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There is a new version of the Early Childhood Benchmarks of Quality (ECBoQ) available in PBIS Assessment. Version 2.0 adds new language to evaluate family engagement in your program’s implementation, your use of data to drive decisions, and your commitment to equity in discipline practices. Wherever a question was vague in its criteria, there is now specific language to help teams determine whether the item is in place, partially in place, or not in place.
A paper copy of the ECBoQ version 2.0 is available to download here. If your program submitted an ECBoQ version 1.0 in PBIS Assessment, those survey results are available to review in Reports.
Here is a more detailed overview of the changes you will notice in the ECBoQ version 2.0:
- There are seven subscales now, down from the previous nine. There are also fewer items: 41 instead of 47.
- Establish Leadership Team Subscale: To better reflect the way families should be represented in PBIS implementation, a family member is now listed as a required member of the leadership team. A new question requires you program to have a discipline policy that eliminates the use of suspension and expulsion.
- Program-wide Expectations Subscale: A new question ensures families are engaged – along with staff – in creating expectations aligning with cultural norms and community values.
- The subscale scoring a school’s implementation of the Teaching Pyramid has been removed. The ECBoQ authors recommend assessing these practices using published classroom fidelity measures like the Teaching Pyramid Observation Tool.
- Professional Development and Staff Support Plan Subscale: Items related to professional development now specify evidence-based approaches to supporting teachers. A new item related to training staff in culturally responsive practices and addressing implicit bias has been added to this subscale.
- Procedures for Responding to Challenging Behavior Subscale: Items now reflect the need to implement evidence-based approaches and highlight the importance of culturally responsive practices.
- Monitoring Implementation and Outcomes: Items regarding the review of behavior incident data are more descriptive. The subscale now requires teams to analyze their data and identify potential issues of disciplinary bias. | <urn:uuid:8fbf8a53-de4e-446d-a54d-16a46769e926> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pbisapps.org/articles/the-early-childhood-benchmarks-of-quality-v2-0-whats-different | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.914134 | 445 | 2.078125 | 2 |
2015 is on track to being the hottest year on record. October Was Warmest Month Ever
October 2015 was the earth’s hottest month on record, according to a report published Wednesday by the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). The month also showed the greatest-ever recorded departure from average October temperatures, compared with data pulled since 1880, Weather Underground reported. The month also marks the second time global temperatures exceeded the historical average by more than 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit. The difference between temperatures in an average October and this year was attributed to climate change and the effects of El Niño.
The NCEI report noted that year-to-date global temperatures were 1.55 degrees Fahrenheit above the 20th-century average, meaning 2015 is on track to being the hottest year on record. | <urn:uuid:f456b207-56c0-4426-b067-696b433604a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://harboroughenergy.co.uk/2015-is-on-track-to-being-the-hottest-year-on-record-october-was-warmest-month-ever/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.955472 | 163 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The passing of “The Greatest”, Muhammad Ali, has triggered a flood of reminiscences by admirers from around the world. If you met him or were even just in his presence, those memories come back and his magnetic hold.
Muhammad Ali had been a hero of mine from when he was “Cassius Marcellus Clay, the prettiest fighter in the world today”. I just thought he was too cool and too exciting and that Sonny Liston was going to kill him. But that was based on the wishful thinking of white sportswriters and Cassius Clay “shocked the world” against Liston, shocked it again and kept shocking it in the years that followed.
His refusal to go in the Army, be stripped of the title in his boxing prime and give up millions of dollars in earnings on principle, made him a figure unlike any athlete we are familiar with today and can only be compared to the African-American singer, athlete and social activist Paul Robeson, blacklisted during the anticommunist hysteria of the 1950’s. When the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Ali and he began his comeback, just the mention of his name was pulse-quickening. Every word you could read about him was devoured. He was a heroic black man.
Joe Frazier was the reigning heavyweight champion and when the fight was announced it was universally hailed as “The Fight of the Century”, the biggest single sports event ever to be pay-per-view around the world.
At that time, I was working at my father’s film production company, William Greaves Productions, Inc., a mom-and-pop shop with offices on West 54th Street, above what later became Studio 54. We were doing films for the government, foundations and private industry when I took a call from Robin French, associated with an entity called Guts, Inc., and he asked if we’d be interested in producing a film on the Ali-Frazier fight in Madison Square Garden on March 8? I said we’d get back to him when my father came in.
And it really was consideration to take on the project. In fact, dad had recently left the Emmy-winning Black Journal series to concentrate on the work we already had at WGP, a film for H.E.W., From These Roots for Exxon (winner of over 20 international awards), and completing the feature-length Symbiopsychotaxiplasm Take One, which has become acclaimed some 45 years after its release.
Of course, we said yes and within days promoter Jerry Perenchio and his wife flew into New York, came by the office and took us to one of those restaurants where the waiters hovered around and Jerry’s cigars were brought to the table.
Greaves’ concept was to have three production crews simultaneously covering the camps of Ali, Frazier and the usually behind-the-scenes world of the promoters for the month leading up to the fight. For the fight itself, ours were the only film cameras allowed, and we had an unprecedented 12 cameras trained on the event, not counting the time lapse of the arena being readied.
After that dinner, things began to happen all at once, and even before production teams could be brought in, we were grabbing a camera and mike to shoot the circus that was the first press conference with Ali and Frazier, that now opens the film “The Fight”. Dad quickly scaled up the company, the first month’s filming was done, and on March 8th Madison Square Garden was the center of the universe and our trucks were rolling in through the security gates at 5am. I hadn’t slept much the night before and barely for the next 4 days.
The second time I personally saw Ali was about midday during our setting up when there was a call over the walkie-talkie that Ali was in the arena. I grabbed a Nagra recorder and a Sennheiser 805 shotgun microphone and ran up the stairs joining a cameraman already heading to where Ali was walking the upper aisles talking trash about Joe Frazier. As he was leaving, dad was on the walkie-talkie, “Did you get!? Did you get it!?” “We got it.”
Finally, the fight. After Round Two, over 30,000 ft. of 16mm film began coming in to be transported to the lab, printed, negative logged, print copy edited and synchronized with sound, negative cut, sound tracks mixed, negative blown up to 35 millimeters and prints shipped to theaters across the country by Friday.
It was an adrenaline-propelled week after the main event with ever-pressuring phone calls from the West Coast asking after the product, a shortened version of the fight itself. Finally, with the editing team having locked the picture, I was at the elevator when the door opened and dad stepped out holding a film can and said, “Where are you going?” I told him I was going home. “Oh no, my boy, I need you to edit this tape.” He had just come from the narration recording and he felt that sometimes the narrator’s inflections were a little too enthusiastic when Frazier landed a punch and he said that I’d know what to listen for in the different takes and he didn’t want anyone else to do it. And of course it was needed immediately at the mixing studio. The deadline was met, a neat trick at the time and the film opened as scheduled on Saturday morning.
I finally got to meet Ali at his camp in the Poconos. And just as the footage in the editing room was revealing, in person he was one of the quietest and most gracious people you would ever know. He showed us around the compound and I got to sit at the right hand of Muhammad Ali at his training table eating beef stew and dark bread. I can still scarcely believe it. It was one of those special times you put in a memory box with thanks. He really was “The Greatest”.
Note: We’re looking for a venue for a free screening of the rarely-shown long version of “The Fight”, a version we call the “Director’s Cut”. This is the one you can’t get online. | <urn:uuid:b893bdb7-c0a5-419e-ba2b-10e8a7e9bdfa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ourtimepress.com/muhammad-ali-leaves-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00344-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985162 | 1,324 | 1.71875 | 2 |
7 Obsolete Tech Devices You’ll Only Find In The Dictionary Published September 22, 2017 What life was like before Siri Once upon a time, not so very long ago, humanity was in awe of innovative devices like floppy disks, VHS tapes, and pagers. All of a sudden, people could watch movies at home or get information without trekking to the library. These are all things we take for granted today. If you’re incredulous to learn that people once depended on, say, answering machines, consider that one day your smartphone may also be something that’s only found in the dictionary. Pager In the 80s and 90s, when you were expecting a baby, dads-to-be were given “pagers” so they would never be out of reach. The wireless communication device, also known as a beeper, would issue an audible beep or vibration to let you know you had a message. By the 90s, these gadgets, often worn on belts, were becoming a blessing or a curse for businessmen (and some women), depending on whether you liked the idea of your boss being able to find you during lunch-breaks. Little did they know, that would only get worse in the 2000s. Thanks, cellphones. Answering machine Answering machines, which came into common use in the mid-1970s allowed you to be creative and devious. The device was connected to a landline phone for recording messages when you couldn’t—or didn’t want to—answer it. No surprise, parents complained they couldn’t get in touch with their kids, and many cowards broke up with their partners via the answering machine. Also, if you came home with guests, you had to think about whether you wanted them to hear your messages. Floppy disk Long before thumb drives and the cloud, “floppy disks” were lifesavers. These thin, flexible “floppies” were really the only way to back up your computer information and install a new program. (External hard drives were very expensive.) It took FOREVER to transfer small amounts of data, though we didn’t know better back then. But as the name implies, you had to be careful handling floppies so they didn’t get corrupted or bent. And the amount of information you could store on each was limited, so you accumulated lots of floppies. Most people took the time to label their floppies, and if you were organized, you had a file system. Dial-up modem Patience was the name of the game in the early days of internet access. To get online in the early 1990s, you needed a “dial-up modem”—short for “modulate-demodulate”—to connect your computer to your phone line, which, in turn, connected to another modem and computer. Modems were rated by speed, but by today’s standards, even fast modems were incredibly slow. It could take five or 10 minutes to connect and you had to endure a horrible screeching noise. Even more frustrating, it often didn’t work and you had to begin all over again. Slide rule Many students found these mechanical computing devices—used for multiplication and division, as well as for functions such as exponents, roots, logarithms and trigonometry—hard to learn. When electronic handheld calculators began to replace slide rules, some teachers didn’t allow them in the classroom. They considered them cheating. We know the happy ending to that story. PDA We know, PDA is short for “public display of affection.” But in the 1990s and early 2000s, “personal digital assistants” became our electronic secretaries. People depended on their PDA to manage appointments and to-do lists, and to keep notes. These electronic devices also had an address book for contacts and a calculator. Okay, they weren’t as helpful as Siri, but remember, this was before we had smartphones and Wi-Fi. Videotapes Before we watched movies at home on DVD or subscribed to streaming services for movies and television series, consumers used videocassette recorders (VCRs) and videotapes. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, two incompatible videotape formats—Betamax and Video Home System (VHS)—competed for dominance. It became known as the “format wars,” and VHS won. Clean out your attic or basement, and you may come across some Betamax relics. | <urn:uuid:1d0d4730-075c-499b-8942-6442a1793402> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dictionary.com/e/s/7-obsolete-tech-devices-parents-still-talk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.982524 | 951 | 2.25 | 2 |
MikroTik is a computer network manufacturer, based in Riga, Latvia. The company make a range of computer network products including the RouterBOARD range of routers. If you experience trouble with your RouterBOARD and need to return the device to its factory settings, you can reset it via the "Reset" button on the front of the device. This is useful if your RouterBOARD stops functioning correctly or you are installing the device on a new computer. You should allow approximately two minutes for this task.
- Skill level:
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Paper clip
Unfold the paper clip to form a thin wire.
Insert the paper clip into the hole marked "Reset" on the front of the RouterBOARD.
Remove the paper clip from inside the hole when the LED lights start flashing.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:1e31cffa-12d3-4a08-a1af-970468deab7f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_7211873_reset-mikrotik-routerboard.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00264-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88047 | 210 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Phildel -‘Disappearance Of The Girl’ (Decca)
Music isn’t made in a vacuum. It’s made in response to something, whether in response to or reaction against. Whilst singer-songwriters of both sexes and of whatever instrumentation can frequently be a turn-off, there’s really something beautiful and moving here.
According to the press release, Phildel’s step-father was a religious man who forbade music, so she came to know silence well, and discovered music at school during lunchtime (for such kids, it’s either there or the library), eventually breaking away from the household. It’s there when you glance at the album in the song titles alone: ‘Switchblade’ ‘Holes In Your Coffin’ ‘Funeral Bell’…no prisoners here.
And the end result is something really special. Normally phrases like ‘delicate’ and ‘unique’ ring alarm bells for me, but here, they really are accurate. And this is an artist who on this evidence deserves to be considered alongside the likes of Feist, Bat For Lashes and even Kate Bush, and a world away from the cloying coffee-table blandness that singer-songwriting so often is.
Disappearance Of The Girl is out now on Decca | <urn:uuid:33bbb064-9b31-4ac7-bc79-a166625b0f45> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://17seconds.co.uk/blog/2013/07/04/album-review-phildel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.938627 | 292 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Driving through the Arizona grasslands in search of quail, bunting, sparrows and longspurs; birds flushed from along the road to sit on rusty wire fences. The most common bird by far was the Vesper Sparrow. With those white tail flashes and its bouncing yo-yo flight it was easy to ID. One small flock of birds turned out not be sparrows but Horned Larks. Can you see it’s little horn trying to stick up? It was wonderful to see them in their grassy habitat, I had only ever seen a few of them in NJ in the dead of winter with Snow Buntings. | <urn:uuid:886db81d-fc18-4e80-87cb-e866a59ce2f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://behindthebins.wordpress.com/2008/10/14/bird-photography-weekly-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00499-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985131 | 133 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Columbia Waste Pickup City of Columbia Utilities Solid Waste Manager Steve Hunt ____ 573.874.city (2489) email@example.com. Solid Waste Administration 5700 Peabody Rd. Columbia, MO 65202 … yard waste collection: You can place yard waste on the street curb during your regular collection day. dr. micha Miller, a biology professor at Columbia College … Miller said that raising prices
But it does have some cool villains, particularly Steelheart who can fly, is super strong, nearly invulnerable, can incinerate people with energy bolts and rules one of the biggest cities in America …
Importance Of Customer Service In Healthcare A closer look at customer service in healthcare. The fact that the federal government is putting an emphasis on customer service in healthcare is important. Hospitals and healthcare providers may have considered patient satisfaction as more of a “nice-to-have” afterthought in the past. With todays affordable software, it has never been so important … hospitals
Waste Management Abq ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — Management at Albuquerque’s Solid Waste Department on Monday delayed trash and recycling collection after a longtime employee died at a city facility from what officials called an … To set up new service please notify Solid Waste Management by calling (505) 761-8100. Low Income Assistance Low-income assistance is available for homeowners through
A heat shield is a part of an object designed to protect the object from overheating by dissipating, reflecting or simply absorbing the heat. The term is most often used in reference to exhaust heat management and to systems for dissipation of heat due to friction.
Apr 03, 2019 · [3.6]? Dragon’s Breath Elementalist – Incinerate – From League Start to the End-Game annihilation ?
Time Traveler for incinerate. The first known use of incinerate was in 1555. See more words from the same year
Fluke, we love you but you’re killing us. SparkFun is forced to incinerate 2,000 multimeters because they are yellow.
Your fourth album, Incinerate, is about to drop — how has the style evolved … and how to make our voices heard at this time. Where does the name came from? It comes from a play on "telenovela." Our …
So “to be laid bare” here does not mean to “burn up” or “incinerate.” This is what Peter explains when he writes, “Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth in …
Englewood Waste Management Waste Management provides industry leading disposal and recycling solutions for your business or residence. columbia waste pickup City of columbia utilities solid waste manager steve Hunt ____ 573.874.city (2489) firstname.lastname@example.org. solid waste administration 5700 Peabody Rd. Columbia, MO 65202 … Yard Waste Collection: You can place yard waste on the street curb during your regular | <urn:uuid:e07b41df-6a9c-4264-8d5d-098078419fb0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://climbboston.org/what-does-incinerate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.89625 | 643 | 1.507813 | 2 |
EIGHT local farming women participated in the recent Liebe Group's Women in Ag networking and diversification tour through the Perth and Peel regions.
This project was supported by the Foundation for Rural and Regional Renewal (FRRR), with funding from the Australian government's Future Drought Fund.
Starting in Bibra Lake with long-time diamond partner CSBP, the first stop was at the CSBP soil and plant laboratory in Bibra Lake.
Running for more than 50 years, the soil and plant lab conducts more than one million soil tests and more than 100,000 plant samples per year.
The women were able to view the soil testing process, from drying and tumbling, to extracting and analysing a small sample.
The also visited another Liebe Group partner's plant breeding facility at InterGrain, for a look at the long process of breeding new wheat, barley and oat varieties.
Taking up to 10 years, the breeding process starts in a glasshouse and goes through many years of quality control before finally being launched and available to growers.
With drought resilience and diversification being a key component of the trip, the second day saw the bus stop at Drakesbrook Wines for a tour of the family-owned and operated vineyard.
In January 2016, Drakesbrook lost everything to fire.
They are slowly rebuilding their stores and continue to grow French and Spanish varieties which are suitable for their soil and climate.
Using only sulphur on the vines, Drakesbrook Wines encourage chickens to roam around the plants for natural fertiliser.
The next stop was with Blythe Calnan, at Runnymede Farm, where Ms Calnan, and her husband, have implemented a regenerative farming system with intensive rotational grazing for their cattle and chickens.
With more than 2000 chickens, their rotational systems sees the cattle moved daily with the chickens following no later than three days afterwards.
With a broad range of soil types, Runnymede Farm is making use of the nutrients already onsite, and has not applied nitrogen in more than three years.
This has proven beneficial for the fungi and bacteria found in the soil profile and is continuing to improve.
Ms Calnan said it was great to have the Liebe women visit to share information, ideas and discuss issues facing all farming families.
"In the household, the business, the community and industry representation the contribution of women to the success and resilience of rural Australia is absolutely critical," Ms Calnan said.
The final stop for day two was with Hall Family Farm which is hosting its fifth genetration.
With seven different breeds, the dairy has 180 cows in its commercial herd and 10 french Normandy cows for their specialty cheese, Halls Suzette, which the group were lucky enough to taste and purchase.
Using collars on each animal, the Halls are able to track the distance cows travel, animal health, fertility timing and more to ensure the safety and wellbeing of the herd.
Finishing off the tour, the group visited Patane Produce for a tour through its main facility.
Operating for 27 years, Patane Produce started with potatoes, carrots and onions and has recently added broccoli to the rotational mix.
The business is heavily regulated for water use and is affected by salinity, and nothing goes to waste with scraps being fed to the cattle.
With a pre-COVID staff of more than 80, Patane Produce is involved with the Pacific Labour Scheme and is able to employ staff from Vanuatu as needed to assist with the operational side of the business.
Daily irrigation, weekly sprays and fertilisers are required to ensure supply is maintained.
The group was able to view the process from quality control to packing and loading onsite to company trucks before produce was shipped to Coles and Woolworths.
Such a tour would not have been possible without support from FRRR and the Future Drought Fund, Liebe Group partners CSBP and InterGrain and all the small businesses which allowed the group to visit.
Sign up for our newsletter to stay up to date. | <urn:uuid:082b3db7-032d-4f3e-ad38-99af49586123> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.farmweekly.com.au/story/7844977/liebe-group-women-get-out-and-about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.961539 | 868 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Salisbury gave this erica the specific name 'jasminiflora' (jasmine-like
flowers) which more than adequately describes its beautiful porcelain-pink
flowers. Erica jasminiflora was cultivated in Britain as
long ago as 1796 from seed gathered at Caledon by Francis Mason.
This means that this erica is 'in danger of extinction and its survival
is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating.' Its numbers
have been reduced to a critical level and its habitats have been
so drastically reduced that it is deemed to be in immediate danger
Erica jasminiflora forms an erect spindly shrub growing up
to 600 mm high. It produces thin, sparsely arranged, twiggy branches
at the tips of which are produced three or four beautiful jasmine-like
The flowers are narrowly tubular, about 32 mm long, displaying
a slight swelling at the throat before ending in broad, star-shaped
sticky flowers vary in colour from white to pale rose with deeper
red veins along the tube. The leaves are very small and closely
arranged around thin, wiry stems. This species is spectacular in
flower, but is inconspicuous in its habitat when not flowering.
Erica jasminiflora was once common on the Swartberg near
Caledon and the hills around the town. It grows in dry fynbos and
renosterveld at an altitude of approximately 200 m in the hard,
gravely, reddish soils overlying clay that has been derived from
shale. It is exposed to very harsh, hot and windy summer conditions
with temperatures regularly exceeding 30º C. The habitat of
this plant has been severely reduced due to agricultural practices
such as wheat farming, construction of a road and fires. This species
only remains in a very small area near Shaw's Mountain and probably
amounts to less than 100 plants.
jasminiflora is a small, slow-growing, woody species that reproduces
well after fire.
This species flowers from November to March. Its sticky flowers
is are a deterrent to bees and other insects that seek to rob it
of nectar by biting holes in the side of the corolla and thereby
not pollinating the flower. Flies of the Nemestrinidae and Tabanidae
families may act as pollinators as they are able to probe for nectar
with their long proboscises using the non-sticky flower lobes as
landing platforms, or by hovering during the process.
Growing Erica jasminiflora
Seed of this species is hard to come by and recorded to be difficult
to germinate. This may be because these records were made before
smoke treatment of certain fynbos families improved germination
rates dramatically. Seed is not collected from the wild population
as this will be detrimental to the survival of the natural population.
Erica jasminiflora roots easily from tip or heel cuttings,
which are taken in autumn or spring. The cuttings are treated with
a rooting hormone used to root semi-hardwood cuttings and placed
in a rooting medium consisting of equal parts of 6 mm milled pine
bark and polystyrene balls. Multi-compartment trays are preferable
as they provide better drainage. The cuttings are placed on heated
propagation beds providing bottom heat averaging 25º C. Rooting
is relatively slow, taking about six to eight weeks to initiate.
The cuttings are removed to a hardening off bench when the roots
have developed enough to sustain the new plant. They may be carefully
planted out a few weeks later into a potting medium made for fynbos
plants. A suitable potting medium consists of equal parts acid river
sand, composted pine bark or pine needles and 20% loam by volume.
No manure or chemical fertilizer should be added.
Erica jasminiflora grows well in pots and is reasonably
hardy. The only problem experienced at Kirstenbosch is tip dieback,
which is restricted to very limited parts of the plant and does
not result in death of the whole plant. These dead sections should
be cut away whenever they occur. Regular pruning is recommended
to produce a more branched pot subject. Plants survive in garden
situations if they are planted in sunny and well-drained areas such
as rockeries. Mulching with wood chips or compost is recommended
to keep the surface cool.
Plant of this species will be available for sale at the Kirstenbosch
Garden Fair 8-9 March 2003.
In situ conservation
The last remaining population on Shaw's Pass has been monitored
for a number of years. This monitoring has shown a dramatic decline
in the population since the 1970's. In 1977, 150 plants were counted.
The population dropped to 50 plants in 1981, 15 in 1982, 11 in 1983,
1 in 1984 and the sole survivor was reported dead in 1985. Part
of the population was destroyed by the construction of a road. A
fire started to create grazing for sheep, spread and destroyed more
plants. The area was fenced off in the 1970's and attempts to resurrect
the population through appropriate burn management and reseeding
failed. The species was thought to be extinct until 1980 when seedlings
appeared after an accidental fire. These plants flowered and produced
seed. Another fire swept through the area, but more seedlings appeared
and about 100 plants have been counted in this natural population
which amounts to less than one hectare. The land on which the plant
occurs belongs to the Caledon Divisional Council and was leased
to Cape Nature Conservation for a number of years. In 1992 Nature
Conservation did not renew the lease and it became known that the
new leaseholder was planning to develop part of the site.
