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For married and unmarried parents alike, Oklahoma paternity legal questions and disputes are often very complicated, time-sensitive matters. We realize that here at the Tulsa Family Law Firm of Fry & Elder, which is why we act aggressively and accordingly in handling any and all paternity issues. Below are the answers to some of the more commonly asked questions about Oklahoma paternity law.
In regards to Oklahoma paternity law, why does it matter if you are married or not?
For those couples that are married in Oklahoma, there is a “presumption of paternity” that the husband is the father when the wife has a child. This enables the baby to automatically enjoy certain rights such as inheritance that otherwise would not automatically be available.
The rules, however, are not the same for unmarried couples. For starters, there is no “presumption” that the biological father is the legal father when an unmarried woman has a baby. An unmarried couple must establish paternity for Oklahoma to observe that the biological father. This ultimately means that an unmarried couple has to get through some legal obstacles to ensure that the state recognizes that the baby’s biological father is its legal father.
What are the benefits of establishing paternity in Oklahoma?
Regardless of whether or not the parents have a loving or non-loving relationship, there are a number of reasons why the parents should want to establish paternity in Oklahoma of the child. A big reason is that the parents can work together to make decisions that are in the best interest of the child. Additionally, both parents have the right to go to the judge to order a custody and visitation schedule. This child also will have a greater sense of inclusion from being exposed to both sides of the family.
What happens if I am unsure about whom the child’s father is?
Then it is vital that you ask for a DNA test. This is important because the courts can look at multiple factors in determining whether or not a man is the father of the child. The man holding himself out to be the father of the child or a signed affidavit of paternity falls into this category. When the man has taken certain actions, like holding the child out on his own, or if it has been legally established that the man is the father of the child, typically the man only has until the child’s second birthday to contest the ruling.
What action should I take if I am ultimately determined to be the father of the child?
If this is the determined outcome, then it would be in your best interest to begin paying child support ASAP. Oklahoma paternity law permits the mother to seek child support, which include birthing costs, dating back five years from the filing. Back child support calculation rarely is impacted by the man not knowing about the child or not getting to visit the child.
A Tulsa Family Law Firm Who Fights and Cares for Clients
If you have additional questions in regards to Oklahoma paternity law or another Oklahoma family law issue, we encourage you to contact an experienced family law attorney at your earliest convenience. Our team of proven trial lawyers are some of the most highly regarded and experienced in the state and include:
- A 2019 Best Lawyers® Selection
- One of only 19 attorneys in the state to be a Fellow of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers
- Best Lawyers® 2016 Lawyer of the Year for Family Law in Oklahoma
- Two attorneys recognized by Super Lawyers®
- Two attorneys AV® Preeminent Peer Review Rated by Martindale-Hubbell®
- A 2017 Significant Sig Award Winner
Fry & Elder has been named to the prestigious U.S. News & World Report’s Best Law Firms List each of the past six years.
Whether you or someone close to you has a question about Oklahoma paternity law or another family law matter, we encourage you to contact Fry & Elder Tulsa today to set up a personal consultation with an elite domestic law attorney. | <urn:uuid:b5f66a57-2943-4529-a29f-28f4f8a03f2b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fryelder.com/practice-areas/oklahoma-paternity-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.960438 | 797 | 1.507813 | 2 |
[Python-ideas] import fallback syntax
merwok at netwok.org
Thu Mar 8 20:59:17 CET 2012
> This seems particularly relevant with things like argparse, unittest2,
> distutils2, packaging...
argparse has the same name regardless of its location in site-packages
or the standard library. For unittest/unittest2, what we do in
distutils2 is to do the import dance in one place and all other modules
import unittest from distutils2.tests. You can do the same with
> I suspect it'll also be relevant where code uses libraries where the
> author has chosen to have differently named packages for Python 2 and 3.
Can you give examples of projects doing that and their reasons?
> It would also be extremely relevant if any of the misguided "provisional
> packages in stdlib" PEPs make it through...
One of them is withdrawn; the other one is still open for feedback,
please share your comments on python-dev.
More information about the Python-ideas | <urn:uuid:598d45e0-6921-437c-8f20-b6f1521bd704> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2012-March/014452.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00211-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884503 | 236 | 1.859375 | 2 |
The dollar index fell to 92.597, a low last seen in May 2018, and is on course to post its steepest monthly fall since September 2010. It has fallen 4.9% so far this month.
The euro hit a two-year high of $1.1905 and last traded at $1.1883, having gained 5.8% so far in July, the biggest gain in a decade.
The dollar slipped to two-year lows on Friday and is on track to post its biggest monthly decline in 10 years, as investors worried that a recovery in the U.S. economy would be hampered by the country’s struggle to stem the coronavirus epidemic. Confidence in the U.S. currency was undermined further after U.S. President Donald Trump raised the possibility of delaying the nation’s November presidential election.
The dollar index fell to 92.597, a low last seen in May 2018, and is on course to post its steepest monthly fall since September 2010. It has fallen 4.9% so far this month. “At the root of the dollar’s weakness is the fact, which was highlighted by Fed Chairman (Jerome) Powell the other day, that U.S. coronavirus cases started to increase in mid-June, curbing consumption and sending the economy downhill,” said Daisuke Uno, chief strategist at Sumitomo Mitsui Bank.
The virus is now spreading to U.S. Midwestern states even as numbers from Sunbelt states show some signs of improvement. The economy has suffered heavily, with advance gross domestic product (GDP) data showing contraction of an annualised 32.9% in the second quarter, the quickest pace since the Great Depression.
High-frequency data suggests the economy is losing steam in recent weeks after a rebound from rock-bottom levels hit in April. The U.S. Labor Department data showed initial claims for unemployment benefits increased 12,000 to a seasonally adjusted 1.434 million in the week ending July 25, a sign that recovery in the employment market is stalling.
Washington is seeking to respond with further fiscal aid but partisan differences have so far hindered an agreement, just a day before a federal jobless benefit was set to expire, leaving investors nervous. Democrats favor extending the extra $600-per-week in payments to those thrown out of work by the pandemic while Republicans want to slash it to $200 for fear of over-spending. The U.S. government has already spent $3 trillion for pandemic stimulus while the Federal Reserve flooded the banking system with dollars through its aggressive easing policy.
“The U.S. has been quite prodigal and the market is starting to ask, who is going to pay the bills for all of this?” said Bart Wakabayashi, Tokyo branch manager of State Street Bank.
Rubbing salt into the dollar’s wound, Trump raised the idea of delaying the Nov. 3 U.S. elections, although the notion was immediately rejected by both Democrats and his fellow Republicans in Congress - the sole branch of government with the authority to make such a change.
“The mere suggestion by Trump of a delay does play to concerns that the election result will be challenged in November (should Trump lose), and that, because of the likely larger than usual share of votes via mail in ballots due to the pandemic, we might not now (get) the result on election night itself,” wrote Ray Attrill, head of FX strategy at National Australia Bank in Sydney.
Leading the charge against the U.S. dollar was the euro, which has gained traction after European Union leaders agreed this month to a 750 billion euro ($891.45 billion) economic recovery fund, taking on debt jointly in a major boost to regional cooperation. The euro hit a two-year high of $1.1905 and last traded at $1.1883, having gained 5.8% so far in July, the biggest gain in a decade.
Against the yen, the dollar hit a 4 1/2-month low of 104.195 yen and last stood at 104.36, having lost 3.3% this month.
Likewise the British pound stood at $1.3122 after hitting a 4 1/2-month high of $1.3143. | <urn:uuid:b08541c6-e826-490c-ba30-b7545f819011> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.beinvestor.net/post/dollar-on-course-for-worst-month-in-decade-as-epidemic-hobbles-u-s-economy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.966719 | 911 | 1.734375 | 2 |
|March 3, 2011, 04:07||
the application of Multiband in CFX
Join Date: Oct 2009
Posts: 3Rep Power: 9
The multiband spectral model in CFX discretizes the spectrum into bands of finite width and assumes that the radiation quantities are nearly uniform within the band. But from the help document, It means that the multiband assumes thant the emissivity of the every band is 1.
In my opinion, the emissivity of the every band should be decided by the user. But I can not find the place to input the emissivity.
Does anyone have this problem and can give me some advise.
|Thread||Thread Starter||Forum||Replies||Last Post|
|CFX Treatment of Laminar and Turbulent Flows||Jade M||CFX||14||June 15, 2016 09:36|
|High Resolution (CFX) vs 2nd Order Upwind (Fluent)||gravis||ANSYS||3||March 24, 2011 03:43|
|ATTENTION! Reliability problems in CFX 5.7||Joseph||CFX||14||April 20, 2010 15:45|
|CFX pressure in Simulations problem||nasdak||CFX||1||April 14, 2010 13:22|
|Different flow pattern between OpenFOAM and CFX||AirS||OpenFOAM||0||January 12, 2010 08:08| | <urn:uuid:cf3ea5b3-77fb-4f20-ac0c-34a91b44f3bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.cfd-online.com/Forums/cfx/85635-application-multiband-cfx.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00135-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.817192 | 309 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Striking A Balance In Web Design: Beauty vs Usability
Finding the perfect balance between a beautifully designed but yet user and search engine friendly website is a challenging task. Most experts are only concerned with one or the other – they either want to show how to make a website more beautiful or how to make it work better. Larger web design firms seem to hire experts who are either brilliant designers/artists or who specialize in programming, SEO, and straight HTML/CSS coding. There is an attitude in the design world that the artists and the programmers are worlds apart in the way that they think and the way they see the web. While this is true, there are plenty of talented individuals who have the wit and creativity to be both designers and strategists. In order to create a successful site, the two worlds must collide and we must integrate the art of design and the philosophy of great and usable website building. Therefore, to be successful in this industry, one must be willing and able to wear as many hats as possible.
The Beauty of Web Design as an Art
The first thing design needs to achieve is beauty. Creating an aesthetically pleasing design is extremely important because users must be visually engaged and they must subconsciously or consciously enjoy the site for long enough to receive the information that the page is intended to give. Our goal is for the site to be memorable and give off the impression that the brand has created.
With all of the possibilities on the web it is easy to get carried away and focus entirely on the beauty of web design. Trying to come up with the newest and most interesting concepts out there can get a designer sidetracked and forget about the user experience and usability. We don’t always have the privilege of creative freedom – but we can always think of new and exciting ways to express the clients’ brand with a unique twist.
Designers are trained to use visual elements to guide the visitor’s eye around the page and lead them toward the most useful and important information. As artists, we also get pleasure from creating something beautiful and sharing it with the world with such a useful, accessible, and pragmatic medium.
There are thousands sources of inspiration available to designers who want to get creative with their work. While some of them are way over-the-top and might not exactly work anywhere else, we can pick and choose which elements we may want to incorporate into our own designs, or at the very least, keep on top of trends and new ideas.
There is so much going on in the world of web design on a visual level that it can almost be overwhelming. Feeling over-inspired is a confusing and common emotion in this community. With each project comes the opportunity to expand our horizons and further our artistic education.
The Science of Strategic Web Design
Most of us live in the real world. We are hired by clients who expect and deserve certain results when they hire us to create their page. They need to see results in terms of searchability, new visitors, and user experience. They have lots of information to share and they want to make sure the world hears what they have to say. This is why we need to somehow strike the perfect balance between a site that is beautiful, fun and also practical, usable, and informative.
While there aren’t many people who design websites and also code and implement them, I feel that these talents, when combined, can produce some of the most successful pages on the web. Designers might focus too much on looks and developers might not be able to make something look great. Someone who has or values both of these qualities will create the most successful sites.
Artists and designers must therefore be open minded and willing to learn. With their vision in mind, they must know that proper site building requires a lot of thought and a little extra work. They should know the basics of SEO and the things that search engines like, or more importantly – the things search engines really don’t like. They should know the client and his or her desired audience. They should never be willing to sacrifice visitors to make something with flash or something difficult to read.
The Challenge of Achieving Beauty & Usability
There are some extremely talented designers who have the incredible ability to dream up a unique and beautiful website. There are also experts who understand the way that content interacts with users and the need to build websites that are easy to navigate and to understand. The biggest challenge I face as a designer is finding a balance that allows me to create beautiful sites that visitors will not only enjoy, but will also easily get them all of the information they came to find. I can’t think of another industry that is more constant in the way it changes and in the way we must adapt. With all of the incredibly talented artists and designers who are working today, combined with all of the brilliant programmers and strategists, the only true way to get ahead is to create a site that visitors will truly enjoy visiting and where they will easily receive the information that they came to find. | <urn:uuid:9f404968-af90-4194-bb24-71167e15b2f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.sherodesigns.com/striking-a-balance-between-beauty-and-usability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00125-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96174 | 1,027 | 1.921875 | 2 |
- 1 Is ale the same as beer?
- 2 Is Ale better than beer?
- 3 Are all beers ales?
- 4 Is lager and ale the same?
- 5 Is Corona a lager?
- 6 Is Ale Beer good for you?
- 7 Is Guinness a lager or ale?
- 8 Is Real Ale healthier than lager?
- 9 What are the three types of beer?
- 10 Is Budweiser a lager or ale?
- 11 What kind of beer is Heineken?
- 12 Is Stella a lager or pilsner?
- 13 Is lager stronger than beer?
- 14 What type of beer is Guinness?
- 15 Is Pilsner a lager or ale?
Is ale the same as beer?
Ale is a type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method, resulting in a sweet, full-bodied and fruity taste. Historically, the term referred to a drink brewed without hops. As with most beers, ale typically has a bittering agent to balance the malt and act as a preservative.
Is Ale better than beer?
Ales are generally fruitier, sweeter, more full-bodied and more complex than lagers, which tend to be smoother, lighter and generally easier to drink. But the major difference between these two beer types? The temperature at which they are fermented (and subsequently, the type of yeast used).
Are all beers ales?
All beer is either an ale or a lager. This is not determined by color, flavor or alcohol strength, but by the fermentation technique and yeast used in brewing. While taste does not necessarily determine the style, there are some general distinctions: Ales tend to be more full-bodied, sweeter and fruity in taste.
Is lager and ale the same?
An ale and a lager? Ales are made with top-fermenting yeasts that work at warmish temperatures; lagers are made with bottom-fermenting yeasts that need the liquid they’re fermenting to be cold and still for a longish time.
Is Corona a lager?
Corona Extra is a pale lager produced by Mexican brewery Cervecería Modelo and owned by Belgian company AB InBev. It is one of the top-selling beers worldwide, and Corona Extra has been the top-selling imported drink in the U.S. since 1998.
Is Ale Beer good for you?
Drinking one or two standard beers per day may have positive effects, such as benefits to your heart, better blood sugar control, stronger bones, and reduced dementia risk.
Is Guinness a lager or ale?
Guinness Stout—to name just one dark brew consistently dismissed as engine oil by novices—is a actually a light-bodied, low-alcohol ale of around 4.2 to 5.0%ABV, depending on the version you’re drinking.
Is Real Ale healthier than lager?
Ale is much better for you than lager Ale though is the champ, with less calories and more of these fancy anti-oxidants called phenols that are good to protect your heart. Something to consider when you’re six pints in.
What are the three types of beer?
Beers start out as an ale or a lager, and their specific styles and flavors continue to evolve from there. Under the broad ale category, there are numerous types of beer, including pale ales, India pale ales (IPA), porters, stouts, and wheat and Belgian styles.
Is Budweiser a lager or ale?
Budweiser is a medium-bodied, flavorful, crisp American-style lager. Brewed with the best barley malt and a blend of premium hop varieties.
What kind of beer is Heineken?
The Heineken beer is a pale lager with 5% alcohol by volume.
Is Stella a lager or pilsner?
Stella Artois (/ɑːrˈtwɑː/ ar-TWAH) is a pilsner beer, first brewed in 1926 by Brouwerij Artois in Leuven, Belgium.
Is lager stronger than beer?
Firstly, there is no difference between beer and lager. Lagers are beers that are ferment slowly at low temperatures. They also ferment from the bottom up. Ales ferment quickly from the top down and are brewed in a warm environment.
What type of beer is Guinness?
Guinness (/ˈɡɪnɪs/) is an Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James’s Gate, Dublin, Ireland, in 1759. It is one of the most successful alcohol brands worldwide, brewed in almost 50 countries, and available in over 120.
Is Pilsner a lager or ale?
A pilsner is a lager, but not all lagers are pilsners. Lager is a type of beer conditioned at low temperatures. Lagers can be yellow pale, amber, or dark. Pilsner is a pale lager and is is the most widely consumed and commercially available style of beer. | <urn:uuid:094c95de-07fa-437f-9872-dff74053cc66> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.moonshine-maker.com/questions-and-interesting-facts/often-asked-difference-between-ale-and-beer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.926638 | 1,100 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Books at Memorial
(March 9, 2000, Gazette)
Portable Hannah Arendt
Hannah Arendt was a Jew born in Germany in the early 20th century, and she studied with some of the greatest German minds of her day Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers among them. After the rise of the Nazis, she emigrated to America, where she wrote some of the most searching, hard-hitting reflections on the agonizing issues of the day totalitarianism in both Nazi and Stalinist garb; Zionism and the legacy of the holocaust; federally-mandated school desegregation and civil rights in the United States; and the nature of evil.
Edited by Dr. Peter Baehr, Sociology, The Portable Hannah Arendt offers substantial excerpts from the three works that ensured her international and enduring stature: The Origins of Totalitarianism, The Human Condition and Eichmann in Jerusalem.
Additionally, this volume, part of the Viking Portable Library series, includes several other provocative essays, as well as her correspondence with other influential figures of the time, including Jaspers, Eric Voegelin and Mary McCarthy.
In his preface, Dr. Baehr calls Arendt a deeply paradoxical figure. She campaigned vigourously for Zionism in the 1930s and 40s, yet opposed the formation of a unitary Israeli state.
She was among the greatest women political thinkers of the 20th century, yet one strikingly at odds with academic feminism, writes Dr. Baehr.
However, it is this sense of paradox Dr. Baehr calls the challenge she poses to the received wisdom of modern times.
These pieces form an eloquent testament to a fearless thinker who argued for justice and hope in the middle of the 20th century.
previous book, Caesar and the Fading of the Roman World, was
designated an Outstanding Academic Book of 1998 by Choice, the
journal of the American Librarians Association.
There was a time when the history of the sea was as important as the land for defining a countrys social and cultural identity. Edited by Dr. Rainer K. Baehre of the historical studies program at Sir Wilfred Grenfell College in Corner Brook, Outrageous Seas is about that time, and about that harrowing, almost mythic, experience of shipwreck, near-shipwreck, and survival in the waters off Newfoundland.
Travellers from many walks of life explorers and missionaries, traders, fishers and mariners, Native peoples, aristocrats and immigrants have left rare and fascinating first-hand accounts of such disasters. Their narratives span four centuries and touch many historical sub-themes such as the appeal of religion in times of crisis, gender roles, and the ocean as workplace.
Some of these stories have been kept alive in our historical memory through text and song, and many were written by amateur historians who explicitly intended their stories to be popular histories, writes Dr. Baehre in the collections introduction. With some rare exceptions, however, these consisted almost exclusively of short summaries and contain little historical context. They dwell primarily on adventure, tragedy, and heroism.
Dr. Baehre said these stories are useful to scholars, but only in a limited fashion. However, these narratives are an excellent and important component of the study of shipwreck in Newfoundland waters.
Apart from its obvious scholarly appeal, this collection evokes psychic responses to calamity and brushes with death, perhaps the most universal experience of all.
In the introduction, Dr. Baehre concedes that narratives from Newfoundland waters do not hold a monopoly on the many possible parts and variations of the phenomenon of shipwrecks. These particular narratives are however unique expressions of this specific region and its special identity.
Valdmanis and the Politics of Survival
Alfred Valdmanis is best known in Canada for his infamous role in Premier Joey Smallwoods scheme to industrialize Newfoundland and Labrador. A Latvian immigrant, he was appointed director general of economic development in 1950 with the understanding that through his connections to Europe he could entice German and Baltic industrialists to the isolated, rural island.
His influence was brought to an abrupt end when, in 1954, he was charged with defrauding the government. The media, latching on to his murky past and his possible affiliations with war criminals, made him the scapegoat of Newfoundlands problems, painting him as part comedian, part sinister villain.
Dr. Gerhard Bassler, History, has written the definitive examination of Valdmanis. Dr. Modris Eksteins, a history professor at the University of Toronto, called the book a most unusual project on a most unusual life.
Alfred Valdmanis was a brilliant careerist and opportunist, a political chameleon whose life story seems more the stuff of fiction than of conventional history. Dr. Basslers scholarship is outstanding, his perseverance and effort astonishing. He seems to have pursued every lead across the four corners of the earth.
Valdmaniss trouble in Newfoundland was not the first time his name was connected with controversial issues. Between 1938, at age 29, and his ironic downfall in the safe haven of Canada, he was finance minister in pre-war Latvia, government official during the Soviet invasion, shrewd collaborator under the Nazi occupation, then friend to the Allies, a spokesman for Latvian POWs and displaced persons, and adviser to the government of Canada.
In this first serious biography of Alfred Valdmanis, Dr. Bassler recasts the story of this political manipulator and chameleon in new terms: the often tragic consequences of the will to survive.
and Phytopharmaceuticals; Quality Attributes of Muscle Foods;
Functional Properties of Proteins and Lipids; Flavor Chemistry
of Ethnic Foods; Chemicals Via Higher Plant Bioengineering
Dr. Fereidoon Shahidi, Biochemistry, is one of the editors for these five books. Each book contains international contributions from a wide variety of areas. Food science is a comprehensive discipline and benefits from input from medicine, chemistry, nutrition and biology, said Dr. Shahidi. It is not just one area, but needs a close collaboration of experts.
In Chemicals Via Higher Plant Bioengineering, the controversial topic of biotechnology and transgenic food plants is tackled in 18 chapters. There are a lot of chemicals produced by animals that could be produced in plants through gene insertion, said Dr. Shahidi. It holds the promise of new avenues to aid us in disease prevention by enhancing the content of certain components, say antioxidants, or complementing deficient amino acids in plants. But there are also concerns about the ecological and environmental effects.
In Functional Properties of Proteins and Lipids, 17 chapters look at the new area of food functionality, which explores the biological as well as food functions of proteins as enzymes, hormones, transmitters, etc. Some areas of the field have developed rapidly, while others such as common methods and conditions for determining functionality have lagged behind. This book brings the subject up to date, based on current research of leading scientists in Canada, Mexico, the United States and their associates around the world. The books final section, which contains three chapters on fat and oil functionality, has information not found in most books on functionality. Dr. Shahidi explained that the feeling we get in the mouth from fats and oils, and their incorporation of flavour constituents, are very important in food selection for example, the marbling of a prime rib steak over that of a less quality one. Dr. Shahidis own contribution to this book is a chapter on the effect of acylation on flax protein functionality.
In Quality Attributes of Muscle Foods, Dr. Shahidi has worked with Dr. Chi-Tang Ho, State University of New Jersey, and Dr. Youling L. Xiong, University of Kentucky, to produce a 28-chapter monograph examining the production of high-quality, wholesome protein from meat and seafood. In one chapter Dr. Shahidi, along with Dr. Ronald Pegg, University of Saskatchewan, look at the quality attributes of muscle foods as affected by nitrite and nitrite-free curing.
With Dr. Ho, Dr. Shahidi edited Flavor Chemistry of Ethnic Foods and Phytochemicals and Phytopharmaceuticals, monographs which include contributions from researchers around the world. Dr. Shahidi contributed to two chapters of Flavor Chemistry of Ethnic Foods, including the overview and a study of the flavour and chemistry of uncured and cured meat of harp seal. Overall, the book summarizes the current status of knowledge in this fragmented area.
Dr. Shahidi said that before processing, foods such as meat or coffee have little flavour; it is the heat processing that generates the flavour. We perceive flavour not only through taste but also through aroma for example, without aroma, an onion and an apple would taste the same.
In Phytochemicals and Phytopharmaceuticals, the two editors have gathered papers related to treating, managing or possibly curing different diseases. Dr. Shahidi said there are bioactive components from plant and animal tissues that have an effect against the occurrence of certain diseases or treatments. As the market for supplements and nutraceuticals has expanded, the interest of scientists and the public in phytochemicals and phytopharmaceuticals has also increased.
Dr. Shahidis own contribution to this monograph of 37 chapters is a study, with three collaborators, of the antioxidants of evening primrose. Other papers look at antioxidants in rosemary leaves, betel leaves, and the highbush blueberry. Garlic, flaxseed, fruits and vegetables, tea, and the potato are also among the foods studied.
Marine Fisheries in a Changing and Uncertain World
In recent years, Canadians have become increasingly aware of the dynamic and changing nature of fishery systems, which in-clude not only the fish and their environment, but also people and their associated social and economic institutions and communities.
As a result of the challenges created by our constantly changing fisheries, the Canadian Global Change Program of the Royal Society of Canada formed an interdisciplinary Fisheries Panel of nine people in 1996.
The panels mandate was to write an authoritative and comprehensive review of the implications of physical, biological, economic, and sociopolitical changes for Canadian marine fisheries and to present options for how to deal with those changes.
de Young, Physics, was the co-chair of the panel. Other panelists
and co-authors were Randall M. Peterman, A. Rod Dobell, Evelyn
Pinkerton, Yvan Breton, Anthony T. Charles, Michael J. Fogarty,
Gordon R. Munro, and Christopher Taggart.
It also examines
the complexities and major processes of change and variability
in fishery systems, which lead to uncertainties and create risks,
i.e., biological risks for fish populations, economic risks for
those in industry, and social and economic risks for people in
coastal communities who rely on renewable aquatic resources.
The last part of the report therefore emphasizes the features of an effective social response to the challenge of managing these risks: stewardship and conservation, participation and cooperation, and compliance and accountability. | <urn:uuid:9aa6750b-a7b6-4bd5-aa3b-6813b91795a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mun.ca/gazette/1999-2000/Mar.9/books.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00577-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954646 | 2,318 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Sometimes in IOL implantation, especially with more flexible IOL designs, capsular phimosis can result from the inadequate removal of lens epithelial cells from under the anterior capsular rim. I have found that the Allegro single-use silicone I/A handpiece (MicroSurgical Technology; Figure 1) can be used to reduce this risk.
I believe silicone is the standard-of-care material for I/A tips and safer than metal. Robert H. Osher, MD, demonstrated this in a video, which showed how metal I/A tips can form microscopic burrs due to routine maintenance and how these burrs can then cause potentially dangerous capsular tears.1 The Allegro tip, preassembled and encased within a single silicone sleeve, is free of abrupt borders that can inadvertently hang up on anatomic structures. With the Allegro, I have increased confidence each time the tip passes through the capsulotomy.
DOING THINGS BETTER
The Allegro’s uniform conic design, converging to a smooth parabolic tip, enables me to do several things better than I could with previous I/A tips. I can go under the anterior capsular rim with enhanced confidence that I will not unintentionally grab the capsule. I can also perform aspiration 360° around the capsular rim by simply rotating the handpiece. The silicone sleeve smoothly traverses over the capsular rim because there are no abrupt transitions.
The tip not only affords excellent removal of cortex for 360°, but it also improves polishing and removal of residual lens epithelial cells from under the anterior capsular rim, which may reduce the incidence of capsular phimosis. This is particularly pertinent with flexible IOLs such as the Crystalens (Bausch + Lomb), but it is important in every case of IOL implantation because it is always desirable to maintain capsule clarity and reduce postoperative capsular phimosis. This is a crucial element of successful cataract surgery because capsular contraction can potentially interfere with lens positioning and even reduce the effective optical zone.
The aspiration port of this silicone I/A tip is positioned 90° from the handle axis, placing it ideally for both anterior and posterior capsule polishing. The Allegro design also avoids an issue inherent in previous designs, whereby fluid could squeeze out of the seam between the sleeve and the central core tube and inadvertently push away cortical material.
INTRAOPERATIVE, POSTOPERATIVE BENEFITS
The Allegro’s ability to facilitate improved cleaning of the capsule, leading to reduced likelihood of fibrosis and phimosis, also increases the potential for tighter refractive outcomes. When capsules are clearer and there is less contracture, the effective lens position and, consequently, the refractive outcome are likely to be more predictable.
The importance of completely removing OVD from behind the lens implant cannot be underestimated, especially with toric IOLs. When I slip the Allegro behind the IOL, I can depend on it to move smoothly without hanging up on the optic edge. With previous designs, there was a greater risk of inadvertently pushing the implant during this maneuver and therefore stressing the zonules. The smooth design helps to avoid intraoperative rotation of toric IOLs.
1. Lipner M. How to improve cortical removal with the new silicone tip. http://www.eyeworld.org/printarticle.php?id=319. Accessed May 16, 2016.
Barry S. Seibel, MD
• Founder, Seibel Vision Surgery, Los Angeles
• Financial disclosure: Consultant (Bausch + Lomb, Abbott Medical Optics) | <urn:uuid:992b587e-8b3a-49c3-99e8-4176300dba09> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://crstodayeurope.com/articles/2016-jun/reducing-the-risk-of-capsular-phimosis/?single=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.878992 | 755 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Kai Ryssdal: The city manager in Joplin, Mo., said today 116 people are now confirmed dead as a result of the tornado that hit the city this past weekend. The storms were just the latest in a series of extreme weather happenings across the country this year.
And Sarah Gardner reports from the Sustainability Desk that for the insurance industry, that means re-calculating risk. Again.
Sarah Gardner: The world didn't end yesterday as Doomsday believers predicted. But for many Americans, the floods, droughts and tornadoes of 2011 have provided plenty of biblical-sized drama. Many climate scientists see extreme weather as the "new normal." Insurers are thinking about that too.
Sharlene Leurig: I think we're starting to see indications that companies are re-evaluating what normal looks like.
Sharlene Leurig is an insurance expert at CERES, a nonprofit investor coalition. Leurig says the industry's been re-thinking the way it does business since 1992 and Hurricane Andrew. Premiums and deductibles in U.S. coastal areas skyrocketed. Some insurers bailed out of coastal areas altogether.
The nation's heartland seemed safer -- until the last few years, that is. Robert Hartwig is with the Insurance Information Institute.
Robert Hartwig: In fact, the losses from the Midwest and parts of the South that are away from the coasts have been about $10 billion on an annual basis, just from thunderstorm and tornado losses. So it's almost as if the Midwest is the new coast.
Analysts expect insurance premiums will go up in states like Missouri, but insurers won't pull out. Andrew Castaldi at Swiss Re says as population and wealth expands, so do the property risks.
Andrew Castaldi: In the 1950s, you were lucky if each family had one car. In 2011, you know, a family of three can have three cars.
Swiss Re says average annual losses from natural disasters have climbed from $25 billion in the 1980s to more than five times that today.
I'm Sarah Gardner for Marketplace. | <urn:uuid:edbcea2b-6671-4da8-83d0-016bde631d41> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.marketplace.org/2011/05/23/tornadoes-add-catastrophic-year-insurers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00126-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964854 | 437 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Written by: Kimberly White
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and digital health and fitness giant adidas Runtastic have launched a new challenge to highlight the need to conserve the world’s endangered wildlife in honor of International Snow Leopard Day on October 23rd.
With the support of the Snow Leopard Trust and Internet of Elephants, the running challenge dubbed Run Wild enables users to compete with a wild snow leopard in Mongolia.
“Running is a fun and exhilarating way to improve individual physical and mental fitness. To be able to connect running with nature conservation – a most worthy social cause – is just wonderful. We are very excited about this campaign, that would reach out to 150+ million registered users of adidas Runtastic worldwide,” stated Dr. Charu Mishra, Executive Director of Snow Leopard Trust.
Through adidas Runtastic, users of the app will be able to run and compete with a real-life snow leopard known as Uuliin Ezen. While Uuliin may be located in Mongolia, runners from around the world will be able to challenge themselves to outrun Uuliin’s daily distance from October 23rd to November 3rd.
The Snow Leopard Trust tracks Uuliin for scientific purposes. To ensure Uulin’s safety, at no point during the challenge will Uuliin’s real-time location be released.
Snow leopards cover a wide range of over 2 million km2. However, despite the big cats’ range, scientists estimate that there may only be between 3,920 and 6,390 remaining in the wild. Even with the snow leopards’ elusiveness, poaching has become a critical threat to the species’ survival. It is estimated that between 2008 and 2016, one snow leopard was killed and traded every day- leading to a loss between 220 to 450 per year.
“Snow leopards are one of the most emblematic species of mountain regions. Yet their habitats are under unprecedented pressure due to climate change and related drivers such as land-use change and habitat degradation, shift, fragmentation or loss, as well as increased human-wildlife conflict and poaching,” said Matthias Jurek, Programme Management Officer for UNEP. “With this unique partnership, we hope to help to boost the general public’s interest in these as well as other vulnerable species.”
In addition to challenging Uulin’s daily distance, runners will gain insight into the big cat’s daily activities, from hunting for food to surviving poaching. Runners will also be able to contribute to the conservation work that ensures Uuliin’s safety.
“We urgently need to engage millions more people with wildlife and nature if we want to turn the tide of the extinction of wildlife, and in order to do that we have to be unconventional and daring,” said Gautam Shah, Internet of Elephants CEO and founder. “We’re incredibly excited that adidas Runtastic is opening up their platform of tens of millions of users for conservation purposes.”
Run Wild can be found within the free adidas Runtastic app.
For more information or to join Run Wild, please visit Run Wild. | <urn:uuid:3d17390e-0065-4329-9257-8e12ba3a3bb0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theplanetarypress.com/2019/10/un-environment-and-adidas-runtastic-team-up-to-run-wild-for-snow-leopards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.931869 | 680 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Eczema is thought to be caused by the body's excessive immune response to an irritant, although the exact cause is unknown, according to WebMD. There may be a genetic component to eczema, since it tends to show up in families that also have high frequencies of allergies or asthma.Continue Reading
Individual attacks of itching from eczema are often brought on by skin contact with course or rough materials, WebMD says. Other causes are temperature extremes, exposure to household cleaners including soap or contact with pets. Colds, flus and stress can increase a person's sensitivity and likelihood of an eczema flare-up. There is no cure for eczema, but medications and avoiding known irritants can minimize the symptoms. Common medications include hydrocortizone creams, other creams, ointments and oral medications.
Itching is the most consistent symptom of eczema, according to WebMD. Itching can occur before a rash appears, and when it does the rash most often shows up on the back of the knees, feet, wrists, hands or face. The rash can manifest as a scaly, dry or thickened area on the skin. People with naturally darker skin can also have the affected areas become lighter or darker. Infants can develop oozing rashes that both cause itching and can crust over.Learn more about Pain & Symptoms | <urn:uuid:10d3539a-495e-4435-8d12-a9f211fb4028> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.reference.com/health/causes-eczema-ccb012dc29f30845 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00171-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949534 | 282 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Imagine this scenario. You’re sitting in the living room with your daughter. Suddenly, a large man shows up on your porch. He starts banging on your door and demanding to be let inside. You don’t comply. He goes around to the side of your house, smashes a window, and crawls through. You tell your daughter to run and lock herself in her room. It’s too late. The man grabs her and starts to run off.
Are you imagining this? Have you put yourself in this situation in your head?
Now, what do you do? How do you react?
I can tell you my answer: with brutality. I’d fight this man, wouldn’t you? If I had a knife I’d stab him in the heart. If I had a gun nearby I’d put a bullet in his head. I’d kill him. I’d end his life without hesitation or remorse. This man is in my home. He is trying to take my child away from me. I don’t need to know why he’s there. I don’t need to ask him about his intentions. I don’t need to consider his motivations. I need to react, and react harshly. And that’s what I’d do, wouldn’t you?
Wouldn’t anyone? Wouldn’t any parent literally kill to stop someone from taking their children away?
And wouldn’t they be justified? Wouldn’t they be morally and legally justified?
I think the answer is yes, on all counts.
OK, let’s slightly alter this hypothetical.
What if the man isn’t so large at all. What if he’s wearing a suit. What if he doesn’t break in through the window? What if he knocks and waits for you to open the door? What if he says he’s going to take your child, but he’ll let you visit every once in a while? What if he says he’s taking the child for her own good? What if he explains that he’s merely trying to protect your child from you?
Would that change anything? Probably not, right? You’d probably react in much the same way that you’d reach to the burly man who came through the window, right? After all, it doesn’t matter how nice or professional the kidnapper might be, the point is that he is trying to take your child, and you cannot allow this to happen. He is attempting to do something which he has no right to do, and which gives you the right to visit swift and merciless violence upon him.
But what if we change one small, superficial detail about the kidnapper — namely, we make him an official with Child Protective Services. What then?
Well, the substance of the situation doesn’t change. He’s still a guy trying to do something which he has no right to do. He’s still someone trying to take your child from you. But now you are completely helpless. There is nothing you can do to save your daughter. Nothing. You can’t call the cops — the cops are probably there, and they are on the kidnapper’s side. You certainly can’t pull out a gun or start any kind of physical altercation. You’ll lose, you’ll go to prison forever, and you’re guaranteed to never see your child again. You have no recourse. You are neutered and hogtied. You can only watch as strangers steal your child and ride away. If you ever want your daughter to be returned, you must meet all of their ransom demands. In the mean time, you can’t even count on the sympathy and support of the community. Most people will assume that you deserve to lose your parental rights. They assume you deserve what has happened, simply because it happened. Suspicion automatically becomes guilt.
The government has no evidence against you, but it doesn’t matter. You are presumed guilty until you can prove your innocence — a task that is fundamentally impossible.
This is the situation as it has unfolded for thousands of innocent Americans. The latest case in Boston is just one example.
Justina Pelletier is a young teenage girl with mitochondrial disease. The doctors at Tufts Medical Center diagnosed her with the condition a few years ago. They put her on a series of medications and vitamins, and her condition seemed to improve.
This is when the story gets long and somewhat complicated, but I’ll give you the basics.
Back in February of 2013, Justina came down with a bad case of the flu. She was taken by ambulance to Boston Children’s Hospital. The folks at BCH did a work up on Justina and came to a conclusion that conflicts with the doctors at Tufts; they said that she doesn’t have a physical condition at all. They said that she has a psychological problem — in other words, it’s all in her head. It’s a psychosomatic issue. They recommended that her medication regimen should be “simplified” and that she should be treated for the mental problem that causes her to think she’s in pain.
Her parents disagreed. Strongly. They attempted to remove her from the hospital and take her back to her doctors at Tufts. But Boston Children’s Hospital would not tolerate such defiance. They refused to release her, called the cops, and accused the parents of “abusing” their child by “overmedicating” her.
Child Protective Services — or “the Department of Children and Families” — seized custody of Justina. She was locked in a psychiatric ward at the hospital, taken off most of her medications, and her parents were only allowed supervised visits once a week. A gag order was placed on her family, but her father has gone against it.
Good for him. I enthusiastically applaud any effort he makes to break the rules set by these kid-stealing crooks.
To me, the medical questions are irrelevant to this conversation. I don’t know if Justina has mitochondrial disease or not. Some doctors say yes, others say no. Maybe she has a combination of mitochondrial disease and psychological disorders. Maybe she has one and not the other. Maybe she has neither. The point here is that the State has seized the tyrannical and unconstitutional power to take a side in a medical debate, and then kidnap your child because you disagree.
Sure, there are certainly cases where parents abuse their children in unspeakable ways. In those situations, the parents need to go to prison and the kids need to go somewhere else. But the power the State must have in certain specific and limited cases should NOT grant them the blanket authority to forcibly impose their subjective opinions about private parental and medical decisions.
Have Justina’s parents committed a crime? Have they been charged with child abuse? No. No, because taking one doctor’s advice over another is NOT child abuse. This is where we are in America, everyone. Are you paying attention? Are you as angry as you ought to be? You can have your children removed from your home EVEN IF YOU HAVEN’T COMMITTED A CRIME.
And we call this freedom? We call this a free country?
What a joke. You are not free. You are not free as long as government bureaucrats have the power to obliterate your parental rights simply because they personally don’t approve of the choices you’ve made.
This reminds me of a case in Sacramento last year. A 5-month-old baby was stolen right out of his mother’s arms because she had the audacity to check him out of the hospital, after deciding that she didn’t like the way they were treating her baby. The hospital called the cops, the cops showed up alongside some CPS officials, grabbed her baby and drove away. They wouldn’t tell her why; they wouldn’t even tell her where they were taking him.
“I’m going to grab your baby. Don’t resist and don’t fight me.” That’s what the police officer said to the helpless, scared mother, before prying her child from her arms.
Eventually, her son was returned to her. As far as I know, nobody was ever held responsible for this grave injustice.
Nobody ever is.
I know I’ll hear plenty of apologists tell me about the wonderful deeds of CPS workers. Let another blogger write that post. I don’t personally feel it necessary to take time out of my day to puff up government agencies. They have the force of law, billions of dollars, and a bunch of guys with guns on their side. They don’t need my help. The people who NEED a voice are the innocent Americans who have been victimized by these agencies. That isn’t to say that ALL people have been victimized, but it is to say that many have been. Many, many, many law abiding citizens have watched as their children were ripped away from them, even though they’d done nothing to deserve such a fate (and even though the government had no proof that they’d done anything to deserve it).
In fact, if you are in this camp, I want you to know that I know you exist. If you’d like to share your story with me, email this address: firstname.lastname@example.org
Children that are wrongfully abducted by the government might not get an Amber Alert, but they are still victims, and so are their parents. | <urn:uuid:35fb3d68-2e10-4107-bba1-6bd686929708> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://themattwalshblog.wordpress.com/2014/02/19/land-of-the-free-where-the-government-can-kidnap-your-child-and-lock-her-in-a-psych-ward-for-a-year/comment-page-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.975244 | 2,057 | 1.570313 | 2 |
HYMN TO THE ALL-MOTHER
(This goddess is Teteo-inan, the "Mother of Gods"--also known by another name meaning "Heart of the Earth." Her chief temple was on the spot selected by the early missionaries for the "Lady of Guadaloupe" to make her appearance, and the native shrine was razed to make way for the temple of the imported cult of Christendom)
HAIL to our Mother who makes the yellow flowers to bloom--who scatters the seeds of the maguey as she comes from the Land Divine!
Hail to our Mother who casts forth white flowers in abundance!
Hail to our Mother who shines in the thorn bush as a bright butter-fly!
Ho! She is our Mother--the woman god of the earth. In the desert she feeds the wild beasts, and gives them to live.
Thus--thus you see her ever abundant in gifts to all flesh.
And as you see the goddess of earth give to the beasts, so also she is giving to the green herbs and the fishes.
Hail to our Mother who casts forth yellow flowers to the sun from the Land Divine!
Next: Hymn of the God of Flowers (Mexican) | <urn:uuid:d0fe91e0-4602-4686-b4f0-a4fe3cca0182> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sacred-texts.com/pag/ppr/ppr26.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00135-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943493 | 259 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Permanent Tooth Loss Solutions – Are Dental Implants Right for Me?
Dental implants come in many forms. The most common form currently used is known as the endosteal implant. This type of dental implant utilizes a three component system to replicate the effects and appearance of a natural tooth. The process is performed differently among different dental practitioners, but there is a general method employed by all dentists. Read on to learn more about the dental implant procedure, its costs, and how it is performed.
What is a Dental Implant?
The dental implant concept is a broad umbrella term. At its most basic, this term is used to define any method of permanently adding new material to the mouth such as a bone graft for the jaw bone, or a new artificial tooth. However, in modern dental offices it is most often used as an interchangeable term for an endosteal implant.
The endosteal implant is a procedure that allows a dentist to install a new artificial tooth directly into the jawbone. The term endosteal literally means, “Within the bone.”
Dental implants are used to replicate the actions and the appearance of a natural tooth. Depending on the materials used, the artificial tooth may take on the exact color shade of the neighboring teeth and become virtually indistinguishable from a natural tooth when casually observed.
The endosteal implant has three components. These components are the base, abutment, and crown. Each of these components has their own unique function within the implant.
- The Base – This component is installed directly into the jawbone and has three primary shapes. It comes in the form of a screw, a cylinder, or a blade. The most common shape used is a screw. Typical materials utilized for the base are titanium and zirconium.
