently three handlings, to say nothing of wheeling and teaming. The size of the foundation is in very many cases so small that extra material must be excavated, to give a man room to work, and then replaced and the surface re-sodded. The sand, stone and cement must be wheeled sometimes fifty or more yards. Where the headstones are set by outsiders, no matter how carefully, there is inevitably more or less repair necessary to the lawn surfaces. The high costs of monumental work is doing more to reduce the size of monuments and headstones than all the cemetery superintendent's advice and counsel to lot owners ever could. Sometimes the maker of a two by one headstone will compare the cost of a cemetery foundation, containing about twelve cubic feet, with the cubic yard price of mass concrete in engineering work requiring thousands of cubic yards. But let not his comparison or the unthinking lot owner's amazement at "such a terrible price" deter the superintendent from figuring all the elements of cost when readjusting his foundation prices to a higher level.
The charges for opening graves are so largely a matter of labor. whether in the field or in the office that the percent of increase paid grave diggers for this labor applied to former charges is somewhere near the proper charge. However, in many cemeteries the interment charge formerly included besides the labor of digging, filling and removing surplus earth, the use of the lowering device, the laying of board walks, covering with evergreen and even the use of tent and chapel. Whether it is wise to continue to give all these extras under one charge or whether it would be better to make some, or all of these, the matter of extra charges, rests with the particular cemetery. In a cemetery catering to all classes, it does not seem fair to make those who do not want these extras pay for them. The trend of the times seems to be away from the good old table d'hote to the a la carte method, and perhaps this simile may be a bit strange, yet it is well for cemeteries to observe the operation of natural economic changes that are going on.
The charge for flowers, planting, grading, watering annual care and such matters are all to be figured on the same basis; namely the charges must meet the costs of doing the work and doing it according to the standard previously established by the cemetery. There is a certain human tendency to trust that soon the time will come when things will right themselves and by keeping along and slighting the work that somehow one will get by until that time. But it seems a wrong thing to do where annual charges are made that may be revised as occasion requires. In the matter of annual care some cemeteries must find themselves in a quandary. For instance, in an old cemetery which is now selling lots only with Perpetual Care, many of the old lots were sold without Perpetual Care. Some of these old lots were under annual care, but many were absolutely uncared for. For the general appearance of the cemetery these uncared for lots have been fixed up and grass cut, without any payment by the lot owners to the cemetery. The annual care received may be small, if the cost is materially increased as it should be; some of those who have paid for years will probably refuse to continue. Then the cemetery will have so many more lots to care for without direct return, or it may give up caring for all lots which do not pay. The result will bring a generally unkempt appearance which no amount of care lavished on new and Perpetual Care lots can overcome. In a case of this sort and probably many have somewhat similar problems, that are peculiar to cemeteries, it seems better to continue to keep up the general appearance of the cemetery even though the expense has to be charged to new lots or overhead. There is another point that constantly comes up in connection with these old lots and that is this: the present proprietors of these lots are usually numbered in the great middle class; they have not received the immense profits that have accrued to the operators in foodstuffs, merchandise and manufacturing enterprises not the 200% to 300% increase in wages of many workers. In fact, times are pretty hard with them in many old communities and they have much difficulty to live and clothe themselves. Whether it is charity to accept $5.00 where $15.00 should be charged or good business to take $5.00 rather than nothing is for each one to decide for himself.
The increased costs of labor have a very varying effect upon the price of new lots, depending upon the amount of labor necessary to bring the reserves or newly purchased land into shape for lots. Those who have adopted the excellent accounting system, embodies in the paper read at Buffalo by the late A.W. Hobart (an able man whose kindly presence and big heart we all miss), will have little difficulty in setting down a base price per square feet. Unfortunately, some must dig out the cost of the land and estimate the carrying charges, look up the cost of drains and avenue construction and compute and estimate the grading charges to be applied to the net area available for burial lots. Few must include the cost of blasting and excavating rock, but all these things must be considered and figured into the new selling price.
How many know the percent of gross area of a forty-acre tract that will be available for sale? More care than some have exercised in the past is necessary in accurately compiling all the elements of cost because the amounts involved are much greater than formerly; because one must be sure to have his balance on the right side of the ledger and because that has generally characterized their operation and no charge of profiteering brought against them because of a superintendent’s easy-going guessing instead of knowing.
Perpetual Care is the specific performance by the cemetery of a contract made by and between it and the lot owner, the consideration being a sum of money paid to the cemetery by the lot owner with the proviso that the cemetery will use the income forever to care for the graves on the lot and such other care as may be stated in the contract. Some Perpetual Care contracts thus limit the liability of the cemetery to the amount of work the income will pay for and others guarantee to do the specific things enumerated. Though there is a very marked difference in the legal aspect of these two forms of Perpetual Care contracts, the practical difference in a going cemetery is not so marked, for this reason: If a cemetery does not continue to maintain the same general appearance of care as formerly, the confidence of the public will be weakened and when confidence and trust go, the decline of that cemetery starts.
The amount of Perpetual Care endowment any lot requires is determined by two factors, both variables. First - the cost of doing the work and second - the rate of interest that the fund will yield. The yield must be sufficient to include the expenses of administering the fund and the actual losses to which all large funds are subjected. Of the variation in the cost of doing the work every superintendent is aware. The difference in the interest rates on money is also apparent to the readers of newspapers, to say nothing of those who are carrying overdue mortgages. There appears to be no fixed relation between these two variables, because they are each subject to different influences. For instance, restricted immigration has been a very strong factor in the wages of common labor and its influence on money rates is rather remote. Furthermore, the income received from conservative investments and the wage paid labor is different in the different localities.
In 1893 a superintendent states in our proceedings that a fund established sixteen years earlier on a basis of a yield of 6% earned in 1892 five percent and was likely to earn less in the future. So the question of the proper amount necessary to take Perpetual Care is not a new one with this Association. There is no rational formula that can be employed. Just as an engineer in designing a structure uses the latest data he can secure on the strength of materials, not the empirical formula he used five, ten or twenty years ago for similar structure, so those entrusted with the designing of Perpetual Care funds should consider the stresses and strains which the present times have developed in the Perpetual Care structure.
One old conservative practice in some places was to figure a yield of 3% on these funds this at the time the return was from 3¾% to 4% from state and municipal bonds. What rate of yield or what conservative figure less than the real rate at which bonds may now be purchased shall now be figured. I hazard a guess that 4½% would be a fairly conservative figure on which to base the estimate for Perpetual Care. The present yield of liberty bonds is better than 5½% and the yield of municipal bonds twenty years ago was 4%.
Suppose it cost $3.00 a year to take Perpetual Care of a lot containing 150 square feet under pre-war conditions, and $100.00 was the amount required for the endowment of the lot. Let us assume that it cost $7.50 to do the same work today, then on a 4½% estimated yield, the endowment should be $166.67 or an increase of two-thirds in the endowment. Of course these figures probably do not agree with any particular cemetery but the principle seems a reasonable one to adopt. It may be said that the rate in twenty years will be back to the old figures and it is unsafe to figure 4½% on a perpetual investment. An answer to such statement is that when money rates drop to such figure the costs of doing the work will probably likewise drop.
But what about the lots now under perpetual care which cost perhaps two and a half times as much as the income from the endowment fund estimated at 3 percent? Certainly a going cemetery must fulfill its contracts; the grass must be cut and the settled graves raised. In the language of the day it is up against a tough proposition. To be sure in the conservative practice of estimating assumed, there is probably a return on the original $100.00 investment of $4.00 instead of $3.00, and if the bonds mature now fixed principal of $100.00 may be reinvested to yield $5.50 in absolutely safe obligations of the national government. But even under such conditions there is a deficit of $2.00 on each $100.00 of the endowment. In some cemeteries, probably a good many, more work is done on the perpetual care lots than is called for in the contract-for instance, the care of grass alone may be specified in the contract for perpetual care and one or more myrtle graves may be cared for. This care of myrtle graves may be a matter of annual charge or additional endowment.
But suppose there is no chance for any such relief, then revenue from operation must be sufficiently increased to take care of this deficit. To be sure when the lots are all sold and only a very small income is obtained from operations the income from the perpetual care fund is practically all the fund available to care for the cemetery; then there will be no means to raise revenue needed to make up a deficit if present conditions then obtain. In case of the continued duration of these conditions the only thing to do is to make a systematic addition to the endowment fund by devoting a sufficient amount from future lot sales to make the endowment fund such amount as will yield enough to fulfill the contracts at the time the last lot is sold. These accretions will naturally diminish the amount necessary to raise yearly from the operating income.
Here is what Timothy McCarthy said twenty-seven years ago at Minneapolis: "In conclusion, gentlemen, our Association must be true to this Gospel of Perpetual Care. We know how pleasant and easy it is to receive people's money, and how uncertain and difficult it is to carry out the obligations assumed, especially in our severe and eccentric climate, but we must keep faith with the people, and secure to our citizens at least a burial place, indicating not only respect for the dead, but which will also be a source of pride and consolation to the living."
From the publication:
AACS - Proceedings of the 34th Annual Convention held at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
September 7, 8, 9 and 10, 1920 | <urn:uuid:d939d28c-ea18-4bbf-bcf7-399be94b1fdf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.iccfa.com/reading/1920-1939/effect-increased-costs-cemetery-charges | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00510-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967919 | 2,851 | 2.5 | 2 |
A Dumping Ground for Construction Debris
Albuquerque City Councilor Dan Lewis is proud to announce that cleanup has begun on the City of Albuquerque open space area at the head of Piedras Marcadas Canyon on Albuquerque's West Side.
The canyon is home to several dozen ancient petroglyphs. For decades, this area was a dumping ground for construction debris including concrete sidewalks, curb and gutter, old flooring and plaster, and household trash.
This latest cleanup effort, paid for out of the councilor's set-aside fund, will remove accessible piles of concrete rubble and get the mesa a step closer to its pristine state.
"Treasures that Deserve to be Protected"
Councilor Lewis says Petroglyph areas like these within the city limits are treasures that deserve to be protected and enjoyed by all.
"We appreciate the community input from the residents of the Sundance Estates neighborhood who brought this need to our attention," he said. "We're glad to protect an important part of the Petroglyphs and help make this part of City of Albuquerque open space a place everyone can enjoy." | <urn:uuid:da99b77d-791c-40a7-8303-5c5f57a6a8a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cabq.gov/council/find-your-councilor/district-5/news/petroglyph-cleanup | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00033-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941289 | 235 | 1.976563 | 2 |
How do you lose weight while on steroids, weight loss clenbuterol cycle
How do you lose weight while on steroids
While steroids can help you to lose weight when you run a cutting cycle, you should never ignore the importance of a good cutting diet and a well coordinated training program. You must be aware that the only way to lose fat and muscle is by training properly. When a diet is not followed closely to a training program, you run the risk of making a lot of progress or being injured, especially in the early stages of the cycle, steroids weight do you on lose how while. Training with a program that is too hard, too fast, or too easy, often leads to injury. Your diet should be low in carbohydrates and high in meat, fish, grains, vegetables and fats, as these will stimulate lean muscle mass. On the other hand, you must be aware of your energy requirements and the amount of exercise you can do at any given time. When following a cutting cycle, you should also try to include supplements for muscle and fat tissue growth, steroid diet plan cutting. There are several ways to eat to lose fat and build muscle in a cutting cycle. You should eat a balanced diet, but you should make every effort to include vegetables, fruits, legumes, meats such as seafood and poultry and lean proteins such as fish and poultry, losing weight while on prednisone after kidney transplant. You must be able to take in a healthy amount of fat daily, which helps to keep your body from burning energy stores instead of fat. You must avoid high sugar or high calorie foods that are high in calories, but these need to be balanced with other foods to prevent overeating and loss of lean body mass. I have written an article on how to keep a diet balanced. You can download it here.. Some common problems that can cause your body to eat more calories than you can handle during an individual cutting schedule do exist, especially if you have a medical problem which increases muscle growth, such as a muscle or liver disease, peptide cycle for fat loss. These problems, particularly if they don't go away when you stop dieting, are not treatable, how do you lose weight while on steroids. If you want to lose weight, try to cut back on any unnecessary foods when eating. A common mistake is to eat more food during your cutting or maintenance phase. You want to reduce your calorie intake before you start a cutting cycle, vital proteins collagen peptides reviews weight loss. In addition, be mindful of the effect of different foods on digestion and you should try to limit your intake of foods that increase your risk of disease, such as certain types of red or processed meats, how to lose weight while on steroid medication. You might also consider cutting back on dairy products and sugar to lessen the problems. If you are going on a cutting cycle to do a fat loss cycle, it is best to stick to a program that gives your body plenty of carbohydrates. Remember that you cannot lose fat without eating it.
Weight loss clenbuterol cycle
The most popular steroids for weight loss (fat loss) are: Then there is Cytomel and Clenbuterol which are also very powerful fat burners, but are not very commonly prescribed or widely used. You may have heard of some weight loss steroids that are specifically designed to work on cholesterol, but those are rarely prescribed by health professionals, loss weight clenbuterol cycle. What are the ingredients and amounts in steroids for weight loss, do sarms cause weight loss? There is a few common ingredients that are used to enhance and intensify the effectiveness of a weight loss strategy: L-Dopa: An amino acid that is a precursor to the amino acid l-tryptophan, do sarms cause weight loss. L-tryptophan is the primary form of natural serotonin in the person's system. An amino acid that is a precursor to the amino acid l-tryptophan. L-tryptophan is the primary form of natural serotonin in the person's system. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT): This is used to stimulate the production and release of testosterone, losing weight on clenbuterol. This is used to stimulate the production and release of testosterone. Leucine: A key amino acid in proteins that are vital to your muscle growth, weight loss while on prednisone. As long as your food is balanced and your diet is healthy, and you are also taking in enough calories via your daily exercise program, it is very likely that you will be eating approximately enough protein and eating enough carbohydrates to balance protein and carbohydrate energy requirements. Thus this is not something a dietitian should look for in terms of a cause of poor weight loss, weight loss clenbuterol cycle. A key amino acid in proteins that are vital to your muscle growth. As long as your food is balanced and your diet is healthy, and you are also taking in enough calories via your daily exercise program, it is very likely that you will be eating approximately enough protein and eating enough carbohydrates to balance protein and carbohydrate energy requirements. Thus this is not something a dietitian should look for in terms of a cause of poor weight loss, sarms cycle for weight loss. Testosterone: In order for most people, DHT and Dihydrotestosterone do not work, you need to make a conversion of the two, and then use them together to achieve the desired results, peptides for female weight loss. In order for most people, DHT and Dihydrotestosterone do not work, you need to make a conversion of the two, and then use them together to achieve the desired results, sarm to burn fat. Testosterone precursors: You may be hearing about testosterone precursors, and the term may mean something different to you depending on what you are talking about.
Best steroids for weight loss are available but not evert steroid is good for weight loss. Some weight loss drugs for weight loss are shown to be ineffective with respect to long term effects. Steroid drugs, when taken too heavily, can actually make weight loss worse. (5) Steroid use is associated with adverse cardiovascular, neurological, psychiatric and reproductive results in the elderly and menopausal women. Steroid use is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis. (6) Exercise and steroid use can increase rates of bladder cancer and prostate cancer. (7) Steroids can interfere with immune function which may increase risk of several cancers and diseases. (9) High doses that mimic natural growth rates have been shown to accelerate the aging process. (10) Heavy use of steroids is linked to more than 200 causes of death; including a history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, heart failure, and dementia. (2) Steroid use can increase the risk of chronic respiratory diseases. (11) Hormone therapy often improves weight gain, but weight loss may not be achieved. (12) Over and over again a steroid user has reported adverse side effects. (13) Many men and women who are on steroid medication feel uninterested in losing weight; they are satisfied with their current state of health and often do not notice any positive or negative effects of steroid use. (3) Heavy use of steroids is associated with increased risk of bone fractures, osteoporosis and osteoporosis of the heart, kidneys, pancreas, prostate and colon. (3) Steroid medications cause liver and kidney damage. (14) Drugs such as prednisone may impair cognitive performance and other important health factors, including bone changes, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. (15) Exercise is very effective in reducing the effects of steroids. (16) Steroid use can affect mood and the quality of life. (17) It is known that the effects of steroids on the brain are more pronounced in females. (18) Exercise has many benefits. (19) Exercise increases HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. (20) Exercise has many benefits. (21) — all that shame and all that danger i'm hopin' that my love will keep you up tonight baby, how do you sleep when you lie to me? Here's a fine how-do-you-do — вот тебе и раз!; ну и дела! — очень частая ошибка у русских с вопросом: «как ты думаешь…? мы переводим на английский язык буквально: «how do you think. How much, if at all, would it bother you to regularly hear people speak a language other. How do you do (оригинал shakira). Как поживаешь? (перевод ольга из приморского края). Forgive us our trespasses. Прости нам грехи наши,. As we forgive those. Время прохождения how do you do it? разработчики: nina freeman, emmett butler, decky coss, joni kittaka — every day, you're fed lies by the con artists in the weight loss industry. Men, want the muscular, shredded physique of a men's fitness. — clenbuterol cycle supplement helps the body to loss weight instantly. Clenbuterol hydrochloride works as a sympathomimetic, channeling the. 25 мая 2020 г. — it is a potent thermogenic, that helps you lose weight and build lean muscle simultaneously. This weight loss supplement with its two-pronged. Clenbuterol weight loss results. That is why clenbuterol is most well-liked by athletes and bodybuilders, in addition to by individuals on a food plan, Similar articles: | <urn:uuid:5614f07f-1626-4348-82ee-b43643cd7510> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.noboprogressives.com/profile/koldensneed9/profile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.934954 | 2,181 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
The National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual defines indoctrination as "the initial security instructions/briefing given a person prior to granting access to classified information." Set within the contexts of religion, this would serve perfectly as a definition of the preparation for receiving esoteric knowledge not generally available to the world-at-large, a preparation that is a prerequisite for initiation into a mystery religion. Compare entries for Gnosticism or Mormons or Catechism.
Noam Chomsky has been quoted saying, "For those who stubbornly seek freedom, there can be no more urgent task than to come to understand the mechanisms and practices of indoctrination. These are easy to perceive in the totalitarian societies, much less so in the system of 'brainwashing under freedom' to which we are subjected and which all too often we serve as willing or unwitting instruments."
The subtle effects of a highly indoctrinated environment may rise unexpectedly to the surface in examining a culturally-freighted term such as "knee-jerk skeptic": the hearer recognizes immediately the cognate expression "knee-jerk liberal", describing a person considered to be thoughtlessly and inappropriately liberal, instinctively and on all occasions. Then the sub-text presents itself: it has been assumed.
A recent study of child abuse in Samoa found that, "Religious indoctrination was significant in the promotion and prevention of abuse and family violence, depending on one's perspective," thus suggesting that the effects of such indoctrination could vary from the positive to the negative.
Religious indoctrination is a subject of academic interest. An upcoming volume, The Costs of Autonomy: Personal Essays on the Morality of Religious Indoctrination is planned to analyze the effects of religious indoctrination on academics.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:e764c132-73fb-47fb-9e3e-3b65973c2c0f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Indoctrination | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00325-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91009 | 392 | 2.453125 | 2 |
11 December 2012 The United Nations human rights office today expressed its concern over the recent killing of a prominent public commentator in South Sudan, warning that a series of attacks on human rights defenders in the country amounted to an “assault on freedom of expression.”
Addressing a news conference in Geneva, a spokesperson for the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Rupert Colvile, pointed to what he called the “tragic silencing” of Ding Chan Awol, a well-known South Sudanese journalist and political commentator who had been threatened for writing on political issues.
According to media reports, Mr. Awol – who was a former UN staff member during the Sudanese civil war in the 1990s and worked as a government official at the time of his death – also went by the pseudonym Isaiah Abraham, penning articles for news websites including the Sudan Tribune and Gurtong, where he was often critical of the South Sudanese government.
On the morning of 5 December, he was reportedly lured from his home on the outskirts of the South Sudanese capital of Juba by unidentified gunmen and shot to death.
Although Mr. Colville welcomed South Sudan President Salva Kiir’s request for a thorough investigation into the killing, he noted that over the past six months, there had been similar attempts by unknown parties to intimidate local human rights and civil society activists, including members of the South Sudan Civil Society Alliance.
In one particular instance in October, Ring Bulabuk, a leading activist who had been vocal in his condemnation of corruption among senior government officials, was kidnapped and subjected to torture.
Meanwhile, in a separate incident over the weekend, 10 protesters were shot to death in South Sudan’s Northern Bahr al Ghazal State when the army opened fire against them.
“We urge the Government of South Sudan to take remedial action and send a strong signal of its readiness to protect the safety of journalists and human rights defenders, as part of a wider effort to bolster support for freedom of expression in this young and fragile democracy,” Mr. Colville told the gathered journalists.
Turning his attention northwards to Sudan, the OHCHR spokesperson also expressed concern about recent clashes between students and police in its capital, Khartoum, where hundreds of protesters were demonstrating for the third consecutive day over the deaths of four Darfuri students belonging to El-Gezira University in central Sudan.
Mr. Colville said that the four Darfuri students had gone missing at the beginning of last week after participating in a protest about plans to repeal a tuition fee exemption for Darfuri students. Their bodies were discovered in a canal near the university on 7 December.
“There is a worrying trend of attacks on students in Sudan,” Mr. Colville stated. “We stress the need for swift investigations into the circumstances surrounding the murders of the students and the importance of bringing the perpetrators to justice.”
Referring to a recent example of violence against students in the Sudanese state of South Darfur, the spokesperson noted that in July, Sudanese police reportedly shot and killed at least eight people, mostly students aged 17 or under, while more than 50 others were injured in the same incident.
“Given the gravity of the incident and the numbers killed and injured,” he added, “we believe that a full, thorough and transparent investigation is essential.”
News Tracker: past stories on this issue | <urn:uuid:3338308e-ea40-41b5-939f-b8cfe0f541ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43736&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00035-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968975 | 718 | 1.6875 | 2 |
The Disability Royal Commission wants to hear from all Australians about their experiences of violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation of people with disability.
A submission is the main way people and organisations can provide information to the Royal Commission about their experiences of violence, neglect, abuse or exploitation of people with disability. Anybody can make a submission.
The Royal Commission particularly wants to hear about:
Incidents of violence, neglect, abuse or exploitation of people with disability
Complaints processes and outcomes
Lack of access to support or services
Quality of disability support services
Examples of best practice and innovation
The Royal Commission cannot resolve individual cases. It cannot award compensation or force a person or organisation to take actions.
Rights in Action can assist people to write their submission who live in Atherton, Babinda, Cairns – North, Cairns – South, Kuranda, Malanda – Yungaburra, Tablelands and Yarrabah.
If you want to raise concerns about the quality of care and NDIS services of being delivered to people with disability, you can also contact the NDIS Quality and Safeguards Commission.
Protect your rights
Help you say what you want to say
Provide advice in your best interest
Act on your behalf to get the supports you need
Please complete the online Rights in Action Royal Commission Referral Form and submit. | <urn:uuid:8e19067a-c378-403e-be94-5a0e5d38eb73> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rightsinaction.org/2019/11/11/the-royal-commission/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.927625 | 287 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Academy of Hair Design Hits the Runway
Ask a beauty professional to talk about their childhood and you will hear stories of kids playing in mom’s makeup and raiding closets to dress in style. Now, as adults, we spend our few spare moments watching videos of intricate line designs and nail art for new inspiration. We chose this industry because we love this industry and we love this industry because it is fun. It allows us to blur the line between work and play. After all, who doesn’t want to have fun doing what they love?
Join contributing writer, Trevor Cobb, in this four-part series that peeks through the curtains and curriculum of AOHD to answer this simple question: what is left when we strip away the extras and examine the core elements that make us who we are?
Yearly Fashion Show
One of the most popular events of the school year is our Academy of Hair Design Fashion Show. It is the perfect opportunity for our students to express their creativity and take ownership of their work. On teams that combine students from all four of our programs, they create a series of looks around a voted-upon theme. Come the day of the show, they execute these looks on models, staff members, and fellow students. The team with the highest quality, creativity, and technique is awarded the winning prize.
Breaking out of the box
The fashion show fills a lot of needs for AOHD students. For one, they get to create looks that are perhaps more avant-garde, high fashion, or creative than their daily services. They become their own client, deciding on a haircut, makeup, and style for themselves. Maintaining complete creative control over their models, their artistic vision, and their team’s styling is a rare opportunity. This is where our students are encouraged to try something new and push themselves out of their comfort zone.
Additionally, the fashion show provides an opportunity to exhibit work to salon owners and beauty professionals in the Springfield area. We invite alumni and salon owners to judge the competition. This allows salon owners to take a close work at the incredible work AOHD students are doing. At events like these, students build their professional network and meet people who could be potential future employers. These employers have seen what our students can do, and they remember them when making hiring decisions months later. With over 20 guest judges invited, students are encouraged to mingle, shake hands, and bridge the gap between where they are now and where they want to be when they graduate.
Competition and Collaboration
Of course, the most important aspect is the collaboration and team spirit that binds together. Students enjoy the competitive nature of the show. They collaborate with their team to create a holistically designed fashion experience. During the weeks leading up to the show, the school is buzzing with friendly energy and competitive posturing. Students and staff boast about their team’s theme and our social media is overrun with playful posts and memes. Team colors fly as everyone claims the future first place prize as their own. This competition urges students to outdo one another, but also to outdo themselves. After weeks of preparation and practice, they create work they once believed to be an impossible task. We admit that it is impossible for us to hide our pride in these talented future professionals.
Sharing our Style
At its core, the fashion show is about sharing joy. Every day, we want our students find joy in their work. They serve with a smile and equip clients with confidence and happiness. Through annual events like the fashion show, we get to put this spirit of fun and joy that we live daily on display in a big way. The beauty industry is centered around personal happiness. We encourage our students to maintain a positive attitude and spread it to whatever salon they enter. We know when we are having a good time, our clients will as well.
Okay, so let’s get back to our original question: what is left when we strip away the extras and examine the core elements that make us who we are?
The AOHD Fashion Show combines creative experimentation, networking, and competition into a meaningful night for many of our students. Most of all, we put on this event because it is fun, for us, the students, the participants, and the public. Fun and happiness are the core of what we do and who we are as beauty professionals. #FunIsLeft
Want to see more pictures of our 2018 fashion show? Check us out!
Want to check out other blog posts that discuss our core values? Easy, click here!
Want to know how to pick a school that values Love, Excellence, Fun, and Transformation? Easy, click here!
Ready to invest in yourself and turn your passions into a paycheck? You know the drill, click here!
Trevor Cobb is a 2018 graduate of Drury University who majored in Writing, Spanish, and Graphic Design. He was a social media intern for Academy of Hair Design in 2017 and is currently the Digital Marketing Specialist for 360 Communities in Burnsville, Minnesota. He enjoys creative writing, design and finding beauty wherever he goes.
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Employers should be reviewing their respective crisis management plans and prepare for Ebola related concerns that have the potential to significantly affect business operations. While the vast majority of deaths linked to the 2014 Ebola Outbreak have occurred on the African continent, recent infections in the United States and Europe indicate that no country can remain on the sidelines. Even if one believes infections in the United States will be limited, the fear of disease may demand employer attention. The average American seems to be taking a wait and see approach, but if an individual or group of individuals are found to have the Ebola virus in a specific community, employers will be faced with a decision as to how to respond to fear among their employees. It is best to prepare for that in advance.
Implementing a Strategy Will Reduce the Risk of Panic
The Ebola outbreak is only the latest in a string of infectious disease scares. In this decade alone, employers have witnessed the emergence of various other contagious diseases, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), H1N1 Swine Influenza, and H5N1 Avian Influenza. In each case there have been initial alarms, but no pandemic. So it is important to prepare, but not alarm employees unless there is a real need to do so. Certainly health care workers need to prepare. But, at the present time, the average non-health care employee need not be alerted to any special actions. However, management should be prepared to respond to employee concerns if they arise. One of the best ways an employer can respond to employee concerns about the latest Ebola outbreak is to develop an effective crisis plan, and some of the wisdom developed during these earlier threats will be helpful in that effort. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has not yet issued guidance on Ebola for employers, but it did issue guidance for other diseases in the past.
An effective infectious disease crisis plan will tackle at least four separate concerns:
- Addressing employee concerns regarding workplace health and safety;
- Coordinating the employer’s public relations, human resources, and corporate security efforts in the event an outbreak affects the employer’s personnel or business operations;
- Preventing and mitigating transmission risks among employees; and
- Maintaining sustainable business operations in the event of an outbreak or mass fear of an outbreak.
Even if an employer has a crisis plan in place, the plan will not be complete without a coordinating entity. Employers should ensure that they have an active crisis response team that includes the employer’s Human Resources Manager. Since Human Resources Managers are often the first to know when an employee is sick, absent due to personal or family illness, or is just afraid of contracting a disease at work, Human Resources Managers are the proverbial canaries in the mine that know when a matter becomes one of concern to many employees, rather than as an individual personnel issue.
Besides creating a crisis response team, a potent crisis plan will also clearly state what specific procedures apply in outbreak scenarios. For example, a crisis plan should include information relating to cordon zones, isolation rooms, disease monitoring, and indicate the employer’s designated crisis management coordinators. In addition, employers should consider consulting the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) interim general guidance for additional advice on protecting at-risk workers. The CDC also recommended the following advice related to H1N1 and is likely to issue some of the same recommendations related to Ebola:
- Work with State and Local Public Health Partners.
- Be Prepared if Schools Dismiss Students or Early Childhood Programs Close.
- Advise the Sick to Stay Home.
- Separate Sick Employees.
- Consider Active Screening of Employees who Report to Work.
- Emphasize Respiratory Etiquette and General Hygiene.
- Perform Routine Environmental Cleaning.
- Consider Alternative Work Environments for Employees at Higher Risk of Infection.
- Prepare for Increased Numbers of Employee Absences due to Illness in Employees and their Family Members, and Plan Ways for Essential Business Functions to Continue.
- Advise Employees Before Traveling to Take Certain Precautionary Steps.
- Consider Canceling Non-Essential Business Travel and Advising Employees about Possible Disruptions while Traveling.
Communication Between Employer and Employee is Key to Mitigating the Ebola Outbreak’s Associated Fears
In times of public unease and uncertainty, employers will be more effective in enacting their crisis plans by establishing and maintaining clear lines of communication between management and company employees. An open communication channel (text, email, webpage, or mobile phone messages) will encourage timely and accurate dissemination of information. Perhaps more importantly, effective communication between management and employees will mitigate the probability of uncertainty and misinformation developing among workers.
Once employers have launched clear lines of communication with employees, employers should proactively address foreseeable issues and questions upfront. For example, an employer may consider addressing employee questions of what they should do if they or their family members are feeling ill. The ability to respond to employee inquiries by pointing to existing crisis plans indicates to employees that the company is prepared and is in control. Even the mere existence of a crisis plan places an employer on a better footing than having no plan at all. As General George Patton once said, “a good plan violently executed now, is better than a perfect plan next week.”
Consider that one or more employees may refuse to come to the employer’s workplace out of fear of contracting the disease. Depending on the factual circumstances surrounding the employee’s refusal, this refusal may be protected by law. In Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall, 445 U.S. 1 (1980), the United States Supreme Court ruled that in some circumstances employees may refuse to work in conditions that a reasonable person would conclude presents a danger of death or serious injury. Moreover, the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) may protect groups of employees that refuse to work because those employees may be considered on strike. Thus, employers should continue to be aware of employee rights as they implement their response to employee actions. The better the employer communication plan, the less likely the employees’ refusal to work will be considered reasonable.
Imagine the difference between an employee discipline or discharge where the employer explains the CDC guidelines and the employer’s response plan, and instructs an employee that in accordance with those guidelines, the employee’s refusal to attend work is not excused. Now imagine a scenario in which an employer simply states that the employee’s fear is unreasonable and terminates the absent employee. The latter approach will open the door to a lawsuit against the employer, whereas the former approach will strengthen the employer-employee relationship, while lowering the likelihood of a lawsuit against the employer.
Addressing the Ebola outbreak will require employers to consider a wide range of applicable laws, including the NLRA, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), and the Health Information Privacy and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Employers should consult with legal counsel to discuss the appropriate actions and to tailor their response plans now in case an individual in the employer’s community or workplace contracts the disease, at which point the time for planning will have passed.
Many experts predict the Ebola outbreak will not be widespread in the United States. However, employers should review their crisis management plans to ensure they address disease outbreaks and how to respond to employee fears about contagion. While it is everyone’s hope that responding to an Ebola outbreak will be unnecessary, such disease threats are not uncommon; the work done now may become necessary at some time in the future. By having a crisis response plan, employers will be prepared to explain to employees that a plan is in place. This will assist the employer’s efforts in responding to employee fears and potential refusals to work based upon fear of contagion. In the unlikely event of a larger outbreak, a crisis plan will enable the employer to respond in an orderly and predictable fashion, which in turn will maintain business continuity.
© MICHAEL BEST & FRIEDRICH LLP | <urn:uuid:7eb6210e-ce13-4222-8332-f65c7259e124> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sba.thehartford.com/home/ebola-outbreak-is-a-reminder-for-all-employers-to-review-crisis-management-plans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00306-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940371 | 1,660 | 1.953125 | 2 |
MAITLAND, Fla. - A smelly problem affecting some residents in Maitland is being caused by bats, officials said.
A colony of bats have made the Maitland Boulevard overpass their home for years, but residents who live nearby told Channel 9 the smell is getting so bad they can't even sit outside in their yards.
Martha Bryant's neighborhood mailboxes are right under the overpass.
"Since the smell is so bad, I'll come twice a week to get my mail. You have to take a bath once you get out of here," said Bryant.
Under the overpass, there are heaps of bat droppings, called guano, which smell like ammonia.
Residents said it's like constantly smelling the inside of a hamster cage that hasn't been cleaned in weeks.
Railroad construction has kept state crews from power washing the area for an entire year, causing the guano to pile up inches thick.
Some residents want the bats gone altogether, but that's not an option as they're protected by law and the process of evicting them would be a long and expensive one.
"You're going to have a lot of homeless bats and where are those guys going to go?" said expert Laura Finn. "The bats are better here than they are spread out all over the place."
Experts said the smell of the droppings isn't harmful.