When these plans became known, the South African Botanical Society
and the Caledon Wildflower Society lobbied the Caledon Divisional
Council and Cape Nature Conservation about the conservation importance
of the site. In addition to Erica jasminiflora, an endangered
species of Proteaeaceae, Leucadendron cryptocephalum also
occurs in the area. The proposal was that Cape Nature Conservation
would purchase the site and manage it as a nature reserve. Protracted
negotiations with the local authorities in Caledon have thus far
not resulted in progress in this direction. In the meantime the
site burnt again in 2002. The efforts of local conservation bodies
such as the Caledon Wildflower Society need to be supported by the
local authorities and by conservation bodies if this species is
to be secured in its habitat.
Ex situ conservation
Plants are grown at Kirstenbosch in their pot collection of rare
ericas and some are planted in the garden for display. A nursery
in Caledon that specializes in growing fynbos also grows plants
successfully. Nursery grown plants might ultimately be the only
means of survival for this species.
- GOLDBLATT, P.& MANNING, J. 2000. Cape plants. A conspectus
of the Cape flora of South Africa. National Botanical Institute,
Cape Town and Missouri Botanical Garden.
- EMANOIL, M. (ed.). 1994. Encyclopaedia of endangered species:
1136. IUCN, The World Conservation Union, Detroit.
- HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 1996. Threatened Ericaceae in southern Africa.
Yearbook of the Heather Society. pages 7 - 16.
- HILTON-TAYLOR, C. 1996. Red Data List of southern African plants.
Strelitzia 4. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- SCHUMANN, D., KIRSTEN, G. & OLIVER, E.G.H. 1992. Ericas
of South Africa. Fernwood Press, Vlaeberg, Cape Town.
- OLIVER,E.G.H. pers. comm.
- HANEKOM, ADRIAAN (Caledon Fynbos Nursery) pers. comm.
Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden | <urn:uuid:d60b43f3-531c-4a19-a034-f51c3e1b2022> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/ericajasmin.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00137-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918759 | 1,761 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The yellow, orange, red or black fruits of a pepper plant (Capsicum annuum) can brighten the dismal, dark days of February. Whether you're growing an ornamental pepper, such as "Black Pearl" or "Purple Flash," or a garden variety such as "Mini Bell" or "Chile Pequin," the plant requires the same care indoors. Peppers are native to the tropical Americas, thriving in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 through 11. Generally grown in the garden as annuals, these tender perennials thrive indoors in warm, brightly lit windows and sunrooms.
Place the pepper plant in a brightly lit window where it receives direct sun for six to eight hours daily. During the dark days of February, an additional light source may be necessary. Install a hanging light with a cool white florescent bulb directly above the pepper plant, within 4 inches of the foliage.
Put a thermometer next to the pepper plant and monitor the temperature. Pepper plants are tender perennials and need warm temperatures to thrive. Keep the room above 60 degrees Fahrenheit at night and 70 degrees or above during the day.
Water the pepper plant when the soil is dry to the touch. Add lukewarm water until it drains from the bottom of the flowerpot.
Install a warm steam humidifier next to the pepper plant to add humidity to the air. Pepper plants are tropical plants and require warm, moist air to thrive indoors.
Fertilize the pepper plant once during February -- once monthly while it's indoors -- with a 20-20-20 liquid fertilizer formulated for houseplants. Mix 1 tablespoon concentrate with 1 gallon of water and apply to the soil after watering the plant.
Things You Will Need
- Hanging light
- Cool white florescent bulb
- Warm steam humidifier
- 20-20-20 liquid fertilizer
- Measuring spoon
- 1 gallon container
- Lamp timer (optional)
- Use a lamp timer to turn the hanging lamp on and off, keeping the pepper plant in bright light for up to 12 hours a day.
- Pinch back the branches as needed to keep the pepper plant from outgrowing the space available.
- Keep the pepper plant and its fruits out of reach of children and pets. Most ornamental pepper plants produce extremely hot peppers that may burn the mouth, eyes and skin.
- Keep fertilizers out of reach of children and pets.
- Don't allow the flowerpot to stand in water. The pepper plant won't tolerate wet feet; if the roots rot, the plant will die.
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Capsicum Annuum
- Monrovia: Black Pearl Ornamental Pepper
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Capsicum Annuum "Purple Flash"
- Smart Gardener: Peppers: Mini Bell Blend
- Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center: Capsicum Annuum L.
- Harvest to Table: Peppers Planting: Easy Steps to a Bumper Crops
- Texas A&M University AgriLife Extension: House Plants
- Neptune's Harvest Organic Fertilizer: Directions for Fish, Blend and Seaweed Liquids
- IT Stock Free/Polka Dot/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:30eb01c5-6fa2-47d0-83d5-8485b8f49be2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/care-tender-pepper-plants-indoors-february-74279.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00188-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853824 | 665 | 3.21875 | 3 |
“Every kilowatt hour saved saves the gas storage tanks,” the mayor’s office said in a press release on Wednesday.
It is the first city in Germany to switch to cold showers in public buildings, making hot water unavailable for hand washing and other uses in government facilities, gyms and swimming pools.
The city, located in the northwest of the country, will also reduce heating in public buildings and stop lighting public buildings at night. Hanover will also shut down public fountains.
“The goal is to reduce our energy consumption by 15%,” said Mayor Belit Onay. “This is a response to the impending gas shortage, which is a major challenge for municipalities – especially for a large city like Hanover.”
“The situation is unpredictable, as the past few days have shown,” he added. “Nevertheless, the capital is trying to prepare as best as possible.”
Across the European Union, member states are trying to conserve and store gas for the winter, and on Tuesday energy ministers agreed in principle to cut gas consumption by 15% from August to March. The bloc has tried to quickly phase out Russian gas imports since Moscow invaded Ukraine in late February, and has pledged to end its dependency completely by 2027.
Germany, the bloc’s largest economy, has traditionally relied on Russian gas to power its homes and businesses. The country has managed to cut Moscow’s share of its gas imports from 55% since the start of the war.
Last month, Russian state energy giant Gazprom cut power through the Nord Stream 1 pipeline by 60%, blaming the West for withholding vital equipment due to sanctions.
The move prompted Germany to declare a “gas crisis” and activate the second phase of its three-phase gas emergency program, bringing it one step closer to rationing supplies to industry.
Earlier this week, Gazprom again cut deliveries through the pipeline to just 20% of its capacity, citing maintenance work.
— Anna Cooban, Nadine Schmidt and Mark Thompson reported. | <urn:uuid:3291247b-05ff-4f26-ab13-5e03d020a888> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://go2newshub.com/cold-showers-and-no-light-how-a-german-city-is-waging-the-russian-energy-struggle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.968241 | 428 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Also find me on...
Do you know you can create a website using WordPress in 5 minutes?
I’m not joking. It’s that simple…
Any WordPress users can attest to that.
Once your domain and web host has been set up properly, you are ready to install WordPress onto your site.
The installation process takes a few settings. The rest is automatic and takes less than a minute.
Once the installation process in complete, your site is live!
You are now ready to log into your new WordPress site and add your content.
Before we jump right into how to create a website using WordPress, here’s my little rave about why I loved WordPress so much…
Today, about 15% of the websites online are built using WordPress and the numbers are growing.
Do you know big sites such as New York Times and CNN built their sites on WordPress too?
All of my sites are created using WordPress as well, simply because…
- It’s easy to install.
- It’s user-friendly.
- It’s highly customizable.
- It’s observed to rank better in search engines
- It’s FREE!
I love it. Once you watch the video below, and my subsequent WordPress Tutorials, you’ll agree…. 😛
How To Create A Website Using WordPress
There are a couple ways to install WordPress onto your new site.
The first method is to download the WordPress installer from WordPress.org.
WordPress has a very detailed guide on how to install the downloaded software. Follow their step-by-step guide and you’ll be fine.
Personally, I still find this method tedious, although it’s already very easy.
I’m the lazy Internet Entrepreneur, remember? Work smart. 😉
There’s even a simpler method which I used in the video below.
The second method is to install WordPress via your cPanel. If you are using popular web hosts like HostGator or BlueHost, the WordPress Installer is available via their cPanel.
Here’s a quick step-by-step guide on how to create a website using WordPress via your cPanel:
1. Log into your web host cPanel. The cPanel URL should be given to you after signing up with your web host.
2. Locate the Fantastico icon (HostGator/BlueHost/Web Hosting Hub) within cPanel. In some web host, it may be Softaculous.
3. Select WordPress on the Fantastico/Softaculous page.
4. Fill in the details and install WordPress on your site. Your new site is now live!
One last thing, not all web host have the same set up as the one in my video. Having said that, most big web hosting companies use cPanel and their cPanel interface should be somewhat similar.
If you cannot locate the WordPress installer on your cPanel, write to your web host company and ask whether they have a WordPress installation module in their cPanel. Sometimes, all it takes is to ask the right people. 🙂
We’ve come the end of my 4-part mini tutorials on Website Creation (Click the link to review any past tutorials from this series).
In my later posts, I am going to show you how to configure your new WordPress site as well as how to publish your content in the WordPress tutorials.
Remember to check back often to look out for new posts.
You can also subscribe to my newsletter on the right and be notified whenever a new WordPress tutorial or posts related to Internet Marketing is published.
Hope you’ve learned something.
Leave me a comment and let me know if I missed out anything.
And don’t forget to share this with your friends using the social buttons below. | <urn:uuid:3863a55d-922b-4770-a59b-a58f9878ee5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://chiujinghong.com/how-to-create-a-website-using-wordpress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00523-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872779 | 804 | 1.515625 | 2 |
The Lantern Festival is without a doubt my favorite festival—ever, in the world. I'm not even sure why. It's not star-studded. It's not particularly big. It's not in the warmest conditions.
But damn it if it's not the prettiest thing.
The pathways of the Chinese Gardens are lit up at nightfall, illuminating hundreds of lanterns scattered around the pond. Some are animal-shaped, others are human-shaped, and together they create this amazing scenery that seems to have traveled halfway across the world. Which isn't that far from the truth, technically. The lanterns are designed by Chinese artists in China and assembled in Montreal over the summer.
If you are visiting Montreal in the fall, this event is a must-do.
Until November 3rd at the Montreal Botanical Gardens. | <urn:uuid:045cd8d3-bb7b-4752-85ae-4d16472d3237> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.afar.com/places/jardin-botanique-montreal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719566.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00261-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957869 | 173 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Copyright 2001 Newhouse News Service
All Rights Reserved
Newhouse News Service
November 2, 2001 Friday
LENGTH: 1539 words
HEADLINE: Police Use of Voice Stress Analysis Generates Controversy
BYLINE: By MARGIE WYLIE; Margie Wylie can be contacted at margie.wylie(at)newhouse.com
Police departments across the country are buying the controversial Computer Voice Stress Analyzer, which its manufacturer claims can tell when a person is lying merely by the sound of his voice. When a suspect speaks, a computer program "listens" for minute vocal shifts that, in theory, indicate stress.
The technology's critics, citing government and university research, say the CVSA is little more than an electronic Ouija board with accuracy rates to match. At best, they say, voice stress analysis scares suspects into confessions; at worst, it can incriminate the innocent. CVSA results aren't admissable in most courts, under the same Supreme Court decisions that generally bar polygraph evidence.
Even so, police officers love it. Cheaper and faster than the polygraph, the CVSA can be operated with a few days' training and without the need to "wire up" a suspect. It can also be used in the field, covertly, and on tape recordings, according to the National Institute for Truth Verification of West Palm Beach, Fla., its manufacturer.
Between 1999 and 2000, NITV added 100 new customers. So far in 2001, NITV officials say nearly 300 police departments have bought at least one CVSA. Some have bought several, and nearly all "have put their polygraph on the shelf," said David Hughes, a retired police captain and executive director of the company.
Originating from a Cold War military project, voice stress analysis was first commercialized in the early 1970s.
NITV, founded in 1986, has a virtual lock on the law-enforcement market,according to both the company and its critics. It has sold its $10,000 CVSA to more than 1,100 police departments and trained more than 4,200 CVSA operators at about $1,300 each, Hughes said.
The company's Web site is replete with testimonials and success stories. One Alabama police department is said to have solved a murder case 14 years cold by re-interviewing the main suspect with the CVSA. The suspect had previously taken four polygraphs given by three different examiners, all inconclusive. Confronted with three failed voice stress tests, he broke down and confessed.
Researchers counter that nothing in 30 years of studies proves that voice stress analysis works, either generally or in the specific case of the CVSA.
"Voice stress analysis is a fraud. It has zero validity," said David T. Lykken, a psychology professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis and author of the book "A Tremor in the Blood: Uses and Abuses of the Lie Detector."
A 1996 Department of Defense Polygraph Institute study of the CVSA found that the device performs no better than chance in detecting deception. In other words, guessing or flipping a coin would be as accurate as the test. Based on this study, the Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation do not use voice stress tests.
Vincent Sedgwick says he was arrested in a rape case because of the test. In 1996, the Henderson, Nev., man had never heard of a voice stress lie detector. But, eager to clear himself of suspicion, he took the test, and failed.
"When we're done with the machine, (the examiner) tells me it looks like I'm lying," Sedgwick said. "I was shocked. I had 100 percent faith it would clear me. It didn't dawn on me until later that this thing is a sham."
Henderson police said in court filings that the arrest was based on evidence other than the CVSA results. Sedgwick was accused of being a lookout while a rape took place, but a judge threw out the charge for lack of evidence. But the 35-year-old juvenile probation officer remains shaken by the experience.
Terry Bowler, the department's public information officer, said that Henderson police no longer use the CVSA a development he chalked up primarily to cost-cutting, but which he acknowledged was colored by the experience with Sedgwick.
"What people need to understand is that it's a dangerous device," said Ian Christopherson, a Las Vegas attorney who defended Sedgwick and who later filed an unsuccessful civil rights suit on Sedgwick's behalf.
Christopherson cited a 1998 case in Escondido, Calif., in which police used the CVSA to elicit confessions from Michael Crowe, then 14, and two teena-age friends in the stabbing murder of Crowe's 12-year-old sister, Stephanie.
On the eve of the teens' trial, the charges were dropped. The victim's blood was found spattered on the clothing of Richard Tuite, a transient who had been pounding on neighborhood doors the night of the murder.
In a 1999 civil rights suit against San Diego County, prosecutors and detectives, and NITV, the boys' families said the CVSA not only had focused the investigation on the teens and away from Tuite, but had played a central role in extracting confessions that proved to be false.
Tuite has never been charged, said Denise Vedder, public affairs officer for the San Diego County district attorney. The civil suit is on hold pending the outcome of the murder investigation, according to court documents.
Bill Endler, a retired police chief and director of international operations for NITV, declined to comment on the Crowe case.
NITV's marketing materials claim a 98 percent accuracy rate for the CVSA, but company officials acknowledge that the figure is based on anecdotes from satisfied customers and not independent research.
Hughes dismissed anti-CVSA research as "parlor games" engineered by polygraphists who are losing jobs to the voice stress test. The studies don't work, he said, because research subjects aren't in jeopardy of losing their freedom or their lives. Such jeopardy, he said, is the key.
But critics say the device doesn't detect lies in the field, either.
Polygraphs already use at least three different measures of stress. "If voice worked, we could just add that measure into the mix," said Frank Horvath, past president of the American Polygraph Association and a professor in the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University, who has researched voice stress analysis for three decades.
Instead, "detectives are using (voice stress tests) in policing as a ploy to get people to confess," Horvath said.
Lykken agreed, pointing out that police for years have coaxed confessions from suspects with fake lie detectors, even pressing photocopying machines and police radios into service in the ploy. The CVSA is just one more ruse, he said.
"That's just ludicrous," Hughes replied. Police "can extract a confession without buying a $10,000 device."
Police interviewed agreed that getting confessions is the CVSA's main appeal. "There are a lot of confessions that happen before we start the test. Sometimes we never have to even open it. It's very nice, very nice," said CVSA operator Detective Sgt. Stephen Odom of the Berkeley (Calif.) Police Department's Youth Services Detail.
CVSA operators are taught to persuade suspects that the test is accurate. As Odom put it: "What matters isn't reality, but that person's perception of reality."
Critics, however, worry that police, not just suspects, begin to believe in the device. "A cop who has gotten 20 bona fide confessions on this thing is going to start to believe it is 100 percent accurate," said Christopherson, Sedgwick's lawyer.
NITV says the CVSA works by detecting and charting an inaudible "microtremor" in the voice. Truthful statements produce a peaked pattern,while stress, or lies, produce a flattened top. A 1981 study published in the Journal of Forensic Sciences, however, could not detect voice microtremors, much less correlate them with stress or lying.
"What people are looking for is an easy solution," said Darren Haddad, an electronics engineer who studies voice stress analysis for the Air Force Research Lab Information Directorate in Rome, N.Y., which researches and acquires technology for the Air Force.
Haddad, in a 2000 study, found that two commercial analyzers were accurate in detecting stress, but couldn't differentiate between stress caused by anger, fear, lying or just needing a bathroom break.
According to the lab, NITV declined to join that test, which was conducted with the National Institute of Justice, the research and development branch of the U.S. Department of Justice. NITV also blocked the lab's efforts to obtain the CVSA through a local police department, Haddad said.
Hughes said the company was wary of researchers after the 1996 Defense Department study. The CVSA failed in that study, he said, because the company's recommendations for testing were ignored.
Haddad's most recent study found that volume pitch, and several other voice characteristics can indicate overall stress, and that the greater the number of voice measures used, the more accurately stress was detected.
Horvath, Haddad and others acknowledge that there may some day be a reliable way to screen people's voices for stress caused by lying. But so far, they have not found it.
Meanwhile, the CVSA continues to sell to police departments across the country mostly by word of mouth, said Hughes.
"One sells two and two sells four and so on," he said. "Our business has grown exponentially."
LOAD-DATE: November 5, 2001
1. Log on to LEXIS. Using the Combined Federal and State Case Law database, search for case law on the admissibility of voice stress analysis evidence.
Run the following search: voice stress analysis
2. Select the case Barrel of Fun, Inc. v. State Farm.
3. Return to your original list of cases. Select the case United States v. Traficant.
4. Select the database State Cases, Combined Courts.
5. Log off LEXIS and log on to WESTLAW. Examine the directory (tap at the top of the screen) and the list of "default" databases WESTLAW gives you on the opening screen. | <urn:uuid:391e9125-afcf-4553-a917-6720490f5873> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://faculty.law.lsu.edu/ccorcos/researchmethodscoursematerials/voicestressanalysisstory.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00378-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963439 | 2,208 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Flaneuse: Women Walk the City in Paris, New York, Tokyo, Venice and London
*Shortlisted for the PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay*
Selected as a Book of the Year 2016 by the Financial Times , Guardian , New Statesman , Observer , The Millions and Emerald Street
'Flaneuse [ flanne-euhze ], noun, from the French. Feminine form of flaneur [ flanne-euhr ], an idler, a dawdling observer, usually found in cities.
That is an imaginary definition.'
If the word flaneur conjures up visions of Baudelaire, boulevards and bohemia - then what exactly is a flaneuse ?
In this gloriously provocative and celebratory book, Lauren Elkin defines her as 'a determined resourceful woman keenly attuned to the creative potential of the city, and the liberating possibilities of a good walk'. Part cultural meander, part memoir, Fla neuse traces the relationship between the city and creativity through a journey that begins in New York and moves us to Paris, via Venice, Tokyo and London, exploring along the way the paths taken by the flaneuses who have lived and walked in those cities.
From nineteenth-century novelist George Sand to artist Sophie Calle, from war correspondent Martha Gellhorn to film-maker Agnes Varda, Flaneuse considers what is at stake when a certain kind of light-footed woman encounters the city and changes her life, one step at a time.
Earn By Promoting Books
Earn money by sharing your favourite books through our Affiliate programme.Become an Affiliate | <urn:uuid:6239cf01-b65e-4a8b-96bb-a12fe8f2be85> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://uk.bookshop.org/books/flaneuse-women-walk-the-city-in-paris-new-york-tokyo-venice-and-london/9780099593379?aid=14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.873892 | 368 | 1.9375 | 2 |
JORG have provided you with free training plans to help you with your training for the City2Surf. Whether you’re a beginner, intermediate or advanced runner there's something for everyone.
Training Plan Terms Explained
w/up: Warm Up, should always be a very easy pace and you should be able to easily hold a conversation.
c/down: Cool Down, should always be a very easy pace and you should be able to easily hold a conversation.
Easy Runs: Faster than your warm up or cool down pace at approximately 60% - 70% effort, you should still be able to have a conversation.
Steady Pace: Breathing becomes more difficult and you’d no longer be able to hold a conversation, approximately 70 - 80% effort.
On/Off efforts: On/off efforts are when you run a solid, hard pace approximately 80 - 90% effort (On) for a set period time, this is then followed by an easy pace jog or walk which is a recovery period (Off) for the same duration.
Continuous Progressive Runs: These are continuous runs but the pace will change for a set period of time through the duration of the run. | <urn:uuid:e4c43477-2668-4351-9c3c-b6520626312c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://city2surf.com.au/training-plans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00241-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946657 | 248 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Your Family Dentist In Coaldale
A visit to the dentist can be a scary time to a child, which is why our team at Coaldale Dental Centre strives to make our office as child-friendly as we can. Our waiting room is also equipped with a separate play area for kids, including a TV, colouring books, and other fun activities. Parents can keep an eye on their kids through the window while they wait for the dentist to call them in.
Convenient Location For After School Appointments
Making it to the dentist after picking your kids up from school, especially if the school and dental office are in different cities, can be a major chore. Our clinic is conveniently located near schools in the area, allowing our patients to make it to their appointment without having to rush home first. We look forward to helping our patients and their families achieve better oral health — call our office to book your next dentist appointment.
When Should I Schedule My Child’s First Dental Visit?
An early start to dental care will show your child that a visit to the dentist is a regular part of their health care.
The first visit to the dentist your child experiences should be a positive one. Visiting before any problems develop is recommended so that your child has an easier time adjusting to the routine. If you suspect a problem with your child’s dental health, take them to a dentist as soon as possible.
It is important that your child is relaxed. If you are a nervous dental patient, we recommend that your spouse or another family member take your child to their appointment. A child may become nervous if he or she senses that you are nervous, too. Reassure your child about the positive aspects of going to the dentist while avoiding phrases like “it won’t hurt” or “don’t be scared.”
An early start to dental care at home is also highly recommended. Even before your child’s teeth come in, start cleaning their mouth with a soft damp cloth. When your child’s first tooth appears, continue cleaning with a soft toothbrush. Limiting sugary treats and focusing on healthy food choices is a great way to start your child’s oral health care on the right path. | <urn:uuid:f124d6e6-24c7-476c-b08c-09dfbfe87110> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://coaldaledental.com/kids-corner/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.963722 | 467 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Some iconic downtown buildings will serve not only as a backdrop for the Houston Art Car Parade this Saturday, but will have a starring role in one of the cars.
Arts Brookfield has created a brightly colored art car out of a 1993 Mitsubishi Expo that features some of Brookfield Office Properties’ downtown buildings. Doug Bailey, a lock shop manager for Brookfield and artist, created replicas as tall as 63 inches of Heritage Plaza, One Allen Center, Two Allen Center, Three Allen Center and 1600 Smith. Engineers Oscar Silva and Roger Cornelius helped construct 1600 Smith. Robynn Sanders, an art car veteran, painted the car.
The not yet assembled Arts Brookfield car is on display in the lobby of Brookfield’s Total Plaza at 1201 Louisiana. The buildings will be affixed to the top of the car on Friday, when it will be moved to Allen Center for the Legendary Art Car Ball, said Terri Diraddo, arts and events manager for Brookfield.
Arts Brookfield, which is sponsoring the ball, will open up the courtyard between One and Two Allen Center for displaying art cars, which will also line the streets. Arts Brookfield is the cultural arm of Brookfield Office Properties. See story here for more on their work in Houston.