- The Abutment – This component is used to connect the base and the crown. It can sometimes be pre-attached to the base. This means that it won’t exist as a separate component. Typically, the abutment is shaped like a cone or rod. It is normally made of either titanium or zirconium.
- The Crown – The third component is the one that will be visible under normal circumstances. The crown is designed to mimic the appearance and function of the tooth that the implant is replacing. The materials used in the construction of this implant are more variable than the other components. Dental acrylic, zirconium, gold, and porcelain are frequently used materials for crowns.
How is a Dental Implant Performed?
The endosteal implant procedure is often performed during three stages. These stages coincide with the installation of the three individual components. In the case of an implant that has the abutment and base pre-attached the entire procedure can be performed in 1 – 2 stages. The implant stages are:
- The gums will be cut and a hole will be drilled into the jawbone. The base will be implanted and stabilized then the gums will be sewn back together. After the base is properly set, the patient will experience a healing period that typically lasts between 2 – 4 months.
- The gums will be cut once more during the second stage. The abutment will be attached to the base, and the gums will be sewn back once more. This procedure will be followed by another 2-4 weeks of healing time. If the abutment was pre-attached this stage will be skipped.
- The crown will be placed once the gums and jawbone have fully healed. This final step will be followed by a period of adjustments to make certain that the artificial tooth is still viable and the crown is not loose. If the abutment was pre-attached a dentist might add the crown on the same day.
No matter how the procedure is performed there will be a period of several months where the patient will need to treat their mouth with care. Once the healing period has ended the artificial tooth will work with the exact same capacity as a natural tooth.
At present there is a 95+% success rate after five years for dental implants placed on the bottom, and a 90+% success rate for artificial teeth placed on the top. Generally speaking, if the implant lasts beyond the five year mark it may continue to be a viable prosthetic for several decades, possibly even an entire lifetime.
What Does the Implant Cost?
The cost for dental implants will vary based on several factors. The location they are performed, the surgeon performing the operation, material costs, and the possible need for accompanying procedures will cause the price to change dramatically.
The typical single dental implant will cost approximately $4250 on average in America and Canada. However, the range of prices available will often waiver between as little as $1500 and as much as $6000 for a simple implant with no complications. The price can balloon up to $10000 or more if the procedure will require tooth extraction, bone grafts, or includes premium dental materials such as gold or porcelain.
If the patient requires extensive dental reconstruction the price can rise to over $95000. This high-end estimate includes 2 – 6 dental implants used to act as permanent anchors for premium quality, realistic, dentures. Bone grafts, expensive materials, realistic craftsmanship, and a host of extra surgical services and procedures are included in this cost.
Are Dental Implants Right for Me?
The endosteal implant is not particularly invasive. There is no upper age limit for the procedure, and most adults can have this procedure performed with little to no concern. However, there are a few people who may not be compatible with this procedure. You may not be compatible with this procedure if:
- You do not perform proper dental hygiene regularly. Improper hygiene can cause the implant to fail.
- You have health issues that would conflict with anesthesia being used, such as heart conditions.
- You have degenerative bone disease in your jawbone. This will make it difficult for the implant to fuse properly with the bone.
- You are a young teenager. Your jawbone must be fully matured before this procedure is recommended. This typically does not happen until around the age of 14 – 15 for girls and 16-18 for boys.
- You do not have a jawbone that can support the implant. If this is the case, you may be able to receive a dental augmentation bone graft to reinforce and reshape the jawbone.
- You are a hemophiliac. While this surgery is not particularly invasive, it can be dangerous for someone who bleeds without clotting appropriately.
Despite these restrictions, if you are in reasonably good health you may be able to receive an implant. You will need to discuss the specifics with your dentist or oral surgeon prior to the implantation process. | <urn:uuid:0298cbfc-50bb-438e-bb4f-75966c6ffd74> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://smilestodaydental.com/category/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00077-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944766 | 1,404 | 3.1875 | 3 |
A career coaching client, newly promoted into a management position, called me to discuss a situation at work. “We had to reduce expenses within the company so I made some changes in the organizational structure of the department by consolidating a few positions, putting several projects on hold, cancelling one project, and letting a few people go,” she explained. “I didn’t think it would be any big deal, but some employees in the department are acting like I’m as ruthless as Attila the Hun. Several are avoiding me and a few have become downright hostile in their attitude towards me. I don’t understand why they’re acting this way.”
Leadership is about leading, but it’s also about implementing change, as my client found out. While many people like to joke that the only constant in business is change, change has an interesting way of affecting people that can often result in resistance. This resistance can range from fairly subtle, such as avoidance or passive aggressive behavior, all the way to outright defiance, hostility, and sabotage. The best way to avoid resistance to change? Seek to uncover potential resistance prior to implementing change.
What my client didn’t realize is that she wasn’t just a manager, she was also an implementer of change within the department. According to Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School, “The best tool for leaders of change is to understand the predictable, universal sources of resistance in each situation and then strategize around them.”
Prior to making changes that will affect others, it’s important for managers to carefully think through: 1) what the specific changes include, 2) who the changes will impact, 3) how it will impact them, and 4) how they might react (understanding reasons why people might resist the changes). Knowing this information makes it easier to create a plan of action for a smooth implementation of the changes.
Let’s look at my client’s situation using this process:
- What the specific changes include: In this case, the changes involved re-structuring the department, consolidating numerous positions, laying off several employees, cancelling one project, and putting several other projects on hold. No small changes, indeed!
- Who the changes will impact: Mainly all of the department employees, but the changes could also impact other stakeholder groups, such as if any of the projects cancelled or put on hold include cross-functional team members from other departments.
- How the changes will impact them: The biggest impact is to the employees being laid off, as there will be both emotional and financial impact. Employees whose jobs will change could also have emotional and financial implications, although to a lesser extent. Employees’ job tasks will change for those whose projects were put on hold or cancelled. Finally, there will be an emotional impact to everyone in the department, whether or not they are directly affected by the changes.
After analyzing this information, the next step is to look at what I’ve found are the 5 main reasons why people resist change:
- Fear of the unknown/surprise: This type of resistance occurs mainly when change is implemented without warning the affected stakeholders before the change occurs. When change (especially what is perceived as negative change) is pushed onto people without giving them adequate warning and without helping them through the process of understanding what the change will include and how their jobs/work will be affected, it can cause people to push back against the change due to their fear of the unknown.
- Mistrust: If the individuals in a department highly respect their manager because the manager has built up trust over a period of time, the team will be more accepting of any changes. If the manager is new and has not yet earned the trust of their employees (like my client), then mistrust can manifest itself into resistance to change.
- Loss of job security/control: This type of resistance often occurs when companies announce they will be restructuring or downsizing. This causes fear among employees that they will lose their jobs or be moved into other positions without their input.
- Bad timing: As the old saying goes, “Timing is everything”. Heaping too much change on employees over a short period of time can cause resistance. If change is not implemented at the right time or with the right level of tact or empathy, it usually won’t work.
- An individual’s predisposition toward change: Differences exist in people’s overall tolerance for change. Some people enjoy change because it provides them with an opportunity to learn new things and grow personally and professionally. Others abhor change because they prefer a set routine – these are usually the people who become suspicious of change and are more likely to resist.
- Bottom Line: Take the time to understand 1) what the specific changes include, 2) who the changes will impact, 3) how it will impact them, and 4) why they might resist the changes.
Being aware of the reasons people resist change will help you implement change with fewer issues. Eliminate fear of the unknown by letting affected groups know there will be changes coming. Avoid mistrust and the feeling of loss of control by getting others involved in the changes before they occur and asking them to offer input and feedback. Prevent bad timing by providing a clear vision and reason for the changes along with a timetable or schedule of what to expect and when to expect it.
Implementing change is never painless, but it can be a lot less painful for everyone when it is done with empathy and compassion after thorough analysis, planning, and strategizing.
Written by Lisa Quast, Certified Executive Coach and author of the book, "Secrets of a Hiring Manager Turned Career Coach" | <urn:uuid:c67fd35e-4112-486e-b2c7-da830225b848> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mu.kaizen.com/blog/post/2016/03/15/overcome-the-5-main-reasons-people-resist-change | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.961107 | 1,194 | 1.890625 | 2 |
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A Journal on Diseases of the Respiratory System
Official Journal of the Italian Society of Thoracic Endoscopy
Indexed/Abstracted in: EMBASE, Scopus, Emerging Sources Citation Index
Minerva Pneumologica 2006 March;45(1):1-15
Management of patients with exacerbation of bronchial asthma
Confalonieri M., Kodric M., Della Porta R., Demsar M.
Struttura Complessa Pneumologia Ospedale di Cattinara di Alta Specializzazione e di Interesse Nazionale Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Trieste, Trieste
In the history of asthma, the exacerbations represent periods of worsening of symptoms characterized by dyspnea, cough, wheezing and chest tightness altogether with fast decline in lung function. The commonest triggering factors are respiratory infections and exposure to irritants, allergens and drugs and poor compliance to steady-state treatment. Airways inflammation and smooth muscle constriction cause airflow limitation, lung hyperinflation and dishomogeneity of ventilation-perfusion rate with progressive deterioration that leads to respiratory muscle fatigue and potentially fatal respiratory failure. The bases of the therapy are the evaluation of the severity of the exacerbation and its prompt treatment; however, the poor response to the initial treatment and previous severe exacerbations may predict an episode of fatal or near-fatal asthma, which often accompany a scant perception of ongoing worsening symptoms. The GINA international guidelines summarize the treatment modalities based on the severity of exacerbation in outpatient and hospital settings and define criteria for hospital admission also emphasizing the role of patient education and of a regular follow-up. | <urn:uuid:aa80db29-d676-40a6-9144-0d99b0fcf7a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-pneumologica/article.php?cod=R16Y2006N01A0001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00304-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.809659 | 375 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1789-1922 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more
About The Dayton tri-weekly bulletin. (Dayton, O. [Ohio]) 1848-1850
Dayton, O. [Ohio] (1848-1850)
The Dayton tri-weekly bulletin. : (Dayton, O. [Ohio]) 1848-1850
- Place of publication:
- Dayton, O. [Ohio]
- Geographic coverage:
- Wilson & Decker
- Dates of publication:
Vol. 1, no. 1 (Sept. 1, 1848)-v. 2, no. 94 (Apr. 17, 1850).
- Second issue not published until Sept. 15, 1848.
- sn 88077218
- Related Titles:
View complete holdings information | <urn:uuid:ac7e4b6b-4a02-4160-8bff-47c3a08a814b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88077218/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00416-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.729741 | 214 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Hope and help is on the way to the people of Western NSW thanks to $600,000 in special funding by the NSW Government for Lifeline Central West.
Minister for Mental Health Bronnie Taylor joined Member for the Dubbo electorate Dugald Saunders to announce the funding, which will be used to purchase a new Lifeline building in Dubbo to accommodate the growing number of volunteers needed to provide suicide prevention and mental health counselling and training services to the region.
Mr Saunders said the funding will allow Lifeline to provide a Rapid Community Support Program.
“Lifeline Dubbo will be the base for a new outreach program that goes directly to any town that has been hit by a significant event such as suicide and provide counselling and support within their own community,” he said.
Mrs Taylor said the funding will provide on-the-ground assistance at a time when so many in regional NSW are doing it tough.
“The severity of mental health issues that are affecting the Central West are growing as this terrible drought weighs heavily on communities,” Mrs Taylor said.
“It’s critical that as people are increasingly willing to seek help, we have the support at hand when they need it.
“As a regional nurse for 20 years I’ve seen how significant a difference it makes when help is delivered locally, and I can’t thank the Lifeline volunteers enough for the amazing work they do.”
Lifeline Central West Executive Director Alex Ferguson says having a permanent facility in Dubbo allows the service to reach almost half of regional NSW.
“The further west in the state you go, the more the problems mount. Isolation and drought add to the rates of mental illness and self-harm across the population.
“The new building will allow Lifeline to double its capacity to answer calls to its phone counselling services and facilitate new services specifically tailored for Indigenous communities.”
Lifeline Central West employs 19 staff and has approximately 130 volunteers. This announcement builds on the NSW 2019/20 budget funding for NSW Lifeline Centres of more than $18m over 4 years to provide suicide prevention and crisis support by telephone and text. | <urn:uuid:5472825d-0203-4138-acbe-1e4663cda563> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dugaldsaunders.com.au/600000-for-lifeline-central-west-to-find-a-dubbo-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.951114 | 450 | 1.59375 | 2 |
We address business problems using the best available data sources to drive new insights and improve decisions.
After understanding the core issue we will use our deep knowledge of alternative data and satellite technology to identify the correct satellite imagery (e.g. single image, stereoscopic, radar, laser), then combine this with relevant client and industry data.
These combined data sources are then be analysed using pattern recognition, machine learning and other scientific methods to provide a better understanding of the factors impacting an organization’s business environment.
These insight help reduce risk and costs – as well as help predict events. Advance warning of events enables early action to drive growth, decreases costs or gain greater market share. | <urn:uuid:62488f32-5711-461d-bcc3-3503a9eb034c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hsat.space/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.870459 | 138 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Juicing is an excellent way to help ensure that you get the nutrients your body needs.This article offers several tips for getting the most out of your juicing machine.
Try using a masticating juicer to vary your juice.These machines extract the juice which helps retain many nutrients in a slower way that retains nutrients. Juice your produce with a masticating juicers also be stored.
Add cucumber to dark leafy greens for improved flavor.Many leafy greens have a distinct and slight unpleasant flavor. Cucumber will assist in masking the taste and also add a refreshing twist to your juice.
If you are juicing your own apples, find the sweetest, sweetest ones you can find. If your apple is bruised, be sure to cut out the bruised area prior to using.
When you drink juice for health, the most effective ingredients you can use are greens like spinach, kale, broccoli, parsley, chard and the like. Try to keep your juice content to 50-70 percent greens, and add fruit or other vegetables for flavoring. Juices made from fruit often have more unhealthy sugar than greens-based juices.
Drink your juice slowly and appreciate the subtle nuances.
Use the color of your fruits and vegetables to help you figure out which nutrients they provide.From bright reds to vibrant greens, different colored vegetables and fruits contain different minerals and nutrients. Using different colored produce will give you a full range of nutrients and different flavors.
Juicing vegetables is a great way to get your kids excited about healthy foods into a child who won’t eat them whole. Many children are not like vegetables.You can make a great tasting vegetable and fruit juice, and thereby sneak vegetables into a child’s diet by obscuring the fact that they are consuming them through their drink.
Each fruit and vegetables contain different minerals and vitamins. You will get the right nutrients and be able to enjoy a tasty drink.
Juicing is a good way to get your daily allowance of fruits and vegetables. It is both convenient and tasty. Different fruits can be combined together to make signature drinks. The insights here will encourage you to develop your own techniques and you will be making nutritious, delicious juices in no time.
Andrea Paduchak PT, LMT is a Massage Therapist and Physical Therapist in Nashua NH. Her specialty is sports massage, lymphatic drainage massage and ashiatsu massage. Http://www.complementsforhealth.com | <urn:uuid:155ee748-1a38-44fe-a132-a5a674af287f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://complementsforhealth.com/its-time-to-stop-talking-about-juicing-and-start-juicing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.904279 | 518 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Weâve talked a few times in previous blog posts about the link between independence and the ability to let go. Whether positioned as an ability to deal with flux or operate within the theoretical, an essential element independent people share is the ability to suspend their need to control things when necessary and to trust in the process.
Almost every time I think of the phrase, âlet go,â I think of the scene from Finding Nemo where Dory the fish exhorts the worry-wart clownfish Marlin to let go as he is desperately clinging to the whaleâs taste buds on his tongueâ¦staring down the Gaping Maw of Death. â¦and thatâs just considering what he knows to be certain.
The unknown lies beyond the mouth of the great beast. He is caught between a rock and a hard place, so to speak. Sure death or possible death? Gee golly â what a decision. Whale translator Dory implores Marlin to let go. When pressed to tell him if she knows whatâs going to happen to them she honestly replies, âI don’t!â
This is a decision we as entrepreneurs and business owners encounter daily when faced with choices of all kinds, from the mundane (what brand of envelopes do we buy for billing?) to the weighty (should I invest in a new location?). When to let go. When to trust the process. When to leave the Known and take a chance on the Unknown.
Why? Why do people cling to the familiar even in the face of poor response or results? Why do they resist making decisions? There are many reasons, and quite frankly, each of them is valid for each individual involved.
Everyone is on his or her own path. Comfort levels change based on personal evolution, for businesses are run by and populated with â¦people.
We talk about âmoving the needleâ or âgetting off the dime,â but when push comes to shove, you can lead a horse to water, but you canât make him sign a 12 month social media contract. Or start a fitness program or attend a career-changing conference⦠you get the idea.
People relinquish control when they are damn good and ready. Learning how to accept your ability and choice to control your decisions and release the control of others is an essential skill to learn. Ditto learning how to do what you can to control the input of your efforts and release the output.
However, that being said, stasis is no place to be if you wish to grow. As a person; as a business. Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus said, âThe only constant is change,â somewhere around 500 B.C., which, if youâre playing along at home, was about 2510 years ago. It’s still true today.
Growth can be painful, but remaining stagnant carries its own risks and pain.
Take stock of your situation, measure the risks and let go. When was a time where you faced a point in your life where you needed to let go? How did it turn out?
Molly Cantrell-Kraig is a woman with drive. Possessing an innate sense of purpose and a pragmatic, solution-based approach to empowering people, she fused these two traits in order to establish Women With Drive Foundation. Based upon its founderâs personal history, Women With Drive Foundation is a means through which Cantrell-Kraig may effect change on both a micro and macro level. By providing women with something as essential as personal transportation in order to transition them from poverty to prosperity, she, through Women With Drive Foundation, seeks to empower women to help them help themselves. Through this action, the individual applicant benefits, as does society as a whole. Follow Molly on twitter as @mckra1g or @WWDr1ve (Women With Drive Foundation) or “Like” them on facebook. | <urn:uuid:09ef6c35-5aae-4623-b4bb-45c9e9d9e81f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.successful-blog.com/1/when-to-let-go/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00143-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960995 | 825 | 1.976563 | 2 |
- ISBN: 9780375986864 (electronic bk)
- Physical Description: 1 online resource.
- Publisher: [Place of publication not identified] : [publisher not identified], 2011.
|Summary, etc.:|| Spot believes he deserves to be in the zoo with the other amazing animals. In this Beginner Book edited by Dr. Seuss, Spot shows two young friends all the exciting things he can do with his spots. From changing their color and juggling them to moving them onto everything around him, you won't believe what Spot can do. Beginning readers will be delighted by Robert Lopshire's lively tale that proves there is a special spot for everyone. Originally created by Dr. Seuss, Beginner Books encourage children to read all by themselves, with simple words and illustrations that give clues to their meaning.
|Target Audience Note:|| Text Difficulty Pre-K - Text Difficulty 1
LG/Lower grades (K-3rd)
1.4 ATOS Level
|Reproduction Note:|| Electronic reproduction. New York : Random House Books for Young Readers, 2011. Requires OverDrive Read (file size: N/A KB) or Adobe Digital Editions (file size: 9432 KB) or Amazon Kindle (file size: N/A KB).
Search for related items by subject
Picture Book Fiction.
Search for related items by series | <urn:uuid:0fdfe5c0-3836-4e7c-b4f3-fc2a651e67e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://evergreen.lib.in.us/eg/opac/record/20452762 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00557-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.847874 | 287 | 2.59375 | 3 |
While the benefits of physical activity have been lauded time and time again, mental health is just as vital for wellbeing both inside and out. Being healthy emotionally is linked to lower blood pressure, lower cortisol, better sleep, more resilience and a multitude of other benefits. Taking time to take care of oneself mentally shouldn’t be neglected. Here are a few tips for greater mental well-being.
Physical and mental health go hand in hand for overall wellness. Exercising helps to release endorphins, a natural chemical created in the body that can promote feelings of happiness, and even increase cognitive sharpness. Exercise is also shown to help with mild depression and ease anxiety. Aim for three or more days of physical activity a week.
Spend Time in Meditation
Spending as little as fifteen minutes sitting in stillness, or while focusing on the good things in life has been shown to cause a dip in anxiety and stress, while improving cognitive abilities.
Have a Strong Support System
Having a steadfast group of friends, or family members that will listen during times of joy and duress is a pillar to a healthy, meaningful life. Support systems can be small or big, as long as they are positive influences. If one is looking for new friends, they should look at the things they enjoy doing to meet like-minded individuals.
Find Positive Ways to Cope With Stress
Some days stress is unavoidable, but going for a walk, or practicing deep breathing can bring relief. If a specific situation is causing stress daily, it might be time for a change. One should view this change as a positive new experience.
A few hours alone to decompress while watching television, or while working on a hobby can bring peace and help to recharge mentally. Working on hobbies has been shown to increase wellbeing and decrease feelings of anxiety, anger, and nervousness.
Weekends and time off should be spent doing things that bring happiness, like reconnecting with friends and enjoying recreational activities. There should also be some downtime for resting, reading, watching television, anything that signals to the body and mind that it’s time to relax.
Remember, mental health is not one size fits all, speaking to a therapist or mental health counselor may be the support needed to feel well. | <urn:uuid:20ef77aa-0cea-4308-bbaa-e99b1d8e51b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ricardoquarrie.org/improving-your-emotional-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.948439 | 473 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Linda enjoys tending her plants and flowers. She has written a variety of gardening articles about flowers, arid plants, and shade plants.
Deer tend to eat just about everything at times, but the lily-of-the-valley bush is an exception. Deer don't eat the flowers on this shade-loving broadleaf evergreen, which has dense green leaves and drooping clusters of pink, white, or rose flowers in the spring. The lily-of-the-valley vine, also known as andromeda, thrives in partial shade. It's perfect for a shrub border or a base planting.
Toad lily, which blooms in late summer and fall and has tiny lavender blooms with dark purple patches, is a welcome addition to a shade flower border. Alternatively, look for deer-resistant shade plant varieties with golden or cream-colored variegation on their leaves, which will brighten up a shady spot.
Lungwort is both enticing and deer-proof. This hardy shade annual comes in a variety of colors and patterns, with spotted or variegated leaves and pink or blue flower sprays in the spring. This low-maintenance plant is an excellent companion for deer-resistant spring bulbs like narcissus and scilla.
The feathery finery of astilbe will brighten the dark corners of your landscape. This hardy annual has violet, coral, purple, lavender, and cream blooms, as well as fern-like leaves that add provide color and appeal even though the plants aren't blooming.
Jack-in-the-pulpit blooms in the early spring and is a dependable native wildflower that takes a few years to develop but gradually forms large colonies. The hooded green or purple herb, sometimes supplemented by red berries later in the season, distinguishes Jack-in-the-pulpit, which goes latent in the mid-summer.
Columbine's pretty, star-shaped flowers are borne aloft on wiry stems that dance gracefully as the wind blows. Columbine is a low-maintenance native wildflower that thrives in part shade and comes in a variety of shades, forms, and sizes. Individual columbine plants can be short-lived, but they self-sow freely and form vast drifts of color over time.
Bergenia is a great choice for your shade garden because of its trusses of pink flowers held over glossy, heart-shaped stems. Bergenia, also known as pig squeaks, gets its name from the squealing sound its leaves make when rubbed between your thumb and finger. Bergenia can remain evergreen in the southern part of its range.
Beautiful Color Japanese Fern
Try Japanese painted fern if deer are a threat in your area. Grayish-green fronds with silver and maroon highlights grow 12 to 18 inches tall on this handsome shade dweller. Japanese painted fern can naturally colonize an environment over time, creating thick clumps. Rich, mildly wet, well-drained soil is ideal for Japanese painted fern.
Ligularia thrives in shady areas but suffers when rainfall is insufficient. It is grown for both its large dark green leaves and its clusters of bright yellow flowers. Make sure the plants are mulched to keep the soil moist. Use ligularia along the side of a pond, in a rain garden, or along a shady stream line.
Brunnera, also known as Siberian bugloss, is admired for its brightly colored heart-shaped leaves and sky blue spring flowers. Deer tend to avoid the plants possibly due to the scratchy nature of the leaves, and they eventually form firm clumps that propagate through rhizomes and self-seeding.
Oregon grape holly's dense, leathery, very spiny leaves deter deer from eating this lovely, shade-loving shrub. In the spring, it produces yellow flower trusses, which are accompanied by blue-black berries in the late summer. Allow enough space for Oregon grape holly to spread by runners and form dense color colonies.
While there many shrubs that bloom in the shaded, skimmia will have fragrant spring white flowers in the clusters of red fruits on the fall plants. Skimmia is a deer-resistant broadleaf evergreen shade shrub that makes a fine base planting or flowering hedge. Berry development necessitates both male and female plants. The berries have a unique flavor.
Daphne is a better option for part-shade areas where deer are a concern because it is both fragrant and vivid. In the early spring, this attractive, deer-resistant shrub produces clusters of whitish-pink flowers, which are accompanied by small red berries in the fall. Daphne may be used as a base plant or in a perennial border along the north side of your home.
Bottlebrush buckeye is one of the finest deer-resistant flowering shrubs for shady landscapes. In the early summer, this native plant produces spikes of nectar-rich white flowers that will draw swarms of butterflies to your garden. The flowers will finally yield gleaming, inedible nuts that will bring interest to the autumn landscape.
Plants with dense, glossy leaves are avoided by deer. That's why pachysandra thrives in deer country as a shadowy groundcover. This hardy, shade-loving plant easily spreads through underground runners, gradually creating an impenetrable carpet of dark green or variegated foliage. Pachysandra also grows tiny white flowers in the early spring, which is a nice bonus.
Epimedium, also known as barrenwort or bishop's hat, is one of the finest deer-resistant shade groundcovers. Its vivid heart-shaped foliage and flowers will gradually carpet your garden. Epimedium comes in a variety of colors and patterns, including lavender, purple, and white leaves and flowers.
Foamflower adds a touch of elegance to every shade border. This little charmer blooms in late spring with masses of pink or white flowers, and its leaves turn a reddish bronze color in the autumn. When grown in a shaded border or woodland habitat, this hardy native makes a perfect deer-resistant shade groundcover.
Windflower's snow-white or pink flowers, which are born on strong and graceful branches, seem to be humming if there is a gentle breeze. In April and May, this extra-easy annual blooms profusely with daisy-like flowers. Windflower spreads steadily, producing thick mats of attractive foliage and flowers.
This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional.
© 2021 Linda Chechar
Start a Conversation!
Linda Chechar (author) from Arizona on April 21, 2021:
Brenda Arledge, are best the beautiful plants!
BRENDA ARLEDGE from Washington Court House on April 20, 2021:
Tobe (or is it Tobz),
Thank you for writing this delightful piece for us.
I love how you say life is gift, a mystery, an adventure.
The things life has taught you are inspirational.
Your poem "Rules for Life" rings so true.
I love how you remind us to leave a little space for ourselves each day and that we shouldn't dwell on the past.
We need to live every day like it's our last.
"Poem About Life"
This one reminds us that no matter what struggles we face in life to keep going,
to pick ourselves up and try again.
I must say your words paint an inspiration for all of us.
I will post a link in the word prompt article.
Linda Chechar (author) from Arizona on April 20, 2021:
Pamela Oglesby, these are beautiful plants. There are some of flowers are the shade plants and deer-resistant in the lots in the home. Glad you like these them!
Pamela Oglesby from Sunny Florida on April 20, 2021:
I love these beautiful flowers, but I am not sure what can grow in northern FL. I like each one you showed us and I love to have flowers in the yard. Thank you so much for sharinge thes, Linda.
Linda Chechar (author) from Arizona on April 20, 2021:
Peggy Woods, this article has shade plants that are the deer resistant. You said the deers munching some of the plants!
Peggy Woods from Houston, Texas on April 20, 2021:
Even though we do not have to worry much about deer munching on our plants, I enjoyed reading about these beauties that are shade-loving ones that are also deer resistant. Thanks! | <urn:uuid:635e4674-349c-44a5-9f95-a177442e5c68> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://discover.hubpages.com/living/Deer-Resistant-Shade-Plants-Brighten-Up-Your-Garden | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.937099 | 1,934 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Guides to Understanding and Researching the Legislative Process
The legislative process in the United States is very complex. It begins when a bill is introduced in the Senate or House of Representatives and involves many steps and actions along the path toward becoming a law. Many documents are produced during the legislative process; finding and studying these documents is the key to learning about the legislative history of a bill or law.
INTERNET AND ONLINE SOURCES OF U.S. LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY INFORMATION
by Richard J. McKinney, Assistant Law Librarian, Federal Reserve Board - Prepared for LLSDC's Legislative Source Book
2012 - Law Librarians Society of Washington, D.C., Inc. - First published in 1991 and revised periodically | <urn:uuid:bc395efd-90ce-45ed-9724-138a9a435f34> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://libguides.bgsu.edu/legislative | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00190-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927639 | 155 | 3.140625 | 3 |
A new study finds simple dietary changes like adding pistachio to the diet can lead to multiple health benefits. The study, the first of its kind with a trial period of six months, was carried out by the Diabetes Foundation of India (DFI) and the National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation.
The results of the study were released Monday, even as the prevalence of obesity and diabetes are rapidly rising in India.
AdvertisementNuts (mainly pistachios, almonds and walnuts) have been shown to have beneficial effects on glycemic and lipid parameters.
Pistachios have a low glycemic index, are naturally cholesterol free, and are source of protein, fibre and antioxidants, the study found.
These properties make consumption of pistachios potentially useful for those at risk for obesity and heart disease.
"Pistachios are part of the traditional Indian diet. However, the health effects have not been clearly understood. This study shows multifaceted beneficial effects of pistachios suitable for the Indian body type, for the alleviation of multiple risk factors," said Anoop Mishra, chairman, Fortis Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology (CDOC).
Seema Gulati, research head at the National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholestrol Foundation, said: "Based on this study, we can say that pistachios provide an excellent snack option, especially for those at risk of metabolic problems and diabetes. They provide a beneficial effect in two ways: One, by displacing energy from other unhealthy sources, and second, due to their own intrinsic nutritional properties".
Diabetes has taken epidemic proportions in India, and emerged as one of the most serious healthcare problems. | <urn:uuid:de24f861-5f2c-42b9-be49-1163bd91a816> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.medindia.net/news/to-control-cholesterol-turn-to-pistachios-study-127702-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00038-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931664 | 352 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Winners of the Teachers of Physics Award 2012
Sir John Gleed School, Spalding
Keeley Arundel-McConachie creates an exciting learning environment through her inspiring science lessons and extra-curricular activities, encouraging students of all abilities to reach their full potential. As head of science she actively promotes continuing professional development for teaching staff and technicians, and has proved a supportive mentor and leader. A keen participant in the Institute of Physics teacher network, she has also been an enthusiastic trainer, was chosen as a space academy lead educator and is involved in supporting local primary schools.
St Joseph’s Academy, Kilmarnock
Colin Barbour is an exceptional and charismatic teacher of physics who has established his school as a centre of excellence for Advanced Higher Physics. He is willing to go the extra mile for students, running after school classes and an Advanced Higher Physics class that is open to students from all East Ayrshire schools. He is a leader at local authority level in the physics teaching community and played a key role in founding the Kilmarnock Engineering and Science Society, encouraging students to attend the society’s lectures and has built valuable links with industry.
Sutton Grammar School, Surrey
Jamie Costello is an inspiring and innovative physics teacher and as head of department he is an excellent mentor for his colleagues. Since he joined the school, numbers taking A-level physics have increased rapidly and nearly two-thirds of the sixth form now take physics. He encourages and enables students to pursue their own interests and has initiated projects such as a muon detector and a record-breaking high-altitude weather balloon. He helped to set up an astronomy club, an electronics club and a Physics Olympiad, and is regularly chosen as the leavers’ favourite teacher.
Hillside High School, Liverpool
Wendy Daly’s outstanding physics teaching has led to it becoming the most popular GCSE option in her school, and beyond that, increasing numbers wanting to take A-level physics. As well as building a very strong relationship with the local sixth-form college, she has developed a close link with the University of Liverpool, supporting its Undergraduate Ambassador Scheme through supervising students in their involvement with physics teaching and outreach. She makes time for numerous activities beyond the classroom to raise the aspirations of students and has worked hard to ensure that staff who are not physics specialists benefit from continuing professional development.
Wood Green Academy, Wednesbury
Baldev Singh Jandu is an inspirational role model to students and staff, always seeking ways to improve and update his knowledge and pedagogical skills. He introduced single-award GCSE physics to the school, aiming to improve uptake and increase interest from girls. This has succeeded, with physics becoming more popular at A-level and the proportion of girls taking the subject in Year 13 rising to a third. As a mentor to trainee and newly qualified teachers he has been a dedicated colleague for whom nothing is too much trouble. His efforts to raise the profile of physics and enrich students’ experience beyond the classroom have included organising a trip to CERN for Year 12 students, a planetarium day and physics demonstrations to parents.
The Derby High School, Bury
Paul Kerr is an outstanding teacher who has developed the talents and interest of pupils across a wide ability range, achieving outstanding results. Giving selflessly of his time, he has developed an enrichment programme that has offered 50 activities, including visits, workshops and lectures, in one academic year alone. He has played a key part in the Bury Ogden Science Partnership, an independent and state school partnership across five schools and a sixth-form college, and is seen as a source of advice and support to numerous other teachers and Ogden partnerships. As a trusted mentor for the Ogden Trust PhD Teaching Fellowships, he has greatly enhanced the confidence of teaching fellows in his school.
Altrincham Girls’ Grammar School, Cheshire
Melissa Lord is an exceptionally gifted teacher with boundless enthusiasm for physics who has had a profound effect on her students. She is constantly embracing new ideas or starting new projects, such as one on sustainability that drew in staff from many departments as well as local scientists and business people. Always making time for individual students, she is also an approachable manager who welcomes and incorporates others’ ideas. As well as annual trips to CERN, and to the Christie Hospital to explore opportunities in medical physics, she has organised numerous visits and encouraged sixth formers both to teach simple scientific principles in a local primary school and to take part in the Nuffield Bursary scheme to work alongside university researchers.
St Peter’s School, York
David Morris is an exceptional teacher of physics who has enabled his students to achieve outstanding results. He helps to promote high quality teaching at the school and beyond, running an evening course each term aimed at PGCE students and non-specialist teachers of physics from the local area. He has run teachers’ conferences and technicians’ days that are becoming an annual event, and sessions for local pupils as part of an independent–state school partnership. His outreach work includes public lectures, star gazing events and exhibitions. As well as taking students to the British Physics Olympiad, each year he organises the St Peter’s Physics Olympics for Year 8 pupils, attracting entries from schools across the north east. | <urn:uuid:c4671fec-0600-426d-9a52-332239dea915> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.iop.org/about/awards/additional/teachers/winners/page_58524.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00300-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971126 | 1,104 | 1.765625 | 2 |
GLOBAL DAILY WATER NEWS
- More frequent and intense dry years in states along the Colorado River forces officials to look for long-term solutions.
- Deadly tropical storms in Mozambique offer lessons into how wealthier nations can support economically depressed countries during climate disasters.
- Over six months after flooding began, citizens throughout South Sudan are still isolated or displaced.
- Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia resume talks over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.
New research out of the United States answers a question about desalination scientists have struggled to solve for years.
“Fresh water management is becoming a crucial challenge throughout the world. Shortages, droughts—with increasing severe weather patterns, it is expected this problem will become even more significant. It’s critically important to have clean water availability, especially in low-resource areas.” – Enrique Gomez, a professor of chemical engineering at Penn State. Research out of The University of Texas at Austin and Penn State found that uniform density at the nanoscale is the key to increasing how much clean water desalination membranes can create, UT News reports. The research provides an answer to a complex question about the desalination process that scientists have struggled to solve for decades and could bring society one step closer to reducing costs of clean water production.
In context: Desalination Has a Waste Problem
IN RECENT WATER NEWS
Far from being in the rearview, the upheaval of the last year will set the stage for the next 12 months and beyond.
The pandemic’s economic dislocation continues to reverberate among those who lost work. Severe weather boosted by a warming climate is leaving its mark in the watersheds of the Southwest. And President-elect Biden will take office looking to undo much of his predecessor’s legacy of environmental deregulation while also writing his own narrative on issues of climate, infrastructure, and social justice.
Unanticipated storylines will undoubtedly arise — who, a year ago, expected such tumult from a virus? — but some trends are known in advance. The contours of these four stories have already taken shape.
In Case You Missed It:
HotSpots H2O: Minnesota Pipeline Opponents File Federal Lawsuit to Halt Construction – Two Minnesota Ojibwe communities and two environmental organizations filed a lawsuit against the Line 3 oil pipeline in order to halt construction in that state, alleging that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers issued the project’s water quality permit without appropriate consideration of several environmental issues.
What’s Up With Water – January 4, 2020 – This week’s episode covers a settlement to compensate victims of the Flint water crisis in Michigan, the replacement of all lead service lines in Newark, New Jersey and the federal approval of a water rights settlement that will fund drinking water infrastructure on reservation lands in Utah.
Economically Struggling Nations Like Mozambique Hit Hardest When Climate Catastrophes Strike
Nearly two years after Cyclone Idai hit Mozambique, the country is still struggling to recover. Now, just weeks after another tropical storm hit the country’s capital city, The Guardian reports that the impact of deadly storms is less explained by its intensity and more by how underprepared the countries the storms strike are. Nearly 92,500 people in Beira are still homeless due to the cyclone, a city marked by poverty and destitution. Without aid from wealthier nations, countries like Mozambique will continue to face harsher impacts of climate change, according to experts and aid organizations.
TODAY’S TOP WATER STORIES, TOLD IN NUMBERS
1 MILLION PEOPLE
Around one million people in South Sudan have been displaced or isolated by flooding over the past six months. The Associated Press reports that families throughout the country are struggling to access food, water and medical care during a time when the nation is still recovering from an intense civil war. Almost all of the 60 villages throughout Fangak county have been affected by flooding. Locals say they can’t rely on their federal government for help, instead looking to international aid organizations for supplies and medical care.
Rising temperatures have intensified dry years across the Colorado River Basin over the past 20 years, Arizona Republic reports. Colorado River Water Conservation District general manager Andy Mueller said extreme conditions over the past year, including drought and wildfire, will become more frequent in the future due to climate change. Farmers, city officials, environmentalists and managers of water districts along the Colorado River have begun discussing ways to adapt to the changing climate but there has been little agreement on the best way to move forward.
ON THE RADAR
Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia agreed on Sunday to resume discussions over the operation of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Al Jazeera reports that major questions about how much water Ethiopia will release downstream remain. Egypt has long voiced concerns that the dam will severely cut their access to water along the Nile, which accounts for nearly 97 percent of its irrigation and drinking water. Sudan has warned that millions of lives could be at “great risk” without a binding agreement, while Ethiopia says the dam is essential to meeting the power needs of its population.
Jane is a Communications Associate for Circle of Blue. She writes The Stream and has covered domestic and international water issues for Circle of Blue. She is a recent graduate of Grand Valley State University, where she studied Multimedia Journalism and Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies. During her time at Grand Valley, she was the host of the Community Service Learning Center podcast Be the Change. Currently based in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Jane enjoys listening to music, reading and spending time outdoors. | <urn:uuid:51833469-688e-4fde-b37c-b12225b74fd5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.circleofblue.org/2021/daily-stream/the-stream-january-5-2021/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.945857 | 1,164 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Today the population of dogs is aging. There are more and more senior dogs in households and it is more common to see older dogs available for adoption than it was twenty years ago. I thought it might be a good idea to outline some special considerations for those wanting to rescue or adopt an older animals…they are certainly easier than raising a puppy!
Should you adopt a senior dog?
One advantage to obtaining a senior dog is that you will usually know about any behavior or health issues before you get the animal. In some cases these problems can be addressed behaviorally but you avoid those animals that will be unsuitable for your lifestyle and family composition. For instance, an older dog that is losing its hearing and mobility is not necessarily a good match for a household with a toddler.
Does the adoptable senior dog come with records?
It depends, since senior dogs don’t always get adopted right away, foster homes and shelter caregivers usually know a lot about the animal. Anytime you can, get a complete history on the animal. This should include veterinary records, behavioral notes, and assessments from pet professionals. Previous owners are not always truthful and will intentionally leave out important information that might be critical to the health and well-being of the animal and new owners. So, talking to caregivers and looking at all the records and notes is important. Taking your time to get to know the animal and putting in into a variety of circumstances can give you a pretty fair assessment.
How fast can you integrate a senior dog into the household?
I find it bizarre that some people spend more time selecting a car or stereo system than in selecting a pet. Research the breed traits thoroughly and spend time with the animal over a few days or a longer period of time if you can. I like when people invest time by taking pet potentials into different environments, expose them to other animals, and introduce them to family members on neutral ground. This reveals more about the animals and helps you to assess the senior dog more accurately. Pay attention to “gut feelings” and if you have any doubts, don’t adopt that animal. Most senior animals settle in pretty quickly.
Breed rescue or shelter groups as a source for senior dogs.
You might not be aware of this, but there are senior dog specific adoption agencies. Most breed rescues also have older dogs available. Many dogs are in their prime at 7 years of age but many bigger breeds are still considered senior citizens. If you live in the Cleveland, Ohio area you can actually attend a senior dog adoption Sunday at the end of every month. The Senior Dog Project lists agencies and groups that have senior dogs available for adoption. Search specifically for senior animals in your area or around the nation at PetFinder.com.
Do you need to budget more for veterinary medical care?
With the growing costs of veterinary care consider obtaining veterinary insurance for all your animals. Older pets may or may not have more medical problems. Often they will have moles, fatty tumors, and other minor things. They may show other signs of aging such as loss of eyesight or hearing. You must be prepared to deal with an older animal having more trips to the veterinarian and a shorter lifespan. As a dog ages, tartar, gum disease, and tooth loss are potential problems. Senior dogs may experience pain and discomfort from arthritis, and sometimes face other problems associated with age such as cognitive dysfunction (age-related dementia), kidney problems, or other maladies.
Do older dogs have lower activity levels?
Senior dogs are not as demanding as their younger counterparts. Like any animal, older dogs need quality time, attention, and walks. Most older dogs are content to sleep and curl up at your feet and nap. Older animals prefer quiet walks to running and will usually not pull you around on the leash or jump on you. In most cases, playtime is less active .
Do senior dogs have special nutritional needs?
Nutritional requirements are important to an older dog. The caloric value needs to be less if they are to remain fit and trim. It is a shame to see older dogs carrying excess weight since this shortens their lifespan and causes more health risks and problems when compared to animals kept at their optimal weight. Rich foods, as a rule, should be avoided. Check with a canine nutritionist for the best program recommendations.
Can you train a senior dog?
Yes you sure can! The mental stimulation and occupation is a great way to enrich an older animal’s life. Training an older dog is different because they are senior citizens and take longer to respond. Their reactions are slower and their mobility might be limited. Just remember that aches and pains and slow responses mean you should not tax them too much mentally or physically. Also, if you are facing any behavior problems get professional help right away. Make sure to start with a veterinary medical evaluation. Entrenched problems that have existed for a while take longer to extinguish but sometimes behavior problems arise when there is a veterinary medical issue.
What is the advantage of adopting a senior dog?
The rewards are great if you adopt an older dog. You should feel good about your decision to provide love and attention to an animal that would otherwise not have a chance. They often tend to be some of the best companions you could ever find. It is unfortunate that they are often overlooked since they provide loyalty, love, and companionship in their own quiet and individual way.
A thumping tail and a cold nose is a wonderful thing–whatever the age.
Do you have a senior dog? Leave a comment below. | <urn:uuid:49e1a215-ab6d-4fae-af5e-9586058cbf80> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.arkanimals.com/senior-dogs-is-adopting-an-older-dog-for-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00056-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960433 | 1,138 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Placebos Are Getting More Effective. Drugmakers Are Desperate to Know Why.
Merck was in trouble. In 2002, the pharmaceutical giant was falling behind its rivals in sales. Even worse, patents on five blockbuster drugs were about to expire, which would allow cheaper generics to flood the market. The company hadn't introduced a truly new product in three years, and its stock price was plummeting.