A spokesman with the Florida Department of Transportation said they plan to power wash underneath the overpass later this week. | <urn:uuid:d10f4fb3-f77b-4de2-86b7-644237cc333f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wftv.com/news/local/bat-droppings-causing-big-stink-maitland/271458467 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00213-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981001 | 310 | 1.828125 | 2 |
If you are looking a a unique gift you might be interested in this awesome and innovative smartphone controlled paper airplane called the PowerUp 3.0, that has been designed to allow you to transform your self-made paper airplanes into a smartphone-controlled flying machines.
The PowerUp 3.0 smartphone controlled paper airplane is fitted with an ultra lightweight control system which uses Bluetooth low energy connectivity to make the link to your smartphone.
The PowerUp 3.0 smartphone controlled paper plane system offers users a useable range of around 55 meters and is also fitted with a Micro-USB charging port that can be used with the supplied 1000 mAh Lithium Polymer power pack, which is available when you pledge for the Perfect Package over on the Kickstarter crowd funding website.
The PowerUp 3.0 paper plane is currently looking to raise enough pledges to make the jump from concept to production. So if you think PowerUp 3.0 paper plane is something you could benefit from, visit the Kickstarter website now to make a pledge and help PowerUp 3.0 paper plane become a reality.
Source: KickstarterFiled Under: Concepts & Design, Design News, Top News, Toys | <urn:uuid:9f1e9bfb-d633-4667-aefb-f71b969037de> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.geeky-gadgets.com/powerup-3-0-smartphone-controlled-paper-airplane-video-27-11-2013/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00544-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927478 | 237 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Here’s a look at health and environmental news from around South Carolina.
As the temperature dips in York, Lancaster and Chester counties, it’s time to get a flu vaccination, say experts with the S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC).
According to DHEC and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), vaccinations are recommended annually for everyone six months or older. Those who are older than 50, pregnant or have chronic medical conditions such as asthma or heart disease are at an increased risk of complications from influenza, according to DHEC.
The mission of Clemson University’s new mobile health clinic is to improve the health of the underserved community while providing a teaching experience for public health students.
But as “the world’s first 100-percent solar powered clinic,” it’s also tasked with improving the environment.
The specially designed 23-by-16-foot truck is outfitted with eight solar panels on the roof that charge the entire clinic, eliminating polluting exhaust fumes and noise, said health extension agent Logan McFall.
In my role as a breast imaging physician, I am asked frequently what increases my patients’ breast cancer risk. … Although many factors are not in a woman’s control, adopting as healthy a lifestyle as possible is the common sense approach for women’s breast health. | <urn:uuid:6c66fefb-09d4-47ad-b5c3-88f8324fea20> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.scdhec.gov/2017/10/11/dhec-in-the-news-flu-clemsons-solar-powered-mobile-health-clinic-minimizing-breast-cancer-risks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.945099 | 289 | 2 | 2 |
How many picogram in 1 grain?
The answer is 64798910000.
We assume you are converting between picogram and grain.
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
picogram or grain
The SI base unit for mass is the kilogram.
1 kilogram is equal to 1.0E+15 picogram, or 15432.358352941 grain.
Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results.
Use this page to learn how to convert between picograms and grains.
Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
You can do the reverse unit conversion from grain to picogram, or enter any two units below:
The SI prefix "pico" represents a factor of 10-12, or in exponential notation, 1E-12.
So 1 picogram = 10-12 grams-force.
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more! | <urn:uuid:73f882c5-cb0c-49cc-aaae-ac0bb3e34cdc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.convertunits.com/from/picogram/to/grain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.834789 | 294 | 2.921875 | 3 |
|The Divinity of Jesus and the Message of Salvation|
|Creation and the Doctrine of God|
|The Creator in the Classroom, a Legacy of Lunacy: Introduction|
|Chapter 1: The First Amendment, A Grammatico-Historical Analysis|
|Chapter 2: Vertical Incorporation of the Bill of Rights|
|Chapt 3: The Horizontal Incorporation of the Bill of Rights|
|Chapter 3: Continued|
|Chapter 4: Exegesis of the First Amendment|
|Chapter 4 Continued|
|Appendix to Chapter 4: The Anahporic Article|
|Chapter 5: The Declaration of Independence|
|Chapter 6: Modern Science, Starting at the Conclusion|
|Chapter 6: Continued|
|Chapter 7: The Philosophy of Science|
|Chapter 7: Continued|
|Chapter 8: Evolution: The Sine Qua Non|
|Chapter 9: Thermodynamcs and the Genesis of Life|
|Chapter 10: Biology and the Evolutionary Hypothesis|
|Chapter 10: Biology and Evolution Continued|
|The Creator in the Classroom: Conclusion|
|Appendix: The Religious Freedom Amendment|
Welcome to Clear Gospel Campaign
Ronald R. Shea, Th.M., J.D.
SAVING FAITH AND THE DIVINITY OF JESUS
Faith has an object and a content.
The object of saving faith is our Lord Jesus Christ. However, a name is simply an emblem of the truths associated with a person's character, and that it is a person's character that sanctifies, or sullies his name, not the name that sanctifies or sullies a person's character. We believe that this is why God has "magnified His Word above His name" (Psalm 138:2). It is the eternal truths of God's divine nature, as revealed in His word, that give meaning and awe to His name. Accordingly, we believe that the name "Jesus" and the word "gospel" are not magic words, and that to simply speak of "Jesus" or the "gospel" when divorced from the essential truths of Jesus Christ and His glorious gospel is to preach "another Jesus" (2nd Corinthians 11:3-4) and "another gospel" (Galatians 1:6-7) in whom and in which there is no salvation. A cursory examination of cults and movements afoot will disclose that Jesus is taught to be:
t the brother of Lucifer (Mormonism);
t a prophet who will be raised from the dead along with Mohamed and "break the cross" (end the myth that He died on the cross to pay for our sins), (Islam);
t a homosexual (http://skeptically.org/newtestament/id5.html).
In view of the above beliefs about Jesus (and many other false teachings), it can be stated with certainty that faith in J-E-S-U-S has never saved anyone, and never will. The gospel message is not a lesson in how to pronounce Jesus' name according to the preferences of a certain language or culture. Saving faith is faith in certain truths and attributes ascribed to Jesus; knowledge of who Jesus is, and what He accomplished for us at the cross. To this end, any saving profession of faith in Jesus Christ must include an affirmation of the divinity of Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ is the Eternal God who became a man.
Because belief in the divinity of Jesus is repeated over and over in Scripture as part of the message of salvation (Matthew 16:16-18; John 8:23-24 & 58; 11:25-27; 20:31; Acts 9:20; 16:30-31; 1st John 5:13), an adherence to doctrines and beliefs that are logically incompatible with the divinity of Christ must necessarily constitute a denial of the message of salvation. To believe such is therefore to believe in "another Jesus," (2nd Corinthians 11:3-4) and "another gospel" (Galatians 1:6-7).
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NYU-Poly Celebrates Engineers Week on NBC Today Show
On February 20, 2011, more than 3.8 million viewers tuned into the Sunday NBC Today Show to see Rockefeller Plaza filled with robots and signs proclaiming, NYU-Poly Celebrates Engineers Week. Our team included over 50 members (including the PI, 30+ students, two Fellows, 5 teachers from 4 schools, parents, members of NYU-Poly's media and development office, and a staff member of the Brooklyn Community Foundation, the founding sponsor of CBRI). The team carried signs acknowledging our various sponsors, including the National Science Foundation. Janice Huff, NBC weather reporter, interviewed project teacher Ms. Tanya Wardally and a student.
Compatible Browsers: Safari(5.0.2 & up) ; Firefox(19.0.2 & up) ; IE(9 & up) ; Chrome(26.0.1410.64 m & up) | <urn:uuid:81bd2bb2-c8c6-452c-839d-4ee4c88e25b4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://engineering.nyu.edu/gk12/amps-cbri/html/photos/EngineersWeekOnNBCToday.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00209-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912979 | 193 | 1.5625 | 2 |
NEW YORK (MainStreet ) -– Making charitable donations can be philanthropically rewarding, but only if your money actually reaches those who need it.
Earlier this year, the Federal Trade Commission noted that about $187 million in donations went to a group of four cancer charities that were nothing but a slush fund for one family. The FTC says that 97% of donations were used by family members to pay for cars, gym memberships, luxury cruises, college tuition and high-salary jobs for other family members. The Cancer Fund of America and Cancer Support Services in Knoxville, Tenn.; The Breast Cancer Society in Mesa, Ariz.; and the Children’s Cancer Fund of America in Powell, Tenn. not only bilked donors out of millions, but binged on money that other charitable organizations could have put to good use.
Equally unfortunate was that, according to Friedman LLP partner Amish Mehta, a quick look at the IRS database of charitable organizations. the charities' Form 990 submissions or charity clearinghouse websites would have told donors just how suspicious those charities were. Mehta points out
that the New York State Attorney General's office considers administrative costs equalling 35% of total donations or less ideal for a charitable organization, though Mehta says that cost for operating expenses should more ideally be capped at 30% to 20%.
“That topic [charity fraud] continues to come up,” Mehta says. “Some of the fraud stuff that has gone on is because of a lack of oversight by donors. They haven't done their homework and they haven't done their due diligence.”
Shomari Hearn, a certified financial planner and vice president at Palisades Hudson Financial Group in Fort Lauderdale, Fla. notes that online resources including Guidestar and Charity Navigator can help potential donors determine home much of their gift is going to the cause and how much goes toward administrative costs. Those sites draw much of their information from the charities' 990 forms and explain what your donation pays for in fairly simple terms. From there, a little help from the IRS and a bit of legwork can help determine whether or not a charity meets your needs. | <urn:uuid:25475e44-6c5e-4691-be51-61e3b8bc6e54> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://credit-help.biz/forex/2652 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00360-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96192 | 451 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Breastfeeding mothers should eat varied, balanced, and regular food. Nutrient-rich foods and additional vitamins and minerals are important.
Diet Of The Breastfeeding Mother: A Few More Calories If Desired
During breastfeeding, extra energy and supplements are expected to take care of a child with bosom milk. In the initial four months after your youngster’s introduction to the world, you will require around 500 calories each day, notwithstanding the essential prerequisite of around 2000 calories.
So on the off chance that you feel more eager because of breastfeeding, you can and should yield to this sensation of appetite now. For instance, the extra prerequisite of 500 calories each day or, for meat/wiener and fish, each week:
- 250 ml milk/day
- One cut of entire grain bread/day
- 200 g vegetables/day
- One piece of organic product/day
- Two teaspoons of oil, margarine, or spread/day
- 100 g meat or wiener/week (compares to a little schnitzel or three to five cuts of frankfurter)
- 100 g fish/week
This calorie expansion for the nursing mother’s eating regimen compared to average qualities and can shift to some degree from one individual to another. You are spot on with the off chance that you keep your weight or lose some weight gradually. Talk about this with your gynecologist also.
When the stores from pregnancy have been spent, for example, you have arrived at your beginning load from before pregnancy, you are free to eat somewhat more once more. Diets for weight reduction while breastfeeding is likewise firmly debilitated. They can influence breastfeeding and your wellbeing.
Also Read: Diet For Good Health
Nutrient-Rich Foods: The First Choice When Breastfeeding
If you put excessively or too minimally on the scales, this will decrease the milk creation and the energy content. Eating more doesn’t prompt expanded milk creation. You ought to eat enough and quality food as a result of the nutrients and minerals provided with the food.
It would help if you met your calorie necessities with supplement-rich food sources, for instance, vegetables, natural products, dairy items, lean meat, and entire grain items. Desserts, cakes, and so forth, then again, ought to just be delighted in little amounts. Albeit these items are high in calories, they don’t contain important nutrients and minerals.
Secure Valuable Carbohydrates
For sustenance, while breastfeeding, it is additionally fitting to take more than 50% of the vital energy through food sources that are wealthy in fiber and starch. Whole grain bread, entire grain pieces, earthy colored rice, entire grain pasta, and other oat dishes, vegetables (contingent upon resistance), potatoes, and soil products are portrayed by a high supplement thickness.
They ought to be a necessary piece of the eating regimen during breastfeeding and consistently on the nursing mother’s menu. The high fiber content of these items likewise forestalls obstruction and keeps you full more.
Add Protein As Well
For milk production, you also need more protein than others. Milk, buttermilk, yogurt, cheese, sea fish, legumes, nuts, and whole grains are best to meet these increased needs.
Bringing Vitamins And Minerals Into Balance
The supplement-rich food sources referenced above, to a great extent, cover both the energy prerequisite and the nourishing necessity in the eating regimen of the nursing mother. Nonetheless, it would help if you gave specific consideration to certain nutrients and minerals.
With regards to nutrients, the requirement for folic corrosive specifically increments during breastfeeding.
Here it would help if you conversed with your PCP or medical care proficient in taking a folic corrosive enhancement. Food varieties that are high in folic corrosive include tomatoes, cabbage (kale, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower), peas, spinach, sheep’s lettuce, whole grain bread, raw grain, wheat, oranges, strawberries, and grapes. With regards to minerals, you should watch out for iodine, calcium, and iron specifically.
Also Read: The Ideal Diet For Menopause
Increased Need For Iodine
The requirement for iodine is expanded during breastfeeding, and the iodine content of bosom milk generally relies upon your iodine supply. Since iodine inadequacy during breastfeeding – similarly to during pregnancy – can weaken the physical and mental advancement of the kid, a sufficient iodine supply is significant.
The utilization of ocean fish and marine creatures just as milk and dairy items adds to the iodine supply, as does the utilization of iodized salt. For instance, breastfeeding ladies are encouraged to burn through ocean fish for double seven days if conceivable, including ocean fish in some measure one time each week. The favored utilization of enormous ruthless fish, for example, fish or swordfish, isn’t prescribed because of the contamination.
For different food varieties, like bread and meat items, you ought to favor food sources made with iodized salt. As well as utilizing iodized salt and food sources containing iodine, breastfeeding ladies should take iodine tablets every day (100 μg iodine/day) after counseling their primary care physician. Note: Avoid taking different iodine-containing arrangements. We likewise prompt against burning-through dried green growth arrangements, as they can contain a great deal of iodine.
Milk As A Calcium Supplier
The requirement for calcium isn’t expanded during breastfeeding. However, for your well-being, you should ensure that you get sufficient calcium. Great wellsprings of calcium are milk and dairy items, a few vegetables (broccoli, kale, spinach, and fennel), and calcium-rich mineral waters (> 150 mg calcium for each liter). It is ideal to become accustomed to consistently eating around a large portion of a liter of milk (then again yogurt, buttermilk, and so on) and a couple of cuts of semi-hard cheddar.
Catch up on loss of iron
The iron necessity is likewise not expanded by breastfeeding. Be that as it may, the suggested admission is marginally higher than ordinary to compensate for the misfortune during pregnancy. Food sources containing iron are meat, a few grains (particularly millet, green spelt, and oats), bread, frankfurter items, and vegetables (spinach, salsify, carrots, fennel, sheep’s lettuce).
The iron from meat is more promptly accessible to the body than that from plants. Since nutrient C works on the assimilation of iron, it is a great idea to have a glass of squeezed orange with your dinner.
Drinking: Very Important In The Diet Of The Nursing Mother
You emit a lot of liquids with bosom milk. Accordingly, you should ensure that you drink bounty and routinely while breastfeeding. You should drink around two liters of liquids each day. It is ideal for drinking a glass each time you breastfeed. This might make it simpler for you to drink enough every day.
Regular water, mineral water, unsweetened homegrown and organic product teas are appropriate. Sage and peppermint tea are viewed as inhibitors of milk creation. It has not been experimentally demonstrated that extraordinary teas for milk creation truly advance milk creation. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you like these teas, you are free to savor them the suggested day-by-day amounts.
You should drink limited quantities of espresso and dark tea as a result of the caffeine they contain. Around a few cups a day, you do no damage. However, you ought to possibly be intoxicated in the wake of breastfeeding if conceivable. Likewise, note the caffeine content of colas, caffeinated drinks, and chilled teas.
Liquor hurts you and the child. Since liquor passes into milk, you ought to keep away from it while breastfeeding. Despite prevalent thinking, liquor doesn’t animatedly milk creation. It might even diminish it.
Vegetarian And Vegan Diet
A vegan diet with the utilization of dairy items and eggs can cover the dietary prerequisites during breastfeeding. Assuming you need to keep eating vegetarian while breastfeeding, you ought to guarantee that you have a sufficient stockpile of basic supplements. In any case, there are no kidding wellbeing hazards.
The good advancement of the youngster’s sensory system is especially influenced. As well as taking a nutrient B12 supplement on a drawn-out premise, you ought to guarantee that there is a sufficient stock of, particularly, basic supplements through braced food sources and arrangements. Notwithstanding counsel from a certified nutritionist, the inclusion of the supplements ought to be observed routinely by your PCP.
Avoid Unnecessary Food
If your kid experiences fart, you can test for yourself whether it will improve if you preclude vegetables like cabbage, leek, garlic, vegetables, or onions. Fundamentally, nonetheless, it isn’t important to keep away from beats and swelling vegetables.
Citrus organic products or certain vegetables, for example, tomatoes and cucumber, are more than once associated with being liable for an irritated base in children. Notwithstanding, this can’t be logically demonstrated. The equivalent applies here: give it a shot.
No Diets To Prevent Allergies
According to studies, avoiding certain (allergenic) foods during breastfeeding, for example, cow’s milk, eggs, fish, and nuts, has no discernible benefit in preventing allergies in children. Breastfeeding women should therefore not remove any food from their diet. Severe weight loss from diets should be avoided. This could result in an undersupply of important nutrients from these foods and cause damage to health. | <urn:uuid:e7c73f88-e505-4864-b6cd-250190f43aa9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cultfits.com/know-the-diet-while-breastfeeding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.9299 | 1,982 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Pesticides in Cannabis and Hemp Testing. Finding the Right Tool for the Job
Abstract: Pesticide and mycotoxin testing regulations differ in each state. The applicable pesticides used can differ by crop (hemp vs. cannabis) and pesticide effectiveness on cannabis and hemp in the first place is currently in doubt. Each pesticide's risk profile is different based on product type, route of delivery, physicochemical properties. Inside the laboratory, different extraction methods can lead to different recoveries and different instrumentation has different detection limits. This talk will cover how cultivators and laboratories can reliably mitigate the risk of these toxic compounds in their products and ensure regulatory compliance and robust methodology. | <urn:uuid:48bb5bf4-b914-4dce-b82b-53265fb63e1c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.analyticalcannabis.com/videos/pesticides-in-cannabis-and-hemp-testing-finding-the-right-tool-for-the-job-313567 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.924843 | 138 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Carbon source for marine bacteria
- for algae & low nutrients management
- combination for several different Carbon sources
- like well known Vodka method, but without the risk
- Item number:V120804
including 19% VAT ,
Recommended retail price: 5,70 €
You save 3.51%, that is 0,20 €
The use of a Carbon source in a marine aquarium is the result of an old technique to lower strongly and quickly the levels of nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate present in the water.
This is like the technique of vodka/vinegar/sugar dosing, but without the risk of introducing unwanted elements (coloring, flavoring, etc.) and with multiple carbon sources in right proportions.
The added organic carbon strongly stimulates bacteria and quickly lowers the levels of NO2, NO3 and PO4. This bacterial surplus will be consumed by the animals in the tank or eliminated via efficient skimming.
[N,P]EX is a combination in the right proportions of several different carbon sources which guarantee its effectiveness. It should only be used by aquarists who are experienced and knowledgeable in monitoring the values of their aquarium.
It's recommendend to use when all other NO3 and PO4 limitation measures are no longer effective. Gradually increase the amounts according to the expected parameters levels. Once they are stable, maintain the dosage while regularly monitoring these levels.
|Do not leave within the reach of children.| | <urn:uuid:591d9ed2-2590-4c67-856c-22f15803c31d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.coralsands.de/Prodibio-NPEX_1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.90733 | 309 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Petitioning the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Residents of the Province of Ontario have the right to petition their legislators at Queen's Park.
A petition is a request that the Parliament of Ontario take some specific action (or refrain from taking some action) to redress a public grievance. The action requested must be within the scope of jurisdiction of the Ontario Legislative Assembly, and the request must be clear, temperate, proper and respectful.
Form and Content
A petition must be addressed to either the Parliament, Legislature or Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Petitions addressed to the Government of Ontario or to a particular minister cannot be accepted.
Petitions must be written, typewritten or printed, and it is recommended that the paper be standard letter or legal size.
If a petition consists of more than one sheet of signatures, the text of the petition must appear at the top of every sheet. Each person petitioning the Parliament of Ontario must print his or her name and address and sign his or her name under the text of the petition.
A petition must contain original signatures only, written directly on the face of the petition and not pasted or transferred to it. Petitions must be free of erasures or insertions. Petitioners must be residents of the Province of Ontario; it is acceptable for petitioners to be under the age of majority.
A petition may only be presented by a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, and it must comply with the requirements above before the member may present it.
It is not the practice in the Ontario Legislature for the Speaker or a minister of the Crown to present a petition. Petitions received by a minister of the Crown are usually presented by the Chief Government Whip.
A petition may be presented in 2 ways:
The petition will be numbered and recorded as a sessional paper and the subject-matter of the petition, and the name of the M.P.P. who presented it, will be printed in the Votes and Proceedings. If the House is not meeting on the day on which the petition is presented the petition will be recorded in the Votes and Proceedings of the next day on which the House meets.
Within 24 sitting days of the day on which the presentation of the petition is recorded in the Votes and Proceedings, the government is required to file a response to the petition with the Clerk of the House and to provide a copy of the response to the M.P.P. who presented the petition. The response of the government is also noted in the Votes and Proceedings.
The signature of an M.P.P. who presents a petition must be on the front sheet of the petition. It is recommended that the M.P.P.'s signature appear in the top left corner of the front sheet of the petition.
It is the responsibility of the petitioner(s) to arrange for a Member of the Legislative Assembly to present a petition; an M.P.P. cannot be compelled to present a petition, and presentation of a petition by an M.P.P. does not imply that he or she endorses the contents of the petition.
For further information, contact:
Room 1521, Whitney Block
Telephone: 416 - 325-7350
(Collect calls will be accepted)
FAX: 416 - 325-3534
Standing Order 38 of the
TO The Parliament / Legislature / Legislative Assembly (CHOOSE ONE) of Ontario:-
WHEREAS [here briefly summarize the problem or grievance and outline the request for the intervention or action that the Legisative Assembly is being asked to make, or to refrain from making.]
I / WE (CHOOSE ONE) the undersigned petition the Parliament / Legislature / Legislative Assembly (CHOOSE ONE TO CORRESPOND WITH THE FORM OF ADDRESS CHOSEN ABOVE) of Ontario as follows:-
[insert text of petition here]
|Name (printed)||Address (printed)||Signature| | <urn:uuid:b065cdd8-8c1d-4212-8967-147fe894cdc2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ontariotenants.ca/government/petition.phtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00529-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935607 | 804 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Very low winter chilling requirement. Chance seedling discovered near Long Beach, CA., introduced in 1949. Large fruit with red over green skin, ripening late September to mid-October in coastal Southern CA. climates. Crisp and juicy, with a balance of sugar and acid. Good keeper. Large, vigorous, productive tree.
For Retail Nurseries & Home Gardens | <urn:uuid:028172a0-80f6-4e28-a96b-6449c6c430be> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.davewilson.com/product-information/product/pettingill-apple | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00300-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883576 | 74 | 1.585938 | 2 |
A mythological monster is haunting the fevered imagination of the West. Its name, as pronounced by the US media and political establishment, is “Put’n.” It has the body of the bear, the arms of an octopus, and the head of a super-intelligent extraterrestrial. Its other characteristics are equally contradictory. It is an ethnic chauvinist whose chief followers include strikingly large numbers of national minorities and whose publicly stated idea of Russia is explicitly multiethnic. It is reckless and aggressive to the point of insanity, yet has repeatedly failed to seize opportunities for successful aggression.
The monster Put’n of the Western imaginary is utterly cynical and interested only in its own domestic power and profit, but at the same time willing to run colossal personal risks to expand its nation’s power. It rules over a country that is supposedly a pathetic, impoverished wreck—and at the same time a mortal threat to some of the richest and most powerful countries on earth. It is a congenital “disruptor” dedicated to overthrowing the “status quo,” that has at the same time defended the status quo in the Middle East against catastrophic attempts to overthrow it by America, self-proclaimed defender of world order and the status quo.
This fantastic creature is related to President Vladimir Putin of Russia—but only distantly. The real Putin is certainly ruthless, cynical, and cold-blooded, but also highly cautious and level-headed—too much so, in the view of more ambitious and hotheaded members of the Russian elite. He has never once taken an international action that actually risked war with the West or local Russian defeat. This should give confidence that we can emerge from the present crisis without disaster.
By no means complete confidence, though, for in observing Putin I have often recalled a remark by John Maynard Keynes about Georges Clemenceau, French prime minister during World War I: that he was a deeply cynical individual with only one illusion—France. There can be no doubt that Putin identifies completely with the glory and power of Russia, which he is probably (like many such leaders) genuinely psychologically incapable of distinguishing from his own.
Moreover, though Putin is obviously ruler of Russia, he is also chairman of the Russian establishment—their version of the Blob. And like all such blobs around the world (including most notably the American), the Russian blob operates on the basis of certain firmly held doctrines concerning its country’s vital interests; beliefs that are also shared by many ordinary citizens. In the Russian case (like the American), these includes the exclusion of hostile military alliances from the country’s immediate neighborhood and the maintenance of an important say in European security.
The Russian blob also feels a duty to meet a challenge that America has not yet faced: the defense of the Russian language and the position of Russian minorities beyond the borders of Russia. This applies especially to Ukraine, Russia’s largest neighbor, with by far the biggest Russian minority and the closest historical and cultural ties to Russia. Opposition to the intensifying Ukrainian campaign of linguistic and cultural “Ukrainianization” is hardwired into Russian state consciousness.
If Putin were Put’n, then Russia would already have marched deep into Ukraine. Indeed, it would have done so in the spring of 2014, when militarily speaking there was nothing to stop the Russian army, and when incidents like the mass killing of pro-Russian demonstrators in Odessa gave Russia a perfect excuse for much more radical intervention than the annexation of Crimea and limited help to the Donbas revolt. Russian hard-liners continue to blame Putin for not seizing that chance, and accuse him of failing to do so out of a hope of maintaining co-operative relations with France and Germany—a hope that has met with serious disappointments since then.
If Putin’s past record is anything to go by, then only as a very last resort will he launch a full-scale invasion of eastern Ukraine. Put’n would have done so already this winter, given that all Russia’s key demands have been categorically rejected by the USA. Diplomatically, however, Russia has already scored two small successes. The first is the re-opening of direct high-level talks between the USA and Moscow, which implicitly acknowledge Russia’s key position that there can be no stable security architecture in Europe that does not include a role for Russia.
The second is the reopening of the “Normandy Format” talks between France, Germany, Russia, and Ukraine on a peace settlement for the conflict in eastern Ukraine. This is centered on the “Minsk II” agreement of 2015, which sets out a solution based on full autonomy for a demilitarized Donbas within Ukraine under international guarantees. As previously described in The Nation, since signing this agreement Ukrainian governments and parliaments have however repeatedly failed to pass a law giving Donbas permanent autonomy, and the West has brought no pressure to bear on them to do so.
Moscow has no great hope that the Normandy format will lead to a Donbas settlement, both because of dysfunction of the Ukrainian political scene and the strength of the radical Ukrainian nationalists—and because of the lack of serious US commitment (despite the fact that Minsk II remains official US policy). However, talks with France and Germany allow Russians to continue to hope (or dream) that one far-off day a new European security architecture might be created in which France, Germany, and Russia would all have the key roles.
As I have long argued, solving the Donbas conflict on the basis of autonomy ought to be a top priority for Western diplomacy. As long as it continues to fester, it will provide opportunities for Russia to put pressure on Ukraine and the West by starting local battles; Ukrainian radical nationalists will also have the chance to increase their image (and self-image) by doing the same thing.
And if a new war does start in the Donbas, it is unlikely to be confined to that territory. Only the mythological Put’n would march into Kiev and central Ukraine, let alone attack Poland or the Baltic States. These are ridiculous Western fantasies generated partly by genuine paranoia, partly by members of the US and European blobs who need to demonize Russia in order to cover up their own appalling mistakes and lies over the past 30 years, and partly to allow NATO, that chorus line of pantomime warriors, to parade its heroic resistance to a threat that does not in fact exist.
But when it comes to occupying more territory in eastern and southern Ukraine, perhaps even the actual Putin would feel in these circumstances that he missed a chance in 2014, and should not miss that chance again. Any such move would be followed by a new Russian offer to negotiate an agreement on Ukrainian neutrality and federalism; but, in the meantime, thousands of people would have died. | <urn:uuid:986ba717-951b-4989-86e1-23677ac19299> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thenation.com/article/world/putin-ukraine-peace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.963544 | 1,409 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Also known as abdominal rigidity, an abdominal muscle spasm is when the muscles in the abdomen involuntarily contract and cramp, feeling stiff and painful to the touch or if pressed.
Other People Are Reading
There are several causes for an abdominal muscle spasm, some more severe than others. Causes could be due to appendicitis, hernia, colic and gastrointestinal perforation.
An abdominal muscle spasm may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting along with tenderness and swelling. The pain becomes increasingly intense when pressed.
Seeing a Doctor
A muscle spasm in the abdomen is serious and should be evaluated by a physician immediately. It could be the result of a more serious condition and should not be ignored.
Depending on the cause of the spasm, treatment will differ. For example, gastroenteritis can be treated with antibiotics, and colic will go away on its own.
Avoid taking pain relievers if you experience abdominal muscle spasms until you have been seen by a physician. Pain relievers can mask the symptoms.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:a5d9cf8f-707c-43a4-98bb-2e3e05e4a6dc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/facts_5845818_abdominal-muscle-spasm_.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00396-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94342 | 249 | 2.75 | 3 |
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Romantic writers often held interesting philosophies of sexuality On one hand they were taught to believe that sensual things were sinful while on the other hand they were constantly confronted with sexuality in everyday life Robert Browning is one of the most renowned Romantic poets who often explored the issue of sexuality In his dramatic poem Porphyrias Lover Browning demonstrates a malicious intertwining of violence morals masculinity and sexuality His use of setting gender roles and transgression illustrate this point Romanticism is partially characterized by its longing to return to a leisurely peaceful private era in which society is not confined in an urban setting In the beginning of the poem the setting is perfectly romantic a cottage by a lake a roaring storm and perfect seclusion As the depiction of the setting is complete Porphyria enters soiled from the storm The woman comes from the woods having escaped from a party to see her lover Here Browning is equating the woman to nature The two are traditionally compared to one another for their purity and beauty This sets the model for what a woman should be When Porphyria comes to see her lover she is concerned with physical intimacy First she performed a nineteenth century striptease for her loverWithdrew the dripping cloak and shawl And laid her soild gloves by untiedHer hat and let the damp hair fall Porphyria is taunting her lover First taking off wet clothes then removing her gloves a very unladylike thing to do Porphyria is seducing the narrator The unwed woman then lets her hair fall in front of a man This would be the modern day equivalent to a woman taking her shirt off in public Porphyria then tries to physically entice him to come to her After no reply she goes to him and touches his waist and bears her shoulder to the narrator He is overcome with emotion and wants the moment to last forever In
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As CFO, you confront multiple decisions every day. Some, such as fixing a meeting agenda, may border on the pedestrian. Others, like launching a new product, pursuing a merger, or filling critical personnel vacancies, can have a material impact on your company’s fortunes. Compounding the challenge, many CFOs face external or self-imposed pressure to quickly reach a conclusion.
And no wonder. We are inundated with breathless proclamations about the unprecedented pace of modern business and competitive intensity. The implication is that by waiting a week (a day, an hour) before choosing a course of action, an opportunity might be missed, to the perpetual detriment of the fence-sitter. Serious business writing touts the importance of “decisiveness” for effective leadership.¹ Classes profess to make you decisive, for both personal and professional gain. And we are told that “indecisive” is among the worst epithets that can be levied against an executive.²
However, a rich body of research in social psychology and behavioral economics suggests that decisiveness is not an unequivocal good. Studies on “mindset” reveal that, when contemplating an important decision, prematurely focusing on execution can exacerbate decision-making biases and lead to excessive risk-taking. Following is a discussion of the different decision-making phases and suggestions for mitigating the pitfalls of execution-oriented mindsets.
Crossing the Mental Rubicon
The theory of action phases, pioneered in the 1980s by Peter Gollwitzer and Heinz Heckhausen, suggests that individuals move through distinct states of mind leading up to and following a decision.³ Each mindset is tuned to a specific task, so switching from one to the next changes the way people receive, process and act on information.
During the pre-decision period, individuals adopt a deliberative mindset. Here, people focus on adjudicating potential goals. They weigh information about the likelihood and value of different outcomes. Eventually, “the die is cast,” and in the post-decision stage, an implemental mindset takes over. This is when a firm commitment culminates in a course of action. People stop deliberating, and turn to executing the decision. Consider a company exploring a major acquisition. In a deliberative mindset, the CFO and her team might look at many potential targets, considering their capabilities, cultures and prices. Once the acquisition is complete, an implemental mindset focuses on making the decision a reality by, for example, making announcements to shareholders and integrating employees.
Naturally, the switch from a deliberative to an implemental mindset occurs at some point. Unfortunately, many individuals and groups cross over prematurely. People might “trust their gut” and jump to a quick decision, driven perhaps by a desire to appear decisive. Alternatively, decision points may be imposed externally, based on deadlines set elsewhere in an organization. Similarly, the decision threshold can be crossed when an individual concludes that a particular outcome is inevitable. Even prudent steps, such as “thinking ahead” about how a decision would be executed, can prompt a shift to an implemental mindset—often without an individual even being aware.
Herein lies the danger. Even if a decision seems correct at the time, new facts may arise, warranting reconsideration. However, implemental mindsets can lead to a host of decision-making biases. Having an execution-oriented frame of mind may encourage “tunnel vision” and lead to overconfidence and excessive risk-taking. In the end, individuals may stick to decisions that simply no longer make sense.