Look for car number 13 in the parade on Saturday. If you happen to be at Allen Parkway and Bagby, you can examine the Aztec-style top Heritage Plaza in person and on the car. | <urn:uuid:da855e43-d5de-4cbc-a8d6-ff5ff9911182> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.chron.com/primeproperty/2014/05/brookfield-office-properties-downtown-buildings-to-star-in-houston-art-car-parade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00489-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937805 | 305 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Gitcoin: 11) Use a Tron Wallet to Execute a Smart Contract Call
blockchain, interoperability, CKB, TRON, Ethereum
This task is capped at maximum 125 submissions; so be in the first 125 valid submissions to get your payout!
# 11. Use a Tron Wallet to Execute a Smart Contract Call
You can't deploy an Ethereum smart contract on Nervos and then have Tron users interact with it, can you? Yes, you can!
In this tutorial you will install a Tron wallet, and then make a function call to the Ethereum smart contract that you previously deployed on the Nervos' [Layer 2](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/blob/master/src/conceptual-explainers/structure.md#layer-1--layer-2) [Testnet](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/tree/master/src/conceptual-explainers/structure.md#mainnet--testnet--devnet). We will show you how Nervos' flexibility can be used to allow your dapp to support wallets from other blockchain ecosystems, and allow their users to interact with Ethereum smart contracts even though they were never designed to do so.
## Task Instructions
> Note: Before starting the tasks, it is recommended that you review the [Task Submission](#task-submission) section so you know what materials you will need to provide to judges to review your task submission.
The general flow for this task is as follows:
1. Create and fund a Layer 1 CKB account.
2. Install a Tron Wallet and create a Tron account.
3. Create and fund a Nervos Layer 2 account using your Tron account.
4. Prepare and deploy a Solidity smart contract to Nervos Layer 2.
5. Use the example code to make a smart contract call using your Tron account.
Some of these steps were completed in previous tasks, and you can reuse that work so you don't have to do it again. We'll point this out in the steps whenever it is possible.
Before you begin this task you will need to setup Godwoken Examples tool package. This should already be setup from previous tasks, but if it isn't for any reason, you can set it up again using the instructions [here](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/blob/master/src/component-tutorials/3.setup.and.use.account.cli.md#setup-the-godwoken-examples-tools-package).
### 1. Create and Fund an Account with CKBytes on Layer 1
The first step is to create an account on the Nervos CKB Layer 1 Testnet, fund it with some CKBytes, then export the private key for the account so it can be provided to other scripts.
This can be accomplished easily using the [ckb-cli](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/tree/master/src/conceptual-explainers/tooling.md#ckb-cli) command line tool that is included with the [CKB Node](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/tree/master/src/conceptual-explainers/tooling.md#ckb-node) software. Free Testnet CKBytes can be obtained by using the [Nervos Faucet](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/tree/master/src/conceptual-explainers/infrastructure.md#nervos-faucet).
For complete instructions on completing this step, repeat the steps from [Task 1](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/tree/master/src/component-tutorials/1.setup.account.in.ckb.cli.md).
### 2. Install a Tron Wallet and Create an Account
In previous tasks we used a [MetaMask](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/blob/master/src/conceptual-explainers/wallets.md#metamask) account, but this time we will use a Tron account.
In this step, you need to install the TronLink wallet and create an account. Follow the instructions in [this tutorial](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/tree/master/src/component-tutorials/8.setup.tronlink.md) to do so.
### 3. Export Your Tron Account Private Key
In this step, we will export your private key so it can be used with the tooling in later steps. Follow the instructions in [this tutorial](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/tree/master/src/component-tutorials/10.extract.tron.private.key.md) to do so.
### 4. Create and Fund a Nervos Layer 2 Account Using Your Tron Account
In this step, you must make a deposit of CKBytes from Layer 1 to Layer 2. This step is necessary for Godwoken to create the user's Layer 2 account. We did so previously using an Ethereum MetaMask account, and now we will do the same with a Tron account from the TronLink wallet.
This deposit can be made using the example script code provided in the tutorial below. Make sure you have your Layer 1 private key available since it will be needed by the example script.
For instructions on completing this step using Tron wallet, please follow the steps in [this tutorial](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/tree/master/src/component-tutorials/9.layer2.deposit.tron.md).
### 5. Prepare the Smart Contract Address and ABI
In order to execute a function call on a smart contract, it must be deployed, and you must have the ABI that was generated when the code was originally compiled. "ABI" stands for Application Binary Interface, and it contains the information required by an application to interface and call functions on the smart contract.
**Deploying an Ethereum smart contract on Layer 2 was accomplished in Task 2. You can reuse this smart contract without having to repeat Task 2.** If it is no longer available, please repeat the steps in [Task 2](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/tree/master/src/tasks/2.deploy.eth.contract.md).
The example smart contract is `SimpleStorage.sol`, and the corresponding ABI value can be found in `2-deploy-contract/build/contracts/SimpleStorage.json` after the contract is compiled. Below is the ABI value which has been extracted from this file. If you used a different smart contract, yours may be different.
The SimpleStorage contract has also been deployed to Testnet at the address below. You can optionally use this for testing purposes, but the judges will require you to use your own contract to complete this task.
### 6. Prepare and Run the Example Code to Call the Smart Contract
Next, we will use the example code to make a function call in your smart contract. Open the file `gw-gitcoin-instruction/src/examples/11-tron/index.mjs` in an editor of your choosing.
This example code is similar to that from Task 3, where we made function calls to a deployed Ethereum smart contract using a MetaMask account. Now we will do the same, but with a Tron account.
Replace the following values in `index.mjs`.
#### Account Address
The first thing you will need to do is update `index.mjs` with your Tron address. You can get Tron address from your Tron wallet. Replace `` with this value.
const TRON_ADDRESS = '';
#### Private Key
The second thing you will need to do is update `index.mjs` with the private key that matches the Tron address you specified.
Make sure you use your **Tron** private key for Layer 2, not your Nervos CKB Layer 1 private key, or your Ethereum account private key. Replace `` with this value. **Always make sure your private key is prefixed with "0x".**
const ACCOUNT_PRIVATE_KEY = '';
Next, add your contract ABI to the script by replacing `` with the ABI value from the JSON file which was generated during compilation.
> Note: The `CONTRACT_ABI` constant is expecting an array with your ABI as index 0. Make sure this is a data structure, just like it is in `SimpleStorage.json`, and does not get input as a string.
const CONTRACT_ABI = ; // Array
#### Contract Address
Replace `` with the address of the Ethereum contract you will be making calls to. This value should be a hex string that was returned when the after deploying the contract.
const CONTRACT_ADDRESS = '';
#### Replace the Read Function Name
Locate `` within the `readCall()` function. This must be replaced with function name from your contract that is used for reading.
const callResult = await contract.methods.().call();
#### Replace the Write Function Name
Locate `` within the `writeCall()` function. This must be replaced with function name from your contract that is used for writing.
const callData = contract.methods.().encodeABI();
#### Run the Script
After all values have been replaced, use the following commands in a console to execute the script.
Example Output (click to expand)
➜ node index.mjs
Using Tron address: TFrSJCrSJai8H2Kc32TP3nEzuWsXu8YnUJ
Read call result: 400
Write call transaction hash: 0x03120a01d066fb973f4cbce4eb70b684312c05a373a8e99218b349bb6de81eae
Waiting for tx receipt doesn't work for Tron calls, but if transaction was submitted then you can check the smart-contract state after 120s and the state should be changed successfully. Waiting 2 minutes...
Write call finished.
Read call result: 777
If you've seen transaction hash and the smart contract state changed then congratulations! You have successfully issued a smart contract write call on Nervos Layer 2.
## Task Submission
To complete the tasks, you will need to submit the following materials for review by the judges:
1. A screenshot of the accounts you created (`account list`) in `ckb-cli`.
2. A link to the Layer 1 address you funded on the [Testnet Explorer](https://explorer.nervos.org/aggron/).
3. A screenshot of the console output immediately after you have successfully submitted a CKByte deposit to your Tron account on Layer 2.
4. A screenshot of the console output immediately after you have successfully issued a smart contract calls on Layer 2.
5. The `transaction hash` of the "Contract call" from the console output (in text format).
6. The `contract address` that you called (in text format).
7. The ABI for contract you made a call on (in text format).
8. Your Tron address (in text format).
## Helpful Links
- [Task Setup and Requirements](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction/tree/master/src/task-setup-and-requirements)
- [Broaden the Spectrum](https://gitcoin.co/hackathon/nervos/onboard)
- [Bounties List](https://gitcoin.co/hackathon/nervos/)
- [Content Directory](https://github.com/Kuzirashi/gw-gitcoin-instruction) | <urn:uuid:a32e0ed4-9370-45b8-a58f-4361505b2a7c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gitcoin.co/issue/26366 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.836757 | 3,163 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Put some flour on your paste-board, take out small portions of the dough, and make it with your hand into long rolls. Then curl up the rolls into round cakes, or twist two rolls together, or lay them in straight lengths or sticks side by side, and touching each other. Put them carefully in buttered pans, and bake them in a moderate oven, not hot enough to burn them. If they should get scorched, scrape off with a knife, or grater, all the burnt parts, before you put the cakes away.
You can, if you choose, cut out the dough with tins, in the shape of hearts, circles, ovals, &c. or you may bake it all in one, and cut it in squares when cold.
If the mixture appears to be too thin, add, gradually, a little more sifted flour.
Five eggs. Half a pound of brown sugar. Half a pound of fresh butter. A pint of sugar-house molasses A pound and a half of flour. Four table-spoonfuls of ginger. Two large sticks of cinnamon, powered and sifted. Three dozen grains of allspice, powdered and sifted. Three dozen of cloves, powdered and sifted. The juice and grated peel of two large lemons. A little pearl-ash or salaeratus.
Stir the butter and sugar to a cream. Beat the eggs very well. Pour the molasses, at once, into the butter and sugar. Add the ginger and other spice, and stir all well together.
Put in the egg and flour alternately, stirring all the time. Stir the whole very hard, and put in the lemon at the last. When the whole is mixed, stir it till very light.
Butter an earthen pan, or a thick tin or iron one, and put the gingerbread in it. Bake it in a moderate oven, an hour or more, according to its thickness. Take care that it do not burn.
Or you may bake it in small cakes, or little tins.
Its lightness will be much improved by a small tea-spoonful of pearl-ash dissolved in a tea-spoonful of vinegar, and stirred lightly in at the last. [Footnote: If the pearl-ash is strong, half a tea-spoonful will be sufficient, or less even will do. It is better stir the pearl-ash in, a little at a time, and you can tell by the taste of the mixture, when there is enough.] Too much pearl-ash, will give it an unpleasant taste.
If you use pearl-ash, you must omit the lemon, as its taste will be entirely destroyed by the pearl-ash. You may substitute for the lemon, some raisins and currants, well floured to prevent their sinking.
This is the finest of all gingerbread, but should not be kept long, as in a few days it becomes very hard and stale.
A DOVER CAKE.
Half a pint of milk. A half tea-spoonful of pearl-ash, dissolved in a little vinegar. One pound of sifted flour. One pound of powdered white sugar. Half a pound of butter. Six eggs. One glass of brandy. Half a glass of rose-water. One grated nutmeg. A tea-spoonful of powdered cinnamon.
Dissolve the pearl-ash in vinegar. Stir the sugar and butter to a cream, and add to it gradually, the spice and liquor. Beat the eggs very light, and stir them into the butter and sugar, alternately, with the flour. Add, gradually, the milk, and stir the whole very hard.
Butter a large tin pan, and put in the mixture. Bake it two hours or more, in a moderate oven. If not thick, an hour or an hour and a half will be sufficient.
Wrap it in a thick cloth, and keep it from the air, and it will continue moist and fresh for two weeks. The pearl-ash will give it a dark colour.
It will be much improved by a pound of raisins, stoned and cut in half, and a pound of currants, well washed and dried.
Flour the fruit well, and stir it in at the last.
Half a pound of butter. Three quarters of a pound of powdered white sugar. Six eggs, or seven if they are small. Two pounds of flour, sifted. A grated nutmeg. A tea-spoonful of powdered cinnamon. A table-spoonful of rose-water.
Cut the butter into the flour, add the sugar and spice, and mix them well together.
Beat the eggs and pour them into the pan of flour, &c. Add the rose water, and mix the whole into a dough. If the eggs and rose-water are not found sufficient to wet it, add a very little cold water. Mix the dough very well with a knife.
Spread some flour on your paste-board, take the dough out of the pan, and knead it very well. Cut it into small pieces, and knead each separately. Put all the pieces together, and knead the whole in one lump. Roll it out into a large square sheet, about half an inch thick. Take a jagging-iron, or, If you have not one, a sharp knife; run it along the sheet, and cut the dough into long narrow slips. Twist them up in various forms. Have ready an iron pan with melted lard. Lay the crullers lightly in it, and fry them of a light brown, turning them with a knife and fork, so as not to break them, and taking care that both sides are equally done.
When sufficiently fried, spread them on a large dish to cool, and grate loaf-sugar over them.
Crullers may be made in a plainer way, with the best brown sugar, (rolled very fine.) and without spice or rose-water.
They can be fried, or rather boiled, in a deep iron pot. They should be done in a large quantity of lard, and taken out with a skimmer that has holes in it, and held on the skimmer till the lard drains from them. If for family use, they can be made an inch thick.
Three pounds of sifted flour. A pound of powdered sugar. Three quarters of a pound of butter. Four eggs. Half a large tea-cup full of best brewer's yeast. A pint and a half of milk. A tea-spoonful of powdered cinnamon. A grated nutmeg. A table-spoonful of rose-water.
Cut up the butter in the flour. Add the sugar, spice, and rose-water. Beat the eggs very light, and pour them into the mixture. Add the yeast, (half a tea-cup or two wine-glasses full,) and then stir in the milk by degrees, so as to make it a soft dough. Cover it, and set it to rise.
When quite light, cut it in diamonds with a jagging-iron or a sharp knife, and fry them in lard. Grate loaf sugar over them when done.
Six eggs. A pint of milk. A quarter of a pound of butter. A quarter of a pound of powdered white sugar. A pound and a half of flour, sifted. A tea-spoonful of powdered cinnamon.
Warm the milk slightly. Cut up the butter in it and stir it a little. Beat the eggs well, and pour them into the butter and milk. Sprinkle in half the flour, gradually. Stir in the sugar, by degrees, and add the spice. Stir in, gradually, the remainder of the flour, so that it becomes a thick batter. Heat your waffle-iron; then grease it well, and pour in some of the butter. Shut the iron tight, and bake the waffle on both sides, by turning the iron.
As the waffles are baked, spread them out separately on a clean napkin. When enough are done for a plate-full, lay them on a plate in two piles, buttering them, and sprinkling each with beaten cinnamon.
Five eggs. A quart of milk. Two ounces of butter. A tea-spoonful of salt. Two large table-spoonfuls of brewer's yeast or four made of home-made yeast. Enough of sifted flour to make a stiff batter.
Warm the milk and butter together, and add to them the salt. Beat the eggs very light and stir them into the milk and butter. Then stir in the yeast, and lastly, sufficient flour to make a thick batter.
Cover the mixture, and set it to rise, in a warm place, about three hours.
When it is quite light, grease your baking-iron, and your muffin rings. Set the rings on the iron, and pour the batter into them. Bake them a light brown. When you split them to put on the butter, do not cut them with a knife, but pull them open With your hands. Cutting them while hot will make them heavy.
INDIAN BATTER CAKES.
A quart of sifted indian meal. A handful of wheat flour sifted. }mixed. Three eggs, well beaten. / Two table-spoonfuls of fresh brewer's yeast, or four of home-made yeast. A tea-spoonful of salt. A quart of milk.
Make the milk quite warm, and then put into it the yeast and salt, stirring them well. Beat the eggs, and stir them into the mixture. Then, gradually stir in the flour and indian meal.
Cover the batter, and set it to rise four or five hours. Or if the weather is cold, and you want the cakes for breakfast, you may mix the batter late the night before.
Should you find it sour in the morning, dissolve a small tea-spoonful of pearl-ash in as much water as will cover it, and stir it into the batter, letting it set afterwards at least half an hour. This will take off the acid.
Grease your baking-iron, and pour on it a ladle-full of the batter. When brown on one side, turn the cake on the other. [Footnote: Indian batter cakes may be made in a plain and expeditious way, by putting three pints of cold water or cold milk into a pan, and gradually sifting into it (stirring all the time) a quart of indian meal mixed with half a pint of wheat-flour, and a small spoonful of salt. Stir it very hard, and it may be baked immediately, as it is not necessary to set it to rise.]
FLANNEL CAKES OR CRUMPETS.
Two pounds of flour, sifted. Four eggs. Three table-spoonfuls of the best brewer's yeast, or four and a half of home-made yeast. A pint of milk.
Mix a tea-spoonful of salt with the flour, and set the pan before the fire. Then warm the milk, and stir into it the flour so as to make a stiff batter. Beat the eggs very light, and stir them into the yeast. Add the eggs and yeast to the batter, and beat all well together. If it is too stiff, add a little more warm milk.
Cover the pan closely and set it to rise near the fire. Bake it, when quite light.
Have your baking-iron hot. Grease it, and pour on a ladle-full of batter. Let it bake slowly, and when done on one side, turn it on the other.
Butter the cakes, cut them across, and send them to table hot.
Three pints of flour, sifted. Two tea-spoonfuls of salt. Four table-spoonfuls of the best brewer's yeast, or six of home-made yeast. Half a pint more of warm water, and a little more flour to mix in before the kneading.
Mix the salt with the flour, and make a deep hole in the middle. Stir the warm water into the yeast, and pour it into the hole in the flour. Stir it with a spoon just enough to make a thin batter, and sprinkle some flour over the top. Cover the pan, and set it in a warm place for several hours.
When it is light, add half a pint more of lukewarm water; and make its with a little more flour, into a dough. Knead it very well for ten minutes. Then divide it into small pieces, and knead each separately. Make them into round cakes or rolls. Cover them, and set them to rise about an hour and a half.
Bake them, and when done, let them remain in the oven, without the lid, for about ten minutes.
PART THE THIRD
In preparing sugar for sweetmeats, let it be entirely dissolved, before you put it on the fire. If you dissolve it in water, allow about half a pint of water to a pound of sugar.
If you boil the sugar before you add the fruit to it, it will be improved in clearness by passing it through a flannel bag. Skim off the brown scum, all the time it is boiling.
If sweetmeats are boiled too long, they lose their flavour and become of a dark colour.
If boiled too short a time, they will not keep well.
You may ascertain when jelly is done, by dropping a small spoonful into a glass of water.
If it spreads and mixes with the water, it requires more boiling. If it sticks in a lump to the bottom, it is sufficiently done. This trial must be made after the jelly is cold.
Raspberry jelly requires more boiling than any other sort. Black currant jelly less.
Take the best pippin, or bell-flower apples. No others will make good jelly. Pare, core, and quarter them. Lay them in a preserving kettle, and put to them as much water only, as will cover them, and as much lemon-peel as you choose. Boil them till they are soft, but not till they break. Drain off the water through a colander, and mash the apples with the hack of a spoon. Put them into a jelly bag, set a deep dish or pan under it, and squeeze out the juice.
To every pint of juice, allow a pound of loaf-sugar, broken up, and the juice of two lemons. Put the apple-juice, the sugar, and the lemon-juice into the preserving kettle. Boil it twenty minutes, skimming it well. Take it immediately from the kettle, and pour it warm into your glasses, but not so hot as to break them. When cold, cover each glass with white paper dipped in brandy, and tie it down tight with another paper. Keep them in a cool place.
Quince Jelly is made in the same manner, but do not pare the quinces. Quarter them only.
RED CURRANT JELLY.
Wash your currants, drain them, and pick them from the stalks. Mash them with the back of a spoon. Put them in a jelly-bag, and squeeze it till all the juice is pressed out.
To every pint of juice, allow a pound of the best loaf-sugar. Put the juice and the sugar into your kettle, and boil them twenty minutes, skimming all the while. Pour it warm into your glasses, and when cold, tie it up with brandy paper. Jellies should never be allowed to get cold in the kettle. If boiled too long, they will lose their flavour, and become of a dark colour.
Strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, and grape jelly may be made in the same manner, and with the same proportion of loaf-sugar.
Red currant jelly may also be made in a very simple manner, by putting the currants whole into the kettle, with the sugar; allowing a pound of sugar to a pound of currants. Boil them together twenty minutes, skimming carefully. Then pour them into a sieve, with a pan under it. Let them drain through the sieve into the pan, pressing them down with the back of a spoon.
Take the jelly, while warm, out of the pan, and put it into your glasses. Tie it up with brandy paper when cold.
BLACK CURRANT JELLY.
Pick the currants from the stalks, wash and drain them. Mash them soft with a spoon, put them in a bag, and squeeze out the juice. To each pint of juice, allow three quarters of a pound of loaf-sugar, Put the juice and sugar into a preserving kettle, and boil them about ten minutes, skimming them well. Take it immediately out of the kettle. Put it warm into your glasses. Tie it up with brandy paper.
The juice of black currants is so very thick, that it requires less sugar and less boiling than any other jelly.
Cut the gooseberries in half, (they must be green) and put them in a jar closely covered. Set the jar in an oven, or pot filled with boiling water. Keep the water boiling round the jar till the gooseberries are soft, take them out, mash them with a spoon, and put them into a jelly bag to drain. When all the juice is squeezed out, measure it, and to a pint of juice, allow a pound of loaf-sugar. Put the juice and sugar into the preserving kettle, and boil them twenty minutes, skimming carefully. Put the jelly warm into your glasses. Tie them up with brandy paper.
Cranberry jelly is made in the same manner.
Pick the grapes from the stems, wash and drain them. Mash them with a spoon. Put them in the preserving kettle, and cover them closely with a large plate. Boil them ten minutes. Then pour them into your jelly bag, and squeeze out the juice.
Allow a pint of juice to a pound of sugar. Put the sugar and juice into your kettle, and boil them twenty minutes, skimming them well.
Fill your glasses while the jelly is warm, and tie them up with brandy papers.
Wipe the wool off your peaches, (which should be free-stones and not too ripe) and cut them in quarters, Crack the stones, and break the kernels small.
Put the peaches and the kernels into a covered jar, set them in boiling water, and let them boil till they are soft.
Strain them through a jelly-bag, till all the juice is squeezed out. Allow a pound of loaf-sugar to a pint of juice. Put the sugar and juice into a preserving kettle, and boil them twenty minutes, skimming carefully.
Put the jelly warm into your glasses, and when cold, tie them up with brandy paper.
Plum, and green-gage jelly may be made in the same manner, with the kernels, which greatly improve the flavour.
Pare and core your quinces, carefully taking out the parts that are knotty and defective. Cut them into quarters, or into round slices. Put them into a preserving kettle and cover them with the parings and a very little water. Lay a large plate over them to keep in the steam, and boil them till they are tender.
Take out the quinces, and strain the liquor through a bag. To every pint of liquor, allow a pound of loaf-sugar. Boil the juice and sugar together, about ten minutes, skimming it well. Then put in the quinces, and boil them gently twenty minutes. When the sugar seems to have completely penetrated them, take them out, put them in a glass jar, and pour the juice over them warm. Tie them up, when cold, with brandy paper.
In preserving fruit that is boiled first without the sugar, it is generally better (after the first boiling) to let it stand till next day before you put the sugar to it.
Pare and core some of the largest and finest pippins. Put them in your preserving kettle, [Footnote: The use of brass or bell-metal kettles is now most entirely superseded by the enamelled kettles of iron lined with china, called preserving kettles; brass and bell-metal having always been objectionable on account of the verdigris which collects in them.] with some lemon-peel, and all the apple-parings. Add a very little water, and cover them closely. Boil them till they are tender, taking care they do not burn. Take out the apples, and spread them on a large dish to cool. Poor the liquor into a bag, and strain it well. Put it into your kettle with a pound of loaf-sugar to each pint of juice, and add lemon juice to your taste. Boil it five minutes, skimming it well. Then put in the whole apples, and boil them slowly half an hour, or till they are quite soft and clear. Put them with the juice, into your jars, and when quite cold, tie them up with brandy paper.