In interviews with the press, Edward Scolnick, Merck's research director, laid out his battle plan to restore the firm to preeminence. Key to his strategy was expanding the company's reach into the antidepressant market, where Merck had lagged while competitors like Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline created some of the best-selling drugs in the world. "To remain dominant in the future," he told Forbes, "we need to dominate the central nervous system."
His plan hinged on the success of an experimental antidepressant codenamed MK-869. Still in clinical trials, it looked like every pharma executive's dream: a new kind of medication that exploited brain chemistry in innovative ways to promote feelings of well-being. The drug tested brilliantly early on, with minimal side effects, and Merck touted its game-changing potential at a meeting of 300 securities analysts.
Behind the scenes, however, MK-869 was starting to unravel. True, many test subjects treated with the medication felt their hopelessness and anxiety lift. But so did nearly the same number who took a placebo, a look-alike pill made of milk sugar or another inert substance given to groups of volunteers in clinical trials to gauge how much more effective the real drug is by comparison. The fact that taking a faux drug can powerfully improve some people's health—the so-called placebo effect—has long been considered an embarrassment to the serious practice of pharmacology.
Ultimately, Merck's foray into the antidepressant market failed. In subsequent tests, MK-869 turned out to be no more effective than a placebo. In the jargon of the industry, the trials crossed the futility boundary.
MK-869 wasn't the only highly anticipated medical breakthrough to be undone in recent years by the placebo effect. From 2001 to 2006, the percentage of new products cut from development after Phase II clinical trials, when drugs are first tested against placebo, rose by 20 percent. The failure rate in more extensive Phase III trials increased by 11 percent, mainly due to surprisingly poor showings against placebo. Despite historic levels of industry investment in R&D, the US Food and Drug Administration approved only 19 first-of-their-kind remedies in 2007—the fewest since 1983—and just 24 in 2008. Half of all drugs that fail in late-stage trials drop out of the pipeline due to their inability to beat sugar pills.
The upshot is fewer new medicines available to ailing patients and more financial woes for the beleaguered pharmaceutical industry. Last November, a new type of gene therapy for Parkinson's disease, championed by the Michael J. Fox Foundation, was abruptly withdrawn from Phase II trials after unexpectedly tanking against placebo. A stem-cell startup called Osiris Therapeutics got a drubbing on Wall Street in March, when it suspended trials of its pill for Crohn's disease, an intestinal ailment, citing an "unusually high" response to placebo. Two days later, Eli Lilly broke off testing of a much-touted new drug for schizophrenia when volunteers showed double the expected level of placebo response.
It's not only trials of new drugs that are crossing the futility boundary. Some products that have been on the market for decades, like Prozac, are faltering in more recent follow-up tests. In many cases, these are the compounds that, in the late '90s, made Big Pharma more profitable than Big Oil. But if these same drugs were vetted now, the FDA might not approve some of them. Two comprehensive analyses of antidepressant trials have uncovered a dramatic increase in placebo response since the 1980s. One estimated that the so-called effect size (a measure of statistical significance) in placebo groups had nearly doubled over that time.
It's not that the old meds are getting weaker, drug developers say. It's as if the placebo effect is somehow getting stronger.
The fact that an increasing number of medications are unable to beat sugar pills has thrown the industry into crisis. The stakes could hardly be higher. In today's economy, the fate of a long-established company can hang on the outcome of a handful of tests.
Why are inert pills suddenly overwhelming promising new drugs and established medicines alike? The reasons are only just beginning to be understood. A network of independent researchers is doggedly uncovering the inner workings—and potential therapeutic applications—of the placebo effect. At the same time, drugmakers are realizing they need to fully understand the mechanisms behind it so they can design trials that differentiate more clearly between the beneficial effects of their products and the body's innate ability to heal itself. A special task force of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health is seeking to stem the crisis by quietly undertaking one of the most ambitious data-sharing efforts in the history of the drug industry. After decades in the jungles of fringe science, the placebo effect has become the elephant in the boardroom.
The roots of the placebo problem can be traced to a lie told by an Army nurse during World War II as Allied forces stormed the beaches of southern Italy. The nurse was assisting an anesthetist named Henry Beecher, who was tending to US troops under heavy German bombardment. When the morphine supply ran low, the nurse assured a wounded soldier that he was getting a shot of potent painkiller, though her syringe contained only salt water. Amazingly, the bogus injection relieved the soldier's agony and prevented the onset of shock.
Returning to his post at Harvard after the war, Beecher became one of the nation's leading medical reformers. Inspired by the nurse's healing act of deception, he launched a crusade to promote a method of testing new medicines to find out whether they were truly effective. At the time, the process for vetting drugs was sloppy at best: Pharmaceutical companies would simply dose volunteers with an experimental agent until the side effects swamped the presumed benefits. Beecher proposed that if test subjects could be compared to a group that received a placebo, health officials would finally have an impartial way to determine whether a medicine was actually responsible for making a patient better.
In a 1955 paper titled "The Powerful Placebo," published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, Beecher described how the placebo effect had undermined the results of more than a dozen trials by causing improvement that was mistakenly attributed to the drugs being tested. He demonstrated that trial volunteers who got real medication were also subject to placebo effects; the act of taking a pill was itself somehow therapeutic, boosting the curative power of the medicine. Only by subtracting the improvement in a placebo control group could the actual value of the drug be calculated.
The article caused a sensation. By 1962, reeling from news of birth defects caused by a drug called thalidomide, Congress amended the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, requiring trials to include enhanced safety testing and placebo control groups. Volunteers would be assigned randomly to receive either medicine or a sugar pill, and neither doctor nor patient would know the difference until the trial was over. Beecher's double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial—or RCT—was enshrined as the gold standard of the emerging pharmaceutical industry. Today, to win FDA approval, a new medication must beat placebo in at least two authenticated trials.
Beecher's prescription helped cure the medical establishment of outright quackery, but it had an insidious side effect. By casting placebo as the villain in RCTs, he ended up stigmatizing one of his most important discoveries. The fact that even dummy capsules can kick-start the body's recovery engine became a problem for drug developers to overcome, rather than a phenomenon that could guide doctors toward a better understanding of the healing process and how to drive it most effectively.
In his eagerness to promote his template for clinical trials, Beecher also overreached by seeing the placebo effect at work in curing ailments like the common cold, which wane with no intervention at all. But the triumph of Beecher's gold standard was a generation of safer medications that worked for nearly everyone. Anthracyclines don't require an oncologist with a genial bedside manner to slow the growth of tumors.
What Beecher didn't foresee, however, was the explosive growth of the pharmaceutical industry. The blockbuster success of mood drugs in the '80s and '90s emboldened Big Pharma to promote remedies for a growing panoply of disorders that are intimately related to higher brain function. By attempting to dominate the central nervous system, Big Pharma gambled its future on treating ailments that have turned out to be particularly susceptible to the placebo effect.
The tall, rusty-haired son of a country doctor, William Potter, 64, has spent most of his life treating mental illness—first as a psychiatrist at the National Institute of Mental Health and then as a drug developer. A decade ago, he took a job at Lilly's neuroscience labs. There, working on new antidepressants and antianxiety meds, he became one of the first researchers to glimpse the approaching storm.
To test products internally, pharmaceutical companies routinely run trials in which a long-established medication and an experimental one compete against each other as well as against a placebo. As head of Lilly's early-stage psychiatric drug development in the late '90s, Potter saw that even durable warhorses like Prozac, which had been on the market for years, were being overtaken by dummy pills in more recent tests. The company's next-generation antidepressants were faring badly, too, doing no better than placebo in seven out of 10 trials.
As a psychiatrist, Potter knew that some patients really do seem to get healthier for reasons that have more to do with a doctor's empathy than with the contents of a pill. But it baffled him that drugs he'd been prescribing for years seemed to be struggling to prove their effectiveness. Thinking that something crucial may have been overlooked, Potter tapped an IT geek named David DeBrota to help him comb through the Lilly database of published and unpublished trials—including those that the company had kept secret because of high placebo response. They aggregated the findings from decades of antidepressant trials, looking for patterns and trying to see what was changing over time. What they found challenged some of the industry's basic assumptions about its drug-vetting process.
Assumption number one was that if a trial were managed correctly, a medication would perform as well or badly in a Phoenix hospital as in a Bangalore clinic. Potter discovered, however, that geographic location alone could determine whether a drug bested placebo or crossed the futility boundary. By the late '90s, for example, the classic antianxiety drug diazepam (also known as Valium) was still beating placebo in France and Belgium. But when the drug was tested in the US, it was likely to fail. Conversely, Prozac performed better in America than it did in western Europe and South Africa. It was an unsettling prospect: FDA approval could hinge on where the company chose to conduct a trial.
Mistaken assumption number two was that the standard tests used to gauge volunteers' improvement in trials yielded consistent results. Potter and his colleagues discovered that ratings by trial observers varied significantly from one testing site to another. It was like finding out that the judges in a tight race each had a different idea about the placement of the finish line.
Potter and DeBrota's data-mining also revealed that even superbly managed trials were subject to runaway placebo effects. But exactly why any of this was happening remained elusive. "We were able to identify many of the core issues in play," Potter says. "But there was no clear answer to the problem." Convinced that what Lilly was facing was too complex for any one pharmaceutical house to unravel on its own, he came up with a plan to break down the firewalls between researchers across the industry, enabling them to share data in "pre-competitive space."
After prodding by Potter and others, the NIH focused on the issue in 2000, hosting a three-day conference in Washington. For the first time in medical history, more than 500 drug developers, doctors, academics, and trial designers put their heads together to examine the role of the placebo effect in clinical trials and healing in general.
Potter's ambitious plan for a collaborative approach to the problem eventually ran into its own futility boundary: No one would pay for it. And drug companies don't share data, they hoard it. But the NIH conference launched a new wave of placebo research in academic labs in the US and Italy that would make significant progress toward solving the mystery of what was happening in clinical trials.
Visitors to Fabrizio Benedetti's clinic at the University of Turin are asked never to say the P-word around the med students who sign up for his experiments. For all the volunteers know, the trim, soft-spoken neuroscientist is hard at work concocting analgesic skin creams and methods for enhancing athletic performance.
One recent afternoon in his lab, a young soccer player grimaced with exertion while doing leg curls on a weight machine. Benedetti and his colleagues were exploring the potential of using Pavlovian conditioning to give athletes a competitive edge undetectable by anti-doping authorities. A player would receive doses of a performance-enhancing drug for weeks and then a jolt of placebo just before competition.
Benedetti, 53, first became interested in placebos in the mid-'90s, while researching pain. He was surprised that some of the test subjects in his placebo groups seemed to suffer less than those on active drugs. But scientific interest in this phenomenon, and the money to research it, were hard to come by. "The placebo effect was considered little more than a nuisance," he recalls. "Drug companies, physicians, and clinicians were not interested in understanding its mechanisms. They were concerned only with figuring out whether their drugs worked better."
Part of the problem was that response to placebo was considered a psychological trait related to neurosis and gullibility rather than a physiological phenomenon that could be scrutinized in the lab and manipulated for therapeutic benefit. But then Benedetti came across a study, done years earlier, that suggested the placebo effect had a neurological foundation. US scientists had found that a drug called naloxone blocks the pain-relieving power of placebo treatments. The brain produces its own analgesic compounds called opioids, released under conditions of stress, and naloxone blocks the action of these natural painkillers and their synthetic analogs. The study gave Benedetti the lead he needed to pursue his own research while running small clinical trials for drug companies.
Now, after 15 years of experimentation, he has succeeded in mapping many of the biochemical reactions responsible for the placebo effect, uncovering a broad repertoire of self-healing responses. Placebo-activated opioids, for example, not only relieve pain; they also modulate heart rate and respiration. The neurotransmitter dopamine, when released by placebo treatment, helps improve motor function in Parkinson's patients. Mechanisms like these can elevate mood, sharpen cognitive ability, alleviate digestive disorders, relieve insomnia, and limit the secretion of stress-related hormones like insulin and cortisol.
In one study, Benedetti found that Alzheimer's patients with impaired cognitive function get less pain relief from analgesic drugs than normal volunteers do. Using advanced methods of EEG analysis, he discovered that the connections between the patients' prefrontal lobes and their opioid systems had been damaged. Healthy volunteers feel the benefit of medication plus a placebo boost. Patients who are unable to formulate ideas about the future because of cortical deficits, however, feel only the effect of the drug itself. The experiment suggests that because Alzheimer's patients don't get the benefits of anticipating the treatment, they require higher doses of painkillers to experience normal levels of relief.
Benedetti often uses the phrase "placebo response" instead of placebo effect. By definition, inert pills have no effect, but under the right conditions they can act as a catalyst for what he calls the body's "endogenous health care system." Like any other internal network, the placebo response has limits. It can ease the discomfort of chemotherapy, but it won't stop the growth of tumors. It also works in reverse to produce the placebo's evil twin, the nocebo effect. For example, men taking a commonly prescribed prostate drug who were informed that the medication may cause sexual dysfunction were twice as likely to become impotent.
Further research by Benedetti and others showed that the promise of treatment activates areas of the brain involved in weighing the significance of events and the seriousness of threats. "If a fire alarm goes off and you see smoke, you know something bad is going to happen and you get ready to escape," explains Tor Wager, a neuroscientist at Columbia University. "Expectations about pain and pain relief work in a similar way. Placebo treatments tap into this system and orchestrate the responses in your brain and body accordingly."
In other words, one way that placebo aids recovery is by hacking the mind's ability to predict the future. We are constantly parsing the reactions of those around us—such as the tone a doctor uses to deliver a diagnosis—to generate more-accurate estimations of our fate. One of the most powerful placebogenic triggers is watching someone else experience the benefits of an alleged drug. Researchers call these social aspects of medicine the therapeutic ritual.
In a study last year, Harvard Medical School researcher Ted Kaptchuk devised a clever strategy for testing his volunteers' response to varying levels of therapeutic ritual. The study focused on irritable bowel syndrome, a painful disorder that costs more than $40 billion a year worldwide to treat. First the volunteers were placed randomly in one of three groups. One group was simply put on a waiting list; researchers know that some patients get better just because they sign up for a trial. Another group received placebo treatment from a clinician who declined to engage in small talk. Volunteers in the third group got the same sham treatment from a clinician who asked them questions about symptoms, outlined the causes of IBS, and displayed optimism about their condition.
Rx for Success
What turns a dummy pill into a catalyst for relieving pain, anxiety, depression, sexual dysfunction, or the tremors of Parkinson's disease? The brain's own healing mechanisms, unleashed by the belief that a phony medication is the real thing. The most important ingredient in any placebo is the doctor's bedside manner, but according to research, the color of a tablet can boost the effectiveness even of genuine meds—or help convince a patient that a placebo is a potent remedy.—Steve Silberman
make the most effective antidepressants, like little doses of pharmaceutical sunshine.
can give you a more stimulating kick. Wake up, Neo.
The color green
reduces anxiety, adding more chill to the pill.
particularly those labeled "antacid"—are superior for soothing ulcers, even when they contain nothing but lactose.
More is better,
scientists say. Placebos taken four times a day deliver greater relief than those taken twice daily.
Placebos stamped or packaged with widely recognized trademarks are more effective than "generic" placebos.
can add a placebo boost to the physiological punch in real drugs. Viagra implies both vitality and an unstoppable Niagara of sexy.
Not surprisingly, the health of those in the third group improved most. In fact, just by participating in the trial, volunteers in this high-interaction group got as much relief as did people taking the two leading prescription drugs for IBS. And the benefits of their bogus treatment persisted for weeks afterward, contrary to the belief—widespread in the pharmaceutical industry—that the placebo response is short-lived.
Studies like this open the door to hybrid treatment strategies that exploit the placebo effect to make real drugs safer and more effective. Cancer patients undergoing rounds of chemotherapy often suffer from debilitating nocebo effects—such as anticipatory nausea—conditioned by their past experiences with the drugs. A team of German researchers has shown that these associations can be unlearned through the administration of placebo, making chemo easier to bear.
Meanwhile, the classic use of placebos in medicine—to boost the confidence of anxious patients—has been employed tacitly for ages. Nearly half of the doctors polled in a 2007 survey in Chicago admitted to prescribing medications they knew were ineffective for a patient's condition—or prescribing effective drugs in doses too low to produce actual benefit—in order to provoke a placebo response.
The main objections to more widespread placebo use in clinical practice are ethical, but the solutions to these conundrums can be surprisingly simple. Investigators told volunteers in one placebo study that the pills they were taking were "known to significantly reduce pain in some patients." The researchers weren't lying.
These new findings tell us that the body's response to certain types of medication is in constant flux, affected by expectations of treatment, conditioning, beliefs, and social cues.
For instance, the geographic variations in trial outcome that Potter uncovered begin to make sense in light of discoveries that the placebo response is highly sensitive to cultural differences. Anthropologist Daniel Moerman found that Germans are high placebo reactors in trials of ulcer drugs but low in trials of drugs for hypertension—an undertreated condition in Germany, where many people pop pills for herzinsuffizienz, or low blood pressure. Moreover, a pill's shape, size, branding, and price all influence its effects on the body. Soothing blue capsules make more effective tranquilizers than angry red ones, except among Italian men, for whom the color blue is associated with their national soccer team—Forza Azzurri!
But why would the placebo effect seem to be getting stronger worldwide? Part of the answer may be found in the drug industry's own success in marketing its products.
Potential trial volunteers in the US have been deluged with ads for prescription medications since 1997, when the FDA amended its policy on direct-to-consumer advertising. The secret of running an effective campaign, Saatchi & Saatchi's Jim Joseph told a trade journal last year, is associating a particular brand-name medication with other aspects of life that promote peace of mind: "Is it time with your children? Is it a good book curled up on the couch? Is it your favorite television show? Is it a little purple pill that helps you get rid of acid reflux?" By evoking such uplifting associations, researchers say, the ads set up the kind of expectations that induce a formidable placebo response.
The success of those ads in selling blockbuster drugs like antidepressants and statins also pushed trials offshore as therapeutic virgins—potential volunteers who were not already medicated with one or another drug—became harder to find. The contractors that manage trials for Big Pharma have moved aggressively into Africa, India, China, and the former Soviet Union. In these places, however, cultural dynamics can boost the placebo response in other ways. Doctors in these countries are paid to fill up trial rosters quickly, which may motivate them to recruit patients with milder forms of illness that yield more readily to placebo treatment. Furthermore, a patient's hope of getting better and expectation of expert care—the primary placebo triggers in the brain—are particularly acute in societies where volunteers are clamoring to gain access to the most basic forms of medicine. "The quality of care that placebo patients get in trials is far superior to the best insurance you get in America," says psychiatrist Arif Khan, principal investigator in hundreds of trials for companies like Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb. "It's basically luxury care."
Big Pharma faces additional problems in beating placebo when it comes to psychiatric drugs. One is to accurately define the nature of mental illness. The litmus test of drug efficacy in antidepressant trials is a questionnaire called the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The HAM-D was created nearly 50 years ago based on a study of major depressive disorder in patients confined to asylums. Few trial volunteers now suffer from that level of illness. In fact, many experts are starting to wonder if what drug companies now call depression is even the same disease that the HAM-D was designed to diagnose.
Existing tests also may not be appropriate for diagnosing disorders like social anxiety and premenstrual dysphoria—the very types of chronic, fuzzily defined conditions that the drug industry started targeting in the '90s, when the placebo problem began escalating. The neurological foundation of these illnesses is still being debated, making it even harder for drug companies to come up with effective treatments.
What all of these disorders have in common, however, is that they engage the higher cortical centers that generate beliefs and expectations, interpret social cues, and anticipate rewards. So do chronic pain, sexual dysfunction, Parkinson's, and many other ailments that respond robustly to placebo treatment. To avoid investing in failure, researchers say, pharmaceutical companies will need to adopt new ways of vetting drugs that route around the brain's own centralized network for healing.
Ten years and billions of R&D dollars after William Potter first sounded the alarm about the placebo effect, his message has finally gotten through. In the spring, Potter, who is now a VP at Merck, helped rev up a massive data-gathering effort called the Placebo Response Drug Trials Survey.
Under the auspices of the FNIH1, Potter and his colleagues are acquiring decades of trial data—including blood and DNA samples—to determine which variables are responsible for the apparent rise in the placebo effect. Merck, Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi-Aventis, Johnson & Johnson, and other major firms are funding the study, and the process of scrubbing volunteers' names and other personal information from the database is about to begin.
In typically secretive industry fashion, the existence of the project itself is being kept under wraps. FNIH staffers2 are willing to talk about it only anonymously, concerned about offending the companies paying for it.
For Potter, who used to ride along with his father on house calls in Indiana, the significance of the survey goes beyond Big Pharma's finally admitting it has a placebo problem. It also marks the twilight of an era when the drug industry was confident that its products were strong enough to cure illness by themselves.
"Before I routinely prescribed antidepressants, I would do more psychotherapy for mildly depressed patients," says the veteran of hundreds of drug trials. "Today we would say I was trying to engage components of the placebo response—and those patients got better. To really do the best for your patients, you want the best placebo response plus the best drug response."
The pharma crisis has also finally brought together the two parallel streams of placebo research—academic and industrial. Pfizer has asked Fabrizio Benedetti to help the company figure out why two of its pain drugs keep failing. Ted Kaptchuk is developing ways to distinguish drug response more clearly from placebo response for another pharma house that he declines to name. Both are exploring innovative trial models that treat the placebo effect as more than just statistical noise competing with the active drug.
Benedetti has helped design a protocol for minimizing volunteers' expectations that he calls "open/hidden." In standard trials, the act of taking a pill or receiving an injection activates the placebo response. In open/hidden trials, drugs and placebos are given to some test subjects in the usual way and to others at random intervals through an IV line controlled by a concealed computer. Drugs that work only when the patient knows they're being administered are placebos themselves.
Ironically, Big Pharma's attempt to dominate the central nervous system has ended up revealing how powerful the brain really is. The placebo response doesn't care if the catalyst for healing is a triumph of pharmacology, a compassionate therapist, or a syringe of salt water. All it requires is a reasonable expectation of getting better. That's potent medicine.
Contributing editor Steve Silberman (firstname.lastname@example.org) wrote about the hunt for Jim Gray in issue 15.08. | <urn:uuid:cc192b61-8be6-4c3a-98fa-1d20b3cd6402> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://archive.wired.com/medtech/drugs/magazine/17-09/ff_placebo_effect?currentPage=all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00355-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958892 | 5,832 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Last week we talked about the moon and ocean tides. We talked about the phases of the moon and went into detail, not only about daily tides, but what causes spring tides and neap tides.
First, we talked about the effect gravity has on Earth’s waters. The moon pulls the Earth’s waters creating a bulge on one side. But, the moon also pulls on the Earth itself creating a bulge of water on the other side as well. (This is a printable I made for the kids that is in the Ocean Packet.)
After they cut out the pieces and attached them with a brad, they rotated the Earth and could see how there is a high tide, then moves to a low tide, high tide (on the other side), followed by a low tide again over the course of 24 hours.
But there is not just a daily tide. Tides are also affected by the moon’s monthly cycle. So, first we talked about the phases of the moon. We all crowded into the bathroom to watch how the “sun” (flashlight) created shadows on the “moon” (egg).
The very highest tide is the Spring Tide (spring as in jump, not as in the season). When the sun, Earth and moon are in alignment. To understand that we looked through the notebook pages I made for the kids.
Once the kids each made their own Phases of the Moon display with Oreos and cookies, we talked about Spring and Neap Tides. They drew the tides on with crayon. (I’ll show you what we talked about with a picture below!)
When the sun and moon are in a line with the Earth, the pull (of gravity) on Earth’s oceans is greatest so the high tides are highest.
When the moon is at right angles (first and last quarter), the pull on Earth’s waters is diminished a bit because the moon’s gravity pulls at the waters, but so does the sun from a different angle. Therefore, the high tide is lower during this phase of the moon’s cycle.
We drew this on our paper, but here’s basically what we did:
New Moon, Spring Tide
- When the sun and moon are aligned, the highest high tides and lowest low tides are produced.
First Quarter, Neap Tide
- The moon and sun are at right angles to the Earth, producing the lowest high tides and the highest low tides.
Full Moon, Spring Tide
- The sun and moon align once again, and the Sun augments the Moon’s gravitational pull, causing a second spring tide.
Third Quarter, Neap Tide
- The Moon and Sun once again are at right angles to the Earth, causing a second Neap Tide.
The pages above and the pages about ocean currents are all available in our Ocean Unit Packet.
Coming up Next in our Ocean Unit? We’ll be talking about Special Body Features & Appendages (Such as strange mouth shapes, “fishing lure” to attract their prey, bioluminescence, spines for protection, arms and tentacles for catching and holding, claws, electricity, etc.) and about Fish Body Shape and Movement (fusiform, rod shape, etc.)
You may be interested in our other Ocean Unit Posts:
- Ocean Unit Packet: Marine Habitats, Tides, Currents, Ocean Floor, Ocean Life, Bioluminescence and More! Our 65+ page Ocean Curriculum is now available. See details here:
- Ocean Unit: 5 Salinity Activities & Why the Ocean is Salty
- Surface Currents, Deep Sea Currents Activities
- Ocean, Seas and Straits – Pin Map Printable
If you have younger kids you may be interested in the ocean activities we did when they were preschool and early elementary age:
- Ocean Animals and Their Groups
- Ocean Activities: The Ocean Zones, Layers of the Ocean
- Ocean Activities – diorama
Disclosure: Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links, and at no additional cost to you, I will earn a commission if you decide to make a purchase. | <urn:uuid:5b15ecfa-a194-4889-a17b-9c863a627c8b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://homeschoolden.com/2016/03/31/ocean-activities-the-moon-and-tides-spring-and-neap-tides-and-more/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00274-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91602 | 882 | 3.53125 | 4 |
A collection of essays that reflects upon the development, refinement, and maturation of Philosophy for Children
Studies in Philosophy for Children
Harry Stottlemeier's Discovery
Search the full text of this book
edited by Ann Margaret Sharp and Ronald F. Reed
Harry Stottlemeier's Discovery, created by Matthew Lipman in 1969, is now a widely used and highly successful tool for teaching philosophy to children. As the original novel of the Philosophy for Children program, its goal is to present major ideas in the history of philosophy, nurturing children's ability to think for themselves. At present, it is taught in 5,000 schools in the United States and has been translated into eighteen languages worldwide. This collection of essays reflects upon the development, refinement, and maturation of Philosophy for Children and on its relationship to the tradition of philosophy itself.
The contributors are philosophers themselves who have taught from Lipman's novels or conducted workshops instructing elementary school teachers on how most effectively to utilize the program in their classrooms. Teaching Harry raises philosophical issues concerning such concepts as authority, morality, religion, justice, truth, knowledge, beauty, and goodness. Gracing each article with personal experience, the authors recount their own struggles against the claims of philosophers and psychologists who have previously underestimated children's moral capability because of their lack of political and social experience.
Part I: Some Remarks by Matthew Lipman on Philosophy for Children
Part II: Ethical, Social, and Political Issues
Part III: Metaphysical and Epistemological Problems
Part IV: Logical Issues
Part V: Pedagogical Dimension
Sources and References for Harry Stottlemeier’s Discovery Matthew Lipman
Ann Margaret Sharp is Associate Director of the Institute for the Advancement of Philosophy for Children and Professor of Education at Montclair State College. She is also the coauthor (with Matthew Lipman and Frederick S. Oscanyan) of Philosophy in the Classroom (Temple).
Ronald F. Reed is Director of the Center for Analytic Teaching and Professor of Philosophy and Education at Texas Wesleyan University. He is the author of numerous publications on philosophy for children, including Talking with Children and Rebecca.
Contributors: Martin Benjamin, Eugenio Echeverria, Philip C. Guin, Clive Lindop, Matthew Lipman, Frederick Oscanyan, Michael Pritchard, John C. Thomas, Laurence J. Splitter, and the editors. | <urn:uuid:f2eb4676-a2ea-4ccf-ae9f-65c1bd9b6ab6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/837_reg_right.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00231-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924282 | 499 | 3.40625 | 3 |
|Learnt At||31 levels of magic.spells.special|
Octograve is a command that lets a Wizard use a staff or a walking stick to make an octogram. The focus of an octogram is required for the casting of some spells. The glowing octogram is left on the ground to fade with time. Only a single octogram will appear in a room at a time, but it can be refreshed endlessly. | <urn:uuid:5247caac-4339-4ce7-8556-2363b9059d22> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dwwiki.mooo.com/w/index.php?title=Octograve&oldid=54881 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.772161 | 142 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Stabilised leachate usually contains lower concentration of organic compounds than younger leachate; it has low biodegradability and generally unsuitable for biological treatment. The effectiveness of tetravalent metal salts in a coagulation-flocculation (C-F) process is still inclusive. Application of natural coagulants as an alternative to the chemical could reduce chemical usage, is less costly, and environmentally friendly. Hence, the objective of the current research is to examine the possibility of reducing the amount of Tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4) as a primary coagulant by adding Jatropha curcas (JC) as a flocculant as a sole treatment through the C-F process in treating concentrated suspended solids (SS) (547 mg/L), colour (19,705 Pt-Co) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (4202 mg/L) in stabilised landfill leachate. The work also aims to evaluate the sludge properties after treatment. Functional groups, such as carboxylic acids, hydroxyl and amine/amino compounds (protein contents), were detected in the JC seed to facilitate the C-F process by neutralising the charge pollutant in water and cause the possibility of hydrogen bonding interaction between molecules. The combination of JC seed (0.9 g/L) as a flocculant reduced the dosage of SnCl4 as a coagulant from 11.1 g/L to 8.5 g/L with removals of 99.78%, 98.53% and 74.29% for SS, colour and COD, respectively. The presence of JC improved the sludge property with good morphology; the particles were in a rectangular shape, had clumps and strong agglomeration. These properties of sludge proved that JC seed could enhance the adsorption and bridging mechanism in the C-F procedure.
The presence of microplastics (MP) and nanoplastics (NP) in the environment poses significant hazards towards microorganisms, humans, animals and plants. This paper is focused on recent literature studies and patents discussing the removal process of these plastic pollutants. Microplastics and nanoplastics can be quantified by counting, weighing, absorbance and turbidity and can be further analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and Raman tweezers. Mitigation methods reported are categorized depending on the removal characteristics: (i) Filtration and separation method: Filtration and separation, electrospun nanofiber membrane, constructed wetlands; (ii) Capture and surface attachment method: coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation (CFS), electrocoagulation, adsorption, magnetization, micromachines, superhydrophobic materials and microorganism aggregation; and (iii) Degradation method: photocatalytic degradation, microorganism degradation and thermal degradation; where removal efficiency between 58 and 100% were reported. As these methods are significantly distinctive, the parameters which affect the MP/NP removal performance e.g., pH, type of plastics, presence of interfering chemicals or ions, surface charges etc. are also discussed. 42 granted international patents related to microplastics and nanoplastics removal are also reviewed where the majority of these patents are focused on separation or filtration devices. These devices are efficient for microplastics up to 20 μm but may be ineffective for nanoplastics or fibrous plastics. Several patents were found to focus on methods similar to literature studies e.g., magnetization, CFS, biofilm and microorganism aggregation; with the addition of another method: thermal degradation.
Landfill leachate contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs), namely, bisphenol A (BPA) and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, which exceed the permissible limits. Thus, such landfill leachate must be treated before it is released into natural water courses. This article reports on investigations about the removal efficiency of POPs such as BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol from leachate using locust bean gum (LBG) in comparison with alum. The vital experimental variables (pH, coagulant dosage and stirring speed) were optimised by applying response surface methodology equipped with the Box-Behnken design to reduce the POPs from leachate. An empirical quadratic polynomial model could accurately model the surface response with R2 values of 0.928 and 0.954 to reduce BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed on treated flocs for further understanding. FTIR analysis revealed that the bridging of pollutant particles could be due to the explicit adsorption and bridging via hydrogen bonding of a coagulation mechanism. SEM micrographs indicated that the flocs produced by LBG have a rough cloudy surface and numerous micro-pores compared with alum, which enabled the capture and removal of POPs from leachate. Results showed that the reduction efficiencies for BPA and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol at pH 7.5 were 76% and 84% at LBG dosage of 500 mg·L-1 and 400 mg·L-1, respectively. Coagulant dosage and pH variation have a significant effect on POPs reduction in leachate. Coagulation/flocculation using LBG could be applied for POPs reduction in leachate as a pre-treatment prior to advanced treatments.
Among many other sustainable functional nanomaterials, nanocellulose is drawing increasing interest for use in environmental remediation technologies due to its numerous unique properties and functionalities. Nanocellulose is usually derived from the disintegration of naturally occurring polymers or produced by the action of bacteria. In this review, some invigorating perspectives on the challenges, future direction, and updates on the most relevant uses of nanocellulose in environmental remediation are discussed. The reported applications and properties of nanocellulose as an adsorbent, photocatalyst, flocculant, and membrane are reviewed in particular. However, additional effort will be required to implement and commercialize nanocellulose as a viable nanomaterial for remediation technologies. In this regard, the main challenges and limitations in working with nanocellulose-based materials are identified in an effort to improve the development and efficient use of nanocellulose in environmental remediation.
A new approach to recover microalgae from aqueous medium using a bio-flotation method is reported. The method involves utilizing a Moringa protein extract - oil emulsion (MPOE) for flotation removal of Nannochloropsis sp. The effect of various factors has been assessed using this method, including operating parameters such as pH, MPOE dose, algae concentration and mixing time. A maximum flotation efficiency of 86.5% was achieved without changing the pH condition of algal medium. Moreover, zeta potential analysis showed a marked difference in the zeta potential values when increase the MPOE dose concentration. An optimum condition of MPOE dosage of 50ml/L, pH 8, mixing time 4min, and a flotation efficiency of greater than 86% was accomplished. The morphology of algal flocs produced by protein-oil emulsion flocculant were characterized by microscopy. This flotation method is not only simple, but also an efficient method for harvesting microalgae from culture medium.
This study was conducted to examine the production of bioflocculants using agricultural wastewater as a fermentation feedstock under different temperatures and incubation times. The mechanism of flocculation was studied to gain a detailed understanding of the flocculation activity. The highest bioflocculant yield (2.03 g/L) at a temperature of 40 °C was produced in a palm oil mill effluent medium (BioF-POME). Bioflocculant produced from a fermented SME medium (BioF-SME) showed the highest activity. The flocculation tests for colour and turbidity removal from lake water indicated that BioF-SME and BioF-POME performed comparably to commercial alum. Analyses of the bioflocculants using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) found that the bioflocculants contained xylose and glucose. The mechanism study showed that flocculation occurred through charge neutralization and interparticle bridging between the bioflocculant polymer and the particles in the lake water. Thus, agricultural wastewater can be used as a fermentation feedstock for high-quality bioflocculants.
The biodegradability and safety of the bioflocculants make them a potential alternative to non-biodegradable chemical flocculants for wastewater treatment. However, low yield and production cost has been reported to be the limiting factor for large scale bioflocculant production. Although the utilization of cheap nutrient sources is generally appealing for large scale bioproduct production, exploration to meet the demand for them is still low. Although much progress has been achieved at laboratory scale, Industrial production and application of bioflocculant is yet to be viable due to cost of the production medium and low yield. Thus, the prospects of bioflocculant application as an alternative to chemical flocculants is linked to evaluation and utilization of cheap alternative and renewable nutrient sources. This review evaluates the latest literature on the utilization of waste/wastewater as an alternative substitute for conventional expensive nutrient sources. It focuses on the mechanisms and metabolic pathways involved in microbial flocculant synthesis, culture conditions and nutrient requirements for bioflocculant production, pre-treatment, and also optimization of waste substrate for bioflocculant synthesis and bioflocculant production from waste and their efficiencies. Utilization of wastes as a microbial nutrient source drastically reduces the cost of bioflocculant production and increases the appeal of bioflocculant as a cost-effective alternative to chemical flocculants.
Microalgae-based biodiesel has gained widespread interest as an alternative energy source. Low-cost microalgae harvesting technologies are important for economically feasible biodiesel production. This study investigated, for the first time, the impact of adaptation period and height to diameter (H/D) ratio of a reactor on the growth and self-flocculation of microalgae, without the addition of bacteria. Six reactors were grouped into three sets of experiments, and each reactor was operated for 30 days at similar operating conditions (volume exchange ratio = 25% and settling time = 30 min). In set 1, two 8-L reactors, H5a (H/D ratio: 5) and H8a (H/D ratio: 8), were operated under batch operation. In set 2, reactors H5b and H8b were operated as sequential batch reactors (SBRs) without an adaptation period. In set 3, the reactors H5c and H8c were operated as SBRs with an adaptation period. The findings showed a threefold improvement in biomass productivity for the higher H/D ratio (H8c) and a reduction in biomass loss for microalgae. The H8c reactor exhibited 95% settling efficiency within 5 days, in comparison to 30 days for the H5c reactor. This study demonstrated that a higher H/D ratio and the introduction of an adaptation period in SBR operation positively influences growth and self-flocculation of enriched mixed microalgae culture.
The evaluation of complex organic and inorganic coagulant's performances and their relationships could compromise the surface water treatment process time and its efficiency. In this work, process optimization was investigated by comparing an eco-friendly chitosan with the industrially used coagulants namely aluminum sulfate (alum), polyaluminum chloride (PAC), and aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) in compliance with national drinking water standards. To treat various water samples from different treatment plants with turbidity and pH ranges from 20-826.3 NTU and 5.21-6.80, respectively, 5-20 mg/L coagulant dosages were varied in the presence of aluminum, ferum, and manganese. Among all, 10 mg/L of the respective ACH and chitosan demonstrated 97% and 99% turbidity removal in addition to the removal of the metals that complies with the referred standard. However, chitosan owes fewer sensitive responses (turbidity and residual metal) with the change in its input factors (dosage and pH), especially in acidic conditions. This finding suggested its beneficial role to be used under the non-critical dosage monitoring. Meanwhile, ACH was found to perform better than chitosan only at pH > 7.4 with half dosage required. In summary, chitosan and ACH could perform equally at a different set of optimum conditions. This optimization study offers precise selections of coagulants for a practical water treatment operation.
In this study, the flocculation behavior and mechanism of a cation-independent bioflocculant IH-7 produced by Aspergillus flavus were investigated. Results showed 91.6% was the lowest flocculating rate recorded by IH-7 (0.5 mg L(-1)) at pH range 4-8. Moreover, IH-7 showed better flocculation performance than polyaluminum chloride (PAC) at a wide range of flocculant concentration (0.06-25 mg L(-1)), temperature (5-45 °C) and salinity (10-60% w/w). The current study found that cation addition did not significantly enhance the flocculating rate and IH-7 is a positively charged bioflocculant. These findings suggest that charge neutralization is the main flocculation mechanism of IH-7 bioflocculant. IH-7 was significantly used to flocculate different types of suspended solids such as activated carbons, kaolin clays, soil solids and yeast cells.
Flocculants are foreign particles that aggregate suspended microalgae cells and due to cost factor and toxicity, harvesting of microalgae biomass has shifted towards the use of bioflocculants. In this study, mild acid-extracted bioflocculants from waste chicken's eggshell and clam shell were used to harvest Chlorella vulgaris that was cultivated using chicken compost as nutrient source. It was found that a maximum of 99% flocculation efficiency can be attained at pH medium of 9.8 using 60 mg/L of hydrochloric acid-extracted chicken's eggshell bioflocculant at 50 °C of reaction temperature. On the other hand, 80 mg/L of hydrochloric acid-extracted clam shell bioflocculant was sufficient to recover C. vulgaris biomass at pH 9.8 and optimum temperature of 40 °C. The bioflocculants and bioflocs were characterized using microscopic, zeta potential, XRD, AAS and FT-IR analysis. The result revealed that calcium ions in the bioflocculants are the main contributor towards the flocculation of C. vulgaris, employing charge neutralization and sweeping as possible flocculation mechanisms. The kinetic parameters were best fitted pseudo-second order which resulted in R2 of 0.99 under optimal flocculation temperature. The results herein, disclosed the applicability of shell waste-derived bioflocculants for up-scaled microalgae harvesting for biodiesel production.
Microalgae have been increasingly used to generate biofuel, thus a sustainable technique should be implemented to harvest the biomass to ensure its existence in the environment. Aspergillus niger was used as bio-flocculant to harvest microalgae from aquaculture wastewater via flocculation technique over a range of pH and mixing rate. The bio-flocculant showed ability to adapt at a wide range of pH from 3.0 to 9.0 and at a mixing rate of 100-150 rpm, producing a harvesting efficiency of higher than 90%. The treated water possessed low concentration of chlorophyll-a (0.3-0.6 mg L-1) and cell density (2 × 106-3 × 106 cell mL-1). These indicate that Aspergillus niger is a promising bio-flocculant to be used in harvesting microalgae, thus promoting the use of flocculation as a green technology in aquaculture wastewater treatment.
Recovery of cellulose fibres from paper mill effluent has been studied using common polysaccharides or biopolymers such as Guar gum, Xanthan gum and Locust bean gum as flocculent. Guar gum is commonly used in sizing paper and routinely used in paper making. The results have been compared with the performance of alum, which is a common coagulant and a key ingredient of the paper industry. Guar gum recovered about 3.86mg/L of fibre and was most effective among the biopolymers. Settling velocity distribution curves demonstrated that Guar gum was able to settle the fibres faster than the other biopolymers; however, alum displayed the highest particle removal rate than all the biopolymers at any of the settling velocities. Alum, Guar gum, Xanthan gum and Locust bean gum removed 97.46%, 94.68%, 92.39% and 92.46% turbidity of raw effluent at a settling velocity of 0.5cm/min, respectively. The conditions for obtaining the lowest sludge volume index such as pH, dose and mixing speed were optimised for guar gum which was the most effective among the biopolymers. Response surface methodology was used to design all experiments, and an optimum operational setting was proposed. The test results indicate similar performance of alum and Guar gum in terms of floc settling velocities and sludge volume index. Since Guar gum is a plant derived natural substance, it is environmentally benign and offers a green treatment option to the paper mills for pulp recycling.
An innovative approach using soybean residues for the production of bioflocculants through solid-state fermentation was carried out in 4.5 L near-to-adiabatic bioreactors at pilot-scale level. An added inoculum of the strain Bacillus subtilis UPMB13 was tested in comparison with control reactors without any inoculation after the thermophilic phase of the fermentation. The flocculating performances of the extracted bioflocculants were tested on kaolin suspensions, and crude bioflocculants were obtained from 20 g of fermented substrate through ethanol precipitation. The production of bioflocculants was observed to be higher during the death phase of microbial growth. The bioflocculants were observed to be granular in nature and consisted of hydroxyl, carboxyl and methoxyl groups that aid in their flocculating performance. The results show the vast potential of the idea of using wastes to produce bioactive materials that can replace the current dependence on chemicals, for future prospect in water treatment applications.
Aerobic granular sludge has a number of advantages over conventional activated sludge flocs, such as cohesive and strong matrix, fast settling characteristic, high biomass retention and ability to withstand high organic loadings, all aspects leading towards a compact reactor system. Still there are very few studies on the strength of aerobic granules. A procedure that has been used previously for anaerobic granular sludge strength analysis was adapted and used in this study. A new coefficient was introduced, called a stability coefficient (S), to quantify the strength of the aerobic granules. Indicators were also developed based on the strength analysis results, in order to categorize aerobic granules into three levels of strength, i.e. very strong (very stable), strong (stable) and not strong (not stable). The results indicated that aerobic granules grown on acetate were stronger (high density: >150 g T SSL(-1) and low S value: 5%) than granules developed on sewage as influent. A lower value of S indicates a higher stability of the granules.
This paper presents a unique synergistic behavior between a graphene oxide (GO) and graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) composite in an aqueous medium. The results showed that GO stabilized GnP colloid near its isoelectric point and prevented rapid agglomeration and sedimentation. It was considered that a rarely encountered charge-dependent electrostatic interaction between the highly charged GO and weakly charged GnP particles kept GnP suspended at its rapid coagulation and phase separation pH. Sedimentation and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrograph images revealed the evidence of highly stable colloidal mixtures while zeta potential measurement provided semi-quantitative explanation on the mechanism of stabilization. GnP suspension was confirmed via UV-vis spectral data while contact angle measurement elucidated the close resemblance to an aqueous solution indicating the ability of GO to mediate the flocculation prone GnP colloids. About a tenfold increase in viscosity was recorded at a low shear rate in comparison to an individual GO solution due to a strong interaction manifested between participating colloids. An optimum level of mixing ratio between the two constituents was also obtained. These new findings related to an interaction between charge-based graphitic carbon materials would open new avenues for further exploration on the enhancement of both GO and GnP functionalities particularly in mechanical and electrical domains.