Traps in Decision-making
Consider the following decision-making traps:
Disregarding new information and making biased inferences. Preoccupied with a task, individuals in an implemental mindset often downplay or ignore new information. This closed-mindedness can manifest, for example, in poorer short-term memory. In lab experiments, subjects in a deliberative mindset have better memory recall than those in an implemental mindset when asked to repeat a string of nouns unrelated to their decision.⁴ In a separate study, participants were presented with information about the pros and cons of an action and, simultaneously, the steps required to execute it. Asked to recall the information, those in an implemental mindset remembered a greater proportion of the execution-focused information and less of the pros-and-cons information than those in a deliberative mindset.⁵
What’s worse, the information that is received is processed in a way that reinforces the already-made decision. When asked to consider the advantages and disadvantages of a course of action, those in an implemental mindset report few, if any, downsides. In contrast, those with a deliberative mindset are relatively balanced between positive and negative implications.⁶ Moreover, the implemental mindset encourages the onset of confirmation bias—the tendency to rely on information that confirms what we already believe, and to discount data that may contradict our pre-existing positions.⁷
The illusion of control. Individuals in an implemental state of mind are also more likely to overestimate the influence they have over outcomes. In a series of trials using lab equipment, researchers asked participants to estimate how much control they could exercise over whether a light turned on by pressing a button. In reality, participants had no control (researchers controlled the light), but those who were in an implemental mindset believed they had a significantly greater degree of influence than others.⁸ In addition, individuals in a deliberative mindset were even less likely than the control group to fall victim to an illusory sense of control, underscoring the benefits of a deliberative mindset when weighing the feasibility of alternative goals.
Excessive optimism. All individuals are susceptible to illusions of invulnerability, but those in implemental mindsets are particularly prone to downplaying risk.⁹ For example, one study placed participants in a deliberative or implemental mindset by having them ruminate on a significant life decision or on the steps required to execute a recent choice, respectively. They were then asked to evaluate their personal vulnerability and the average college student’s vulnerability to an array of controllable risks (such as developing a drug addiction) and uncontrollable risks (such as having a partner die young). Participants in an implemental mindset saw themselves as significantly less vulnerable than either the deliberative or control groups, and they judged themselves to be particularly immune to controllable risks.¹⁰
Business leaders are no less vulnerable to overconfidence. Using massive, multiyear surveys of CFOs, researchers found that respondents significantly underestimated the volatility of an overall stock index and the share performance of their own company.¹¹ During the sample period, about 33% of the stock index’s actual returns fell within CFOs’ 80% confidence estimates (had their estimates been accurate, 80% of returns would have fallen within that 80% interval). Those who erred in their market forecasts were similarly off when estimating the ROI for internal projects. Just as troubling, the more optimistic the CFO, the more his or her company invests (as measured by net investments).
The Dangers of Decisiveness
While a decision-making bias may not result in a bad decision, real-world evidence suggests that poor decisions are often the by-product of prematurely switching to an implemental mindset.
On February 1, 2003, the space shuttle Columbia broke apart as it reentered Earth’s atmosphere. All seven crew members died. The proximate cause was a piece of insulating foam that broke during liftoff, impacting the shuttle’s wing and causing catastrophic failure upon reentry. Implemental mindsets, coupled with other decision-making problems, may have served as contributing causes. For example, soon after launch, NASA officials became aware that debris had impacted the wing. While working-level engineers voiced concerns, senior managers—who were more directly responsible for the decision to launch—reportedly downplayed the risk. In the view of engineers, “Management focused on the answer—that analysis proved there was no safety-of-flight issue—rather than concerns about the large uncertainties that may have undermined the analysis that provided that answer.”¹² In other words, they interpreted new information in a way that likely reinforced their chosen decision—to proceed with the mission.
The consequences of such biases for CFOs may be less dire, but no less real. These biases contribute to underperforming deals, cost overruns and failed product launches. A study of more than 100 M&A transactions, whose express purpose was enhanced growth, found that nearly three-fourths were “low-performing” in that the combined companies’ growth was equal to or less than what could have been expected had they remained independent.¹³ Just 6% of large software projects come in on-time, on-budget, and with a successful implementation.¹⁴ Moreover, the failure rate for new products ranges from 30% to 50%, often because new products take on a life of their own within an organization.¹⁵
These shortfalls can be amplified by other biases. For example, if a decision-maker already believes in the merits of a particular course of action, the previously mentioned confirmation bias can skew how new information is interpreted. Similarly, individuals may exhibit sunk cost bias as they move further down a decision path. In this trap, people find themselves throwing good money after bad and escalating their commitment to courses of action in which they have made substantial prior investments of time, effort and money. Consider the momentum that sometimes builds as a CFO and other leaders analyze a potential acquisition. The implemental mindset may take hold as managers value synergies, conduct due diligence and discuss integration. They can’t back away even if new risks emerge, since they have invested so much time preparing for the deal.
Of course, implemental mindsets are well-suited to certain tasks. Indeed, some research suggests that those in an implemental mindset execute tasks better than those caught in a lengthy deliberation mode.¹⁶ Still, for business leaders in general and CFOs in particular, prematurely switching to an implemental mindset seems the greater danger. Ignoring new information, foreclosing alternative courses of action and succumbing to the “illusion of control” can lead decision makers to pursue excessively risky plans or miss opportunities to short-circuit a looming crisis.
Being Deliberate About Decisiveness
Thankfully, research suggests that mindsets are an “active” phenomenon, meaning we can consciously control them.¹⁷ In many lab experiments, for example, mindsets are cued by simply asking subjects to think about the pros and cons of an impending choice (deliberative) or how to execute a decision they’ve made (implemental).
Accordingly, one way to successful implementation is adequate deliberation. To this end, executives should consider the following tactics before letting their mindset cross from deliberative to implemental:
—Make sure you have multiple options.
—Put the decision point on a timeline or calendar, and before that deadline, focus on understanding the issue, rather than on the “go/no-go” decision.
—Conduct a “premortem.”¹⁸ Imagine that the decision has failed, and ask what contributed.
—Consider using structured analytic techniques, such as a “devil’s advocate” (several people assume responsibility for offering a constructive critique) or “dialectical inquiry” (multiple subgroups present the advantages of different alternatives, and then critique one another’s proposals.)¹⁹
—Keep project-management tools on ice until you’ve committed to executing.
—Pay attention to discordant data. Charles Darwin collected data about his emerging theory of evolution, but he also kept a separate notebook with contradictory observations.²⁰
—Institute a “cooling-off” period before moving from deliberation to implementation.
—Consider bringing unbiased outsiders into the conversation.
You should not simply discuss what you will do, and then analyze how to do it. Decision-making processes should not necessarily unfold in such a linear fashion. You should consider implementation obstacles and risks as you make decisions. Moreover, you should encourage the team to step back occasionally from the “how should we execute this plan” discussion to consider whether the plan is the proper course. By implementing these techniques, CFOs can improve the likelihood that their decisions yield favorable results.
—This article was excerpted from Crossing the mental Rubicon: Don’t let decisiveness in leadership backfire, by Derek M. Pankratz, research manager with the Center for Integrated Research, Deloitte Services LP, and Michael A. Roberto, Trustee Professor of Management at Bryant University, Smithfield, RI, which appeared in Deloitte Review Issue 18, January 2016.
1. Nick Tasler, “Just make a decision already,” Harvard Business Review, October 4, 2013, https://hbr.org/2013/10/just-make-a-decision-already/.
2. Lynne Guey, “Instant MBA: The most important trait a leader can have is decisiveness,” Business Insider, June 7, 2013.
3. Heinz Heckhausen and Peter Gollwitzer, “Thought contents and cognitive functioning in motivations versus volitional states of mind,” Motivation and Emotion 11, no. 2 (1987): pp. 101–20.
4. Peter Gollwitzer, “Action phases and mind-sets,” in Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior Vol. 2, edited by E. Tory Higgins and Richard M. Sorrentino (New York: Guilford, 1990), pp. 53–92.
5. Peter Gollwitzer, Heinz Heckhausen, and Birgit Steller, “Deliberative and implemental mind-sets: Cognitive tuning toward congruous thoughts and information,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59, no. 6 (1990): pp. 1119–27.
6. Peter Gollwitzer and Heinz Heckhausen, “Breadth of attention and the counterplea heuristic: Further evidence on the motivational and volitional mind-set distinction,” unpublished manuscript, Max-Planck-Institut für psychologische Forschung, Munich (1987).
7. Irving L. Janis, Victims of groupthink (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972); Zweig, Jason, “How to ignore the yes-man in your head,” Wall Street Journal, November 19, 2009, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703811604574533680037778184.\l “
8. Peter Gollwitzer and Ronald F. Kinney, “Effects of deliberative and implemental mind-sets on illusion of control,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56, no. 4 (1989): 531–42.
9. Levine, Robert, The Power of Persuasion: How We’re Bought and Sold (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2003), chapter 1.
10. Shelley Taylor and Peter Gollwitzer, “Effects of mindset on positive illusions,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, no. 2 (1995): pp. 213–26.
11. Itzhak Ben-David, John Graham, and Campbell Harvey, “Managerial miscalibration,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 4 (2013): pp. 1547–84.
12. Michael A. Roberto, Richard M. J. Bohmer, and Amy C. Edmondson, “Facing ambiguous threats,” Harvard Business Review, November 2006; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board,” vol. 1, chapter 6, pp. 160.
13. Iain Bamford, Nik Chickermane, and Jessica Kosmowski, Growth through M&A: Promise and reality, Deloitte University Press, July 1, 2012, http://dupress.com/articles/growth-through-ma-promise-and-reality/.
14. The Standish Group, “Big bang boom,” 2013, http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/docs/chaos-report.pdf, accessed July 1, 2015.
15. George Castellion and Stephen K. Markham, “Perspective: New product failure rates: Influence of argumentum ad populum and self-interest,” Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30 (2013): pp. 976–79; Joan Schneider and Julie Hall, “Why most product launches fail,” Harvard Business Review, April 2011.
16. Veronika Brandstätter and Elisabeth Frank, “Effects of deliberative and implemental mindsets on persistence in goal-directed behavior,” Personality and Social Psychology 28, no. 1 (2002): pp. 356–78.
17. Gollwitzer, 1990. Indeed, research suggests that tasks can be “reframed” even after a decision has been made and implementation has begun, and that shifting from a “performance” frame focused on process and outcomes to a “learning” frame focused on exploration is associated with improved results. See Amy C. Edmondson, “Framing for learning: Lessons in successful technology implementation,” California Management Review 45, no. 2 (2003).
18. Gary Klein, “Performing a project premortem,” Harvard Business Review, September 2007.
19. Michael A. Roberto, Why Great Leaders Don’t Take Yes for an Answer: Managing for Conflict and Consensus (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2005), chapter 4.
20. David Garvin, Building a Learning Organization (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2000), pp. 79–80.
About Deloitte Insights
Deloitte’s Insights for CFOs provides financial executives a customized resource to help them address the strategic, operational and regulatory issues they face in managing their finance organizations and careers, with top-line digests, research, perspectives and technical analyses. | <urn:uuid:8fd4c60a-7ee6-4347-9f3e-875df2356193> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://deloitte.wsj.com/cfo/2016/02/29/the-dangers-of-being-too-decisive/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00498-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92001 | 3,873 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Brooks + Scarpa have designed the Center for Manufacturing Innovation in Monterrey, Mexico.
Located in Mexico’s Research Park for Technical Innovation (PIIT), a science and technology park, which is a partnership between government, universities and the private sector to seek economic growth through technical innovation. The 1000 hectare campus is host to more than 50 research centers devoted to R&D as well as the development of technology innovation in nanotechnology, biotechnology, mechatronics and advanced manufacturing, information technology, clean energy and advanced materials development.
Metalsa SA began as a family-owned company, founded by Guillermo Zambrano Gutierrez in 1956 that manufactures chassis and structural body components worldwide for a variety of heavy trucks and pickups in facilities located in the USA, China, Japan and India. Today the company has manufacturing facilities located around the world and boasts several major automotive corporations as their clients, including Ford and Toyota.
Industrial buildings of this type are rarely a model for workplace innovation. They are typically a direct, and often nefarious programmatic response to the function inside with little consideration for the occupants needs. The approach to this project was to preserve the integrity of a high bay industrial facility and program, while providing a model environment for the users and visitors.
A saw-toothed roof draws from the geometry of old factories and the surrounding Monterrey Mountains. The angled elements of the roof provide abundant natural daylight to the spaces below at the building’s northernmost elevations. By modulating space and light thru a fractured roof geometry, the building is able to maintain a rational plan to meet the rigorous requirements of the program, while providing a strong connection to the landscape both visually and
The second major feature of the building is the perforated metal skin that clads the entire façade. The custom aluminum skin is both perforated and etched. It incorporates interplay of solid and void, orchestrating areas of both light and shadow, while limiting views into the research areas, necessary to protect proprietary trade secrets. Thus, the industrial program has been transformed from a black box environment to a light filled space with a strong visual connection to the
outside. Each of these strategies and materials, exploit the potential for performance and sensibility while achieving a rich and interesting sensory and aesthetic experience.
Programmatically, the building is divided into two volumes – warehouse/labs and offices functions. The upper story of the offices cantilever over the lower story to the west and is clad in a highly perforated metal skin and is the main entry facade. The lower story is mainly glazed and open to reveal portions of the research laboratory, machine room and other industrial functions not requiring visually security. From the exterior, the warehouse appears to float lightly over the
mechanical and intellectual heart of the program, reversing the notion that an industrial building should be solid and protected. Rather, the building seems very open and is intended to feel vulnerable revealing parts of its inner program to public view.
The main entry of the building is located at the northwest corner under the cantilevered volume. It is flanked by a sunken garden to the north, which is overlooked by the surrounding offices. The garden connects to the adjacent water reclamation wetland for the entire PITT campus. A large operable door located off the entry in the main public space opens to the garden outside. | <urn:uuid:fde9d059-4941-4b2d-bd3e-ecb16ba91611> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.contemporist.com/new-center-for-manufacturing-innovation-by-brooks-scarpa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.945483 | 705 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Article Featured on WebMD
If you take corticosteroids for your RA, it’s a good idea to step up your exercise to help keep your bones strong. You will also strengthen the muscles that support your joints, so you’ll move better. You will also improve your heart health, energy level, mood, balance, and coordination.The best exercises for building bone are weight-bearing exercises, such as these:
It’s simple, free, and you can do it anywhere. A regular walking program strengthens your hip bones, ankles, and knees. To get the most benefits, walk for at least 30 minutes, 5 days a week. You can break that up into three 10-minute strolls, if you like.
You can use exercises with free weights, weight machines, or elastic exercise bands. Do it at a gym or at home with handheld weights, resistance bands, or even soup cans from your cupboard. Aim to do your exercises 2 to 3 days per week. A physical therapist or certified fitness trainer who has experience working with people with RA can get you started.
It eases stiffness and tension, and some poses also help your bones. Talk to your physical therapist or find an instructor who has taught people with arthritis. Once you know the postures, you can practice at home.
Stationary Bikes and Elliptical Machines
Does RA affect your back and hips? You may want to try a recumbent bike, in which you sit down with your legs stretched in front of you. It may feel better than an upright bike.
Elliptical trainers give you a good workout and are easy on your knees.
New Mexico Orthopaedics is a multi-disciplinary orthopaedic clinic located in Albuquerque New Mexico. We have multiple physical therapy clinics located throughout the Albuquerque metro area.
New Mexico Orthopaedics offers a full spectrum of services related to orthopaedic care and our expertise ranges from acute conditions such as sports injuries and fractures to prolonged, chronic care diagnoses, including total joint replacement and spinal disorders.
Because our team of highly-trained physicians specialize in various aspects of the musculoskeletal system, our practice has the capacity to treat any orthopaedic condition, and offer related support services, such as physical therapy, WorkLink and much more.
If you need orthopedic care in Albuquerque New Mexico contact New Mexico Orthopaedics at 505-724-4300. | <urn:uuid:79b12dbb-eaef-4e73-82a4-e03fd6dd4510> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nmortho.com/best-exercises-for-bone-health-with-ra/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.940264 | 516 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Some of the 2,000 employees who will lose their jobs once the Cargill plant closes in Plainview, Texas at the end of the week may end up in South Dakota at the new Northern Beef Packers facility.
The Aberdeen News reports recruited from Northern Beef were sent to Plainview, Texas seeking employees for a mix of jobs ranging from experienced meat cutters to workers who can be trained. The new beef packing plant doesn’t have a lot of experienced workers near home, so recruiters are meeting with an experienced work force that will soon be in need of a job.
Northern Beef is looking to add 150 employees to its current staff of 401. Northern Beef opened in the fall of 2012 after a lengthy delay and plans to scale up production in 2013 and 2014.
The Western Producers reports the facility will process up to 1,500 cattle per day at the $109 million plant in Aberdeen, South Dakota. The facility will draw cattle from producers in North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa and possibly Canada.
While the national cattle herd has fallen to the smallest in 60 years, South Dakota cattle supplies have remained fairly steady. Reuters reports the U.S. cattle as of January 1, 2012, was 90.8 million head, down 2 percent from 2011, and the smallest since 88.1 million in 1952. | <urn:uuid:bb4b903c-860a-48de-8bf5-64226a1f2d4e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cattlenetwork.com/cattle-news/Northern-Beef-recruiting-employees-from-closed-Cargill-plant-188884291.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962985 | 270 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Outrage as yobs topple historic Lisburn fountain donated by MP in 1980s
A 140-year-old fountain has been damaged by vandals.
The historic structure was one of more than 50 drinking fountains donated to cities across the world by Lisburn MP Sir Richard Wallace in the 1870s.
The philanthropist wanted to provide safe and free drinking water for the poor, particularly in Paris, where he lived during the Franco-Prussian War.
Five of the cast-iron structures were also donated to Lisburn in 1872 to mark the Wallace connection to the city.
But last Saturday night, the historic fountain in Wallace Park was vandalised and the top, which weighs around half a tonne, was pushed over.
Due to the weight of the fountain, it is believed that a number of people were involved in the vandalism.
There are only two of these fountains remaining in the city - one in Wallace Park and another in Castle Gardens - as the other three were dismantled during World War II.
The Wallace Park fountain was moved from the city centre in 2013 as part of the redevelopment of the park as councillors believed it would "be safer" after other incidents of vandalism.
The recent vandalism damaged the top and middle sections, which featured four caryatids representing kindness, simplicity, charity and sobriety.
The top of the fountain has now been removed for the council to assess the extent of the damage.
A council spokesperson said that due to the unique design and age of the fountain, they are still assessing how much the repair work will cost. They hope that they will be able to restore the fountain to its former glory as soon as possible.
Local councillors condemned the vandalism yesterday.
Alderman Paul Porter said: "I am deeply saddened by this appalling case of vandalism which took place over the weekend.
"The fact two of these fountains were displayed in Lisburn was a great honour for the people of the city. It was terrible news to learn that the fountain had been damaged in what can be described as a senseless act of anti-social behaviour.
"The council is also reviewing security at the park and working with the PSNI to help bring those responsible to justice."
Councillor Scott Carson said: "It's appalling that such a historical artefact for Lisburn has been damaged. It has pride of place in Wallace Park and it's very sad."
He added: "This act of destruction was motivated by nothing more than a desire to carry out an act of wanton vandalism. This behaviour is unacceptable and I would urge anyone who has any information in relation to the incident to contact the PSNI as soon as possible."
Anyone with information can contact police on the non-emergency number 101. | <urn:uuid:f4f660d3-bd6a-4213-9c99-d36870aef30e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/outrage-as-yobs-topple-historic-lisburn-fountain-donated-by-mp-in-1980s-31595067.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00213-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984852 | 567 | 2.25 | 2 |
LIVERMORE, Calif. -- U.S. troops blew up enemy bridges with explosives in World War II to slow the advance of supplies or enemy forces.
In modern times, patrollers use explosives at ski resorts to purposely create avalanches so the runs are safer when skiers arrive.
Other than creating the desired effect (a destroyed bridge or avalanche), the users didnt exactly know the microscopic details and extreme states of matter found within a detonating high explosive.
In fact, most scientists dont know what happens either.
But researchers from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have created the first quantum molecular dynamics simulation of a shocked explosive near detonation conditions, to reveal what happens at the microscopic scale.
What they found is quite riveting: The explosive, nitromethane, undergoes a chemical decomposition and a transformation into a semi-metallic state for a limited distance behind the detonation front.
Nitromethane is a more energetic high explosive than TNT, although TNT has a higher velocity of detonation and shattering power against hard targets. Nitromethane is oxygen poor, but when mixed with ammonium nitrate can be extremely lethal, such as in the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City.
Despite the extensive production and use of explosives for more than a century, their basic microscopic properties during detonation havent been unraveled, said Evan Reed, the lead author of a paper appearing in the Dec. 9 online edition of the journal, Nature Physics. Weve gotten the first glimpse of the properties by performing the first quantum molecular dynamics simulation.
In 2005 alone, 3.2 billion kilograms of explosives were sold in the United States for a wide range of applications, including mining, demolition and military applications.
Nitromethane is burned as a fuel in drag racing autos, but also can be made to detonate, a special kind of burning in which the material undergoes a much faster and far more violent type of chemical transformation. With its single nitrogen dioxide (NO2) group, it is a simple representative version of explosives with more NO2 groups.
Though it is an optically transparent, electrically insulating material, it undergoes a shocking transformation: It turns into an optically reflecting, nearly metallic state for a short time behind the detonation shock wave front.
But further behind the wave front, the material returns to being optically transparent and electrically insulating.
This is the first observation of this behavior in a molecular dynamics simulation of a shocked material, Reed said. Ultimately, we may be able to create computer simulations of detonation properties of new, yet-to-be synthesized designer explosives.
|Contact: Anne Stark|
DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | <urn:uuid:5d9862b5-5a38-4c1e-9156-ade041cc3933> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-technology-1/Explosives-at-the-microscopic-scale-produce-shocking-results-2141-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00183-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892719 | 568 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Microsoft has built the Microsoft Git provider into Visual Studio since Visual Studio 2013, but Visual Studio can have only one source control provider at a time.
In order to make the Git functions compatible with Microsoft Git provider, we have created another extension -Git Tools. so that it can run side by side with Microsoft Git Provider. The Git functions provided by Git Tools are git changes tool window, graphical git history viewer and menus to launch Git Bash, Git Extensions and TortoiseGit.
Since 1.7.10, Git for Windows supports UTF-8 encoding internally. If you are using non-ASCII file names, please follow this page to see how to update your Git settings and how to migrate your repositories. | <urn:uuid:4cabdf33-ac2c-4d2a-8d38-9f8e93fc68f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yysun.GitSourceControlProvider | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.847664 | 146 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Admiral Dewey march
sound recording | 1 sound disc : analog, 66.4 rpm, mono. ; 7 in. | Recorded on one side only. Autograph of Santelmann (conductor) inscribed in zinc master. Acoustic recording. Production level cataloging. Performed by the United States Marine Band; William H. Santelmann, conductor. (Performers). Recorded at an unknown location, Sept. 20, 1899. (Venue). Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as ...
E. Berliner's Gramophone - Santelmann, William H. (William Henry) - United States Marine Band - Santelmann, William H. - Santelmann, W. H. (Author) - United States Marine Band (Performer)
Star spangled banner
sound recording | 1 sound disc: 70 rpm, mono, 7 in. | Recorded on April 7, 1898 (Date). Sound Recording (Form). | <urn:uuid:5f31f838-c7db-4ce7-af09-72ed0c6787cc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.loc.gov/collections/songs-of-america/?q=&fa=subject:war%20and%20conflict%7Conline-format:audio&dates=1800-1899 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00333-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.836433 | 198 | 1.554688 | 2 |
RIZE was created in 2017 with an ambitious mission to end opioid overdose. Guided by those with lived experience and unafraid of new ideas, RIZE invests in community partners who are using novel approaches to prevent overdose and treat addiction, serves as a neutral convenor and network-builder, and funds research that builds the evidence base. Learn how our work has improved the quality of life for people living with substance use disorder.
The number of overdose deaths nationally in 2021, the deadliest year on record
The number of people who die every day in Massachusetts from overdose
Our Areas of Impact
Ending the overdose crisis requires a comprehensive and flexible approach. No one policy or program alone is sufficient to address the magnitude of the crisis. We organize our work into three focus areas:
Investing in Community
Convening for Action
"Forward-thinking by RIZE Massachusetts helped support leading innovators like AHOPE to break the mold on overdose prevention and public health response.”
Traci Green, Center of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) on Opioids and Overdose at Rhode Island Hospital and co-author of The Bronze Age of Drug Checking: Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Advanced Drug Checking Amidst Police Violence and COVID-19
"RIZE is the gravitation center of the conversation and work against OUD…using research, creating space for lived experience… thinking about being the voice and the convener more than the doer."
“My biggest takeaway from Together in Recovery was giving me—a person in long-term recovery—the opportunity to have my voice heard.”
– Julie Bunch, Massachusetts Organization for Addiction Recovery
The latest from RIZE
BOSTON – RIZE Massachusetts received a $2 million appropriation to support its efforts to combat the overdose crisis in the state’s fiscal 2023 budget signed into law today by Gov. Charlie Baker.
The Harm Reduction Training (HaRT) Scholars program provides paid internships for graduate level social work students from Boston College, Bridgewater State University, and Simmons University at harm reduction organizations. This broadens their understanding and knowledge to better prepare them to serve individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD).
On December 14, 2021, RIZE Massachusetts Foundation, together with the National Harm Reduction Coalition and the Kraft Center for Community Health at MGH hosted a Learning Community: Harm Reduction. Housing. Hope.
Support Our Work
Contributing to RIZE’s growing fund that is dedicated to ending overdose amplifies the power and reach of your donation many times over, helping thousands of people and families across Massachusetts. | <urn:uuid:b0d65611-3d77-478b-a6b8-6b67bd818156> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rizema.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.931227 | 541 | 1.546875 | 2 |
At the end of a performance of MicheLee Puppets’ bully prevention show A Good Day for Pancake, a second grader, identifying himself as “Policeman Kevin,” approached performer Jamie Donmoyer saying “Please tell the dog that Policeman Kevin has a few questions for him.”
A few moments later, “the dog” (a small, stuffed-animal hand puppet named Willie Walker) emerged to face questioning. Policeman Kevin, now joined by his classmates, interrogated the bully.
Policeman Kevin: “Why are you a bully?”
Willie Walker (dog): “Why do you think I am a bully?”
Crowd of students: “Because you’re mean!” “Because you like to be!”
Policeman Kevin: “Because you hate children.”
Willie Walker responded that he did like children. He explained that it was his first day at a new school, and he confessed that he had made bad choices when trying to make new friends. It was at that point that Policeman Kevin made the arrest.
“Put your hands behind your back. You have broken the law by being a bully.”
Only upon promising to make better choices in the future was Willie Walker released from custody, free to perform in his next show.
A teacher identified Policeman Kevin as a student on the autism spectrum. She explained that his classmates are very protective of him, and they were concerned that “Willie Walker” would say something to hurt their friend. Kevin’s interactions with this puppet dog were as real as if with another human, and yet he does not interact with other humans in this way. There is something about a well performed puppet character that creates a non-threatening environment where students with tactile issues, like Policeman Kevin, can touch the hands of the puppet without a second thought. His classmates were relieved to see that Kevin had the situation handled and congratulated him for standing up to the bully.
MicheLee Puppets empowers lives through the art of puppetry and in our 30th year celebration, we are excited to share our experiences through stories just like this one. If you have a story that you would like to share about your experience with MicheLee Puppets, we ‘d love to hear from you! Email firstname.lastname@example.org or call 407-898-7925 x 223.
To empower your students by booking “A Good Day For Pancake” or any of our live shows visit http://188.8.131.52/~micheleepuppets/book-a-show/ or email or call email@example.com 407-898-7925 x 1. | <urn:uuid:d3e11cfd-231f-45d2-a00d-dcbbab6fbf0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://micheleepuppets.org/2nd-grader-arrests-bully/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.977673 | 586 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The X Factor: Chickens Have Come Home examines the last year of Malcolm X’s life. His life is a model for transformation. He sought to be what ancient Africans called, “The Perfect Black.” An attitude towards living a life of constant improvement. The man we call Malcolm X is the person we best remember, but Malcolm X died with the name “El Hajj Malik El Shabazz.” El Hajj Malik El Shabazz traveled the world, met dignitaries, and created two organizations. During this last year, El Hajj Malik turned inward and found the Creator within him. Unfortunately, this ascension cost him his life. His life and death is a definition for “Tragedy.” His family, community, country and world were impacted by his assassination. As we celebrate El Hajj Malik El Shabazz’s 93rd birthday this year, “The X Factor: Chickens Have Come Home,” studies El Hajj Malik’s last year of life (1964/1965) and asks each of us, where is the spirit of El Hajj Malik in you? and what will it take to activate this spirit within? If we truly want to honor our Shining Black Prince we must search our Souls and free our Minds. This documentary asks, What would El Hajj Malik El Shabazz Do today? | <urn:uuid:1a2d60de-315e-4ee2-baaf-7719990ddf84> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kabakamene.gumroad.com/l/mzblr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.940095 | 287 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Click here to listen to this article.
U.S. Olympic Committee Wrong to Allow Athletes to Protest During the Olympic Trials
MADISON, Wisconsin, April 1, 2021 — U.S. Olympic athletes can protest at the Olympic Trials. Kneeling or raising a clenched fist on the podium will be acceptable. At the start line during the national anthem, athletes can protest too.
Athletes can wear a hat or mask with messages like Black Lives Matter, equality, or justice. Plus, they can use social media and the press to get their message out.
The United States Olympic Committee said the guidelines are only for the U.S. Olympic trials, not the Tokyo Olympics scheduled for this summer. The International Olympic Committee’s Rule 50 prohibits protests and demonstrations.
This did not start in a vacuum. In 2016, Colin Kaepernick and a few others started kneeling during the national anthem.
While honoring the successful 2016 Olympic team at the White House, President Obama and Vice President Biden honored Olympic sprinters John Carlos and Tommie Smith. Both were removed from the 1968 Olympics after raising black gloved fists on the medal podium as the national anthem played.
Steve McConkey, 4 WINDS USA President, stands up worldwide for Christian athletes. He publicly denounced Obama and Biden for honoring the 1968 Olympic protesters at the White House. During that presentation, Obama raised his clenched fist in support of the protesters.
In 2003, McConkey was the only person publicly standing against the International Olympic Committee’s pro-transgender policies.
“Will Christian athletes be able to give thanks to Christ after their performances?” asks McConkey. “Athletes who will represent the United States need to stand and not protest during the national anthem. The majority of people are turned off by these protests.
“All this will backfire on the athletes. This is not a time to address problems. If the U.S. Olympic Committee was serious about addressing problems, they would protest China hosting the 2022 Winter Olympics where Christians are persecuted on a regular basis.”
SOURCE: 4 WINDS USA
PHOTO CREDIT: nghiem vo
Support Pierced Hearts blog. See donation options on the home page. | <urn:uuid:d0b19236-6896-4edf-a41c-d7dc09b460be> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pierced-hearts.com/2021/04/01/u-s-olympic-committee-wrong-to-allow-athletes-to-protest-during-the-olympic-trials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.923565 | 462 | 2.1875 | 2 |
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Professor Mark Pearce
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND).
Background Substantial evidence links exposure to moderate or high doses of ionising radiation, particularly inchildhood, with increased risk of leukaemia. The association of leukaemia with exposure to low-dose (<100 mSv)radiation is less certain, although this is the dose range most relevant to the general population. We aimed to estimatethe risk of leukaemia associated with low-dose radiation exposure in childhood (age <21 years).Methods In this analysis of historical cohort studies, we pooled eligible cohorts reported up to June 30, 2014. Weevaluated leukaemia and myeloid malignancy outcomes in these cohorts with the relevant InternationalClassification of Diseases and International Classification of Diseases for Oncology definitions. The cohortsincluded had not been treated for malignant disease, had reported at least five cases of the relevant haematopoieticneoplasms, and estimated individual active bone marrow (ABM) doses. We restricted analysis to individuals whowere younger than 21 years at first irradiation who had mean cumulative ABM doses of less than 100 mSv.Dose-response models were fitted by use of Poisson regression. The data were received in fully anonymised formby the statistical analyst.Findings We identified nine eligible cohorts from Canada, France, Japan, Sweden, the UK, and the USA, including262 573 people who had been exposed to less than 100 mSv enrolled between June 4, 1915, and Dec 31, 2004. Meanfollow-up was 19·63 years (SD 17·75) and mean cumulative ABM dose was 19·6 mSv (SD 22·7). 154 myeloidmalignancies were identified (which included 79 acute myeloid leukaemias, eight myelodysplastic syndromes, and36 chronic myeloid leukaemias, in addition to other unspecified myeloid malignancies) and 40 acute lymphoblasticleukaemias, with 221 leukaemias (including otherwise unclassified leukaemias but excluding chronic lymphocyticleukaemia) identified overall. The fitted relative risks at 100 mSv were 3·09 (95% CI 1·41–5·92; ptrend=0·008) foracute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes combined, 2·56 (1·09–5·06; ptrend=0·033) foracute myeloid leukaemia, and 5·66 (1·35–19·71; ptrend=0·023) for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. There was noclear dose-response for chronic myeloid leukaemia, which had a relative risk at 100 mSv of 0·36 (0·00–2·36;ptrend=0·394). There were few indications of between-cohort heterogeneity or departure from linearity. For acutemyeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes combined and for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, the doseresponsesremained significant for doses of less than 50 mSv. Excess absolute risks at 100 mSv were in the rangeof 0·1–0·4 cases or deaths per 10 000 person-years.Interpretation The risks of acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were significantly increasedafter cumulative doses of ionising radiation of less than 100 mSv in childhood or adolescence, with an excess risk alsoapparent for cumulative radiation doses of less than 50 mSv for some endpoints. These findings support an increasedrisk of leukaemia associated with low-dose exposure to radiation and imply that the current system of radiologicalprotection is prudent and not overly protective.
Author(s): Little MP, Wakeford R, Borrego D, French B, Zablotska L, Adams JM, Allodji R, deVathaire F, Lee C, Brenner AV, Miller JS, Campbell D, Pearce MS, Doody MM, Holmberg E, Lundell M, Sadetzki S, Linet MS, BerringtondeGonzalez A
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: The Lancet Haematology
Print publication date: 01/08/2018
Online publication date: 17/07/2018
Acceptance date: 02/04/2018
Date deposited: 17/07/2018
ISSN (electronic): 2352-3026
Publisher: The Lancet Publishing Group
Altmetrics provided by Altmetric | <urn:uuid:a395e6d2-ca60-4162-be10-be5a94ec5e10> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/249922 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.889381 | 1,082 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Experiment with your magical practice by learning how to apply art, pop culture, neuroscience, psychology, and other disciplines to your magical work, as well as exploring fundamental underlying principles of what makes magic work. You'll never look at magic in the same way!