Preserved apples are only intended for present use, as they will not keep long.
Pears may be done in the same way, either whole or cut in half. They may be flavoured either with lemon or cinnamon, or both. The pears for preserving should be green.
Take the largest and finest free-stone peaches, before they are too ripe. Pare them, and cut them in halves or in quarters. Crack the stones, and take out the kernels, and break them in pieces. Put the peaches, with the parings and kernels, into your preserving kettle, with a very little water. Boil them till they are tender. Take out the peaches and spread them on a large dish to cool. Strain the liquor through a bag or sieve. Next day, measure the juice, and to each pint allow a pound of loaf-sugar. Put the juice and sugar into the kettle with the peaches, and boil them slowly half an hour, or till they are quite soft, skimming all the time. Take the peaches out, put them into your jars, and pour the warm liquor over them. When cold, tie them up with brandy paper.
If boiled too long, they will look dull, and be of a dark colour. [Footnote: To preserve peaches whole, pare them and thrust out the stones with a skewer. Then proceed as above, only blanch the kernels and keep them whole. When the peaches are done, stick a kernel into the hole of every peach, before you put them into the jars. Large fruit will keep best in broad shallow stone pots.]
If you do not wish the juice to be very thick, do not put it on to boil with the sugar, but first boil the sugar alone, with only as much water as will dissolve it, and skim it well. Let the sugar, in all cases, be entirely melted before it goes on the fire. Having boiled the sugar and water, and skimmed it to a clear syrup, then put in your juice and fruit together, and boil them till completely penetrated with the sugar.
PRESERVED CRAB APPLES
Wash your fruit. Cover the bottom of your preserving kettle with grape leaves. Put in the apples. Hang them over the fire, with a very little water, and cover them closely. Do not allow them to boil, but let them simmer gently till they are yellow. Take them out, and spread them on a large dish to cool. Pare and core them. Put them again into the kettle, with fresh vine-leaves under and over them, and a very little water. Hang them over the fire till they are green. Do not let them boil.
Take them out, weigh them, and allow a pound of loaf-sugar to a pound of crab-apples. Put to the sugar just water enough to dissolve it. When it is all melted, put it on the fire, and boil and skim it. Then put in your fruit, and boil the apples till they are quite clear and soft. Put them in jars, and pour the warm liquor over them. When cold, tie them up with brandy paper.
Cut your plums in half, (they must not be quite ripe,) and take am the stones. Weigh the plums and allow a pound of loaf-sugar to a pound of fruit.
Crack the stones, take out the kernels and break them in pieces. Boil the plums and kernels very slowly for about fifteen minutes, in as little water as possible. Then spread them on a large dish to cool, and strain the liquor.
Next day make your syrup. Melt the sugar in as little water as will suffice to dissolve it, (about half a pint of water to a pound of sugar) and boil it a few minutes, skimming it till quite clear. Then put in your plums with the liquor, and boil them fifteen minutes. Put them in jars, pour the juice over them warm, and tie them up, when cold, with brandy paper. [Footnote: Plums for common use, are very good done in molasses. Put your plums into an earthen vessel that holds a gallon, having first slit each plum with a knife. To three quarts of plums put a pint of molasses. Cover them and set them on hot coals in the chimney corner. Let them stew for twelve hours or more, occasionally stirring them, and renewing the coals. Next day put them up in jars. Done in this manner they will keep till the next spring.]
Syrups may be improved in clearness, by adding to the dissolved sugar and water, some white of egg very well beaten, allowing the white of one egg to each pound of sugar. Boil it very hard, and skim it well, that it may be quite clear before you put in your fruit.
Weigh the strawberries after you have picked off the stems. To each pound of fruit allow a pound of loaf-sugar, which must be powdered. Strew half of the sugar over the strawberries, and let them stand in a cold place two or three hours. Then put them in a preserving kettle over a slow fire, and by degrees strew on the rest of the sugar. Boil them fifteen or twenty minutes, and skim them well.
Put them in wide-mouthed bottles, and when cold, seal the corks.
If you wish to do them whole, take them carefully out of the syrup, (one at a time) while boiling. Spread them to cool on large dishes, not letting the strawberries touch each other, and when cool, return them to the syrup, and boil them a little longer. Repeat this several times.
Keep the bottles in dry sand, in a place that is cool and not damp.
Gooseberries, currants, raspberries, cherries and grapes may be done in the same manner. The stones must be taken from the cherries (which should be morellas, or the largest and best red cherries;) and the seeds should be extracted from the grapes with the sharp point of a penknife. Gooseberries, grapes, and cherries, require longer boiling than strawberries, raspberries or currants.
Wash your cranberries, weigh them, and to each pound allow a pound of loaf-sugar. Dissolve the sugar in a very little water, (about half a pint of water to a pound of sugar) and set it on the fire in a preserving kettle. Boil it nearly ten minutes, skimming it well. Then put in your cranberries, and boil them slowly, till they are quite soft, and of a fine colour.
Put them warm into your jars or glasses, and tie them up with brandy paper, when cold.
All sorts of sweetmeats keep better in glasses, than in stone of earthen jars. When opened for use, they should be tied up again immediately, as exposure to the air spoils them.
Common glass tumblers are very convenient for jellies, and preserved small fruit. White jars are better than stone or earthen, for large fruit.
Cut slices from a fine high-coloured pumpkin, and cut the slices into chips about the thickness of a dollar. The chips should be of an equal size, six inches in length and an inch broad. Weigh them and allow to each pound of pumpkin chips, a pound of loaf-sugar. Have ready a sufficient number of fine lemons, pare off the yellow rind, and lay it aside. Cut the lemons in half, and squeeze the juice into a bowl. Allow a gill of juice to each pound of pumpkin.
Put the pumpkin into a broad pan laying the sugar among it. Pour the lemon-juice over it, Cover the pan, and let the pumpkin chips, sugar and lemon-juice, set all night.
Early in the morning put the whole into a preserving pan, and boil all together (skimming it well) till the pumpkin becomes clear and crisp, but not till it breaks. It should have the appearance of lemon-candy. You may if you choose, put some lemon-peel with it, cut in very small pieces.
Half an hour's boiling (or a little more) is generally sufficient.
When it is done, take out the pumpkin, spread it On a large dish, and strain the syrup through a bag. Put the pumpkin into your jars or glasses, pour the syrup over it, and tie it up with brandy paper.
If properly done, this is a very fine sweetmeat. The taste of the pumpkin will be lost in that of the lemon and sugar, and the syrup is particularly pleasant. It is eaten without cream, like preserved ginger. It may be laid on puff-paste shells, after they are baked.
Pare your pine-apples, and cut them in thick slices. Weigh the slices and to each pound allow a pound of loaf-sugar. Dissolve the sugar in a very small quantity of water, stir it, and set it over the fire in a preserving-kettle. Boil it ten minutes, skimming it well. Then put in it the pine-apple slices, and boil them till they are clear and soft, but not till they break. About half an hour (or perhaps less time) will suffice. Let them cool in a large dish or pan, before you put them into your jars, which you must do carefully, lest they break. Pour the syrup over them. Tie them up with brandy paper.
Allow a pound of sugar to a pound of fruit. Mash the raspberries and put them with the sugar into your preserving kettle. Boll it slowly for an hour skimming it well. Tie it up with brandy paper.
All jams are made in the same manner.
A-la-mode Beef Chicken Pudding A boned Turkey Collared Pork Spiced Oysters Stewed Oysters Oyster Soup Fried Oysters Baked Oysters Oyster Patties Oyster Sauce Pickled Oysters Chicken Salad Lobster Salad Stewed Mushrooms Peach Cordial Cherry Bounce Raspberry Cordial Blackberry Cordial Ginger Beer Jelly Cake Rice Cakes for Breakfast Ground Rice Pudding Tomata Ketchup Yeast
A pound of fresh beef weighing from eighteen to twenty pounds. A pound of the fat of bacon or corned pork. The marrow from the bone of the beef, chopped together A quarter of a pound of beef-suet, / Two bundles of pot herbs, parsley, thyme, small onions, &c. chopped fine. Two large bunches of sweet marjoram,sufficient when powdered to make Two bunches of sweet basil, /make four table-spoonfuls of each. Two large nutmegs, Half an ounce of cloves } beaten to a powder. Half an ounce of mace, / One table-spoonful of salt. One table-spoonful of pepper. Two glasses of madeira wine.
If your a-la-mode beef is to be eaten cold, prepare it three days before it is wanted.
Take out the bone. Fasten up the opening with skewers, and tie the meat all round with tape. Rub it all over on both sides with salt. A large round of beef will be more tender than a small one.
Chop the marrow and suet together. Pound the spice. Chop the pot-herbs very fine. Pick the sweet-marjoram and sweet-basil clean from the stalks, and rub the leaves to a powder. You must have at least four table-spoonfuls of each. Add the pepper and salt, and mix well together all the ingredients that compose the seasoning.
Cut the fat of the bacon or pork into pieces about a quarter of an inch thick and two inches long. With a sharp knife make deep incisions all over the round of beef and very near each other. Put first a little of the seasoning into each hole, then a slip of the bacon pressed down hard and covered with more seasoning. Pour a little wine into each hole.
When you have thus stuffed the upper side of the beef, turn it over and stuff in the same manner the under side. If the round is very large, you will require a larger quantity of seasoning.
Put it in a deep baking dish, pour over it some wine, cover it, and let it set till next morning. It will be much the better for lying all night in the seasoning.
Next day put a little water in the dish, set it in a covered oven, and bake or stew it gently for twelve hours at least, or more if it is a large round. It will be much improved by stewing it in lard. Let it remain all night in the oven.
If it is to be eaten hot at dinner, put it in to stew the evening before, and let it cook till dinner-time next day. Stir some wine and a beaten egg into the gravy.
If brought to table cold, cover it all over with green parsley, and stick a large bunch of something green in the centre.
What is left will make an excellent hash the next day.
Cut up a pair of young chickens, and season them with pepper and salt and a little mace and nutmeg. Put them into a pot with two large spoonfuls of butter, and water enough to cover them. Stew them gently; and when about half cooked, take them out and set them away to cool. Pour off the gravy, and reserve it to be served up separately.
In the mean time, make a batter as if for a pudding, of eight table-spoonfuls of sifted flour stirred gradually into a quart of milk, six eggs well beaten and added by degrees to the mixture, and a very little salt. Put a layer of chicken in the bottom of a deep dish, and pour over it some of the batter; then another layer of chicken, and then some more batter; and so on till the dish is full, having a cover of batter at the top. Bake it till it is brown. Then break an egg into the gravy which you have set away, give it a boil, and send it to table in a sauce-boat to eat with the pudding.
A BONED TURKEY.
A large turkey. Three sixpenny loaves of stale bread. One pound of fresh butter. Four eggs. One bunch of pot-herbs, parsley, thyme, and little onions. Two bunches of sweet marjoram. Two bunches of sweet basil. Two nutmegs. Half an ounce of cloves. } pounded fine. A quarter of an ounce of mace. / A table-spoonful of salt. A table-spoonful of pepper.
Skewers, tape, needle, and coarse thread will be wanted.
Grate the bread, and put the crusts in water to soften. Then break them up small into the pan of crumbled bread. Cut up a pound of butter in the pan of bread. Rub the herbs to powder, and have two table-spoonfuls of sweet-marjoram and two of sweet basil, or more of each if the turkey is very large. Chop the pot-herbs, and pound the spice. Then add the salt and pepper, and mix all the ingredients well together. Beat slightly four eggs, and mix them with the seasoning and bread crumbs.
After the turkey is drawn, take a sharp knife and, beginning at the wings, carefully separate the flesh from the bone, scraping it down as you go; and avoid tearing or breaking the skin. Next, loosen the flesh from the breast and back, and then from the thighs. It requires great care and patience to do it nicely. When all the flesh is thus loosened, take the turkey by the neck, give it a pull, and the skeleton will come out entire from the flesh, as easily as you draw your hand out of a glove. The flesh will then be a shapeless mass. With a needle and thread mend or sew up any holes that may be found in the skin.
Take up a handful of the seasoning, squeeze it hard and proceed to stuff the turkey with it, beginning at the wings, next to the body, and then the thighs.
If you stuff it properly, it will again assume its natural shape. Stuff it very hard. When all the stuffing is in, sew up the breast, and skewer the turkey into its proper form, so that it will look as if it had not been boned.
Tie it round with tape and bake it three hours or more. Make a gravy of the giblets chopped, and enrich it with some wine and an egg.
If the turkey is to be eaten cold, drop spoonfuls of red currant jelly all over it, and in the dish round it.
A large fowl may be boned and stuffed in the same manner.
A leg of fresh pork, not large. Two table-spoonfuls of powdered sage. Two table-spoonfuls of sweet marjoram, powdered. One table-spoonful of sweet basil, / A quarter of an ounce of mace, Half an ounce of cloves, } powdered. Two nutmegs, / A bunch of pot-herbs, chopped small. A sixpenny loaf of stale bread, grated. Half a pound of butter, cut into the bread. Two eggs. A table-spoonful of salt. A table-spoonful of black pepper.
Grate the bread, and having softened the crust in water, mix it with the crumbs. Prepare all the other ingredients, and mix them well with the grated bread and egg,
Take the bone out of a leg of pork, and rub the meat well on both sides with salt. Spread the seasoning thick all over the meat. Then roll it up very tightly and tie it round with tape.
Put it into a deep dish with a little water, and bake it two hours. If eaten hot, put an egg and some wine into the gravy. When cold, cut it down into round slices.
Two hundred large fresh oysters. Four table-spoonfuls of strong vinegar. A nutmeg, grated. Three dozen of cloves, whole. Eight blades of mace, whole. Two tea-spoonfuls of salt if the oysters are fresh. Two tea-spoonfuls of whole allspice. As much cayenne pepper as will lie on the point of a knife.
Put the oysters, with their liquor, into a large earthen pitcher. Add to them the vinegar and all the other ingredients. Stir all well together. Set them in the stove, or over a slow fire, keeping them covered. Take them off the fire several times, and stir them to the bottom. As soon as they boil completely they are sufficiently done; if they boil too long they will be hard.
Pour them directly out of the pitcher into a pan, and set them away to cool. They must not be eaten till quite cold, or indeed till next day.
If you wish to keep them a week, put a smaller quantity of spice, or they will taste too much of it by setting so long. Let them be well covered.
Oysters in the shell may be kept all winter by laying them in a heap in the cellar, with the concave side upwards to hold in the liquor. Sprinkle them every day with strong salt and water, and then with Indian meal. Cover them with matting or an old carpet.
Open the oysters and strain the liquor. Put to the liquor some grated stale bread, and a little pepper and nutmeg, adding a glass of white wine. Boil the liquor with these ingredients, and then pour it scalding hot over the dish of raw oysters. This will cook them sufficiently.
Have ready some slices of buttered toast with the crust cut off. When the oysters are done, dip the toast in the liquor, and lay the pieces round the sides and in the bottom of a deep dish. Pour the oysters and liquor upon the toast, and send them to table hot.
Three pints of large fresh oysters. Two table-spoonfuls of butter, rolled in flour. A bunch of sweet herbs. A saucer full of chopped celery. A quart of rich milk. Pepper to your taste.
Take the liquor of three pints of oysters. Strain it, and set it on the fire. Put into it, pepper to your taste, two table-spoonfuls of butter rolled in flour, and a bunch of sweet marjoram and other pot-herbs, with a saucer full of chopped celery. When it boils, add a quart of rich milk-and as soon as it boils again, take out the herbs, and put in the oysters just before you send it to table. Boiling them in the soup will shrivel them and destroy their taste.
For frying, choose the largest and finest oysters. Beat some yolks of eggs and mix with them grated bread, and a small quantity of beaten nutmeg and mace and a little salt. Having stirred this batter well, dip your oysters into it, and fry them in lard, till they are of a light brown colour. Take care not to do them too much. Serve them up hot.
For grated bread, some substitute crackers pounded to a powder, and mixed with yolk of egg and spice.
BAKED OR SCOLLOPED OYSTERS.
Grate a small loaf of stale-bread. Butter a deep dish well, and cover the sides and bottom with bread crumbs. Put in half the oysters with a little mace and pepper. Cover them with crumbs and small bits of butter strewed over them. Then put in the remainder of the oysters. Season them. Cover them as before with crumbs and butter. If the oysters are fresh, pour in a little of the liquor. If they are salt, substitute a little water. Bake them a very short time. You may cook them in the small scolloped dishes made for the purpose.
Make some rich puff-paste, and bake it in very small tin patty pans. When cool, turn them out upon a large dish.
Stew some large fresh oysters with a few cloves, a little mace and nutmeg, some yolk of egg boiled hard and grated, a little butter, and as much of the oyster liquor as will cover them. When they have stewed a little while, take them out of the pan, and set them away to cool. When quite cold, lay two or three oysters in each shell of puff-paste.
When your oysters are opened, take care of all the liquor, and give them one boil in it. Then take the oysters out, and put to the liquor three or four blades of mace. Add to it some melted butter, and some thick cream or rich milk. Put in your oysters and give them a boil. As soon as they come to a boil, take them of the fire.
Four hundred large fresh oysters. A pint of vinegar. Eight spoonfuls of salt. A pint of white wine. Six table-spoonfuls of whole black pepper. Eight blades of mace.
Strain the liquor of the oysters and boil it. Then pour it hot over the oysters, and let them lie in it about ten minutes. Then take them out, and cover them. Boil the liquor with the salt, pepper, mace, vinegar and wine. When cold, put the oysters in a close jar, and pour the liquor over them. Cover the jar very tight, and the oysters will keep a long time.
If the oysters are salt, put no salt to the liquor.
Two large cold fowls, either boiled or roasted. The yolks of nine hard-boiled eggs. Half a pint of sweet oil. Half a pint of vinegar. A gill of mixed mustard. A small tea-spoonful of cayenne pepper. A small tea-spoonful of salt. Two large heads, or four small ones, of fine celery.
Cut the meat of the fowls from the bones, in pieces not exceeding an inch in size.
Cut the white part of the celery into pieces about an inch long. Mix the chicken and celery well together. Cover them and set them away.
With the back of a wooden spoon, mash the yolks of eggs till they are a perfectly smooth paste. Mix them with the oil, vinegar, mustard, cayenne, and salt. Stir them for a long time, till they are thoroughly mixed and quite smooth. The longer they are stirred the better. When this dressing is sufficiently mixed, cover it, and set it away.
Five minutes before the salad is to be eaten pour the dressing over the chicken and celery, and mix all well together. If the dressing is put on long before it is wanted, the salad will be tough and hard.
This salad is very excellent made of cold turkey instead of chicken.
Take two large boiled lobsters. Extract all the meat from the shell, and cut it up into very small pieces.
For lobster salad, you must have lettuce instead of celery. Cut up the lettuce as small as possible.
Make a dressing as for a chicken-salad, with the yolks of nine hard-boiled eggs, half a pint of sweet oil, half a pint of vinegar, a gill of mustard, a tea-spoonful of cayenne, and a tea-spoonful of salt. Mix all well together with a wooden spoon.
A few minutes before it is to be eaten, pour the dressing over the lobster and lettuce and mix it very well.
Take a quart of fresh mushrooms. Peel them and cut off the stems. Season them with pepper and salt. Put them in a sauce-pan or skillet, with a lump of fresh butter the size of an egg, and sufficient cream or rich milk to cover them. Put on the lid of the pan, and stew the mushrooms about a quarter of an hour, keeping them well covered or the flavour will evaporate.
When you take them off the fire, have ready one or two beaten eggs. Stir the eggs gradually into the stew, and send it to table in a covered dish.
Take a peck of cling-stone peaches; such as come late in the season, and are very juicy. Pare them, and cut them from the stones. Crack about half the stones and save the kernels. Leave the remainder of the stones whole, and mix them with the cut peaches; add also the kernels. Put the whole into a wide-mouthed demi-john, and pour on them two gallons of double-rectified whiskey. Add three pounds of rock-sugar candy. Cork it tightly, and set It away for three months: then bottle it, and it will be fit for use. This cordial is as clear as water, and nearly equal to noyau.
Take a peck of morella cherries, and a peck of black hearts. Stone the morellas and crack the stones. Put all the cherries and the cracked stones into a demi-john, with three pounds of loaf-sugar slightly pounded or beaten. Pour in two gallons of double-rectified whiskey. Cork the demi-john, and in six months the cherry-bounce will be fit to pour off and bottle for use; but the older it is, the better.
To each quart of raspberries allow a pound of loaf-sugar. Mash the raspberries and strew the sugar over them, having first pounded it slightly, or cracked it with the rolling-pin. Let the raspberries and sugar set till next day, keeping them well covered, then put them in a thin linen bag and squeeze out the juice with your hands. To every pint of juice allow a quart of double-rectified whiskey. Cork it well, and set it away for use. It will be ready in a few days.
Raspberry Vinegar (which, mixed with water, is a pleasant and cooling beverage in warm weather) is made exactly in the same manner as the cordial, only substituting the best white vinegar for the whiskey.
Take the ripest blackberries. Mash them, put them in a linen bag and squeeze out the juice. To every quart of juice allow a pound of beaten loaf-sugar. Put the sugar into a large preserving kettle, and pour the juice on it. When it is all melted, set it on the fire, and boil it to a thin jelly. When cold, to every quart of juice allow a quart of brandy. Stir them well together, and bottle it for use. It will be ready at once.
Put into a kettle, two ounces of powdered ginger,(or more if it is not very strong,) half an ounce of cream of tartar, two large lemons cut in slices, two pounds of broken loaf-sugar, and one gallon of soft water. Simmer them over a slow fire for half an hour. When the liquor is nearly cold, stir into it a large table-spoonful of the best yeast. After it has fermented, bottle for use.
Stir together till very light, half a pound of fresh butter and half a pound of powdered white sugar. Beat twelve eggs very light, and stir them into the butter and sugar, alternately with a pound of sifted flour. Add a beaten nutmeg, and half a wine-glass of rose-water. Have ready a flat circular plate of tin, which must be laid on your griddle, or in the oven of your stove, and well greased with butter. Pour on it a large ladle-full of the batter, and bake it as you would a buck-wheat cake, taking care to have it of a good shape. It will not require turning. Bake as many of these cakes as you want, laying each on a separate plate. Then spread jelly or marmalade all over the top of each cake, and lay another upon it. Spread that also with jelly, and so on till you have a pile of five or six, looking like one large thick cake. Trim the edge nicely with a penknife, and cover the top with powdered sugar. Or you may ice it; putting on the nonpareils or sugar-sand in such a manner as to mark out the cake in triangular divisions. When it is to be eaten, cut it in three-cornered slices as you would a pie.
COLOURING FOR ICING, &c.
To make a red colouring for icing. Take twenty grains of cochineal powder, twenty grains of cream of tartar, and twenty grains of powdered alum. Put them into gill of cold soft water, and boil it very slowly till reduced to one half. Strain it through thin muslin, and cork it up for use. A very small quantity of this mixture will colour icing of a beautiful pink. With pink icing, white nonpareils should be used.
RICE CAKES FOR BREAKFAST.
Put half a pound of rice in soak over night. Early in the morning boil it very soft, drain it from the water, mix with it a quarter of a pound of butter, and set it away to cool. When it is cold, stir it into a quart of milk, and add a very little salt. Beat six eggs, and sift half a pint of flour. Stir the egg and flour alternately into the rice and milk. Having beaten the whole very well, bake it on the griddle in cakes about the size of a small dessert-plate. Butter them, and send them to table hot.
GROUND RICE PUODIJVG.