Although one of the major users of flocculants are water and wastewater treatment industries, flocculants are also used in various food industries. The chemical flocculants are preferred widely in these industries due to low production cost and fast production ability. However, the negative effects of the chemical flocculants should not be neglected to gain the economic benefits only. Therefore, the researchers are working to discover efficient and economical flocculants from biological sources. Several attempts have been made and are still being made to extract or produce bioflocculants from natural sources such as plants, bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, etc. The review revealed that significant amount of work have been done in the past, in search of bioflocculant. However, commercially viable bioflocculants are yet to be marketed widely. With the advent of new biotechnologies and advances in genetic engineering, the researchers are hopeful to discover or develop commercially viable, safe and environmentfriendly bioflocculants.
Harvesting microalgae from medium is a major challenge due to their small size and low concentrations. In an attempt to find a cost-effective and eco-friendly harvesting technique, mung bean (Vigna radiata) protein extract (MBPE) was used for flocculation of Nannochloropsis sp. The effects of parameters such as pH, flocculant dose, algae concentration, and mixing time were used to study the flocculation efficiency (FE) of MBPE. Optimum parameters of MBPE dosage of 20 mL L(-1) and a mixing rate of 300 rpm for 6 min achieved a FE of >92% after 2 h of settling time. MBPE-aggregated microlga flocs were characterized by microscopy. Zeta potential values decreased with increasing flocculant dose, and the values obtained were -6.93 ± 0.60, -5.36 ± 0.64, and -4.44 ± 0.22 for doses of 10, 20, and 30 mL L(-1), respectively. In conclusion, MBPE flocculants used in this study are safe, nontoxic, and pollution free, so they could be used for an effective, convenient, and rapid harvesting of microalgae in an eco-friendly approach. These methods are sustainable and could be applied in industrial scale for aquaculture nutrition.
Microalgal bacterial flocs can be a promising approach for microalgae harvesting and wastewater treatment. The present study provides an insight on the bioflocs formation to enhance harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris and the removal of nutrients from seafood wastewater effluent. The results showed that the untreated seafood wastewater was the optimal culture medium for the cultivation and bioflocculation of C. vulgaris, with the flocculating activity of 92.0 ± 6.0%, total suspended solids removal of 93.0 ± 5.5%, and nutrient removal of 88.0 ± 2.2%. The bioflocs collected under this optimal condition contained dry matter of 107.2 ± 5.6 g·L-1 and chlorophyll content of 25.5 ± 0.2 mg·L-1. The results were promising when compared to those obtained from the auto-flocculation process that induced by the addition of calcium chloride and pH adjustment. Additionally, bacteria present in the wastewater aided to promote the formation of bioflocculation process.
The treatment of stabilized landfill leachate (SLL) by conventional biological treatment is often inefficient due to the presence of bio-recalcitrant substances. In this study, the feasibility of coagulation-flocculation coupled with the Fenton reaction in the treatment of SLL was evaluated. The efficiency of the selected treatment methods was evaluated through total organic carbon (TOC) removal from SLL. With ferric chloride as the coagulant, coagulation-flocculation was found to achieve the highest TOC removal of 71% at pH 6. Then, the pretreated SLL was subjected to the Fenton reaction. Nearly 50% of TOC removal was achieved when the reaction was carried out at pH 3, H2O2:Fe2+ ratio of 20:1, H2O2 dosage of 240 mM and 1 h of reaction time. By coupling the coagulation-flocculation with the Fenton reaction, the removal of TOC, COD (chemical oxygen demand) and turbidity of SLL were 85%, 84% and 100%, respectively. The ecotoxicity study performed using zebrafish revealed that 96 h LC50 for raw SLL was 1.40% (v/v). After coagulation-flocculation, the LC50 of the pretreated SLL was increased to 25.44%. However, after the Fenton reaction, the LC50 of the treated SLL was found to decrease to 10.96% due to the presence of H2O2 residue. In this study, H2O2 residue was removed using powdered activated charcoal. This method increased the LC50 of treated effluent to 34.48% and the removal of TOC and COD was further increased to 90%. This finding demonstrated that the combination of the selected treatment methods can be an efficient treatment method for SLL. | <urn:uuid:89d32b89-0702-4bd3-9a7d-7b33e0af26f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://mymedr.afpm.org.my/search?q=mesh_term%3A%28%22Flocculation%22%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.939106 | 5,645 | 2.5 | 2 |
Gay/bi supporting character
Question: So, I have a supporting (important) male character who is, it is revealed, in love with the MC, who is also a man. The way I have written said character is, not making a big thing out of his sexuality, but putting his traits, strengths and weaknesses at the front and then adding "Oh, and by the way, he's gay" almost as an afterthought. As examples of characters like this, I like to cite Captain Jack Harkness from Doctor Who and [SPOILER ALERT Nico di Angelo from the Percy Jackson book series (who in fact only came out in the most recent book). These are characters who are known and loved for their personality, who they are, and who they love is really not a major thing. This is how I am writing this character of mine. Am I, in your opinion, doing this right?
Yours is a sound strategy.
It seems to me that the tolerance of differences evolves in four stages.
First, the outsiders start making an appearance, which raises anxiety that they may be a threat. Usually they are portrayed in stereotypical roles that emphasize differences and reassures the dominant group of their own superiority. In these stories, there is little attempt to learn much about the outsiders or see them as human beings. They are "them," not "us."
Next, the outsiders start to be integrated. They increasingly appear in stories that teach the readers about the outsiders' culture. We start to see more sympathetic portrayals of the outsiders. There are more stories that demonstrate that the outsiders are just like everyone else, except perhaps that they are victims of prejudice.
In the third stage there is a wavering about how to see the outsiders. Sometimes they appear fully integrated. Sometimes the differences are more like novelties or personality quirks than threats or dividing lines. But some of the old stereotypes reassert themselves on occasion as well.
The final stage is where the outsiders are no longer portrayed as outsiders. They become "us" rather than "them."
You can see this evolution in how black or Afro-American people have been portrayed in popular Anglo-American culture over the past two hundred years or so. I think a similar process has unfolded (though much faster) regarding homosexuals. In some parts of Anglo culture, we are nearing or in the final stage. Other places are still wavering.
(Sadly, our culture is still wavering regarding Afro-Americans too. For instance, in the TV series Almost Human
the impact character/sidekick is a black robot. He is essentially a slave who must constantly make efforts to prove his humanity.)
If your goal is to contribute towards ending intolerance, not revealing the character's sexuality until late in the story is a way to influence homophobic or undecided readers. First you make them like or admire the character, then you introduce his sexuality.
The experience for the reader is rather like what happens if a homophobic person develops a friendship with a gay person who only comes out to them after a long period of time. The homophobic person then has an opportunity to reevaluate their prejudice in light of the friendship.
Another approach would be to make the character openly and obviously gay but also very sympathetic from the start. (Such was the case with Captain Jack, whose first appearance established him as openly bi-sexual.)
In this case, you assume the reader is either already enlightened in his/her attitude or open-minded enough to let themselves see where the story takes them. It establishes a ground rule on page one that the reader must set aside any prejudices for the sake of enjoying the story.
The risk is that you might turn off a few homophobic readers. But it could also win over some who are on the fence. You might appeal to gay readers who are glad to see their group represented (because it means acceptance) or straight readers who want to learn more about people unlike themselves.
Both these strategies can promote tolerance and are used frequently today.
Of course, the fact that it's an issue at all for readers and writers shows that we have not fully reached stage four. As long as we feel the need to send the message that "gay people are just like us," it indicates that we do not fully see them as "us."
We'll know we're there when a character's sexuality has nothing to do with how readers judge them. In other words, when no readers are surprised to find a likeable or sympathetic gay character, when a villain can be LGBT without his sexuality seen as symptomatic or contributing to his evil behaviour, and when there is therefore no reason for an LGBT character's sexuality to be closeted any more than a heterosexual's. | <urn:uuid:af365e53-3cd6-4156-b75a-29a893e51de4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.how-to-write-a-book-now.com/gaybi-supporting-character.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00374-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975341 | 964 | 1.796875 | 2 |
When Kathy Miller's first through fifth graders in Greenville, SC, set out on a spring safari, they were hunting for evidence of animal life in their school garden.
"One of the first sightings my students made were the thousands of ladybugs that seemed to flock to certain garden plants, such as sedum and rudbeckia," reports Kathy. Her keen observers readily hooked by these endearing garden residents, Kathy began a yearlong study of the complex dramas that unfold in a schoolyard ecosystem.
Questions sparked by what students had observed on their "ladybug plants" prompted a discussion of the different stages of insect life cycles. "I had students continue the safari, looking for garden animals at different life stages, drawing them (so we could later identify them), noting where on the plants they found them, and keeping tallies of what they found in each category," says Kathy. (Students were surprised to discover that the brick wall near the class garden hosted a number of chrysalids.) The class observations and data inspired a discussion about the important roles that different insects play in ecosystems. The students' enthusiasm for what they'd discovered even spilled over to the home front. Kathy explains that one student taught his mother that the odd growth on her rosebush was not a disease to be sprayed, but a living chrysalis.
Who's Eating Whom?
That fall, Kathy's students set their sights on who eats what or whom in the schoolyard and garden. "I wanted the kids to think about how energy is transferred from the sun, through plants, to other animals in the garden," she explains. As students puzzled over the feeding hierarchy to determine who were the producers, herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores, discussions and research flourished. Hand lenses readily revealed that caterpillars were the culprits who munched on leaves. Keen observers noted that milkweed provided food for aphids, which in turn were consumed by lady beetles. "The students examined who was caught in spiders' webs, discovered what different birds were eating, and followed toads' travels," says Kathy. She explains that if they couldn't actually find evidence of what an animal, such as a praying mantid, ate, the students first speculated based on their observations, and then consulted resources, such as encyclopedias.
Next, Kathy had students dig into their data and draw simple food chains, beginning with the sun, using arrows to indicate how each plant or animal provides energy to the next in line. "Once the students had created food chains, I had them re-draw two or more chains and consider how they connect to one another to form food webs," says Kathy. The resulting works surely enabled Kathy to assess students' grasp of the concepts they'd explored. But there were other gains too. "By harnessing the students' curiosity and excitement, this project greatly nurtured their respect for nature and their desire to learn more about it," she explains. | <urn:uuid:3e789186-774c-44fa-8276-871731613eb0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://garden.org/learn/articles/view/1730/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00271-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980526 | 610 | 3.53125 | 4 |
I know a lot of well-intentioned people who give haphazardly. A check to some charities they get mail from, a pledge to the organizations that call them, a few dollars in the Salvation Army kettle, change to homeless people.
(The most extreme case I've seen, from my days working at a nonprofit, was an elderly man who sent $3 checks to 75 charities. Since it costs more than that to process a donation, this poor guy was spending $225 to take money from his favorite organizations.)
That's not to say you have to pick only one cause to donate to. Maybe you want to give to organizations that benefit you, like your public radio station or place of worship. Maybe it warms your heart to give that guy on the street corner a few bucks. Maybe your daughter's school is doing a fundraiser and you want to support her.
There's nothing wrong with spending money this way. It's like buying a magazine subscription, or lunch with a friend, or anything else that nourishes your spirit or your bonds with other people.
The problem is when you give some money here and there as the mood strikes you, and by the time you think about giving to something that saves lives, you think, "I've already done my part."
But random donations are not the same as effective charity.
$50 toward the utility bills at your church is not the same as $50 to vaccinate a child against a disease that may kill him. $500 to your alma mater is not the same as training a community health worker in Mozambique who can help her neighbors stay healthy. If your child were in danger, you know how you would choose to use the money.
So make a plan. Figure out who is doing good work in a field you think is important, and decide how much you're going to give in the next year or so. Then, budget a separate amount for feel-good giving.
That's something you can feel good about. | <urn:uuid:379c9ebe-55f6-4241-8a04-2cbb9c98623f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.givinggladly.com/2011/10/why-you-need-plan.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00032-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979598 | 410 | 1.921875 | 2 |
The winter season has arrived, and oftentimes most people prefer being more inside. How do you think winter influences rat behaviour? Read more in this blog post about what rats do in order to survive the winter and what signs you should look for in order to avoid rats in your garage or cosy living room.
Very cold or mild winter?
Rats seek shelter in order to get through the cold temperatures during winter. Oftentimes, rats will seek towards stacks of woodpiles, garages or other places. However, there have been cases of rats in people’s houses or apartments, which is obviously the worst-case scenario concerning rats.
Whether the coming winter will be freezing cold or mild is hard to tell, but the temperatures will most likely influence rats in two distinct ways.
- If it turns out to be a cold winter, rats may reproduce less, as they seek to find warm places for survival reasons. As a result, employees at businesses and warehouses might discover signs of rats and therefore quickly contact pest control companies.
Not only the winter weather influences rats, but the COVID-19 pandemic certainly had its effect on rats in 2020 (link to covid-19 blog) as more rats entered empty restaurants and offices in the search for food.
- If it turns out to be a mild winter, it might provide better living conditions for rats to reproduce. How many rats can one pair breed in one year, you may wonder? After only two or three months a rat can reproduce and one rat gets four to eight offspring for each litter. On average a female rat will get 54 offsprings in one year. The size of a rat colony can therefore grow incredibly fast.
Signs of rats during winter
Rat behavior changes during winter in contrast to Summer and Spring, in which they mostly reproduce and seek foods in the nature. Winter is all about seeking shelter and gathering foods for rats. It might not come as a surprise to you, that rats eat basically anything: fruits, corn, plants and other types of vegetation, and if these are not present, they will also eat insects and other smaller animals. Bird seeds can also easily become food for rats, and even though the bird house is placed high above the ground, rats can easily climb up or eat the seeds on the ground.
Rats will find shelter wherever there is warm and dry. What do you need to pay special attention to? Read the following points about when there may be signs of rats near you:
- Rat’s nest: When rats get comfortable in a garage or large building, they will start to make a nest. A rat’s nest will typically look messier and more unorganised in comparison to a bird’s nest. A pile of leaves, cardboard or other materials can easily be used in the making of the nest. If you see anything like this, it might be one of the signs of rats.
- Rat gnaw marks: Rats need to keep their teeth sharp and they use their teeth on almost everything on both tree and metal. Rat scratching and gnawing will leave marks, and if you do not know how to identify these, you should ask a pest control technician.
- Rat droppings: Of course, rats leave droppings like every other animal, and if you discover rat droppings it is a clear very likely one of the signs that you have rats.
Keep an eye out and look for signs of rats during the wintertime. Remember always to contact a pest control company, if you see signs of rats near your house or business. | <urn:uuid:0f38e6b8-0ee2-4627-b14e-98869662c00d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://trapme.io/where-are-the-rats-during-winter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.951093 | 736 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Welcome to E-Books Directory
This is a freely downloadable e-book.
C++ Annotations by Frank B. Brokken
Read this book online or download it here for free
by Frank B. Brokken
Publisher: University of Groningen 2008
Number of pages: 741
This document is intended for knowledgeable users of C (or Perl, Java) who would like to make the transition to C++. This document is the main textbook for Frank's C++ programming courses, which are organized at the University of Groningen. The text does not cover C++'s basic grammar, which is, for all practical purposes, equal to C's grammar. | <urn:uuid:b8e0f3b8-811e-47b9-9be5-5d3fb5ed85ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.e-booksdirectory.com/details.php?ebook=1594 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00550-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.80383 | 138 | 2.140625 | 2 |
"La Florida Del Inca" and the Struggle for Social Equality in Colonial Spanish America (4th)
By: Jonathan D. Steigman (author)Hardback
More than 4 weeks availability
Among the early Spanish chroniclers who contributed to popular images of the New World was the Amerindian-Spanish (mestizo) historian and literary writer, El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616). He authored several works, of which "La Florida del Inca" (1605) stands out as one of the best because of its unique Amerindian and European perspectives on the De Soto expedition (1539-1543). As the child of an Indian mother and a Spanish father, Garcilaso lived in both worlds - and saw value in each. Hailed throughout Europe for his excellent contemporary Renaissance writing style, his work was characterized as literary art. Garcilaso revealed the emotions, struggles, and conflicts experienced by those who participated in the historic and grandiose adventure in La Florida. Although criticized for some lapses in accuracy in his attempts to paint both the Spaniards and the Amerindians as noble participants in a world-changing event, his work remains the most accessible of all the chronicles. In this volume, Jonathan Steigman explores El Inca's rationale and motivations in writing his chronicle.
He suggests that El Inca was trying to influence events by influencing discourse; that he sought to create a discourse of tolerance and agrarianism, rather than the dominant European discourse of intolerance, persecution, and lust for wealth. Although El Inca's purposes went well beyond detailing the facts of De Soto's entrada, his skill as a writer and his dual understanding of the backgrounds of the participants enabled him to paint a more complete picture than most - putting a sympathetic human face on explorers and natives alike.
Jonathan D. Steigman is a specialist in Colonial Latin American Literature at Auburn University.
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WHSmith High Street Limited Greenbridge Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, SN3 3LD, VAT GB238 5548 36 | <urn:uuid:1567cb8b-09d5-4dc5-84bf-c913d8e8b57d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/la-florida-del-inca-and-the-struggle-for-social-equality-in-colonial-spanish-america-4th/9780817314835 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00416-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920713 | 508 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Over 20 faculty and students in the department attended the annual South Carolina Environmental Conference (SCEC) from March 12-15, 2017, in Myrtle Beach, SC. The conference, with the theme “For Our Water,” allows for networking with other water researchers in the state by offering presentations, exhibits, awards, and social events. The SCEC is one of the largest water conferences in the Southeast, with over 1,600 people in attendance. The annual conference is made possible by a collaboration of the South Carolina Section of the American Waterworks (SCAWWA) and Water Environment Association of South Carolina (WEASC) that was started over 25 years ago.
There were presentations on topics ranging from wastewater treatment, resiliency, funding opportunities, and regulatory compliance. Our students led four of those presentations: Rasna Sharmin, Mahmut Ersan, Wilson Beita-Sandi, and Utku Erdem. One of our postdocs, Chris Olivares, led another. Several students also presented posters at the event. Wilson Beita-Sandi came in second place in the poster competition for his poster, “Ion Exchange Resins Effectively Reduce Disinfection Byproducts Precursors in a Single Treatment.” Victoria Guerrero came in third place for her poster entitled, “Dissolved CO2 – An Alternative for Cleaning Inorganic Scale from RO Membranes.” Cagri Utku Erdem also received fourth place for his poster “Compositional changes of Dissolved Organic Matter following Prescribed Fire on Forested Watersheds and their effect on Drinking Water Supply.” Mahmut Ersan, Wilson Beita-Sandi and Erin Partlan were recognized at the conference for receiving WEASC fellowships. Social events were integrated into the conference, such as a Sunday morning 5K that student Jeffrey Case won for the third year in a row, and networking events for young professionals.
Can Prescribed Burns Decrease Dissolved Organic Matter Exports and Disinfection By-product Formation Potential in Forested Watersheds? – Cagri Utku Erdem
Development of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models for Simulating Foulant Reduction by Patterned RO and NF Membranes – Rasna Sharmin
Simultaneous Control of N-Nitrosodimethylamine and Trihalomethane Precursors with Anion and Cation Exchange Resins – Wilson Beita-Sandi
Water Quality and Disinfection By-product Precursor Changes After the 2015 Wragg Wildfire in Northern California – Christopher Olivares
Formation, Speciation and Toxicity of Disinfection By-Products during Chloramination of Bromide and Iodide Containing Waters – Mahmut Ersan
Water Solutions and Bridge Design in El Serrano, Nicaragua – Sarah Hennessy
Towards the Discovery of an Innovative Membrane Surface Pattern with Increased Fouling – Zuo Zhou
Compositional changes of Dissolved Organic Matter following Prescribed Fire on Forested Watersheds and their effect on Drinking Water Supply – Cagri Utku Erdem
Impact of Water Quality Characteristics and Chloramination Conditions on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Formation in Drinking Water – Lucy Zhang
Ion Exchange Resins Effectively Reduce Disinfection Byproducts Precursors in a Single Treatment – Wilson Beita-Sandi
The Impact of Halides on the Formation and Toxicity of Disinfection By-Products during Chloramination – Mahmut Ersan
Dissolved CO2 – An Alternative for Cleaning Inorganic Scale from RO Membranes – Victoria Guerrero | <urn:uuid:950a204f-6d33-478b-9a78-eb569bd24b8f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogs.clemson.edu/environmental-engineering-and-earth-science/2017/04/04/faculty-students-attend-south-carolina-environmental-conference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.913023 | 770 | 2 | 2 |
High winds which were fanning wildfires and showering embers on threatened Australian communities have eased, firefighters have said.
Scores of residents were evacuated from their homes in mountains west of Sydney, as wildfires threatened to sweep through their communities.
All schools closed in the Blue Mountains in anticipation of bad fire conditions, and authorities advised residents who were not prepared to defend their homes to leave for evacuation centres.
One centre in west suburban Sydney was housing 120 evacuees.
The news came as it emerged a military training exercise may have started one of the fires. The Rural Fire Service said an investigation found a massive fire near the city of Lithgow west of Sydney began at a nearby Defence Department training area on Wednesday last week.
Seventy-one blazes are burning in New South Wales state around Sydney, including 29 that were out of control, Rural Fire Service commissioner Shane Fitzsimmons said.
As the temperatures and winds dropped, the danger of fire spreading eased with no reports of injuries or property loss.
Mr Fitzsimmons said many hours of firefighting are still to come, but added: “The broader risk to a much larger, more widespread population has certainly eased.”
Temperatures in the fire zones rose above 32C and winds blew up to 50mph earlier, forcing water-bombing helicopters to suspend operations during the day, Fire Service spokesman Ben Shepherd said.
The early start of wildfires this year “is indicative of the unseasonably hot, dry conditions that have been building now throughout winter into spring, and we need to remind ourselves that we still have a long way to go as we look down the coming months into summer,” Mr Fitzsimmons said.
Springwood resident Rae Tebbutt said the atmosphere was tense in the village that was one of the worst-hit last week, when the region lost more than 200 homes to blazes that also caused one death.
“Everyone is terrified,” she said. “I’ve got three friends who have lost everything.” | <urn:uuid:c9722c46-df9a-43eb-ac51-658f46a54c12> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/australian-wildfires-hundreds-evacuated-fires-6229634 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00152-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977779 | 424 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Old Catholics, Christian denomination established by German Catholics who separated themselves from the Roman Catholic Church when they rejected (1870) the decrees of the First Vatican Council, especially the dogma of the infallibility of the pope. The Old Catholic movement began publicly with a meeting of professors at Nuremberg (1870) under the leadership of Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger. By 1874, a new church had been established with a bishop consecrated by a Jansenist bishop (see under Jansen, Cornelis) of the Church of Utrecht, which had itself separated from Rome in an earlier (1724) schism considered to be a precursor of the Old Catholic movement. Church doctrines were codified by the Declaration of Utrecht (1889), which rejected communion with the pope and many Roman Catholic doctrines and practices; priests were allowed to marry and confession was made optional. Roman ritual was retained but was usually performed in the vernacular.
Old Catholicism spread to Switzerland and Austria and then to other nations, arriving in the United States as early as 1885. The Polish National Catholic Church of America, one of the most important early groups, was formed in 1897. Christ Catholic Church, established in 1968, is one of the newest. In 1990, U.S. membership in various Old Catholic churches numbered some 500,000. Other important Old Catholic groups include the Philippine Independent Church, with approximately 3 million adherents, and the German Old Catholics, with some 24,000 members. The German church began ordaining women in 1996.
See K. Pruter and J. G. Melton, ed., The Old Catholic Sourcebook (1983).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches: Branches, Schisms, and Heresies | <urn:uuid:4172d038-0f1e-4479-a65e-a48a930c37e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/old-catholics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00503-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962722 | 384 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Fragment Information dialog box
Use this dialog box to view
or edit information about a fragment. When you use this dialog box
with a fragment source file, you can view and edit the information.
When you use this dialog box with a fragment reference, you can
only view the information.
To display this dialog box, perform one of the following actions:
the fragment on the form and then select Edit > Fragments >
Select the fragment on the form and, in the Object palette,
click Fragment Info .
Right-click the fragment and select Fragments > Fragment
Click More under the details for the fragment in the Fragment
Select the fragment in the Fragment library, and then select
Fragment Info in the Fragment Library Panel menu.
- The name of the fragment. The fragment must have a name.
- The description for the fragment.
- The file name and location of the fragment. | <urn:uuid:e68d7968-180f-49ff-96e8-bc90354757ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://help.adobe.com/en_US/livecycle/11.0/DesignerHelp/WS107c29ade9134a2c2863e83e12a2a1faf55-8000.2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.680199 | 243 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Elaine Hall—also known as "Coach E!" and called "the child whisperer" by The New York Times—was a top Hollywood children's acting coach whose life changed dramatically after her son Neal, adopted from a Russian orphanage, was diagnosed with autism. When traditional behavioral therapies did not work for him, she sought the esteemed Dr. Stanley Greenspan who encouraged her to rally creative people to join Neal’s world. Slowly, he emerged out of his isolation.
Hall then created The Miracle Project, a theater and film social skills program profiled in the Emmy Award-winning HBO documentary Autism: The Musical, which now has locations in Los Angeles and New York City. Hall also created and directed “The Intimidation Game: An Anti-bullying Musical and Curriculum” at the Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts in Beverly Hills. It is a moving, highly praised original play written by teens and young adults with and without autism.
A media personality, she blogs for The Huffington Post and has appeared on CNN, CBS, Oprah Radio, and Autism Radio and been featured in The LA Times, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal. She has received honors from Autism Speaks, the Autism Society of Los Angeles, the Mayor of Los Angeles, Senator Pavley, Areva Martin, Holly Robinson Peete, Etta Israel, and the Shalom Institute. Los Angeles Magazine named her one of “Los Angeles’s 50 most inspiring women.”
Her memoir, Now I See the Moon, was chosen for World Autism Awareness Day at the United Nations, where she has spoken several times. Now I See the Moon was recently selected for Jewish Disability Awareness Month in February 2013. Hall presented her latest book, Seven Keys to Unlock Autism: Creating Miracles in the Classroom, at an international conference in Jerusalem. She directs an arts enrichment and religious education program at Vista Del Mar.
As part of the National Autism Society of America Conference in New Orleans, Hall will be leading two workshops, where she will be presenting the results of a study on her work, funded by the NEA. Through the interactive workshop, Hall will be sharing techniques from The Miracle Project on using music, movement, and inclusive theater to enhance communication, increase self-esteem and ease anxiety for those with ASD. Hall is also co-leading a pre-conference workshop bringing inclusion to faith-based organizations as part of the National Autism Society of America Conference.
An international keynote speaker and workshop leader, Elaine Hall calls attention to the modern-day epidemic of autism while celebrating the value of the human spirit in overcoming any challenge. She brings a multi-media presentation which includes scenes from The Intimidation Game and discusses her anti-bullying curriculum. | <urn:uuid:00c187d5-53b0-42bb-ae63-cefe417d873b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.apbspeakers.com/speaker/elaine-hall | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00513-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952672 | 567 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Sweden: Breaking Dependence on Oil is “A Matter of Political Will”
13 May 2006
Speaking at the “Peak Oil and the Environment” conference, Sweden’s Minister for Sustainable Development, Mona Sahlin, outlined some of the approaches the country is taking in pursuit of its recently articulated policy target: the creation of the conditions necessary to break Sweden’s dependence on oil by 2020.
The government appointed a broad-based expert council, The Commission on Oil Independence, in December 2005. This spring, the Commission, led by Prime Minister Göran Persson, is reviewing actions necessary to achieve the new policy target.
...there is, indeed, an increased sense of urgency. If we prepare now, the transition to a sustainable energy system can be smooth and cost-efficient. If we wait until we are forced by circumstances, the transition may be costly and disruptive.
Sweden, which already has a high percentage of hydropower, has set up an ambitious target to increase the use of electricity from renewable energy sources. Wind power, the Minister noted, is probably the renewable energy source with the greatest potential in the short- and medium-term in the Sweden. To that end, a high-level wind-power council has been established and tasked with the responsibility for the overall coordination of the continued expansion of wind power.
Transportation, however, given its almost total dependence on oil, presents a much more difficult problem, and one Sweden is looking to tackle with biofuels.
Breaking dependence on oil in the transport sector will probably be the greatest challenge and the Government therefore has an ambitious policy to increase the percentage of renewable fuels.
Today, around 15 percent of new cars sold are environmentally friendly cars that run on ethanol or biogas. But this is not enough to break the dependence on oil. For the individual, it has to pay to choose an environmentally friendly car.
Carbon dioxide neutral fuels must be cheap—they are exempt from both carbon dioxide tax and energy tax for a five-year period. Environmental cars will be exempt from congestion charges and will have access to free parking in some municipalities. Cars that are classified as a taxable benefit and run on environmentally friendly fuel will continue to enjoy tax relief. The Swedish Government will give priority to purchasing environmentally friendly cars.
Sweden is also working actively in the EU for us to permit a higher blend of ethanol in petrol, a measure that would quickly have a great positive effect. The readjustment of the transport sector requires both international and national efforts with broad contributions by researchers, industry, users and the state.
Environmental technology has become Sweden’s 8th largest export trade, and the environmental sector in Sweden is the industrial sector with the largest economic growth. By leading in development, Sweden intends to be in a position to succeed in the export market as well.
Breaking the dependence on oil is, in my view, a matter of political will. A consistent policy will turn obstacles into opportunities. To hide behind excuses of ignorance or economic considerations is not leading us to a sustainable future.
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Listed below are links to weblogs that reference Sweden: Breaking Dependence on Oil is “A Matter of Political Will”: | <urn:uuid:121bc42a-25b2-4efa-8640-1d13acdc4a11> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/05/sweden_breaking.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00125-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950989 | 667 | 2.453125 | 2 |
The major problem men facing these days is the skin irritation after shaving. There are no men who do not shave and everyone thinks how to prevent skin irritation after shaving. Well now it is not a big deal. You can apply hydrocortisone salve, shaving lotion, shaving cream and depilatory. You should change your razor after every short period to prevent Skin Irritation after Shaving.
Majority of the working men has to shave on the daily basis as it comes under codes of ethics to look clean on work. But daily shaving causes skin irritation after shaving. Itching skin and razor burn are the common problem for men after shaving. This problem can arise due to many factors like old razor or dry skin etc. If these tips to prevent skin irritation after shaving are followed then this problem can be minimized.
Stop shaving and forget skin irritation after shaving. Well this is a short term solution you cannot make your hair grow for forever.
Apply hydrocortisone cream or salve after:
To prevent skin irritation after shaving hydrocortisone cream or salve can be used,this decrease the redness and skin irritation after shaving. But it should not be used on the daily basis as it diminishes the effectiveness of the cream and some doctors say that if hydrocortisone cream used on daily basis also makes the membrane thin.
Lotion is very important after shaving. It works as an antiseptic and decreases skin irritation after shaving. It also smooth’s the skin.
Hydrate your skin by shower:
It is very important to hydrate your skin before shaving. To prevent skin irritation after shaving you can take shower before shaving or hydrate your skin by massaging your skin with hands by water. This makes the hair smooth and then it becomes easy to shave. It reduces the scratches and skin irritation after shaving as compared to less hydrated skin.
Using depilatory reduces all the problems which are faced by shaving but nonetheless there are drawbacks of depilatory. Using depilatory causes skin problems or allergies to many men.
Apply benzoyl peroxide salve or cream:
Benzoyl peroxide salve or cream is used for acne problem and it is also very beneficial if applied small amount after shave. It cuts the redness of the skin and skin irritation after shaving.
Get a new razor:
If you are using same old razor for a long time then you are at fault. You should change your razor on first hand to get rid of all the problems. | <urn:uuid:e4a852b7-23ca-449d-af32-9a18907206e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://onlinemoviesvideos.com/how-to-stop-razor-burn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00482-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935386 | 520 | 1.796875 | 2 |
By Dr Raja Muhammad Khan
According to New York Times, “Taliban insurgents dealt a serious blow to one of the Afghan Army’s most highly regarded units on Friday (April 5, 2013), killing 13 soldiers and overrunning their remote outpost in eastern Afghanistan.” This attack was on the Third Battalion of the Second Brigade, which was rated by US commanders as the only a handful of Afghan Army battalions which can operate independently; indeed the best trained and equipped with most sophisticated weapons and equipment. This and many other such like attacks by Taliban have created alarms, whether Afghan Security Forces, would be able to control the Afghanistan in the post 2014 scenario. It is worth mentioning that, over 80% security responsibilities have already been transferred to Afghan Security Forces and remaining 20% responsibilities are going to be transferred to them in next few months.
As per the ISAF spokesperson, Colonel Thomas, “We know the enemy’s going to come out hard this summer, so the numbers are going to go up.” Indeed, as per Afghan Government in 2012, only, Afghan army lost 1000 soldiers and Afghan police lost 1800 men. Afghan Army spokesperson Gen. Mohammad Zahir Azimi, told NATO Headquarters that, “110 soldiers and 200 policemen were dying each month.” In the last over, 11 years of military engagement in Afghanistan, United States and its allies have lost over 3100 soldiers besides over 18000 wounded. The number of Afghan civilian who lost their lives in the post US invasion is still unsure. Financially, US alone has expended over $527 billion, besides, the allies have spent $73 billion as aid to Afghanistan, without bringing any positive change in the lives of Afghan masses.
With all these realities, has United States and its allies attained the strategic objectives of the war. More than this had this super power brought any positive change in the lives of Afghan people, as portrayed initially and now claimed. With the available facts and figures, there is a broad consensus that, “After 12 years of bloody conflict in Afghanistan, US could not attained its objectives.” Whereas, Al-Qaeda might have scattered world over, the Taliban has become stronger and active as compared to 2002-2005. It is a considered view that, Afghan Security Forces are unlikely to sustain the Taliban offensive in the post 2014 scenario, after US drawdown.
The envisaged situation would not be very different from the post Soviet withdrawal; a factional fighting and civil war for the racing to take control of Kabul. This would mean that all that has occurred and invested in the last over twelve years have gone waste. As per the Telegraph article of April 11, 2013, the writer Con Coughlin writes, “Britain’s Afghan war is over – but there is still no sign of peace.” The paper foresees that unless a deal is brokered between Taliban and Hamid Karazai, “there may well be another civil war.” Should this be allowed to happen once again; as a destiny of the Afghan people, who suffered ever since 1979, Soviet invasion, indeed, in the clash of major powers over their strategic interests.
[box] The fragmented and isolated dialogue process-taking place between United States and Taliban has not yielded any promising outcome as yet. A similar exercise between Afghan incumbent Government and some Taliban groups could not made headway, despite Karazai’s visit to Qatar, where there is Taliban office established under the host Government. Had there been any such breakthrough, Taliban could have restrained their offensive, at least against own fellow citizens and so could have been done by Afghan security forces. The emerging trends are contrary to reach a consensus situation. [/box]
The problems perhaps lie in the perception and mindset of all those involved in this complex process. Rather going for a win-win situation, all parties to the problem, desire to have a lion’s share from these negotiations. Each one of them wants to be at the victory stand all alone. United States wants to talk to the Taliban from the standpoint of a victorious power, projecting them (Taliban) as the defeated party of the conflict. The demand and perception is against the ground realities and unacceptable to Taliban. Then there is a misconstrued contemplation of good and bad Taliban in the minds of US strategists. Whereas the fact is that, Taliban have presented them as a united force, without surrendering to US military might in last over eleven years.
In the negotiation process, President Hamid Karazai wants to be at driving seat. Owing to his growing differences with US, he wants negotiations between Afghan Government and the Taliban without involvement of any third party, especially United States. Indeed, Karazai wants to secure the future for himself and his party. Though he cannot contest election for the third time, yet, desires guarantees from the Taliban for his nominee/appointee in the 2014 elections of Afghanistan. He too wants Taliban to talk to them within the ambit of Afghan Constitution. He too wants Taliban to talk to him from the position of weakness; both conditions are unacceptable to Taliban. On their part, Taliban wants complete pull out of foreign forces and a new set up where they have the domination. After all, they claim to defeat the super power and its coalition partners besides, the incumbent Afghan Administration.
The way forward of this complex proposition seems to be a bit complicated, as none of the party accepts for itself the position of a runner-up. The deadlock and mutual antagonism is not making headway. The status quo indicates a perilous scenario in the making. Should the country pushed to experience another bloody civil war, the international community and Afghan neighbours will have to pay a heavy price. Then what about the 30 million Afghan masses, whose future is always decided by few none representatives, mostly away from their homeland.
Under such a situation, it is extremely essential that a positive breakthrough is achieved through a win-win situation. A peaceful and all-inclusive solution of Afghanistan, keeping the interests of Afghan masses at the centre stage would be a durable solution to the problem. Therefore, the peace process in Afghanistan should be Afghan led and Afghan owned, rather dictated from elsewhere. | <urn:uuid:f555b270-86b0-4718-9770-42b14f6d9c50> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://oly.com.pk/the-complexities-of-afghan-conflict/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00282-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968461 | 1,267 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Apr 20094D Technology CorporationRequest Info
For surface and wavefront measurements at 3.39- or 10.6-μm wavelengths, 4D Technology Corp. has introduced the PhaseCam laser interferometers. Using Dynamic Interferometry technology, the devices acquire measurement data in <1 ms, despite vibration and air turbulence. The dual-mode systems also can operate using traditional temporal phase-shifting interferometry. The turnkey infrared systems include 4Sight wavefront analysis software that provides 2- and 3-D analysis and visualization tools as well as filtering, masking, database and import/export functions. They are suitable for verifying the quality of infrared optics, including focal optical systems (concave telescopes and lens systems) and afocal components (flat mirrors and collimators). | <urn:uuid:cc5de466-a54d-403a-8737-ae45261e1a91> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.photonics.com/Product.aspx?PRID=36956 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00309-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.833915 | 162 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Ever since it was originally suggested by Thomas Chalmers in 1814, there have been two reactions to the so-called “gap” theory: either to dismiss it completely or to misapply it. We will attempt to do neither. Let’s start at the beginning:
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
This is certainly straightforward (and if you fully grasp that verse you will have no problem with any other verse in the Bi-ble!). It is the next verse that raises some basic issues:
And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
The words “without form and void,” Whbow” Whto tohu v’bohu, will become critical elements of our vocabulary. Whto tohu means without form, confused; Whb bohu means void, empty. (The w vav between them is the conjunction “and.”) When we examine a declaration of God in Isaiah we note an apparent contradiction:
For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD; and there is none else.
The same word for “vain,” WhTo tohu (without form, confused), appears in both verses, and would appear to contradict the decla-ration in Genesis 1:2. The phrase in Genesis 1:2 also appears in Jeremiah:
I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was without form, and void; and the heavens, and they had no light.
Whenever you find an apparent contradiction in the Biblical text, we should rejoice! It may be what the rabbis call a remez: a hint of something deeper. It’s like a signpost saying, “Dig here! A treasure is hidden here.” So this compels us to more carefully examine the passage in Genesis 1:2. The verb “was” is actually a transitive verb (indicating action) and the word order (normally, conjunction-verb-subject-object) is reordered to suggest the transitive pluperfect form: “had become.” (It is so ordered in the International Standard Version.) It is the identical transitive verb which appears in Genesis 19:26, where Lot’s wife “became a pillar of salt.”
Furthermore, we also find that the initial conjunction, “And,” is an adversative conjunction (“but”) and is so rendered in both the Septuagint and Vulgate translations.1 (It often suggests a significant time delay.2) Putting this all together suggests the following rendering:
But the earth had become without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep.
There appears to be an interval of some kind—perhaps eons—between verses 1 and 2. It would seem that the earth was not originally “without form and void,” but had been subjected to some kind of catastrophic judgment prior to the sequence that continues in Genesis 1.
This possibility may also explain when Satan fell. We know that the angels were created prior to the Earth.3 We find Satan had already fallen in Genesis 3. The mystery is, when did he fall? It appears that there are substantial Scriptural references to his rebellion, his agenda, and the subsequent catastrophic judgment that ensued.4
This also raises the whole issue of the origin of evil. And why hasn’t God simply wiped him—and sin—out completely? It is also disturbing to recognize that Satan tempted Jesus by offering him the “kingdom, power and the glory” in the temptations recorded in Luke.5 How could Satan lay a legitimate claim to these? These topics will be explored in future articles and are excerpted from our featured briefing pack, The Origin of Evil.
Pember, George H., Earth’s Earliest Ages, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1907.
Barnhouse, Donald Gray, The Invisible War, Zondervan Publishing Co., Grand Rapids MI, 1965.
Custance, Arthur C., Without Form and Void, Brockville, Ontario, Canada, 1970. | <urn:uuid:4e949e0c-01ec-4089-9444-715081ce8109> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://khouse.org/articles/2008/821/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.951679 | 947 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Born: 6 October 1888
Died: 5 October 1918
Cause of death: Aircraft crash
Notable because: Garros achieved the first ever shooting-down of an aircraft by a fighter firing through a tractor propeller in WW1. His captured plane gave Fokker the boost to advance German engineering.
Roland Garros was an early French aviator and a fighter aircraft pilot during World War I.
Garros was born in Saint-Denis, Réunion and studied at HEC Paris. He started his aviation career in 1909 flying Santos-Dumont's Demoiselle monoplane, an aircraft that only flew well with a small lightweight pilot. In 1911 Garros graduated to flying Bleriot monoplanes and entered a number of European air races with this type of machine. He was already a noted aviator before World War I having visited the US and South America; by 1913 he had switched to flying Morane-Saulnier monoplanes, a vast improvement over the Blériot, and gained fame for making the first non-stop flight across the Mediterranean Sea from Fréjus in south of France to Bizerte in Tunisia. The following year, Garros joined the French army at the outbreak of the conflict.
In the early stages of the air war in World War I the problem of achieving a practicable platform for a forward-firing machine gun on combat aircraft was considered by a number of individuals. The so-called interrupter gear did not come into use until Anthony Fokker developed a synchronisation device which made a large impact on air combat, however Garros also had a significant role in the process of achieving this goal.
In December 1914, Garros, as a reconnaissance pilot with the Escadrille MS26, visited the Morane-Saulnier Works. Saulnier's work on metal deflector wedges attached to propeller blades was taken forward by Garros; he eventually had a workable installation fitted to his Morane-Saulnier Type L aircraft. Garros achieved the first ever shooting-down of an aircraft by a fighter firing through a tractor propeller, on 1 April 1915; two more victories over German aircraft were achieved on 15 and 18 April 1915.On 18 April 1915, either Garros' fuel line clogged or, by other accounts, his aircraft was downed by ground fire, and he glided to a landing on the German side of the lines. Garros failed to destroy his aircraft before being taken prisoner, in particular the gun and armoured propeller remained intact. Legend has it that after examining the plane, German aircraft engineers, led by Fokker, designed the improved interrupter gear system. In fact the work on Fokker's system had been going for at least six months before Garros' aircraft fell into their hands. With the advent of the interrupter gear the tables were reversed against the Allies, with Fokker's planes shooting down many Allied aircraft, leading to what became known as the Fokker Scourge.
Garros managed to escape from a prisoner-of-war camp in Germany in February 1918 and rejoined the French army. On 5 October 1918, he was shot down and killed near Vouziers, Ardennes, a month shy of the end of the war and one day before his 30th birthday.
Garros is erroneously called the world's first fighter ace. In fact, he shot down only three aircraft; the definition of "ace" is five or more victories. The honour of becoming the first ace went to another French airman, Adolphe Pegoud.
In the 1920s, a tennis centre which he attended religiously when he was studying in Paris, was named after the pilot, Stade de Roland Garros. The stadium accommodates the French Open, one of tennis' Grand Slam tournaments. Consequently, the tournament is officially called Roland Garros.