The Rule of 3 and how we can use it in our Community
The Pagan community is going through a period of upheaval around the issue of sexual predators in the community. It's not an easy topic and as the shock of recent events falls away, we're left with a question of, "What do we now?" In a recent discussion on Pagan Musings Podcast, I suggested that one action the community could take involves documenting situations where non-consensual sexual activities have been reported. In such cases, it can devolve into a he said, she said scenario, with neither side able to conclusively prove what happened. When this occurs, its important to have a process in place that protects everyone, while still allowing for the possibility that the offending person made a mistake, as opposed to consciously doing something offensive. By documenting such situations, it makes it easier to track what is happen and do something about it before it blows up into an even more harmful situation than it may already be. Actually, this process of documentation can apply to any type of infraction that occurs at a pagan convention or festival, but it does require that people organizing the event be willing to take on the task of documenting whatever has occurred, keeping it in a database, and also sharing it with other organizers and leaders in the community. This may seem like a lot to take on, but I think it would also help to cut down on behavior that is harming members of the community.
Recently I was reading Romancing the Brand, which is a book about marketing. However, there's an interesting rule in marketing and customer service: The rule of 3. The way the rule of 3 works is if you hear about an issue, person, problem, etc. from 3 different sources, then you take it seriously because it means there's a problem. If we were to apply this rule of 3 to our community, through documentation and through the understanding that an issue shouldn't be buried or ignored if it continues to happen, what this would allow us to do is effectively monitor situations before they got out of hand. The rule of 3 provides enough verifiable information that we can't continue to put our heads in the sand and ignore what's happening. The rule of 3 also establishes that a pattern of behavior is happening and not being changed, even though concerns have been expressed.
The rule of 3 can allow our community to proactively address problematic issues by showing a pattern of behavior that needs to be addressed in a manner that protects the community over the offender. At the same time, the rule of 3 provides a person a chance (2 actually) to change their behavior, to address the problem...which sometimes is possible to do. Sometimes a person makes a mistake or has a realization that causes them to conclusively change their lives and actions. The rule of 3 allows for that without tolerating continuing behavior that harms people.
These are just my suggestions. I think regardless of what actions we take as a community, we need to take some type of action that addresses behavior that is harmful to the community and members of the community. This isn't about making a witch hunt happen, but rather developing processes and procedures that respect everyone, while not privileging one person over the other. Such processes and procedures become a proactive solution that nips a problem in the bud instead of supporting it and then reactively responding to it, when we can't ignore it any longer. Our community needs to take a proactive approach to addressing problems like the issue of sexual predation, because in doing that we show that the priority is on the safety of everyone, the happiness of everyone, as opposed to the enabling of behavior that is harmful to members of our community.
Please login first in order for you to submit comments | <urn:uuid:edd70d80-e04f-446d-bf5a-7544593626c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.witchesandpagans.com/Pagan-Studies-Blogs/the-rule-of-3-and-how-we-can-use-it-in-our-community.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720962.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00386-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971938 | 809 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Characters: Bud the pitcher, Bill, the reporters, Shorty the catcher, Gentleman from Australia, Other visiting gentlemen, Two flashlight operators.
Scene: Practice field. The front stage is very dimly lit. Across the back is a sheet or lightweight curtain through which a light can shine.
The success of the stunt depends on the ability of the pitcher, catcher, and flashlight operators to coordinate their movements. The pitcher pantomimes a throw. When he says, "There," a flashlight operator turns on his light and makes it shine through the screen. The light moves along the screen to resemble the flight of the ball. The catcher pretends to catch the ball, and the flashlight goes off. The movement may or may not mimic the flight of that kind of ball in a real game.
Bud comes on stage, in front of the curtain. Bill steps up to him, followed by all the visiting Gentlemen.
Bill: Hi, Bud.
Bud: Hi, Bill.
Bill: Gentlemen, I'd like you to meet Bud, the greatest pitcher in America.
Bud: Oh, come on, Bill!
Bill: It's true. Bud, these gentlemen represent the world wide athletic association. They wanted to see the greatest American pitcher, so I brought them right to you.
Bud: Well, I am flattered.
Bill: This is Mr. Grossman from Australia, Mr. Blackwell from England, etc. (Add as many names and countries as you need. Each shakes hands with Bud and then steps away.)
Grossman: Excuse me, sir. We have heard about the different ways you pitch ball. Would you demonstrate a few balls for us?
Bud: Glad to. Have a seat. (points to a row of seats and they sit.)
Gentlemen: Thank you.
Shorty: (appearing) Yes, Bud?
Bud: What shall I start with, Bill?
Bill: Start with your fast ball.
Bud: O.K. A fast ball. There! (light darts across screen, quickly. Gentlemen cheer.)
Bill: A slow ball.
Bud: O.K. A slow ball. There! (light moves very slowly across screen. Cheer.)
Bill: A curve ball.
Bud: O.K. A curve ball. There! (light moves in a fancy curve. Cheer)
Bill: A knuckle ball.
Bud: O.K. A knuckle ball. There! (light moves in a zig zag line. Cheer.)
Bill: How about a sinker?
Bud: O.K. Here comes a sinker. There! (light glides along waist- high, then drops into mitt. Cheer.)
Grossman: Pardon me sir. I have heard about your split ball. Could you please show us?
Bud: Certainly. A split ball. There! (The two flashlights start together. They seem to separate, one high, one low on the screen. Then just as they near Shorty, they come together.)
Every one cheers, pats Bud on the back as they all exit. | <urn:uuid:60a47f1d-c2f4-48e0-ab60-1b68c3b1924f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://insanescouter.org/p/3850/142/The_Split_Ball.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00202-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915231 | 671 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Romania Management of Aquifer Recharge and Energy Storage (MARES)
The MARES G2G project aims to create a stimulating and stable environment for the use of underground water and energy buffers in those areas in Romania where the feasibility is proven. Secondly, the project aimed at establishing public-private partnerships in Romania that can boost the appropriate application of MARES techniques through the use of private or European funds.
The project started in 2010 and ended in 2012.
The main results and outputs of the project are:
- Technical feasibility analysis at national level for MARES and an identification of possible companies and/or organisations in Romania that can benefit from MARES applications. For artificial recharge applications, a dozen feasible sites have been identified. At a generic level, it has been concluded that soil and aquifer energy storage can be applied in Romania. Contrary to the situation in the Netherlands, there is a wider variation in geological conditions. Therefore local conditions determine which technique (open or closed systems) is best suited to aquifer energy storage.
- Despite the opportunities for MARES techniques, the main risk is the lack of appropriate legislative and organisational and institutional arrangements. The project has started transferring Dutch knowledge and experience with MARES, thus preparing a framework for integrated guidelines and legislation and cooperation between the private and public sector in working groups.
- Preliminary design and feasibility analysis of four concrete energy storage projects (demonstration project at INHGA premises, a new building at the Agricultural University and concept of combined applications of geothermal energy and aquifer energy storage in Bucharest and Cluj) and plans for updating existing artificial recharge works and establishing new installations. Specific consortia have been formed to achieve these initiatives. A large Romanian-Dutch consortium considered submitting a proposal on the IEE call closing at the beginning of May 2012, but had to conclude that the involvement of the end user could not be guaranteed at such short notice. The consortium is continuing its efforts. From the Dutch side, companies are analysing whether a PIB application at AgencyNL for soil energy in Romania is realistic. The MoEF has given high priority to artificial recharge projects for the planning period 2014-2020. To assist this process, the Partners for Water Programme has technically chosen to finance a specific project in Suceava and to improve the national analysis of artificial recharge techniques. Existing internal working groups at the MOeF on climate change adaptation and sustainability have been instructed to consider MARES as important options.
- About a hundred Romanian experts have been trained in MARES techniques during workshops in Romania and a working visit to the Netherlands. The training and scientific exchange will continue in the form of support by Deltares and Dutch universities to a PhD study of the Technical University of Bucharest, amongst others. | <urn:uuid:141e0926-48b1-4d57-bd57-1491c2e7516e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rwsenvironment.eu/subjects/soil/projects/management-of/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.932237 | 568 | 2.359375 | 2 |
When did Halloween become so HUGE? Seriously, you can’t step outside the house without being accosted by some sort of ghoul or smothered in cobwebs.. (Actually wait – that’s inside the house – note to self, must dust. ( Next Year Job.)
Nor is there one unifying theme. Marks + Spencers, normally the bastion of shortbread and cosy respectability, seem particularly conflicted. Exhibit A – enormous chocolate halloween eggs, priced at £18.99. Look, I like chocolate as much as the next person. But at that price I’d expect to find Brad Pitt in the centre. (Or maybe Angelina. She’s a bit more Halloween).
You see what’s happening? Halloween’s so ubiquitous, it’s even become an adjective. Plus a great excuse for a party – not least in the States. Cupcakes shaped like poos. Quite literal ‘finger food’. Hilarious costumes. (My personal favourite? A skeleton entitled ‘Anna Rexia’. Ouch, my sides).
But even here in the British Isles, retailers such as Selfridges are getting in on the grisly – with a forthcoming ‘edible autopsy’ event. Your read it here first.
Since 2003, our halloween spending has increased 23 fold. £280m a year – the third-biggest after Christmas and Easter. Cited in the Sunday Times, Francesca Gavin argues that ‘we’re surrounded by images of war, violence and destruction on a daily basis, and so we have needed to find a way to live within this culture of fear’. Maybe so, but surely war and destruction are nothing new..?
Perhaps what’s changed aren’t our circumstances, but our beliefs. Without a narrative to explain our lives and give them meaning, then what’s the point? Festival or fact, we might as well slap on the fake blood and run screaming towards the grave. After all, no-one says ‘party’ like the Grim Reaper. | <urn:uuid:8ec0bcfe-b32d-4927-8ef2-7e10a5f38e10> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://emmascrivener.net/2011/10/danse-macabre/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00167-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92087 | 446 | 1.640625 | 2 |
When you think of the benefits of physical activity, most people think of the positive effects on weight and on the heart, lungs, and muscles. But one effect that is less well known is the extent to which physical activity has a beneficial impact on mood and mental health.
Exercise boosts the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain
A number of studies have shown that physical activity stimulates the brain to produce more neurotransmitters, notably serotonin, which has an anti-depressant effect, and endorphins, which induce feelings of well-being after you exercise
Higher levels of neurotransmitters help combat depression, anxiety, and stress.
Exercise boosts energy levels
Regular physical activity helps improve heart and lung function. It also helps you to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. When you have less weight to carry and your heart and lungs are able to work more efficiently, you have more energy to perform your everyday activities. This generates a feeling of well-being that reflects positively on your mood.
Exercise improves sleep
Regular physical activity helps improve sleep in a number of ways:
- It helps regulate your sleep/wake cycle.
- It reduces anxiety and stress, which has a beneficial effect on sleep.
- It releases serotonin, which has a positive impact on sleep.
- In people who are overweight, weight loss helps reduce sleep apnea.
Exercise helps break social isolation
When you’re feeling down in the dumps, it’s easy to fall into a vicious circle: the more isolated you are, the gloomier you feel; the gloomier you feel, the more likely you are to avoid social contact.
Being physically active can help break this isolation. That doesn’t mean you have to rush out and sign up for a group activity—a simple smile from someone you cross paths with while you’re out for a walk can be enough to break that isolation!
Tips for making physical activity part of your lifestyle
- Opt for an activity that fits into your routine. Walking is an excellent choice because you can do it anywhere and it doesn’t require any specialized equipment.
- Start out gently and gradually increase your activity, both in terms of duration and intensity. People who try to do too much too fast often end up discouraged or injured.
- Short, regular sessions (e.g., 30 minutes a day) are just as beneficial as longer, less frequent sessions (e.g., 60 minutes, 3 times a week).
- Take advantage of free trial offers to try a new activity before taking out an expensive membership.
If you have health problems, it’s important to get the green light from your doctor first. He or she may recommend you avoid certain types of activity that could be incompatible with your condition. | <urn:uuid:e8cd0e04-f11a-4915-8f5c-9569c0f95d4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.familiprix.com/en/articles/4-benefits-of-exercise-on-mental-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.940145 | 572 | 3.5625 | 4 |
A look at what’s new in product regulation in Canada and abroad.
Licensure of Lab Staff Under the Human Pathogens and Toxins Regulations
The Human Pathogens and Toxins Regulations came into force on December 1, 2015. These Regulations require laboratory personnel who possess, store or use higher risk human pathogens or toxins to be licensed and to adhere to specific safety and security requirements.
Issuance of Consumer Product Enforcement Summary Reports
Health Canada has recently released Consumer Product Enforcement Summary Reports in respect of 13 Cyclical Enforcement projects. These projects verify industry’s compliance with requirements under various regulations to the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act. Compliance of products subject to these projects is typically determined through a sampling and testing process by which Health Canada inspectors visit establishments (retailers, distributors, etc.) and inspect/test samples of relevant products.
The reports addressed the following product categories:
- Asbestos products
- Carriages and strollers
- Children’s jewellery
- Children’s polyurethane foam products
- Consumer chemicals and containers
- Corded window coverings
- Cellulose fibre insulation products
- Adult clothing and accessories
- Hallowe’en costumes
Across most product categories, instances of non-compliance were found with resulting voluntary corrective action being taken (including voluntary recalls, stop sales, etc.). No orders were issued.
Regulatory Cooperation amongst North American Product Safety Regulators
The federal consumer product regulators of Mexico, the United States and Canada issued a joint statement following a Summit held in November 2015. The Summit focused on customs cooperation, legal frameworks for recalls, international collaboration by nongovernment stakeholders, industry-adopted best practices, the role of voluntary product safety standards, and effective approaches to managing risk.
The joint statement identifies the following areas in which to enhance cooperation before the next Summit (in 2018):
- Further developing joint capacity to engage in cross-border product safety and customs cooperation.
- Improving industry's practices regarding prompt notification of each relevant North American regulator when a hazard is associated with a product distributed in two or more North American countries.
- Instituting procedures for sharing information about e-commerce vendors and suppliers whose products may pose a common threat to the safety of North American consumers.
- Developing a trilateral Memorandum of Understanding as a platform for sustained and increased cooperation on consumer product safety in North America. | <urn:uuid:a7df331a-20a0-4fd9-bff3-6acbdd6891fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=8ce7f1a8-1da8-4fb2-aa41-f52abeb8f68d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00492-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925878 | 493 | 1.96875 | 2 |
15 x 15 Halloween maze
Halloween is an annual celebration held on the 31st October, the eve of All Saints' Day. Typical festivities include trick or treating, pumpkin carving, dressing up and apple bobbing. Did you know that the first Jack O' Lanterns were carved from turnips and not pumpkins?
The children want to carve a Jack O' Lantern. Help them through the maze of pumpkins to find the perfect pumpkin to carve. | <urn:uuid:e5eb5c02-555b-4bec-ad2a-6c47d6b07ca1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://freeprintablepuzzles.co.uk/mazes/print-theme/halloween/15/15/1/1/1/?mz=655553655553671A2671C92653C9C3BE9C555BC3C5559AC53655B6965553C34BC538C3C532A2C3C51C53E53AAAE3C53655BC38CBAAC559E53869659AA6555F1C3A6D53AA86538659CD12AAC3C3C596553698E2A696369659A659E9A69C92A659C53A4DD5559AC5553AC5555555D5551C9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.956276 | 93 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Last month I visited Bergen, Norway. Here's a look at something I ate during my trip.
To most of the world, Kvikk Lunsj, one of Norway's most popular and iconic chocolate bars from Freia, one of Norway's oldest chocolate companies, may not seem like anything special. At least, not anything unique. It looks just like a Kit Kat bar—a Kit Kat bar with the more utilitarian name "quick lunch," a role fulfilled by 250 calories of chocolate-covered wafers.
But to Norwegians, the chocolate bar has another meaning: Hiking. Trekking. Skiing. Being active outdoors. The Kvikk Lunch slogan is "Tursjokoladen"—the hiking or trekking chocolate. For over 70 years, Kvikk Lunsj has maintained its bold tri-colored identity as the Norwegian companion to the great outdoors, and its popularity continues to grow.
How popular is Kvikk Lunsj? According to kraftfoodsnordic.com, every Norwegian eats nine Kvikk Lunsj bars a year (for reference, Norway's population was about 4.8 million in 2009). 25 percent of the bar's annual production are eaten during Easter week, prime vacation time for Norwegians.*
Last year's record sales of Kvikk Lunsj were attributed to the good weather—good weather means more outdoor activities, and more outdoor activities means, naturally, eating more Kvikk Lunsj. Visitors to kvikklunsj.no are bombarded not with chocolate, but with photos from Kvikk Lunsj eaters' hiking trips, along with options to create you own slide show or enter a contest to win a stay at a mountain resort.
The back and inside of the wrapper features a profile of a notable trekker. This one features a man named Are Løset, but other bars may feature someone different. The blurb in the red box reads, "Are has worked hard for many years to get youth to the mountains through Trondheim Tourist Association," with more information (including a map of one of Are's favorite routes) on the inside wrapper. The red T-symbol is the logo for the Norwegian Trekking Association. "Takk for turen," means, "Thank you for the trip," a common way to thank your trekking buddies for their company after completing a trip. It can be used for anything though, not just trekking.
This commercial made for Kvikk Lunsj's 70th anniversary celebrates the glory of the outdoors. Build a bridge. Drink fresh water out of a stream. Take a hike in the woods. And do it all while eating Kvikk Lunsj. Even Norwegian dogs know the significance of Kvikk Lunsj. And you can't go skiing without Kvikk Lunsj, as illustrated in these print ads from the 1930s to 1990s.
Not being Norwegian, I can't give personal insight into Kvikk Lunsj's symbolism, but here's a sweet description (pun not intended) from Gerd Aarnes, a Norwegian in America:
You are so much more than a chocolate bar to me. You are everything I like about Norway: hiking with my family, reaching the goal and take a break, simplicity and purity.
Taste Test: Kvikk Lunsj vs. Kit Kat
Like a Kit Kat, Kvikk Lunsj consists of four conjoined planks of milk chocolate-covered triple-stacked wafers. Kvikk Lunsj was released by Freia in 1937, two years after Rowntree's of England launched Kit Kat. As Nestlé bought Rowntee in 1988, today Kit Kats are produced by Nestlé worldwide, except in the US where they're made by Hershey under license from Nestlé. Kvikk Lunsj is produced by Kraft Foods, who bought Freia in 1993.
We did a blind taste test between Kvikk Lunsj, Hersey's Kit Kat, and Nestlé's Kit Kat from the UK. They may all look the same, but your taste buds will tell you otherwise.**
Across the board, tasters thought Kvikk Lunsj had the creamiest, milkiest chocolate. Some also thought it was slightly salty compared to the other bars. Its wafer was noted for being super crisp and having a nutty flavor.
Most tasters chose the British Kit Kat as their favorite. Most thought it was the sweetest, had a good chocolate flavor, and preferred its balance of wafer and chocolate over Kvikk Lunsj's.
While Kvikk Lunsj and the British Kit Kat were both highly rated, Hershey's Kit Kat was a giant fail. The major problem: The chocolate didn't really taste like chocolate. Tasters described its flavor as being oddly fruity, malty, not milk chocolaty or cocoa-y, or just plain confusing. On top of the subpar flavor, the texture was gritty. One taster did like it though, despite agreeing that it didn't taste much like chocolate compared to the other bars, because he grew up eating Hershey's and was used to the flavor.
If you like super creamy milk chocolate, it's Kvikk Lunsj all the way. Otherwise, you may prefer British Kit Kats. And unless you have no other choice, skip the Hershey's. My favorite is Kvikk Lunsj: creamy chocolate + nutty wafer + awesome packaging = win. Admittedly, I'm totally biased—I like Norwegian things, and I don't have any deep connection to Kit Kats, although I'm sure I've eaten plenty of them since my childhood (but never nine in one year).
If you've eaten Kvikk Lunsj and Kit Kat, which one do you prefer?
* There's a funny exchange about the importance of Kvikk Lunsj during Easter in this Easter candy taste test by a Norwegian website.
** Here's an amusing video of a Norwegian blind tasting a Kit Kat and Kvikk Lunsj. Of course, he can immediately tell which is which. "This last chocolate I've never tasted it before in my life. It's a brand new taste."
Kvikk Lunsj: Sugar, milk powder, cocoa butter, cocoa mass, wheat flour, vegetable fat, emulsifier (soya lecithin), maize starch, salt, raising agent (E500), flavoring
Hershey's Kit Kat (US): Sugar, wheat flour, nonfat milk, cocoa butter, chocolate, palm kernel oil, lactose (milk), milkfat. Contains 2% or less of: soy lecithin, PGPR (emulsifier), yeast, vanillin (artificial flavor), sodium bicarbonate
Nestlé Kit Kat (UK): Milk chocolate (sugar, dried whole milk, cocoa butter, cocoa mass, lactose and proteins from whey, whey powder, vegetable fat, emulsifier (soya lecithin), butterfat, flavoring), wheat flour, sugar, vegetable fat, cocoa mass, yeast, raising agent (sodium bicarbonate), salt, flavoring
Nutrients per 100 grams
|Kvikk Lunsj||Kit Kat (US)||Kit Kat (UK)|
|Calories||530 kcal||500 kcal||512 kcal|
|Protein||8.2 grams||7.1 grams||6.3 grams|
|Carbs||56 grams||64.3 grams||62.6 grams|
|Fat||30.5 grams||26.2 grams||25.9 grams|
Note: The Hershey's Kit Kat nutrition facts label the whole bar as one serving, while the Kvikk Lunsj labels one bar as about two servings.
Thanks to Kåre Sandvik for providing Norwegian-English translations. | <urn:uuid:10998be5-a0fa-4c87-8054-90bcee3c7687> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://sweets.seriouseats.com/2011/03/snapshots-from-norway-kvikk-lunsj-more-than-a-norwegian-kit-kat-bar-taste-test.html?ref=excerpt_readmore | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718309.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00406-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942384 | 1,662 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Art!Vancouver Exhibition – Introducing Paul Ygartua
Creation and interpretation is Paul’s life. In painting he is at home in all mediums and prodigious. His styles include Realism, Expressionism, Abstract Expressionism, Post Modernism, Surrealism, Abstract Surrealism and Future Conceptualism, a revolutionary technique developed and created by Ygartua.
His continuous study and work on techniques and painting mediums are apparent throughout his vast body of work. Paul Ygartua is an artist whose versatility is reflected in his work. He is among those who lives elsewhere than their birthplaces. He was born in 1945 in Bebington, Cheshire (Liverpool) England. After graduating from Faculty of Arts Industrial Design, Liverpool Art College in 1965 he immigrated to Vancouver, Canada. From then on painting became his whole existence.
Art Vancouver is a yearly exhibition. | <urn:uuid:5be794f3-cc83-4bb6-b545-a19ab6f6e8da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ygartuaoriginals.com/art-vancouver-paul-ygartua/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.974634 | 184 | 1.5625 | 2 |
One of many interesting things I discovered in Canada is a loaf pan. Having a cake sliced like a bread is the best thing since sliced bread 😉
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I love to bake with purpose. Like making a birthday cake for a friend or family member. Or with intention to play with the ingredients I have at home without having to go to the store.
The other day, two lemons were staring at me with their big, yellow, eyes, telling me that they will go to waste if I don’t do something with them soon. And I had some yogurt that felt the same way. About the same time I came across a recipe by Barefoot Contessa on Pinterest and loved the idea so I decided to put a twist on it and make the unexpected trio happy.
The trio reached nirvana, the cake was super moist with sweet and tangy flavor, and it went perfect with a cup of tea 🙂
Tools you need
- Loaf pan because we’re making a loaf cake 🙂
- Mixing bowls. Before you can put the ingredients into the loaf pan, you need to mix them somewhere. Mixing bowls to the rescue!
Make sure bowls you use are adequately sized. There are few things worse than overflowing bowls.
- Measuring spoons to, you know, measure things with them
- Kitchen scale because baking is a fine art and perfection is a little bit more reachable when you quantify things; alternatively, you can use cups, in which case…
- Measuring cups. Sometimes when you buy measuring cups, measuring spoons come with them
- Spatula makes mixing things into other things easier
- Whisk to mix things together. You could use an electric mixer too but you don’t really need one for this cake.
- Zester to zest lemon zest (is there a way to use zest in that sentence again?)
- Lemon squeezer. You could just use your hands to squeeze lemons if you want to get your hands juicy. Or you could use a lemon squeezer to keep your germs and lemon pits out of the cake. And possibly look fancy while doing it.
- Kitchen mittens. Things get hot in the oven. ‘Nuff said.
- Parchment paper. Although not really a tool per se, it’s used in preparation of this zesty loaf, so you should be aware of it when preparing to make it.
- Small pot for syrup preparation
- 1-1/2 (150 g) cups all-purpose flour
- 2 teaspoons (7.5 g) baking powder
- 1/2 (2.5 g) teaspoon salt
- 1 cup (245 g) plain yogurt
- 1 cup (192 g) sugar (granulated)
- 10 g vanilla sugar
- 3 extra-large eggs
- zest from 2 lemons
- 1/2 teaspoon (2.5 ml) pure vanilla extract
- 1/2 cup (118 ml) vegetable oil
- lemon juice from two lemons minus the 2 tablespoons needed for the glaze
- 1/3 cups (64 g) sugar (granulated)
- 1 cup (130 g) powdered sugar
- 2 tablespoons freshly squeezed lemon juice
Preparation for the cake
- Preheat the oven to 350 °F (180 °C). Grease the loaf pan with oil or butter. Line the bottom with parchment paper. Grease and flour the pan on the parchment paper and the sides.
- Sift together the flour, baking powder, and salt into one bowl.
- In another bowl, whisk together the yogurt, sugar, eggs, lemon zest, and vanilla extract. You don’t need to use the electrical mixer, hand whisk is perfect 🙂
- Slowly whisk dry ingredients into wet ingredients.
- With a silicon spatula, fold the vegetable oil into the batter, making sure it’s all incorporated.
- Pour the batter into the prepared pan and bake for about an hour, until a toothpick placed in the center of the loaf comes out clean.
Preparation for the syrup
- Cook the 1/3 cup lemon juice and 1/3 cup sugar in a small pan until the sugar dissolves and the mixture is clear.
- Set aside until the cake is baked.
Preparation for the glaze
- Combine the powdered sugar and lemon juice and mix well until combined.
- When the cake is done, allow it to cool in the pan for 10 minutes.
- Carefully place on a baking rack over a sheet pan.
- While the cake is still warm, pick it with the toothpick and pour the syrup over.
- Allow it to soak in. Cool it down.
- After the cake cools, pour the glaze over (I was too anxious to wait, pressured by those big, yellow, eyes, so the glaze was soaked in as well, ah well… :D) | <urn:uuid:2d0dc2a6-f613-4234-9475-47a3a45e7ed0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.zvonimirfras.com/food/lemon-yogurt-cake/?replytocom=347 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.918958 | 1,059 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Assignment #3 book connections
Molly bring Hope to her Community by being 1. A teacher of Language and teacher of history in the community. 2. when Molly complete her master degree in community counseling. 3. Molly plans to combine this formal education with native teaching to work as a counselor with native people. 4. Molly a clan mother Mong the maker in the community.5. Culture to Molly mean trying to live way of the seven teachings. Honestly there love, Bravory, Humility, truth and wisdom. | <urn:uuid:735269ed-2cb9-4fe8-85ab-a95e8a69928f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://tackk.com/m3q63k | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00181-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950237 | 105 | 2.453125 | 2 |
December 1st, 2012, 12:13 AM
Data in Datagrid appear and then disappear.
I have a vb application which search for records in a table based on another table. The table analysis contain multiple record,the table man_tmp should display records based on the ana_id field. When i run the code I see the records in the datagrid but it disappear instantly.Can anyone help please. Here are my code.thnx.
Dim cn2 As New ADODB.Connection
Dim rs1 As New ADODB.Recordset
Set cn2 = New ADODB.Connection
cn2.ConnectionString = MDI1.txtcn
rs1.Open "select ana_id from analysis where ana_name = 'analysis1'", cn1, adOpenStatic, adLockPessimistic
Do While Not rs1.EOF
Adodc1.ConnectionString = MDI1.txtcn
Adodc1.CommandType = adCmdText
Adodc1.RecordSource = "select * from man_tmp with(nolock)where description like '%" & rs1.Fields("ana_id") & "%'"
Set DataGrid1.DataSource = Adodc1
rc.Text = Adodc1.Recordset.RecordCount
If Not rs1.EOF Then
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This a Codeguru.com survey! | <urn:uuid:0f4d8815-d0f1-4dbb-a3b8-246846121b86> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://forums.codeguru.com/showthread.php?529937-Data-in-Datagrid-appear-and-then-disappear&p=2094027&mode=threaded | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00194-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.692654 | 318 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Israel's reckless decision to build thousands of homes for settlers in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem threatens any remaining prospects for a peace agreement with the Palestinians. The United States should continue to condemn the move at least as forcefully as it denounced last week’s action by the United Nations that implicitly recognized Palestinian statehood.
The expanding settlements have already undermined hopes for a legitimate two-state solution, the only practical way to end this near-intractable conflict. With roughly 500,000 Israeli settlers on the West Bank, a viable Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip may no longer be possible.
Israel’s defiant announcement last Friday followed the ill-advised vote by the U.N. General Assembly granting limited recognition of statehood to the Palestinians, upgrading them to a nonmember observer state. The move was at best symbolic, at worst a needless distraction and provocation: Israel froze the transfer of $120 million in taxes it collected for the government of Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas.
The decision by Israel to expand settlements was even more damaging to the peace process. West Bank settlements, which have tripled over the past 20 years, have stalled peace talks for two years.
Israel said it would build 3,000 homes in West Bank settlements and East Jerusalem, and advance settlement plans in the so-called E-1 area east of Jerusalem — land deemed vital for a future Palestinian state. Constructing housing units there, which the United States opposes, would cut off the Palestinian cities of Ramallah and Bethlehem — in effect, the entire West Bank — from Palestinian neighborhoods in East Jerusalem.
The U.N. resolution on Palestinian statehood presupposed an agreement without negotiations. But ongoing settlement activity effectively imposes an agreement that makes a two-state solution — a state of Palestine alongside Israel — practically impossible. Some Palestinians have started to talk about a one-state solution, a prospect the vast majority of Israelis would not even consider.
Israel’s plan to expand settlements was a sobering reminder to Palestinians that recognition by the U.N. changes little on the ground. Israel has made a point, but at what price, even to its own security?
This week, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu further inflamed sentiments by vowing to press forward with construction in the face of widespread international opposition.
Mr. Netanyahu might not care about global opinion. But he ought to care about the views of the United States, one of only a handful of countries that stood with Israel in the United Nations on the Palestinian vote.
Only the United States has the influence and credibility to broker an agreement, but it must do more than call the construction blueprint counterproductive. President Obama’s administration must pressure Israel, even with the threat of sanctions, to back away from its plans to expand settlements, especially east of Jerusalem, if it hopes to restart peace talks and preserve any hope for a two-state solution. | <urn:uuid:d0092e5a-eb0f-4cbc-ba01-94b15a365b05> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.toledoblade.com/Editorials/2012/12/05/Unsettling-developments.print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00089-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947211 | 589 | 1.953125 | 2 |
BA Studies (licencjat)
The College offers BA studies that combine philological programs with a currently developing range of Humanities, exemplified by the new European Studies course – a novelty in the College curriculum.
Philological studies are designed for students who see proficiency in a foreign language as an indispensable condition of their future professional career.
A modern curriculum and expert teaching staff provide a high quality learning environment.
The students have a selection of different specializations related to the three main professions in high demand on the labor market:
foreign language teaching – for people who see their professional future in teaching,
Business language – for people intending to find their professional future in administration and commercial institutions
translation – for people aiming to develop the competencies necessary for a profession as a translator/interpreter
The curriculum covers both the subjects related to the development of practical language skills and a package of supplementary subjects (such as literature, history, life and institutions of a given country). The curriculum is developed on the basis of the obligatory standards of academic education and it allows the Students to see the language in its historic and cultural context which profoundly facilitates better understanding.
BA Level Studies – European Studies
European Studies at PCML provide a unique offer for those with an interest in Humanities, who intend to develop this interest and combine it with practical skills of management and organization.
The main features of this program involve the following:
development of practical skills,
correspondence to labor market needs
intensive language training
This program is designed for people who intend to develop their career path in the institutions of central and local administration, in the European Union bodies, cultural and social centers at both national and international level. The Students have the following four options to choose from:
Cultural Projects Management
MA Level Studies
MA studies are intended for the graduates of BA studies holding a BA degree in a certain philology, or of other linguistic studies that meet the requirements of the curriculum. These studies differ from BA level mainly in having a scientific, academic character. Over the two years of MA studies the Students draft an MA dissertation.
We offer MA level studies in
Other postgraduate programs are intended for candidates wishing either to extend or to acquire new vocational competence. The nature of these programs enables their participants to attain this objective over two, three or four semesters of learning, depending on the program.
The College runs three postgraduate programs:
The School of Translation and Interpreting. The objective of this program is to provide linguistic knowledge and develop the skills indispensable for professional future translators/interpreters from and into English and German. The studies prepare the participants for the profession of an interpreter/translator with respect to a broad range of topics and forms of expression. The areas to be developed involve both the expansion of the command of foreign languages, the topics related to politics, economy and culture of England and Germany, and the development of practical skills required to render efficient and professional translation/interpretation. These objectives are possible due to the workshop character of the classes as well as the maximization of actual translation/interpretation rendered by the students.
Business German (Wirtschaftsdeutsch)
The graduates of this program achieve a high level of linguistic skills in their respective languages on the basis of professional, vocational and business jargon. Simultaneously, they develop a range of skills that will prove useful in a variety of professional situations, such as making appointments, writing correspondence, obtaining and imparting information concerning products and services, client servicing, or financial negotiations. What is exceptionally useful is the command of written Business English/German: drawing business reports, writing both emails and traditional letters.
The postgraduate studies in foreign language teaching are intended for persons professionally occupied with language teaching. The following programs are offered:
Postgraduate English Language Teaching Studies
Postgraduate German Language Teaching Studies
Postgraduate Spanish Language Teaching Studies
These postgraduate studies are intended for people who wish to improve their proficiency in a foreign language.
Foreign Language Courses
PCML runs an extensive range of language training and programs at various levels and learning intensity. We offer courses of English, German, Spanish, French, Russian, Japanese and Swedish.
PCML is a British Council Supplier Institution for Cambridge ESOL examinations. There are courses that prepare the students for international certificate exams.