Take five table-spoonfuls of ground rice and boil it in a quart of new milk, with a grated nutmeg or a tea-spoonful of powdered cinnamon, stirring it all the time. When it has boiled, pour it into a pan and stir in a quarter of a pound of butter, and a quarter of a pound of powdered sugar, a nutmeg and half a pint of cream. Set it away to get cold. Then heat eight eggs, omitting the whites of four. Have ready a pound of dried currants well cleaned, and sprinkled with flour; stir them into the mixture alternately with the beaten egg. Add half a glass of rose-water, or half a glass of mixed wine and brandy. Butter a deep dish, put in the mixture, and hake it of a pale brown. Or you may bake it in saucers.
Slice the tomatas. Put them in layers into a deep earthen pan, and sprinkle every layer with salt. Let them stand in this state for twelve hours. Then put them over the fire in a preserving kettle, and simmer them till they are quite soft. Pour them into a linen bag, and squeeze the juice from them. Season the liquor to your taste, with grated horse-radish, a little garlic, some mace, and a few cloves. Boil it well with these ingredients—and, when cold, bottle it for use.
Have ready two quarts of boiling water; put into it a large handful of hops, and let them boil twenty minutes. Sift into a pan a pound and a half of flour. Strain the liquor from the hops, and pour half of it over the flour. Let the other half of the liquid stand till it is cool, and then pour it gradually into the pan of flour, mixing it well. Stir into it a large tea-cup full of good yeast,(brewer's yeast if you can get it.) Put it immediately into bottles, and cork it tightly. It will be fit for use in an hour. It will be much improved and keep longer, by putting into each bottle a tea-spoonful of pearl-ash. | <urn:uuid:e0418889-660f-4ff7-8a0b-7fc07d08045a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.hotfreebooks.com/book/Seventy-Five-Receipts-for-Pastry-Cakes-and-Sweetmeats-Miss-Leslie--2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.938237 | 11,986 | 2.25 | 2 |
This business idea is for making of bamboo products. Bamboo products are made out of natural resources available in rural areas. The application of bamboo is widely found in making variety of baskets, partitions, candy sticks, trays used in sericulture, etc. The business idea aims at production of 520 units per month which translates into 6240 units annually. The revenue potential is estimated at $54,600 per annually with a total capital investment of $1,465. The project has an estimated net profit of 14,594 and a payback period 2 years and 7 months.
The idea envisages production of 6,240 units annually.
The equipments used are knives and fixtures. Hand tools are also used.
The manufacturing process starts with splitting bamboo into thin wafers to suit the variegated needs of the end product. This is followed by manually knitting the split wafers into products especially designed to cater for the needs of the customers.
The bamboo products have a ready market both in rural and urban areas. A variety of bamboo products are used for storage of fruits, vegetables and grains etc. There is potential market at: traditional sites, tourist centers, public and private offices, hotels, etc. which would help in promoting this industry.
Scale of Investment
Capital Investment Requirements in US $
|Knives and fixtures||No||25||22||550|
Production and Operating Expenses in US$
|Cost Item||Units||@/ day||Qty/ day||Pdn Cost/ day||Pdn Cost/ month||Pdn Cost/ Year1|
|General costs (Overheads)|
|Salaries and Wages||280||3,360|
|Selling and Distribution||90||1080|
|Depreciation (Asset write off) Expenses||22||261.6|
|Total Operating Costs||3,334||40,006|
- Production is assumed for 312 days per year.
- Depreciation assumes 4 year life of assets written off at 25% per year for all assets.
- A production Month is assumed to have 26 days.
Project Product Costs and Price Structure in$
|Item||Qty /day||Qty/ yr||@||Pdn Cost /yr||UPx||TR|
Profitability Analysis Table
|Profitability Item||Per day||Per Month||Per Year|
|Less: Production and Operating Costs||128||3,334||40,006| | <urn:uuid:9296e960-cdef-4c20-a5ef-22e6732906dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ucuk2022site.ugandanconventionuk.org/making-bamboo-products-business-in-uganda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.788606 | 845 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Therefore, a car with 0.90 g of cornering grip can negotiate a corner at a higher speed than one with 0.80 g. However, this number tells you nothing about how easy it is to drive at that cornering limit. That's because, on the skidpad, the circle is perfectly round, the pavement is smooth and flat, and there is plenty of runoff. Because there's no penalty for losing control, our testers are willing to let the tail swing wide while they wildly flick the steering wheel, balanced on the knife edge of stability. In a car that understeers strongly, you can push hard enough to tear the tread completely off the front tires in 30 seconds.
The old Ferrari 348 is a perfect example of a car that achieved a lofty skidpad number-0.90 g-but was diabolical on the road. Not only did that Ferrari transition into pronounced oversteer if in midcorner you lifted off the throttle, but when you reapplied the gas to balance the car as you might on an older Porsche 911, the 348's tail swung out even farther.
As a result, when we compared the Ferrari with a Chevy Corvette ZR-1, an Acura NSX, a Porsche 911 Carrera 4, or a Lotus Esprit, the Ferrari garnered no handling kudos despite having the best cornering grip of the bunch. In fact, on the road, the Carrera 4, with only 0.81 g of grip but with benign handling at its limit, was much easier to drive quickly. And the ZR-1, which was almost as user-friendly as the Porsche and could corner at 0.88 g, was the fastest of the bunch in real-world corners.
That said, the skidpad results are hardly irrelevant. The Ferrari was easy to drive when you dialed it back a few notches below its touchy limit. When that limit is 0.90 g and you're cruising at a 0.75-g pace, you're still cornering pretty swiftly.
Braking is another area where testing supplies critical information. Much as we all enjoy brakes that are progressive, linear, and confidence inspiring, we would also like them to stop the car swiftly. And the only way to measure that ability is to test them on a track under controlled circumstances. With anti-lock brakes having become almost universal, we don't even flat-spot many tires anymore.
Objective test figures, combined with our wide exposure to vehicles and many years of experience, let us truly put vehicles in the proper context. Isn't that worth a fragged transmission or shredded tire every now and then? | <urn:uuid:e54d0555-509e-45a7-86ce-08d2f8d5c11d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.caranddriver.com/columns/the-value-and-price-of-track-testing-the-value-and-price-of-track-testing-page-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00253-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960754 | 544 | 1.53125 | 2 |
As teaching evolves, teacher education must keep up. This book examines systemic reforms that incorporate new technology to improve any teacher education program. While there are books that address the integration of technology into teaching curricula, very few address the process for teacher education faculty and the systemic reform of a teacher education program. Integrating Information Technology into the Teacher Education Curriculum: Process and Products of Change provides practical examples and suggestions for teacher education departments striving to integrate new technologies into their curriculum. It will help in the effort to motivate faculty to make utilizing new technology a natural strategy for the teachers they are educating. It describes the creation of Design Teams at Brigham Young Universityas McKay School of Education (funded by a PT3 grant) and how these teams worked to successfully reconfigure the schoolas teacher preparation curricula. Integrating Information Technology into the Teacher Education Curriculum examines: how to compose and create a curriculum design teamaincluding both teacher education and content-specific methods instructors training and collaboration opportunities that focus on the infusion of technology how to facilitate alignment among a university, cooperating school districts, the State Office of Education, and other available teacher preparation programs specific case examples of the redevelopment of teacher education courses by the instructors who teach them the process of changing a technology course required by the teacher education program the process of extending grant activities to the universityas partner school districts and the State Office of Education From the editors: Preparing tomorrowas teachers to use technology in schools is a complex endeavor requiring the infusion of technology into curriculum and instructional practices at all levels of the pre-service program. In many early teacher education programs, prospective teachers took a computer literacy class separate from content methods classes and rarely engaged in real collaboration on how schoolteachers could integrate technology into authentic learning experiences. By focusing merely on how to use computers, technology training failed by not addressing how to teach students more effectively using a variety of technological tools. What teachers need to know most is how to teach content more effectively. Technology integration should cause teachers to develop different perspectives through rethinking teaching and learning. Teaching with technology causes teachers to confront their established beliefs about instruction and their traditional roles as classroom teachers.The final project was to create a WebQuest for actual use in either a K-12 classroom or for use with prospective ... that we each decided to abandon our original curriculum design teams and approached the PT3 leadership team with our desireanbsp;...
|Title||:||Integrating Information Technology into the Teacher Education Curriculum|
|Author||:||Nancy Wentworth, Rodney Earle, Michael Connell|
|Publisher||:||Routledge - 2013-01-11| | <urn:uuid:e63c739f-cf89-428a-b849-7f99c99ecb34> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.emra-net.eu/download-pdf-integrating-information-technology-into-the-teacher-education-curriculum-book-by-routledge.pdf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00436-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938483 | 533 | 2.765625 | 3 |
detects damp phones
Well known for its innovative non-commodity labels, such as self-test battery sleeves, Schreiner has come up with another ingenious product. This time the German company’s Schreiner Protech division has introduced Wet Check Labels (WCL). They are supposed to have many technological uses, especially in the telecommunications industry.
One of the more bizarre applications is for a manufacturer of mobile cell phones to affix a WCL label inside the case of phone. Any presence of dampness causes the label to change color. Apparently, this allows the manufacturer or agent to challenge any unjustified claims for a replacement against a user’s guarantee, when in fact the cell phone has been improperly used, or more specifically dropped into water.
While there are several variations available, the standard WCL label reacts to an internal presence of dampness on the basis of a component fault. As soon as the label in the inner part of the device becomes even slightly damp it produces an immediate reaction on the surface. Schreiner can supply the specially constructed labels overprinted with the cell phone’s IMEI identification number (International Mobile Station Equipment Identity). | <urn:uuid:8581803a-16b1-40f4-8237-c5e96cbdf54b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.labelandnarrowweb.com/issues/2002-11/view_narrow-web-europe/color-change-label-/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00430-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92197 | 243 | 2.15625 | 2 |
"Mariachi music, to Mexican people, is like an element of who they are. We grew up with it. It’s part of us. It’s part of our family. And we all have, 'Oh my mother loves that song.' And, 'Oh wait, that’s my dad’s favorite song.' And then it becomes part of us."
—Judith Kamel, member of Mariachi Reyna de Los Angeles
COMPAÑERAS is an intimate profile of America’s first all-female mariachi band: Mariachi Reyna de Los Angeles. Since 1994, this 12-member group has been taking on a male-dominated musical tradition and building the popularity of mariachi music.
Alternating between heart-stirring performances and behind-the-scenes band drama, the film reveals the intense, passionate world of female mariachi. Interwoven throughout are the stories of two women: 19-year-old Angelica, a devoted groupie of Reyna who comes to Los Angeles to fulfill her dream of auditioning for the group, and Cindy, the group’s leader and the only non-Latina, who struggles to assert her authority over the other members without alienating everyone.
As the stories of Cindy and Angelica unfold over the course of the film, we witness other members of the group struggling with issues universal to women everywhere: how to balance family life with career, how to achieve equal pay, how to deal with emotional conflict and how to balance competing priorities.
Musically stunning and emotionally compelling, this intimate film sheds light not only on a unique and fascinating Mexican tradition, but also on larger issues of gender and culture in American society.
Filmmaker Elizabeth Massie provided updates in January 2008 on what the members of Reyna have been up to since filming ended.
The members in the band are always in flux, but in brief, here are updates on some of the main characters:
Cindy has started her own mariachi school and has several hundred students. She and her husband have their own mariachi band, Mariachi California, and they play parties and events regularly. Her son Bruce is now four years old.
After getting married, Angelica left the band and moved back to Albuquerque with her husband. But after seven months, they missed the mariachi music scene in L.A .too much, so they have just recently moved back.
Cathy also left the band and now regularly performs with the very popular Mariachi Divas (another all-female group) in Los Angeles.
Laura has graduated not only from high school but also from college since we started the film. She is working as a realtor in her mother’s company, but would love to go solo as a professional singer one day. She is still one of the band’s star vocalists.
Since we started filming, Cindy had her son; Sylvia had two more children; Carmen had a baby boy, as did Luisa and Maricela. Leticia, Maricela and Angelica have all gotten married.
Jose plans to record a new album with the group, including several songs featured in the film.
Get the DVD >> | <urn:uuid:08e9e737-74fe-40d6-8ff2-7b3a9a914c9d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/companeras/film.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00302-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966604 | 673 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The trickle of sad and sour economic news continues to exacerbate Russia’s stagnant economic outlook, but the Kremlin authorities remain resolutely indifferent to these negative trends. They presume that the arrival of a “technical” recession does not constitute a political challenge because the “below-middle” classes have rallied around the flag of confrontation with the West, while the business elites are lined up to follow the government’s “patriotic” instructions. It is the urban middle classes that tend to sink into discontent, but they remain disheartened by the hard-hitting propaganda and divided by selective repressions. This confidence in political control over the economic fundamentals was supposed to be demonstrated last week at the traditional investment forum “Russia Calling,” but a reminder has come instead that such control is a recipe for disaster (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, October 3).
President Vladimir Putin reaffirmed his commitment to the course of Russian re-industrialization and centralized investments channeled through state corporations. However, it was the carelessness with which this pseudo-optimistic message was delivered that caught the most media attention (slon.ru, October 3). The main news-maker of the forum was German Gref, the head of Sberbank, who seemingly lashed out against the incompetence of economic decision-making in the government (polit.ru, October 3). Gref is too experienced a courtier to say a word against the supreme “decider,” but his reference to the collapse of the Soviet Union clearly alluded to Russia’s current slow economic decline (forbes.ru, October 3).
The shortage of investment capital in the Russian Federation is not a temporary spasm but a sustained trend, and the anti-inflation measures of the Central Bank have not checked the devaluation of the unreliable ruble (gazeta.ru, October 2). The government ministers, who tried to neutralize Gref’s criticism, nevertheless seem to have a pretty good understanding of the political impossibility of necessary reforms—though they publicly kept up the pretense of putting in due effort to prepare the draft state budget (Novaya Gazeta, October 3). It, indeed, makes little sense to try to balance the books when the State Duma has just approved legislation (aptly labeled the “Rotenberg law,” after a family of notorious business-crooks) that provides for generous financial compensations to the “oligarchs” whose assets were frozen by Western sanctions (Ezhednevny Zhurnal, October 3).
Sanctions certainly add to the deterioration of the investment climate, but perhaps a deeper impact on the contraction of Russian revenues has been caused by the steady decline in the oil price. This trend has been turning various international credit rating agencies increasingly skeptical in their forecasts for Russia (Kommersant, October 2). Responding to this challenge, Igor Sechin, the head of the state oil company Rosneft, asserted that in order to secure a positive return on the company’s current investments, the international price of oil needs to reach $150 per barrel (Newsru.com, October 3). The market, however, shows little inclination to follow this instruction—the crude oil price today (October 6) hovers around $90 per barrel (crude-oil.net, accessed October 6). At the same time, Rosneft’s production is declining. As a result, even the much-trumpeted news about a discovery of a large oilfield in the Kara Sea has not lifted this company’s market value (RBC Daily, October 3).
The situation is even more problematic in the gas industry, where Gazprom is losing its position on the contracting European market and remains stuck in highly politicized bargaining with Ukraine (RBC, October 4). Gazprom’s hopes for overcoming these weaknesses are pinned on opening a high-volume export channel to China. But as more details emerge about this “strategic” deal, which was signed during Putin’s May visit to Shanghai, the gas agreement starts to look less and less profitable or, indeed, feasible (RBC Daily, October 2). Worry appears to be growing in the Kremlin about obstacles to the deal’s implementation (and, in particular, about the promised but postponed pre-payment, amounting to $25 billion). Thus, a mid-level Gazprom manager, who revealed that the business plan aims at a delay of at least two years, was unceremoniously sacked (newsru.com, October 3).
Putin used to enrich political discourse with pledges about gas prices and promises of pipeline branches; but now these “mundane” matters have been supplanted by his thoughts regarding the international system at large, where an inherently hostile West seeks to subdue the defiant Russia. Economic logic fails to make an impression on this big picture, which is sharply skewed by Russian propaganda. Consequently, the public’s negative attitude toward the European Union continues to rise to almost match its views of the United States—68 percent and 73 percent, respectively (levada.ru, October 3). This jingoist wave prevents the Kremlin from being able to soften the EU’s sanctions, which German Chancellor Angela Merkel—one of the few peers still talking to Putin—tries to hold out as a political incentive (kremlin.ru, October 2).
Putin’s strategic policy of confrontation is a peculiar blend of conspiracy theories, parochial interests of a few loyal oligarchs, and propaganda clichés. Collectively, they support the regime’s ability to rule only over a “besieged fortress” (Novaya Gazeta, October 3). In order to sustain the momentum of national mobilization around the Kremlin towers and reinforce this self-righteous delusion, new “victories” have to be scored. Hence, the clashes around the Donetsk airport may at any moment shatter the fragile ceasefire in eastern Ukraine (lenta.ru, October 4). A sour economic reality of falling incomes and rising prices cannot be allowed to spoil the joy of joining the ranks of true “patriots” who reject the encroachments of the corrupt West and embrace the Russian leadership, corrupt as it may be (slon.ru, October 3).
Mikhail Khodorkovsky, who has re-launched the Open Russia communication platform, warns that this pattern of authoritarian control cannot be broken by democratic means and that the domestic situation in Russia is deteriorating toward a crisis similar to the catastrophic spasm of 1917 (Moskovsky Komsomolets, October 3). This may appear as an over-dramatization. But the deterioration of the economy, propelled by the quasi-geopolitical decision making and the degradation of society, and all of it instigated by war propaganda, make for a self-destructive combination.
In early October 1993, Russia took a step back from the abyss of national catastrophe when tank salvoes in Moscow forced the vying political elites to find a compromise. But this autumn, tank battles in the eastern Ukrainian region of Donbas have destroyed Russia’s rationale for living in peace with its neighbors. The political class is, thus, compelled to keep going forward. A “freezing” of hostilities, which so many Western politicians are eager to see established as a beginning of crisis management, is just not an option for the party of war within the Kremlin’s corridors. | <urn:uuid:ced1a3c7-ba50-4fdf-a27b-3651963e7b43> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jamestown.org/program/forget-the-economy-its-geopolitics-putin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.953114 | 1,543 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Groups sue over California county’s plan to drill oil wells
BAKERSFIELD, Calif. (AP) — Environmental and community groups have sued a California county after the prime oil-drilling region approved a plan to fast-track thousands of new wells in a state that’s positioned itself as a leader in combating climate change.
The Kern County Board of Supervisors on Monday approved a revised ordinance that could lead to approval of more than 40,000 new oil and gas wells over roughly 15 years.
The Sierra Club and other groups asked a court Wednesday to order county leaders to set aside the ordinance and bar them from approving any drilling permits.
The county, about 100 miles (161 kilometers) north of Los Angeles, didn’t immediately reply to an email seeking comment on the lawsuit.
A state appeals court ruled last year that a 2015 Kern County ordinance violated the California Environmental Quality Act by not fully evaluating or disclosing environmental damage that could occur from drilling. New drilling permits were not issued while the county returned to the drawing board.
The revised ordinance would allow the county to use a blanket environmental impact report when considering as many as 2,700 new wells a year.
Kern County is the state’s leading fossil fuel producer and also a major agricultural area. It accounts for about 80% of all oil and gas production in California, with about 1 in 7 workers in the county of 900,000 having a job tied to the oil industry.
Supervisors argued that the fossil fuel industry provides good jobs and that production under local requirements would be more environmentally sound than bringing foreign oil into the nation’s most populated state by truck, ship or pipeline.
The lawsuit notes that Kern County already has some of the most polluted air in the United States. It contends that the revised ordinance was based on “unrealistic assumptions” about pollution and failed to evaluate all the health risks.
The county also failed to provide Spanish-language versions of its notices about the ordinance even though it is majority Latino and many people speak Spanish as their primary language, according to the lawsuit.
The ordinance is “a disaster for public health,” especially for poor communities and people of color who live next to oil wells, said Chelsea Tu, senior attorney at the Center on Race, Poverty and the Environment, which is representing several community groups in the lawsuit.
The oil and gas industry faces challenges from California lawmakers and environmental groups for creating air and water pollution and contributing to climate change.
Gov. Gavin Newsom ordered a ban on the sale of new gas-powered passenger cars and trucks by 2035. New legislation would ban all fracking by 2027, limiting a technique by energy companies to inject water, sand, gravel and chemicals in the ground at high pressure to extract hard-to-reach oil and gas. | <urn:uuid:faa9a837-1e1b-4cd0-89f8-bfe34ab65fb2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://apnews.com/article/environment-bakersfield-lawsuits-california-3b9ebe8c2f11469b027fca7595d5f27b | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.964875 | 579 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Group Music Classes
Enrol your children now to blossom their love of music
Group music classes are run by Elyssa to encourage homeschooled children to engage with music in an exciting, fun, and social way. This trial lesson will give you an introduction to group music lessons, where classes are structured to learn how to play the keyboard both as a soloist and as part of an ensemble, explore music theory, music history, and of course, fun games to reinforce learning material!
The trial class is offered at a 50% discount, so you and your kids can experience the engaging and supportive atmosphere before booking for term 4.
Details of Trial Class
Day: Friday September 23
Time: Beginners aged 5-7 from 11:00-11:45am, Intermediate aged 8-12 from 12:00-12:45pm
Location: Northgate Community Hall, Scott St & Ridge St
Northgate QLD 4013
Duration: 45 minutes
Group Music Lessons in Term 4 with run on Mondays:
Beginners, ages 5-7 from 12:30-1:15pm
Intermediate, ages 8-12 from 1:30-2:15pm | <urn:uuid:04cbf292-00fd-47a0-aaa5-367cd7994d3d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.musicwithelyssa.com/grouplessons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.917079 | 253 | 1.5 | 2 |
|Project by Geoffrey Young||posted 11-26-2011 03:36 AM||1199 views||4 times favorited||3 comments|
a clean simple design exeisize made from pine a two drawer box and the legs just bolt onto the box for easier transport and the two legs can bolt together to make a high stool.
the front and back of the cabinet have the same angle as the legs with an beveled bottem edge.
so with the angles and the bevels i tried to play with visuale weght.
the drawer opens by two finger pulls on the bottem bevel in the center so you cant see them.
miratone blaze red stain and watered down white low sheen house paint and sealed with polyurathain clear coat | <urn:uuid:b1d61146-4294-48c2-9cb8-5dce0230db12> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://lumberjocks.com/projects/56421 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00577-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867314 | 162 | 1.570313 | 2 |
An interface designer typically works to create interfaces, usually a user interface (UI), for various software programs and Internet websites. This involves understanding different aspects of human behavior, usability, and the ways in which people tend to view and interact with technology. The designer will typically begin with an overall concept or design for how an interface should look and function, and then work to develop and create the interface, either alone or with a team of other UI developers. An interface designer will also frequently work with others to test an interface during development to ensure proper usability.
The various tasks and duties of an interface designer revolve around the design and development of a UI for a program or webpage. The UI for a piece of software or website is the way in which users of that program or visitors to a site interact with and use that software, and this typically involves a graphical user interface (GUI). An interface designer begins with a concept for the UI or GUI, often created in rough form on paper or using graphic software to create a mock up in a computer. This is then presented to a client and work is done to create a concept that meets the needs and desires of a software developer or website owner.
Once an idea is approved, the interface designer will then typically work either alone or with a team to fully develop and actualize the entire interface. This typically involves various iterations of a concept, often trying different colors and layouts to find the ideal design for the interface. Many interface designers will also work with various testing methods including paper prototyping and alpha and beta testing to ensure a final product that is easy to use. When this is done as part of a team, an interface designer may also work as the team manager and oversee the tasks completed by others on the team.
An interface designer can work with a client throughout a project, receiving feedback and altering the interface as necessary, in order to produce a final product that satisfies the needs and preferences of the client. This entire process can also vary depending on any work done before an interface designer was hired on. If an older interface is being revamped, for example, then the designer will typically work with the original interface when creating the final product. An entirely new interface will often have different requirements than adding to an older design, though the overall process is often similar. | <urn:uuid:af0f9d3f-6f0b-427b-833a-916dc7c4736c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wise-geek.com/what-does-an-interface-designer-do.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.954248 | 463 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Britain has officially recognised Libya's main opposition group as the country's legitimate government, and asked all diplomats belonging to Muammar Gaddafi's government to leave the United Kingdom.