The international airport of La Réunion, Roland Garros Airport, is also named after him.
Peugeot Car Manufacturers (French) commissioned a 'Roland Garros' limited edition version of its 205 model in celebration of the Tennis Tournament that bears his name. The model included special paint and leather interior. Due to the success of this special edition, Peugeot later created Roland Garros editions of its 106, 206, 207, 306 and 806 models. | <urn:uuid:d9cf04d0-8327-4760-801b-9839034a0504> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.celebritymemorials.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=388:roland-garros&catid=47:war-celebrities&Itemid=85 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00397-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976966 | 899 | 3.375 | 3 |
According to final data, the total consolidated debt of all general government sub-sectors reached HRK 343.6bn at the end of December 2021, down HRK 1.7bn (or 0.5%) from the end of September 2021 and up by HRK 13.2bn (or 4%) from the end of December 2020. The annual debt growth was due to an increase in the domestic debt of HRK 2.5bn (or 1.1%) and in the external debt of HRK 10.7bn (or 10.1%). Domestic debt fell by HRK 1.7bn (or 0.7%), and external debt remained almost unchanged from the previous quarter.
Measured against the annual GDP, the total debt at the end of December 2021 amounted to 79.8% of GDP, a decrease of 7.5 percentage points on an annual level from 87.3% of GDP at the end of December 2020 and a decrease of 2.9 percentage points from the previous quarter, when this share was 82.7%.
The general government debt data structure by main debt instruments and maturity is available only for the general government unconsolidated debt. Long-term debt instruments dominate the maturity structure of this debt: at the end of December 2021 most of the debt was made up of bonds (64.6%), the second by importance were long-term loans (29.2%), and last were short-term loans, securities and deposits (jointly 6.2%). The short-term debt at the end of December 2021 was down HRK 0.9bn (or 3.9%) from the end of 2020, while long-term debt increased by HRK 14.5bn (or 4.7%) during the same period.
Statistical time series: Table I3 General government debt (ESA 2010)
This debt excludes the cross claims of institutions within the same sub-sector and between sectors, the so-called Maastricht debt. ↑
Calculated as the sum of the preceding four quarterly GDP figures. ↑
The unconsolidated debt represents the Maastricht debt increased by cross claims of different units within the general government sector. ↑ | <urn:uuid:d741367b-c8ce-4a1d-8a36-711c474745fa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://api.hnb.hr/en/web/guest/-/objava-statistickih-pokazatelja-duga-opce-drzave-za-prosinac-2021 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.958915 | 461 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Library Performance and Service Competition: Developing Strategic Responses
Lieferbar innert 2 Wochen
BeschreibungDescribes how the library can identify the service environment factors impacting customers' strategic needs; identify library competitors' strategic abilities and service environment impacts; and use the combined results to develop proactive competitive responses that drive the service environment instead of reacting to the service environment.
InhaltsverzeichnisHow long have we been counting things? A concise overview of library service performance assessment; Current status of performance assessment and its use for creating competitive responses; challenges to using library service performance information to make strategic decisions; and identifying your service environment impacts; Who wants my job? A concise overview of current library service competition; Current status and issues of the competition libraries experience in their service environments; challenges to obtaining competitor's information to make strategic decisions; and identifying your competitor's service environment impacts.; Know Things First: identifying strategic needs and abilities; How to identify library customers' needs; what to know about your library and its customers in terms of addressing competition; what do you know about your customers and what they know about you, your competitors, and their needs; how to connect and use this information.; 'Knowns' are really verbs: using the 'knowns' to develop and implement strategic responses for greater community impact; Using the 'Knowns' to innovate the library in terms of developing new service delivery and products, staffing and PR efforts, technology, aligning strategic responses, and accountability; Improving performance impact; How to improve and expand the library's performance impact on the community and service environment through access, alignment, and accountability in the performance/competitive process.; Wash. Rinse. Repeat. Strategic responses are an ongoing process; How to maintain the competitive strategic response process; who is involved and what happens; when is the process repeated and why it is important to repeat it.
PortraitDr Larry Nash White is an Assistant Professor at East Carolina University Department of Library Science and Instructional Technology. Prior to that, Dr White worked as an administrator in retail management and public and academic libraries. He is an internationally invited speaker and presenter on library performance, leadership, assessment, and competition for service and consults with libraries and non-profit organizations. He has published in the area of performance assessment, competitive response, and financial management of libraries.
Untertitel: 'Chandos Information Profession'. New. Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: CHANDOS PUB
Erscheinungsdatum: April 2008
Seitenanzahl: 152 Seiten | <urn:uuid:c315c16f-8ebe-4fd1-aa57-61f053458060> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://m.ebook.de/de/product/7320847/larry_nash_white_larry_nash_white_library_performance_and_service_competition_developing_strategic_responses.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00090-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893809 | 533 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Shubhankar Mishra, Sunil Kumar Agarwalla, Ashok Kumar Nanda
Department of Pediatrics, M.K.C.G. Medical College, Brahmapur, Odisha, India.
Variable atypical symptoms are commonly observed in malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum especially in endemic tropical nations such as India. Nystagmus is observed following involvement of the cerebellum especially during the postrecovery phase. While psychotic features such as severe agitation, hallucination, paranoia may be the early symptoms of falciparum malaria among pediatric patients, urticaria with or without fever can be the initial manifestation of the disease. As the morbidity and mortality of severe malaria are very high in India, these atypical presentations should be considered during diagnosis. We believe our report on atypical cases of falciparum malaria will sensitize doctors and health personnel about rare presentations in children and help in early diagnosis and management to reduce the severity and death toll due to the disease.
Keywords: Nystagmus, Plasmodium falciparum, psychosis, urticaria. | <urn:uuid:b4d0b9ef-e5e5-44d7-a854-f9c854260a32> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jnsbm.org/article/2175 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.898059 | 262 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Sunday 7 August 2022
How does Scripture define prayer?
I think the general answer to this broad question is that prayer is a line of communication between our Lord and us. Typically, communication should involve both listening and talking. He is the Shepherd, and we are the sheep. He is the great King, and we are the people who are dependent upon Him.
Yet there is a great variation in prayer style and substance. Sometimes prayer is a time of meditation or reflection. A lot of people enjoy reading Scripture and then pondering it. Many times, prayer involves being thankful and grateful. Then, of course, another part of the communication is supplication where we ask the Lord for our needs and for others’ needs.
What’s interesting is that Paul talks about praying without ceasing. That doesn’t mean spending 24/7 on our knees. It means that we live with an attitude of prayer. We live with a regular time of communicating with the Lord.
I sometimes wonder if it’s easy for people to develop a fixed idea of what prayer is supposed to “look like.” How important are things like fervency, tone of voice, vocabulary, and so on?
Scripture is very clear that the condition of a person’s heart is an important factor. You can have all the right words and a particular demeanour, but the Lord is looking for contrite hearts. He’s looking for hearts that are grateful, thankful, and joyful.
Now, having said all of that, I think Christian history has produced many formal prayers that believers have memorized, recited, and passed along from generation to generation. The Lord’s Prayer comes to mind.
At the end of the day, the condition of a person’s heart is the primary reason.
The pro of being casual is that people feel at home with God. They can talk with Him. He’s not only their Lord and Creator and Sovereign King, but also someone they can have a relationship of friendliness with, one that reflects personal connection. I think that’s very positive. There is the potential for some people to always have formal prayers to God, but to never talk to God from their heart.
The con might be that too casual a prayer style does not necessarily recognize the appropriate form of prayer. As I said, I like to read formal prayers. It helps me to think about what goes into a good prayer. Believers need to consider what kinds of things should be part of our prayer life, beyond just our own personal issues and needs. We need to also be praying in a broader way about things that are important to the church and to the Triune God.
I think formal prayer’s positive is that it often has a theological sophistication to it. There’s recognition of biblical categories. It can involve a doxology and various other structures. Of course, these shouldn’t be just other people’s words. They should be words that we embrace.
I think you can have all of it, the best of both worlds. There are times when I have very candid, private, casual discussions with God. There are other times I try to mode prayer. For example, I like to encourage people to prayer to the Trinity: to the Father, in the name of the Son, and through the Holy Spirit. I hope that when I model that it encourages others to try doing the same in their own prayer time.
love and prayers Revd Sara | <urn:uuid:d04975a1-05cc-49e4-ae35-042c7824a6ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brackleymethodistchurch.com/weekly-message-from-rev-sara-cliff/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.967735 | 728 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Home' Teacher : September 2009 Contents 18 TEACHER SEPTEMBER 2009
the context of known historical facts. In
recreating the market place, the town and
the private residences, the exhibition con-
textualises the objects and facilitates an
interpretation of the story they tell about
the people who used them.
The study of material culture provides a
focus for the education materials presented
in all of the education kits. Twelve signa-
ture objects represent the key themes of the
exhibition. The objects can be used both
to introduce students to the themes of the
exhibition before they come, and to provide
a focus for viewing the exhibition, as well
as doing follow-up research once back at
school. The student materials use an enquiry
approach to learning with key questions
and suggested research opportunities. The
teacher support materials provide images of
the objects, information about where they
were found and notes on their significance.
Education programs at Museum Victoria
have been developed within the context of
the Victorian curriculum statements -- the
Victorian Essential Learning Standards
(VELS), and the 'Principles of Learning and
Teaching' from the Victorian Department
of Education's Blueprint for Government
Schools. VELS require that personal and
social learning be explicitly defined within the
school curriculum, and working together in
teams, community engagement and enquiry
learning have come to the fore as important
ways of facilitating this aspect of learning.
Education programs at Museum Victoria
attempt to pose questions that initiate dis-
cussion and are characterised by im mersive
hands-on experiences that engage students in
active, purposeful and tactile enquiry-based
learning in a place where they learn about
community through a process of being 'in
community' by interrogating shared expe-
rience. Hands-on activities, using interpre-
tive objects that reflect our material culture,
provide the opportunity for group discus-
sion and understanding: What is this object,
what is it used for, what does it tell us about
how people who used them lived?
All of the activities in the education kits
can be mapped against the VELS stand-
Museums offer a stimulating environ-
ment for cross- curriculum learning, inte-
grating Science, Humanities, English and
Languages other than English. 'A Day in
Pompeii' education programs and resources
are also provided in the Italian language.
The education program 'Esplora Pompei'
presents real objects from 2,000 years ago
that im merses students in the Italian lan-
guage while they reflect on the objects, ask-
ing the same questions -- what is the object,
what is it made of and who would have used
it? -- in Italian.
Students of Italian can also explore the
exhibition in the Italian language with an
audio tour that takes the learner through
a theatrical storytelling soundscape. An
inhabitant of Pompeii from 79AD takes the
students through the exhibition and explains
daily life in Pompeii, and introduces them to
other characters of the time. The audio tour
caters for a more advanced level of Italian
to suit students of Italian in Years 10 to 12.
The audio tour is also available in English
for students from Year 9 upwards.
The audio tour is a new development in
the education programs that aims to cater
for all learning styles and interests. The
'Experience the Spirit of Pompeii' audio
tour immerses students in the exhibition by
stimulating all of their senses and engaging
them with the story in the way a worksheet
Increasingly, museum education pro-
grams are encouraging students to learn
experientially, to use their senses, to reflect
on how they feel, what impact the experience
has on them, how they connect it to what
they already know, and what it contributes
to their understanding of the subject.
Learning beyond the classroom is about
engaging the student as much as possible
in learning that facilitates the development
of the skills and dispositions necessary for
independent lifelong learning. T
Liz Suda is the Program Coordin ator,
Humanities, at Melbour ne Museum.
Rosaria Zarro, is the Co.As.It Educ ation
Officer at Museum Victoria.
Pictured: page 14, garden fresco from 'A
Day in Pompeii,' courtesy of Melbourne
Muse um and Soprintende nza Speciale i
Be ni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei;
page 16, statue of Venus; page 18, garum
Melbourne Muse um's 'A Day in Pompeii,'
part of the 2009 Melbourne Winter
Masterpiece series, is open to the public
and school groups until 25 Octobe r.
For Muse um Victoria resources, visit
For references, visit http://teacher.acer.edu.au
Links Archive August 2009 October 2009 Navigation Previous Page Next Page | <urn:uuid:10538e6b-0bfd-404e-b17a-e6093232f8ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://digital.realviewtechnologies.com/?iid=28632&startpage=page0000018 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00089-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907136 | 1,074 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Physicians can prescribe Tresiba to children and adolescents aged one to 17 with type I or type II diabetes.
The approval is based on efficacy and tolerability data from the BEGIN YOUNG 1 trial, which showed that insulin degludec given once daily in combination with insulin aspart (NovoRapid) maintained long-term glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type I diabetes.1
"When treating children and adolescents with diabetes, getting patients to target while minimising side effects is always a priority," said Dr Nandu Thalange, paediatric endocrinologist at Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom and the lead investigator of BEGIN YOUNG 1.
"This [approval] for insulin degludec offers patients between the ages of one and 17 a once-daily basal insulin which allows patients to get to target with a reduced risk of hyperglycaemia with ketosis versus insulin detemir."
Efficacy and safety
The BEGIN YOUNG 1 trial was a randomised, open-label 26-week treat-to-target trial comparing the efficacy and safety of insulin degludec (given once daily), and insulin detemir (Levemir; given once or twice daily), both in combination with bolus insulin aspart in children and adolescents with type I diabetes.1
Insulin degludec met the primary endpoint of non-inferiority to insulin detemir for mean change in HbA1c at 26 weeks (p<0.05). In a 26-week extension of the trial, patients who received insulin degludec achieved a lower insulin dose and a significantly greater reduction in fasting plasma glucose than those given insulin detemir (p<0.05).
The two regimens were associated with similar rates of overall, nocturnal, and severe hypoglycaemia although patients on insulin degludec had significantly lower rates of hyperglycaemia with ketosis (p<0.05). Patients’ weight remained unchanged with insulin detemir but increased with insulin degludec. Adverse event profiles were similar for insulin degludec and insulin detemir.1
Flexible dose timing
Insulin degludec has a duration of action exceeding 42 hours, allowing flexibility in day-to-day time of administration. In patients with type II diabetes, it can be administered alone or in combination with oral antidiabetic agents (including GLP-1 receptor agonists) and bolus insulin. In type I diabetes, Tresiba must be combined with rapid-acting insulin to cover mealtime insulin requirements.
Tresiba is available in two strengths: 100 units/ml and 200 units/ml. These are delivered in two distinct FlexTouch pen devices: the light green 100 units/ml pen, which delivers insulin in one-unit steps and the dark green 200 units/ml pen, which delivers insulin in two-unit steps. Prescribers should always specify the strength of Tresiba on the prescription and patients should visually identify the strength of Tresiba they are dispensed.
- Thalange N et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of insulin degludec in combination with bolus insulin aspart in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57 (Suppl 1): S395. | <urn:uuid:ff78c9a3-e6fc-4717-a05a-f2a90ba997f9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mims.co.uk/ultra-long-acting-insulin-approved-paediatric-use/diabetes/article/1334249 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00093-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901479 | 701 | 2.6875 | 3 |
With headquarters located Ontario, Canada, OneClass is an education technology company that provides learning resources for post-graduate students for nine years in order to assist them with their studies. With a user base of 2.7 million, the company is firmly established in the United States, Australia, and Canada.
OneClass understands the challenge freshman students face keeping up with their studies while at the same time worrying about the rising costs of tuition, textbooks, and other daily expenses. The OneClass foundation is made up of former students and recent graduates, who wish to recognize hardworking and dedicated students entering their first year of university by offering them university scholarship.
For the 2019/2020 Freshman Scholarship, OneClass will be giving away $100,000 in individual scholarships to students. Freshman will be awarded grants of between $450-$2000 depending on the number of courses the student is enrolled in.
To be eligible for the scholarship, students must be enrolled or accepted for enrollment as full-time student in 2019/2020 academic year at an accredited US, Australian, or Canadian post-secondary institution.
How to apply
There are three steps to applying for the scholarship;
- Reserve your spot
- Add your courses on OneClass after you have done your course registration
- You will receive an email in October to complete your application
- Full time student
- Good academic standing
- Completed application form
The deadline for the application of the scholarship is October 31st, 2019. Winners will be announced on January 1st, 2020.
To know more about the scholarship and to apply, visit the official scholarship website | <urn:uuid:1fdfa4d8-0fa6-4c91-bc6b-5060692dd456> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pickascholarship.com/scholarship/the-freshman-scholarship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.960183 | 345 | 1.5625 | 2 |
November 13, 2008
The Democratic chairman of the Senate Finance Committee unveiled a health-care reform plan Wednesday that incorporates many of the provisions of President-elect Barack Obama’s plan, but goes one step further — it would require everyone to eventually buy insurance coverage.
- A d v e r t i s e m e n t
Sen. Max Baucus (D-Mont.) proposes that medical insurance cover pre-existing conditions, as Obama’s plan does, and would set up an insurance exchange to help people and businesses find insurance if they need — but don’t have — coverage.
“Americans are acutely aware of problems in the country’s health care system and they are ready for change,” Baucus said at a Capitol Hill news conference announcing his “Call to Action: Health Care Reform 2009” proposal. | <urn:uuid:5c13a4d9-e9ba-48bf-97e8-870a95c20786> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.infowars.com/senate-finance-chairman-calls-for-mandatory-health-insurance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951345 | 177 | 1.53125 | 2 |
FRANKFURT, Germany — The European Central Bank spent €14.3 billion ($20.6 billion) last week buying government bonds to protect large economies like Spain and Italy from the debt crisis, but market concerns persisted about how long the emergency purchases would contain market turmoil.
The amount of bond purchases disclosed on Monday was short of the previous week's figure of €22 billion but close to market expectations.
ECB buying of Italian and Spanish bonds on financial markets has driven down borrowing rates that were threatening those two countries with financial ruin. European officials have agreed to give the eurozone's rescue fund the power to take over the purchases — but national parliaments will not give their approval for that until this fall.
That has left the central bank with the main burden of fighting off market turmoil caused by fears that several of the 17 countries that use the euro have taken on more debt than they can repay.
Market worries are compounded by concerns that any government default could damage Europe's already-shaky banks, which hold large amounts of government bonds.
Last week's purchases ran the bank's total spent in supporting shaky eurozone government bonds to €110.5 billion since the program was launched in May, 2010. So far the purchases average €3.6 billion a day; analysts at Royal Bank of Scotland estimated that a rate of €2.5 billion a day would leave the ECB spending some €600 billion a year.
RBS senior European economist Nick Mathews cautioned that any sign the central bank is only intervening on an interim basis "will give the market a sentiment that there is a finite limit on purchases."
In that case markets could challenge the ECB's ability to keep yields down. Mathews thinks that the ECB and the eurozone rescue fund may eventually have to purchase close to half of traded Italian and Spanish debt, or around €850 billion ($1.2 trillion.)
The ECB has said it expects to hand off the bond purchases when the rescue fund is granted the powers, although bank head Jean-Claude Trichet has added that the bank does not "pre-commit" to any course of action.
Market fears have fed on the fact that the rescue fund's funding limit is set by eurozone governments and what they are willing to contribute in guarantees, while the central bank's purchase powers are in theory unlimited thanks to its powers to create new money. That is a practice the ECB has so far avoided, although the U.S. Federal Reserve and Bank of England have both done it as part of their measures against the financial crisis and recession.
Germany and others have said that the bailout fund does not need more lending power beyond the €440 billion.
Eurozone leaders agreed on July 21 to expand the powers of their €440 billion bailout fund to let it purchase government bonds on the secondary market — that is, from other bond investors, not directly loaning money to the governments. They also gave it the power to loan money quickly to countries in trouble and to help recapitalize banks.
Those powers can be used to support financially troubled governments and prevent bond market turmoil while governments use the respite to clean up their finances. The bond purchases help by pushing up bond prices, which move in the opposite direction from yields.
During the delay, market fears about potential defaults spread increasingly to Italy and Spain, the eurozone's third and fourth largest economies. They are considered too large to be bailed out, even by the enhanced rescue fund.
In response, the ECB decided to re-start bond purchases at an emergency meeting Aug. 7 and began them the next day, driving yields down to under 5 percent for both countries and so far keeping them down.Comment on this story
Those yields reflect the costs the countries would face if they turned to the bond market for new borrowing. Their yields had previously been over 6 percent, heading toward the level that forced the eurozone to rescue Greece, Portugal and Ireland after they faced rates so high they would have ruined their finances.
The central bank was left as the eurozone's backstop after German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy said they opposed eurobonds, collectively-issued debt seen by some as the answer to the crisis. Skeptics say the current EU treaty forbids them and that they would encourage overborrowing by less disciplined countries riding for free on the creditworthiness of the more careful ones.
On Sunday Merkel repeated her opposition.
On Monday, the European Central Bank said it would soak up an amount roughly equal to the bond purchases by taking short-term deposits from banks in order to avoid increasing the supply of money in the economy, which can cause inflation. | <urn:uuid:3fed8588-41ab-405f-aee5-0398755c31b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700172693/European-Central-Bank-buys-4143-billion-in-bonds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00173-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966576 | 942 | 1.929688 | 2 |
US-company selling used tissues. Motto: Get sick whenever you like
It's a universal fact that nobody likes getting sick. And, it takes so much energy and time to recover sometimes. However, a start-up company in the US has an altogether different notion and wants you to "get sick on your own terms." Los Angeles-based Vaev Tissues is selling napkins that have been sneezed into, so that you can catch the virus at your whims.
The product's description on its website says, "We believe that when flu season comes around, you should be able to get sick on your own terms. We believe that using a tissue that carries a human sneeze is safer than needles or pills." Seriously?
According to the company, the tissue is "specially treated with organic ingredients, is non-prescription, and works hand in hand with the human body to keep your immune system feeling like your immune system." And, for these tissues, you'll have to pay $79.99 or Rs. 5,700. What's more, they have been sold out online for months, media reports suggest.
Oliver Niessen, the company's founder, in an interview, said, "The simple idea is you choose now to get sick, with the idea in mind that you won't get with that same cold...later." He gave an example that we can wipe our nose with a Vaev tissue a few days before leaving on vacation, and get sick and treated before you leave for the trip.
"That kind of freedom, that kind of luxury to choose- I mean, we customize everything in our lives and we have everything the way that we want it, so why not approach sickness that way as well," Niessen asked. Interestingly, Niessen refused to discuss the screening procedures but said that his company has a "stable" of 10 go-to sneezers, who have been recruited online.
Niessen said that his company only recruits those who've no allergies. "A person sneezes into our batch of tissues, and then we put them into our packaging...that's how they work. We just send it through the mail," he said. However, according to the US Postal Inspection Service, mailing infectious substance is allowed only for very specific medicinal purposes, which Vaev tissues doesn't adhere to.
On the mailing issue, Niessen gave a weird answer saying, "The packages we mail out are not in violation of the law...It's a premium product, it's not something you can get from anywhere else." He, however, acknowledged that people can simply ask their friends for a snot-filled tissue and save Rs. 5,700, but quipped that it won't be "nicely packaged," unlike Vaev Tissue.
Interestingly, Niessen has no social media presence and has only worked as a video editor for a pharma marketing firm. He also refused to give any details of his company. Meanwhile, netizens are calling the product "disgusting". Someone wrote, "Vaev who do you think you are? $80 for used tissues that I have to stuff up my nose so I don't get sick."
Meanwhile, here is the reality check. According to Charles Gerba, Professor of Microbiology and Environmental Sciences at the University of Arizona, Niessen's theory isn't correct. "There are 200 types of rhinoviruses...you are going to have to shove about 200 tissues up your nose each time to get a different one. But getting inoculated from one doesn't protect you against all others," he pointed out. | <urn:uuid:6fe52949-aede-4cab-b769-f7bc01cc2d01> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newsbytesapp.com/news/business/us-start-up-company-is-selling-snot-filled-tissues/story | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.97883 | 742 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Outlook And then there was one. Only the state-backed National Savings & Investments can now promise all customers that their deposits are 100 per cent underwitten by the British Government. Northern Rock depositors, who have benefited from the same pledge during the bank's period of public ownership, will henceforth be restricted to the same £50,000 cap on compensation as savers with all other banks and building societies.
This is a necessary step as the Government moves closer to selling Rock back into the private sector – it could not do so until the advantage that the bank's sovereign guarantee gives it has been removed. And yet, this move once again shines a light on the knotty issue of deposit protection.
It is clear that Rock, NS&I and Bank of Ireland, which has enjoyed the Irish government's full backing, have won business from the security they offer to customers with more than £50,000 of savings. Equally, the row over the protection of customers of the failed Icelandic banks has highlighted the danger of savers losing out if they put their money into institutions where the terms of the lifeboat scheme are not crystal clear.
Still, the implication of the lifting of this guarantee is that the Government would not stand behind our largest savings institutions, beyond the £50,000 cap, should they fail. That is patently untrue. For all the debate about reform of banking regulation, a number of British banks remain too big to fail. Even leaving aside the taxpayer's stake in Royal Bank of Scotland, for example, can you imagine the Government allowing it to go to the wall? Barclays, HSBC and others would all be rescued should they ever need to be.
By implication, if not explicitly, the Government offers the customers of those institutions its protection. And if the big banks have state backing, so do smaller rivals. In practice, it is inconceivable that the Government would allow savers – certainly individual savers – to lose money following the collapse of a British bank.
What then, is the point in having a cap on payouts from the Financial Services Compensation Scheme? Well, as the scheme is funded, there has to be a limit on its potential liabilities – otherwise its levies on the financial services sector would be unlimited. Equally, one wouldn't want to see banking liabilities transferred on to the national accounts.
But make no mistake: we have an artificial construct. For years, savers were warned about the theoretical risks of holding too much money with one savings institution, but the danger seemed insignificantly small. As risk became reality, the Treasury quickly realised it could not allow any saver to lose their money – any more than it could should history repeat itself, at least while we have banks that remain too big to fail.Reuse content | <urn:uuid:46422425-8865-4d2e-b9f2-65012d9ea6e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/comment/david-prosser-savers-must-be-protected-at-all-costs-1909814.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00238-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96344 | 563 | 2.078125 | 2 |
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If Gatsby represents one part of Fitzgerald’s personality, the flashy celebrity who pursued and glorified wealth in order to impress the woman he loved, then Nick represents another part: the quiet, reflective Midwesterner adrift in the lurid East. A young man (he turns thirty during the course of the novel) from Minnesota, Nick travels to New York in 1922 to learn the bond business. He lives in the West Egg district of Long Island, next door to Gatsby. Nick is also Daisy’s cousin, which enables him to observe and assist the resurgent love affair between Daisy and Gatsby. As a result of his relationship to these two characters, Nick is the perfect choice to narrate the novel, which functions as a personal memoir of his experiences with Gatsby in the summer of 1922.
Nick is also well suited to narrating The Great Gatsby because of his temperament. As he tells the reader in Chapter 1, he is tolerant, open-minded, quiet, and a good listener, and, as a result, others tend to talk to him and tell him their secrets. Gatsby, in particular, comes to trust him and treat him as a confidant. Nick generally assumes a secondary role throughout the novel, preferring to describe and comment on events rather than dominate the action. Often, however, he functions as Fitzgerald’s voice, as in his extended meditation on time and the American dream at the end of Chapter 9.
Insofar as Nick plays a role inside the narrative, he evidences a strongly mixed reaction to life on the East Coast, one that creates a powerful internal conflict that he does not resolve until the end of the book. On the one hand, Nick is attracted to the fast-paced, fun-driven lifestyle of New York. On the other hand, he finds that lifestyle grotesque and damaging. This inner conflict is symbolized throughout the book by Nick’s romantic affair with Jordan Baker. He is attracted to her vivacity and her sophistication just as he is repelled by her dishonesty and her lack of consideration for other people.
Nick states that there is a “quality of distortion” to life in New York, and this lifestyle makes him lose his equilibrium, especially early in the novel, as when he gets drunk at Gatsby’s party in Chapter 2. After witnessing the unraveling of Gatsby’s dream and presiding over the appalling spectacle of Gatsby’s funeral, Nick realizes that the fast life of revelry on the East Coast is a cover for the terrifying moral emptiness that the valley of ashes symbolizes. Having gained the maturity that this insight demonstrates, he returns to Minnesota in search of a quieter life structured by more traditional moral values. | <urn:uuid:892e868d-42cc-4803-b03b-bc8311620467> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gradesaver.com/the-great-gatsby/q-and-a/who-is-nick-carraway-72479 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00003-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960146 | 580 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Registering the Homeless to Vote
Presidential candidates Sen. John Kerry and George W. Bush are eagerly stumping for votes from suburban "soccer moms," "NASCAR dads" and undecided voters in swing states.
But volunteers are also targeting some of the nation's most overlooked voters. NPR's Mandalit del Barco reports on efforts to get out the vote in the most unlikely of places -- the grimy streets of skid row in downtown Los Angeles.
Those streets are home to thousands of men, women and children -- at night, the sidewalks are lined with makeshift tents made from tarps and cardboard. There are few facilities, and the shelters are filled to the bursting point.
Registration volunteer and activist Bilal Ali, a former Black Panther, says most people have the wrong idea about the homeless. "There are a tremendous number of people down here who are registered to vote already, and who will vote," he says. "That debunks the whole myth of people saying (the homeless) are apathetic, it's not going to happen, these people are drug addicts, they don't care. So we're proving them wrong."
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. | <urn:uuid:c4223f1b-7e5f-4d24-9c8f-1d37dd658728> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.wfsu.org/all-npr-news/2004-10-21/registering-the-homeless-to-vote | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.963967 | 252 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Crown of the Continent
The Last Great Wilderness of the Rocky Mountains
Recently released in paperback, this award-winning title is a large book with 150 color photos of the Crown of the Continent ecosystem, which covers more than 10 million acres in Montana and Canada. Author Ralph Waldt, a professional naturalist with The Nature Conservancy, spent more than 30 years exploring the area, including many years at the Conservancy’s Pine Butte Guest Ranch. In the book he vividly describes the area’s ecology, wildlife, and wild places.
Trimsize: 9 x 11 inches
Author: Ralphy Waldt | <urn:uuid:be9ddbed-830d-42e1-86bd-86ec4f93b8a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://riverbendpublishing.com/collections/award-winners/products/crown-of-the-continent | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.863785 | 157 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Old Testament Psalms Chapter 53
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
David saith: The fool says there is no God-There is none that doeth good-Gathered Israel shall rejoice.
To the chief Musician upon Mahalath, Maschil, A Psalm of David.
1 The afool hath said in his heart, There is no God. Corrupt are they, and have done abominable iniquity: there is bnone that doeth good.
2 God looked down from heaven upon the children of men, to see if there were any that did understand, that did seek God.
3 Every one of them is gone back: they are altogether become filthy; there is none that doeth good, no, not one.
4 Have the workers of iniquity no knowledge? who eat up my people as they eat bread: they have not called upon God.
5 There were they in great fear, where no fear was: for God hath ascattered the bones of him that encampeth against thee: thou hast put them to shame, because God hath bdespised them.
6 Oh that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion! When God abringeth back the captivity of his people, Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad. | <urn:uuid:ee47321b-c067-44dc-a5ba-43a24b45631d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://alumnihighschool.net/scriptures/ot/ps/53.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.972836 | 274 | 1.773438 | 2 |
01/11/20130 - 031/10/2017
Co-PI: Luis Izquierdo (with 12 partners)
European Union – 7th FP – Marie Curie Innovative Training Network
Parasite glycobiology and anti-parasitic strategies
Programas de investigación: Malaria
Protozoan parasites and helminths are the cause of some of the most devastating diseases worldwide and a major effort is needed to be able to control or eliminate these diseases. Glycoconjugates are abundant and ubiquitous on the surface of many parasites and they are frequently involved in their survival strategies by forming a protective barrier against host defences. A common feature of the parasite’s cell surface architecture is the presence of an elaborate and often highly decorated glycocalyx that allows it to interact and respond to the external environment. Therefore, the study of the glycobiology of these organisms offers unique opportunities to devise novel strategies to tackle parasitic-caused diseases.
However, the exquisite diversity of these glycoconjugates and of their biosynthetic machineries, the difficulties related with their structural analysis and the complexity associated with their synthesis in the laboratory, poses a tremendous challenge for the scientific community.
To address these challenges GlycoPar network proposes to establish a European based training programme in a worldclass collaborative research environment steered by some of the world leaders in the fast evolving field of parasite glycobiology, in close association with European industrial enterprises.
The researchers recruited through this initiative will be exposed, both at the local and network-wide level, to a multicultural and highly multidisciplinary PhD training. This programme will acquaint them with a complete range of state-of-the-art glycobiology methodologies, alongside with valuable transferable and entrepreneurial skills. All together the aim is to create a PhD-level trained generation of young scientists capable of tackling the challenges that parasite glycobiology implies with improved career prospects and employability as well as preparing them to become future leaders in research institutions and industry.
3,450,856 € (ISGlobal 264,614 €) | <urn:uuid:fab68f65-6b92-4275-a37c-b5be5769875f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.isglobal.org/es/project/-/asset_publisher/qf6QOKuKkIC3/content/glycopar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00193-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905394 | 428 | 1.867188 | 2 |
"Solange I" is the common name for the German Federal Constitutional Court
's decision in Internationale Handelsgesellschaft v. Einfuhr und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel (BVerfGE 37, 271; 1974 2 CMLR 540)
, decided on May 29, 1974
The question was a very important one for the West German government: did the "Community law" of the EC supersede the fundamental rights established in Germany's basic law? While the German constitution permitted the state to transfer sovereign powers to IGO's (article 24), the fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution were argued to be non-transferable
Solange means "as long as." The Court's decision stated that as long as the EC did not have codified fundamental rights, the German courts would continue to recognize the fundamental rights of Germany as supreme. They also maintained that German courts had the right to review all incoming legislation from the EC to ensure that it did not conflict with the same fundamental rights of German law.
The court's concern, that the EC would stifle democracy, was backed up by the fact that, back then, the EC did not have popularly elected legislators either. However, its importance cannot be underestimated: it amounted to the German government denying the absolute supremacy of Community law within the Community, and the situation was not adequately resolved for many years.
In the Solange II decision of 1986, the court partially reversed its stance, again using the "as long as" caveat to keep its powers intact. The Bananas decision of 2000 made even greater concessions to the Community. | <urn:uuid:af415e8e-3ddb-4fe6-849b-b4405aa3ae28> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://everything2.com/title/Solange+I | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00394-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958565 | 336 | 3.046875 | 3 |
by Jack Hyles
“The words of a talebearer are as wounds, and they go down into the innermost parts of the belly.” Proverbs 18:8
“The words of a talebearer are as wounds, and they go down into the innermost parts of the belly.” Proverbs 26:22
It is very, very rare in the Bible to find a verse that is repeated word for word in the same book of the Bible; yet here we find the same 19 words repeated twice in Proverbs. That must mean that their message is extremely important.
Let me begin by giving a brief word study on these verses. The word, “words,” can be translated “a tasty, deadly morsel” or “words of sport.” Some people make sport out of gossip. The word, “talebearer,” means “spice peddler.” The word, “wounds,” means “deadly wounds.” The word, “belly,” means the “entire human cavity.” Even science now is discovering that your spirit has much to do with your health. The Bible already makes that clear.
What is being said in these passages is that the tasty deadly morsels (words) of a spice peddler (talebearer) are as deadly wounds to the entire human body (belly). Notice that it does not say that these words cause a deadly wound, but they aredeadly wounds. Now let us notice what happens.
1. Someone is going to die. This passage speaks of someone being deathly ill. There are only three different people mentioned in these verses: (1) the talebearer, (2) the hearer of the tales, and (3) the object of the tales. One of these three is the one who has the deadly wounds and is going to die. Which one of these three possesses the deadly wounds?
2. When a talebearer gives his tasty deadly morsels to the hearer, he thinks that he is destroying the object of his tales. In reality, it is the one who hears or accepts the tasty deadly morsels who is being poisoned and destroyed. The talebearer has already been destroyed or poisoned, but does not realize it. Although he is trying to destroy the object of his tales, he is actually destroying the hearer and is already destroyed himself. So, the object of the tales who is the one whom he is trying to destroy, is the only one who is not destroyed!
When I try to stop someone from being a talebearer, I am trying to prevent him from poisoning the hearer. The talebearer is already destroyed. You cannot destroy an individual with evil tales about him, but you can destroy the person you are telling. There are five truths here to remember:
* The talebearer is trying to destroy the object of his tales;
* The hearer is the one who is being destroyed;
*The talebearer has already been destroyed;
*The object is the only one who is not destroyed;
* The only one not destroyed is the one the talebearer is trying to destroy.
When someone comes to you with a tasty deadly morsel of gossip, you are the one who is being poisoned, and you are the one who is going to be destroyed. Most Christians would not consider themselves to be gossips, but they are careless about the things they allow themselves to hear. That is self destruction! A Christian should run from talebearers like he would run from a loaded pistol or a knife in the hands of someone who is trying to kill him. We would not consider drinking poison; yet, we take in deadly tasty morsels!
There are hundreds and probably thousands of people who have been destroyed by a few talebearing enemies of mine; yet those enemies have not destroyed me. Those who have taken in the poison have been destroyed. A talebearer is trying to hurt you even though he does not know it.
3. The pitiful one is the hearer of the tales. The talebearer is already evil because he is trying to destroy the object of his tales. The one who hears the tales is usually a good person who simply did not have the courage to rebuke the talebearer. As a courtesy, he listens to the tale, and the poison is poured into him. Once it goes in, it goes into the innermost part of his being, and he begins being destroyed! Do not listen to tales, for you are the one who will be hurt! If you do listen to them, you will be destroyed. Run from gossip. Run from the talebearer! Run from the slanderer.
4. The hearer must learn that he is the one who must die. Talebearing kills us. When you listen to someone gossip, you are spiritually killing yourself. Do not listen. It is poison. The hearer must realize that the talebearer is trying to kill him. The talebearer does not know it. He thinks he is trying to kill the object of his tales, but in reality he is trying to kill the hearer. Would you be friendly to someone who is trying to kill you? That talebearer is a murderer who is trying to kill you. Do not drink one drop of his poison, no matter how tasty it is! It’s deadly! It will spiritually kill you and destroy your spiritual effectiveness!
5. God warns not to listen. These are warnings to potential hearers not to listen. We better take heed to the warnings of God. Good people are destroyed because they do not fear the talebearer. If we believed this, we would flee gossip with great fear. Gossips are deadly to the hearer, not to their intended object. Proverbs 18:14, “The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded spirit who can bear?” | <urn:uuid:a3a39407-96b8-4018-98ce-f92e2a35e27f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.independentbaptist.com/talebearing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.975672 | 1,247 | 2.1875 | 2 |
|Own your ow legal marijuana business||
Your guide to making money in the multi-billion dollar marijuana industry
|The Drug Legalization Debate|
Myths and Misconceptions of Drug Legalization - US Dept. of Justice
Chapter Nine: Legal Issues Surrounding the Legalization of Drugs
I. Their Argument
This chapter deals not with an argument of the legalizers per se, but instead their implicit belief
that legalizing drugs would not have a profound effect on other facets of law and public policy.
II. Our Argument
Basically, we have three concerns here.
First, can drug use be used as a defense in criminal or civil proceedings? That is, can a person
accused of a hit-and-run accident escape liability by noting to the court that he was on cocaine at the time?
Second, what will be done with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)? As its name suggests, the FDA is responsible for testing the safety of food and drugs in the United States. For example, the FDA banned the use of Red Dye #2 a number of years ago because it caused cancer (this is why there were no red M+M's in most of the 1980's - it was not until the candy producer came up with a noncarcenogenic dye that they started making them again in the late 1980's). Similarly, the FDA banned the use of the substance known as Laetrile when it determined that this supposed drug had absolutely no pharmacological effects. But if we allow the legal sale of drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, heroin, and PCP - that unquestionably are dangerous - how can we justify allowing the FDA to exercise quality control over any other type of drugs? To allow the sale and use of cocaine while still granting the FDA power to regulate, say, food additives such as saccharine is like banning slingshots but allowing people to carry automatic assault rifles. So if we legalize the sale and use of clearly dangerous drugs, it seems that to be logically consistent we would have to close down the FDA and let everyone have access to every type of drug. And given legalized drugs it also seems hypocritical to have any type of quality control on food additives or food products more generally.
A third and final concern is the legal liability of the companies that would manufacture and sell the newly legalized cocaine, marijuana, heroin, and PCP. This is a very important argument, and in order to fully understand its magnitude we must mention what are known as "Dram Shop" laws. If not in name, we are all familiar with what a Dram Shop law is - it is a law that says that if bartenders continue to serve alcohol to people that they know are already drunk, and that drunk person later goes out and commits a crime such as drunk driving, then the bartender or the bar can be held responsible. So the question remains: would producers and sellers of legalized drugs be responsible for the actions of the people who ingest them? If the producers and sellers would not be liable, we have a serious ethical problem inasmuch as they could destroy peoples' lives with impunity in the name of profit and not be held morally accountable. But if the producers and sellers would be liable -- that is, a Dram Shop type of law would apply to them --we would probably have very few companies willing to market and sell drugs. Put differently, if a given drug company knew that it could be hit with a ten million dollar lawsuit when one of its clients goes and kills someone (or damages property, etc.), is that company likely to stay in business? Not likely. The company likely would decide that the costs of doing business outweigh the potential benefits and thus would close down shop. For proof of this point ask yourself the following: How many companies are there in the U.S. today that manufacture and sell asbestos insulation? Answer: probably none.
In short, there are many legal and political issues that would have to be dealt with if we legalized
drugs, and nowhere in the legalizers' literature have they come up with adequate answers to these problems.
Chapter Nine Summary Sheet: Legal Issues Surrounding the Legalization of Drugs
We can legalize drugs without any legal difficulties.
Then you say...
If we legalize drugs, will drug use be able to be used as a defense in criminal and civil trials?
If we legalize drugs, would not we logically have to close down the Food and Drug Administration and dispense with all laws regulating the safety and quality of drugs, food additives and food products?
If we legalize drugs, would manufacturers and sellers be
liable for the actions of the people whom they sell drugs to? If
not, isn't there an ethical problem here? If so, can we
realistically expect anyone to enter the drug business?
Contents | Feedback | Search | DRCNet Home Page | Join DRCNet
DRCNet Library | Schaffer Library | The Drug Legalization Debate
Schaffer Library of Drug Policy
Major Studies of Drug and Drug Policy
Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding - The Report of the US National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
Licit and Illicit Drugs
Short History of the Marijuana Laws
The Drug Hang-Up
Congressional Transcripts of the Hearings for the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
Frequently Asked Questions About Drugs
Basic Facts About the Drug War
Charts and Graphs about Drugs
Information on Alcohol
Guide to Heroin - Frequently Asked Questions About Heroin
LSD, Mescaline, and Psychedelics
Drugs and Driving
Children and Drugs
Drug Abuse Treatment Resource List
American Society for Action on Pain
Let Us Pay Taxes
Marijuana Business News
Reefer Madness Collection
Medical Marijuana Throughout History
Drug Legalization Debate
Legal History of American Marijuana Prohibition
Marijuana, the First 12,000 Years
DEA Ruling on Medical Marijuana
Legal References on Drugs
GAO Documents on Drugs
Response to the Drug Enforcement Agency
|Drug Information Articles|
Taking a drug test:
How To Pass A Drug Test
Beat Drug Test
Pass Drug Test
Drug Screening Tests
Drug Addiction Treatment | <urn:uuid:3c8f927d-2b76-4e8e-8b64-91014dc49dbb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/debate/myths/myths10.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00387-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918651 | 1,271 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Institute of Information Theories and Applications FOI ITHEA
Civilization has brought us into the noosphere world. Besides physical, around (and inside of) us
exist and function also mental and cultural entities. It is impossible to perform now knowledge acquisition,
knowledge base creation and organizational systems management without adequate consideration of object’s
noosphere statuses. I tried here to clarify basic viewpoints concerning this issue, hoping that elaboration of
common methodological foundations of semiotic modeling will be useful for developers and also for users of
new generation automation systems. | <urn:uuid:0ea9cb8b-3e7c-438f-86e8-a07c07118b0e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sci-gems.math.bas.bg/jspui/handle/10525/910 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00118-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898943 | 116 | 1.6875 | 2 |
The Telegraph reports:
Open borders across Europe have allowed Isil to plant sleeper cells across the continent and in the UK, poised to launch Paris or Brussels-style massacres, America’s intelligence chief has warned.