PCML is also a licensed examination center of „Swedex” international exams in Swedish. | <urn:uuid:61881a16-4432-40e0-ac1e-aaec093c76c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.goandstudy.pl/en/education/private-universities/poznan-college-of-modern-languages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.914874 | 980 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Crash kits are handy collections of the spare parts and consumables in a UPS system that require repairing or replacing the most. These crash kits are held in secure and easily transportable flight case-style storage containers for fast access.
UPS crash kits can either be kept onsite for the most mission-critical environments, meaning they are ready and waiting when an engineer arrives to fix a fault, or quickly despatched by courier whenever the need arises.
Onsite crash kits are most common for sites and environments where downtime isn’t an option, such as data centres, hospitals, and industrial processing plants.
A crash kit includes everything that a service engineer needs to quickly get a faulty UPS system back online, such as:
- Manufacturer-specific circuit boards (i.e. rectifier, inverter, static switch, system board)
- Communications cards | <urn:uuid:c4b29e58-a8c9-4719-bf70-4ccf0c142173> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.riello-ups.in/questions/37-what-s-in-an-onsite-ups-crash-kit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.911359 | 196 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Injuries to the tendon (e.g., wrist tendonitis, epicondyltis) due to overuse are common in sports activities and the workplace. Most are associated with repetitive, high force hand activities. The mechanisms of cellular and structural damage due to cyclical loading are not well known. The purpose of this video is to present a new system that can simultaneously load four tendons in tissue culture. The video describes the methods of sterile tissue harvest and how the tendons are loaded onto a clamping system that is subsequently immersed into media and maintained at 37°C. One clamp is fixed while the other one is moved with a linear actuator. Tendon tensile force is monitored with a load cell in series with the mobile clamp. The actuators are controlled with a LabView program. The four tendons can be repetitively loaded with different patterns of loading, repetition rate, rate of loading, and duration. Loading can continue for a few minutes to 48 hours. At the end of loading, the tendons are removed and the mid-substance extracted for biochemical analyses. This system allows for the investigation of the effects of loading patterns on gene expression and structural changes in tendon. Ultimately, mechanisms of injury due to overuse can be studies with the findings applied to treatment and prevention.
22 Related JoVE Articles!
A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
Institutions: George Mason University, George Mason University, George Mason University, George Mason University.
Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.
Medicine, Issue 79, Anatomy, Physiology, Joint Diseases, Diagnostic Imaging, Muscle Contraction, ultrasonic applications, Doppler effect (acoustics), Musculoskeletal System, biomechanics, musculoskeletal kinematics, dynamic function, ultrasound imaging, vector Doppler, strain, strain rate
Proprioception and Tension Receptors in Crab Limbs: Student Laboratory Exercises
Institutions: University of Kentucky, University of Kentucky, University of Oregon.
The primary purpose of these procedures is to demonstrate for teaching and research purposes how to record the activity of living primary sensory neurons responsible for proprioception as they are detecting joint position and movement, and muscle tension. Electrical activity from crustacean proprioceptors and tension receptors is recorded by basic neurophysiological instrumentation, and a transducer is used to simultaneously measure force that is generated by stimulating a motor nerve. In addition, we demonstrate how to stain the neurons for a quick assessment of their anatomical arrangement or for permanent fixation. Staining reveals anatomical organization that is representative of chordotonal organs in most crustaceans. Comparing the tension nerve responses to the proprioceptive responses is an effective teaching tool in determining how these sensory neurons are defined functionally and how the anatomy is correlated to the function. Three staining techniques are presented allowing researchers and instructors to choose a method that is ideal for their laboratory.
Neuroscience, Issue 80, Crustacean, joint, Muscle, sensory, teaching, educational, neuroscience
Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
Institutions: University of Sydney, University of Hull, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals, Addenbrookes Hospital.
Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual's use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual's postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.
Medicine, Issue 82, Posture, Computerized dynamic posturography, Ankle brachial pressure index, Peripheral arterial disease, Intermittent claudication, Balance, Posture, EquiTest, Sensory Organization Test, Motor Control Test
Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
Institutions: University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital.
A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.
Behavior, Issue 85, Food reward, motivation, grip force, willingness to pay, subliminal motivation
Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates
Institutions: University of California Riverside, University of California Riverside, University of California Riverside.
Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ
and in vivo
express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be stimulated by neuronally-released transmitter. However, the ability of astrocytic receptors to exhibit plasticity in response to changes in neuronal activity has received little attention. Here we describe a model system that can be used to globally scale up or down astrocytic group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in acute brain slices. Included are methods on how to prepare parasagittal hippocampal slices, construct chambers suitable for long-term slice incubation, bidirectionally manipulate neuronal action potential frequency, load astrocytes and astrocyte processes with fluorescent Ca2+
indicator, and measure changes in astrocytic Gq GPCR activity by recording spontaneous and evoked astrocyte Ca2+
events using confocal microscopy. In essence, a “calcium roadmap” is provided for how to measure plasticity of astrocytic Gq GPCRs. Applications of the technique for study of astrocytes are discussed. Having an understanding of how astrocytic receptor signaling is affected by changes in neuronal activity has important implications for both normal synaptic function as well as processes underlying neurological disorders and neurodegenerative disease.
Neuroscience, Issue 85, astrocyte, plasticity, mGluRs, neuronal Firing, electrophysiology, Gq GPCRs, Bolus-loading, calcium, microdomains, acute slices, Hippocampus, mouse
Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology
Institutions: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
We describe an in vitro
method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle as well as changes induced by pathology. This method provides critical information for understanding bladder function while overcoming major methodological difficulties encountered in in vivo
experiments, such as surgical and pharmacological manipulations that affect stability and survival of the preparations, the use of human tissue, and/or the use of expensive chemicals. It also provides a way to investigate the properties of each bladder component (i.e.
smooth muscle, mucosa, nerves) in healthy and pathological conditions.
The urinary bladder is removed from an anesthetized animal, placed in Krebs solution and cut into strips. Strips are placed into a chamber filled with warm Krebs solution. One end is attached to an isometric tension transducer to measure contraction force, the other end is attached to a fixed rod. Tissue is stimulated by directly adding compounds to the bath or by electric field stimulation electrodes that activate nerves, similar to triggering bladder contractions in vivo
. We demonstrate the use of this method to evaluate spontaneous smooth muscle contractility during development and after an experimental spinal cord injury, the nature of neurotransmission (transmitters and receptors involved), factors involved in modulation of smooth muscle activity, the role of individual bladder components, and species and organ differences in response to pharmacological agents. Additionally, it could be used for investigating intracellular pathways involved in contraction and/or relaxation of the smooth muscle, drug structure-activity relationships and evaluation of transmitter release.
The in vitro
smooth muscle contractility method has been used extensively for over 50 years, and has provided data that significantly contributed to our understanding of bladder function as well as to pharmaceutical development of compounds currently used clinically for bladder management.
Medicine, Issue 90, Krebs, species differences, in vitro, smooth muscle contractility, neural stimulation
Utilization of Microscale Silicon Cantilevers to Assess Cellular Contractile Function In Vitro
Institutions: University of Central Florida.
The development of more predictive and biologically relevant in vitro
assays is predicated on the advancement of versatile cell culture systems which facilitate the functional assessment of the seeded cells. To that end, microscale cantilever technology offers a platform with which to measure the contractile functionality of a range of cell types, including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells, through assessment of contraction induced substrate bending. Application of multiplexed cantilever arrays provides the means to develop moderate to high-throughput protocols for assessing drug efficacy and toxicity, disease phenotype and progression, as well as neuromuscular and other cell-cell interactions. This manuscript provides the details for fabricating reliable cantilever arrays for this purpose, and the methods required to successfully culture cells on these surfaces. Further description is provided on the steps necessary to perform functional analysis of contractile cell types maintained on such arrays using a novel laser and photo-detector system. The representative data provided highlights the precision and reproducible nature of the analysis of contractile function possible using this system, as well as the wide range of studies to which such technology can be applied. Successful widespread adoption of this system could provide investigators with the means to perform rapid, low cost functional studies in vitro,
leading to more accurate predictions of tissue performance, disease development and response to novel therapeutic treatment.
Bioengineering, Issue 92, cantilever, in vitro, contraction, skeletal muscle, NMJ, cardiomyocytes, functional
Measurement of Smooth Muscle Function in the Isolated Tissue Bath-applications to Pharmacology Research
Institutions: Michigan State University, University of Vermont College of Medicine.
Isolated tissue bath assays are a classical pharmacological tool for evaluating concentration-response relationships in a myriad of contractile tissues. While this technique has been implemented for over 100 years, the versatility, simplicity and reproducibility of this assay helps it to remain an indispensable tool for pharmacologists and physiologists alike. Tissue bath systems are available in a wide array of shapes and sizes, allowing a scientist to evaluate samples as small as murine mesenteric arteries and as large as porcine ileum – if not larger. Central to the isolated tissue bath assay is the ability to measure concentration-dependent changes to isometric contraction, and how the efficacy and potency of contractile agonists can be manipulated by increasing concentrations of antagonists or inhibitors. Even though the general principles remain relatively similar, recent technological advances allow even more versatility to the tissue bath assay by incorporating computer-based data recording and analysis software. This video will demonstrate the function of the isolated tissue bath to measure the isometric contraction of an isolated smooth muscle (in this case rat thoracic aorta rings), and share the types of knowledge that can be created with this technique. Included are detailed descriptions of aortic tissue dissection and preparation, placement of aortic rings in the tissue bath and proper tissue equilibration prior to experimentation, tests of tissue viability, experimental design and implementation, and data quantitation. Aorta will be connected to isometric force transducers, the data from which will be captured using a commercially available analog-to-digital converter and bridge amplifier specifically designed for use in these experiments. The accompanying software to this system will be used to visualize the experiment and analyze captured data.
Biochemistry, Issue 95, smooth muscle function, receptor pharmacology, signal transduction, tissue bath, rat, aorta, aortic rings, isometric contraction, concentration response curve
Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice
Institutions: The University of Melbourne.
Long-lasting changes in the brain or ‘brain plasticity’ underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, interactions with our environment can induce brain plasticity. Increasingly, research is trying to identify which environments stimulate brain plasticity beneficial for treating brain and behavioral disorders. Two environmental manipulations are described which increase or decrease the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive (TH+, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine (DA) synthesis) neurons in the adult mouse midbrain. The first comprises pairing male and female mice together continuously for 1 week, which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in males, but decreases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in females. The second comprises housing mice continuously for 2 weeks in ‘enriched environments’ (EE) containing running wheels, toys, ropes, nesting material, etc., which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 14% in males. Additionally, a protocol is described for concurrently infusing drugs directly into the midbrain during these environmental manipulations to help identify mechanisms underlying environmentally-induced brain plasticity. For example, EE-induction of more midbrain TH+ neurons is abolished by concurrent blockade of synaptic input onto midbrain neurons. Together, these data indicate that information about the environment is relayed via synaptic input to midbrain neurons to switch on or off expression of ‘DA’ genes. Thus, appropriate environmental stimulation, or drug targeting of the underlying mechanisms, might be helpful for treating brain and behavioral disorders associated with imbalances in midbrain DA (e.g.
Parkinson’s disease, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and drug addiction).
Neuroscience, Issue 95, Behavior, midbrain, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, plasticity, substantia nigra pars compacta
Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica
Institutions: Case Western Reserve University , Case Western Reserve University , Case Western Reserve University .
In animals with large identified neurons (e.g.
mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using intracellular techniques1,2,3,4
. Recently, we developed a technique to extracellularly stimulate and record individual neurons in Aplysia californica5
. We now describe a protocol for using this technique to uniquely identify and characterize motor neurons within a motor pool.
This extracellular technique has advantages. First, extracellular electrodes can stimulate and record neurons through the sheath5
, so it does not need to be removed. Thus, neurons will be healthier in extracellular experiments than in intracellular ones. Second, if ganglia are rotated by appropriate pinning of the sheath, extracellular electrodes can access neurons on both sides of the ganglion, which makes it easier and more efficient to identify multiple neurons in the same preparation. Third, extracellular electrodes do not need to penetrate cells, and thus can be easily moved back and forth among neurons, causing less damage to them. This is especially useful when one tries to record multiple neurons during repeating motor patterns that may only persist for minutes. Fourth, extracellular electrodes are more flexible than intracellular ones during muscle movements. Intracellular electrodes may pull out and damage neurons during muscle contractions. In contrast, since extracellular electrodes are gently pressed onto the sheath above neurons, they usually stay above the same neuron during muscle contractions, and thus can be used in more intact preparations.
To uniquely identify motor neurons for a motor pool (in particular, the I1/I3 muscle in Aplysia
) using extracellular electrodes, one can use features that do not require intracellular measurements as criteria: soma size and location, axonal projection, and muscle innervation4,6,7
. For the particular motor pool used to illustrate the technique, we recorded from buccal nerves 2 and 3 to measure axonal projections, and measured the contraction forces of the I1/I3 muscle to determine the pattern of muscle innervation for the individual motor neurons.
We demonstrate the complete process of first identifying motor neurons using muscle innervation, then characterizing their timing during motor patterns, creating a simplified diagnostic method for rapid identification. The simplified and more rapid diagnostic method is superior for more intact preparations, e.g.
in the suspended buccal mass preparation8
or in vivo9
. This process can also be applied in other motor pools10,11,12
or in other animal systems2,3,13,14
Neuroscience, Issue 73, Physiology, Biomedical Engineering, Anatomy, Behavior, Neurobiology, Animal, Neurosciences, Neurophysiology, Electrophysiology, Aplysia, Aplysia californica, California sea slug, invertebrate, feeding, buccal mass, ganglia, motor neurons, neurons, extracellular stimulation and recordings, extracellular electrodes, animal model
Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
Institutions: Oregon Health and Science University, Queen Square, Oregon Health and Science University.
The control of tonic muscular activity remains poorly understood. While abnormal tone is commonly assessed clinically by measuring the passive resistance of relaxed limbs1
, no systems are available to study tonic muscle control in a natural, active state of antigravity support. We have developed a device (Twister) to study tonic regulation of axial and proximal muscles during active postural maintenance (i.e. postural tone). Twister rotates axial body regions relative to each other about the vertical axis during stance, so as to twist the neck, trunk or hip regions. This twisting imposes length changes on axial muscles without changing the body's relationship to gravity. Because Twister does not provide postural support, tone must be regulated to counteract gravitational torques. We quantify this tonic regulation by the restive torque to twisting, which reflects the state of all muscles undergoing length changes, as well as by electromyography of relevant muscles. Because tone is characterized by long-lasting low-level muscle activity, tonic control is studied with slow movements that produce "tonic" changes in muscle length, without evoking fast "phasic" responses. Twister can be reconfigured to study various aspects of muscle tone, such as co-contraction, tonic modulation to postural changes, tonic interactions across body segments, as well as perceptual thresholds to slow axial rotation. Twister can also be used to provide a quantitative measurement of the effects of disease on axial and proximal postural tone and assess the efficacy of intervention.
Medicine, Issue 58, Muscle Tone, Posture, Stiffness, Motor Control
Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
Institutions: Ohio University.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1
, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade. While the use of TMS has expanded to the study of many systems and processes during this time, the original application and perhaps one of the most common uses of TMS involves studying the physiology, plasticity and function of the human neuromuscular system. Single pulse TMS applied to the motor cortex excites pyramidal neurons transsynaptically 2
(Figure 1) and results in a measurable electromyographic response that can be used to study and evaluate the integrity and excitability of the corticospinal tract in humans 3
. Additionally, recent advances in magnetic stimulation now allows for partitioning of cortical versus spinal excitability 4,5
. For example, paired-pulse TMS can be used to assess intracortical facilitatory and inhibitory properties by combining a conditioning stimulus and a test stimulus at different interstimulus intervals 3,4,6-8
. In this video article we will demonstrate the methodological and technical aspects of these techniques. Specifically, we will demonstrate single-pulse and paired-pulse TMS techniques as applied to the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle as well as the erector spinae (ES) musculature. Our laboratory studies the FCR muscle as it is of interest to our research on the effects of wrist-hand cast immobilization on reduced muscle performance6,9
, and we study the ES muscles due to these muscles clinical relevance as it relates to low back pain8
. With this stated, we should note that TMS has been used to study many muscles of the hand, arm and legs, and should iterate that our demonstrations in the FCR and ES muscle groups are only selected examples of TMS being used to study the human neuromuscular system.
Medicine, Issue 59, neuroscience, muscle, electromyography, physiology, TMS, strength, motor control. sarcopenia, dynapenia, lumbar
Operant Learning of Drosophila at the Torque Meter
Institutions: Free University of Berlin.
For experiments at the torque meter, flies are kept on standard fly medium at 25°C and 60% humidity with a 12hr light/12hr dark regime. A standardized breeding regime assures proper larval density and age-matched cohorts. Cold-anesthetized flies are glued with head and thorax to a triangle-shaped hook the day before the experiment. Attached to the torque meter via a clamp, the fly's intended flight maneuvers are measured as the angular momentum around its vertical body axis. The fly is placed in the center of a cylindrical panorama to accomplish stationary flight. An analog to digital converter card feeds the yaw torque signal into a computer which stores the trace for later analysis. The computer also controls a variety of stimuli which can be brought under the fly's control by closing the feedback loop between these stimuli and the yaw torque trace. Punishment is achieved by applying heat from an adjustable infrared laser.
Neuroscience, Issue 16, operant, learning, Drosophila, fruit fly, insect, invertebrate, neuroscience, neurobiology, fly, conditioning
Extraction of the EPP Component from the Surface EMG
Institutions: Matsumoto Dental University.
A surface electromyogram (EMG), especially when recorded near the neuromuscular junction, is expected to contain the endplate potential (EPP) component which can be extracted with an appropriate signal filter. Two factors are important: the EMG must be recorded in monopolar fashion, and the recording must be done so the low frequency signal corresponding the EPP is not eliminated. This report explains how to extract the EPP component from the EMG of the masseter muscle in a human subject. The surface EMG is recorded from eight sites using traditional disc electrodes aligned along over the muscle, with equal inter-electrode distance from the zygomatic arch to the angle of mandible in response to quick gum clenching. A reference electrode is placed on the tip of the nose. The EPP component is extracted from the raw EMGs by applying a high-cut digital filter (2nd dimension Butterworth filter) with a range of 10-35 Hz. When the filter is set to 10 Hz, the extracted EPP wave deflects either negative or positive depending on the recording site. The difference in the polarity reflects the sink-source relation of the end plate current, with the site showing the most negative deflection corresponding to the neuromuscular junction. In the case of the masseter muscle, the neuromuscular junction is estimated to be located in the inferior portion close to the angle of mandible. The EPP component exhibits an interesting oscillation when the cut-off frequency of the high-cut digital filter is set to 30 Hz. The EPP oscillation indicates that muscle contraction is adjusted in an intermittent manner. Abnormal tremors accompanying various sorts of diseases may be substantially due to this EPP oscillation, which becomes slower and is difficult to cease.
Neuroscience, Issue 34, masseter muscle, EMG, EPP, neuromuscular junction, EPP oscillation
Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
Institutions: Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Illinois at Chicago.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disorder, which produces profound deficits in volitional motor control. Following medical stabilization, recovery from SCI typically involves long term rehabilitation. While recovery of walking ability is a primary goal in many patients early after injury, those with a motor incomplete SCI, indicating partial preservation of volitional control, may have the sufficient residual descending pathways necessary to attain this goal. However, despite physical interventions, motor impairments including weakness, and the manifestation of abnormal involuntary reflex activity, called spasticity or spasms, are thought to contribute to reduced walking recovery. Doctrinaire thought suggests that remediation of this abnormal motor reflexes associated with SCI will produce functional benefits to the patient. For example, physicians and therapists will provide specific pharmacological or physical interventions directed towards reducing spasticity or spasms, although there continues to be little empirical data suggesting that these strategies improve walking ability.
In the past few decades, accumulating data has suggested that specific neuromodulatory agents, including agents which mimic or facilitate the actions of the monoamines, including serotonin (5HT) and norepinephrine (NE), can initiate or augment walking behaviors in animal models of SCI. Interestingly, many of these agents, particularly 5HTergic agonists, can markedly increase spinal excitability, which in turn also increases reflex activity in these animals. Counterintuitive to traditional theories of recovery following human SCI, the empirical evidence from basic science experiments suggest that this reflex hyper excitability and generation of locomotor behaviors are driven in parallel by neuromodulatory inputs (5HT) and may be necessary for functional recovery following SCI.
The application of this novel concept derived from basic scientific studies to promote recovery following human SCI would appear to be seamless, although the direct translation of the findings can be extremely challenging. Specifically, in the animal models, an implanted catheter facilitates delivery of very specific 5HT agonist compounds directly onto the spinal circuitry. The translation of this technique to humans is hindered by the lack of specific surgical techniques or available pharmacological agents directed towards 5HT receptor subtypes that are safe and effective for human clinical trials. However, oral administration of commonly available 5HTergic agents, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may be a viable option to increase central 5HT concentrations in order to facilitate walking recovery in humans. Systematic quantification of how these SSRIs modulate human motor behaviors following SCI, with a specific focus on strength, reflexes, and the recovery of walking ability, are missing.
This video demonstration is a progressive attempt to systematically and quantitatively assess the modulation of reflex activity, volitional strength and ambulation following the acute oral administration of an SSRI in human SCI. Agents are applied on single days to assess the immediate effects on motor function in this patient population, with long-term studies involving repeated drug administration combined with intensive physical interventions.
Medicine, Issue 50, spinal cord injury, spasticity, locomotion, strength, vector coding, biomechanics, reflex, serotonin, human, electromyography
Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Responses, Neuronal Circuitry, Neuromodulation and Muscle Histology Using the Crayfish: Student Laboratory Exercises
Institutions: University of Kentucky, University of Toronto.
The purpose of this report is to help develop an understanding of the effects caused by ion gradients across a biological membrane. Two aspects that influence a cell's membrane potential and which we address in these experiments are: (1) Ion concentration of K+
on the outside of the membrane, and (2) the permeability of the membrane to specific ions. The crayfish abdominal extensor muscles are in groupings with some being tonic (slow) and others phasic (fast) in their biochemical and physiological phenotypes, as well as in their structure; the motor neurons that innervate these muscles are correspondingly different in functional characteristics. We use these muscles as well as the superficial, tonic abdominal flexor muscle to demonstrate properties in synaptic transmission. In addition, we introduce a sensory-CNS-motor neuron-muscle circuit to demonstrate the effect of cuticular sensory stimulation as well as the influence of neuromodulators on certain aspects of the circuit. With the techniques obtained in this exercise, one can begin to answer many questions remaining in other experimental preparations as well as in physiological applications related to medicine and health. We have demonstrated the usefulness of model invertebrate preparations to address fundamental questions pertinent to all animals.
Neuroscience, Issue 47, Invertebrate, Crayfish, neurophysiology, muscle, anatomy, electrophysiology
Muscle Receptor Organs in the Crayfish Abdomen: A Student Laboratory Exercise in Proprioception
Institutions: University of Kentucky.
The primary purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate primary sensory neurons conveying information of joint movements and positions as proprioceptive information for an animal. An additional objective of this experiment is to learn anatomy of the preparation by staining, dissection and viewing of neurons and sensory structures under a dissecting microscope. This is performed by using basic neurophysiological equipment to record the electrical activity from a joint receptor organ and staining techniques. The muscle receptor organ (MRO) system in the crayfish is analogous to the intrafusal muscle spindle in mammals, which aids in serving as a comparative model that is more readily accessible for electrophysiological recordings. In addition, these are identifiable sensory neurons among preparations. The preparation is viable in a minimal saline for hours which is amenable for student laboratory exercises. The MRO is also susceptible to neuromodulation which encourages intriguing questions in the sites of modulatory action and integration of dynamic signals of movements and static position along with a gain that can be changed in the system.
Neuroscience, Issue 45, invertebrate, sensory, crayfish, Student Laboratory
In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay
Institutions: Wake Forest University, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill.
We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric
contractions. The pelvic limb of an anesthetized dog is immobilized in a stereotactic frame to align the tibia at a right angle to the femur. Adhesive wrap affixes the
paw to a pedal mounted on the shaft of a servomotor to measure torque. Percutaneous nerve stimulation activates pelvic limb muscles of the paw to either push (extend) or
pull (flex) against the pedal to generate isometric torque. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation activates tibiotarsal extensor muscles. Repeated eccentric (lengthening)
contractions are induced in the tibiotarsal flexor muscles by percutaneous peroneal nerve stimulation. The eccentric protocol consists of an initial isometric contraction
followed by a forced stretch imposed by the servomotor. The rotation effectively lengthens the muscle while it contracts, e.g., an eccentric
stimulation flexor muscles are subjected to an 800 msec isometric and 200 msec eccentric contraction. This procedure is repeated every 5 sec. To avoid fatigue, 4 min rest
follows every 10 contractions with a total of 30 contractions performed.
Medicine, Issue 50, dog, muscle strength, muscle force, exercise, eccentric contraction, muscle damage, stretch
Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
Institutions: Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Hospital , Johns Hopkins University, University of Maryland Medical System.
Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6
Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to ≥43 research staff who have performed >800 assessments on >280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11
Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2
Medicine, Issue 50, Muscle Strength, Critical illness, Intensive Care Units, Reproducibility of Results, Clinical Protocols.
An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery
Institutions: University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine.
Muscle strains are one of the most common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and physical exam alone, however the clinical presentation can vary greatly depending on the extent of injury, the patient's pain tolerance, etc. In patients with muscle injury or muscle disease, assessment of muscle damage is typically limited to clinical signs, such as tenderness, strength, range of motion, and more recently, imaging studies. Biological markers, such as serum creatine kinase levels, are typically elevated with muscle injury, but their levels do not always correlate with the loss of force production. This is even true of histological findings from animals, which provide a "direct measure" of damage, but do not account for all the loss of function. Some have argued that the most comprehensive measure of the overall health of the muscle in contractile force. Because muscle injury is a random event that occurs under a variety of biomechanical conditions, it is difficult to study. Here, we describe an in vivo
animal model to measure torque and to produce a reliable muscle injury. We also describe our model for measurement of force from an isolated muscle in situ
. Furthermore, we describe our small animal MRI procedure.
Medicine, Issue 51, Skeletal muscle, lengthening contraction, injury, regeneration, contractile function, torque
Procedures for Rat in situ Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties
Institutions: University of Calgary .
There are many circumstances where it is desirable to obtain the contractile response of skeletal muscle under physiological circumstances: normal circulation, intact whole muscle, at body temperature. This includes the study of contractile responses like posttetanic potentiation, staircase and fatigue. Furthermore, the consequences of disease, disuse, injury, training and drug treatment can be of interest. This video demonstrates appropriate procedures to set up and use this valuable muscle preparation.
To set up this preparation, the animal must be anesthetized, and the medial gastrocnemius muscle is surgically isolated, with the origin intact. Care must be taken to maintain the blood and nerve supplies. A long section of the sciatic nerve is cleared of connective tissue, and severed proximally. All branches of the distal stump that do not innervate the medial gastrocnemius muscle are severed. The distal nerve stump is inserted into a cuff lined with stainless steel stimulating wires. The calcaneus is severed, leaving a small piece of bone still attached to the Achilles tendon. Sonometric crystals and/or electrodes for electromyography can be inserted. Immobilization by metal probes in the femur and tibia prevents movement of the muscle origin. The Achilles tendon is attached to the force transducer and the loosened skin is pulled up at the sides to form a container that is filled with warmed paraffin oil. The oil distributes heat evenly and minimizes evaporative heat loss. A heat lamp is directed on the muscle, and the muscle and rat are allowed to warm up to 37°C. While it is warming, maximal voltage and optimal length can be determined. These are important initial conditions for any experiment on intact whole muscle. The experiment may include determination of standard contractile properties, like the force-frequency relationship, force-length relationship, and force-velocity relationship.
With care in surgical isolation, immobilization of the origin of the muscle and alignment of the muscle-tendon unit with the force transducer, and proper data analysis, high quality measurements can be obtained with this muscle preparation.
Physiology, Issue 56, physiological preparation, contractile properties, force-frequency relationship, force-length relationship
Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
Institutions: University of Southern California, Temple University, Niigata University of Health and Welfare.
Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning process. Here a method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process. This discovery-learning task uses an infant activated mobile that rotates and plays music based on specified leg action of infants. Supine infants activate the mobile by moving their feet vertically across a virtual threshold. This paradigm is unique in that as infants independently discover that their leg actions activate the mobile, the infants’ leg movements are tracked using a motion capture system allowing for the quantification of the learning process. Specifically, learning is quantified in terms of the duration of mobile activation, the position variance of the end effectors (feet) that activate the mobile, changes in hip-knee coordination patterns, and changes in hip and knee muscle torque. This information describes infant exploration and exploitation at the interplay of person and environmental constraints that support task-specific action. Subsequent research using this method can investigate how specific impairments of different populations of infants at risk for movement disorders influence the discovery-learning process for task-specific action.
Behavior, Issue 100, infant, discovery-learning, motor learning, motor control, kinematics, kinetics | <urn:uuid:baa3e4cb-abb1-40b1-9a1b-56a33af85379> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jove.com/visualize/abstract/26186590/the-effect-of-antagonist-muscle-sensory-input-on-force-regulation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00494-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916824 | 8,812 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Common Galaxias (Galaxias maculatus )
Osmeriformes is an order of ray-finned fish that includes the true or freshwater smelts and allies, such as the galaxiids and noodlefishes; they are also collectively called osmeriforms. They belong to the teleost superorder Protacanthopterygii, which also includes pike and salmon, among others. The order's name means "smelt-shaped", from Osmerus (the type genus) + the standard fish order suffix "-formes". It ultimately derives from Ancient Greek osmé (ὀσμή, "pungent smell") + Latin forma ("external form"), the... | <urn:uuid:4423d6ee-938d-42e2-a350-fbd3807fdfee> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/49887-Osmeriformes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00158-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904095 | 151 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Two Vegans in northern France were charged with neglect on Tuesday after their 11-month-old baby died of vitamin deficiency, as she was fed only mother's milk.
Sergine and Joel Le Moaligou, whose vegan diet forbids consuming any animal product including eggs and cow's milk, called the emergency services in March 2008 after becoming worried about their baby Louise's listlessness.
AdvertisementWhen the ambulance arrived at their home in Saint-Maulvis, a small village 150 kilometres (90 miles) north of Paris, the baby was already dead.
The ambulance workers called the police because the child was pale and thin, weighing 5.7 kilos (12.5 pounds) compared to an average eight kilos for her age.
The baby had only been fed on the milk of her mother, who was aged 37 at the time.
An autopsy showed that Louise was suffering from a vitamin A and B12 deficiency which experts say increases a child's sensitivity to infection and can be due to an unbalanced diet.
"The problem of vitamin B12 deficiency could be linked to the mother's diet," said Anne-Laure Sandretto, deputy prosecutor in the city of Amiens where the trial is taking place.
The couple has been charged with "neglect or food deprivation followed by death" and face up to 30 years in prison if convicted.
You May Also Like | <urn:uuid:b72164ee-cf65-4328-aefc-2145baed0a4e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.medindia.net/news/French-Vegan-Couple-Charged-Over-Babys-Death-82906-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00066-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97827 | 285 | 1.890625 | 2 |
We all know mosquito bites are painful and irritating, and sometimes the treatments for them are just as bad. But you don’t have to go all the way to the store and pay a bunch of money for something that doesn’t always work. Why not try one of these great home remedies to take the itch out and get rid of those bites fast?
* Ice Packs. This is one of the easiest ways to take the pain out of mosquito bites. They reduce swelling, numb the area to get rid of pain and itching, and have none of the risks of medications or even natural cures because there’s no medicine involved.
* Vinegar and Baking Soda. Just add a bit of vinegar to baking soda, rub it into a paste and apply to mosquito bites. It will sanitize the bite and create a protective seal so the bite can heal. As an added bonus, this paste can also be used as a safe and effective cleaner all around the house.
* Toothpaste. The creamy texture of toothpaste, combined with its germ-killing power, makes it a great way to seal up and treat mosquito bites. Just dab enough to cover each bite.
* Aspirin. Taking a pain killer might help to dull the sting of a mosquito bite, but putting it right on the bite works much better. Just crush up an aspirin tablet and mix it with water until you have a paste. Plus, just like many of the other cures, it blocks out air and helps speed healing.
* Tape. If you’re looking for something with a bit less mess, try sticking a piece of tape to help seal off the bite. Just remember to use a disinfectant first so you don’t seal the germs in.
Whatever remedy you use, remember to reapply it after you shower or swim. Like any other injury, it will take a while to heal.
While these home remedies may be great for taking away the pain, swelling, and itching of a mosquito bite, they’re not going to reduce your risk of getting the debilitating and possibly fatal diseases you might contract from a mosquito. While most people know about diseases like malaria and West Nile virus, there are many other illnesses spread through mosquito bites.
The best way to prevent disease from mosquito bites is to prevent the bite from ever happening. The good news is that there are home remedies to repel mosquitoes as well as treating their bites. Here are two:
* Bleach. Sure, just applying bleach onto your skin is not a good idea. However, if you dilute it enough and soak in it, it is gentle enough not to harm you, and also has the added benefit of keeping mosquitoes away without sticky, smelly sprays.
* Vitamins. Some studies have shown that if you take daily supplements of certain vitamins, like zinc and the B vitamin thiamine chloride, mosquitoes will be less attracted to you. Just remember that it may take months for it to build up enough to be effective. | <urn:uuid:6120b8f7-cc19-4c3b-86ce-6358228c806d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.natural-alternative-products.co.uk/treating-mosquito-bites-without-going-to-the-store/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.946385 | 618 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Red ware, undecorated; top of horns broken off.
From (Nag el-Mashiyikh), Cemetery 2002. 1912: excavated by the Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Expedition; assigned to the MFA in the divsion of finds by the government of Egypt. (Accession Date: December 5, 1912)
Harvard University—Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition | <urn:uuid:ce67bddd-c20e-4751-923e-8f6fffc3cc94> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://educators.mfa.org/ancient-world/figurine-cow-276727 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00515-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883051 | 84 | 1.570313 | 2 |
GIFF runs special courses from time to time when the need arises.
At the Ghana Institute of Freight Forwarders we believe in delivering a curriculum that enables students to apply practical skills and knowledge to their career.
Each of our courses is carefully developed by practitioners and subject matter experts to ensure that learning is reflective of contemporary industry trends. Our specially run courses will help prepare you to solve real-life problems as you develop critical-thinking skills and practical knowledge – helping to improve your career prospects and marketability, and ultimately, giving you the opportunity to discover the next stage of your professional life
For currently courses, enquiries for planned dates are welcome.