William Hague, the UK foreign secretary, said on Wednesday that Britain was unfreezing 91m pounds ($150m) of Libyan oil assets to help the National Transitional Council, which the country now recognises as "the sole governmental authority in Libya".
"We will deal with the National Transitional Council on the same basis as other governments around the world," Hague said.
"In line with this decision, we summoned the Libyan charge d'affaires here to the foreign office this morning and informed him that he and other regime diplomats from the Gaddafi regime must now leave the United Kingdom.
"We no longer recognise them as the representatives of the Libyan government and we are inviting the Libyan National Transitional Council to appoint a new Libyan diplomatic envoy to take over the Libyan embassy in London."
Khaled Kaim, the Libyan deputy foreign minister, told a news conference in Tripoli that Britain's recognition of the NTC was "irresponsible [and] illegal".
"We consider this is irresponsible, illegal and in violation of British and international laws," he said.
In an audio message to loyalists on Wednesday, Gaddafi said that he and his people were "ready to sacrifice" in order to defeat NATO and the rebels.
"Political, economic boost"
Al Jazeera's Anita McNaught, in the Libyan rebel stronghold of Benghazi, reported that the funds in particular would be welcomed by NTC leaders, as they had been running dangerously low on cash. She said that if the funds were handed over to the oil company that Hague named in his statement, they could go towards repairing an oil pipeline to one of the east's largest oil fields, in Soriya.
Mustafa Abdul Jalil, the head of the NTC, said in a press conference in Benghazi on Wednesday that the UK's decision "gives us a political and economic boost".
"This means Gaddafi and his followers are no longer legitimate,'' he said, while announcing that Libya's new ambassador to the UK would be Mahmud Nacua, who he described as a Libyan exile in Britain.
Britain's diplomatic moves implement a decision made at a July 15 meeting in Istanbul, Turkey during which the US, Britain and 30 other nations recognised Libya's main opposition group as the country's legitimate government.
Russia has criticised such moves as following a "policy of isolation" and going beyond the UN's mandate and taking sides in a civil war.
Britain is one of the leading participants in the NATO campaign, but the government has been under pressure over its failure to remove Gaddafi from power.
It gave the current charge d'affaires and all eight remaining staff and their dependents three days to leave the UK, the foreign office said.
"Abandon all power"
This week Hague said for the first time that Gaddafi might be able to remain in Libya, as long as he is not in power.
Hoda Abdel-Hamid reports on the return of families who were expelled from Misrata by Gaddafi forces
He said that "Gaddafi is going to have to abandon power, all military and civil responsibility", but "what happens to Gaddafi is ultimately a question for the Libyans".
France and the US have made similar statements.
On Wednesday, however, Mustafa Mohamed Abdel Jalil, the NTC's chief, said that the deadline for a proposal involving Gaddafi ceding power and remaining in Libya had expired.
"We made a proposal. The deadline has past. The proposal has expired," Jalil said of the three-point offer during a press conference in Benghazi. Under the proposal, Gaddafi would relinquish all powers and would remain under "close supervision" in a location of the "Libyan people's" choosing, he said.
The proposal marked a major shift from previous opposition demands that Gaddafi leave and be tried for war crimes in The Hague.
Deadlines are approaching for the NATO-led alliance, whose UN mandate for military action - granted on the grounds that it would protect civilians - expires in two months.
Fadi el-Abdallah, an official with the International Criminal Court, has said that that while the ICC cannot comment on political matters, warrants for the arrest of Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam Gaddafi and intelligence chief Abdullah al-Senussi are still applicable.
"A political agreement does not affect the legal obligations or the judicial process. Justice must be done, in accordance with the rules of the Rome Statute [the treaty which founded the ICC]," el-Abdallah said.
Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the ICC's chief prosecutor, said on Wednesday that Libya has "an obligation" to arrest Gaddafi, and that any future government would also be subject to the same obligation.
Meanwhile, on Tuesday, Abdul Ilah al-Khatib, the UN special envoy, said parties to Libya's crisis remain deeply
divided on how to end the conflict that has raged since an uprising began.
Khatib this week visited the opposition capital, Benghazi, in Libya's east as well as the capital Tripoli.
A UN statement issued in New York on Tuesday quoted al-Khatib as saying that both sides "remain far apart on reaching agreement on a political solution".
The warring parties, however, both reaffirmed to Khatib "their desire to continue to engage with the UN in the search for a solution," the statement said.
Al-Khatib met Al-Baghdadi Ali Al-Mahmoudi, the Libyan prime minister, who said they had a productive dialogue.
The government however told al-Khatib that NATO must end air attacks before any talks can begin and that Gaddafi's role as leader was non-negotiable.
Gaddafi says he supports talks with the fighters and the West, but has shown no sign of agreeing to cede power after 41 years of unchallenged supremacy, much of it as a pariah in Western eyes.
In his talks with the Benghazi-based opposition leadership council, al-Khatib discussed ideas for ending the war but said later a firm initiative had yet to take shape.
Despite four months of NATO airstrikes on pro-Gaddafi forces, the conflict in Libya remains stalemated, with rebels failing to make significant advances west towards Tripoli.
Opposition leaders have given conflicting signals in recent weeks over whether they would allow Gaddafi and his family to stay in Libya as part of a deal, providing that he first gave up power.
Expatriate political party
Also on Tuesday, Libyan expatriates became the first to take a stab at forming a political party in Benghazi, the AFP news agency reported.
"We call ourselves the New Libya Party because everything was destroyed," said Ramadan Ben Amer, 53, a co-founder of the party, and now a resident of the UAE.
"Gaddafi says he has built Libya brick by brick but, especially Benghazi, he has destroyed it brick by brick."
He said that of the 2,000 individuals who have joined the party in Libya so far, the majority hail from his native Benghazi or Derna - the hometown of co-founder Rajad Mabruk, 65, who lives in Dallas, Texas.
The party is also supported by some 20,000 Libyan expatriates living in the US, Canada and Germany, he said.
Source: Al Jazeera and agencies | <urn:uuid:dc0e7518-e63b-4932-a30e-bb76f9701817> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/07/2011727105552506145.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00477-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971516 | 1,549 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Fiber optic solutions from SCHOTT maximize design flexibility while minimizing project risk
The inside cabin of a passenger aircraft contains a number of components that play an important role in passenger comfort, and in turn, brand loyalty. For example, seats are considered to be a key element in differentiating airline brands, and for that reason, the design, comfort, and functionality of the seats are given top priority.
Design, comfort, and functionality of airplane seats are given top priority. Lighting plays a particularly important role because it performs both functional and emotional tasks. SCHOTT offers high-quality cabin and seat illumination. Image: SCHOTT.
Seat lighting also plays a particularly important role because it performs both functional and emotional tasks. The lighting expert SCHOTT offers a wide variety of different lighting concepts, based on both fiber optic and LED solutions, for airplanes, and will present these products at the Aircraft Interiors Expo (Booth 6B31) in Hamburg, Germany from April 14 to 16, 2015.
“Our customers place great importance on maximum freedom in aircraft seating design,” explains Yvonne Winter, Product Manager for Seat Lighting at SCHOTT Lighting and Imaging. “For example, a transition toward increasingly lighter and thinner seat shells is occurring in both economy and business class. At the same time, more lighting elements are being integrated throughout the seat, including pure reading lights, functional lighting for illuminating compartments, ambient lighting in seat foot wells, and side lighting of the table surface.”
Additionally, airlines and seat manufacturers want development times and costs to be as low as possible, and are interested in taking as little risk as possible when it comes to product tests. “With our lighting concepts, we enable airlines to develop their own individual seats and make use of lighting components that have already been officially approved,” notes Winter. “This means they can be creative and yet save time and money.”
SCHOTT’s solutions combine a firmly anchored, approved LED light source with fiber optic light guides that transport the light from the light source to all desired locations. The light source is anchored beneath the seat and is therefore invisible to the passenger’s eye. For its future solutions, SCHOTT will rely on RGBW light sources with a high degree of color stability for all of the protruding light guides.
“The combination of a light source and multiple light outlets ensures the same color transmission for each outlet, and therefore provides homogeneous illumination of the entire seat,” explains Winter. The various light guides that are connected to the light source are extremely thin and flexible. In fact, they are less than 5 mm thick and have a bending radius of around 15 mm. This allows them to be easily inserted into areas of the seat shell that are difficult to access. Furthermore, the fiber optic light guides are passive and do not contain any power supply lines. This means they do not generate electromagnetic interference (EMI) or undesirable heat.
Because the LED light sources and light guides have already been tested, only the customer-specific spot designs must be re-tested when approving the seat. SCHOTT is already successfully supplying its fiber optic lighting products to select seat manufacturers and airlines. For example, the SCHOTT® HelioLine Mood Light is already being used successfully by several airlines. The SCHOTT® HelioFlex Mood Light has also been integrated into passenger seats, and is now being used to illuminate aisles. It is extremely durable thanks to its metal and glass structure and even stands up to the unavoidable suitcase impacts.
“The design possibilities are abundant with SCHOTT’s lighting solutions, which can be tailored to match specific customer needs,” adds Winter. “There are no limits to creativity, yet at the same time, elements can be replaced on an individual basis. This is what is so attractive about our modular approach.”
SCHOTT is a leading international technology group in the areas of specialty glass and glass-ceramics. The company has more than 130 years of outstanding development, materials and technology expertise and offers a broad portfolio of high-quality products. SCHOTT is an innovative enabler for many industries, including the home appliance, pharmaceutical, electronics, optics, automotive and aviation industries. SCHOTT strives to play an important part of everyone’s life and is committed to innovation and sustainable success. The group maintains a global presence with production sites and sales offices in 35 countries. With its workforce of approximately 15,400 employees, sales of 1.87 billion euros were generated in fiscal year 2013/2014. The parent company, SCHOTT AG, has its headquarters in Mainz (Germany) and is solely owned by the Carl Zeiss Foundation. As a foundation company, SCHOTT assumes special responsibility for its employees, society and the environment. www.schott.com
Dr. Haike Frank
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Vice President Marketing and Communication
Dr. Haike Frank | SCHOTT AG
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24.01.2017 | Physics and Astronomy | <urn:uuid:dd415a5d-2f9d-4507-b94a-e08330636883> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/energy-engineering/flexible-and-ultra-thin-illumination-solutions-for-aircraft-seats-grant-new-design-freedom.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00454-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918481 | 1,458 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Volume 31 Issue 12 December 1981
Huw Richards on the rise and fall of the media voice of UK radicalism.
James Madison, the fourth president of the United States, is best remembered, according to Esmond Wright, for his personal integrity and the scholarly application which he brought to constitutional questions in which he collaborated with Thomas Jefferson.
D.G. Chandler concludes our year-long survey of the nature of military history.
In the Georgian age the insane came to be seen not as a threat to society but as its victims. Roy Porter shows however that, in treating the mad with greater compassion, contemporary practice was often to deny the voice of the spiritual.
Plekhanov refused to accept that Lenin's coup in October 1917 was a Marxist revolution. To him it was an anti-Marxist revolution that violated history's economic laws. By Irene Coltman Brown.
Hugh Rank is intrigued but bewildered by an exhibition on the rise of Prussia, held in a Berlin still coming to terms with its legacy.
The popular revolts of 1578-79 and 1586-89 in Normandy were triggered by an unruly military presence and the high level of royal fiscal exactions. Joan Davies shows how the revolts were exploited by the nobility in their struggle with Henri III, who met the threat thus posed with force.
Michael Howard on the culture of imperial Britain in the face of international competition in the economic and military spheres.
J.K. Elliott argues that only the evidence of the New Testament, highly selective as it is, gets us close to the character of St Peter and to the events of his life
Maggie Black completes her history of the year in food, with a look at the history of a festive favourite | <urn:uuid:17fde199-1e0d-48aa-8686-88d5fd4f0bd3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-today/volume-31-issue-12-december-1981 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00236-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973096 | 359 | 2.28125 | 2 |
This text is a condensed version of “Unangax̂: Coastal People of Far Southwestern Alaska,” a chapter by Douglas W. Veltre to be published in Alaska’s First Peoples by Kendall Hunt Publishing.
Dr. Douglas Veltre is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of Alaska Anchorage, where he has worked since 1974. His primary interests are the history and culture of the Aleut/Unangan people, and he has conducted archaeological and ethnohistorical research in the Aleutian and Pribilof islands since 1971. Dr. Veltre’s largest projects have been on Umnak, Atka, Unalaska, St. George, and St. Paul islands. He has also served as an advisor to local and regional Aleut groups on matters relating to archaeology, history, and repatriation. He is currently a member of the Alaska Historical Commission and is a past chair of the Anthropology Department and a past president of the Alaska Anthropological Association. Dr. Veltre can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.
The Aleutian Islands region of southwestern Alaska is dominated by volcanic peaks, rugged coastlines, powerful oceans, and severe weather. It is also one with rich resources, so varied and abundant that people have thrived in the area for almost 10,000 years. The Native people of the greater Aleutian Islands region refer to themselves by two names, Unangax̂ and Aleut, the former in their own language, Unangam tunuu, and the latter a name applied only after foreigners first came to the region in the mid-1700s.
Population and Territory
It is impossible to know precisely how many Unangax̂ lived in the region before the arrival of Russians and other non-Natives beginning in the mid-1700s. When insights from Unangax oral history, archaeology, and early Russian period documents are combined, it is likely that about 12-15 thousand Unangax occupied a territory that included the western end of the Alaska Peninsula, the Shumagin Islands just south of the Peninsula, and the whole of the Aleutian archipelago from Unimak Island in the far east to Attu Island at the western tip of the island chain. Population was likely higher in the eastern portion of this territory due to the greater coastline available and a concentration of food resources.
The Commander Islands, west of Attu Island and now part of Russia, are geographically part of the island chain, but they were unpopulated when Russians first arrived there in 1741. Likewise, the Pribilof Islands, north of the Aleutians in the Bering Sea, were likely unpopulated until the Russian period, although Unangax̂ oral history testifies to their knowledge of this island group in pre-Russian times.
Unangam tunuu is one major branch of the greater Eskimo-Aleut language family. The linguistic relationships within this larger family affirm ancestral connections going back thousands of years among a range of Native people in Alaska today, including Unangax̂, Inupiaq, Siberian Yup’ik, Sugpiaq (Alutiiq), and Yup’ik peoples. While related to these other languages, Unangam tunuu is its own distinct language, indicating that there has been a long period of geographical, cultural, and linguistic separation of its speakers from other Alaska Native groups. While it was once spoken throughout the region, today only about 109 individuals speak it fluently.
At the time of foreign contact, Unangam tunuu probably had multiple regional dialects—mutually intelligible, but with certain distinct features of structure and vocabulary. However, by the time the language was well recorded in the early 1800s, only three of these dialects remained. The Attuan dialect was spoken by Unangax̂ of the far western end of the archipelago, including those on Attu Island. The Atkan dialect was spoken in the central portion of the region, including today’s village of Atka, the last surviving traditional Unangax̂ community in the area. From Umnak Island eastward to the Alaska Peninsula, the eastern Unangax dialect was spoken.
The Aleutian Islands stretch westward for some 1,100 miles from the western end of the Alaska Peninsula to Attu Island at the far end of the archipelago. With the Bering Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Aleutians’ sole connection to the rest of Alaska is with the Alaska Peninsula.
Geologically, the entire Aleutian Island region is a young part of Alaska. The active volcanic peaks of the Aleutian Range extend down the length of the Alaska Peninsula and nearly to the western end of the Aleutian archipelago. This area—the northern extension of the Pacific “Ring of Fire”—is especially geologically active, experiencing numerous earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunami. Such environmental occurrences are realities with which people, both ancient and modern, have needed to contend.
Altogether, there are some 70 volcanoes in the Aleutian Range, about half of which have been active in the last 250 years. Island landforms vary from low, rolling hills to rugged mountains. Coastlines are often rugged, with sandy beaches infrequent. Steep cliffs and narrow, rocky beaches typically ring the islands. Though small in landmass, the islands’ often highly convoluted shores nevertheless include about one-third of Alaska’s coastline.
Dramatic as the volcanic landforms are, the maritime environment is the most crucial for understanding Unangax life in the region. The nutrient-rich waters of the North Pacific Ocean mix with those of the Bering Sea, supporting a particularly abundant and diverse food chain. Because the ocean rarely freezes in the winter, sea resources were available throughout the year. Only around the northern side of the Alaska Peninsula, at the far eastern end of Unangax territory, and in the Pribilof Islands does sea ice occasionally form in some winters. Summers are relatively cool, and winters are comparatively mild—with average high and low temperatures around 50° and 30°, respectively. This contrasts with all of the rest of Alaska, where land masses often produce a much wider yearly range of temperatures.
Animal life in the Unangax area is dominated by those of the oceans and coasts. Marine mammals generally found throughout the region include sea otters, Steller sea lions, and harbor seals. Northern fur seals occur in eastern Aleutian waters, but come ashore only in the Pribilof Islands, where they breed. A number of whale species, including finback, humpback, gray, and killer whales, tend to be more numerous in the eastern archipelago. Walrus are relatively rare, restricted to the extreme eastern end of Unangax territory.
Birds are especially abundant throughout the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian and Pribilof islands region, especially species of open ocean, lowland, lake, and near-shore environments. These include gulls, kittiwakes, auklets, cormorants, puffins, teals, pintails, mallards, and eiders. Many species nest in the region.
Like birds, fish occur in large numbers. Ocean fish, such as halibut, cod, and king salmon, and anadromous species (those than travel from the ocean to streams and lakes to spawn), such as several species of salmon, are the most important as traditional foods.
Land plants and animals of the Unangax̂ area are influenced by the climate and isolation of the islands. Common plants belong to “moist tundra” in lowland areas and, at higher elevations, “alpine tundra” communities; these include grasses, sedge, wild celery, crowberries, ferns, and lichens. Because of the cool growing season, large trees are absent. Land animals of any appreciable size are limited to caribou, wolf, wolverine, land otter, short-tailed weasel, and brown bear, but before Russians arrived in the mid-1700s these species were found only on the Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island, not on the more isolated islands farther west or on the Pribilof Islands. Fox and lemmings extend as far west as Umnak Island. Except for just a few land bird species (such as ptarmigans and eagles), the remainder of the central and western Aleutians have no significant native land animals living on them. However, many species were introduced to various islands in the archipelago and the Pribilof Islands during the Russian and American periods; among others, these include fox, caribou, sheep, rabbits, cattle, horses, and Norway rats.
The earliest known human occupation of the Aleutian Islands region dates to about 9,000 years ago. Because archaeological sites of this age have been found only in the eastern Aleutians, it is clear that the first movement into the island chain occurred from the Alaska Peninsula westward. The first people who moved into the region were the descendants of the first migrants from Siberian into Alaska, who crossed the Ice Age land connection between the two hemispheres, the Bering Land Bridge, which existed until about 12,000 years ago.
The oldest sites are very few, and preservation of materials like bone and wood is almost non-existent. Therefore, many details of life at this ancient time are unclear. A great deal is known, however, about the abundant and distinctive stone tools produced beginning about 9,000 years ago—tools very different from those of the last several thousand years. The first-discovered and best-studied site from this time period is on Anangula Island, in the Bering Sea several miles northwest of the contemporary village of Nikolski on Umnak Island. From this site comes the name applied to this earliest archaeological period, the “Anangula tradition.”
The Anangula tradition is defined largely on the basis of its age and its distinctive stone tool technology. At the Anangula site, and at a small number of sites on eastern Unalaska Island, stone tools are manufactured using a “core and blade” technology. Blades, relatively long and narrow stone flakes, are refined along their edges with small-scale flaking, or retouch. However, unlike in other areas of Alaska, this retouch is done only unifacially, that is, on only one surface, or face, of the tool. Tools made on blades during the Anangula tradition include, among others, a variety of skin scrapers, knives, and burins (gouging tools). Over a few thousand years, the Anangula tradition ends as the core and blade technology gives way to much different technologies. At the same time, however, certain technological continuities connect the Anangula tradition with later time periods; these include roof-entry semisubterranean houses (see the discussion of houses below), large stones for grinding paint pigments, stone bowls and oil lamps, and pumice abraders.
Following the Anangula tradition, occupation of the islands certainly continues, although relatively few archaeological sites are known until some 4,000 years ago. Some researchers see a “Late” Anangula period (from about 7,000 to 4,000 years ago) linking earlier with later materials. Whatever the precise nature of this transition, however, by 5,500 years ago it is clear that new types of tool-making are present in the Aleutian Islands, marking the beginning of the “Aleutian tradition,” which lasts until the Russian arrival in the region in 1741.
The most fully understood archaeological period in the region, the Aleutian tradition is seen at numerous sites throughout the archipelago. They are often characterized by deep deposits of midden, the bone- and shell-rich byproducts of daily life. Because of the chemistry of midden, bone artifacts and bone food refuse are preserved very well, meaning that far more information regarding Unangax culture can be discerned than in the earlier Anangula tradition.
Stone tool technology during the Aleutian tradition lacks the cores and blades of former times, instead focusing on manufacturing bifacially (two-sided) retouched tools. Unifacial retouching continues as well, with the two stone-shaping technologies producing a wide array of knives, scrapers, projectile points, and adzes (wood-working tools). In addition, bone and ivory tools are well represented in midden deposits; these include many kinds of barbed harpoons and spearheads for sea mammals, birds, and fish; handles for knives and scrapers; two-piece fishhooks; whale vertebra bowls; and items of personal decoration, such as nose pins and labrets. (In anthropological usage, a harpoon has a penetrating head that detaches from its shaft, a spear has a head fixed to its shaft, and a lance is a hand-held stabbing device.)
Unangax̂ Culture Before the Russians
The Subsistence Economy
With an absence of winter sea ice in the region, it is understandable that technology related to sea ice hunting and overland winter travel, common in much of farther north coastal Alaska, was absent in the Unangax̂ region. These absences include ice picks, snow goggles, and dog sled gear. Also absent was pottery, something present among neighboring peoples (although carved stone bowls and containers of wood and animal products were made).
Unangax̂ directed most of their efforts in procuring food and raw materials to the sea and the coastal zone. Resources, only a few of which were found exclusively on land, were diverse and abundant in the Aleutian Islands region; importantly, while some were only seasonally present, many others were available year-round.
The richness of food resources of the Unangax̂ region contributed to a distinctive characteristic of the food economy: Because many resources—in particular, marine invertebrates –were relatively easy to obtain, all but the youngest and the most elderly or infirm members of an Unangax̂ community could make a significant contribution to acquiring food for themselves and their families. Because such foods were not found throughout Alaska, this ability is not something all Alaska Native cultures shared. In addition, Unangax̂ used a wide range of non-food items as raw materials for making things.
As in all Alaska Native cultures, two essential features of the Unangax̂ subsistence economy were cooperation and sharing. Obtaining certain resources required that people work together. Netting fish along the shore, for example, could not be done alone, nor could halibut fishing, where hauling in a large fish from a skin boat could only be done when men in two kayak-style bidarkas stabilized themselves with their paddles. Many other hunting, fishing, and gathering pursuits were undoubtedly undertaken in groups for a variety of reasons, including safety, learning, and friendship.
Sharing of resources was also absolutely indispensable for Unangax̂ survival. Beyond the obvious reasons for giving food to certain people (infants, the sick, and the elderly), Unangax shared with one another for food security. For example, because there were no guarantees that a particular hunter would be successful, it would be to his and his family’s benefit if a successful hunter shared his catch with him. The successful hunter, in turn, knew that he, too, would be taken care of someday when (not if) he came home empty-handed. In short, Unangax̂ shared to reduce the uncertainties that are associated with many subsistence endeavors. Sharing of food also was a means of dividing the often substantial work required to process fish and game. In some cases, if food were not shared, it would spoil before it could be eaten or properly stored for future use. It was in the context of multi-family households that most food sharing likely took place.