James Clapper, the US Director of National Intelligence, warned the free movement of citizens around the EU was “in conflict” with the need to protect security.
He said there is evidence of fanatics from Islamic State in Iraq and Levant (Isil) in Britain, Germany and Italy secretly plotting outrages like those witnessed in France and Belgium.
Being an island nation has its drawbacks. It makes it harder to trade, and harder to travel.
But there is a real plus, in that it makes us easier to have relatively secure borders. | <urn:uuid:9e94807a-1ca1-472c-9631-3ba904496f01> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.kiwiblog.co.nz/2016/04/the_need_to_secure_borders.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00096-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949915 | 158 | 1.5 | 2 |
- Male: These roosters will have thin lacy (as in soft and wispy) white feathers with black dagger-shaped tips on the head, and hackle (back and sides of neck). On the saddle (swoop of back) there should be similar white feathers with black tips, but a bit stouter and less lacy qualities (click here for example). The saddle feathers may also appear similar to the hackle feathers. At the sickles (long tail feathers), the feathers will be longer and again with a slightly stouter tip. Throughout the rest of the chicken you should see a similar pattern to that of the saddle, but they may be lined up in row along the wing, as opposed to the appearance of randomness in other areas.
- Female: The female has the appearance of being completely covered in the feather that is linked to above, with only marginally slighter tips on the head, and hackle. The female in general will appear to have a higher black-to-white ratio than the male.
- Face: Red
- Comb: Rose comb
- Earlobes: White
- Skin color: White
- Beak color: Dark to light horn, for the base to the tip, respectively.
- Eyes: Dark brown
- Legs: Slate grey
- Weight: Rooster-5 Hen-4 Cockerel-4.5 Pullet-3.5*
- Purpose: Egg-laying
- Origin: Though the name implies that the Hamburg chickens are of German origin they actually were initially bred in Holland, and before that it is said that they were from Turkey. Either way they are not German.
- Common: Uncommon/Watch
- Egg color: Hamburgs in general have a glossy-white egg.
- Egg size: Small to Medium
- Eggs a week/year: 4 or so eggs a week, and 200-225 eggs a year.
- Broody: Almost never*
- Confinement: Known as a flighty and sprightly bird, so they are somewhat intolerant of confinement.
- Compatibility: They get along well with other chickens, and will be nearer to the top of the pecking order because the mature earlier and generally smaller chickens such as these are not as laid back in their attitudes.
- Hardy: More cold hardy than warm, because of their developement in the colder, and damper region of Europe.
- Bantam: Yes*
- Personality: Generally a flighty bird, they are very active, and may try to fly over your chicken coop wall. If you have these chickens you may want to consider getting hawk-netting for their safety. They are also quite cautious and may avoid human contact, but this may be helped with handling while young.
- Available from:*
Photo courtesy of Flickr user: reds_animals
Information courtesy of: http://www.purelypoultry.com/hamburg-chickens-p-647.html
*For more information on terms above see Key to Chicken Entries | <urn:uuid:3f655712-824d-474a-8932-60905188d134> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pickinachicken.com/2010/06/silver-spangled-hamburgs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00242-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940966 | 636 | 2.359375 | 2 |
When it comes to choosing the best organic dog treats for your dogs, it can be a headache because there are so many brands and different treats to choose from. And like every good dog owner, you want to give the best to your dog; you want to see his tail wags, and you want your dog to be healthy too.
Dogs love to eat, just like a human does. Therefore, choosing the right dog treats that your dog loves and healthy to eat can be a crucial task.
You do not want your dog to consume too many calories, and you will never know how much treats you have given to your dog in a day.
One of the best dog treats available in the market right now is the Zuke’s Mini Naturals treats. The main ingredient is made of chicken meat; it comes in small sizes and with great flavor that your dogs will love.
Not only that, the Zuke’s Mini Naturals contains whole-food cherries, rosemary, and turmeric to maintain your dog’s healthy lifestyle. It has less than 3 and a half calories per treat.
Zuke’s Mini Naturals has been in business since 1995, and the amazing thing is that they have never had a recall. The company tests the dog treats a couple of times during manufacturing to ensure the product meets the standard and safe for dogs to consume.
Here are some interesting facts about Zuke’s Mini Naturals:
– It is the number one best seller on Amazon with more than 4,000 positive customers reviews.
– The whole product is made in the US. This includes the chicken meat, vegetables, fruits, and grains are obtained in the US.
– It is completely healthy to consume by your dogs. It contains no artificial flavors, colors or any byproduct.
– It includes whole-food as anti-oxidants with no wheat, soy or corn.
– It comes in four tasty flavors: chicken, salmon, peanut butter, and wild rabbit.
– It is suitable for all dogs and puppies from any breed or age.
Zuke’s Mini Naturals dog treats have the fewer stuff in their product, and they are mostly natural ingredients. You should understand the important of feeding natural food to your dogs than the artificial food.
Some dog treats may cause allergies, digestion problems and skin issues, but because the Zuke’s Mini Naturals are tested and did not contain any grain-based ingredients, these problems will not occur.
The only drawback for Zuke’s Mini Naturals is that the treats can get dried up pretty quickly if you did not store them properly. When the treats are dried, they will become crumbling, and your dogs may not want to eat them. Use the resealable bags or tightly fit containers to keep them fresh for your dogs.
If you have never tried the Zuke’s Mini Naturals dog treats before, you should. In general, the Zuke’s dog treats are great, and you will not be disappointed. They have a credible track record and healthy customer feedback.
You can always get the Zuke’s Mini Naturals dog treats from Amazon directly.
Amazon Product Link: | <urn:uuid:5d971cb1-9476-457a-8840-ec2ddb255f37> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.methodistcollegeofnursing.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00116-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947692 | 677 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Employee burnout is a very real problem in today’s workforce. According to a recent survey of HR leaders, up to 50% of attrition can be attributed to burnout. Rather than any other factors.
Burnout at work can be a result of many different things. But there are definitely ways to prevent it from happening. And if someone is already affected, there’s also possibility to help them out.
Prevent burnout before it starts
The best way to handle burnout? Nip it in the bud before it even starts. First step is to boost work culture to foster a positive workplace and enthusiastic team.
Don’t push too much work on your star employees
We all have those superstar employees. The ones who jump at the chance to take on new projects and who never “cry uncle” when the going gets tough. They are worth their weight in gold, and we wish we had ten more like them. As leaders & managers, it is important for you to remember that these employees have their limits too.
Foster team spirit
Often, employees who feel burdened to overachieve separate themselves from their colleagues. They even withdraw from social activities and team building exercises. This sense of detachment puts them at an even greater risk of burnout.
Look for ways to draw them into the team camaraderie. Be it team outings or any other events. Get them back into the spirit of collaboration and they are more likely to connect with others. They will even start leaning on their colleagues for support. Rather than slowly burning out in silence.
Communicate with intention
Nearly $40 billion are wasted every year in the U.S. workforce in unnecessary meetings. Think about it – how many meetings and discussions have you suffered through? Could they have been replaced with an email or two?
As inboxes and calendars fill up, employees are forced to work extra hours. Just to manage their workload. Wordy, redundant emails waste time, as do meetings without set agendas. Communicate frequently with your team, but do it well. Be succinct and purposeful, and your employees will thank you.
How to tell if an employee is burnt out
How do you identify if an employee has a performance issue or is truly burning out? The signs vary by individual. But here are a few telltale symptoms of an overwhelmed employee.
Do you have an employee who is usually the first to speak up with great ideas, but has recently fallen silent? Burnout may be to blame.
Likewise, an extrovert employee suddenly withdraws from activities and stays glued to the desk? Have a candid conversation with them. Reassure them that you value their contributions and want to help them.
Noticed a drop in output from one of your team members who is usually the most punctual in work completion? It is time to conduct a burnout check.
Employees who typically complete their work well and on time, but are missing deadlines & making careless errors may need help. May be offering them help in creating balance in their work life could be beneficial.
Pessimism and complaining
Sure, we’ve all had gripe-fests at work where we let off a little steam. When an employee who is usually positive, has only negative things to say about the company – dig deeper. See if burnout is at the heart of their pessimism.
Watch for telltale statements like “I’m never going to get this project done” or “No one will notice if I finish this project anyway”. Take the opportunity to ask what’s getting them down and how you can help.
How to help an employee who feels burnt out
If you know that an employee is feeling the burn, it’s not too late to help them enjoy their work again. It takes some investigation and persistence on your part, of course. But exceptional employees are hard to find and well worth the effort.
Find the root cause
Don’t assume that you know the reason behind an employee’s sudden lack of engagement. While the issue may be compounded by a heavy workload, it might also be stemming from something else. Maybe a personal or health reason.
Without violating their privacy, ask your employee how you can take some pressure off at work. While they solve an issue in another part of their life. The gratitude and subsequent effort they will give back to the team once they are fully engaged again is a hefty return on your small investment.
Offer something new
When we have employees who do a certain job very well, we unwittingly “pigeonhole” them into that task. If your employees perform the same duties over and over and are starting to show signs of burnout, find a new project or responsibility and ask if they would be interested in taking it on. You’d be surprised how many employees are refreshed by a simple switch from the monotony of their regular workload.
Lead by example
Are you regularly working all hours of the night? Sending emails to your team outside of working hours? When was the last time you took a vacation? If you present yourself as a workaholic, unable to create a work-life balance, your team will be hesitant to create balance for themselves. Lead by example and encourage your team to find balance and rest.
Although burnout is not uncommon, it can be addressed. Know the signs of an overwhelmed employee and be ready to help them resolve burnout. Engaged employees are productive employees. | <urn:uuid:45631a47-7545-4bbd-bfbd-f48b3ae037db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://upraise.io/blog/guide-burnout-at-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.963078 | 1,149 | 1.59375 | 2 |
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hello i guess someone help me .. i almost the same ..i worked goodbut still have a very bad problem ..when i draw something , idk how to raise the spendle , so it makes an ugly line on the whole drawing are .. it's 100% related to the programming , how could i fix it ?just give me an example to how to raise up pen when needed on python ..
correction to the last santance ..arduino * , not python
Hi , great instructable ..guys i made a bigger device of this .. but i changed a lot of thing , i use drmel shaft instead of pen ..how to make it automaticly raise up the pen when moving to a new sequnce of dawing ? , so it doesn't make that extra lines .. ? please give some help here or at my facebook ( Yousif A Hafiz ) , or my emails email@example.com
I really love it .. Here i'm trying to make my own CNC ..the school would pay for it as long it's costs less than 300$So here i'm making my own plans ..already have the code ( almost done ), materials but still confused if wood gonna be okkay for building this device ..notice that i will use 4.3kg stepper motor for the three axis ..and 15cm for the X axis and the same for y axis and the body is made from wood and dremel with extender chaft connected to external power supply ..IDK if it's going to be strong enough to hold it , if i needed some help , can u give a little ?
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© 2016 Autodesk, Inc. | <urn:uuid:3b46ef4f-d0ad-4d97-9ca6-b4159069f7c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.instructables.com/member/yousifhobelos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00006-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909645 | 393 | 2 | 2 |
Many of our designs utilize charts as part of the instructions. There are four types of charts featured in the collection: Knit/Purl patterning, Stranded Colorwork, Cables, and Lace. While most of the basic principles of knitting charts are the same regardless of the type of chart, we’ve broken it down into the four components.
Part 4 of 4: Working from Charts: Lace
Out of the 4 topics covered in this series, lace patterns are probably the most frequently confused by knitters. The nature of lace stitches – increasing and decreasing in order to create motifs – makes it more difficult to visualize just what your knitting is supposed to look like. We argue, though, that unlike a lace pattern written out longhand, a charted lace pattern tells you both exactly what you should be doing AND what your knitting should look like.
Lace Chart Keys:
You may remember from the Knit/Purl patterning section where we said each single square on the chart represents a single stitch on your needle, and the symbol in the square tells you what to do with that stitch. While this is technically the case with lace knitting, each square represents what is occurring after you have worked the stitch(es).
Above is a sample of a very simple lace chart worked in rounds. If you were to write this chart out, it would read as follows:
Round 1: *K2tog, yo; rep from * around.
Round 2: *K2; rep from * around.
Repeat Rounds 1-2 for pattern.
Even though in the “knit 2 stitches together” action you are working with 2 stitches and knitting them together, you can see the box only occupies one stitch because you are taking two stitches and making them into one. And, even though the yarn over is making a stitch where one does not exist, the yarn over symbol occupies one box because you are taking zero stitches and making one.
Note: One of the rules of lace knitting – charted or written out – is that for every increase there has to be a decrease to maintain proper stitch count, so this sample chart shows that you start with two stitches and decrease one then increasing one, and you end up with two stitches after both actions have been worked.
Working in Rounds:
For all charts, all rounds are charted and all rounds are RS. When working in the round, you will read all rounds from right to left.
Since the chart is worked in ROUNDS, you would work the above chart as follows:
Round 1: *P2, k2tog, k1, yo, k1, yo, k1, ssk, p3; rep from * around.
Rounds 2, 4, 6: *K12; rep from * around.
Round 3: *P1, k2tog, k1, yo, k1, p1, k1, yo, k1, ssk, p2; rep from * around.
Round 5: *K2tog, k1, yo, k1, p3, k1, yo, k1, skp, p1; rep from * around.
Working in Rows:
When working in flat in rows, if both RS and WS rows are charted, you will read RS rows from right to left and WS rows from left to right. If WS rows are not charted, there will be separate written instructions telling you what to do on the WS rows.
Note: Typically, RS rows are odd numbered rows, and WS rows are even numbered rows. This is not always the case, though, so it is important to pay attention to which rows are RS, and which are WS.
If the above chart is worked in ROWS, you work all odd numbered (RS) rows from right to left and even numbered (WS) rows from left to right as follows:
Row 1 (RS): *P2, k2tog, k1, yo, k1, yo, k1, ssk, p3; rep from * around.
Rows 2, 4, 6 (WS): *P12; rep from * around.
Row 3 (RS): *P1, k2tog, k1, yo, k1, p1, k1, yo, k1, ssk, p2; rep from * around.
Row 5 (RS): *K2tog, k1, yo, k1, p3, k1, yo, k1, skp, p1; rep from * around.
IMPORTANT NOTE: When looking at the chart, regardless of whether or not you are working flat or in rounds, the chart is a visual representation of what your knitting looks like from the RIGHT SIDE.
CHARTS WITH INCREASES: One of the most popular lace patterns are triangular or square shawl patterns. We have many in the Kelbourne Woolens pattern collection: Parquet, Kindling, Honey Hollow, Meadowsweet, and Aleda from Little Things are just a few examples.
When working charts with increases, there isn’t much more that you need to know, except the “one decrease / one increase” rule is broken, as you are increasing stitches in order to create the triangular shape. This is most typically done via a YO or M1 on the edges of the triangular segments that are not paired with a decrease. In the case of Aleda, the increases are created with both YO increases, as well as a unique 1-5 increase:
If written out, the chart above would be as follows:
Row 1 (RS): (K1, yo, k1, yo, k1) into the same stitch – 5 sts.
Row 2 (WS): P5.
Row 3 (RS): YO, k5, YO – 7 sts.
Row 4 (WS): P7.
Row 5 (RS): YO, k7, YO – 9 sts.
Row 6 (WS): K9.
Row 7 (RS): (K1, yo, k1, yo, k1) into the same stitch, k1, skp, k1, k2tog, k1, (K1, yo, k1, yo, k1) into the same stitch – 15 sts.
Row 8 (WS): P15.
Thus concludes our 4 part series on working from charts! If there is something about charts that still eludes you that we did not cover, leave a comment or send us an email, and we’ll be sure to add it or cover it in a new post! | <urn:uuid:79adab9f-1f01-48ee-8ac6-4d15347d1b15> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kelbournewoolens.com/blog/2015/01/tips-and-tricks-working-from-charts-lace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.933959 | 1,405 | 3.1875 | 3 |
|Period:||01.03.2010 - 31.12.2012|
|Funder:||Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen e.V.|
|Project Manager:||Dr. Claudia Weidlich|
The Aim of this project is the development of electrochemically switchable membranes with variable separation properties. To achieve this, conventional membranes should be coated with conducting polymers, e.g. polypyrrole (PPy).
The properties of conducting polymers, e.g. structure, volumen, permselectivity and wettability, can be changed due to their polarisation.
The separation properties of ppy-coated membranes as well as their permeability for ions or pharmaceuticals can be controled by the polarisation of the conducting polymer.
A method for coating membranes with polypyrrole (PPy) has been developed. Different membranes, such as microfiltration- as well as ion-exchanger membranes, have been coated with PPy to yield electrical conductivity of the membranes.
The coated membranes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy. The permeability and permselectivity of the coated membranes have been investigated. The results show that PPy can be tailored as cation- or anion-exchanger and its porosity can be controlled to avoid any impairment of the membrane by the polymer layer.
A microfiltration membrane coated with PPy with polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) counter ions works as an electrochemically switchable cation exchanger membrane. Cathodic polarisation yields in a decrease of the Ca-concentration in the filtrate due to adsorption of Ca cations by the PPy/PSS coating. During anodic polarisation the Ca-concentration in the filtrate is increasing due to desorption of Ca cations into the filtrate. These ion exchangeing properties can be observed during potentiostatic as well as galvanostatic polarisation.
The PPy-coated membranes can be applied as electrochemically switchable membranes with controllabel and variable separation properties.
Furthermore fouling caused by microorganisms can be reduced by electrochemical switching of the coated membranes (patent EP 1777250).back
Das IGF-Vorhaben Nr. der Forschungsvereinigung DECHEMA e.V., Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main wurde über die AiF im Rahmen des Programms zur Förderung der industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung (IGF) vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages gefördert. | <urn:uuid:f8a3faca-6a4c-4729-a5c2-9b1ab8f7a681> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dechema-dfi.de/en/Divisions/Chemical+Technology/Completed+Projects+Chemical+Technology/2012+Electrochemically+switchable+membranes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.754927 | 632 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Weeds interfere with human activities. Weeds decrease crop yields, lower the aesthetic value of turf and ornamental areas, inhibit the use of lake reservoirs and ponds, and can have harmful effects on humans and animals.
Weed control is an integrated system that utilizes preventive, cultural, mechanical, and chemical control methods. The contribution of preventive, cultural, and mechanical methods of weed control are an important part of weed control systems. Chemical control methods, or the use of herbicides, are valuable, if not irreplaceable, components of modern weed control systems. Understanding the behavior of herbicides in crop plants, weeds, and soils is paramount to their safe and effective use.
Herbicides are developed and marketed by large chemical companies. Prior to being used as a herbicide, a chemical undergoes thorough investigation by the chemical company, land grant universities, and various state and federal agencies. The herbicide must be proven to control weeds, be safe to non-target plants, humans and animals, and have no deleterious effect on the environment. Final approval for use as a herbicide is under the direct control of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Chemicals have been used to control weeds in noncropland for several hundred years. However, use of chemicals to selectively control weeds in crops dates from only a few years before the turn of the 20th Century. Following is a brief outline of some important milestones in the development of chemical weed control:
1880 - Charles Darwin, better known
for his book "Origin of the Species", suggested that growth substances
regulate plant growth. This prompted much
research to isolate and identify these substances.
1897-1908 - Copper sulfate, ferric sulfate and sodium arsenite were found to selectively control broadleaf weeds in cereal crops.
1934 - German chemists reported indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to be a growth-regulating chemical.
1935 - (France) - Dinitrophenols patented for selective weed control in cereal crops. These were the first organic herbicides.
1939-1940 - (England) - Due to German blockade, intensive research was conducted with synthetic growth regulators to increase food production. 2,4-D found to kill plants when applied at high rates. (Not reported until after World War II).
1944 - (USA) - 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T reported to selectively kill broadleaf weeds in cereal crops and Kentucky Bluegrass.
1946 - (England) - 2,4-D was demonstrated to be an effective preemergence herbicide. This firmly established the preemergence principle of selective weed control.
1950-present - Since the introduction
of 2,4-D-type herbicides, chemical weed control has gained wide acceptance.
Herbicides now account for about 60 percent of the total pesticide use
in the United States. Currently, over l80 different chemicals are registered
for use as herbicides.
The herbicide label contains three types of names. The herbicide sold as Surflan has the trade name of Surflan , the common name oryzalin, and the chemical name of 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide. The trade name is used by the chemical company to promote the sale of a specific product and is often the most recognizable name of a herbicide. The common name is a generic name that is given to a specific chemical name. Only one common name exists for each herbicide. The chemical name describes the chemistry of the herbicide compound.
Chemical companies obtain a product patent prior to the release of the herbicide in the marketplace. A company retains exclusive or proprietary rights for that herbicide for 17 years after the product patent has been issued. After the patent has expired, other chemical companies are free to market the herbicide; however, a different trade name must be used.
Often a herbicide is sold under different
trade names by the same or different chemical companies. For example, halosulfuron
is marketed by Monsanto for corn use as Permit and for turfgrass use as
Herbicides are used to kill or severely inhibit the growth of non-desirable plants. The way a herbicide kills or severely inhibits plant growth is called its mode of action. Mode of action refers to the entire sequence of events that happen in the plant from the time the herbicide is absorbed to the eventual plant response (usually death). Therefore, the term mode of action includes absorption, translocation to an active site at which the herbicide inhibits a specific biochemical reaction, the degradation or breakdown of the herbicide in the plant, and the effect of the herbicide on plant growth and structure. During recent years, our understanding of the mode of action of many herbicides has drastically increased. However, there are many other herbicides whose mode of action is not completely known.
Normal growth and development is the result of many complex biochemical reactions within the plant. Herbicides adversely affect these biochemical reactions; however, not all reactions in the plant are affected by the herbicide. Physiologists that study herbicide mode of action strive to identify the specific biochemical reaction in the plant which is inhibited by the herbicide and that results in the death of the plant. The term herbicide mechanism of action refers to the primary biochemical site of action within the plant that leads to the plant response. Identifying the single biochemical reaction that is affected by the herbicide and that leads to the plant response can be difficult. Often a herbicide has been shown to have multiple modes of action. For example, 2,4-D, which was discovered during World War II, has been shown to inhibit or promote protein and nucleic acid synthesis, increase or decrease cell division, stimulate ethylene production, and increase cell enlargement. However, the exact mechanism of action for this herbicide is not known.
The majority of herbicides can be placed into seven general mode of action categories based on their effects on or in plants.
Photosynthesis. In the presence of light, green plants produce sugar (C6H12O6) from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) in a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a two-phase process that occurs in the leaf chloroplasts. During the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is transformed into biological energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH2 (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). In the light-independent phase of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH2 are used to supply energy for the conversion of CO2 into sugars. Sugars are subsequently converted into carbohydrates which represent the major stored portion of biological energy in the plant. During respiration, carbohydrates are utilized to form ATP and other types of readily usable biological energy. This energy is used to fuel or drive metabolic reactions that are necessary for plant growth and development.
Herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis interfere or block electron transport during the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis. Inhibiting photosynthesis leads to decreased sugar or food formation; however, the visual injury symptoms (chlorosis, desiccation or browning of plant tissue) occur too rapidly to be caused by starvation of the plant for food materials. Chlorosis of leaf tissue may be due to the photodestruction (damage from excessive amounts of light) of chlorophyll and other plant pigments. Also, a phytotoxic compound that destroys cell membranes may be formed when electron transport is blocked during the photosynthesis process. Cell membrane destruction would cause leakage of the cellular contents and result in the desiccation of plant tissue.
Turfgrass herbicides known to inhibit photosynthesis are the triazines, bentazon and oxadiazon. Additionally, the mode of action of the bipyridilliums, and bromoxynil have been shown to be related to the photosynthetic process.
Amino Acid and Protein Synthesis. Proteins are used by plants in functional, storage, or structural roles. Functional proteins are called enzymes. Enzymes catalyze or mediate the thousands of chemical reactions that are necessary for plant growth and development. Storage proteins are commonly found in seeds. For example, soybean seed has an average protein content of 44%. Protein seed reserves are used to supply essential amino acids to young, developing seedlings until the initiation of amino acid synthesis. Both enzymes and seed proteins are composed of long chains of interconnected amino acids. Commonly, l7 to 20 different types of amino acids are found in plants; however, the amino acid composition will vary greatly between different plant proteins.
In the absence of amino acid and protein synthesis, a plant is incapable of completing the chemical reactions that are necessary for growth. Imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, and glyphosate have been shown to inhibit the synthesis of specific amino acids. Without these amino acids, protein synthesis is decreased, certain metabolic reactions cease, and the plant gradually dies over a period of one to several weeks.
Protein synthesis is under the direct control of the nucleic acid compounds DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA is located in the nucleus and chloroplasts of plant cells and contains the genetic information that determines the sequence of amino acids in the various plant proteins. RNA (messenger RNA) transports the genetic information that is contained in DNA, and is involved in the assembly (transfer RNA) of amino acids into proteins. The substituted amide herbicides interfere with nucleic acid synthesis, which in turn decreases protein synthesis. The phenoxy, triazine, and organic arsenical herbicides have also been shown to inhibit protein synthesis.
Cell Division. Potential plant growth is due in large part to the process of cell division. During cell division, a mother cell divides into two daughter cells. Each daughter cell is an exact duplicate of the mother cell. Cell division is initiated and is regulated by the nucleus of the cell. The division of the nucleus itself is called mitosis; however, mitosis is also widely used to refer to the entire act of cell division.
Herbicides that interfere with cell division are called "mitotic poisons". By blocking cell division, new cell production is decreased and eventually growth stops. Herbicides that inhibit cell division are the dinitroanilines, pronamide, dithiopyr, and bensulide.
Cell Wall Biosynthesis. Cell wall biosynthesis begins during the process of cell division and continues during the growth of the cell. The primary purpose of the cell wall is to impart rigidity and structure to the plant. Isoxaben (Gallery) inhibits cell wall biosynthesis.
Cell Membranes. A plant cell is enclosed by a cell membrane (plasma membrane) and a cell wall. Contact herbicides have been shown to cause breakdown of the cell membrane. Leakage of the cellular contents occurs, and the plant undergoes rapid wilting and desiccation often within hours of herbicide application. Plant tissues appear to be burned; however, the mode of action of most contact herbicides is not due to a simple burning or caustic action of the herbicide on the cell membrane. Specific physiological processes are known to be affected by contact herbicides. For example, the bipyridillium herbicides intercept electrons during the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis and become free radicals. The bipyridillium radical passes electrons to other compounds which results in the formation of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide which are toxic and breakdown the cell membrane.
Fatty acids are primary components of cell membranes. If fatty acid synthesis is blocked or inhibited plants are unable to form cell membranes required for normal growth. The postemergence grass herbicides, sethoxydim (Vantage), fluazifop (Fusilade II), fenoxaprop (Acclaim Extra) and clethodim (Envoy) inhibit fatty acid synthesis in susceptible grass weeds.
Pigment Synthesis. Carotenoids (yellow in color) and chlorophyll (green in color) are plant pigments that are located in the chloroplasts of leaf cells. Both carotenoids and chlorophyll absorb light during photosynthesis. An additional function of carotenoids is that they protect chlorophyll molecules from photooxidation (damage from excessive light). Norflurazon (not used for weed control in turfgrasses) inhibits carotenoid synthesis. In the absence of the protective carotenoids, chlorophyll is broken down by sunlight and susceptible plants become bleached or white in color. Plant death occurs slowly due to the eventual depletion of stored food reserves and the inability of the plant to manufacture new sugars.
Growth Regulation. Auxins are naturally produced plant hormones that are involved in the regulation of plant growth. At low concentrations, auxins promote normal growth and development. At abnormally high concentrations, auxins inhibit plant growth. Auxin levels in the plant are under direct metabolic control. Applications of "auxin-type" herbicides are not under metabolic control and result in abnormal plant growth.
The exact mode of action of "auxin-type" herbicides is not known. The first symptom that is observed following "auxin-type" herbicide application is a downward twisting or curvature of the leaves and stems of susceptible plants. This can occur within hours of application. Although other symptoms are slower to develop, plants also undergo rapid uncontrolled cell division and enlargement. Vascular tissues that are responsible for the transport of food materials and water become plugged or broken, and the plant slowly dies over a 2 to 4-week period after herbicide application. Recent evidence indicates that "auxin-type" herbicides stimulate the production of excessive amounts of ribonucleic acids (DNA and RNA). This induces uncontrolled cell enlargement and division and results in the abnormal growth of susceptible plants.
Herbicides that have "auxin-type" activity include the phenoxys, benzoic acids, and picolinic acids.
Growth Inhibition. Although all herbicides inhibit the growth of plants, the specific mechanism of action of many herbicides is unknown. The substituted amides and bensulide have been placed in the category of growth inhibition.
Bensulide has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of root growth in susceptible plants. The mode of action of this herbicide is believed to be the disruption of cell division or cell enlargement. Substituted amide herbicides inhibit seedling growth. Shoot or root growth or both may be inhibited by this group of herbicides. Reduced cell division and cell enlargement has been reported to occur in the presence of these herbicides. Nucleic acid and protein synthesis is also adversely affected by most substituted amide herbicides.
Nitrogen Metabolism. Glufosinate (Finale) has been shown to inhibit a key enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of inorganic nitrogen, in the form of ammonia, into amino acids. Glufosinate interferes with the activity of this enzyme which causes toxic levels of ammonia to accumulate in plant cells which directly inhibits photosynthesis. The end result is rapid necrosis and death of plants.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF HERBICIDES
The ideal herbicide is one that controls weeds for a desired period of time and then rapidly degrades or breaks down in the soil to non-phytotoxic levels. Understanding the residual life or soil persistence of a herbicide is extremely important. It not only determines the length of weed control that may be expected but also influences the length of time that must pass before turfgrasses may be seeded or vegetatively established on herbicide-treated sites.
There are seven major processes that greatly affect herbicide persistence. They are:
Volatility. This is the process by which a herbicide changes from the liquid or solid state to the gaseous or vapor state. Once in the vapor state the herbicide is rapidly lost from the intended area of application and poor weed control or injury to nontarget plants can occur. Chemical characteristics, soil moisture, temperature and adsorption of the herbicide to soil colloids all affect herbicide volatility. For example, under hot, dry conditions pronamide (Kerb) volatility is high. The dinitroaniline herbicides (oryzalin, trifluralin, prodiamine, benefin, pendimethalin) vary in their volatility characteristics. Oryzalin (Surflan) and prodiamine (Barricade) are considered the least volatile, followed by pendimethalin, benefin (Balan) and trifluralin (Treflan). Mechanical incorporation or a rainfall or irrigation event within 1 to 2 days of application will prevent or dramatically reduce the volatility losses of dinitroaniline herbicides. In the case of many phenoxy-type herbicides, the type of formulation influences volatility. Ester formulations of 2,4-D or MCPA, especially short-chain esters, are extremely volatile under warm, humid conditions while amine formulations are much less volatile. Only amine formulations should be used during the warm months of the year.
Leaching. The movement of herbicides in soils by water is called leaching. Leaching of herbicides can occur in any direction in the soil, but the most common direction is downward. The amount of herbicide lost to leaching is affected by soil texture, adsorption of the herbicide to soil colloids, the water solubility of the herbicide and the amount of water movement through the soil. Herbicides such as the salt forms of 2,4-D have a low tendency to be adsorbed by soil colloids and readily leach in fine sand or silt loam soils. In contrast, the dinitroaniline herbicides and most other preemergence herbicides are readily adsorbed to soil colloids and resist leaching. As a general rule, herbicides leach more in sandy soils that are low in organic matter than in soils high in clay and/or organic matter.
Leaching is sometimes correlated with the water solubility of the herbicide. Although water solubility determines the amount of herbicide that can be dissolved in water, it is not the sole factor involved in the leaching characteristics of a particular herbicide. For example, diquat is highly water soluble, but undergoes almost immediate, and non-reversible binding to clay organic matter. Because of this strong chemical attraction diquat does not leach and is non-biologically active after binding to the colloidal components of soils.
Soil erosion. The physical movement of soil particles by wind or water can result in the loss of a herbicide from the original area of application. Established turfgrasses are superb plants in reducing soil erosion. However, during establishment, or "grow-in", soil erosion can occur. Cultural practices such as the use of mulches when seeding turfgrasses is an excellent method to reduce soil erosion and enhance establishment. Certain herbicides can be used at the time of or during establishing turfgrasses. However, if physical movement of soil particles occurs during establishment there is a chance that herbicides bound to the soil particles will be moved as well.
Adsorption. Adsorption is the attraction of ions or molecules to the surface of a solid. After application many herbicides adsorb to the clay and organic-matter fractions of soils. However, herbicides adsorb poorly to sand and silt fractions of soils. The extent of herbicide adsorption increases as the percentage of organic matter and/or clay content increases. Adsorption reduces the amount of herbicide available for plant uptake, slows leaching and usually retards microbial breakdown.
The dinitroaniline herbicides, dithiopyr (Dimension) and oxadiazon (Ronstar), and most other preemergence herbicides are readily adsorbed to soils.
Photodecomposition. Herbicides broke down or degraded by sunlight. Specifically, the ultraviolet (UV) portion of sunlight is responsible for losses of herbicides due to photodecomposition. Several herbicides, such as most dinitroanilines herbicides are photodegraded and must be incorporated into soils with rainfall or irrigation to retain herbicidal activity
Chemical Processes. A herbicide can undergo chemical decomposition in the environment. Herbicides may react with chemicals as result of oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis, formation of water-insoluble salt, and formation of chemical complexes reactions. However, the primary means of herbicide degradation in the soil is microbial in nature.
Microbial processes. Microbial decomposition is one of the most important processes by which herbicides are broken down in the soil. Many organic herbicides are used by microorganisms as a food source. Soil temperature, aeration, pH, organic matter, and moisture levels that are favorable for microbial growth promote rapid herbicide breakdown.
In most cases microbial decomposition is favorable, i.e., degrading the herbicide in the environment. However, with some herbicides, microbial decomposition can occur so rapidly residual weed control can be significantly shortened. Because of enhanced microbial degradation, herbicides that belong to the thiocarbamate herbicide family (EPTC, butylate) are often formulated with an "extender" that slows microbial breakdown and extends the residual activity of the herbicide in soil. Turfgrass herbicides known to be decomposed by microbial processes include the dinitroanilines, metolachlor (Pennant), napropamide (Devrinol), pronamide (Kerb), bentazon (Basagran T/O), dithiopyr (Dimension), glufosinate (Finale), glyphosate (Roundup Pro) and isoxaben (Gallery).
Herbicide half-life. A commonly used term used to describe the persistence of herbicides is called the T1/2 or half-life. T1/2 indicates the average length of time (days, weeks, months) it takes a herbicide to reach one-half of the originally applied dosage. Preemergence herbicides usually have a longer T1/2 in the soil than postemergence herbicides. Long half-lives are desirable in terms of residual weed control, but can be a problem if renovation or new plantings are scheduled for a site previously treated with a preemergence herbicide.
TURFGRASS HERBICIDE FAMILIES
Herbicides may be grouped together or classified into families on the basis of similarity in chemical structure. Generally, the response of crop plants and weeds and the behavior in or on soils is similar for herbicides in the same family. The chemical structures of the various herbicides are not present in this handout. Herbicide chemical structures may be found in various Weed Science textbooks or in the Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America.
General Characteristics and Uses. The arsenical herbicides are classified either as inorganic or organic chemicals. Inorganic arsenicals such as sodium arsenite are very toxic to humans and animals and are not widely used at the present time. In contrast, the organic arsenicals are essentially nontoxic to mammals and are extensively used in a wide variety of weed control situations.
The organic arsenicals are sold under a variety of formulations and trade names (Table 1). MSMA and DSMA are the most commonly used members of this group. MSMA and DSMA are labeled for the control of annual and perennial grasses in cotton, certain turfgrass species, and noncropland areas. Broadleaf weeds are less susceptible than grasses; however, cocklebur and ragweed can be controlled with MSMA or DSMA. AMA and CMA are used primarily to control grass weeds in selected turfgrass species. Cacodylic acid differs from other members of this family in that it is nonselective. The major use for cacodylic acid is general vegetation control in noncropland areas. The organic arsenicals have no soil activity and are applied as postemergence treatments.
Mode of Action. The organic arsenicals are readily absorbed by leaves and have been shown to translocate throughout the plant. With the exception of cacodylic acid, susceptible plants are slowly killed by these herbicides. Injury symptoms are initially leaf chlorosis and a cessation of growth that is followed by desiccation and eventual death of the plant. Cacodylic acid is a contact type of herbicide and kills plants more quickly than other members of this family. Organic arsenical herbicides have been shown to interfere with ATP production and the activity of certain enzymes.
Soil Characteristics. Upon contact with soil colloids, the organic arsenicals are tightly bound and are very resistant to leaching. The elemental arsenic that is present in these herbicides does not breakdown in the soil and concern has existed over the possible buildup of toxic levels of arsenic. At standard use rates, the organic arsenicals have not been shown to contribute significant amounts of arsenic to the soil system.
Table 1. Members of the organic arsenical
herbicide family used in turfgrasses.
|Common Name||Trade Name|
|Cacodylic acid||Bolls-Eye, Phytar 560, Others|
|DSMA||DSMA Liquid, Ansar 8l00, Others|
|MSMA||Bueno 6, Mesamate, Weed-Hoe, 912, MSMA 6.6, MSMA Turf|
General Characteristics and Uses. This family is a relatively new and unique class of herbicides. Members of this family have activity only on grass weeds and do not control broadleaf weeds, sedges, or rushes (Table 2).
These herbicides have both soil and foliar activity. Extremely short soil persistence (1 to 4 weeks) and the necessity of high rates for soil application relative to foliar application rates have limited the use of these herbicides to foliar applications. However, preemergence control of annual grasses for a short time period has been observed following application. Diclofop (Illoxan) is labeled for the control of goosegrass on golf course bermudagrass turf. Fluazifop-P (Fusilade II) is labeled for the postemergence control of annual and perennial grasses in tall fescue and zoysiagrass. Applications to annual grasses 2 to 6 inches in height provide better control than later applications. Perennial grass control also varies according to growth stage and multiple applications are necessary for effective control. Fenoxaprop (Acclaim Extra) is sold for use in for use in cool-season turfgrasses and zoysiagrass.
Mode of Action. These herbicides are rapidly absorbed by leaves and are translocated to the actively growing points (near the nodes, buds on stolons and rhizomes, etc.) of grass weeds, where they inhibit meristematic activity. Death occurs slowly over a l to 3-week period. Treated foliage will redden and may become chlorotic. Nodes blacken and die and leaves will easily break or pull from the nodal region.
Soil Characteristics. These herbicides
are essentially nonmobile and average only l to 4 weeks in soil persistence.
Table 2. Members of the aryl-oxy-phenoxy herbicide family used in turfgrasses.
|Common Name||Trade Name|
General Characteristics and Uses. Dicamba (Vanquish, Banvel) is a member of this family. Dicamba is used primarily as a postemergence treatment for the control of broadleaf weeds in turfgrass species. It is a common active ingredient in various 2-way or 3-way herbicide mixtures that contain herbicides such as 2,4-D, MCPA and 2,4-DP (Table 4).
Mode of Action. Dicamba is absorbed by leaves and roots and is extensively translocated. The mode of action of the benzoic acid herbicides is believed to be interference with nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) and protein synthesis that leads to rapid, uncontrolled abnormal growth. Visual injury symptoms for broadleaf plants are: a) stems curve downward and become twisted or crooked, and b) leaves become puckered and may curve down or up. Dicamba drift on soybeans results in an upward cupping of the leaves. On grasses, the benzoic acid herbicides can cause leaves to be tightly rolled in an onion-like fashion, interfere with brace root formation in corn, and may cause temporary brittleness of stems. Note. Many of the visual injury symptoms are similar for the benzoic acid, phenoxy, and picolinic acid herbicide families. Separation of differences can be difficult under field conditions.
Soil Characteristics. Dicamba readily
leaches, particularly in sandy soils under conditions of high rainfall.
Due to its mobility in the soil, dicamba should not be applied over the
root zone of ornamental shrubs and trees. Soil microorganisms are responsible
for the breakdown of dicamba. Under temperature and moisture conditions
favorable for microbial activity, the persistence of dicamba is l to 6
weeks. Longer levels of persistence may be expected under cool temperature
and low soil moisture conditions.
General Characteristics and Uses. Members of this herbicide family include bromoxynil (Buctril). Bromoxynil has no soil activity and is used as a foliage-applied herbicide in turfgrasses for the control of seedling broadleaf weeds.
Mode of Action. Bromoxynil is a contact herbicide that undergoes little if any translocation. The mode of action of bromoxynil is the inhibition of electron transport in respiration and photosynthesis.
Soil Characteristics. Bromoxynil is not strongly adsorbed to soils and has an average half-life of seven days.
General Characteristics and Uses. This herbicide family is composed of diquat (Reward) and paraquat (Gramoxone Extra). Paraquat is not labeled for use in turfgrasses. Diquat is nonselective, contact in action, foliage applied, and has no soil activity. Diquat is used for the control of emerged weeds in dormant bermudagrass.
Mode of Action. Diquat is rapidly absorbed by leaves and green stem tissue and undergoes limited or no translocation in plants. Treated plants rapidly wilt and become desiccated within a few hours of application. Diquat requires light for maximum herbicide activity, and inhibits photosynthetic electron transport. Due to the inhibition of electron transport, phytotoxic free radicals are formed and cause extensive damage to cell membranes.
Soil Characteristics. Diquat carries two positive charges (cationic). Clay minerals and certain fractions of soil organic matter are negatively charged. Upon contact with negatively charged soil particles, diquat is rapidly bound. Diquat persist for long periods of time in soils, but are biologically inactive due to an almost irreversible binding to the negatively charged soil colloids.
General Characteristics and Uses. Sethoxydim (Vantage) and clethodim (Envoy) are postemergence herbicides similar to the aryl-oxy-phenoxy herbicide family in that they have activity only on annual and perennial grasses. Broadleaf weeds and nutsedge(s) are not controlled by sethoxydim or clethodim. Both herbicides have only limited soil activity and are used exclusively as a postemergence treatment. Sethoxydim is registered for centipedegrass and fine fescues (not tall or turf-type fescues). Additionally, sethoxydim is used to suppress tall fescue seedhead development on roadsides. Clethodim is registered for the control of annual bluegrass in dormant bermudagrass and for the suppression of bermudagrass in centipedegrass (sod farms only).
Mode of Action. Cyclohexandiones are rapidly absorbed by leaves and is translocated to the actively growing points (near the nodes, buds on stolons, and rhizomes, etc.) of grass plants, where meristematic activity is inhibited. These herbicides inhibit fatty acid biosynthesis. Death occurs slowly over a l to 3-week period. Treated foliage will redden, become chlorotic, and die in an inward direction from the leaf tip. Nodes blacken and die and leaves will easily break or pull from the nodal region.
Note. Visual injury symptoms for cyclohexandione and aryl-oxy-phenoxy herbicide family are similar. Separation of differences can be difficult under field conditions.
Soil Characteristics. The soil persistence of sethoxydim is very short and averages only l to 2 weeks. Clethodim half-life in the soil averages only 3 days. These herbicides do not readily leach.
General Characteristics and Uses. The dinitroanilines are a large herbicide family and are extensively used in turfgrasses to control annual grasses and certain annual broadleaf weeds (Table 3). These herbicides have no foliar activity, and are applied prior to weed emergence.
The dinitroaniline herbicides are volatile and susceptible to photodegradation (breakdown by sunlight). If adequate water (rainfall or irrigation) is not received within 1 to 7 days of a preemergence application, approximately ½ inch or irrigation water should be applied. Oryzalin (Surflan) is the least volatile of the dinitroaniline herbicides.