The Ghana Institute of Freight Forwarders is a member Training School and Authorised for certification of International Civil Aviation Authority and International Federation of Freight Forwarders Association (ICAO/FIATA) Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air.
We provide and certify participants on FIATA/GIFF Multimodal Dangerous Good Training (IMDG Code, ADN, ADR & RID).
Other courses include:
- Project Transportation/Special Forwarding
- Harmonised System (HS Code)
- Oil and Gas Logistics
- Customs Valuations and Classification
- Customs Procedure Codes
- Customs Clearance Process for Exports and Imports.
- Fundamentals of Cargo Handling by Air
- Warehousing & Distribution | <urn:uuid:bfce43e4-6e0b-4962-8304-bdd66200de0b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://ghanafreightforwarders.org/?q=education/other-courses | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.917981 | 294 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Many Nigerians have reacted with anger after the senate rejected a proposed gender and equal opportunity bill aiming to tackle discrimination against women in all sectors of society. The rejection was blamed on the draft law not being compatible with the country's constitution and religious beliefs.
Abubakar Bukola Saraki, senate president and chairman of 8th Assembly, explained in a statement the the bill was rejected as "there were some parts that some senators disagreed with along the lines of religion and tradition." He continued: "The beauty of democracy is that it gives us the opportunity to consider different opinions and this bill can still be represented and reconsidered on the floor of the Senate. There are substantial parts of the bill that are crucial to the development of our nation, such as the equal access to education, strengthening of the laws on violence against women, ending abduction of girls, sustenance and promotion of entrepreneurship opportunities, gender mainstreaming and gender equality, female participation in governance, among others."
The rejection prompted several Nigerians, including senators, to take to social media to vent their outrage or show their support for the bill. Some activists also launched a petition to urge senators to sign the bill into law.
International journalist and global community activist Kemi Nkem Omololu-Olunloyo told IBTimes UK she was "disgusted" after the bill was rejected. "In Nigeria, women are treated as second-class citizens by even ordinary males on the streets. Female legislators are not even given the same due process as the males during speaking sessions and they are sometimes booed," she said. "I personally am known in my city of Ibadan [capital of Oyo State] as being vocal on the streets about this and it is left to us vocal, loud and powerful women in society to educate young girls on how to keep it real. Most of those senators who voted 'nay' should carefully listen to their own daughters very soon."
Olayemi Akande, a prominent Nigerian blogger based in Lagos, said the bill rejection was not surprising. "I had a feeling this rejection would happen. I understand that Nigeria as an African country would not be easily disposed to gender equality both from the religious and cultural point of views," she told IBT. "I really do not see the senate supporting an absolute and total gender equality in all areas. I hope the senate will eventually pass the bill without dragging it for a long time even if compromises might be made. It will be a welcome development for us women." | <urn:uuid:b3dc40d9-a2e7-407a-92c1-fc0e78e254de> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-women-disgusted-equality-bill-incompatible-quran-bible-rejected-1550018 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00437-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977662 | 514 | 1.640625 | 2 |
A rogue, planet-size object 20 light-years away from Earth has stunned astronomers with its incredibly powerful magnetic field.
The scientists found that the object’s magnetic field is more than 200 times stronger than Jupiter’s, which, in turn, is between 16 and 54 times stronger than Earth’s, according to NASA. How the object, which scientists call SIMP J01365663+0933473, can maintain a magnetic field so strong, as well as generate spectacular auroras, is still unclear.
“This particular object is exciting because studying its magnetic dynamo mechanisms can give us new insights on how the same type of mechanisms can operate in extrasolar planets — planets beyond our solar system,” lead study author Melodie Kao, an astrophysicist at Arizona State University, said in a statement from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory published Aug. 2.
And it’s not just the magnetic mechanism that’s leaving scientists with questions right now — there are plenty of other mysteries about the object, which scientists first discovered in 2016.
The object is what scientists call a brown dwarf. Nicknamed “failed stars,” brown dwarfs are larger than planets, but not quite large enough to fuse hydrogen, the way stars do. The boundary line is still debated, but scientists tend to draw it at about 13 times the mass of Jupiter.
Originally, scientists thought SIMP J01365663+0933473 was a gigantic, old brown dwarf. But further study showed that it is instead relatively young, at 200 million years old, and is only 12.7 times the mass of Jupiter. That research also showed that the planet is on its own, not orbiting a star.
“This object is right at the boundary between a planet and a brown dwarf, or ‘failed star,’ and is giving us some surprises that can potentially help us understand magnetic processes on both stars and planets,” Kao said in the statement. “We think these mechanisms can work not only in brown dwarfs, but also in both gas giant and terrestrial planets.”
The team is particularly excited by the new research because it relies in part on radio observations of the object’s auroras — which means that radio telescopes may be able to identify new planets by their auroras | <urn:uuid:9acd5d25-246b-4b1e-a079-0ff668bfbd40> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jasperandsardine.wordpress.com/2018/08/07/drip-feeding-rogue-brown-dwarf-being-studied-by-scientists-after-extreme-electromagnetism-noticed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.943584 | 481 | 3.546875 | 4 |
NEXPReS was a three-year project aimed at further developing e-VLBI services of the European VLBI Network (EVN), with the goal of incorporating e-VLBI into every astronomical observation conducted by the EVN.
NEXPReS is comprised of 15 astronomical institutes and National Research and Education Network (NREN) providers and has four main technical activities:
NEXPReS, integrating VLBI and e-VLBI astronomy techniques, concludes three year project
11 Jul 2013
Triggered e-EVN observations help pinpoint puzzling white dwarf
23 May 2013More news | <urn:uuid:04c47021-f28f-41f8-9432-eba8f207bd6f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.nexpres.eu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00200-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92496 | 125 | 1.8125 | 2 |
3 Answers | Add Yours
Holden is suffering from several psychological problems (that we all suffer from), but his are compounded because he is still in the grieving process, due to his younger brother Allie's death. Holden is stuck in the denial, anger, and depression stages of Kubler-Ross' grieving process. His anger is manifested in passive aggressive verbal attacks and self-inflicted pain (the incident with Maurice; talk of suicide).
He is also sexually repressed, according to psychoanalytic theory. He cannot rationalize his physical (sexual) desires with his emotional denial of them. Therefore, he expresses his "id," childlike self to others in the form of lying and lashing out (verbally) at society (everyone's a "phony").
He is also morally conflicted: he does not want to participate in the materialistic adult world, and so he rebels to the point of near suicide. He admits to being a coward; otherwise, he would have killed himself like James Castle (his ideal hero). Instead, he offers a rebellious middle-course (similar to Mercutio in Rome and Juliet). He lashes out verbally in order for others to hurt, or even kill, him (like the way Tybalt kills Mercutio).
At the beginning of the book, Holden refers obliquely to his mental and emotional state in the following way:
THE CATCHER IN THE RYE
"I'll just tell you about this madman stuff that happened to me around last Christmas just before I got pretty run down and had to come out here and take it easy."
The reader does not know exactly what happened to Holden, but he or she does know that Holden is "run down" and is in a place where he is resting because of some mental illness that is affecting him. In addition, the reader knows that Holden's brother, D.B., is going to come pick him up from where he's resting and bring him home, so Holden is not living at home.
As Holden is retelling his story of how he wound up getting "run down," the reader senses that Holden is negative and depressive. He says of Pencey Prep, the school he was kicked out of, that "it was a terrible school, no matter how you looked at it." Holden is negative about most of what surrounds him, and he continually describes not being able to make a connection with the people around him. For example, as soon as he goes to visit his teacher, Mr. Spencer, he says, "The minute I went in, I was sort of sorry I'd come." Holden clearly wants to make connections with other people, but he can't really do so.
He also regards himself with some disdain. He says, for example, "you felt like you were disappearing every time you crossed a road." He clearly feels like he is disappearing and has no comfortable place to go to after being kicked out of school. As his story unfolds, it's clear that Holden is suffering from mental and emotional anguish caused by disconnection from others and from negativity about the world around him.
in my opinion. he emotion state is a tipical teenage cause he is looking to be loved but at the same time he hates people so I say he is a confused boy
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Teeth whitening is popular for lots of reasons. The most obvious? Having a naturally whiter smile makes you feel great and it is aesthetically pleasing to others. It helps you improve your appearance, enhance your self-esteem and confidence and makes a great impression on others. Tooth whitening is also an easy and more inexpensive procedure to undergo than many other forms of cosmetic dentistry. So, considering cost, results and satisfaction, tooth whitening is one of the most popular cosmetic procedures in the world.
A quick glimpse at history shows that the desire to have white teeth has been around long before the arrival of seductive Hollywood smiles and billion-dollar bleaching campaigns.
People have actually been whitening their teeth for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians used a cream made from oxen hooves mixed with burned eggshell, pumice and water to whiten their teeth. Upper-class Romans added expensive imported urine to their teeth whitening mix (unaware that it was the ammonia molecules that were whitening their teeth). The Greeks had formulations, as did the Europeans who were putting compounds on their teeth in a conscious effort to whiten them during the Renaissance. Unfortunately, those compounds were essentially the equivalent of today’s Clorox & ate the enamel away on the teeth. They had whiter teeth for a while, but then they started to see severe decay.
In contrast to previous teeth whitening methods, today’s treatments are much safer and produce great results – with far less damaging side effects.
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Since 2014, Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies has partnered with University of London’s SOAS Food Studies Centre to co-sponsor a Distinguished Lecture Series for leading scholars, students, journalists, practitioners and members of the public to engage in critical conversations about the nature of food.
In advance of the next event on March 16th, UC Press author and distinguished anthropologist David E. Sutton gives readers a taste of his upcoming lecture, “‘Let Them Eat Stuffed Peppers’: An Argument of Images on the role of Food in Understanding Neoliberal Austerity in Greece.” Click here to register for the Lecture.
“We all ate it together,” was the claim of Deputy Prime Minister Theodoros Pangalos as he tried to explain the origins of the so-called Greek Crisis to an angry crowd of protestors back in 2011. This phrasing struck me at the time because it extends eating together, or “commensality,” into the domain of national politics. Such food imagery fit with my long study on the island of Kalymnos in the Eastern Aegean, where I had been filming people’s everyday cooking practices and writing about the sensory engagement of ordinary Kalymnians with their ingredients and with their kitchen environments, some of the themes that I explore in my book Secrets from the Greek Kitchen: Cooking, Skill and Everyday Life on an Aegean Island. I use my video ethnography of everyday cooking practices to open up questions of memory and transmission of cooking knowledge, tool use and the body, and the potential changes brought about by the advent of cooking shows in Greece. But most importantly in Secrets I try and give a sense of the ways that Kalymnian food culture shapes people’s larger attitudes, and how through their everyday discussions they create a shared food-based worldview, a “gustemology.”
In my talk at SOAS, “Let Them Eat Stuffed Peppers,” I will be continuing this exploration through a look at some of the ways food discourses and practices have developed over the past six years of the Greek Crisis. From debates over the relationship of eating, debt and responsibility, to the growth of solidarity practices such as the “Social Kitchen” movement and the “Potato movement,” to attempts by ordinary Kalymnians to return to past cooking and eating practices as a way of surviving the crisis, food has shaped understandings and responses to new conditions throughout Greece. I look at how certain foods have been associated with protest because of their connection to notions of Greekness, or because of their obvious foreign derivation. I also examine how Kalymnians are dusting off old recipes, and old foraging practices, to cope with times in which sources of livelihood that had been taken for granted for a generation are suddenly under threat.
I develop these themes by making an argument that a healthy food culture such as what exists in Greece is “good to think,” and that it indeed forms something of a discursive antidote to the tendencies of Neoliberal Austerity to abstract from the lives and sufferings of ordinary people. In focusing on neoliberalism I draw on the interconnected notions of “embeddedness,” (Karl Polanyi), “virtualism” (James Carrier, Daniel Miller) and “moral economy” (E. P. Thompson, James Scott), and suggest why a living food culture (a “cuisine,” in Sidney Mintz’s terminology) provides a particularly good perspective for understanding these terms and there interrelations. Indeed, I argue that the intimacy provided by food culture and food practices in Greece provides a vivid, tangible contrast to the abstractions of money and almost incalculable debt. Food is a reminder, for many Greeks, of things that can’t be counted, and of the dehumanizing abstractions of contemporary Europe. (I will touch here on the refugee crisis as well).
These ideas tie back to discussions in Secrets from the Greek Kitchen, where I explore Kalymnian ideas about skillful cooking in contrast to some of the abstractions of molecular gastronomy. I note that taste, for Kalymnians, is always embedded in a social and sensory context that can be skillfully worked, but cannot be randomly manipulated. This forms a contrast with the cooking laboratory of Herve This, a premier molecular gastronomist and exponent of “note-by- note” cuisine, in which foods are replaced by flavor “compounds” with the potential for endless play and exponential recombination. I find these claims to abstract taste from food to be similar to approaches that abstract knowledge from social contexts, such as efforts to promote Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) as a solution to the woes of higher education. Kalymnian foodways were a constant reminder that cooking skills are always defined in relation to the particular challenges of specific cooking environments leads me to question the kind of context-free approach to taste (and knowledge) that has become all too common in contemporary culture.
Finally, I hope to use my lecture to suggest some of the reasons that food can no longer be seen as a specialist topic. Rather, if I have learned anything from my Greek research, it is that food is absolutely central to social and sensory worlds; like kinship, exchange, ritual or gender, it is one of the organizing principles of society and should be recognized as such by future scholarship.
David E. Sutton is Professor of Anthropology at Southern Illinois University.
Can’t attend the Lecture in person? Sign up for the newsletter on gastronomica.org to receive a published transcript and other exclusive content from Gastronomica. | <urn:uuid:69313adf-722a-4625-83d2-19994bd00157> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ucpress.edu/blog/20400/a-taste-of-the-next-gastronomicasoas-lecture-let-them-eat-stuffed-peppers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00117-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949581 | 1,196 | 1.976563 | 2 |
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Deep in a high-desert canyon filled with contorted cottonwoods, stunted blackbrush, cactuses and melodious canyon wrens, the “Holy Ghost” hovers above a sandy wash. Surrounded by lesser figures, the striking specter nearly eight feet tall shimmers on the canyon wall under the relentless sun.
From This Story
Ancient nomads created the larger-than-life image perhaps as long as 7,000 years ago by filling their mouths with red ocher-tinted paint and spraying it out with a mighty burst onto the sandstone. The “Holy Ghost” (p. 50) is the focal point of the Great Gallery, a vast mural some 300 feet long and featuring about 80 figures, located a five-hour drive southeast of Salt LakeCity in Utah’s HorseshoeCanyon. No one knows for sure what the images represent or why they were painted.
David Sucec calls the Great Gallery the “Sistine Chapel” of Utah’s Barrier Canyon—as this style of rock art is called—and says the men and women who painted it were true artists. “It’s clear they weren’t just making images,” he says. “They liked to paint and probably had a tradition of painting and probably had what we would consider masters and apprentices.”
But unlike Michelangelo’s ceiling, the Great Gallery is exposed to the elements. And while many BarrierCanyon paintings remain resplendent, time is dulling them, natural rock spalling is gnawing at them and vandals are desecrating them. The Holy Ghost and others like it are vanishing.
Fourteen years ago Sucec, 67, a former professor of painting and art history at VirginiaCommonwealthUniversity, began to document the thousands of BarrierCanyon images hidden throughout Utah’s labyrinthine canyon country. He enlisted Craig Law, a photography professor at UtahStateUniversity, to join him. The two men journey into Utah’s canyon country each spring and fall. Extreme temperatures prohibit fieldwork the rest of the year. The pair hope to produce a complete record to be used by museums and scholars.
Back when they began, there were thought to be just 160 BarrierCanyon sites on the Colorado Plateau, a vast 130,000- square-mile region that comprises parts of Colorado, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico. At last count, Sucec and Law have visited more than 275 sites, and some rock art connoisseurs believe there could be as many as 400. “I thought it’d take two or three years, and we’d have it done,” says Sucec. “We just continued to find more and more sites.”
More than 500 million years ago, most of what is now the Colorado Plateau, a landscape of colorful buttes, palisades, rock arches and slender red-rock canyons, was covered by ocean. Although mountains began to rise above sea level some 300 million years ago, they were eroded by wind and water to form massive dunes. Eventually the dunes were compacted by erosion into mountains of sandstone. One example is the San Rafael Swell, where soaring canyon walls became stunning palettes for BarrierCanyon artists.
From about 7500 B.C.to about A.D.300, according to Navajo Nation archaeologist Phil R. Geib, small bands of people traveled this harsh landscape, surviving on vegetation and whatever small mammals, fish and birds they could catch with snares and nets. Spears and atlatls (devices used to launch long-shafted darts) were used for deer. Artifacts recovered from a cave in Utah in 1975 include pendants and bracelets made from bones, as well as painted stones and clay figurines.
Some archaeologists who have studied the Barrier Canyon images believe they were created between 1900 B.C.and A.D.300, though Alan Watchman, a research fellow at Australian NationalUniversity, says radiocarbon analysis dates some of them to the Early Archaic period, from about 7430 B.C.to 5260 B.C.Archaeologist Phil Geib also believes the earliest may date to the Archaic period. He notes that a figurine similar in style to BarrierCanyon rock art was recovered in a cave in Utah above a layer of soil dating to around 7500 b.c.Adistinctive style of sandals directly associated with the figurine, he says, dates to around 5400 B.C.
It’s early morning when I follow Sucec and Law, cradling his tripod like a carbine, into the San Rafael Reef. We slip through a 150-foot-deep cleft in the canyon barely an arm span wide in some places. The walls, fluted by floodwaters, are gray, white, pink, bronze and yellow. After perhaps a quarter mile, we come to an expansive rock-rimmed amphitheater where creosote bushes bloom with yellow blossoms on the canyon floor and canyon wrens flit here and there, alighting briefly in piñon and juniper trees that have somehow found purchase in the sandy soil. | <urn:uuid:98d1d9c3-d595-4f64-92fd-e0276d08e553> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/traces-of-a-lost-people-84026156/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00012-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9577 | 1,097 | 2.984375 | 3 |
10 Tips to Growing Marijuana Indoors
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Marijuana Growing Tips
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Too much water can kill young marijuana
plants. Following germination, allow the surface to get
crusty. Stick your finger 3-4 inches under the soil, if
no moisture, then water thoroughly. Sink water should
sit open for 24 hours or more to release chlorine among
other potentially harmful sediments.
NOT Over Fertilize
(2nd most common
If your soil contains certain
do not add more of these with your watering
schedule. When adding nutrients to your water, - apply
every other watering. The vegetative stage likes
more Nitrogen, and the flowering stage like more
Phosphates and less Nitrogen.
Provide A Superior Growing
Temperature, humidity, air circulation and personal
attention are all vital areas that can make for a most
stress free growing environment (or not). Work to keep
these consistent. Play music to your garden and have a
mild breeze pass around the room during certain hours.
Invest in their individual happiness, and you will
prosper greatly in your future satisfaction.
Keep Disposal Separate
Keep all of the trash from your garden in
separate bags from your other refuse (includes
anything). Dispose of all your garden garbage into an
available commercial dumpster when needed. Be sure to
remove and destroy any paper trail items. A fireplace
can be a wonderful amenity to a residential property.
DO NOT Harvest Too Early
This can be tough. Be patient, you have
waited and nurtured for this long. Your plants can
probably gain weight by waiting too. To be sure, wait
until 50% of the pistils have turned brown and you know
you won't be early. I have also harvested from the
bottom or top over a couple of days based on bud
appearance to get them at their most mature. (See
We hope our Top
Tips for Growing
Marijuana Indoors helps you grow better cannabis.
Our intent is to assist
fellow growers in the successful growth and harvest of
high quality marijuana with less cash, risk, and chance
Below is a suggestion for
developing your own marijuana indoor growing soil. It offers initial nutrients
and is PH balanced to provide maximum growth potential.
Organic Marijuana Soil Blend
Consider using this as a starting point for creating
your marijuana grow medium (soil);
50% Miracle Grow or Similar Potting Soil
20% Bat Guano - High Phosphate Fertilizer
10% Organic Seafood Fertilizer
10% Perlite - added to your potting soil
5% Sand (optional)
5% Organic Mix - roots, bark, etc.
Once you have arrived at your soil
choice, be sure to use the same formula for all your
seeds, seedlings, and final transplanting. This
provides minimum stress and shock to the plants while
providing everything they need for a healthy existence.
Be safe my friends -
- Not just in your purchases, but ALL your activities | <urn:uuid:8d201b36-f5ba-4f44-b355-6bb1c0c1be34> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.weedsthatplease.com/growtips.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00487-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899432 | 1,102 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Criminal competition law
German criminal law has neither an original definition of corruption nor a definition of the concept of corruption.
The German Criminal Code contains various definitions of corruptive behavior in different places:
While §§ 331 ff. StGB cover corruption offenses in office, §§ 298 ff. StGB regulate corruption offenses in private business dealings..
The objective of the offences - although covered by the concept of corruption - is also different: the official offences are intended to protect the integrity of the public service, while the legal interest of §§ 298 and 299 et seq. StGB is free competition, i.e. freedom on the market from unfair and undisclosed influences. Only indirectly, the pecuniary interests of the participants in competition are also protected.
Competition law has gained in importance in recent years. On the one hand, the increasing awareness of the public and the business community since it was first regulated in 1997 has led to greater awareness. On the other hand, law enforcement agencies are increasingly specializing in the area, similar to those in antitrust law. This also leads to more and more effective prosecution. Cross-border cases have also gained in importance.
The boundaries between fair methods of competition (permissible sponsorship, socializing with business partners and dual-purpose events) and criminal corrupt conduct have become fluid and not always easy to see through. Sometimes criminal liability depends only on the interpretation of conduct targeted by law enforcement authorities. This makes it all the more important to seek competent support from specialized criminal defense lawyers at an early stage.
In addition to the regulations in criminal law, Section 23 of the Act on the Protection of Trade Secrets (GeschGehG) is a core element of competition criminal law. The regulations are intended to protect companies from the unauthorized dissemination of trade secrets - a violation of the prohibitions on action set out in Section 4 of the GeschGehG is punishable under Section 23.
With the adoption of the GWB Digitization Act in January 2021, the competition authorities are to be able to counter competition issues in the digital space in the future (control of digital companies and market-dominant platforms, control of data access by competitors). the Act provides in sections 81 et seq. provides for fines against private individuals, companies and associations of companies.
Criminal prosecution always poses a considerable (financial) risk for the private individuals and companies concerned. The lawyers of H2W Strafrecht are at your side and help you to bring about the best possible outcome of the proceedings and to reduce monetary consequences.
With the introduction of the so-called competition register, the situation in the area of competition offenses will once again become considerably more serious. In the future, violations of competition law requirements will be recorded in a uniform manner and will be retrievable by contracting authorities. The national register will successively replace the currently existing corruption registers at the state level.
The Act on the Introduction of a Competition Register (WRegG) already came into force on July 29, 2017. The details for implementing the reporting obligations and entries in the competition register have been regulated since 2021 in the legal ordinance on the operation of the register for the protection of competition for public contracts and concessions (Competition Register Ordinance - WRegV). The Federal Cartel Office is the lead agency.
The registration process, which precedes the reporting and query obligations, is currently underway.
Section 2 WRegG lists the offenses to be included in the register. Via the reference to Section 123 (1) of the Act against Restraints of Competition (Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen), criminal offenses are covered by the catalog: bribery/bribery in commercial transactions under Section 299 of the German Criminal Code (StGB); agreements restricting competition under Section 298 of the StGB are listed separately in Section 2 (1) no. 1 lit. e WRegG. In addition, decisions imposing fines on companies or their legal representatives under Sections 30 and 130 OWiG are also covered.
Prior to entry in the register, there is an opportunity to submit comments. In addition, an early deletion can be requested by so-called measures of self-cleaning. Let the attorneys of H2W Strafrecht advise you on this at an early stage. | <urn:uuid:f028a8d6-e5bd-4ce2-97eb-d9e0b6c85636> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://h2w-strafrecht.de/en/criminal-competition-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.942359 | 882 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Muscle function loss is when a muscle doesn't work or move normally. The medical term for complete loss of muscle function is paralysis.
Paralysis; Paresis; Loss of movement; Motor dysfunction
Loss of muscle function may be caused by:
A disease of the muscle itself (myopathy)
A disease of the nervous system: nerve damage (neuropathy), spinal cord or nerve injury, or brain damage (stroke or other brain injury)
The loss of muscle function after these types of events can be severe. Often it will not completely return, even with treatment.
Paralysis can be temporary or permanent. It can affect a small area (localized) or be widespread (generalized). It may affect one side (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral).
If the paralysis affects the lower half of the body and both legs it is called paraplegia. It if affects both arms and legs, it is called quadriplegia. If the paralysis affects the muscles that cause breathing, it is quickly life threatening.
Diseases of the muscles that cause muscle-function loss include:
Congenital myopathies (usually due to a genetic disorder)
Sudden loss of muscle function is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical help.
After you have received medical treatment, your doctor may recommend some of the following measures:
Follow your prescribed therapy.
If the nerves to your face or head are damaged, you may have difficulty chewing and swallowing or closing your eyes. In these cases, a soft diet may be recommended. You will also need some form of eye protection, such as a patch over the eye while you are asleep.
Long-term immobility can cause serious complications. Change positions often and take care of your skin. Range-of-motion exercises may help to maintain some muscle tone.
Griggs RC, Jozefowicz RF, Aminoff MJ. Approach to the patient with neurologic disease. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa. Saunders Elsevier; 2011: chap 403.
Mammen AL, Amato A. Statin myopathy: a review of recent progress. Curr Opin Rheum. 2010;22:644-650.
David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, and Department of Anatomy at UCSF, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc. | <urn:uuid:0a92f017-d499-44cf-af41-111c79d54722> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.northside.com/HealthLibrary/?Path=HIE+Multimedia%5C1%5C003190.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00210-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899034 | 587 | 2.875 | 3 |
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Some Problems Involving Circular and Spherical Targets
Vol. 13, No. 1 (Jan. - Feb., 1965), pp. 18-27
Published by: INFORMS
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/167951
Page Count: 10
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This article is concerned with some problems that occur in certain tactical considerations: how should one place k circles [spheres] in the plane [3-space] so that their union has the greatest standard normal probability measure, that is, so as to maximize the probability that a random normal point will fall in one or more of the circles [spheres]. For k>3 the problem seems hopeless, (except for certain special situations); the case for k=3 is still unresolved and is being worked on by a number of investigators, and the case for k=2 is solved completely in this paper. The results for k=2 have some practical value when applied to actual problems arising in tactical considerations, and some theoretical value, as a method of attacking the problem for k≥ 3.
Operations Research © 1965 INFORMS | <urn:uuid:feba3abd-8393-4639-bbae-0723c365da59> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jstor.org/stable/167951 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00492-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909237 | 263 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Sightlines' Store -
"A dragon in a tree, blossoming bluebells and daffodils, fungi, an enormous muddy pond, a chance to make fire...
Whenever the nursery children from Redesdale First School in North Tyneside go down to the nearby Rising Sun Countryside Park, they're sure of a few surprises.
Their weekly visits have introduced them to the great outdoors and allowed them to discover it at their own pace - and to discover new talents and abilities along the way.
It makes for enchanting viewing, as the children discover the magical environment of the woodland and make it their own. In the process, different individuals hone different skills and gain in confidence." (from Alison Mercer, Nursery World 2001)
A transformative film for early educators wanting to ground their creative practice in nature.
First approaches to the discovery, workings, and uses of measures: from a project in the Diana Preschool.
In the story told here, the children are confronted with a real life situation: the school needs another work table, one that will be identical to the others, the same size and same shape. So what can we do? The children suggest that we call in a carpenter and ask him to build us the table. But how can we show him what we want? The carpenter says: 'Give me all the measurements and I'll make you the table'. The children agree to give him all the measurements. But the carpenter immediately puts them on guard by asking: 'Do you know how to measure?'
Published by Reggio Children (1997)
An important book for all those interested in how to work with children on 'real-life' mathemetical learning experiences.
- exploring musicality as an expressive language in early childhood education.
In this set of projects the focus has been around musicality. We explore how we can better offer the concept of music, of listening, of aural capacities, in the early years learning environment.
We work together to support an educational practice which maximises the potential for children to explore, to make enquiries, to exchange their ideas with one another and to express them.
This DVD presents a year-round experience of collaborative work between musicians and educators in two early years settings and an infant school. It is constructed around themes to illustrate the growing strands of learning of both the adults and the children.
'Musicality is an intrinsic part of the possible languages of expression that we as human beings have as a potential to understand the world.'
Catalogue of the exhibition 'The Hundred Languages of Children' that has been travelling successfully for many years around the world.
The book, with the contributions by different authors, presents through a rich and diversified documentation the evolution of the pedagogical experience in Reggio Emilia and Loris Malaguzzi’s thinking.
With contributions, among others, by Giulio Carlo Argan, Andrea Branzi, Jerome Bruner, Paola Cagliari, Tullio De Mauro, Jurij Ljubimov, Loris Malaguzzi, Clotilde Pontecorvo, Carla Rinaldi
Edited by Tiziana Filippini and Vea Vecchi; graphic design by Rolando Baldini and Vania Vecchi
Published by Reggio Children
The catalogue of an important exhibition (2007) which is already travelling around the world; it speaks about the developments and the innovative flair of the educational experience in Reggio Emilia.
Recent projects carried out in the municipal Infant-toddler Centres and Preschools of Reggio Emilia are presented in five different sections: a wide interdisciplinary kaleidoscope crossing different languages and media. The metaphor well representing the whole cultural project is the one of the democratic piazza, a place open to the exchange of opinions so as to build up a new idea and a new experience of citizenship.
Edited by Ilaria Cavallini, Tiziana Filippini, Vea Vecchi and Lorella Trancossi
Graphic design by Rolando Baldini and Vania Vecchi
2011, 216 pages | <urn:uuid:9f85d488-e188-4a28-b4c8-264909504f55> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sightlines-initiative.com/eshop/category/pedagogy?sort_options=b.product_name-ASC&start=30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.934262 | 887 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The new school year will sneak up on us before we know it. It’s never too soon to start planning out and preparing for the first week of school. Knowing what you need to have completed and what procedures to have in place will set you up for success. Let’s dive in!
Why is the First Week of School so Important?
The first week of school sets the tone for the rest of the school year. Students will be looking to you to see what expectations, rules, and procedures you have in place. They will get a gist of how their school year will go. Additionally, they’ll start making connections with you and their new classmates. The more organized and prepared you are, the better students will be able to acclimate to their new classroom environment.
How Can a Teacher Prepare for the First Week of School?
This post contains affiliate links. If you click a link and make a purchase, I may make a commission. This is at no additional cost to you. You can also click images to shop directly!
1. Create a Welcoming & Calm Classroom Environment
As you are preparing for back-to-school season, you’ll probably start brainstorming classroom decor ideas. One thing to keep in mind is that you want to create a space for your students that is calming, welcoming, and clutter-free. Make sure to have bulletin boards ready for your students’ work to be displayed, a schedule posted somewhere visible, and a cozy classroom library space. Classroom decorations can be colorful and beautiful, without being overstimulating. Remember that you will have all types of learners in your room–including those that are easily distracted.
Shop Classroom Themes & Decor:
2. Get Organized!
According to this article, a study conducted by The Princeton University Neuroscience Institute found that a clean and tidy study space is crucial to academic success. Disorganization and clutter actually makes it more difficult for the brain to focus, causing increased anxiety and stress. Meanwhile, a clutter-free learning environment increases productivity.
With that being said, the last thing we want is to start off the school year with a messy classroom and an anxious state of mind. We want our students to feel comfortable in their space as well. Make sure your classroom supplies are organized, your papers are sorted, and unnecessary items are out of sight. Having a spot for everything helps take the guesswork out of locating supplies for both you and your students. These fun colorful, editable supply labels will help keep everything looking neat and tidy too. Organization is key to preparing for a successful first week of school.
3. Plan the Routines & Procedures for your Classroom
Consider the routines & procedures that will make your classroom run smoothly. Make a list of everything you will need to review with your students during that first week. Think of schedules, behavior management systems, supply & work procedures, attention getters. Having your routines and procedures set from day one gives students the expectations that they must meet.
For younger students and students with learning accommodations, consider adding visuals to your routines and procedures. This helps all students understand what is required.
4. Plan your Classroom Management System(s)
Implementing a strong classroom management system from the first day of school will ensure that the rest of the school year runs smoothly. Start brainstorming what kinds of systems you will use to reinforce positive behaviors in your classroom. What kinds of rewards will you use? How will you monitor and address poor behaviors? Will you use a different method for individual students and whole-group behaviors?
In this article, you’ll find a complete guide on classroom management and dealing with student misbehaviors. I’ve also compiled a list of 15 Tools for Effective Classroom Management.
FREE Reward Coupons
A great classroom management tool that students LOVE & saves teachers from having to refill a treasure chest or treat box each week!
5. Plan Out ‘Get to Know You’ Back-to-School Activities
Just like teachers, students are nervous the first day of school. Chances are, you might have some students that are new to the school. They might not know anyone in their class. Having ‘Get to Know You’ ice breaker activities prepared for the first week of school is a great way to start building classroom community from day one.
With this fun classmate scavenger hunt, students will walk around the room trying to find a classmate to fit each description. This activity will even get your most timid students to participate.
6. Make Sure Everything is Ready!
Finally, make sure all of your copies and activities are ready for the week. The last thing you want is to be scrambling around trying to find things. Have a set place for your copies so they are easily accessible.
If students will be bringing in their supplies the first day of school, make sure to have empty bins labeled and ready to go! Have sharpies on hand so that students can label their notebooks and individual supplies.
5 Things to Remember for the First Day of School
1. Sleep is Important
Try to go to bed early so you’re all rested up for your first day. You may want to stay up late stressing about the details of your upcoming first day, but getting rest will serve you best.
2. Arrive Early
Arrive at school early to be sure you are prepared. Getting to school early helps you skip out on the traffic and prevent feeling panicked. You’ll have extra time to tidy up and to just sit and relax for a few minutes.
3. Be Patient
Be patient with your students and yourself. You are both learning to exist in a new space together. It will take time for things to flow smoothly for both of you, and that’s okay.
4. Introduce Yourself to Your New Coworkers
It’s important to have a friendly face to spot in the hallways. As teachers, we need others that we can collaborate, ask questions, and talk with. Introduce yourself to other professionals in your building and greet them with a smile.