Raw materials for making things—including tools, household goods, clothing, and boats—came in part from the same resources Unangax used for food. As just one illustration of Unangax resourcefulness, the different parts of the Steller sea lion were used in a wide variety of ways. Skins of these large sea mammals were used for boat covers; meat, fat, and internal organs were eaten; bones were made into a variety of tools; teeth were carved into pendants; intestines were sewn into rain parkas; and other parts served other functions. Other animals, from marine mammals to birds, were used as extensively as was the sea lion. Unangax survival clearly depended on extensive and creative use of the animals they hunted.
Subsistence technology included hatched bidarkas and larger, open skin-covered boats, bidars, the latter capable of carrying substantial cargo and many people. Most hunting of marine mammals and birds was done at sea from bidarkas, with men hurling their harpoons using spear-throwers, carved pieces of wood that gave throwing arms greater length and their spears greater force and distance. Harpoons themselves were created from long wooden shafts to which were attached, first, a connecting piece made from bone, and, finally, depending on what was being hunted, one or more barbed bone points. Bird spears had multiple barbed points fanning out from the central wooden shaft, thereby providing several tips and notches to catch a bird. Marine mammal spears had single harpoon points, sometimes tipped with a small sharp stone inset. They were designed so that the barbed point detached from the valuable wooden shaft and remained in an animal, while a line made from animal skins connected the harpoon to an inflated skin float, which prevented the wounded animal from diving.
It appears likely that hunting for large whales was a particularly specialized endeavor conducted exclusively in the eastern Aleutians, rather than farther to the west. The basic technique was to put a poison derived from the aconite, or monkshood, plant on the end of a harpoon or spear. The lone whaler would then wound a whale and retreat to land to let the poison kill the animal, a days-long process that, with any luck, would leave the whale washed ashore reasonably close to the hunter’s village.
Fishing at sea was undertaken with hand lines and baited hooks, weighted to keep them stable in ocean currents. The lines were made of strips of kelp or sea mammal skin, the hooks of two pieces of carved bone or ivory that were lashed together, and the weights of hand-sized beach stones that had been notched slightly at the ends to keep the line from slipping off. At stream mouths and along streams, where salmon were the main and often abundant goal, nets, fish spears (leisters), and stone or wood fences across streams (weirs) were employed.
As elsewhere in Alaska, Unangax̂ subsistence activities followed the seasonal pattern of resource availability. In general, spring, summer, and fall were times of greater abundance of foods, as many migratory species (such as salmon, many birds, and fur seals) were present during these seasons. Winter, on the other hand, was more of a slack time, when fewer resources were available.
Housing and Settlement
In a region devoid of large trees, it is not surprising that Unangax̂ built dwellings in large part of the earth itself. Houses were constructed in a semisubterranean fashion, literally, half underground. Excavations several feet deep and sometimes lined with rocks on the walls were roofed over with beams made from driftwood and long whale bones, such as those from the lower jaws, or mandibles. Over this framework, smaller pieces of wood and bone, grass, and, finally, a layer of living sod completed the structure, so that from the outside a house appeared like a small grassy hill. Side windows and doors were absent; instead, entry and exit were made through an opening in the roof, from which a notched log ladder descended to the central floor area. Large houses could have had multiple openings in their roofs to provide additional light and air circulation.
Inside these precontact Unangax̂ houses, families had their personal use areas around the immediate inside of the walls. These were separated from each other with woven grass mats. The central floor area was a communal activity area; in some houses, small sub-floor pits were dug for storage of food and other materials.
Archaeological research has shown that all Unangax̂ houses were not alike. While all appear to have followed the same basic semisubterranean construction plan, they varied a great deal in overall size and complexity. Many dwellings were relatively small, generally oval-shaped structures that measured about 20 to 26 feet long and 10 to 13 feet wide. Bigger houses were generally made larger in length than in width, since it would have been very difficult to span much more than 13-16 feet with the available building materials.
Some different forms of houses occur in the eastern Unangax̂ region. On Unimak Island and the Alaska Peninsula, archaeologists have found a number of “nucleus-satellite” houses. These have central floors up to about 20 by 50 feet in size, to which some 2 to 14 side rooms are attached by low, narrow passageways. In the Unalaska Island area, archaeologists located the largest houses in the Unangax̂ region, termed longhouses, which also have multiple side rooms, but have central floors measuring up to 20 by 165 feet. Also in the Unalaska area, some houses dating to about 3,000 years ago had stone-lined troughs in their floors to aid in distributing warm air from fireplaces to the entire structure.
With the primary focus of their subsistence economy on resources of the sea and coastline, it is obvious why Unangax̂ placed the vast majority of their villages and seasonal camps as close to the ocean as was feasible. Favorable locations were those that afforded safe access to the sea, a fresh water stream, and nearby dependable food resources. Additional consideration was given to the proximity of defensive locales, such as steep-sided offshore islets, which served as refuges in times of warfare.
In optimal places Unangax̂ villages were sometimes quite large and probably occupied year-round, at least by some of their residents. The well-known site of Chaluka, a part of the contemporary community of Nikolski on Umnak Island, is one of these. Measuring some 600 feet long and 200 feet wide, cultural midden deposits at Chaluka extend down as much as 30 feet and back in time nearly 4,000 years.
In addition to such large communities, Unangax̂ also maintained smaller, resource-specific camps where individuals, families, or work groups would go at those times of year when resources there were available. For example, Unangax̂ might travel to a locale having a rich salmon stream, but few other food resources, during the summer months that salmon are running. Also, over thousands of years of use by Unangax̂, a single settlement location might have been at certain times a seasonal camp and at other times a year-round community, its changing use depending on Unangax̂ adaptations to fluctuations in food resources.
In recent years, archaeologists have discovered a small number of Unangax̂ settlements that defy straightforward interpretation. These are houses, and possibly other structures, located in upland areas on Adak Island, away from the coast. Continuing investigations will clarify their role in Unangax̂ settlement patterning, with possibilities including, among others, defensive sites, inland bird hunting sites, and temporary layover sites on portages over the island. It is likely that similar sites will eventually be found on other islands in the region.
Household, Kinship, and Marriage
Much changed in Unangax̂ social organization after Russians arrived over 250 years ago. It is only from Unangax oral history, early Russian period documents, and archaeological evidence that a picture, however indistinct, of kinship, living arrangements, marriage, and leadership can be drawn. In terms of household composition, it is clear from archaeological information, that most, if not all, dwellings were large enough to be home to more than a single nuclear family. Even the smallest structures likely housed multi-generational families. At the other extreme, the largest houses might have been home to 100 or more individuals.
The ethnohistoric evidence is not especially helpful in determining who lived together. However, we can make some educated guesses based on another basic feature of social organization, namely, the manner in which Unangax̂ determined kinship relationships. Although there is some disagreement on this topic, one strong argument has been made that Unangax̂ had a matrilineal kinship system. In such a system, one belonged to the kin group of her or his mother. However, because two people in the same matrilineage were never allowed to marry each other (a rule of lineage exogamy), no Unangax̂ belonged to her or his father’s kin group.
Matrilineal kinship also had implications for child-rearing. An Unangax̂ girl’s training would be overseen by her mother, since, by definition, both were in the same kin group. On the other hand, a boy’s training was not managed by his father (who was in a different matrilineage from the boy), but by his mother’s brother, or maternal uncle. This relationship between a boy and his mother’s brother is termed the avunculate relationship, one found in many matrilineal societies the world over. In other, better-documented matrilineal societies in Alaska, it is known that a young boy actually left his parents’ home to live with his mother’s brother and his family, perhaps for the rest of his life. Moreover, after sufficient time has passed, a young man may marry this uncle’s daughter, who, by rules of matrilineal kinship, is never in his own kin group. Such a marriage may be seen as a way of strengthening and perpetuating the avunculate relationship itself.
Consistent with this discussion is that many, if not most, marriages were likely arranged, with the future in-laws determining what unions would best further the social and economic needs of their families. A girl could marry quite young, although in the avunculate system described above, she would continue to live with her husband in her parents’ house. A boy was somewhat older when he married, waiting until he had achieve reasonable skill at hunting.
Complicating this picture of marriage and kinship relationships is that Unangax̂ allowed polygamy, that is, having more than one spouse at a time. While it is likely that monogamy, having a single spouse, was the norm, both types of polygamy, polygyny (a man married to more than one woman) and polyandry (a woman married to more than one man), were permitted, with the former being more common. As the ability to provide for the needs of multiple spouses was something only certain especially capable individuals could manage, polygamy was a sign of higher wealth and status.
Returning to the question of who might have lived together in a house, if we assume that having at least the core of a barabara’s occupants related to one another would provide for the smoothest and most efficient management of daily tasks and interpersonal relations, then we can suggest a possible scenario, which, while overly simplistic, nonetheless is illustrative of fundamental Unangax̂ matrilineal kinship principles.
Imagine that three married couples lived together. The three husbands could have been from a single matrilineage (they could have been brothers), and the wives could have been from a single, but different (following the rule of lineage exogamy), matrilineage. These couples’ children would all belong to their mothers’ matrilineage. While the daughters stayed at home, the young sons left the household when they became old enough to live with their mother’s brothers. Finally, the sons of the fathers’ sisters came to live in the barabara as part of their avunculate training, and they could marry the daughters living there.
Thus, in our hypothetical example, a multi-family household is composed of three matrilineally-related nuclear families (minus the sons), plus three nephews who have moved in. Because its occupants are all closely related to one another and only two different matrilineages are represented, we can suppose that this extended family house functioned well. Smaller and larger barabaras housing fewer or more people could have been composed in much the same way.
Of course, Unangax̂ real life must have been much more complex than this simple illustration. Yet, however a particular extended family barabara was composed, household members were bound together through ties of descent and marriage to form the most important day-in and day-out social and economic group in Unangax̂ society.
Leadership and Rank
Social organization and subsistence were nowhere more closely connected than in the extended family household. Unangax̂ cooperated and shared among houses and, indeed, with other villages, but their most important daily economic relationships were with their own kindred within a barabara. Leadership within a household rested with its most highly regarded occupants—men and women who embodied qualities valued by all Unangax̂. These included such things as having achieved successes in hunting, warfare, travel, and trade; being skillful at household organization, oratory, and oral history; and being a good provider and care-giver. In short, the men and women who led a household were those who had the highest rank, or status, within a barabara.
It is important to recognize that both men and women had necessary and mutually supportive leadership roles. Women and men could not survive very well without the skills, knowledge, and direction each brought to a marriage and to a household. While men were looked to for guidance in times of certain “high profile” activities, such as organizing hunting and warfare ventures, women’s leadership roles in child-rearing, certain subsistence tasks (for example, gathering grass, weaving mats and baskets, fishing, food processing, and meal preparation), and household management, though perhaps of “lower profile,” were arguably no less critical.
Beyond the household, village-wide leadership was occasionally required, especially for certain subsistence and warfare matters. This meant that male household leaders might consult as a group, showing deference to the man of highest rank. Similar to that within a household, a man’s rank in a community was based on a combination of attributes, including age, achievements, personal wealth, and, importantly, how many local relatives he had to support him. Thus, a high ranking man or woman with substantial support in one village could very well be of no special status in another.
At very infrequent times, such as those related to warfare, it might have been necessary for leaders from multiple villages to work together. On these occasions, the most influential of the village leaders could have emerged to oversee what needed to be done. Russian period documents and Unangax̂ oral history speak to the existence of political groups or alliances within the Unangax region, but the manner in which they functioned is largely unknown.
This system of rank within Unangax̂ society seems to have been more highly developed in the eastern Aleutian Islands than it was farther west. In the late precontact period, it is possible that eastern Unangax were on the verge of actual social stratification, in which people of high rank would not only have had more influence than others, but they also would have had power and control over the lives of other Unangax. Such power could be expressed in the control over access to subsistence resources, unequal sharing of resources, and the ability to coerce people to comply with one’s demands.
At the lowest end of the ranking scale were slaves, mostly captives from warfare either among Unangax̂ themselves or between Unangax̂ and their Sugpiaq neighbors to the east. Comprising a distinct class of individuals, slaves had essentially no control over their own lives. Their fate lay in the hands of their owners, with whom they lived and worked. Because slaves were a form of wealth, ownership of them served as another indication of one’s rank in Unangax̂ society.
For all Unangax̂, one’s position in society could be reflected in a number of ways. These included the number and quality of items of personal ornamentation, such as labrets (carved stone, bone, or ivory pieces worn in holes in the cheek below one’s mouth), facial tattoos, nose pins (bone or ivory carvings worn through a hole pierced in the nasal septum), and quality of clothing.
Fundamental Religious Beliefs
As with certain other features of precontact Unangax̂ culture, many features of their religious beliefs are unknown, having been altered or lost soon after the first Russians came to the area. Nevertheless, the basic features of their religion can be summarized. For precontact Unangax̂, the natural and supernatural worlds were actually a single, inseparable aspect of their existence. The world was, in essence, a spiritual place, where all things—including people, animals, places, oceans, and so on—had spiritual qualities and powers. While some spiritual forces were more important than others, successful living required Unangax̂ to live in harmony within their spiritually-based environment. One who failed to follow proper behavior could face bad luck, sickness, or death.
Examples of this are provided by the Russian Orthodox priest Ivan Veniaminov (since 1977, Saint Innocent), who lived in Unalaska from 1824 to 1834 and provided us with our most extensive information on traditional Unangax̂ culture. He reported that male hunters should not touch a menstruating woman; to do so would result in “frightful misfortunes and a cruel death.” Further, a sea otter hunter who was “lazy, spiteful, malicious or disregarded the teaching of the elders” would find his prey “cavorting around his baidarka [bidarka] . . . teas[ing] and splash[ing] him with water.”
The individual who provided spiritual care was the shaman. A woman or man, the shaman led a mostly ordinary life, serving only when needed as a part-time specialist. For example, when someone wanted to insure hunting success, to foretell the future, to cure a sick family member, to bring good luck in battle, or to bring harm to an enemy, a shaman was consulted. The shaman combined a specialized knowledge of spiritual powers with an ability to communicate with spiritual forces to bring about the desired end. As is common elsewhere in Alaska, Unangax̂ shamans utilized song, dance, and drumming to aid in their role as intermediaries between the everyday and spiritual realms.
Unangax̂ spiritual beliefs and values were expressed in many ways. Two of the most obvious are ceremonies and the treatment of the dead.
Various group ceremonies were routinely held by Unangax̂. These included large feasts, some for remembering and honoring the dead, where the hosts distributed food and goods to the invited guests and provided lavish entertainment, including singing and dancing. Such events served multiple functions, including underscoring the value of sharing and reinforcing and enhancing the social standing of the hosts.
Treatment of the Dead
Reflecting their belief in the undying aspect of human spirits, and paralleling the differences in rank within their society, Unangax̂ had a wide range of ways to treat their deceased relatives and friends. Most information on this subject comes from archaeological evidence, since burial practices changed considerably soon after Russians arrived in the region.
Perhaps the most common form of burial throughout the region was to place a body in a hole dug into the ground near the barabaras in a village. The oval-shaped hole was dug about three feet deep (as deep as one can easily reach to dig using small hand tools) and four feet long, and the body was placed within it in a flexed position, that is, with legs and arms bent up against the chest. Grave goods, such as beads and labrets, could accompany the burial.
Another, more elaborate type of interment has been called an umqan burial. This burial consists of a very low mound of earth and stones built up over one or more of the common type of burial described above. Surrounding the mound, a shallow V- or U-shaped trough with its opening facing down slope presumably directed surface water away from the burials. Umqan burials are known from the eastern and central Aleutians.
More intricate yet was a small above-ground wooden burial structure known from only a few, though widespread, locales. One or more individuals could be interred; as with other burials, grave goods could be included.
The most elaborate burial form was that made in a rock shelter or cave, often in a location that was difficult to access. While cave burials are known from throughout Unangax territory, the most intricate, involving mummification, have been found only in the eastern Aleutian Islands. This is likely a reflection of the greater emphasis on rank and possible stratification in that area. Individuals were often carefully prepared by removing their internal organs and filling the body cavity with moss or dried grass. Clothed in their everyday garments, men, women, and children were then placed along with grave goods in the caves. Infants were sometimes wrapped in furs and placed atop finely woven grass mats inside of carved wooden boxes. Because the dryness of cave environments afforded better preservation of organic materials than did other forms of Unangax burial, these burials became mummified. Consequently, they provide a rare and particularly valuable glimpse into the clothing and perishable material culture of precontact Unangax. Unangax men sometimes visited the mummies of powerful individuals, whose remains were able provide assistance in hunting and other endeavors. The fat emanating from a mummy was sometimes rubbed on a harpoon to transfer the power from the deceased to the living hunter.
While each manner of treating the dead appears to have been afforded to both sexes and all ages, enemies slain in battle were sometimes given much different treatment. To release and render harmless the hostile power that dead foes might still possess, their bodies were dismembered and discarded.
The Russian and American Periods
In all of Alaska, it was the Unangax region that experienced the earliest contact with foreigners. In 1741, Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov ventured eastward in two ships from Kamchatka, eager to establish the geographic relationship between Asia and North America. Following the return of their crews to Russia, fur hunters began sailing to the Aleutian Islands in pursuit of sea otters, foxes, fur seals, and other valuable fur-bearers. Over second half of the eighteenth century, Russian crews sailed ever farther eastward, expanding their colonial reach to the central Aleutian Islands by around 1750 and to the eastern Aleutians by the 1760s.
The early Russian period was a devastating time for Unangax. By 1800, little more than 50 years after first Russian contact, the Unangax population had been reduced by some 80 percent, to about 2,500 people. Battles between Unangax and Russians, Russian atrocities, forced Unangax labor, and introduced diseases all took their toll, and no part of traditional Unangax culture was left unchanged. In the realm of subsistence, many traditional activities continued through this time, but some important shifts took place. Because many men were forced to work for fur-hunting companies in the region, women and children took on increasing responsibilities for providing their families with foods and resources.
With population loss came far fewer occupied settlements and the consolidation and relocation of many villages. By the end of the Russian era in 1867, only approximately 17 Unangax communities remained, a number that, with some fluctuation, declined until today. At the same time, social and religious changes were also imposed. The earlier matrilineal kinship system fell apart. Traditional leadership structures were used by Russian colonizers for their own purposes, with Unangax leaders soon finding themselves serving in the often difficult role of middlemen between their own people and the dominant Russian economic interests. Hand in hand with these changes came a new religion, Russian Orthodoxy. By the later eighteenth century, even before the first Russian Orthodox priests had arrived from Russia, Unangax were being baptized into the church by Russian laymen, and Russian Orthodoxy quickly became the sole religion of the region.
Achievements and accomplishments made during the Russian era were sometimes positive. For example, some Unangax became literate in both Russian and Unangax; doctors brought smallpox vaccines and other medicines; schools were opened; and some Unangax became shipbuilders, navigators, and priests. Nevertheless, after thousands of years of successful adaptation to their region, Unangax experienced all of these changes in a very short time. Further, the changes occurred in a context of overwhelming Unangax population loss and of Russian exploitation both of Unangax themselves and of the natural resources of their region. Within just a few decades of the first Russian arrival, Unangax were a subjugated population with essentially no real control over the main direction of their lives.
Following the sale of Alaska by Russia to the United States in 1867, a number of economic forces left their marks on the region. Unalaska continued its Russian era position as a commercial and population center, with arctic whaling, trading, military activities, and the 1899 Nome gold rush bringing abundant maritime traffic to the region. In the eastern Unangax region, cod, salmon, herring, and whaling industries brought some employment between the 1880s and 1930s. During the 1920s and 1930s, communities west of Unalaska benefitted significantly from fox trapping, an enterprise that eventually declined in the decade before World War II.
Of course, not all aspects of precontact Unangax culture changed completely, or at the same rate, over the Russian and American periods. For example, though Russian Orthodoxy was introduced in the late 1700s, certain pre-Russian religious beliefs and practices persisted. For example, in the 1860s some Unangax were chastised by their Russian Orthodox priest for having visited a burial cave to receive traditional spiritual help from the human mummies preserved there. Likewise, because Orthodox priests were spiritual, not medical, specialists, they could not completely replace traditional shamans, whose expertise at healing continued to be needed, though it was kept hidden from priests’ and other outsiders’ awareness.
Similarly, Unangam tunuu remained vital in many communities until well into the twentieth century, although following World War II, and especially following the introduction of television in the late 1970s, the number of Unangax speakers has dropped to just over 100 today. Another realm of continuing traditional culture is subsistence, with many people in Unangax communities participating in a complex integration of traditional hunting, fishing, and gathering with the modern cash economy. Importantly, sharing continues to be an essential value, with traditional foods often finding their way to family and friends who have moved outside of the Unangax region.
The Pribilof Islands
A well-documented, but not particularly well known, example of Russian and American control of the lives of Unangax is that which occurred in the Pribilof Islands. Of the fur-bearing animals that Russians sought, none brought them more wealth than did the northern fur seal. With hairs packed at an astonishing 300,000 per square inch, fur seal skins have long been valued for their warmth and softness. Fur seals lead a pelagic (open ocean) life for much of the year, spent mostly in the North Pacific Ocean waters as far south as California. They come ashore from spring to fall to rest, give birth, and mate only in the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea. For thousands of years, Unangax must certainly have understood this annual migration, as each spring fur seals swam northward through the island passes of the eastern Aleutians, returning southward in the fall along with their new pups. The abundant fur seal bones in precontact archaeological sites make it clear that Unangax frequently hunted these animals when they migrated past the archipelago.
When Russians arrived in the eastern Unangax region in the second half of the eighteenth century, they soon learned of the fur seals’ migratory movements past the islands. For some years, Russian skippers searched the Bering Sea north of the Aleutian Islands for the animals’ breeding grounds, efforts that came to fruition in 1786 and 1787, when they located St. George and St. Paul, the two main islands of the Pribilof Islands group. At that time, an estimated five million fur seals came to the Pribilofs each summer.
Almost immediately, Russians compelled Unangax from villages in the Aleutian Islands to travel seasonally to the Pribilof Islands to harvest fur seals. By the early 1800s, seasonal work camps transformed into permanent, year-round Unangax villages on both St. George and St. Paul. To a greater extent than elsewhere in the region (or anywhere in Alaska), the lives of the Unangax of St. Paul and St. George were dictated by the profit motives of those who controlled the fur seal harvest. During the American period, the federal government regulated most aspects of Unangax lives: marriages, movement to and from the islands, employment, and administration of justice. Unangax became wards of the government, as they remained until well after World War II.
Commercial fur seal harvesting, first for Russians and later for Americans (as an enterprise run by the federal government), served as the economic backbone of the islands until it ended in 1984. Since that year, fur seals may be harvested only by Unangax for their own food. Other economic endeavors, including halibut fishing and tourism, have been developed to replace the commercial fur seal harvest. Today, St. Paul is one of the largest Unangax communities in the region.
World War II
Overall, the cultural changes that came about following Russian contact in the eighteenth century were the most profound that Unangax had to confront since their ancestors first came to the region some 10,000 years ago. However, it is the tragic events of World War II that are still fresh in the memories and oral histories of Unangax living today, some of whom experienced them directly.
On June 3 and 4, 1942, Japanese military forces conducted air strikes on U.S. Army and Navy facilities at Dutch Harbor, in what is now the city of Unalaska. Several days later, they occupied Kiska and Attu islands, the latter the location of an Unangax village. Within a short time, the 42 Unangax residents of Attu and a non-Native teacher were taken to Japan, where they served as laborers for the Japanese for the duration of the war. Following World War II, the 24 Unangax who survived the illness and malnutrition of their experience returned to the United States. They were not allowed to return to their home on Attu Island, however, as the government believed that it would be too difficult to maintain a Native community that far from mainland Alaska. Instead, many were resettled in the village of Atka.