Mode of Action. The dinitroaniline herbicides are readily absorbed by roots and shoots, but undergo very limited if any translocation. Dinitroanilines inhibit root and shoot growth. Depending upon the species, root growth may be inhibited more than shoot growth. The mode of action of dinitroanilines is the inhibition of cell division. Inhibition of lateral root development and short, thickened, club-like roots that appear "pruned" are symptoms of dinitroaniline injury.
Soil Characteristics. The dinitroanilines do not readily leach. Soils high in clay or organic matter content require higher rates due to the adsorption of dinitroanilines to these soil components. The dinitroanilines vary in their soil persistence, and reseeding restrictions must be followed to avoid carryover injury. The dinitroanilines are usually degraded to noninjurious levels in 4 to 6 months, unless higher than normal application rates have been used. Soil microorganisms are involved in the breakdown of the dinitroanilines.
Table 3. Members of the dinitroaniline
herbicide family used in turfgrasses.
|Common Name||Trade Name|
|benefin + trifluralin||Team|
General Characteristics and Uses. The imidazolinone herbicide registered for use on fine turfgrasses is imazaquin ( Image). Imazaquin is used for the postemergence control of nutsedge spp., wild garlic and certain broadleaf weeds in warm-season turfgrasses (except bahiagrass). Cool-season turfgrasses are not tolerant to imazaquin.
Mode of Action. Imazaquin is rapidly absorbed by the foliage and roots and is readily translocated to the meristematic regions of the plant. Similar to the sulfonylurea herbicide family, imazaquin inhibits the synthesis of the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. A reduction in these amino acids leads to decreased protein synthesis and an impairment of plant growth. Plant death occurs slowly over a period of one to several weeks. Visual symptoms of injury are:
l. Susceptible weeds are severely stunted with shortened internodes.
2. The foliage of grass weeds may turn red to purplish in color.
3. Chlorosis and necrosis
progresses from the growing tips of shoots throughout the plant.
Note. Many of the visible injury symptoms for the imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicide families are similar. Separation can be difficult under field conditions.
Soil Characteristics. The binding
and leaching characteristics of the imidazolinone herbicides are highly
dependent upon soil pH. In general, the imidazolinones are weakly bound
at pH above 6.5, but binding will increase with increasing levels of clay
and organic matter, and at low (acid) soil pH levels. Imazaquin has less
soil persistence in acid pH soils than in high pH soils. Imazaquin is degraded
primarily by soil microorganisms. It is non-volatile and is not highly
sensitive to photodegradation.
General Characteristics and Uses. The phenoxys were developed during World War II as a part of the chemical warfare research effort. In 1944, foliar applications of 2,4-D were reported to selectively control dandelions in a Kentucky bluegrass turf. In 1946, it was reported that 2,4-D selectively controlled weeds when applied immediately after corn had been planted. These two experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the phenoxy herbicides for broadleaf weed control in grass crops; either as a postemergence or preemergence application.
The phenoxy herbicides are extensively used for the control of broadleaf weeds in turfgrasses (Table 4). Most turfgrasses are tolerant to 2,4-D; however, St. Augustinegrass and centipedegrass can be injured by 2,4-D particularly on hot (>850F), humid days. 2,4-D is commonly formulated with MCPP, dicamba, triclopyr or 2,4-DP for the broad spectrum control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds. 2,4-D is formulated as a salt, ester, or oil soluble amine salt form of the parent acid (2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid). The following are general characteristics of the various forms of 2,4-D:
I. Salt Formations
A. Amine salts are more commonly used than the ammonium, sodium, potassium, and lithium salts.
B. Amine salts form true solutions in water.
C. Salt forms of 2,4-D can form insoluble precipitates when mixed with hard water (water high in calcium and magnesium) or fluid fertilizers.
D. Salt forms are not as quickly absorbed by plant foliage as ester forms. Generally, a 6 hour rain-free period is required for maximum activity.
E. Salt forms are considered nonvolatile under normal field conditions. However, spray drift to sensitive crops (ornamentals, cotton, tobacco, grapes, others) can occur with only slight wind movement.
II. Ester Formations
A. Esters form emulsions in water.
B. Ester formulations are usually compatible with fluid fertilizers.
C. Ester formulations are quickly absorbed by plant foliage and are relatively resistant to removal by rain.
D. Esters are classified either as low volatile or high volatile formulations. Ester formulations should not be used during the warm months of the year when conditions are favorable for volatilization.
III. Oil Soluble Amine Salts
A. These formulations form emulsions in water.
B. These formulations are similar to esters in that they are quickly absorbed by plant foliage and are relatively resistant to removal by rain.
C. These formulations are considered to be nonvolatile; however, spray drift may still occur.
Cotton, tobacco, vegetable crops, and desirable ornamental tree and shrubs can be injured by the spray and/or vapor drift of 2,4-D. Amine or oil soluble amine formulations should be used during the warm months of the year. Additionally, applications should not be made under windy conditions.
Mode of Action. The phenoxy herbicides are readily absorbed by foliage and roots and undergo extensive translocation in sensitive plants. These herbicides have been in existence since World War II but their exact mode of action is still under investigation. 2,4-D has been shown to interfere with nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) and protein synthesis which results in cells undergoing rapid uncontrolled cell division and elongation. Vascular tissues become plugged or broken, food and water transport is prevented, and the plant slowly dies over a l to 3-week period. Visual injury symptoms are:
A. Broadleaf plants - Leaves crinkled, often puckered, strap-shaped, stunted and malformed. Leaf veins appear somewhat parallel rather than netted. Stems crooked, brittle, shortened internodes, and may crack and form aerial roots.
B. Grass plants - Leaves rolled near base in an onion-like fashion. Tip of terminal leaf often free and flag-like in appearance. Stems curved or crooked, brittle, with short internodes. Brace roots on corn may be malformed.
Note. Many visual injury symptoms
are similar for the phenoxy, benzoic acid, and picolinic
acid herbicide families. Separation can be difficult under field
Soil Characteristics. The salt forms of 2,4-D are readily leached in sandy soils. Ester formulations are resistant to leaching. Soil persistence is very short and averages only l to 4 weeks under warm moist conditions. Soil microorganisms are responsible for the breakdown of 2,4-D. Other phenoxy herbicides are generally similar to 2,4-D in their soil persistence and breakdown characteristics.
Table 4. Members of the phenoxy herbicide
family used in turfgrasses.
|Common Name||Trade Name|
|2,4-D||Chaser, See 2,4-D, others|
|MCPP (mecoprop)||MCPP-4, Lescopex|
|2,4-D+dicamba1||Four Power Plus|
|2,4-D+dicamba+MCPP2||Three-Way, Triplet, Triplet Southern, Trimec Classic, Trimec Southern|
1 Dicamba is a benzoic acid
herbicide sold in combination with phenoxy herbicides.
2The ratios of 2,4-D, MCPP and dicamba in these 3-way herbicides is dependent upon the formulation sold by the manufacturer.
General Characteristics and Uses. Members of this herbicide family used in turfgrasses include triclopyr (Turflon Ester) and clopyralid (Confront - also contains triclopyr). Triclopyr is also formulated with 2,4-D, dicamba, MCPA and sold under a numerous trade names. Triclopyr and clopyralid are used for the postemergence control of broadleaf weeds in cool-season and certain warm-season turfgrasses.
Mode of Action. These herbicides are rapidly absorbed by leaves and roots are extensively translocated in sensitive plants. Triclopyr and clopyralid are believed to kill plants in a manner similar to the benzoic acid and phenoxy herbicide families. Additionally, visual injury symptoms are similar for these three herbicide families.
Soil Characteristics. Triclopyr and clopyralid are not strongly adsorbed by soil colloids and readily leach, particularly in sandy soils that are low in organic matter. Triclopyr and clopyralid degrade rapidly in the soil with an average half-life of approximately 40 days. Soil microorganisms are involved in the breakdown of these herbicides.
General Characteristics and Uses. The substituted amide used in turfgrasses is metolachlor (Pennant). Metolachlor controls annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds, but it is primarily used for the preemergence control of yellow nutsedge and annual sedges.
Mode of Action. Metolachlor is absorbed by the shoots and roots of the germinating seedlings. Susceptible weeds do not generally emerge above the soil surface. Only limited translocation has been shown to occur. The exact mode of action is not well understood, but metolachlor is believed to interfere with nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Metolachlor has been shown to inhibit the growth of both root and shoots.
Soil Characteristics. Metolachlor does not readily leach and persists in the soil for 3 to l0 weeks and is not considered to cause problems in crop rotational sequences. Metolachlor is degraded by soil microorganisms.
General Characteristics and Uses. The substituted urea used in cool-season turfgrasses and zoysiagrass is siduron (Tupersan). Bermudagrass is not tolerant to siduron. Siduron is used at the time of seeding and in established cool-season turfgrasses for the control of crabgrass and annual foxtails. Siduron does not control annual bluegrass, goosegrass, fall panicum and annual broadleaf weeds. Siduron is also labeled for the suppression of bermudagrass that is encroaching into creeping bentgrass putting greens. Siduron has no foliar activity and is used as a preemergence treatment.
Mode of Action. Siduron is readily absorbed by plant roots and is extensively translocated in the xylem tissues. Absorption through leaves is minimal. Unlike other members of the substituted urea family, siduron does not inhibit photosynthesis. Siduron disrupts cell division and has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of root growth in sensitive species.
Soil Characteristics. Siduron is very resistant to leaching. Siduron has an average soil half-life of 90 days. Residues have not been detected after one year following applications of higher than normal use rates. Siduron is non-volatile, moderately resistant to leaching and is degraded by soil microorganisms.
General Characteristics and Uses. Halosulfuron (Manage) and chlorsulfuron (TFC) are currently (1999) the only sulfonlyureas labeled for use on fine turfgrasses. Metsulfuron (Escort), sulfometuron (Oust), and Chlorsulfuron (Telar) are labeled for use on roadside turfgrasses and other noncropland areas. Members of this herbicide family have high levels of herbicide activity at very low application rates. For example, foliar applications of halosulfuron at rates of 2/3 to 1 1/3 ounce of formulated product per acre will control yellow and purple nutsedge in turfgrasses.
Mode of Action. The sulfonylurea herbicides are rapidly absorbed by roots and shoots of susceptible weed species and undergo extensive translocation in the plant. The sulfonylureas inhibit the synthesis of the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine. This family of herbicides slowly kills plants over a period of one to four weeks. Visual symptoms of injury are:
l. Susceptible weeds are severely stunted with shortened internodes.
2. The foliage of grass weeds may turn red to purple in color.
3. Chlorosis and necrosis progresses from the growing tips of shoots throughout the plant.
Note. Many of the visible injury symptoms for the sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide families are similar. Separation of differences can be difficult under field conditions.
Soil Characteristics. The sulfonylurea herbicides are susceptible to limited amounts of leaching in soils. Adsorption of these herbicides to soil clays is low; however, there is a limited amount of adsorption to organic matter. Leaching is also affected by soil pH. At a soil pH of less than 6.0, chlorsulfuron was shown to leach less than at higher soil pH values. The persistence and activity of the sulfonylureas is drastically affected by soil pH. At soil pH values near or above 7.0, the persistence and activity of this herbicide family is greater than at acid soil pH values. Members of the sulfonylurea herbicide family vary in soil persistence and injury to rotational crops can occur unless rotational guidelines are followed. Chlorsulfuron can persist for 3 to 4 years in alkaline soils (pH > 7.0). Chemical hydrolysis that is followed by microbial degradation are the primary means by which the sulfonylureas are broken down in the soil.
General Characteristics and Uses. The triazine herbicides (Table 5) are extensively used for annual bluegrass and annual broadleaf control in most warm-season turfgrasses (except bahiagrass). Cool-season turfgrasses are not tolerant to triazine herbicides. With the exception of simazine, the triazines are used as soil- and foliage-applied herbicides. Simazine has essentially no foliar activity but through root uptake will control many emerged winter annual weeds.
Mode of Action. The primary means of entry into plants for the triazines is by root uptake. However, other than simazine, the triazines are also absorbed by plant foliage. The addition of adjuvants (crop oils, surfactants) to atrazine has been shown to enhance foliar activity. The triazines are readily translocated when absorbed by roots but not when absorbed by shoots. They are potent inhibitors of electron transport in the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis. Starvation of the plant for food materials was once thought to be the primary means of death; however, membrane disruption due to the formation of toxic compounds may be involved in the death of triazine-treated plants. Since light is required for herbicide activity, weed seedlings emerge from the soil and become chlorotic prior to dying.
Visual symptoms of injury for the triazines are:
A. Leaf veins often remain green, but tissue between the veins (interveinal tissue) becomes chlorotic and eventually undergoes desiccation.
B. Leaves die in an inward direction from the leaf margins and tips.
Note. Many of the injury symptoms are similar for the triazine and substituted urea herbicide families. Separation of differences can be difficult under field conditions.
Soil Characteristics. The triazine herbicides are readily adsorbed to the clay and organic matter fractions of the soil. Leaching can occur, particularly in low organic matter sandy soils and under conditions of high rainfall. Metribuzin is the most mobile of the triazine herbicides used in warm-season turfgrasses. The average length of soil persistence varies for triazine herbicides. Metribuzin has a half-life ranging from 14 days to 2 months. Atrazine and simazine may persist in the soil for up to 12 months; however, in the humid regions of the Southeast, residual weed control form these herbicides is approximately 2 to 4 months. Soil microorganisms are involved in the breakdown of these herbicides in the soil.
Table 5. Members of the triazine herbicide
family used in turfgrasses.
|Common Name||Trade Name|
|atrazine||Aatrex, Atrazine, Others|
General Characteristics and Uses. Bensulide (Betasan, others) is used for the preemergence control of annual grass weeds in cool- and warm-season turfgrasses. Bensulide has a low solubility in water and is essentially immobile in soils. To compensate for the lack of movement in soil, bensulide should be incorporated either mechanically or by irrigation water to place the chemical in the weed seed germination zone.
Mode of Action. Bensulide is not readily absorbed by shoot or root tissue and does not translocate in the plant. This herbicide prevents seedling development shortly after germination by inhibiting cell division. Bensulide should not be applied to newly sprigged turfgrasses because root development at the stolon nodes can be inhibited for several weeks.
Soil Characteristics. Bensulide is strongly adsorbed by the clay and organic matter fractions of soils and is very resistant to leaching. It is nonvolatile but is slightly susceptible to photodecomposition. Bensulide is relatively persistent and has an average half-life of 4 to 6 months. Bensulide is slowly degraded by soil microorganisms.
General Characteristics and Uses. Bentazon (Basagran T/O) is a selective, foliage-applied, contact herbicide that is used for yellow nutsedge and broadleaf weed control in warm and cool-season turfgrasses. This herbicide has no soil activity on weeds when used at labeled rates.
Mode of Action. Bentazon is foliage absorbed and undergoes little if any translocation in the plant. The mode of action is the inhibition of photosynthesis. Visual injury symptoms are leaf necrosis and death of sensitive weeds within two to seven days of application.
Soil Characteristics. Bentazon is not readily adsorbed to soil particles. Rapid incorporation into soil organic matter by microorganisms prevents the leaching of bentazon below a 10 to 12 inch soil depths. Bentazon has a very short persistence and reaches undetectable levels in the soil within six weeks.
General Characteristics and Uses. Dithiopyr (Dimension) is used for the preemergence control of annual grasses and certain annual broadleaf weeds in turfgrasses (including creeping bentgrass and bermudagrass putting greens.) Unlike other preemergence herbicides, dithiopyr has postemergence activity on seedling (before tillers develop) crabgrass. However, postemergence activity is not observed on other annual weeds, including goosegrass.
Mode of Action. Dithiopyr is readily absorbed by roots and to a lesser degree by leaves. It accumulates in the meristematic regions but does not translocate. Dithiopyr inhibits cell division. Root tips of injured plants appear club-shaped in appearance. Tolerance appears to be through differential uptake.
Soil Characteristics. Dithiopyr is strongly absorbed to soil colloids and has low tendency for leaching. The potential for movement in runoff water is also low due to the low water solubility and adsorption of dithiopyr to soil colloids and turfgrasses. Dithiopyr has a short to moderate length of persistence in the soil and is degraded primarily by soil microorganisms. Other losses can occur through volatility and to a lesser extent by photodegradation.
General Characteristics and Uses. Ethofumesate (Prograss) is a selective soil- and foliar-applied herbicide that is used for annual bluegrass control in tall fescue, bentgrass and perennial ryegrass seed crops in Washington and Oregon. In the south it used primarily for the control annual bluegrass in bermudagrass fairways that are overseeded with perennial ryegrass, and to control weeds in seedling or established perennial ryegrass turf.
Mode of Action. Ethofumesate is absorbed by young shoots and roots of susceptible weed species. The postemergence activity of ethofumesate is limited to very young weeds as ethofumesate is not absorbed by leaves after the plant has produced a mature cuticle. Ethofumesate is translocated within the plant following coleoptile or root absorption but is not translocated out of treated leaves. Ethofumesate is believed to inhibit photosynthesis and respiration.
Soil Characteristics. Ethofumesate
has been shown not to leach in soils that have an organic matter content
greater than 1%. Soil microorganisms are responsible for the degradation
of ethofumesate in soils. The soil persistence of ethofumesate is affected
by climate, soil type and microbial activity. Under warm, moist conditions
and cold, dry conditions the half life of ethofumesate is 5 and 14 weeks,
General Characteristics and Uses. Fenarimol (Rubigan) is a systemic turfgrass fungicide that is used to control annual bluegrass (Poa annua) in bermudagrass putting greens that are overseeded with perennial ryegrass, bentgrass or perennial bluegrass (Poa trivialis). Fenarimol has preemergence activity only on annual bluegrass. The normal application sequence is to apply two to three applications of fenarimol, each at a 10 to 14 day interval, with the last application occurring at least two weeks prior to overseeding. Fenarimol will not control perennial bluegrass or established annual bluegrass.
Mode of Action. Fenarimol reduces the biosynthesis of gibberellins. Gibberellins are naturally produced plant hormones that are involved in plant cell elongation. In the absence of gibberellins, internode lengths are reduced and overall plant growth becomes severely stunted.
General Characteristics and Uses. Glufosinate (Finale) is a non-selective, non-soil residual herbicide used for spot treating weeds, and preplant weed control in turfgrasses. Glufosinate does not have soil activity and controls a wide range of weeds through foliar uptake.
Mode-of Action. Glufosinate is quickly absorbed by the weed and requires only a four hour rain-free period. It undergoes only limited translocation or movement within plants. This herbicide inhibits the activity of the plant enzyme responsible for the conversion of ammonia into amino acids. When this enzyme is inhibited toxic levels of ammonia accumulate leading to cellular disruption and plant death.
Soil Characteristics. Glufosinate is only weakly bound to soil colloids and is highly mobile in the soil. However, glufosinate has half-life in the soil of only 7 days. Due to rapid degradation by soil microorganisms, glufosinate has not been detected more than 6 inches deep in the soil.
General Characteristics and Uses. Glyphosate (Roundup Pro) is a non-selective systemic herbicide used as a preplant weed control prior to establishing turfgrasses, for spot treating weeds, and for the control of annual bluegrass in dormant bermudagrass. This herbicide has no soil activity, has little selectivity, and is applied directly to the foliage of weeds. Glyphosate effectively controls most annual weeds and herbaceous and wood perennial plants.
Mode of Action. Glyphosate is absorbed by leaf and green stem tissue and undergoes extensive translocation in plants. Glyphosate translocates in the photosynthate stream that moves from the leaves to underground storage organs (roots, rhizomes, tubers, etc.). Increased translocation and kill of underground storage organs of perennial plants is achieved when glyphosate is applied at or near flowering than with applications during the vegetative growth stages. The mode of action of glyphosate is the inhibition of amino acid and protein synthesis. Visual symptoms of injury slowly develop and are:
l. Wilting, chlorosis, and necrosis of young foliage which slowly spreads to older foliage.
2. The regrowth of perennial plants may be distorted with wrinkled or deformed leaves.
Soil Characteristics. Glyphosate is strongly adsorbed by soil colloids and has a low potential for leaching. This herbicide has essentially no soil activity and seed, sodding and sprigging operations can be safely conducted after application. Glyphosate is degraded by soil microorganisms and has a half-life of less than 60 days.
General Characteristics and Uses. Isoxaben (Gallery) is used for the preemergence control of annual broadleaf weeds in cool- and warm-season turfgrasses. Isoxaben is not effective in controlling annual grass weeds such as crabgrass spp.; however isoxaben tank-mixes with annual grass control herbicides such a prodiamine, pendimethalin and oryzalin are very useful for the control of a wide range of annual grass and broadleaf weeds.
Mode of Action. Isoxaben is rapidly absorbed by plant roots and is translocated to the leaves. Only limited amounts (< 3% of that applied after 72 hours) is absorbed by leaves. Isoxaben controls susceptible weeds by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis. Tolerance appears to be due to differential absorption. Symptoms of isoxaben injury are similar to the dinitroanilines with plant stunting, reduced root growth and root tip swelling being observed. Foliar applications to sensitive plants can cause growth inhibition, stem and petiole cracking and swelling, and malformed leaf hairs.
Soil Characteristics. Isoxaben is tightly adsorbed to soil colloids and only undergoes slight amounts of leaching. Half-lives range from 50 to 120 days with weed control commonly observed for 5 to 6 months after application. It is degraded by soil microorganisms. Isoxaben is not volatile.
General Characteristics and Uses. Oxadiazon (Ronstar) is a preemergence herbicide labeled for use in turfgrasses (except centipedegrass) and woody ornamentals. Oxadiazon controls most annual grasses and many small-seeded broadleaf weeds. Both granular (G) and wettable powder (WP) formulations of oxadiazon are available. The potential for injury limits the use of Ronstar 50WP to dormant bermudagrass, zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass. In contrast, Ronstar G may be safely used on dormant or actively-growing bermudagrass, bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, St. Augustinegrass, zoysiagrass and tall fescue. Oxadiazon may be also be used immediately before or after sprigging, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass and seashore paspalum. Ronstar formulations are not labeled for use on putting greens. Red fescue, bentgrass and centipedegrass are only marginally tolerant to oxadiazon.
Mode of Action. Oxadiazon is classified as a contact herbicide and has postemergence activity on young seedlings. Oxadiazon is primarily used as a preemergence treatment and affects the shoot of sensitive weeds as they grow through the treated zone. Light is required for herbicidal activity.
Soil Characteristics. Oxadiazon is a moderately persistent herbicide with a half-life of three to six months. It is strongly adsorbed to soil colloids and does not readily leach. Oxadiazon is not considered to be volatile.
General Characteristics and Uses. Quinclorac (Drive) is used for the postemergence control of crabgrass spp. and certain other weeds in established common and hybrid bermudagrass, Kentucky bluegrass, buffalograss, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass and zoysiagrass. This herbicide may also be used at the time of sprigging bermudagrass and zoysiagrass. Non-tolerant turfgrasses include bahiagrass, centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass. Quinclorac also has preemergence activity on crabgrass spp.
Mode of Action. Quinclorac is readily absorbed by emerging roots and shoots and by leaves. It is translocated within the plant to meristematic areas. The exact mechanism of action is not fully understood but appears to involve the auxin levels within the plant. In grasses, quinclorac has been reported to affect soil wall biosynthesis and cause an increase in ethylene and cyanide production.
Soil Characteristics. Quinclorac is rapidly degraded by soil microorganisms and can be moderately persistent. Soil mobility of quinclorac is highly variable and depends on soil type and organic matter. | <urn:uuid:6afaa68f-44bc-4a1a-afa0-702e64cbd7a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://caes2.caes.uga.edu/commodities/turfgrass/georgiaturf/WeedMngt/weedcontrol/TURFMOA.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00351-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923919 | 13,500 | 3.421875 | 3 |
ASME B16.28 cap is the pipe fittings designed to be the ends of a piping.The ASME B16.28 cap is used to block off the end of a piping system by placing the cap over the open pipe.The pipe end caps are available in various shapes, like the hemispherical,oval,round etc .
ASME B16.28 Cap Schedule:
We produce the ASME B16.28 cap schedule are:SCH20,SCH30,STD,SCH40,SCH60,XS,SCH80,SCH100,etc.
ASME B16.28 Cap Size:
The size of the ASME B16.28 cap is:DN15-DN900.ASME B16.28 usually use the size is 3inch.
ASME B16.28 Cap Material:
we can manufacture ASME B16.28 cap of main material are:
Carbon steel,Stainless steel,Alloy steel:ASTM A105,A182 F5,F9,F11,F12,F22,A234 WPB,WP5,WP9,WP11,WP12,WP22,WP91,A403 WP304L,WP316L,WP321,ASTM S420 WPL6,ASTM A860 WPHY42,WPHY52,WPHY60,WPHY65,WPHY70,JIS G3454,BS EN10253,S235,S355,DIN ST37,ST52,GOST CT20.
Hebei Haihao as a professional cap manufacturers have more than 30 years of experience.We specializing in producing ASME B16.28 cap. We have our own team and advanced technology to produce.If you have any requirements about ASME B16.28 cap and other products,welcome to contact us. | <urn:uuid:7b845ca6-583b-4bda-93ed-105fd54e23d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thepipefitting.com/asme-b16-28-sch40-3inch-carbon-steel-cap.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.689653 | 399 | 1.546875 | 2 |
As seen in above manoeuvring diagram the starting handle is at the stop position. The starting handle control three micro switches that convey the following signals
- Stop signal (instantaneous signal)
- start signal (instantaneous signal)
- Run signal (varying signal)
As long as stop signal has been pressed ,it shall allow the 7 bar control air to pass through and depress the puncture valve and their by not allow the fuel to be admitted to the fuel pump.
As soon as the starting handle is moved,the start micro switch will be pressed and stop signal will be over which allows the passage of 7 bar control air through it.If no interlock has operated then it shall allow further passage of the air .Now if the reversing is completed then it shall allow the air to pass through to the air cylinder which shall operate and open the auto start valve on the main air manifold,now the starting air (30 bar) shall go to the distributor and shall convey the 30 bar pilot air to the unit which is in the starting position to start the engine.
Once the engine has started we shall further press the starting handle to the run position and the start signal finishes.The run micro switch being of varying type ,more the handle is turned ,more the switch would be compressed and the output of it shall vary accordingly . The varying signal control the 7 bar control air output that is fed to the governor to increase the fuel proportionately.
The engine has stopped in the Astern position and we shall want to move in ahead position, so we will put the AHD/AST Lever to the ahead position , allowing the 7 bar control air to pass through (the pressed AHD micro switch ) and go to
- the fuel pump to reverse the cam position via the reversing cylinder
- to the starting air distributor reversing cylinder to reverse the distributor
Reversing Completed Interlock
As the reversing has completed ,the shaft of the start air distributor reversing cylinder shall move outwards to press the AHD micro switch ,allowing a part of (7 bar) control air to pass through it and a block valve is released and fulfill the reversing completed interlock.This is provided so that in the event of the reversing cylinder being stuck between AHD/AST micro switch ,then in that condition the interlock shall not allow the auto start valve to open. | <urn:uuid:c2f8cd85-9cdf-4fd3-ac37-b016e8c81490> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.blackhatmarine.com/manoeuvering-diagrams | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.919874 | 494 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Since its discovery in 1977, Chiron has been variously classified in astronomy, with categorizations ranging from a planet, to a satellite of Saturn, to an asteroid. We have now established that is a large periodic comet of the solar system belonging to the class of Centaur asteroids, between the orbits of Saturn and Uranus. It even has rings!
Chiron takes fifty years to complete a revolution around the Sun. With its eccentric orbit, Chiron stays in a zodiac sign for a variable amount of time, ranging from a maximum of over eight years in Aries to a meagre year and a half in Libra:
Below is a list of Chiron's stays in each sign of the zodiac since 1927, and includes a top-level theme per sign. If you were born on a month at the beginning or end of the stay in a sign, calculate your chart to get your exact natal placement.
As is the case with the other slow-moving objects, the interpretation by sign applies to a generation rather than the individual. The detailed assessment of Chiron in a house, on the contrary carries great significance in an individual's life. | <urn:uuid:6366a1ec-5564-46a1-a1ab-674a17ebc7e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sparkastrology.com/natal-chiron-in-the-signs/bpage/8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.953852 | 237 | 2.75 | 3 |
Every garden has shady areas, they are found on the north side of a home, beneath or in the shadow of trees. Endless Summer Hydrangea is the ideal plant for shady areas. It forms a dense mound of large leaves topped with enormous rounded heads of beautiful pink or blue flowers all summer and into the fall. It can be grown as a single plant in any shady border, but a long border of Endless Summer Hydrangea along a shady wall or driveway, in front of trees or along a shady path is a beautiful and easy way to create an atmosphere of real calm and peace.
Endless Summer Hydrangea can grow up to 3 feet a year once established, which means that it will form a good-sized plant even in colder areas It is a tough plant, resistant to pests and having few if any diseases. It is normally not eaten by deer. Hydrangeas do need water and are not drought tolerant so they should not be planted in dry places, or in hot sunny spots. Some morning sun is beneficial but not necessary, but the hot afternoon sun will cause all hydrangeas to wilt.
Endless Summer Hydrangea is a selected form of the Mop-head Hydrangea, Hydrangea macrophylla, which originated in China and Japan. These plants have been popular for many decades for their huge, beautiful flowers. However up until now they could only be grown in warmer areas with mild winters – certainly not colder than zone 6. So if you lived in a colder area you could only look in envy at those gorgeous hydrangeas you saw further south. That has now all changed. The famous plant expert Dr Michael A. Dirr was visiting a nursery in Minnesota in 1998. He saw a plant that caught his eye and after testing named it ‘Endless Summer’. This plant produced its flowers on the ends of new shoots, instead of from the sides of older shoots, as other hydrangeas do. This is the secret to its ability to flower on newshoots from the ground, and to keep flowering right into fall.
Endless Summer Hydrangea grows into a shrub about 3 to 5 feet tall, and as much across. The warmer the area you live in, the taller the plant will become. It has rounded deep-green leaves 8 or more inches long, which clothe the plant right to the ground. In summer it is covered in huge balls of flowers which last and last. With Endless Summer Hydrangea you will need no other plants around it, as it will be interesting all season long.
Endless Summer Hydrangea is hardy from zone 4 to zone 9. So now everyone across America except for the tip of Florida and the very coldest northern parts of the country can grow these beautiful plants. In zones 4 and 5 you should put mulch around the base of the plants at the end of November. This should be 4 to 6 inches deep and can be wood chips, bark or fresh leaves. Remove this mulch in the spring when the ground has thawed and once the weather warms you will see new shoots coming from the base of your plant. At that time you should cut off any dead wood, and by mid-summer you will have blooms on your Endless Summer Hydrangea. In zones 6 to 9 no mulch is needed – just prune a little in spring back to fat, healthy buds. Not only will you get flowers in summer, but a whole crop of new flowers will be produced in early fall – extending the season by up to 12 weeks.
Depending on your soil, Endless Summer will have blue or pink flowers. To change the color from blue to pink, sprinkle garden lime around the plants in spring. To change pink to blue, use aluminium sulfate. Mix 1 tbsp. in a gallon of water and put this around your plants every few weeks. What an amazing thing to be able to do.
Endless Summer Hydrangea is such a special plant that only the exact plant will have the right colors and growth habits. So it must be produced directly from plants absolutely known to be this variety. Our Endless Summer Hydrangeas are grown the correct way, from branch cuttings of these known plants. That way every plant is identical to the original, which is particularly important to produce a uniform result when planted in a row. However these take longer to produce, so avoid cheaper, plants that will only be a disappointment.
Endless Summer Hydrangea should be planted 3 feet apart, alone, in a group, or to make an informal hedge in your garden. So dig a hole or a trench, two or three times wider than the pot and add plenty of organic material, like peat-moss, compost, rotted leaves or rotted manure to the soil. Place your plants in the hole or trench, replace most of the soil and firm it well down. Then water thoroughly and when the water has drained away replace the rest of the soil, being careful not to cover the roots with any extra soil. Keep well watered and apply mulch each spring to retain moisture.
We sell only trees that are true to the original form and we have a wide range of sizes to give you the best plant for your purpose. However we are constantly renewing our stock so our customers get fresh, healthy plants, so supplies of this tree may be limited. To avoid disappointment order now. | <urn:uuid:da767266-1746-41d1-bb36-766931767251> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.thetreecenter.com/endless-summer-hydrangea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00392-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949784 | 1,109 | 2.640625 | 3 |
arekm at pld-linux.org
Fri Dec 15 16:30:39 CET 2006
On Friday 15 December 2006 16:14, Michał Łukaszek wrote:
> On 12/15/06, Arkadiusz Miskiewicz <arekm at pld-linux.org> wrote:
> > Eh, that's another RPM fork? So we have 3 forks now. RedHat rpm, jbj rpm
> > (we use this one at this moment) and rpm.org rpm. Someone is crazy.
> If I get this right, this is not supposed to be a fork.
> The main idea is to centralize development again, this time by
> cooperation of all distributions using RPM.
It's a RedHat fork (starting from older rpm version that they use in Fedora
etc). They want now to build community around their rpm version I guess.
Arkadiusz Miśkiewicz PLD/Linux Team
arekm / maven.pl http://ftp.pld-linux.org/
More information about the pld-devel-en | <urn:uuid:1fdd416b-80af-4b7c-936e-4ca341158359> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lists.pld-linux.org/mailman/pipermail/pld-devel-en/2006-December/018362.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.870877 | 258 | 1.546875 | 2 |
By Claude Tate
I’ve been thinking lately about the problem of overpopulation.
WARNING: I cannot verify the following story from my sociology professor is true. However, I can verify it got my attention.
My first encounter with the population problem came early in my college career. I had a sociology professor who told us of an effort in a rural village in India to help women use the rhythm method of contraception. The health workers gave each woman of childbearing age an abacus. Each day they were to move another bead to one side. They were told how it was safe to have sex once all the beads of a certain color were on one side. The abacus experiment did work exactly as planned. The women did not move one bead a day as intended. They simply moved all the beads that indicated danger over at once, and went on their merry way. Of course in America we believe in using more reliable methods of birth control…or do we?
Recently, the Obama Administration got into some political hot water in issuing a requirement that birth control pills be covered in the new health reform legislation. Schools, hospitals, and other institutions supported by the Catholic Church felt the government had overstepped its authority in requiring them to offer birth control through the health insurance policies they offered. For many Catholics, this was a matter of faith. But unfortunately for many politicians, it was just an opportunity. President Obama thus sought an accommodation. The accommodation, that the insurance companies that cover the costs of birth control must assume the full cost, took some of the air out of the opposition, but it still may have a political impact. Only time will tell.
And at the time of this writing, a bill is moving through the Arizona legislature that would require employers to ask women who take birth control pills if they are using it for birth control or a medical condition. It will allow an employer to refuse to cover a prescription used for contraception. And according to the American Civil Liberties Union, the law would make it easier to fire a woman if the employer found out she took birth control medication for the purpose of preventing pregnancy. In other words, the beliefs of the employer would take priority over the beliefs and needs of female employees. It has already been approved by the House, and as of this writing, is in the Senate Rules Committee. If approved there, it will be considered by the full Senate. Whether it will pass or not or what the specifics of the final bill will be is still up in the air, but the fact that it is actually being considered by a state legislature is disturbing. I wonder if those opposed to medicine to prevent unwanted pregnancies would allow insurance companies to buy abacuses. Who knows, maybe they will work this time.
They call the time leading up to elections the silly season. But for this election cycle, we may need some new descriptors. I can see the arguments of the opponents of abortion. But I find it difficult to believe that insurance coverage for medication to prevent pregnancy be denied, especially in a world whose human population has just passed 7 billion people and counting.
Our world is facing many problems. In fact, their number is so daunting it’s simply hard to wrap one’s mind around them. I may deal with some of the others in future contributions, but for this blog I thought I would focus on one problem, that of overpopulation. But as I thought about it, I realized it was simply too broad to deal with in such a limited format as overpopulation is a factor in one way or another in so many of the problems we face today. So, I decided to limit my discussion to only one aspect of the problem, the impact of our increasing population on the future of the biosphere. We are going forth and multiplying at an alarming rate. And for the earth, that means we are running through its resources at exponential rates. Mineral resources are growing more and more scarce, the problem of what to do with waste products is growing worse on land and on sea (there’s a major floating trash dump in the Pacific that we do not know how to deal with), fresh water is being depleted and is already running low in many areas, the demand for food is leading to deforestation on a massive scale, and plant and animal species are disappearing daily as natural habitats are destroyed or altered. And of course, regardless of what some still say, we are changing our climate. If something is not done to rein that growth in, and rein it in soon, we will reach the point where the planet’s biosphere simply will not be able to support any more humans. We will reach its “carrying capacity”. And the entire biosphere will be impacted. Life is tenacious. It will continue. Human life will even probably continue. But it will be different.
As you can see, even introducing the impact of overpopulation of the biosphere is simply too complex to adequately deal with within this space. So I searched for some websites that would introduce this issue to anyone who may be interested in the impact of overpopulation and the environment. So I typed in ‘population growth and the environment’ and received 5,480,000 results. After closely reading 5,479, 999 websites, I settled on an essay from the website, 123helpme, called “The Population Explosion” . It provides a nice, brief overview of some of the major environmental problems associated with the growing human population.
Note: I was just kidding about reading ALL of those sites. I really read only a few hundred thousand or so before deciding on including “The Population Explosion”.
Obviously, we need to bring our population growth under control, but how to do that is still very much open to question. Any solution will involve among other things, something we deal with in the last unit of my BLS class, “Visions of Creation”; how we understand what it means to be human. However, as with any problem, the ‘devil is in the details’. And the details here will have implications for every human on the planet. So any discussions of solutions must wait for another time and another place.
But I do know this… the clock is ticking. | <urn:uuid:674e335b-de30-4f3d-9389-5d592b02aa7f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://uncgbls.wordpress.com/2012/04/02/the-clock-is-ticking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00323-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97272 | 1,275 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Who Can Vote In Texas? When Must One Register To Be Eligible? When Is Election Day?
(Blogger’s Note 10/3/12—Here is a link to my post about 2012 voting information for Texas.)
Who can vote on General Election Day in Texas and in Harris County, Texas? When must one register to vote in order to be eligible? What day is Election Day?
The last day one can register to vote this year is October 6.
These are the qualifications for being eligible to vote for all of Texas —
To be eligible to register to vote in Texas, any United States citizen residing in Texas who is:
- At least 18 years old on Election Day
- Not a convicted felon (unless sentence, probation and/or parole are completed)
- Not declared mentally incapacitated by a court of law.
The information below describes how one can register and by what day one must register—
Registering to vote is easy in Texas. It doesn’t even require a stamp! Official applications to register to vote are postage-paid by the State of Texas. In most Texas counties, the Tax Assessor-Collector is also the Voter Registrar. In some counties, the County Clerk or Elections Administrator registers voters. You may obtain an application from the county Voter Registrar’s office, the Secretary of State’s Office, libraries, many post offices, high schools and on the web. From our website, you may request that we send you an official, postage-paid application. Or, you may download an informal application, but you will be required to affix a stamp before mailing. You may also register to vote when you apply for or renew your driver’s license.
Read the instructions on the form, fill it out and mail it to the Voter Registrar in your county, or take it to the Voter Registrar’s office in your county. You must be at least 17 years and 10 months of age on the date you apply.
If for any reason you cannot register yourself, with your permission, your spouse, parent or child may fill out and sign an application for you if that person is a registered voter or has applied for voter registration. This person is known as your “agent.” The application must be received in the Voter Registrar’s office or postmarked 30 days before an election in order for you to be eligible to vote in that election. You will receive a voter registration certificate in the mail after the Voter Registrar has processed your voter registration application. Upon receipt of the voter registration certificate, sign it, fold it and keep in it in your wallet and take it to the polls with you when you vote.
All voters who register to vote in Texas must provide a Texas driver’s license number or personal identification number issued by the Texas Department of Public Safety. If you do not have such a number, then you must state that fact and provide the last four digits of your social security number. If you do not have a social security number, you must also state that fact.
These facts come from the office of the Texas Secretary of State. You can click the link for full details.
This blog posts out of Houston in Harris County, Texas. Here is the web page of the Harris County Democratic Party. Here is information about registering to vote in Harris County.
Election Day is Tuesday, November 4, 2008.
Below is Humble, Texas. This fine community is in Harris County.
No comments yet. | <urn:uuid:d72b7b4f-6f75-4e73-8351-beea4ec206e4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://texasliberal.wordpress.com/2008/09/09/who-can-vote-in-texas-when-must-one-register-to-be-eligible-when-is-election-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00308-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931011 | 721 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Muhammad Ali wears a towel and nothing else in ‘The Greatest’
Muhammad Ali stands in a boxing locker room in a scene from the 1977 movie The Greatest. Ali played himself in the biography of his boxing career of the 1960s and 1970s. The film was directed by Tom Gries and Monte Hellman. Muhammad Ali was born in 1942, so he turned 35 the year the film was made. | <urn:uuid:0bee236e-eeb4-41cb-ab92-fd38f45a8a82> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.who2.com/bio/muhammad-ali/wenn24529551/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.99296 | 85 | 1.539063 | 2 |
One of the easiest ways for a family in our area to cut their carbon footprint - and live a little healthier - is to join a CSA, Community Supported Agriculture. By choosing local, organic, fresh vegetables you can avoid more than 75% of the energy used to bring most food to your table.
According to research done by our local food guru Karen Shore, 40% of the energy consumed in the US food system is used in the production and use of fertilizers and pesticides. So if you're buying from a CSA, no energy used here.
Another 23% of the energy is used in the processing and packaging of food. Frozen food is especially energy-intensive. There's certainly no processing of your CSA vegetables. And if you return your CSA box each week, there's no packaging either. Five percent of energy in food comes from transportation. Local CSA farms are a lot closer than California - where more than half of all our fruits and vegetables are grown.
The final 32% of the energy in our food is used at home - freezing, refrigerating and cooking. If you serve your veggies raw, straight from the box to your table, you're a triple winner: low energy, high nutrition, great taste!
You may have seen Helen Nadel's post on Nextdoor Swarthmore recently. She announced that Greener Partners CSA is offering pick-up locations at the Swarthmore Co-op and at the Food Bank in Media. And if you sign up by the end of February, you get a $20 coupon!
Here's the rest of her post:
Our BYOB (Build Your Own Box) farm share is an easy way to get delicious, farm-fresh produce:
1) Go online each week and choose from a list of 10-12 available items. You get to choose your favorites -- and when you want to experiment.
2) The produce available during the summer share has tons of variety. There will be corn, tomatoes, peppers, zucchini and other summer squashes, sweet peppers, eggplant, plus carrots, greens, lettuces, beets, watermelon radish, sweet potatoes, potatoes, melons, onions, garlic....
3) You will get a voucher each month for u-pick at Greener Partners' farm in Collegeville: flowers, herbs, cherry tomatoes, sugar snap peas, green beans, blueberries, apples...U-pick will be open Tuesday through Sunday -- a great trip and the chance to connect with the farm.
4) The season is 24 weeks -- the start date depends on the growing conditions -- but likely end of May to mid-November.
5) A medium share is $475, which comes out to about $20 a week for 5-6 items ($275 at sign-up and $200 April 1st). An item might be a big bunch of carrots, 2 pounds of tomatoes or potatoes, 1/3 lb. spinach, or a head of lettuce, depending on the season.
6) The full share is $775, which gets you 10 items for $32 a week ($275 at sign-up, $250 April 1st, $250 June 1st).
7) If you are away on vacation, you can share your share with a friend, or it will get donated to a food bank.
8) Consider splitting a share with a friend or neighbor! That way you have summer vacations covered. | <urn:uuid:c3706fb4-0add-498e-a1b6-8aa75dcde5b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.afewsteps.org/blog/archives/02-2016 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.923635 | 707 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Institute of Distance and Continuing Education
History This Week
By Tota C. Mangar
August 10, 2006
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In 1985 through the auspices of the Public Service Ministry and the Australian Development Associate Bureau, the Institute of Adult and Continuing Education was able to send a staff member on a ten-week intensive distance education training course in Australia. In the very year an investigative study of the national facilities for the delivery and receipt of audio programmes conducted by visiting consultant, Mr. Ed Hattar, suggested that there was need to find an alternative medium for the delivering of core materials.