5. You Did It!
As long as everyone feels accepted, is fed, and makes it home safely, you can call it a successful day! The first day of school is overwhelming for teachers and students alike, so if you made it through, consider it a win!
I hope that these tips will help you prepare for this back-to-school season and the first week of school. May this school year be the best year ever! | <urn:uuid:9cb981a5-1a2b-4979-9681-048c3f37feb0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sweettoothteaching.com/2022/07/preparing-first-week-of-school.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.953961 | 1,355 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This is not something new but in the recent years there are a number of people who have been married for a long time and has a family then suddenly decided to come out and live their true lives. It may be new for this generation to hear such a thing but it is more realistic to believe that a number of men and women have been gay and hiding for years. For example, the very married New Jersey governor decided to be honest after being outed about his sexual tryst with a male intern. Obviously, like many others, it’s not just that some men and women come out years after making a marital commitment but also the fact that during their marriages they decided to cheat and become involved in risqué behaviors in order to discover their true sexual preference. So, how does this affect the dating prospect for single Christians?
The term “down-low” is usually in reference to Black American men who have homosexual affairs while in a committed heterosexual relationship and then denying that they are gay. In this post, the reference down-low is indicating men and women of all races who are gay and hiding behind a heterosexual life. In a recent article about the late Oral Roberts’ grandson, Randy Roberts Potts indicated that he knew he was gay but still decided to marry and subsequently have children. He eventually divorced because he was unhappy with pretending. This seem to be the prevailing stories of everyone who becomes ex-hetero.
One has to be living under a rock to not understand why some gay men and women decide on taking the down-low choice. This is a good way to blend in with ‘normal society’ and avoid discrimination. This issue is not isolated to the regular world but it has and will always be a part of the Christian community because the ‘normal people’ make up the church body. Like any other unfaithful behavior, the activities of down-low individuals affect their partners. In the 80’s when HIV and the fatal AIDS rant rampant, a number of unsuspecting heterosexual men and women were being infected by their cheating down-low partners who did not use protection and had multiple lovers. This is no different today as people pass on STIs due to infidelity.
One important caveat is that this post is not advocating any beliefs in causation of homosexuality and HIV or AIDS. The fact is that the down-low individuals will do almost anything to keep their secret. Trying to bottle such a huge lie require compromises which an average individual would not have normally undertake. Take for instance, the senator who solicited a man whom he thought was gay (turns out to be a cop) in a bathroom. The down-low individual is more than likely to engage in high risk behaviors: multiple partners rather than one long-term lover which increases the exposure to STI’s.
Some of the responses of the jilted spouses includes feeling a great sense of anger and bewilderment. How could they have not known until it was too late? Were they ever loved by their down-low spouses? Were their entire marriage and life a lie? Were their lives just wasted years? No one would feel good about being someone’s fall back guy no matter how much of a good explanation was provided. As single Christians, this is another obstacle to consider when dating. Many people are coming out today to live as gay men and women but many are still not comfortable with their orientation. Just like the spouses in the past and some who are living that life right now, it can happen. Some people boost about having a good gaydar but I doubt the average person has such a keen eye.
Due to the unwavering anti-gay sentiments of the church, gay men and women who want to be a part of the Christian community will inevitably hide their sexuality to ‘blend in.’ This spells disaster for a heterosexual single Christian who could find him/herself with a potentially down-low dating partner. There is no win-win in these situation because both people are not entering into a relationship with the whole truth and nothing but the truth. A relationship based on deception is bound to unravel one way or another usually later than sooner.
Is there a way to prevent yourself from being the heterosexual cover for a closeted gay individual? Maybe developing better gaydar? Befriend a gay individual and use him/her as your gaydar? Being conscientious of feminine mannerism for men? Being aware of your date going overboard to prove his/her interest in having a relationship? Is there really a sure-fire way to tell about a person’s homosexual orientation before you are hooked line and sinker? The reality is most people, whether gay or hetero, pretend to be a perfect version of themselves when they just meet someone. It is not until you are hooked and invested before the true nature come forth; however, sometimes, when people are involved they begin to ignore the warnings.
The bottom line is no one is 100% sure about someone else during the mating dance. The only weapon is to use your good judgment when you become suspicious of someone’s behaviors instead of burying your head in the closet. It’s better to ask questions early rather than wait until years of investment to waking up and facing the harsh reality that you have made a big mistake. In this day and age, it would not be too rude to ask your date if s/he has ever had a strong attraction to the same-sex? | <urn:uuid:98d353b7-2712-440c-bef2-c8cbff1398ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://singlechristanwomen.wordpress.com/tag/gay-christians/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00011-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975798 | 1,116 | 1.585938 | 2 |
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Promotional Cool Pens for StudentsWhile advertising is meant to target a wide audience, there are times when a certain company or product is mainly targeted towards a specific audience, such as the elderly or men. In some cases there are certain products that are geared towards students. With these types of products it's important that the company is able to promote properly by using the right type of promotional item. If your company is looking to gain attention from students, the best way to do so is through the use of promotional cool pens. Promotional pens are the perfect promotional item for students because students of all types use pens on a daily basis! From taking notes to writing papers, pens are a must have for high school, college, and post-graduate students alike. Why promotional pens? Since there are probably hundreds of different types of objects that can be used as promotional items for your company, would you choose promotional pens for students as you
The Best Guidelines to Buying Wholesale MerchandiseEvery business owner knows that you need many options to get products at wholesale to put up for sale whether it is an online store or material store. You can find an excess of varying prices and a broad selection from a variety of manufacturers, wholesalers, and even distributors that can supply you with the products you need for your inventory. But with so many deals out there how do you find the best options for wholesale quality products that will really be profitable for your business. Well there is a course of action that many other business owners recommend for purchasing wholesale at the finest rates and highest quality merchandise, and make the profitable for your business. Generally most wholesalers will acquire vast quantities of various products from the manufacturer directly. The greatest saving you can make is in bulk purchases. Despite the fact that most wholesalers require a minimum quantity order, it is not expected that cust
Custom Sports Bottles Are Excellent For Companies That Work With Sports PeopleFor any business or organization that deals with athletes, custom sports bottles should be at the forefront as a marketing and promotional tool. Hydration is vital for the success of any sports enthusiast or professional, ranging from sports like tennis and hockey to cyclists and runners. Wherever water is needed, cups, bottles or other containers are also necessary. Depending on the sport, disposable bottles may be preferred, though the most benefit is gained from the use of reusable bottles that are labeled with your brands logo and name. However, there are a few things that you need to keep in mind if you wish to use bottles as a part of your marketing campaigns. First, you need to decide what quality of custom sports bottles you need for a successful marketing campaign. Bottle quality involves factors such as Bisphenol A, which is a substance that is considered a contaminate that is unsafe for consumption by babies and younger children. Hig | <urn:uuid:672bfa6f-42ee-4040-be43-8abca81de1c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.sz-wholesale.com/Search-Result/oz-Pilsner-clear-styrene/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00118-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948617 | 1,109 | 1.515625 | 2 |
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
- Some 1,456,500 persons aged 15-24 years were attending an educational institution in September 1999, representing 55% of the population in this age range. In 1994 the education participation rate was 49%.
STATE OF RESIDENCE
- There were 11% (144,700 more students in total in September 1999 than in 1994. School student numbers were up by 5% (37,300) and tertiary students numbers up by 17% (107,400). Increases in full-time attendance (24% or 92,400) accounted for most of the movement in tertiary student numbers (table 7).
- Some 734,700 persons aged 15-24 were attending school, 425,900 persons were attending higher education institutions, and 237,100 persons were at Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutions. The remaining 58,900 persons were at business colleges, industry skills centres or other educational institutions (table 1).
COUNTRY OF BIRTH
- The education participation rate for 15-24 year olds was highest in the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria at 59%, while New South Wales (57%) was also above the national average of 55% (table 3).
- School participation for persons aged 15-19
- Of 15-24 year olds born overseas, 62% were attending an educational institution in September 1999, compared to 53% of persons born in Australia (table 4).
- The school participation rate of persons aged 15-19 years is 1% higher in 1999 than in 1994, and is currently at its highest rate (55%) for this period (table 7).
- Participation rates in tertiary education by 15-24 year olds went from 23% in 1994 to 27% in 1999. Two-thirds of all students were employed with 40% of these working 35 hours or more per week (table 7).
- There were 425,900 higher education students aged 15-24 years in September 1999, 75,000 more than in September 1993 and 55,800 more than in 1996. TAFE students numbered 237,100 in September 1999, a decrease of 4,300 from the 1993 figure and 3,400 less than in 1996 (table 13).
STUDY FOR A RECOGNISED EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
- Some 735,100 males and 721,300 females aged 15-24 were attending educational institutions in September 1999. There were 32,500 more females than males in higher education institutions (table 1).
TYPE OF SCHOOL LAST ATTENDED
- In September 1999, 674,700 persons were studying for a recognised educational qualification at a tertiary institution, 59% (398,600) of whom were studying for a bachelor degree or higher qualification. A further 24% (165,200) were in vocational courses, and 13% (90,700) were studying for an undergraduate or associate diploma (table 9).
- Of the 276,200 former non-government school students studying for a recognised educational qualification at a tertiary institution, 69% were studying for a bachelor degree or higher qualification. The equivalent proportion for former government school students was 52% (table 8).
- Of participants in higher education seeking a recognised educational qualification, 53% had attended government schools. In comparison, the figure for TAFE was 71%. Overall, 59% of participants in tertiary education had attended government schools(table 8).
MIXING WORK AND EDUCATION
- Of the 225,100 female tertiary students who were employed in September 1999, 60,000 (27%) were working full-time and studying part-time, and 135,000 (60%) were working part-time and studying full-time. Of the 244,900 male tertiary students who were employed, 113,000 (46%) were working full-time and studying part-time, and 106,700 (44%) were working part-time and studying full-time (table 6).
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION
The statistics in this publication relate to persons aged 15-24 in September 1999. | <urn:uuid:a46a48de-6b6b-42a1-b90a-35cac4d9bf31> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/PrimaryMainFeatures/6272.0?OpenDocument | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00428-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978377 | 839 | 2.578125 | 3 |
He is the one who comes after me, the straps of whose sandals I am not worthy to untie. John 1:27, NIV
To be posthumously remembered as a disciple comes with accolades and praise. But the real, everyday life of a disciple is anything but prestigious. A disciple does more than learn the ways, teachings, and philosophy of his master. If the master says leave your nets, your job, and follow me, you do just that. If the master says leave your family and go on a missionary journey, you do just that. If the master says forget about the rules, go break the law and fetch me some grain on the Sabbath Day to fix the rumble in my tummy, you do just that. If the master says he’s got to leave for good, and you need to bear the risk of being stoned to death or crucified upside down, you do just that.
There is no glamor in being a disciple. A disciple in Jesus’ time was one who followed a master and did his bidding. The master had the right to ask pretty much anything of his disciple. Anything. That is, anything except the tasks of a slave. Menial tasks like untying the laces of a dirty pair of sandals and washing the dusty feet of the master was the job of a slave, not a disciple.
But there is more to the difference between a disciple and a slave. A slave is owned by the master; he has no choice but to do whatever the master asks of him. Whether the master asks the slave to take of his shoes or to die for him, the slave has no choice but to obey. The disciple, on the other hand, chooses to—wants to, of his own free will—obey the master. The slave does what he does without questioning the master; the disciples does what he does with understanding of and belief in the master.
When John the Baptist said he was unworthy of even untying Jesus’ sandals, he was saying Jesus is all that matters. Who I am–disciple, slave, or nobody—is of little significance. What matters is that I point the way to Jesus.
William Barclay says it best: “[John the Baptist] is the great example of the man prepared to obliterate himself in order that Jesus Christ may be seen. He was only, as he saw it, a finger-post pointing to Christ. God give us grace to forget ourselves and to remember only Christ.”
When you forget yourself in your love for Christ, everything about you points others to Christ. That’s being a disciple. | <urn:uuid:27b4f8ce-01b4-4171-a001-4a9c1c99457a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fylvia.com/tag/john-127-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.97412 | 549 | 1.898438 | 2 |
On the return trip I met the flock about three miles east of Lake Tenaya. Here we camped for the night near a small lake lying on top of the divide in a clump of the two-leaved pine. We are now about nine thousand feet above the sea. Small lakes abound in all sorts of situations,—on ridges, along mountain sides, and in piles of moraine boulders, most of[Pg 200] them mere pools. Only in those cañons of the larger streams at the foot of declivities, where the down thrust of the glaciers was heaviest, do we find lakes of considerable size and depth. How grateful a task it would be to trace them all and study them! How pure their waters are, clear as crystal in polished stone basins! None of them, so far as I have seen, have fishes, I suppose on account of falls making them inaccessible. Yet one would think their eggs might get into these lakes by some chance or other; on ducks’ feet, for example, or in their mouths, or in their crops, as some plant seeds are distributed. Nature has so many ways of doing such things. How did the frogs, found in all the bogs and pools and lakes, however high, manage to get up these mountains? Surely not by jumping. Such excursions through miles of dry brush and boulders would be very hard on frogs. Perhaps their stringy gelatinous spawn is occasionally entangled or glued on the feet of water birds. Anyhow, they are here and in hearty health and voice. I like their cheery tronk and crink. They take the place of songbirds at a pinch.I have been examining the curious and influential shrub Adenostoma fasciculata, first noticed about Horseshoe Bend. It is very abundant on the lower slopes of the second plateau near Coulterville, forming a dense, almost impenetrable growth that looks dark in the distance. It belongs to the rose family, is about six or eight feet high, has small white flowers in racemes eight to twelve inches long, round needle-like leaves, and reddish bark that becomes shreddy when old. It grows on sun-beaten slopes, and like grass is often swept away by running fires, but is quickly renewed from the roots. Any trees that may have established themselves in its midst are at length killed by these fires, and this no doubt is the secret of the unbroken character of its broad belts. A few manzanitas, which also rise again from the root after consuming fires, make out to dwell with it, also a few[Pg 20] bush compositæ—baccharis and linosyris, and some liliaceous plants, mostly calochortus and brodiæa, with deepset bulbs safe from fire. A multitude of birds and “wee, sleekit, cow’rin’, tim’rous beasties” find good homes in its deepest thickets, and the open bays and lanes that fringe the margins of its main belts offer shelter and food to the deer when winter storms drive them down from their high mountain pastures. A most admirable plant! It is now in bloom, and I like to wear its pretty fragrant racemes in my buttonhole.
The California gray is one of the most beautiful, and, next to the Douglas, the most interesting of our hairy neighbors. Compared with the Douglas he is twice as large, but far less lively and influential as a worker in the woods and he manages to make his way through leaves and branches with less stir than his small brother. I have never heard him bark at anything except our dogs. When in search of food he glides silently from branch to branch, examining last year’s cones, to see whether some few seeds may not be left between the scales, or gleans fallen ones among the leaves on the ground, since none of the present season’s crop is yet available. His tail floats now behind him, now above him, level[Pg 70] or gracefully curled like a wisp of cirrus cloud, every hair in its place, clean and shining and radiant as thistle-down in spite of rough, gummy work. His whole body seems about as unsubstantial as his tail. The little Douglas is fiery, peppery, full of brag and fight and show, with movements so quick and keen they almost sting the onlooker, and the harlequin gyrating show he makes of himself turns one giddy to see. The gray is shy, and oftentimes stealthy in his movements, as if half expecting an enemy in every tree and bush, and back of every log, wishing only to be let alone apparently, and manifesting no desire to be seen or admired or feared. The Indians hunt this species for food, a good cause for caution, not to mention other enemies—hawks, snakes, wild cats. In woods where food is abundant they wear paths through sheltering thickets and over prostrate trees to some favorite pool where in hot and dry weather they drink at nearly the same hour every day. These pools are said to be narrowly watched, especially by the boys, who lie in ambush with bow and arrow, and kill without noise. But, in spite of enemies, squirrels are happy fellows, forest favorites, types of tireless life. Of all Nature’s wild beasts, they seem to me the wildest. May we come to know each other better.[Pg 71]
The pack-animals were led by Don Quixote, a heavy rifle over his shoulder intended for bears and wolves. This day has been as hot and dusty as the first, leading over gently sloping brown hills, with mostly the same vegetation, excepting the strange-looking Sabine pine (Pinus Sabiniana), which here forms small groves or is scattered among the blue oaks. The trunk divides at a height of fifteen or twenty feet into two or more stems, outleaning or nearly upright, with many straggling branches and long gray needles, casting but little shade. In general appearance this tree looks more like a palm than a pine. The cones are about six or seven inches long, about five in diameter, very heavy, and last long after they fall, so that the ground beneath the trees is covered with them. They make fine resiny, light-giving camp-fires, next to ears of Indian corn the most beautiful fuel I’ve ever seen. The nuts, the Don tells me, are gathered in large quantities by the Digger Indians for food. They are about as large and hard-shelled as hazelnuts—food and fire fit for the gods from the same fruit.[Pg 13]
At Crane Flat we climbed a thousand feet or more in a distance of about two miles, the forest growing more dense and the silvery magnifica fir forming a still greater portion of the whole. Crane Flat is a meadow with a wide sandy border lying on the top of the divide. It is often visited by blue cranes to rest and feed on their long journeys, hence the name. It is about half a mile long, draining into the Merced, sedgy in the middle, with a margin bright with lilies, columbines, lark[Pg 93]spurs, lupines, castilleia, then an outer zone of dry, gently sloping ground starred with a multitude of small flowers,—eunanus, mimulus, gilia, with rosettes of spraguea, and tufts of several species of eriogonum and the brilliant zauschneria. The noble forest wall about it is made up of the two silver firs and the yellow and sugar pines, which here seem to reach their highest pitch of beauty and grandeur; for the elevation, six thousand feet or a little more, is not too great for the sugar and yellow pines or too low for the magnifica fir, while the concolor seems to find this elevation the best possible. About a mile from the north end of the flat there is a grove of Sequoia gigantea, the king of all the conifers. Furthermore, the Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) and Libocedrus decurrens, and a few two-leaved pines, occur here and there, forming a small part of the forest. Three pines, two silver firs, one Douglas spruce, one sequoia,—all of them, except the two-leaved pine, colossal trees,—are found here together, an assemblage of conifers unrivaled on the globe.How the day passed I hardly know. By the map I have come only about ten or twelve miles, though the sun is already low in the west, showing how long I must have lingered, observing, sketching, taking notes among the glaciated rocks and moraines and Alpine flower-beds.
andar bahar hack
The smaller animals wander about as if in a tropical forest. I saw the entire flock of sheep vanish at one side of a patch and reappear a hundred yards farther on at the other, their[Pg 41] progress betrayed only by the jerking and trembling of the fronds; and strange to say very few of the stout woody stalks were broken. I sat a long time beneath the tallest fronds, and never enjoyed anything in the way of a bower of wild leaves more strangely impressive. Only spread a fern frond over a man’s head and worldly cares are cast out, and freedom and beauty and peace come in. The waving of a pine tree on the top of a mountain,—a magic wand in Nature’s hand,—every devout mountaineer knows its power; but the marvelous beauty value of what the Scotch call a breckan in a still dell, what poet has sung this? It would seem impossible that any one, however incrusted with care, could escape the Godful influence of these sacred fern forests. Yet this very day I saw a shepherd pass through one of the finest of them without betraying more feeling than his sheep. “What do you think of these grand ferns?” I asked. “Oh, they’re only d——d big brakes,” he replied.A marked plant is the bush poppy (Dendromecon rigidum), found on the hot hillsides near camp, the only woody member of the order I have yet met in all my walks. Its flowers are bright orange yellow, an inch to two inches wide, fruit-pods three or four inches long, slender and curving,—height of bushes about four feet, made up of many slim, straight branches, radiating from the root,—a companion of the manzanita and other sun-loving chaparral shrubs.Glad to get back to the green side of the mountains, though I have greatly enjoyed the gray east side and hope to see more of it. Reading these grand mountain manuscripts displayed through every vicissitude of heat and cold, calm and storm, upheaving volcanoes and down-grinding glaciers, we see that everything in Nature called destruction must be creation—a change from beauty to beauty.How the day passed I hardly know. By the map I have come only about ten or twelve miles, though the sun is already low in the west, showing how long I must have lingered, observing, sketching, taking notes among the glaciated rocks and moraines and Alpine flower-beds.
September 2. A grand, red, rosy, crimson day,—a perfect glory of a day. What it means I don’t know. It is the first marked change from tranquil sunshine with purple mornings and evenings and still, white noons. There is nothing like a storm, however. The average cloudiness only about .08, and there is no sighing in the woods to betoken a big weather change. The sky was red in the[Pg 242] morning and evening, the color not diffused like the ordinary purple glow, but loaded upon separate well-defined clouds that remained motionless, as if anchored around the jagged mountain-fenced horizon. A deep-red cap, bluffy around its sides, lingered a long time on Mount Dana and Mount Gibbs, drooping so low as to hide most of their bases, but leaving Dana’s round summit free, which seemed to float separate and alone over the big crimson cloud. Mammoth Mountain, to the south of Gibbs and Bloody Cañon, striped and spotted with snow-banks and clumps of dwarf pine, was also favored with a glorious crimson cap, in the making of which there was no trace of economy—a huge bossy pile colored with a perfect passion of crimson that seemed important enough to be sent off to burn among the stars in majestic independence. One is constantly reminded of the infinite lavishness and fertility of Nature—inexhaustible abundance amid what seems enormous waste. And yet when we look into any of her operations that lie within reach of our minds, we learn that no particle of her material is wasted or worn out. It is eternally flowing from use to use, beauty to yet higher beauty; and we soon cease to lament waste and death, and rather rejoice and exult in the imperishable, unspendable[Pg 243] wealth of the universe, and faithfully watch and wait the reappearance of everything that melts and fades and dies about us, feeling sure that its next appearance will be better and more beautiful than the last.
August 7. Early this morning bade good-bye to the bears and blessed silver fir camp, and moved slowly eastward along the Mono Trail. At sundown camped for the night on one of the many small flowery meadows so greatly enjoyed on my excursion to Lake Tenaya. The dusty, noisy flock seems outrageously foreign and out of place in these nature gardens, more so than bears among sheep. The harm they do goes to the heart, but glorious hope lifts above all the dust and din and bids me look forward to a good time coming, when money enough will be earned to enable me to go walking where I like in pure wildness, with what I can carry on my back, and when the bread-sack is empty, run down to the nearest point on the bread-line for more. Nor will these run-downs be blanks, for, whether up or down, every step and jump on these blessed mountains is full of fine lessons.
August 27. Clouds only .05,—mostly white and pink cumuli over the Hoffman spur towards evening,—frosty morning. Crystals grow in marvelous beauty and perfection of form these still nights, every one built as carefully as the grandest holiest temple, as if planned to endure forever. | <urn:uuid:69682cf2-0c60-40cf-aa65-55a64e9cd371> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://mnots.com/so/?key=dragon%20tiger%20prediction%20website%20hack%20live%20proof | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.959379 | 3,082 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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PGDM in HR
The PGDM course aims at providing inputs to the students relevant to the business industry and trade so that they can function in different organizations and face the challenges arising there from. The course not only aims at providing knowledge and skills in different areas of management, but also provides inputs necessary for the overall development of the personality of the students.
The structure of the Course is designed in a way that students have to study the core courses from different functional areas of management that are made compulsory. Later on, specializations are offered in functional areas where the students can opt for two specializations out of the five offered: Marketing, Finance, IT,HR and IB Right from the beginning of the course, the focus is on providing relevant inputs through case discussion/ analysis, simulation games, role plays etc. keeping in mind the current business scenario.Broadly, the course is of two years divided into four semesters.
Managerial Economics Conceptual Framework of Management Business Laws Business Statistics Computer Application in Management Accounting & Financial Analysis Communication for Management E-Business
Marketing Management Production & Operations Management Operations Research Financial Management Research Methodology Economic Environment of Business Managing Human Resource International Business and Trade
Supply Chain Management Strategic Management Management Information systems Sepcialisation:HR Summer Training Project Report
Entrepreneurship Ethics & Corporate Governance Total Quality Management Sepcialisation:HR Research Project Report Comprehensive Viva | <urn:uuid:55772270-dd34-4284-ba23-8940339c2e45> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.emagister.in/pgdm_hr_courses-ec2648865.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.891936 | 411 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Minnetonka City Councilmember Deb Calvert kept some Talmudic wisdom in mind Monday night “He who saves one life saves the world entire.” With that, Calvert was part of the unanimous Minnetonka City Council that voted for a mask ordinance. The voting took place as part of a 5-hour-long virtual meeting.
“I was pleasantly surprised,” Calvert said. “We were all contacted by constituents, But city staff had put something on the website where people could weigh in and there were more than 250 emails. And that wasn’t counting the ones that just came to me.”
Calvert took the time to tally if people were for or against the ordinance, and it came out to 80 percent in favor.
“People threatened not to shop in Minnetonka if we had a mask ordinance, and not to shop in Minnetonka if we didn’t (pass one),” she said.
The Minnetonka ordinance goes into effect on July 23; check the city’s website for the full list of rules regarding the ordinance. Minnetonka joins Minneapolis, St. Paul, Edina, and Duluth as some of the cities with local mask ordinances. On Tuesday, the Minnesota Rabbinical Association released a statement that called on Gov. Tim Walz to enact a statewide mask ordinance. There are 23 states that require masks.
Calvert said the city council decided not to take on a resolution encouraging the governor to make a statewide mask ordinance; she said that the council unanimously passing the ordinance was good enough.
“There is a vocal minority – and they are very vocal. And the thought process is alarming,” Calvert said. “[They say] ‘it’s overblown and we are making it political.’ I’m doing the opposite. I’m following the science, not the politics. I’m trying to take the politics out. That’s what I like about being in a non-partisan seat. I’m trying to weigh the issues on their merit. To me, there is overwhelming evidence for this.” | <urn:uuid:f80acf61-379d-4cb5-9b6d-2f07a4b2c838> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tcjewfolk.com/talmudic-wisdom-shows-up-as-minnetonka-passes-mask-ordinance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.972216 | 458 | 1.507813 | 2 |
The Tax Foundation’s score of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
Update: The Washington Center for Equitable Growth has issued a statement regarding the Tax Foundation’s response to this critique.
The Tax Foundation last week released an analysis estimating that the recently released Tax Cuts and Jobs Act would increase U.S. Gross Domestic Product by 3.9 percent.1 The Trump administration and congressional Republicans have made it clear that they will justify their new tax proposals in large part on the basis of claims about economic growth and an associated increase in incomes, and proponents of the legislation immediately seized upon the Tax Foundation’s estimates as support for their claims. This note identifies two issues in the Tax Foundation’s analysis that suggest its estimated increase in GDP is probably substantially overstated.
First, the Tax Foundation appears to incorrectly model the interaction between federal and state corporate income taxes, thus overstating the effect of statutory rate cuts. Second, the Tax Foundation appears to treat the estate tax as a nondeductible annual property tax paid by businesses, which results in inflated estimates of the effect of repealing the tax. Appropriately addressing the issues raised in this note could reduce the Tax Foundation’s estimate of the increase in GDP that would result from the legislation to 1.9 percent—a reduction of roughly half—even if there are no other issues with the Tax Foundation’s estimates.
There is substantial uncertainty in this estimate of the GDP impact that would be generated by a revised version of the Tax Foundation model since it depends on an attempt to approximate the results of a model for which only partial documentation is publicly available. The estimate that would be generated by a revised model could be larger or smaller than this value.
Nonetheless, the significance of this difference raises important questions about the reliability of the Tax Foundation’s estimates. Critical assessment of the Tax Foundation’s analysis is particularly warranted, as some legislators have suggested that they might consider dynamic scores from organizations other than the nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation—the traditional source of nonpartisan estimates of congressional tax proposals—in determining the budgetary effects of the legislation.
This note does not attempt a complete assessment of the Tax Foundation model, which would be impossible without greater knowledge of the equations that make up the model. The criticisms raised in this analysis are based on inspection of publicly available estimates and documentation, as well as communication with Tax Foundation staff.2
The Tax Foundation appears to incorrectly model the interaction between federal and state taxes, inflating the effects of changes in the statutory corporate rate
The Tax Foundation model assumes that there is a fixed return required by investors. The long-run capital stock is set equal to the level at which a $1 increase in investment yields a pretax return sufficient to generate exactly that fixed required return after taxes. In computing the taxes on this $1 increase in investment, the Tax Foundation uses an estimate of the effective marginal tax rate on new investment.
It is well understood that the effective marginal tax rate on new investment can differ substantially from the statutory tax rate on business income. For example, in the case of a business tax system that allows full expensing—a policy under which businesses may deduct the full cost of any investment in the year the expense is incurred—the business-level effective marginal tax rate is zero, regardless of the statutory rate.3
Given this general finding, it is surprising that estimates generated by the Tax Foundation model suggest large effects of reductions in the statutory corporate rate, even after adoption of full expensing. The Tax Foundation’s estimates of House Republicans’ “Better Way” tax plan, for example, suggest that even after adopting full expensing and repealing the estate tax, reducing the corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 20 percent would increase the size of the economy by 1.7 percent.4
A more recent Tax Foundation analysis concluded that full expensing for C corporations would increase GDP by 3 percent, a reduction in the statutory corporate rate from 35 percent to 20 percent would increase GDP by 3.1 percent, and both policies together would increase GDP by 4.5 percent.5 This analysis thus suggests not only a large effect of statutory rate cuts on top of expensing, but also finds that a 15 percentage point reduction in the corporate rate would have a larger effect than full expensing. This result is surprising, as expensing would be expected to have an effect roughly equivalent to reducing the statutory corporate rate to zero in a model like that used by the Tax Foundation.
These results are unusual for a model that determines the capital stock based on the effective marginal tax rate on new investment. Changes in the statutory rate could have an effect on the economy independent of the effective marginal tax rate in a model that assumes shifting of real economic activity across borders in response to changes in statutory rates. The Tax Foundation model, however, does not appear to include this channel, so this cannot explain the results.6
Another potential reason for the large effects of the statutory rate reduction could be that the Tax Foundation might compute effective marginal tax rates on intellectual property using a different methodology than for other types of assets. Some analysts have suggested that traditional effective marginal tax rate computations are inappropriate for intellectual property because the nature of such investments differs. But there is no indication that the Tax Foundation has chosen this approach.7
One factor that may partially explain these unexpected results could be that the Tax Foundation’s estimates of proposals to provide full expensing do not include expensing of inventories. If this is the case then proposals to reduce the statutory corporate rate would reduce the effective marginal tax rate on inventories, yet proposals for full expensing would not. As inventories account for less than 10 percent of the corporate capital stock, this could have a modest but noticeable impact on the results.8
In response to an inquiry about the growth from cutting the statutory rate, even after enacting expensing and repealing the estate tax in the “Better Way” plan, Tax Foundation staff attributed this growth to interactions between the federal corporate income tax and property, excise, and state and local taxes. On its surface, this does little to resolve the mystery, as state and local taxes are generally deductible from federal corporate income taxes, and the deductibility of such taxes would seem likely to moderate or eliminate most interactions.9 A recent paper from the Tax Foundation, “Measuring [the] Marginal Tax Rate on Capital Assets,” offers a potential explanation for why the Tax Foundation’s model might generate this surprising interaction.10
Specifically, the formula in this paper for computing the service price of capital—the pretax return gross of depreciation required for an investment to yield the required after-tax return—appears to suggest that federal corporate taxes are deductible from state corporate taxes when determining the value of depreciation allowances, but also that federal corporate taxes are not deductible from state corporate taxes when determining the rate at which profits are taxed.11
This apparent inconsistency would inflate the estimated tax rate on investments by undervaluing the depreciation deductions to which a business is entitled. More importantly, it would create a potentially spurious interaction that would cause reductions in the statutory corporate tax rate to reduce the effective marginal tax rate in the model—even when no such effect exists in practice. It would also likely cause the model to understate the growth impact of expensing.
To get a rough sense of the quantitative significance of this interaction, assume that the Tax Foundation’s recent estimate of the growth impact of expensing for C corporations and a 20 percent corporate rate is an approximately valid estimate for the impact of a proposal to expense capital investment including inventories. (This assumption is likely not precisely correct. Expensing of inventories would tend to increase the estimate and the potentially spurious interaction with state and local taxes likely could increase or decrease it depending on other details of the model.)
In models like that used by the Tax Foundation in which the effective marginal tax rate drives economic behavior, reducing the statutory corporate rate to zero would tend to yield the same result as providing full expensing. Thus, a rough estimate of the impact of reducing the statutory rate would be the ratio of the proposed reduction in the statutory corporate rate to the current statutory rate multiplied by the economic impact of full expensing including inventories. This suggests an estimate of the GDP impact of reducing the statutory corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 20 percent of 1.9 percent, rather than 3.1 percent.
This approximation for a revised estimate of the impact of reducing the statutory rate from 35 percent to 20 percent in the Tax Foundation model is subject to several sources of uncertainty. First, it assumes that the diagnosis of a spurious interaction between federal corporate taxes and state corporate taxes in the Tax Foundation model is correct. Second, it uses the Tax Foundation’s recent estimate of the impact of full expensing for C corporations and a 20 percent corporate rate as an estimate of the impact of full expensing including inventories. This could be understated if the impact of expensing inventories on GDP is particularly large, due to the impact of the federal-state interaction on the growth impact of expensing, or due to other interactions with the corporate rate such as that discussed in the next section. Third, it uses a linear approximation for the relationship of the rate cut proposal to a full expensing proposal, which likely slightly overstates the adjustment.
Notwithstanding this uncertainty, using this estimate of the increase in GDP from a reduction in the statutory rate from 35 percent to 20 percent would reduce the growth effect from 3.9 percent to 2.7 percent, a reduction of about one third. Even if the appropriate adjustment is somewhat overstated, it would still reflect a substantial change in GDP. Notably, this potentially spurious interaction would appear to affect any estimate generated by the Tax Foundation model for proposals that change the corporate tax rate—not only its estimates of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.
The Tax Foundation appears to treat the estate tax as an annual property tax paid by businesses, which would overstate the effects of repeal
As noted above, the capital stock in the Tax Foundation model is set at the level at which a $1 increase in investment yields a pretax return sufficient to generate a fixed return required by investors. In computing the tax rate for this computation, the Tax Foundation appears to incorporate a cost associated with the estate tax that would be equivalent to treating the estate tax as an annual nondeductible property tax paid by businesses.12 The tax rate appears to be based on a measure of the average estate tax liability divided by the capital stock, which is then grossed up to reflect a marginal rate.13
Treating the estate tax as a property tax paid by businesses would not be an accurate description of the practical operation of the tax. The estate tax applies to the transfer of personal estates with a value of more than roughly $11 million at death for couples.14 If this is, in fact, the modeling assumption adopted in the Tax Foundation model, it would seem to suffer from several flaws.