Surveys and other forms of investigation yielded information which suggested that a convenient delivery mode would be print, supplemented by audio materials and some face-to-face tutorials.
In 1988 a proposal for the establishment of a Distance Education Unit was prepared by the Institute of Adult and Continuing Education. This proposal was approved by the Academic Policy and Planning Committee and the Academic Board of the University of Guyana.
After acquiring the information needed to determine scope, structure and content of the programmes of the Distance Education Unit, the Institute of Adult and Continuing Education undertook the task of training writers and other resource persons drawn from its own staff as well as staff of the wider university community and the Ministry of Education.
This was in keeping with the instructional policy of involving relevant groups in all facets of the programme in an attempt to ascertain congruence between the educational strategies and the socio-economic content.
The initial training was conducted in workshops hosted by the Institute's Distance Education personnel and resource persons within the Ministry of Education. Later, as the programme began to attract funding from international agencies, a number of workshops were conducted by foreign consultants and opportunities were provided for all Distance Education staffers to receive training at reputable institutions overseas.
From the inception, the training activities targeted all categories of resource persons required for distance education programmes namely, writers, and potential presenters of audio-visual materials, tutors/markers, administrators and clerical staff. All local training made full use of participatory methods, engaging trainees in the production of, or interaction with, actual course materials.
Four international bodies made valuable contributions to the work and development of the Institute of Adult and Continuing Education. These were the Commonwealth of Learning (COL), the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the Organizational of American States (OAS) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
In the case of the Commonwealth of Learning, it facilitated the visit of Professor John Turner of Manchester University to undertake a Project Identification Consultancy on Distance Education in Guyana. Turner's 1989 Report recommended to the Commonwealth of Learning that despite many identifiable problems, "distance education may be the only way of extending opportunities to those who are currently deprived of them."
In April, 1990 Dr Dennis Irvine, a former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Guyana, along with Mr. Quigley were delegated by the then President of the Commonwealth of Learning, Mr. James Maraj, to explore a preliminary request from the University of Guyana for assistance from the Commonwealth of Learning, aimed at developing distance education in Guyana. These officials subsequently submitted a proposal for the establishment of a Guyana Distance Education Communication Network with the following objectives:
. To further extend beyond Georgetown to the population at large in Guyana access to the educational facilities of the University of Guyana's Institute of Adult and Continuing Education.
. To develop and deliver distance education, as a priority, a prerequisite entrance course aimed at ensuring that the new entrants have the necessary background for success, particularly during the first few years of University study.
. To develop and deliver by distance education, a programme to upgrade the skills of teachers, and
. To allow, the population at large to benefit more directly from the valuable resource, that is, the University of Guyana, through improved access to those more general educational and information programmes that would have the effect of assisting human resources development on a countrywide scale.
Under the terms of University of Guyana - Commonwealth of Learning agreement, the Institute acquired three micro-computers equipped with processing and desk-top publishing capabilities to facilitate in-house production of printed materials, an audiotape reproduction unit to enable rapid preparation of multiple copies of supplementary audio-materials, and teleconferencing facilities comprising five teleconferencing sets and a teleconferencing bridge to make it possible for students located in outlying areas to participate in supplementary review sessions with their course writers.
The institute of Adult and Continuing Education launched its first Distance Education programme in Region 10, on November 7, 1992, the second in Region 6 at the J.C Chandisingh School on June 4, 1993, and third in Region 2 at the Anna Regina Secondary School on Saturday, December 4, 1993. It took the form of a Pre-University English Course.
In 1996 alone, the enrolment in the Distance Education Programme was six hundred and five (605), with occupations and qualifications of course participants varying widely. Among them were policemen, nurses, tradesmen, and housewives, the unemployed and even individuals who held degrees but wished to improve their language proficiency.
The Institute has always been conscious of the importance of distance education since:
. Distance Education all-ows the University to maximize the influence of the knowledge and skills of that small group of professionals in meeting some of the educational needs of the population scattered across the coastland, riverain, and interior areas.
. Distance Education relies on pre-packed materials prepared by teams of highly trained professionals. It can provide standardized and high quality education to persons scattered throughout the | <urn:uuid:11d96496-ee62-44c0-bd2d-9b806825be84> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://landofsixpeoples.com/news603/ns6081050.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00116-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947362 | 1,165 | 2.109375 | 2 |
RIP: Neil Armstrong, First Man To Walk On The Moon, Dead At 82
Sad news to report this afternoon: Neil Armstrong, the astronaut who was the first man to walk on the moon, has died at the age of 82, confirms NBC. Armstrong had heart surgery just two weeks ago and celebrated his birthday only days ago. Armstrong commanded the Apollo 11 spacecraft that landed on the moon on July 20, 1969, and famously said that day’s events were “one giant leap for mankind.” A statement from his family reads, “The next time you walk out on a clear night and see the moon smiling, think of Neil and give him a wink.” [NBC]
After the jump, a rare interview with Armstrong from 1970 and video of those first few steps on the moon. | <urn:uuid:11a02bb9-32c8-461f-a29e-59208f1f16be> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thefrisky.com/2012-08-25/rip-neil-armstrong-first-man-to-walk-on-the-moon-dead-at-82/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00555-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977097 | 166 | 2.359375 | 2 |
In 2013 , the national minimum wage in India remained fixed at 41.2 € per month, that is 494 euros per year, taking into account 12 payments per year.
If we look at the minimum salary in Indian rupees, which is the official currency in India, we can see that, this year, it was 2,990.0 Indian rupees and accordingly, the national minimum wage has remained stable, while the CPI of 2012 which was 10.5%, so workers have lost purchasing power in the last year.
If we look at the ranking of the national minimum wage that we publish, India is in 90 nd place, so it is among the countries with the lowest minimum salary of the 92 of the list.
The National Minimum Wage (NMW) of a country is the minimum amount (lowest salary) per hour, per day, or per month that employers may legally pay to workers.
In the table that follows we show you the progression of the National Minimum Wage India. You can see NMW in other countries in National Minimum Wage 2013 and see all the information about this country in India economy. | <urn:uuid:ea008874-c743-4f78-8df8-9741541c24ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://countryeconomy.com/national-minimum-wage/india | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00517-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941377 | 230 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Weekly memory work, math lessons, handwriting practice, spelling lessons… these are all parts of our homeschool. They each are important and bring their own kind of rhythm and beauty to our days.
But good children’s literature makes our homeschool days so enjoyable.
I use children’s literature to bring history, science, art, math, and English grammar to life. I use it to teach them about current events, why we celebrate certain holidays, etc.
We visit our local library weekly and, thanks to Amazon Prime, frequently order books from Amazon to bring good children’s books into our homeschool.
I’m sharing my children’s literature selections for January with you in hopes some of these children’s books will help you on your homeschool journey.
This list of children’s literature for January includes picture books and chapter books:
- Books that coincide with Classical Conversations memory work
- Books related to the Presidents, the Inauguration, the White House, and the Supreme Court
- A book about clocks and calendars to discuss as we begin a new calendar year
- Books about Martin Luther King, Jr.
- Books about kindness to encourage good character
- Chapter books for independent reading like the Bible stories that are retold in the The Passages series of Adventures in Odyssey chapter books. My ten year old is enjoying this series already.
While I would love to just sit down and read all of these books with my children, I don’t have that much time.
I do plan to read many of these books alongside my children, as read-alouds, primarily in our morning basket time. But others will be books they read independently. Others will be reference type books that we refer to as we are discussing our CC memory work, events and holidays, etc. Still others might inspire projects that we complete this month.
Children's Literature for January
You Wouldn't Want to Live Without Clocks and Calendars!The Industrial Revolution for Kids: The People and Technology That Changed the World, with 21 Activities (For Kids series)Kids During the Industrial Revolution (Kids Throughout History)My Brother Martin: A Sister Remembers Growing Up with the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.Martin's Big Words: The Life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.Who Was Martin Luther King, Jr.?As Good as Anybody Martin Luther King and Abraham Joshua Heschels Amazing March Toward Freedom by Michelson, Richard [Knopf,2008] (Hardcover)The Story of Eli WhitneyArchie's WarThe Night FlyersWar HorseSoldier DogStubby the Dog Soldier: World War I Hero (Animal Heroes)See Inside the First World War (Usborne See Inside)World War I for Kids: A History with 21 Activities (For Kids series)World War I: An Interactive History Adventure (You Choose: History)DK Eyewitness Books: World War IWho Was Isaac Newton?Isaac Newton and the Laws of Motion (Inventions and Discovery)Newton and MeWhat Is the World Made Of?: All About Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Let's-Read-and-Find-Out Science 2)Change It!: Solids, Liquids, Gases and You (Primary Physical Science)Lazily, Crazily, Just a Bit Nasally: More About Adverbs (Words Are Categorical)If You Were a Verb (Word Fun)To Root, to Toot, to Parachute: What Is a Verb? (Words are Categorical)Slide and Slurp, Scratch and Burp: More About Verbs (Words Are Categorical)Measuring PennyMillions to MeasureRembrandt and the Boy Who Drew Dogs: A story about Rembrandt van RijnWhere is the Frog?: A Children's Book Inspired by Claude MonetThe Magical Garden of Claude Monet (Anholt's Artists Books for Children)Ordinary Mary's Extraordinary DeedHave You Filled a Bucket Today?: A Guide to Daily Happiness for Kids (Bucketfilling Books)How Full Is Your Bucket? For KidsSo You Want to Be President?: The Revised and Updated EditionSmart About the Presidents (Smart About History)Smart About the First Ladies: Smart About HistoryMarshall, the Courthouse Mouse: A Tail of the U. S. Supreme CourtDemocracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President, 1789-2013Our White House: Looking In, Looking OutThe White House: A Pop-Up of Our Nation's HomeBy Paul McCusker Darien's Rise (Passages 1: From Adventures in Odyssey) [Paperback]Annison's Risk (Adventures in Odyssey Passages Manuscript 3)Glennall's Betrayal (Passages 4: From Adventures in Odyssey)
And... to make your life just that much easier, click here or on the image below to download the free printable version of this list!
As you look over this list of children’s literature for January, do you see some you could use to enrich your homeschool?
Go ahead and put them on your library list or purchase them for your own library.
Meet a New Contributor to Homegrown Learners:
I want to introduce you to my friend, Amy.... Amy will be contributing here from time to time. Specifically, Amy will be sharing book recommendations with you each month.
I am so excited she is bringing her grace and wisdom to the blog. I know you will enjoy her! ~ Mary
Hi! My name is Amy. I’m a homeschooling mom to two sweet kiddos, wife to the principal of our homeschool, director of a local homeschool co-op, book junkie of sorts, and Jesus-lover.
When my first child was born over 10 years ago and then my second almost four years later, I was working full time outside the home in corporate America. Those preschool years with my children were precious, but I desperately wanted to be at home with them instead of separated from them most of the day. Thankfully, God led us to the homeschool path.
I have a business degree in Economics and have held various corporate positions including IT Project Manager and Solutions Architect. Transitioning from working with adults and IT systems all day to being a full-time homeschool mom certainly brought its challenges. But I wouldn’t trade it for anything. Homeschooling has been an answer to prayer for our family.
Our homeschool style is primarily Classical, influenced by Charlotte Mason and plenty of good books. My goal is to provide a literature-rich, engaging, environment that inspires my children to read, to learn, and to grow in knowledge and character.
While I treasure the at-home time with my children, snuggled up reading our latest book finds, I enjoy the time we are able to connect with other homeschooling families. As the director of our homeschool co-op, one of my favorite parts of the job is fellowship and sharing encouragement with other homeschool parents.
I’m thrilled to be blogging here at Homegrown Learners sharing our homeschool journey with you. Join me in learning about good books, sharing ideas for enriching homeschool experiences, and lots of encouragement along the way. | <urn:uuid:a1a6e34d-ba28-4892-bc44-9d88b60667a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.homegrownlearners.com/home/january-childrens-literature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00067-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918196 | 1,513 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Medicine Reaps the Benefits of Manned Space Flight
Cover Story -- May 2003
By Ken Ortolon
Physicians across America perform hundreds of electrocardiograms (ECGs) every day. But few of them probably stop to think about the origin of that technology. The ECG electrodes were developed for monitoring astronauts in space.
A generation ago, Americans were fascinated with space exploration and the technological advances it brought. We sat glued to our TV sets when men walked on the moon. Today, we hardly notice when men and women venture into space, until disaster strikes as it did in February when the space shuttle Columbia was lost in a fiery explosion during reentry, killing all seven astronauts on board, including two physicians, U.S. Navy Capt. David M. Brown, MD, and Cmdr. Laurel Clark, MD.
The Columbia disaster refocused America's attention on the space program and the benefits we here on Earth derive from it. Some wonder whether manned space flight continues to be necessary, whether the rewards reaped from our shuttle missions and the International Space Station are worth the risk to human life.
The answer is definitely yes, according to physicians and scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and those doing research with NASA, many of them based at Texas universities and medical schools.
"When tragedies like Columbia and Challenger happen, I think it's healthy to take a look and ask if what we're doing is worth the risk," said former astronaut Bernard Harris, MD. "I think we're all doing some soul-searching right now."
But Dr. Harris, who flew on Columbia in the 1990s, says space exploration has pushed the boundaries of science, including medicine, and manned space flight is necessary if scientific frontiers are to be explored.
"If you ask me whether we have gotten any benefit out of space exploration, I know the answer is an unequivocal yes," he said. "Is it important that we continue to do it? Yes, it is. Is it worth the risk that we take as human beings by going into space flight to benefit us here on Earth? The answer again is yes."
The Spin-Off Spin
From the earliest days of the space program, technologies developed for use in space have found useful applications on Earth. (See " Big Returns From Space Investments .")
Some NASA critics say the human benefits derived from space exploration have been overblown. In a 1993 column published by the American Physical Society, writer Robert L. Pack cited a report written by NASA itself concluding that "there have not been many technology transfer successes compared to the potential."
But physicians and scientists say the list of technologies and scientific advances that have spun off the space program or resulted directly from space-based research is a long one. These advances have changed our way of life on Earth and revolutionized some areas of medicine, says Richard Jennings, MD, former chief of flight medicine at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston and director of the Aerospace Residency Program at The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston.
"When I get up in the morning to fly my airplane, I put on glasses with UV coating that was developed for the Apollo program," said Dr. Jennings. "The frames are made from metal that was designed for the space program to be able to flex and bend and change temperature without breaking."
Satellites launched by NASA make possible many of the things we do every day and take for granted, such as watching television, using pagers and cellular phones, even paying for gasoline at the pump with a credit card.
"It's not much different in medicine," Dr. Jennings said. "There's no question that a lot of direct changes to medicine have come from space technology."
Jim Logan, MD, manager of medical informatics and health care systems at the Johnson Space Center, says one such technology is computerized and digital radiography, pioneered by NASA in an attempt to discover x-ray sources in the universe.
"Computerized and digital radiography has really revolutionized standard radiology here in this country," Dr. Logan said. "So we have a technology that was first looked at in space but is now used on a daily basis by tens of thousands of people."
Another example is remote sensing, which was developed, among other things, to look back at Earth from space, he says. With adequate resolution, remote sensing can allow astronauts hundreds of miles in space to pick out an individual diseased tree in a forest. That same technology is now being applied to picking out diseased cells within the human body.
For instance, if a woman has an abnormal Pap smear, physicians typically take a cervical biopsy using dye to help identify abnormal cells. "Now, there's technology available so that, in essence, we're using hyperspectral imaging of the cervix. It's remote sensing applied in a micro situation instead of a macro situation."
Pumping It Out
At Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Michael E. DeBakey, MD, and George Noon, MD, have been working for nearly 15 years to develop a new kind of heart pump to help patients whose own hearts cannot circulate an adequate blood supply. The left ventricular assist device (VAD) was developed from technology first used to pump fluids, such as fuel, in space.
Dr. Noon, professor of surgery and head of the Division of Transplantation and Assist Devices in the Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery at Baylor, says he first met with NASA engineers to discuss the idea in 1988. The device was not ready for clinical trials until 1998.
Since that time, the VAD has been implanted in 30 patients in the United States, including 22 at Baylor, and nearly 150 in Europe. While artificial hearts and other assist devices pump blood by pulsating, just as the heart does, the VAD can pulsate or produce a steady flow of blood with no pulsation.
Dr. Noon says the VAD's effectiveness is similar to other devices currently in use but it benefits both the physician and the patient. "From the surgical standpoint, we like it because it's much easier to implant and it's also much easier to explant because it's so much smaller. And, the patients like it because it doesn't make any noise compared with other pumps, and it's much smaller so they're less aware they have it."
Clinical trials have been performed to demonstrate the VAD's role as a "bridge to transplantation," Dr. Noon says. The device is implanted in patients on the heart transplant waiting list whose hearts need assistance if they are to survive until a heart is available. When a new heart is found, the device is removed.
While it has not been tested as a "bridge to recovery," Dr. Noon says a few patients have recovered while on the device, making a transplant unnecessary. Eventually, the device will be tested as a permanent implant to assist weakened hearts.
The VAD already has been approved for commercial use in Europe, but Dr. Noon says it likely will be another two to three years before it gets U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for widespread use here.
Medical application of technology developed for space flight, however, is only part of the benefit that medicine derives from the space program. NASA works with hundreds of researchers across America to conduct ground- and space-based research, ranging from studying bone loss and circulatory problems associated with long-duration space flight to growing tumor tissues for cancer research.
Dr. Harris says that more than 90 investigations were completed on board his first shuttle mission a decade ago, more than half involving human science. On Columbia's final mission, more than 80 experiments were being conducted. (See " Science Lost .") While data from some of these experiments were down-linked during the flight, much of the results and all of the research materials were lost.
"Not only was a lot of data lost, we also lost a brand new lab. That's a significant setback," Dr. Logan said." The new SPACEHAB research module significantly increased the amount and complexity of research that was possible on the shuttle. "This was its first flight and it was designed to be reusable," he said.
Also among the research lost on Columbia was an investigation by Emory University scientists of the role bone marrow plays in helping prostate cancer cells metastasize. Neil Pellis, PhD, NASA program scientist for the International Space Station, says the experiment used a bioreactor to grow prostate cancer cells alongside structural cells from bone marrow called stroma.
"For some reason, bone is a very, very high probability target for metastasizing prostate cancer," Dr. Pellis said. "Their hypothesis is that the stroma or the bone marrow actually changes a specific property in the cancer cell that makes it refractory. They wanted to look at that relationship."
The bioreactor was developed to create three-dimensional cell cultures. Dr. Pellis says that when you grow cell cultures in a Petri dish, the tissue can reach only a certain size before gravity forces it to the bottom of the dish, where it tends to flatten out in a thin layer.
The bioreactor is a small tube filled with fluid culture medium and then rotated. The fluid rotates at the same speed as the cylinder, keeping the cell culture in constant suspension, allowing it to grow into multilayered tissue. On the ground, a bioreactor can produce tissue samples up to about one-half inch in length. In space, scientists can grow samples twice that size or more.
One Texas-based experiment on Columbia used rats to look at the effects of microgravity on blood vessels and the regulation of arterial blood pressure. Michael Delp, PhD, professor of health and kinesiology at Texas A&M University, says that experiment was a total loss because researchers were not able to examine the rodents after the flight.
"When humans come back from space, a large number of them are not able to stand for 10 minutes," Dr. Delp said. "Our studies were designed with animals to understand why that is and to understand what's happening, particularly to the heart and blood vessels, that makes the cardiovascular system unable to withstand the stress of gravity."
While the experiment was intended to help man survive long-duration space flight, it also had applications in the study of aging, Dr. Delp says. "Older individuals also have problems maintaining blood pressure. When you stand up too quickly, you get a little lightheaded and fuzzy. Older people often will pass out. If they pass out and fall, they might break a hip or wrist. There are a lot of common characteristics between that and what the astronauts undergo."
While much data were lost aboard Columbia, the grounding of the shuttle fleet pending the investigation into the cause of the crash will further delay space-based research. Ground-based investigations are continuing, but any experiments requiring microgravity are on hold until the shuttle is cleared to fly again.
"When we're not flying, we're not doing microgravity research," Dr. Pellis said. "For the biomedical sciences and life sciences, there are limited other venues in which to do this."
James Thomas, MD, chair of cardiovascular imaging at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, says grounding the shuttle fleet also will hamper research on the International Space Station, primarily because the space station crew is being reduced from three to two for the foreseeable future.
"We were already hampered by the fact that only three crew members are up there," said Dr. Thomas, who has researched real-time transmission of echocardiographic images from space. "The hope was that eventually we would get to a six- or seven-person crew. That is certainly going to be delayed by whatever time the shuttle is delayed."
The disaster also could have a tremendous impact on how many manned space missions NASA mounts in the future. Following the Challenger disaster in 1986, NASA stopped using the shuttle to launch satellites and switched back to unmanned, expendable rockets, Dr. Jennings says. He believes the space shuttle's role may be further cut to carrying astronauts to and from the space station, with the space station becoming the primary base for space research.
Send in the Robots
Others argue that manned flights are not always necessary for conducting research. But Dr. Pellis says they are vital because robots and computers can't do everything humans can.
"You can't do this all with robotics," he said. "If that were true then they could just make a robot for me and send him into the lab. We can program them to do anything, but human eyes and sense for seeing what's taking place and making real-time observations and decisions are what bring us to the discoveries we seek."
Dr. Harris agrees. "I think that robots can do some things well, and for those things let's let the robots do them. But if you're going into unknown territory and you're not quite sure what sort of actions and reactions you're going to get, the best computer is the human mind. It is able to handle different situations. It is able to think real time. It does not require messages to be sent back to be examined by human beings on earth. If you're going to explore space effectively and do scientific investigations, you've got to have a dialog that you don't get when you involve automated systems."
When the shuttle will fly again is anybody's guess, but Dr. Harris says he would not hesitate to ride it into space again. Dr. Thomas says he suspects most of the current astronaut corps feels the same way.
"Certainly, before we put anybody else's life at risk we need to find out what happened, and we need to correct as much as humanly possible," Dr. Harris said. "But you can only do so much. As astronauts, we understand that, we understand that there's a risk. There has always been risk in traveling in space."
Dr. Jennings says space flight always will have risks, no matter how hard scientists and engineers work to make it safe. "I don't think you can take people from zero to 17,500 miles per hour and get rid of all of the risk," he said. "It's tragic when people are killed in accidents, but I don't think this will stop the march to space anymore than deaths among people in wagon trains stopped their westward expansion and the settling of the United States."
But with those risks come the chance for great reward, says Dr. Pellis. "Because of the nature of space exploration, almost everything we do pushes way onto the edge of what our technological capabilities are. There's no question about it; we take everything to its absolute extreme and beyond. When you do this, the result is technological advancement that can be revolutionary."
Ken Ortolon can be reached at (800) 880-1300, ext. 1392, or (512) 370-1392; or by email at Ken Ortolon.
Big Returns From Space Investments
What has the space program done for you lately? According to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) researchers, plenty.
One of the newest medical spin-offs from space exploration is a nonsurgical breast biopsy technique using technology developed for the Hubble Space Telescope. The technique, called stereotactic automated large-core needle biopsy, enables a doctor to precisely locate a suspicious lump and use a needle instead of surgery to remove tissue for study.
The process is possible because of a key improvement in digital imaging technology known as a charged coupled device, or CCD.
Some other medically related breakthroughs resulting from the space program include:
- A laser system first used for satellite-based atmospheric studies has been reapplied to treat arteriosclerosis. Developed by Advanced Interventional Systems, Inc., (AIS) in Irvine, Calif., and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1992, the DymerTM 200+ excimer laser angioplasty system vaporizes blockages in coronary arteries without damaging arterial walls.
- A state-of-the-art implantable pacemaker uses communications technology developed by NASA to communicate with satellites. Bidirectional telemetry, a type of two-way communications, allows physicians to send signals to the pacemaker to alter its rate and also receive return signals on how it is interacting with the heart. The doctor can adjust the device to best suit a patient's needs, which may change over time.
- An ingestible thermometer capable of accurately measuring and relaying deep internal body temperatures improves patient care in hospitals and offers opportunities in medical experimentation. Developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Information Laboratory in collaboration with NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, the three-quarter-inch silicone capsule contains a telemetry system, a micro-battery, and a quartz crystal temperature sensor. The sensor reads the internal temperature and telemeters the information to a receiving coil outside the body. From there it is relayed to a computer. The "temperature pill" monitors continuously during the 24 to 78 hours it takes the capsule to travel through the digestive system. The pill can record a patient's temperature every 30 seconds and can be programmed to sound an alarm if the temperature exceeds preset limits. Researchers developed the device for treating such emergency conditions as hypothermia and hyperthermia.
- The application of NASA ultrasound technology, originally developed to detect microscopic flaws in aircraft and spacecraft materials, has provided an advanced instrument that enables immediate assessment of burn damage. This knowledge improves patient treatment and may save lives in serious burn cases.
Back to Article
Scientific research aboard the final flight of space shuttle Columbia was designed to be a bridge between research conducted aboard the shuttle in the 1980s and 1990s and the long-term work planned for the International Space Station when it is completed.
Some 80 investigations on such varied topics as fireballs, kidney stones, tumor growth, and sponge-like rocks were conducted. Below are some of the medically related experiments that were onboard:
- Several experiments sponsored by the European Space Agency used an advanced respiratory monitoring system to study the impact of weightlessness on the heart, lungs, and metabolism.
- French scientists had rats aboard Columbia for the purpose of studying how space impacts fluid balance in the brain and regulation of body fluid production.
- To better understand how and why weightlessness induces bone loss, Columbia astronauts were participating in a study of how calcium moves through the body, including absorption from food, and its role in the formation and breakdown of bone.
- An experiment to help astronauts fight bacterial and viral diseases in space was to have examined how certain cells in the astronauts' innate immunity system functioned before and after flight.
- To protect astronauts from developing kidney stones in space, NASA scientists were studying the use of potassium citrate to reduce the risk of stone formation.
- Emory University scientists were using a bioreactor to grow three-dimensional prostate cancer cells to support studies of cell interaction between prostate and bone stromal cells. The results would have aided scientists in assessing the effect of gene therapy on the growth of prostate cancer cells.
Back to Article
May 2003 Texas Medicine Contents
Texas Medicine Back Issues | <urn:uuid:9726af6b-68fc-401b-bfc3-d49326ac1c26> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.texmed.org/Template.aspx?id=801 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00501-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960325 | 3,943 | 3.03125 | 3 |
UNCTAD has researched extensively the recent pronounced shifts in the prices of staple foods and other commodities. The 2011 Trade and Development report devoted a chapter to analyzing the price-distorting effects of large-scale speculative financial flows into commodities futures markets. The findings have indicated that these flows have the tendency to drive commodity prices away from the level warranted by economic fundamentals, undermining market efficiency.
, the principal author of the Report and Director of UNCTAD’s Division on Globalization and Development Strategies, will represent the UNCTAD Secretary-General at an 11 April high-level debate
, to be held at the United Nations General Assembly in New York. The debate under the theme “Addressing excessive price volatility in food and related financial and commodity markets” is convened by the President of the General Assembly
Current research by UNCTAD economists focusing on the impact of “high-frequency” trading in commodities has been widely reported recently in financial and online media. Meanwhile, UNCTAD is contributing alongside the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, at the invitation of the Group of 20, with a report focusing on the macroeconomic effects of excessive commodity price volatility on economic growth and on the well-being of vulnerable populations.
The resolution calling for the high-level debate at the General Assembly comes at the initiative of Leonel Fernández Reyna, President of the Dominican Republic. In his remarks to the General Assembly in September 2011, and in a special event hosted by the Permanent Mission of the Dominican Republic, President Fernández drew attention to the effects on the poor of sharply rising prices for staple foods and other commodities. He observed that the vast majority of the world’s poor live in developing countries that are dependent on food imports to meet basic needs. Among other effects, he noted that the rapid increase in food prices had caused the number of persons suffering from hunger worldwide to exceed 1 billion. | <urn:uuid:6d48ec1b-b42f-4c99-9e68-5a086564cda2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00053-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946913 | 391 | 2.265625 | 2 |
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Tuesday, November 8, 2016
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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
How is ‘business entity’ defined in this Act?
Business entity is defined in 30 ILCS 500/50-37 as any entity doing business for profit, whether organized as a corporation, partnership, sole proprietorship, limited liability company or partnership, or otherwise.
What is an ‘affiliated person’ as defined in this Act?
“Affiliated person” means (i) any person with any ownership interest or distributive share of the bidding or contracting business entity in excess of 7.5%, (ii) executive employees of the bidding or contracting business entity, and (iii) the spouse of any such persons. “Affiliated person” does not include a person prohibited by federal law from making contributions or expenditures in connection with a federal, state, or local election.
What is an ‘affiliated entity’ as defined in this Act?
“Affiliated entity” means (i) any corporate parent and each operating subsidiary of the bidding or contracting business entity, (ii) each operating subsidiary of the corporate parent of the bidding or contracting business entity, (iii) any organization recognized by the United States Internal Revenue Service as a tax-exempt organization described in Section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (or any successor provision of federal tax law) established by the bidding or contracting business entity, any affiliated entity of that business entity, or any affiliated person of that business entity, or (iv) any political committee for which the bidding or contracting business entity, or any 501(c) organization described in item (iii) related to that business entity, is the sponsoring entity. “Affiliated entity” does not include an entity prohibited by federal law from making contributions or expenditures in connection with a federal, state, or local election.
What is an ‘executive employee’ as defined in this Act?
“Executive employee” means (i) the President, Chairman, or Chief Executive Officer of a business entity and any other individual that fulfills equivalent duties as the President, Chairman of the Board, or Chief Executive Officer of a business entity; and (ii) any employee of a business entity whose compensation is determined directly, in whole or in part, by the award or payment of contracts by a State agency to the entity employing the employee. A regular salary that is paid irrespective of the award or payment of a contract with a State agency shall not constitute “compensation” under item (ii) of this definition. “Executive employee” does not include any person prohibited by federal law from making contributions or expenditures in connection with a federal, state, or local election.
Is my business required to register with the Board as a business entity?
Pursuant to Public Act 95-971, effective January 1, 2009, any business entity meeting the above definition, whose existing State contracts, or whose bids or proposals on State contracts exceed $50,000, must electronically register with the State Board of Elections. For questions regarding who is required to register and what is to be reported on the Registration Form, please review Public Act 95-971, as amended by Public Act 96-0848, 97-0411 and 97-0895, the Board rules and regulations, and the Fact Sheet currently posted on the Illinois Procurement Bulletin at
. For further guidance, please contact the legal counsel for your business entity or refer to the Act and the Administrative Rules found on this site, to assist you in making that determination.
If my business has completed it electronic registration, will it have to re-register annually?
No. If a business has registered electronically, that is the only time it will need to register. However, depending upon the circumstances of the individual business, it may well have an obligation to keep that registration updated. But as far as creating a new account and re-registering a business, each business can only be registered once.
Can I register by mail or e-mail?
No. Illinois law requires all businesses to register electronically. Any registration information received by mail or e-mail will not be processed.
What if I already registered my business by mail or e-mail?
All businesses that have registered previously by mail or e-mail must re-register electronically by September 30, 2009. This includes those that are no longer required to update their registrations; for example, a business which registered and bid on a contract valued at more than $50,000 during the first seven months of 2009, but which was not awarded the contract, still must re-register electronically. This is necessary to ensure a complete record of all businesses which have registered since the law became effective on January 1, 2009.
Are there any costs for businesses?
The State Board of Elections does not charge any fees for registration services. Businesses do, of course, incur costs for the time and resources required to provide and maintain registration information.
Is help available?
Help is available throughout the website by clicking the Help menu option or by clicking on the “?” icon next to the item of interest. In addition, help is available via e-mail or telephone during normal business hours.
Is there an alternative to typing in my data one affiliated person at a time?
Yes, for businesses with access to information technology expertise, data may be submitted in an XML file. Click
for detailed instructions.
When can I enter my data, make changes, or produce a certificate?
The site is continuously available, 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Once my business has registered, how long must I continue to report changes?
Illinois law requires that businesses submitting a bid must continue to update from the date of registration to the date after the contract is awarded; changes must be reported within 5 business days following such change or no later than a day before the contract is awarded, whichever date is earlier. Businesses with contracts must continue to update for the duration of the term of office of the incumbent officeholder awarding the contract or for a period of 2 years following the expiration or termination of the contract, whichever is longer; changes must be reported on a quarterly basis within 10 business days following the last day of January, April, July, and October of each year. If a business with a contract has a pending bid, changes must be reported within 5 business days or no later than a day before the contract is awarded, whichever date is earlier.
What must I do after I register my business?
Continually make sure that the registration is accurate. Provide a copy of the registration certificate within 10 days after registration to each affiliated entity or affiliated person. The business must also notify any political committee to which it makes a contribution, at the time of the contribution, that it is registered. Any affiliated entity or affiliated person must also tell a political committee that it is affiliated with a registered business entity.
How long does it take to get a certificate?
Certificates are available on-line in .pdf format as soon as registration is complete. There is no limit to the number of copies.
Is my business information entered in this website confidential?
No. Information about the business, affiliated persons, and affiliated organizations/entities is available in searchable form on the Board’s public website. There are three exceptions: 1) FEIN, tax ID, and social security number are for verification purposes only and are not disclosed; 2) account names and passwords are private to the registrant and are confidential; and 3) the law prohibits the display of the names of minors in this system on the public website.
How can I look up information on other businesses registered in this program?
Information about registered businesses is available in the Board’s public website at
What happens if I try to register and my business name and/or number can’t be verified with the Illinois Department of Revenue?
Look at the information you provided when you registered with Revenue and make sure the name and number are appearing exactly like they did at that time. If that does not work, you may contact 217-782-4141 for assistance.
If my company is a sole proprietorship and I registered with Revenue using my Social Security Number, will that number be sufficient to register as a Business Entity?
Yes, if you have registered with Revenue using your Social Security number, you may use that when registering with the Board. In addition, you will need to provide your last name.
What if my business does not have an FEIN, an IBT, or a social security number?
Please contact the Board at 217-782-4141 for assistance. Documentation will need to be submitted to verify that a business exists. Open and activate an account PRIOR to contacting the Board.
What happens if I create an account, but do not activate it by clicking on the link in the e-mail I receive?
If your account is not activated within 72 hours, it will be deleted and you will need to recreate your account.
What happens if I create an account, activate it by clicking on the link in the e-mail I receive, but then fail to enter a business?
If you do not add a business entity within 72 hours, the account will be deleted and you will need to recreate your account.
What if I plan to register for more than one business?
Only one business can be entered per account. In addition, when creating a user account, the ‘user name’ and the ‘e-mail address’ of the user must be unique. You cannot use the same ‘user name’ or the same ‘e-mail address’ on more than one account.
What if I don’t get the verification e-mail after I create my account?
Check to see if it may have been interpreted as SPAM, and as a result, was filtered out to a different location. If you are unable to locate it, please contact the Board. The e-mail address can be checked to make sure it is correct and another Activate e-mail may be sent.
Illinois Amber Alert
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
Freedom of Information Act
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS | <urn:uuid:7a8ca615-78ac-4f15-b268-9d0710be29e0> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.elections.il.gov/BusinessRegistration/BusinessRegistrationFAQ.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00035-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932402 | 2,198 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Plains storm chase forecast update No. 6: for April 16
Signals are showing in long-range models (GFS and Euro) for both a dominant western troughing pattern and in-place deep surface moisture to finally emerge by next week. This system, if it materializes as shown, would be worthy of the first Great Plains expedition(s) of the season. As the larger trough sits out west, it would be poised to send several "shortwave" impulses across the Plains, each which has the potential to produce an outbreak-type scenario.
GFS model 500mb winds forecast for Saturday, April 23
The only caveat I've noticed is for the tendency of the first incoming shortwave to fail to really "dig" southward, instead dealing a glancing blow to the southern Plains. That being said, at worst we'd be looking at a spatially smaller event biased more toward Nebraska. Even so, the general western troughing pattern is shown to persist afterward, "loading up" to send more impulses across the Plains. It's definitely a pattern that storm chasers like to see.
These new model forecasts have me fairly optimistic that the first Plains expedition will happen before the end of April. As with all model forecasts a week out, changes either good and bad are inevitable in future runs. However, consistency and agreement are on our side right now.
It turns out that the less-than-favorable system that is swinging through the Great Plains right now nonetheless produced a series of photogenic tornadoes in Colorado and the Oklahoma panhandle. I don't necessarily regret not chasing that one, as relatively few systems of this caliber will produce. I go on chase trips purely based on systems that show a high probability of seeing tornadoes. The lower-probability systems sometimes will produce, but one must chase a large number of them before you get one like Friday. I get my fill of the lower-probability systems right here at home in the Midwest year-round.
The following table charts the probability of a Great Plains chase expedition happening during several indicated date ranges in the near future:
|2016 Plains Chase Expeditions - Probabilities as of April 16| | <urn:uuid:707e1fc3-27e8-4d20-9929-a57acd3ef66a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://stormhighway.com/blog2016/april1616a.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00266-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947725 | 448 | 1.71875 | 2 |
FDR functions for permutation-based estimators, including pi0 as well as FDR confidence intervals. The confidence intervals account for dependencies between tests by the incorporation of an overdispersion parameter, which is estimated from the permuted data.
This method is designed to compute FDR when a permutation-based approach has been utilized. The objective here is to identify a subset of positive tests that have corresponding statistics with a more exteme distribution than the permuted results, which are assumed to represent the null. The significance of the subset is described in terms of the FDR and uncertainty in the FDR estimate by computing a confidence interval. Say a set of p-values(or simply a set of test statistics) were recorded for a set of hypothesis tests, and data were permuted B times with test results generated for each permutation. The function fdr_od() can be used to estimate FDR and and a confidence interval along with pi0, the proportion of true null hypotheses, given a selected significance threshold. The function fdrTbl()uses fdr_od() to create a table of results over a sequence of possible significance thresholds. Finally, the function FDRplot will plot results from fdrTbl(), facilitating the selection of a final significance threshold.
Maintainer: Joshua Millstein <email@example.com> Joshua Millstein
Millstein J, Volfson D. 2013. Computationally efficient permutation-based confidence interval estimation for tail-area FDR. Frontiers in Genetics | Statistical Genetics and Methodology 4(179):1-11. | <urn:uuid:3d459b2d-69a4-4441-a433-7ced095c04f3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://rdrr.io/cran/fdrci/man/fdrci-package.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00252-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854834 | 323 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Traditional recruitment methods still prevail
Traditional recruitment methods still prevail over social networking
As the economy moves into recovery, people are starting to consider their next career move and whether to follow traditional methods to seek employment or to experiment with increasingly popular social media websites.
It is now clear that social networking has become very much a mainstream activity for Internet users of all ages however, traditional recruitment methods still prevail. Tate, specialists in office recruitment, surveyed 400 people revealing that 70% of job seekers would always rely on recruitment agencies when applying for a job. This is despite Facebook having more than 300 million active users and LinkedIn recently celebrating its 45th million member.
Interestingly 30% of the sample surveyed by Tate would not solely rely on an agency for employment, suggesting that other platforms such as Facebook or LinkedIn would be utilised. | <urn:uuid:5ae764cd-1148-4fd5-bd39-7cdf8cd3ee32> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.recruitment-international.co.uk/blog/2009/12/traditional-recruitment-methods-still-prevail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00188-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971151 | 163 | 1.617188 | 2 |
1) The PA’s defense budget
The Palestinian Authority regularly complains about its budget woes. Nitzana Darshan-Leitner writes that the largest portion of the PA’s budget goes to defense:
Recently, the Palestinian Authority publicly revealed its new budget. In approving the 2013 fiscal plan, the Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas signed off on a startling $3.9 billion spending spree. What is fascinating, however, is not just the amount of money being destined for expenditures but rather the manner in which the PA is planning on allocating it.
Almost $1b., about 28 percent of the budget, will be spent on defense, compared to 16% for education and 10% for medical services. In other words, a bulk of the PA’s funds will not be used for schooling, health or infrastructure, but for procuring weapons and maintaining a massive military structure. A government which is not officially at war with Israel, and has no formal army, has somehow decided to invest all of its financial resources in militarization – at a time the US is asking it to continue with final settlement negotiations.
Apart from paying the salaries of 95% of “defense employees” in Hamas-ruled Gaza, the PA also uses its budget to strengthen its oppressive grip on the local population. Money is used to torment minorities, gays, women, and to indoctrinate schoolchildren with hateful rhetoric as well as to glorify terrorist attacks against Jews.
Maybe that’s to fight terror? Recently there’s been a rise in attempted abductions of Israeli soldiers, so maybe there’s a need to beef up the security services. However a recent poll shows Most Palestinians Want Security Cooperation with Israel Stopped:
Only one quarter (24.6%) of the Palestinian public opinion believes the Oslo Accords served the Palestinian national interests while one third (33.6%) thinks they have harmed them and another third (34.9%) considers them to have made no difference. Public opinion is especially critical of the security coordination between the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) and Israel. Only a third (33.8%) believes it to benefit the Palestinians while a majority of 55.4% wants to see it terminated even if this would lead to an increase of incursions by the Israeli army into Area A of the West Bank.
(The poll also shows widespread support for “non-violent” resistance against Israel. There are a number of other interesting findings in the poll too.)
2) UNESCO site damaged – by Hamas
The Palestinian Authority’s recent campaign to build public support included being accepted into membership of UNESCO. One of the reasons for this was to wage lawfare against Israel.
Following its admission to UNESCO, the Palestinian Authority is planning to pursue Israel legally in international forums for allegedly stealing Palestinian antiquities and changing the Arab and Islamic character of holy sites in Jerusalem, Palestinian officials said over the weekend.
“Now that we have joined UNESCO, we will take Israel to court for systematically destroying and forging Arab and Islamic culture in Jerusalem,” said Hatem Abdel Qader, former PA minister for Jerusalem affairs. “We are also seeking to file lawsuits against Israel in international courts and bodies for stealing Arab and Islamic antiquities and assaulting Islamic and Christian holy sites.”
I wonder how the PA (and the world!) will react to Hamas, which has just damaged a proposed UNESCO heritage site:
“Earlier last month, amid overwhelming criticism from public figures and nongovernmental organizations, the military wing of the Islamic movement of Hamas, Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, bulldozed a part of the ancient Anthedon Harbor in northern Gaza along the Mediterranean Sea. The Brigades damaged the harbor in order to expand its military training zone, which was initially opened on the location in 2002, according to Ejla.”
The Anthedon seaport dates back over 3,000 years and is considered one of the most important sites in the Middle East. It was designated an international heritage site by UNESCO in 2012. It contains mosaic floors with historical pillars from the Roman, Byzantine and Islamic ages. | <urn:uuid:b372d5ac-e0ea-4958-9545-138b3204f817> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.yourish.com/2013/04/16/17829 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00086-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950213 | 855 | 1.632813 | 2 |
This giant citrus fruit is native to Malaysia (where it still grows abundantly) and thought to be ancestor to the grapefruit. Like grapefruits, pomelos vary greatly in color, size and shape. They range from cantaloupe-size to as large as a 25-pound watermelon and have very thick, soft rind that can vary in color from yellow to pale yellowish-brown to pink. The light yellow to coral-pink flesh can vary from juicy to slightly dry and from seductively spicy-sweet to tangy and tart. The pomelo is also called shaddock after an English sea captain who introduced the seed to the West Indies. The French name for this fruit is It's also called Chinese grapefruit. Pomelos are available in the winter from produce markets and some farmer's markets. Choose fruit that is heavy for its size, blemish-free and sweetly fragrant. Store in the refrigerator for up to a week. Pomelos may be used in any way suitable for grapefruit. They're high in vitamin C and potassium. See also oro blanco.
From The Food Lover's Companion, Fourth edition by Sharon Tyler Herbst and Ron Herbst. Copyright © 2007, 2001, 1995, 1990 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. | <urn:uuid:def1e2d3-d9d8-4150-a7ef-33b21f5684d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.foodterms.com/encyclopedia/pomelo/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00006-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941386 | 268 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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