First, the Tax Foundation model is a model of homogeneous capital. In other words, there is nothing unique about assets held by one business relative to those held by others or about the capital provided by one investor relative to another.15 If capital is homogeneous, then there is no reason the marginal supplier of capital would necessarily be subject to the estate tax at all. Indeed, the underlying assumption of the model appears to be not only that increases in investment financed by increases in saving are uniform (in percentage terms) across the population, but also that they translate into increases in assets held at death, which also need not be true.16
Second, as noted above, the Tax Foundation assumes a fixed required rate of return. The assumption that there is a fixed rate of return required by investors is often referred to as the small open economy assumption and is justified on the basis that there is a global pool of capital ready and willing to finance profitable investments in the United States. Tax Foundation staff have endorsed this label and justification in descriptions of their model.17 Yet assuming that foreign investors are the marginal source of finance can dramatically change the effects of the tax system on the economy. In the extreme case in which capital is perfectly mobile across countries—the assumption made by the Tax Foundation—investor-level taxes in the United States that do not apply to foreign investors become irrelevant to the determination of the capital stock.18
While there are cases in which foreign residents are subject to the U.S. estate tax, there are numerous ways for foreigners to avoid the tax through planning or careful selection of assets. There is no compelling reason to think that in a small open economy model, foreign residents would treat the U.S. estate tax as fully marginal in their decision-making.
Third, this modeling approach appears to treat the estate tax as a nondeductible tax for the purposes of business income taxes.19 If the tax is nondeductible, then businesses must not only pay the estate tax but also corporate income tax on the additional return they earn to cover the estate tax. This modeling assumption would appear to create spurious interactions between different taxes. Suppose, for example, the United States adopted full expensing at both the federal and state levels. Corporate income taxes would then not affect the rate of return on an investment. But because the Tax Foundation model appears to treat the estate tax as a nondeductible tax, the statutory corporate tax rate would still discourage investment because it would increase the effective estate tax rate. Thus, even if the U.S. estate tax did affect the effective marginal tax rate in a small open economy model, the modeling approach would still appear to be inappropriate.
In the context of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the Tax Foundation estimates that repealing the estate tax would increase GDP by 0.9 percent.20 But if this estimate is based on a decision to model the estate tax as a property tax paid by businesses, then this result is likely inappropriate. In a small open economy model with homogeneous capital, zero would probably be a more appropriate estimate. Reducing the impact of estate tax repeal from 0.9 percent to zero would represent a roughly 25 percent reduction in the growth effects of the plan.
It is important to note that the estate tax could, at least in theory, have important effects on the level of output in models that reject other assumptions of the Tax Foundation’s model. But this would require more substantial changes to the Tax Foundation model that would have significant consequences for estimates of the effect of other policies. In a closed economy model, for example, it might be reasonable to assume that some portion of the additional savings necessary to finance an increase in investment would come from wealthy families subject to the estate tax. Or, as another possibility, recognizing the heterogeneous nature of capital and the frequency of company founders and their heirs among the wealthiest Americans, one could argue for impacts based on indirect taxation of new businesses. Yet pursuing this latter approach would require a more significant recognition of the estate tax as a burden on labor rather than capital than the Tax Foundation’s current marginal tax rate computations suggest.
This note is far from a complete assessment of the Tax Foundation model, and conducting such an assessment would be challenging given the limited information publicly available about the model. Nevertheless, this note concludes that the Tax Foundation’s model probably includes at least two important flaws. Addressing these two flaws could reduce the Tax Foundation’s estimates of the growth impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act roughly in half. The significance of this change raises substantial questions about the reliability of the Tax Foundation’s estimates of economic growth and suggests that policymakers should be skeptical of the results, especially when considering substituting these estimates for those from traditional legislative scorekeepers at the nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation.
1. Tax Foundation, “Details and Analysis of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act” (2017), available at https://taxfoundation.org/2017-tax-cuts-jobs-act-analysis/.
2. For two publicly available pieces of documentation, see Tax Foundation, “Overview of the Tax Foundation’s Taxes and Growth Model” (2017), available at https://taxfoundation.org/overview-tax-foundation-s-taxes-and-growth-model/ and Huaqun Li, “Measuring Marginal Tax Rate on Capital Assets” (Washington: Tax Foundation, 2017), available at https://taxfoundation.org/measuring-marginal-tax-rate-capital-assets/.
3. More precisely, the effective marginal tax rate would be zero for the business tax system judged in isolation.
4. Kyle Pomerleau, “Details and Analysis of the 2016 House Republican Tax Reform Plan” (Washington: Tax Foundation, 2016), available at https://taxfoundation.org/details-and-analysis-2016-house-republican-tax-reform-plan/. This statement assumes that the estimates in that report are presented in the order they were stacked for purposes of estimation.
5. Scott A. Hodge, “The Jobs and Wage Effects of a Corporate Rate Cut” (Washington: Tax Foundation, 2017), available at https://taxfoundation.org/jobs-wage-effects-corporate-rate-cut/.
6. Including this channel in the Tax Foundation model would change its other estimates in significant ways. For example, in estimating the effects of the House “Better Way” plan, the Tax Foundation concluded that a border adjustment would have a negative impact on GDP. If shifting real economic activity in response to the statutory rate were an important effect, this would tend to suggest the border adjustment would have a positive impact on GDP.
7. Li, “Measuring Marginal Tax Rate on Capital Assets.”
8. Congressional Budget Office, “Taxing Capital Income: Effective Marginal Tax Rates Under 2014 Law and Selected Policy Options” (2014), available at https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49817. The CBO analysis excludes certain types of capital that appear to be included in the Tax Foundation’s model and thus likely overstates the share of the capital stock consisting of inventories in the Tax Foundation model. Note, however, that inventories would be a larger fraction of produced capital (equipment, structures, inventories, and intangibles), which is the subset of capital that can respond to changes in taxation.
9. The taxes would still have a direct effect on the economy even as deductibility moderates or eliminates interactions with federal corporate taxes. Sales taxes on investment goods are generally depreciated as part of the cost of the investment, but the effect is the same.
10. Li, “Measuring Marginal Tax Rate on Capital Assets.”
11. Some states allow corporations to deduct federal corporate income taxes from their income on their state corporate tax returns, but most do not. For a summary, see the Federation of Tax Administrators, “Range of State Corporate Income Taxes” (2016), available at https://www.taxadmin.org/assets/docs/Research/Rates/corp_inc.pdf. However, the potential inaccuracy of the underlying assumption is likely less consequential than the apparent inconsistency.
12. Li, “Measuring Marginal Tax Rate on Capital Assets”; Tax Foundation, “Overview of the Tax Foundation’s Taxes and Growth Model.”
13. Tax Foundation staff pointed to Aldona Robbins and Gary Robbins, “The Case for Burying the Estate Tax” (Irving, Texas: Institute for Policy Innovation, 1999), available at http://www.ipi.org/ipi_issues/detail/the-case-for-burying-the-estate-tax as a reference.
14. The exemption is roughly $5.5 million per person and thus a couple can shelter from tax roughly $11 million. However, for nonresidents, the estate tax exemption is only $60,000.
15. The Tax Foundation appears to rule out shifting between pass-through and corporate status and allows for a different composition of assets within sector. Thus, strictly speaking, this assumption applies within sector.
16. In addition, depending on the details of the marginal rate computation, the Tax Foundation may be assuming that the marginal charitable contribution resulting from an increase in wealth is zero.
17. Alan J. Auerbach and others, “Macroeconomic Modeling of Tax Policy: A Comparison of Current Methodologies” National Tax Journal, forthcoming, available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3060608; Kyle Pomerleau and Stephen J. Entin, “The Tax Foundation’s Model Results in Context” (Washington: Tax Foundation, 2016), available at https://taxfoundation.org/tax-foundation-s-model-results-context/; Gavin Ekins, “Time to Shoulder Aside `Crowding Out’ As an Excuse Not to Do Tax Reform” (Washington: Tax Foundation, 2017), available at https://taxfoundation.org/crowding-out-tax-reform/.
18. This observation applies to a larger set of taxes that appear to have large effects in the Tax Foundation model, including taxes on capital gains and interest, but these are not directly relevant to the Tax Foundation’s score of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.
19. Li, “Measuring Marginal Tax Rate on Capital Assets”; Tax Foundation, “Overview of the Tax Foundation’s Taxes and Growth Model.” The estate tax is implicitly nondeductible because it is divided by one, minus the marginal corporate tax rate.
20. Tax Foundation, “Details and Analysis of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.” | <urn:uuid:c3fe53c8-60f1-415e-ab97-df8109165ddf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://equitablegrowth.org/the-tax-foundations-score-of-the-tax-cuts-and-jobs-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.947745 | 4,501 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Language packs and language interface packs are available for Windows 10 Version .(Fixed) How to Download Windows 10/11 Display Language Pack
Windows 11Windows 10 Select Download from the Download language pack option. Choose a language from the Windows display language menu. Language packs and language interface language packs (LIPs) are available for devices that are running Windows 10 Version and can be installed by using.
Download Windows 10
Any more feedback? The more you tell us the more we can help. Can you help us improve? Resolved my issue. Clear instructions. Easy to follow. No jargon. Shop early deals. How to Install Language Packs in Windows 10 Before you change your default language settings in Windows 10, be sure that you’re familiar with the new language or that you fully memorize all the steps you took to change the language so that you can undo it.
With that out of the way, here’s how to change language packs in Windows Here’s how: Press the Windows key on your computer or click on the Start Menu. From the menu options, click on Settings to go to your “My Microsoft account” page.
Click on Time and Language. Windows 10 Hindi language pack hi-in. Windows 10 Italian language pack it-it. Windows 10 Japanese language pack ja-jp. Windows 10 Korean language pack ko-kr. Windows 10 Dutch language pack nl-nl. Windows 10 Polish language pack pl-pl.
Windows 10 Portuguese Brazilian language pack pt-br. Windows 10 Russian language pack ru-ru. Windows 10 Swedish language pack sv-se. Windows 10 Thai language pack th-th. Windows 10 Turkish language pack tr-tr. Windows 10 Vietnamese language pack vi-vn. Now the language pack should be downloading, and you can set it as default display language as described above. You can also download language pack files aka. CAB files and install them manually.
Just make sure the language pack suits for your Windows 10 build. There is no direct link from Microsoft for end users to download the language packs. Besides, the language packs should be installed on the right build of Windows Therefore, if you failed to download language packs through Windows updates, then you need to search for the desired language files online.
Some forums and communities may post the latest cab files. | <urn:uuid:e773055d-10b8-4962-8aa5-6223ee4ad4e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shaho-kumamoto.jp/archives/87721 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.802683 | 479 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Prompted by the current interest in the Japanese way of de-cluttering, we consider now the concept of hinraku which reflects the state of relaxed freedom that comes from being poor.
This has an aesthetic component in hikizan no bigaku (引き算の美学, the aesthetics of subtraction) which can be found in the tea ceremony. As defined by the sixteenth-century tea master Sen Rikyu (千利休), the goal is to find value in nothingness. For that purpose, the chashitsu (茶室, tea room) could be a wooden shack that consists of nothing more than four-and-a-half tatami mats and decorated with a single flower.
Kuniji Tsubaki is a Japanese architect who specialises in tea rooms. He has found an ingenious way to take this spirit of hinraku around the world. His chashitsu fits in a suitcase and can be re-assembled in any location where he spreads a message of peace. Kuniji-san’s portable tea room is constructed by his team of master artisans.
And here he is Paris.
Like the article? Make it a conversation by leaving a comment below. If you believe in supporting a platform for culture-makers, consider becoming a subscriber. | <urn:uuid:f7fde252-e760-4f6c-a69f-f373cda986a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://garlandmag.com/loop/tsubaki-kuniji/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.949862 | 284 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Suppose if someone asks you to answer what day of the week was 14 November 1974, which happens to be his birthday, you will be puzzled. It would be a tough job to answer if you are not familiar with the method.
The present calendar we follow is called the Gregorian calendar. In this chapter, we discuss about the evolution of calendar and the rules adapted in the formation of present calendar.
We all know that there are seven days in a week. So, the day of the week repeats after every seven days. If today is Monday, then starting with Tuesday, the seventh day will be again a Monday. When the total number of days in a given period is divided by 7, the remainder we get is called the number of odd days. In other words, the number of days over and above the exact number of weeks, in a given period, is called the odd days.
We know that a normal year has 365 days. So, the number of odd days in a normal year is 1. (365 days means 52 weeks and 1 day.) If a particular normal year starts with Monday, it is obvious that the next year will start with Tuesday (if we count one odd day from Monday we get Tuesday). | <urn:uuid:fd2f440f-3ca0-4784-af56-4954064b8705> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://gradestack.com/NTSE-Complete-Course/Calendar-Problems/Calendar-Problems/19255-3851-37723-study-wtw | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00168-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963205 | 250 | 4.375 | 4 |
Join Rachel for one of our new Patrick’s Patch workshops
Rachel’s Spring workshops start indoors with coffee and
gardening-talk in our comfortable outbuilding in Patrick’s Patch.
Rachel will share useful background gardening knowledge and plenty of tips from Patrick’s Patch. Then there will be hands-on practical sessions out in the garden to make sure you’re equipped with the skills you need for successful gardening in 2017.
It is essential to pre-book as there is a maximum of 10 adults. Please book below.
The cost is £15 per person, which includes tea/coffee & biscuits and a money off voucher to have lunch in Steff’s Kitchen. The workshops start at 10.30am and finish at 12.30pm.
If we do not have enough people to run the course successfully, we reserve the right for it to be cancelled and any money paid will be refunded.
All courses for 2017:
|Tuesday 14th February||Grow Your Own – Part 1 – Getting Your Soil Right||Bring in your own soil samples and learn how to bring your soil into tip-top condition for vegetable growing. Learn how to get the most out of raised-beds. Start planning for the year’s growing.|
|Saturday 4th March||Grow Your Own – Part 2 – Sowing and Planting||Have a go at different sowing techniques. Sow your own modular tray of vegetables to get the season started. Learn how to have a continuous supply of easy to grow vegetables.|
|Tuesday 14th March||Growing Cut Flowers From Seed||Be inspired to grow your own beautiful cut flowers. Learn about what’s grown in Patrick’s patch; sweet peas, dahlias, cosmos, zinnias, cornflowers and more.| | <urn:uuid:322624f3-d8c1-448b-bdf8-5a35620a92eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://fairweathers.co.uk/patricks-patch-workshops/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00025-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896295 | 383 | 1.679688 | 2 |
A Message from Our Principal, Laura Studee
The Sheboygan Leadership Academy is a school that offers a “4K-8” education. Our children enter our school as four-year-old preschoolers and leave our school ready to enter the world of high school. More and more research is indicating that a K-8 (in our case 4K-8) school is the best school to educate both primary students and middle school age students. I believe it is important for all parents to know the values of a K-8 education. To that end, I have developed a series of articles highlighting the benefits of our K-8 school. The information I share in these articles is based on research and my own 37 years of educational experience (13 years teaching middle school students and 24 years as a principal). I encourage you to read on and explore the wonderful opportunities a K-8 school offers your child. | <urn:uuid:7779074d-08dc-480c-80d7-b23a71ae05eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.leadership-academy.us/4k-8-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00133-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966869 | 187 | 1.648438 | 2 |
What is the partnership infidelity? The concept of relationship cheating includes associating with others, usually within a romantic framework, without fully revealing their romantic relationship position to the additional individual. It is vital that relationship cheating be addressed and viewed as a intimate affair if this occurs in just about any form of intimate relationship.
The principle concept of romance management is usually used in the marketing field. In this specialist arena, relationship management involves conntacting your customer or client. The idea at the rear of this concept is usually building trust and loyalty. As a result, you happen to be showing your customer that they can depend on you in the future and this builds a positive image to your company. An optimistic image will allow you to increase profits and broaden your industry.
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As per to romantic relationship marketing theory, customers will be the most valuable advantage of a organization. The importance of customer dedication should not be underestimated. After all, the customer is going to always buy from your business regardless of what they are simply experiencing consist of areas of your company. Therefore , the worth customers get from your relationship with you is going to matter the most and this is why building a good degree of customer loyalty is so significant.
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What is romantic relationship marketing it? This is a brief overview of the style and how it can benefit your own business. If you are looking for a way to improve the relationship marketing, consider the methods previously mentioned. These methods will be tried and true and get proven to function. If you want to find out more about this concept or the techniques other companies currently have applied these kinds of methods, after that make sure to check out my bio box below. | <urn:uuid:23b37ed7-b0ee-421c-935f-28aab1d56060> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tuntor.com/what-is-relationship-advertising-ppt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.95722 | 538 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Can portable generator charge with a solar panel? In our fast-paced world, the last thing you need is to lose battery power on your mobile devices. A portable generator is a great way to ensure that you always have an option for recharging your mobile phone, headphones, or tablet. But what happens when your portable generator loses charge and there’s no electrical point nearby?
Portable generators can be charged using solar panels. These panels can be attached to the portable generator via a USB port or built into the device. Solar panels draw energy from the sun, so the amount of charge will depend on the amount of sunlight available.
Using a solar panel to recharge your portable generator requires some knowledge about cell voltage and charge capacity to ensure you get the maximum amount of charge from the solar panel. This article will take a closer look at how solar panels work, how to charge your portable generator with a solar panel, and the types of portable generators that can be charged with solar panels.
How Does a Solar Panel Work?
Drawing their energy from the sun, solar panels convert it into electrical power. The panels absorb sunlight using photovoltaic cells, which generate direct current (DC) and convert it into usable alternating current (AC) with the help of inverter technology.
This power can then be used to recharge all kinds of devices, from mobile phones and headphones to large items like car batteries. The amount of charge that a solar panel can generate depends directly on the amount of light reaching the solar panel and the panel’s size.
A solar panel will generate the most amount of energy from direct sunlight. The panel size also influences the amount of power generated. Larger panels will absorb more sunlight and therefore produce more energy.
How Does a Solar Panel Charge a Portable Generator?
When using a solar panel to recharge a portable generator, both systems need to be modified to work together efficiently. portable generators use lithium-ion or lithium-polymer batteries that can be recharged using a solar panel.
A portable generator is charged via a USB port or a special higher-voltage input with an appropriate adaptor. The solar panel converts the sunlight into electrical energy, which can then be made available to the portable generator via a 5-volt USB output point.
A solar panel or a solar portable generator needs a solar charge controller to prevent the batteries in the portable generator from overcharging, as well as serving the purpose of extending the life of the batteries.
A solar charge controller acts as a regulator and delivers power from the panels to the system loads and the battery bank. When the battery bank is almost fully charged, the controller will taper off the charging current in order to maintain the required voltage, keeping the battery fully charged. It also prevents the battery from overcharging.
What if my solar panels can’t be installed in direct sunlight?
Solar panels produce electricity from the photons present in natural daylight, rather than from the sunlight itself, so panels don’t actually need to be installed in direct sunlight to work. Heat isn’t a factor in how much electricity PV solar panels can generate either so a cool Spring day can be as productive, if not more than a hot Summer day.
It is true that direct sunlight provides optimum conditions for solar systems but you will still get significant benefits from solar electricity even if your property doesn’t offer the perfect environment.
Does shade affect PV solar panels?
Since PV panels use daylight to produce electricity, they will indeed be affected by shade, but they are increasingly efficient and will still produce some energy, depending on how much shade covers them.
Some designs and components making up solar panel installations will have a Christmas Tree light effect – where if one panel drops in performance, others will also follow suit. Other technologies and designs available will provide compensation to a shaded panel by managing other panels to counter the shade effect. Another option is to use Optimisers and Microinverters, which will assist where shading may be an issue.
So, in conclusion, although solar panels can cope with shade, it is best to look for a site with as little of it as possible and seek expert advice on your design.
How about clouds?
Nowadays, solar panels include various concentrators which use lenses and mirrors to maximise any light reaching their PV cells. This means that, on cloudy days, your solar system will still be able to produce electricity. A recent study by the U.S. Department of Energy has shown that production of electricity by large solar panels on cloudy days fluctuated less than in small panels, so the size of the panels used for your installation is something to keep in mind.
Germany isn’t known for its particularly sunny weather and has many cloudy days. Yet, it is the world’s leader in solar energy use; evidence that, even with a reduced productivity, solar panels are worth the investment, both for individuals and businesses.
In conclusion, although solar panels have become more efficient at dealing with various conditions, they are still affected by anything that reduces the reception of daylight. So if your roof or garden has a less-than-ideal environment for solar energy production, or you live in an area that is prone to bad weather, you can still benefit from a solar system.
Can You Charge in Indirect Sunlight?
Yes, you can charge a solar panel or a solar portable generator in indirect sunlight, but it will not be as effective and will take much longer to charge. Less direct light hitting the panel means less chance of photons interacting with the electrons and, therefore, less charging occurs.
The solar panels used to recharge small devices such as portable generators are usually quite small, so you will need as much direct sunlight as possible to produce sufficient energy to recharge your portable generator in the shortest amount of time.
The same applies to shady areas or cloudy days. A solar panel or solar portable generator will still recharge in a shady spot or on a cloudy day but at a very slow rate.
What Is the Best Time of Day to Charge a with a Solar Panel?
As we know, solar panels draw energy from the sun and convert it into power. The panel will produce the most amount of charge or power from strong, direct sunlight. The best time of the day to charge your solar panels or solar portable generator is when the sun is at its highest early in the day.
Keep in mind it is the light of the sun, not the heat, that charges the battery. Extreme heat may even negatively affect the performance of the panel, making them less efficient. Be sure to recharge your portable generator when temperatures are ambient.
How Long Does It Take to Charge a portable generator with a Solar Panel?
The lithium-ion or polymer batteries in a portable generator are charged via a micro-USB port. When the batteries are recharging, the current is reduced at the end of the charge to keep the battery voltage stable.
Therefore, approximately 80% of the charge will be loaded quickly, while much more time is needed for the remaining 20%. This is called trickle charging.
Solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy with an output of between two and eight watts, depending on the size and technology of the solar panels. In direct, unobstructed sunlight, it can take up to 50 hours to charge the battery on a standard (25,000mAh) portable generator fully.
How Does a Solar portable generator Work?
You can buy a portable generator with a built-in solar panel. Solar portable generators are a sustainable and environmentally-friendly way of charging your electronic devices. They are a great option for recharging if you are planning to be off the grid or away from a mains power source for any length of time.
A solar portable generator is similar to a standard portable generator, but it has a small built-in solar panel to charge a rechargeable lithium-ion battery. The built-in panel in the portable generator is a photovoltaic cell that is set between two pieces of semi-conductive material, such as silicon. This material allows an electrical field to be created.
This electric field causes electrons to move around within the cells. Electrons are hit by photons of sunlight and collected by a conductive plate to create electricity and recharge the battery within the portable generator.
Using the sun’s energy to recharge a portable generator is a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to ensure your devices are always charged.
Whether you are in the city or off the grid, a solar panel is a great way to keep your portable generator fully charged and use the energy from the sun that you’ve stored during the day to recharge your devices overnight.
Visit our website to learn more about portable power station or please leave information to us. | <urn:uuid:1e0037a3-c310-4ee3-9810-22926e268bc7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://deliesn.com/can-you-charge-a-portable-generator-with-a-solar-panel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.917495 | 1,794 | 3.15625 | 3 |
English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian
we arrange this trip every Day Except Friday
Explore one of the ancient world’s oldest capitals on an 18-hour day trip to Luxor (former Thebes) from Hurghada. Marvel at the remains of Karnak Temple, go to the Valley of the Kings, see Hatshepsut Temple and the Colossi of Memnon, and more.
Travel back to Ancient Egypt on a full-day bus tour to Luxor from Hurghada, and marvel at the temple ruins of Egyptian pharaohs. Transfer by air-conditioned bus early in the morning for the 4-hour drive to Luxor (ancient Thebes). Enjoy views of the Nile in Upper Egypt, and pass typical towns and villages to experience the real Egypt en route.
Upon arrival in Luxor an Egyptologist guide will take you on a tour of the miraculous ruins, explaining their significance in ancient times. First, make a brief stop at the 3,400-year-old Colossi of Memnon, and marvel at the giant statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III.
Continue to the Valley of the queens to learn about the burial customs of the Ancient Egyptians during the pharaonic period. Descend into the tombs of rulers to see well preserved paintings and hieroglyphics. Then, go to the temple built for Queen Hatshepsut, one of Ancient Egypt’s most fascinating characters. Your guide will tell you more about this female pharaoh and the temple built for her as you look at the portico, terraces of columns, statues and reliefs.
Enjoy lunch in a local restaurant, before exploring the Temple of Karnak, one of the most spectacular temples of the ancient world. Admire the centuries-old hieroglyphs and paintings, as well as numerous churches and temples as you learn the legend of the sacred scarab.
Transfer back through the Nile Valley of Upper Egypt for a late drop off back in Hurghada and the end of tour services. | <urn:uuid:8abc8800-71b4-40ee-95b1-cf5e8827e3c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://egypttoursonline.net/st_tour/museum-of-american-history-through-music-tour-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.906184 | 430 | 2.046875 | 2 |
ANYONE who has ordered goods online would be familiar with this layer of padding that keeps your precious purchases intact.
Many more enjoy popping the little plastic bubbles for the sheer fun of it, or as a form of stress relief.
However, was this crackly protective material originally intended to be enjoyed as a decorative accent in your home?
Believe it or not, yes. Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes invented this in 1957 by sealing two shower curtains together while trapping air bubbles between the two sheets.
They envisioned it as textured wallpaper but the idea never quite took off so they tried marketing it as a greenhouse insulator instead, with limited success.
The duo struck it big a year later, when its usefulness as protective packaging material was discovered, thanks to its shock-absorbing and abrasion-resistant properties. It is also lightweight.
The first thing it was used for? To protect the IBM 1401 computer during shipping. | <urn:uuid:e6620272-13ed-4557-8c78-e95b9e395232> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://live24x7.news/22/07/2022/entertainment/quickcheck-was-bubble-wrap-originally-marketed-as-wallpaper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.960508 | 212 | 2.484375 | 2 |
WASHOE LAKE STATE PARK
WASHOE LAKE STATE PARK
4855 East Lake Blvd
Carson City, Nevada 89704
Washoe Lake and Little Washoe Lakes are located in the heart of scenic Washoe Valley, between Carson City and Reno. Here, visitors will find spectacular views of the majestic Sierra Nevada and the Carson Range. Popular activities in the park include nature study, bird watching, hiking, horseback riding, picnicking, windsurfing, water skiing, catamaran sailing, jet skiing and fishing. A campground, boat launches, group use area, day-use picnic sites and equestrian trailhead are available. A wetlands area with a viewing tower and interpretive displays is a new addition to the park. The park is located 10 miles north of Carson City and 15 miles south of Reno. Take U.S. 395 north to the East Lake Boulevard exit, than drive north on East Lake Boulevard approximately 3.1 miles to the park entrance. From Reno, take 395 south to the East Lake Boulevard intersection, turn left, and drive south on East Lake Boulevard for 7.1 miles to the park entrance.
Washoe Lake sits at an elevation of 5,029 feet just below the tree line in open sagebrush country. Being higher than Reno or Carson City, temperatures are typically five to ten degrees below those reported for the cities. Highs in the summer range from 80 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit to with lows between 40 & 50 degrees. Winters bring freezing temperatures at night with day time highs in the 30's to low 40's. Snow is possible but roads and facilities are plowed as needed.
For thousands of years, Washoe Valley and Washoe Lake have provided a home and livelihood to a variety of human cultures in this otherwise hostile land. The name Washoe comes from the original inhabitants, the Washoe Indians, originally spelled Washo. The tribe spent the winters as family groups in the lowlands of the valley, and summers at the "Big Lake," Lake Tahoe. They used the willows and cattails from the wetlands of Washoe Lake to make their elaborate baskets.
In 1859, the discovery of silver in the nearby Comstock Lode of Virginia City to the east brought thousands of miners, loggers, and traders to the Valley. In the same year, Mormon settlers established a permanent settlement near Franktown, west of Washoe Lake. The Ophir Mill (which can be seen from Hwy. 395) was built on Washoe Lake's west shore and was reached by an elevated causeway across the then Washoe Marsh. Ruins of the New York Mill can still be found by Little Washoe Lake. Both processed ore from the Comstock. Washoe Valley saw other supply towns such as Washoe City, Ophir, and Lakeview spring up in response to the mining activity.
In 1872, the Virginia and Truckee Railroad began service through Washoe Valley, connecting Reno to Carson City. The V&T ran continuously until 1950. By the late 1870's the mining boom was over and the towns around Washoe Lake were all but abandoned. Those who remained behind turned to ranching and farming, gradually displacing the Washo Indians from the Valley.
Washoe Lake State Park was established in 1977 to preserve a portion of scenic Washoe Valley for future generations to enjoy, with land and water-based recreation for all. In the wake of the rapidly expanding urbanization of nearby Carson City and Reno, the park is a true treasure to be cherished and protected.
Camping is permitted only at the Main Area Campground. 49 sites, each with a table, grill, and fire ring, are open year round and available on a first come first serve basis. Some sites are equipped with shade structures. Two comfort stations with showers are available. Several sites can hold RV's up to 45 feet in length. Sorry, no hookups. A dump station is available. Camping limit is 7 days in a 30-day period.
Boat Launching Ramps and Docks can be found in the Main Day Use Area and at North Ramp. Boat trailer parking sites are provided. No direct boating access is available at Little Washoe and use by motorized craft is not recommended. | <urn:uuid:6cd68278-0569-459c-9f17-84fbbb773396> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.stateparks.com/washoe_lake.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00392-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942607 | 878 | 1.710938 | 2 |
When I was a student (in fact, I am still a student), I used to start worrying whenever exams were approaching. Because of this, I would feel stressed up. But this stress always helped me achieving my best and keeping me among the top performers of the class.
Yes , you heard it right, this stress always provided me a kick to perform better. And to my surprise, when I used to enter the examination hall, it would vanish automatically, and change my state into a state of calmness and confidence due to which I could recall everything whatever I had memorized.
Research also indicates that performance improves with stress, though there is a limit to it. When Stress increases beyond this limit (which we may call as individual’s capacity to handle stress), it becomes overwhelming and starts affecting us negatively. When this happens, we start losing our focus. Our memory becomes poor and creativity is affected. Our confidence takes a big toll. Overall, our performance becomes poor and hence the results. Research also indicates poor performance in case of no stress because of laziness and casual approach.
If one does not cope the stress positively, it may lead to exhaustion and eventually burnout may take place.
Therefore, it is necessary to learn the secret to manage yourself in the best way so that you can turn the stress in your favour without affecting you negatively.
Stress management techniques not only help you to manage yourself to be at optimal performance level but also shifts the optimal performance level to a new high so that you can perform better even in case of increased stress.
Using these powerful techniques, you improve your physical stamina, emotional and mental wellbeing as well as your social wellbeing. | <urn:uuid:ccf7705d-c44f-4215-b57c-bcce560a33ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nileshgoswami.co.in/stress-vs-performance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.963626 | 341 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Visitors from far and wide, barred from being able to take in some of the state’s most photographed sights, were happy to come on in.
At Pecos National Historic Park near Santa Fe, which is run by the National Park Service but is not counted as one of the state’s 11 national parks or monuments, tourists were in good spirits as they took in the historic ruins.
The government reopening helped salvage vacation plans for Barbara MacNemar and Shelton Cannon, of Millersville, Md., who were making their first visit to New Mexico.
“Part of the reason we came to New Mexico was to see the national parks,” MacNemar said, adding that seeing pueblo ruins were also on their agenda. “This is the last day of our trip, so we’re glad we were able to see this one.”
Earlier this year, MacNemar purchased a pass that gave her access to any national park in the country. She said she was disappointed she wasn’t able to use it to visit Bandelier and Petroglyph national monuments.
At Bandelier, near Los Alamos, visitors began showing up soon after the site was opened at noon.
“We’ve only been open an hour, and we’re very, very busy,” Bandelier spokeswoman Chris Judson told the Journal on Thursday afternoon.
The buses that normally shuttle visitors to Bandelier’s visitor center were not running Thursday but are expected to resume operations today, she said.
At Carlsbad Caverns National Park in southeastern New Mexico, maintenance workers came in early in the morning to tidy up the main road leading to the iconic caverns. The park then opened to the public at its normal time.
“Everyone was salivating to go back to work,” said park Superintendent John Benjamin, who had put his retirement on hold due to the partial government shutdown.
He said employees were notified Wednesday that they should prepare to return to work if Congress approved legislation ending the government shutdown. Such legislation was adopted late Wednesday and quickly signed by President Barack Obama.
Eighty-five Carlsbad employees – out of roughly 90 employees on staff – were furloughed during the government shutdown, Benjamin said.
Workers returning to their jobs Thursday morning found two minor incidents of vandalism that had occurred at Carlsbad Caverns National Park, one of which involved obscenities written on a “closed” park sign.
“I think most of our staff are considered suspects,” Benjamin joked.
Meanwhile, the largely volunteer staff at Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument near Silver City was excited to be back on the job, said Rodney Sauter, the monument’s chief of interpretation and acting superintendent.
About 30 visitors had made their way to the cliff dwellings by late Thursday afternoon, said Sauter, who described the attendance number as slightly lower than average.
Unlike some other Western governors, Gov. Susana Martinez declined to reopen national parks during the shutdown by tapping state accounts, saying it was the federal government’s responsibility to keep the park system running.
Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado and Zion National Park in Utah were among the parks reopened at states’ expense.
In New Mexico, Martinez and top-ranking lawmakers have voiced concern about the shutdown’s impact on tourism and other sectors of New Mexico’s economy.
State budget officials have said it’s too early to tell how much money the situation in Washington, D.C., might have cost the state in terms of lost tax revenue.
In addition to the National Park Service, other federal agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management resumed their New Mexico operations Thursday. Facilities and programs run by those agencies were also affected by the 16-day shutdown.
Journal staff writer T.S. Last contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:eb8d0b2c-e2cb-4f82-957c-6a455c057ea6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.abqjournal.com/283808/states-national-parks-reopen-to-grateful-visitors.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00199-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978575 | 834 | 1.90625 | 2 |
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