For the Unangax of most other villages, World War II brought a different fate. The Japanese attack on Dutch Harbor had caught government and military planners off-guard, and, beginning on June 12, 1942, the Unangax residents of nine communities were hastily boarded on ships and evacuated. In all cases, Unangax were allowed to take only a few possessions with them. They were taken to several locales in southeastern Alaska and housed in abandoned fish canneries, abandoned mine buildings, and similar places. Housing, sanitation, and medical care were uniformly appalling during their internment, and by war’s end and their eventual return to the Aleutian and Pribilof islands, some 82 of the 881 interned Unangax had died.
As had occurred during the Russian period, during World War II the outside world had taken control over the lives of the Unangax, ignoring their fundamental rights and welfare. Although the injustices that Unangax faced during their internment were addressed in 1988 through formal federal reparations, the legacy of World War II has been one of cultural loss and change for which reparations cannot make amends. The memory of those years still brings sadness to many Unangax.
Today, Unangax are spread around the world, although most, of course, still reside in Alaska. Over the two and a half centuries of foreign contact in the region, the number of villages has dwindled, so that there remain fewer than a dozen communities. With the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) in 1971, 3,249 Unangax (regardless of where in the world they were living) enrolled as shareholders in the regional Aleut Corporation, headquartered in Anchorage; of this total, 2,361 also enrolled in one of thirteen village corporations within the region (the remainder were “at large” shareholders, unaffiliated with a particular local community). These village corporations represented Unangax communities that were in existence in 1971, although not all of these remain occupied today. Some 1,700 Unangax now live in communities in their region in southwestern Alaska. Another 300 live in the community of Nikolskoye, on Bering Island in the Commander Islands of Russia, the descendants of Unangax taken there from Alaska by Russians in the early 1800s. Interestingly, the “newest” village is Adak, established on Adak Island in 1998 following the closure of the U.S. Naval station there and the transfer of its facilities to the regional Aleut Corporation. Being a recently formed entity, Adak has no ANCSA village corporation.
While the Aleut Corporation engages in for-profit activities benefitting its Unangax shareholders, the Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association (APIA) is the regional non-profit tribal organization that provides over 3,000 tribal members with a broad range of services, including, among others, health, education, employment, and vocational training. Also included in APIA’s activities is its leadership role in promoting Unangax cultural heritage and language. In its Anchorage headquarters, the Cultural Heritage Department maintains a library of printed and other materials related to the culture and history of the region. It also holds a yearly “Urban Culture Camp” to promote traditional cultural knowledge to children, youth, and adults.
Finally, over the decades since the passage of ANCSA, many Unangax communities have themselves rekindled efforts aimed at preserving their cultural heritage. This resurgence in Native pride has included the formation of dance groups, language classes, and local culture camps, all formed to help rectify the history of cultural suppression that marked the Russian and American periods.
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As president of Americans for Tax Reform, the right-wing activist and lobbyist Grover Norquist defers to nobody in his zeal to slash government spending and cut taxes, no matter the consequences. His organization’s famed “anti-tax pledge” bears the signature of nearly every Republican member of Congress — and all of them evidently fear that he would denounce them for violating its stringent terms.
Yet as the White House, Senate and House leaders struggle to reach agreement on spending and taxes before the August 2 debt limit doomsday, even Norquist appeared to waver — suggesting to the Washington Post editorial board on Tuesday that he wouldn’t attack Congress for letting the Bush tax cuts expire, before following up with strong statement Thursday indicating the opposite.
If Norquist is flipping and flopping, the reason is simple. Unlike the Tea Party Republicans, but much like his supporters in the business community, he is troubled by the potential consequences of an impending and unprecedented default. As Norquist told The National Memo today in an interview:
“I am not an advocate or adherent of the position I have heard some state, that a default would be ‘not a big deal’ or ‘would strengthen the hand of those arguing for limited government.’ I worry that handing the executive branch control over what bills to pay is not a wise move….even when they would have less cash to spend.”
Norquist went on to say that “a ‘shutdown’ or ‘default’ or ‘wobbly walk around the rim of default’ would be, as my mother would say, ‘unhelpful.’ How unhelpful? I don’t know, [and I’m] not real interested in finding out. Let’s experiment on a smaller country.”
Leaving aside his trademark flippancy, Norquist’s concern that a default “experiment” might go badly wrong puts him in direct conflict with Tea Party Republicans — such as Rep. Michele Bachmann (R-MN), now a leading presidential contender — who insist they won’t vote to raise the debt limit and don’t fear the consequences. Clearly, he is concerned by the consequences, as are many business leaders at companies that have donated heavily to Americans for Tax Reform.
At the same time that Norquist acknowledges the dangers of default, he bristles at the notion of tolerating any tax increase on anybody as part of a debt limit deal. He sounds as if he means to hold House Speaker John Boehner (R-OH) and Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) to the pledge, even as reports of their negotiations with the White House claim that the Republican leaders are considering a deal that would include revenue increases.
“I support Boehner and McConnell’s stated positions that they want significant, real, enforceable spending restraint and no tax hike in return for a hike in the debt ceiling,” said Norquist. “They are willing to compromise on the size of the spending restraint. Not on the tax hike.” He obliquely warned both leaders that “it is key for the GOP not to be seen putting their fingerprints on a tax hike or phony spending cuts. That would make it difficult to go to unaffiliated voters in 2012 and argue that [Republicans] are the antidote to Obama spending.”
But there is a contradiction in Norquist’s position as well as the positions taken by Boehner and McConnell — if only President Obama were willing to draw it out rather than surrender to his opponents, as news reports suggest he is now preparing to do. Anyone who regards default as perilous to the nation’s economic health and safety, including even the most anti-tax conservatives, should be willing to reach an honest compromise with Democrats to avert that fate.
In a poker game, Norquist’s admission that he worries about default would be considered a “tell” — the involuntary signal of a bluff. Neither he nor the Republican leaders on Capitol Hill want to take the country over the default cliff. But the president doesn’t seem to be able to see past all the huffing and bluffing.Click here for reuse options!
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Last modified: 2019-03-13 | Approximate reading time 2 mins
Man is constantly subject to various risks. Danger is a part of everyday life.
Insurance companies were invented in order to compensate victims after they suffer damages. These victims earn compensations in exchange for a contribution that they make to an insurance company. This compensation depends on the amount of risk which is underwritten in the contract.
In the beginning, insurance was only meant for private salaried workers. Later, it spread to other fields such as home insurance.
The main risks that are covered by home insurance policies are fire, explosions and water damage. If you have insurance, in the event that one of the aforementioned situations presents itself, you will be entitled to an indemnity from your insurance company. There are several different packages covering different situations but the multi-risk package is the one that offers the broadest coverage.
With this type of contract, you can get compensation if your goods are damaged. This clause includes all the things that are related to the building and the furniture that are on your property. From this perspective, the company will compensate you in the case of a break-in, jewelry theft and electrical damage caused by electrical appliances. This compensation will depend on the different clauses that are included in the contract you have with your insurance company.
Basic home insurance packages don’t require extensive negotiations or talks with the insurance company. However, if you decide to pick a multi-risk home insurance package, you will have to specify within the contract any and all risks for which you are to be compensated.
In this section, we are referring to the civil liability of the person that causes the damage. This person must compensate the victim, as the victim enjoys legal protection. In this type of case, the insurance will substitute itself to the insured person, to pay the compensation. Companies protect the owner of the property, their spouse, their children and the maintenance staff. In other words, it covers those that live permanently on the premises.
However, insurance companies limit risks for which they offer third-party compensations to risks that are directly related to the residence. They do not cover intentional damage, damage caused by a dog or by motorized vehicles. The damage will not be covered if it is done to neighbours and their goods.
The individual has the right to effective legal protection for themselves and their goods. The owner’s civil liabilities are engaged as soon as any form of damage is caused to the neighbours and their goods. This legal protection is the reason why insurance companies limit their interventions against risks caused to neighbours.
The scope of intervention of the insurance companies is limited by the contract you have established with them. Anything that is not included in the contract will have to be covered by the person that is responsible for the damage.
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- WLL tons: 0,15
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Our standard vacuum lifting beams are designed for lifting smooth and air-tight plates. The lifting beams are typically used for lifting steel and aluminium plates, but can also lift synthetic plates, glass fibre, glass, PVC and other air-tight items without problems.
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Water Sports, Marine Life, Water Scooters, And Underwater Adventures
Water Scooters - The Underwater World - Exploring Marine Life
Water sports is indeed awesome! When chosen as a form of recreation it brings much delight to the participants. Of course having fun in the water cannot be matched with the fun generated by any other sport or recreational activity.
One of the greatest delights that a swimmer can experience is swimming under water, by exploring marine life and the fantastic world beneath the waves.
The breathtaking views offered by the underwater world is indeed fascinating. It presents to you a world of a difference as compared to other forms of exploring.
Water scooters, the result of modern technology involving hydraulic engineering is indeed a great tool designed for this very purpose.
Whether it be fun oriented or otherwise, water scooters are indeed a very great invention and is a must for all underwater enthusiasts.
Beneath the waves of the sea, there is still a lot left to be discovered and you could very well stumble upon something of interest even on your very first underwater adventure. The vastness of the ocean affords you these opportunities.
Exploring beneath the waves is a totally fascinating hobby! Getting a close look at the underwater world is a delight that cannot be simply put into words.
Great benefits await you when you take it up as a hobby. It is hailed as a great stress reliever and is capable of significantly reducing your stress and relaxing you.
Seriously getting involved in water sports is truly a fascinating hobby and of course you need to be good at swimming and diving in order to participate.
Explore Beyond The Coral Reefs - Underwater Adventure
There is no adventure that can match underwater adventure. It really is awesome and defies description.
Such a vast playing field is the sea that it can accommodate all your fun activities and offer you even more delights both below and upon its surface!
Get blown away by not only the breathtaking views that the underwater world lays before your eyes, but also by that sense of adventure.
Discover for yourself the delights and thrills of what life under the sea can offer you. Compare yourself with the Submariner, the hero from the world of Marvel Comics! The Submariner is able to slice through the waves of the ocean at high speeds.
That's fiction of course, but these devices can enable you to get a closer look at what these fictitious characters were privileged to have experienced!
Fun With Underwater Exploration
It is also a well known fact that people install fish tanks in their homes as it provides a form of relaxation somewhat different to what other recreational activities can offer.
The magnificent natural formations blending with the diverse marine life is really something worthy of viewing and experiencing that the underwater world has, to show off to its visitors.
The vision of the underwater rock and coral formations and the sunlight seeping through with active marine life all around you really transports you to a different dimension.
No pictures or videos can ever match the real life experience when it comes to exploring the world under the sea.
Underwater adventure is something of a must if you are experienced in swimming and diving. The delights that await you under the sea really should be experienced.
Water scooters, or sea scooters enable one to do all these safely and comfortably provided the user is an experienced swimmer.
Coral Reefs And Beyond
A brand new world opens out to you once you don a pair of goggles and make your way under the sea, beneath the waves.
How would like to dive right into the fascinating underwater world and surface at speeds very much in excess of what you are capable of achieving while swimming?
Quite apart from that have you ever wished that you were able to swim fast? Many many times faster that your normal swimming speed?
How would you like to rip through the waves of the ocean at several times your swimming speed, just like Prince Namor whom we referred to in a previous chapter?
Thanks to modern technology that enables churning out newer inventions at an amazing rate for your benefit and of course for your well being and for your entertainment! ...... Read on!
Beneath The Waves
Underwater With The Seabob Cayago
Seabo Cayago Magnum
The Seabob Cayago
The Seabob Cayago, is a great new toy for those who are well experienced in swimming and diving.
It is a highly versatile underwater scooter specially designed for maximum speed, reliability and efficiency both on the surface and under the sea.
You could rip through the waves at high speeds, go underwater in the same fashion, up to even 130 feet and then surface to get your breath back and dive in once again. In short you could have great fun!
The two models of this amazing water scooter that are available are the Seabob Cayago F7 and the Seabob Cayago Vx-2
You could simply rush through the waves on the surface of the sea at speeds of up to 13.5 miles per hour. Underwater cruising could be accomplished at speeds of approximately 10 miles per hour.
This great devise, known as the Seabob Cayago is a recreational vehicle created exclusively for fun in the water and under water. Skim the surface of the ocean as well as explore the underwater world.
This emission free devise uses a lithium ion re-chargable battery which you simply plug into an electrical outlet for charging! The charge lasts 2 hours when the devise is operated at moderate speeds.
Underwater World - Here I Come!
Being properly equipped is a must for the underwater explorer. Proper swim gear would provide the much need comfort as well as confidence and protection.
The right pair of goggles will provide some protection for your eyes and at the same time enable better vision. Remember when underwater if your eyes are in direct contact with the water your vision will be affected.
However, a film of air between your eyes and the water will enable you to see objects in the water much clearer and in full detail unlike when your eyes are in direct contact with the water.
Donning a pair of goggles will resolve this issue. Since there is air trapped in the chambers of the goggles, your eyes will not come into direct contact with the water. And so your vision underwater will be clear.
Water Scooters - Underwater SeaScooter
Under The Sea Is Where I Wanna Be!
A word of precaution here. Sea sports and and adventure activities in the sea should be taken up only if you are well experienced in swimming and diving.
Even if you are, whatever the case may be it is advisable to be in groups and have safety devises in close proximity just for emergencies.
Please also consider the fact that exploring marine life seriously requires that you stay under water for a longer period of time than the duration of your ability to hold your breath.
The water scooters and sea scooters spoken of here have their limitations when real serious underwater exploring! So it is best to be aware of these limitations beforehand.
Please Check Out This Quiz!
Sea Doo Explorer X Sea-Doo Sea Scooter
What Is Your Level Of Interest In Water Sports?
Can You Swim?See results without voting
No Sharks By Request!
More importantly you need to read the manufacturer's description of the product as well, as it is regularly updated and is more detailed. It also supersedes my description of it.
Fun in the water is at its best with this devise as this provides you with more excitement than jet skiing, snorkeling, scuba diving and the other popular water sports.
Explore the sea in the areas that you are familiar with. Of course not all areas are safe and you need to avoid any unsafe locations at all costs. You will, for this purpose need to consult people who have explored the area previously.
The necessary precautions against danger are of utmost importance and it's up to you to sort out these issues before starting your adventures. (There's more about precautionary measures at the end of this article.)
You still have a lot to discover under the sea. Capturing images with your underwater camera or video filming under the sea is also fascinating, and is a hobby that could keep you entertained for long periods of time.
The latest jet set trend is to be where you wanna be, that is under the sea! Underwater adventure is really an exciting voyage of discovery. Discover the great potential that this device has to offer. View the video and you will get to see the full versatility of the device referred to.
Get set for hours of fun in the water! Water sports has been meant for you after all!
Sea-Doo Supercharged "Plus" Sea Scooter
Beginners' Guide To Swimming
About Learning To Swim
Important When Indulging In Water Sports And Underwater Exploration
You should not attempt any form of exploring which involves swimming or diving or even riding a water scooter unless you are proficient in both swimming as well as diving.
Even if you are, and if you are in a group consisting of people experienced in swimming and diving, you need to have at least one qualified instructor certified by a recognized water sports body. This is highly recommended.
For your own safety is is advised that you have within reach a boat in good sailing condition which could be easily accessed by everyone in the group in case of emergencies.
Other safety devises that are provided by diving schools are also recommended. Please bear in mind that water scooters also have certain limitations.
There are also many dangers lurking beneath the waves. These could be in the form of underwater currents. sharp rock formations, sharks, and other form of marine life that could cause you harm.
Considering all these you need to assess the safety of the areas that you intend exploring beforehand.
This is the most important part of it all. If you are unsure about the safety of any particular area that you are interested in exploring, it is best that you do not proceed. If in doubt, stay out!
Thank You For Reading!
Useful Links About Underwater Exploration
© 2009 Online Trader
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Telephone: 01524 419 486
Here at Wicked Workshops we pride ourselves on delivering the most entertaining, educational and engaging workshops for young people possible! We have performed our workshops in schools, museums, castles, and libraries all over the country.
Written by qualified teachers and educators and enhanced by professional performers and script writers, our workshops combine interactive activities, historical & replica artifacts and educational content with a drama and performance focus, in order to create a fun and unforgettable experience for both participants and educators alike.
Can your students throw a javelin like an Olympian, scare their enemy like a ferocious Viking Hurscarl, outwit a hungry sabre tooth tiger or become a Royal Architect in order to design traps to protect the Pharaoh's Pyramid? Immersing your class in history will help them learn skills they never knew they had!
We cover a variety of different themes, including Vikings and Ancient Egypt, each workshop delivers historical information without the need for a pen and paper.
- Ancient Egypt : Meet the Pharoah
- Time Travel to the Stone Age
- Villainous Victorians
- Vexing Victorian Mystery
- Ancient Greece : How to be a Hero
- The Great Viking Invasion
The students will have the opportunity to interview our historical characters, discovering who they are, what they did, and the implications that their actions had on the present day.
The workshop is carried out over either a morning or afternoon session. Each session incorporates key skills from across the curriculum and involve a variety of different interactive activities and engaging games designed to ensure your students experience the subject matter first hand. We will ensure that the children have fun whilst learning.
All of our practitioners are CRB checked and we are fully insured.
'Outstanding. Fantastic morning, enhanced children's learning by bringing Ancient Egyptians alive - children have really enjoyed it.'
St. Teresa's Primary School
'Thank you so much for the workshop this morning. It was absolutely outstanding! The children loved every minute of it, especially as it was so hands on. I will definitely be recommending you to my teacher friends out of school and colleagues within school.
Thank you again for an exceptional workshop.'
Vernon Primary School
'A wonderful engaging workshop that the children and staff really enjoyed. Humour and key historical facts from Ancient Egypt combined for maximum impact! An excellent launch to our topic.'
The Firs Primary
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Fentress Architects were selected to redesign Miami's convention center and provide upgraded facilities and amenities which would transform the area into a venue for world-renowened event. The new Miami Beach Convention Center achieved a LEED Silver rating from the U.S. Green Building Council thanks to its state-of-the-art responsive facade.
The new design takes its inspiration from the ocean, emulating the movement of coral reefs, waves, and manta rays. Media sculptures located in the new grand lobby of the center reference fan corals, and incorporate digital art and banners that provide information about each show.
The new facility will include a 60,000-square-foot ballroom and 127,000 square feet of meeting spaces. Thanks to Miami‘s warm climate, the center also features outdoor meeting spaces, tropical gardens, game lawns, shade gardens, pavilions, and water features.
The undulating facade was designed according to extensive studies of daylighting analyses, which enabled the architects to determine the best ways of minimizing and maximizing the natural light available. | <urn:uuid:16b5386c-b248-4b92-9682-5c2baefd41e1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://inhabitat.com/leed-certified-miami-beach-convention-centers-responsive-facade-emulates-the-nearby-ocean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00177-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936256 | 218 | 1.5 | 2 |
Today, follow us to play with all kinds of nice ideas.
Hanging ornaments made of these ice, ice lantern, etc.
Bring a little tenderness and romance to winter life
1 Ice Lantern
Lights can always add a lot of fireworks to life.
Our life cannot be separated from the lighting of lights.
It is a waste not to make a ice lantern Cup in winter
Go to nature to pick up some leaves, Chinese hawthorn and other things to go home.
Let’s make a beautiful natural ice lantern
Prepare a big bucket and a small cup
Pick up pine branches, Chinese hawthorn, leaves, etc.
After washing, put it into the gap between the cup and the barrel, and then pour it into the water
Put it directly on the balcony for one night and then take it out
You can buy some small strings online.
Put it in such a ice lantern, the sense of atmosphere immediately becomes available
After learning the basic principle of making ice lantern
You can use all kinds of different materials to make lights with different shapes.
Put a certain amount of water in the bucket, 2/3 is enough
Take it out and cut the middle empty
Finally, put the electronic bulb directly into it.
2 balloon Hockey
Many people have all kinds of balloons.
Don’t waste it, make all kinds of colorful ice hockey
Well-made balls can also be used to build various buildings or others.
Prepare balloons and pigments
Pour watercolor into the balloon first
Pour a certain amount of water
Shake the balloon after breaking the knot and let the paint and water blend
Place balloons with different colors of water on the balcony
Remove the balloon after it is completely frozen into a ball
Take them to play in the snow, let the children play freely
They can always find many new ways to play.
3 fruit ice ornaments
Our pursuit of beauty is a kind of nature.
So I will come up with various ways to dress myself up.
Or decorate our living environment with all kinds of beautiful things
Of course, you can’t miss the natural ice ornaments below in winter.
Prepare some branches, fruits, nuts, etc.
Put it into a disc at will and pour water
Of course, don’t forget to put a wool to help hang it up
After it is frozen, take it out and hang it on a tree or window.
Super nice, it has the effect of making people calm down
As long as you learn the basic operation, you can draw inferences
Make different ornaments with different materials
Combination of different materials such as dried branches, Pinecone decoration, shells, etc.
It will make people feel completely different.
Even the pinpindoudou children often play can be done
It can also be made into different shapes such as squares and fans.
Make your ice cube ornaments more distinctive and beautiful
4 Fruit flowers ice cubes
Many people drink, coffee or other drinks.
All have the habit of putting small ice cubes
If you put some petals, mint grass, fruit, etc. into the ice cube
Looking at the colorful ones, you will feel more when you drink it
Put the washed flowers and fruits in ice tray
The effect after taking out is not only edible ice cubes
It is also a work of art with good appreciation value.
Even children can hold the baby in their hands
Seeing the ice melting slowly, flowers and plants exposed the prototype.
It will make children excited and happy
5 salt ice painting
What effect will Salt have when it encounters ice?
Then follow us to play salt ice painting
Make ice cubes into the shape you want, such as Love
Then sprinkle the salt on the ice cube, when the salt meets the Ice Cube
Small pits and tunnels will be integrated.
Then drop watercolor into these pits or apply other pigments.
The pigment will bring the whole ice cube with various small pits.
Becoming colorful is one of the games that children can’t get tired of playing.
6 Ice Cube exploration game
Children are born with strong curiosity.
It is precisely because of these Curiosity guidelines
Let them know the world in various ways.
The ice exploration game is one of the common games for children in winter.
Put different materials into ice tray and pour water
Finally, ice cubes with different treasures
Children can melt ice cubes by dripping water.
To rescue all kinds of little doll trapped by ice
Or guess what’s inside through ice cubes.
Parents can also put special gifts in one of the ice cubes.
Let children guess what the gift is through some game settings
The person who finally guessed can get the new year gift specially prepared by the parents.
7 Ice Cube strip ornaments
The current outdoor temperature has reached below zero in most cities.
Make some colorful ice cubes into long ornaments
Hanging on trees or other places brings more multi colors to life
Let people passing by smile when they see them
Still pour water into ice tray first
Add some watercolor to make it completely merge with water.
You can also put some glitter or other decorations in it
Then put the style of rope study into ice tray
Finally, just hang it up, it is both beautiful and funny
8 sunshine catcher
When sunlight passes through the ice
We can see a more wonderful and dreamy world.
Make some sunshine catcher with ice cubes
To leave more shining moments in your life
You can also put leaves and petals in ice cubes.
To feel the sunshine shining on the ground through ice at different times
Different feelings, to remember the changes and wonderful feelings of light and shadow
9 skating Penguins
Many families with children have all kinds of dolls.
It is better to turn these little doll into treasure again.
Do some skating games
For example, skating penguins to share at this moment
Put penguins into ice tray
Take it out after it is frozen
Prepare another big iron tray for the child
Also put some water into iron tray to make it ice cube
Push Penguins to see how far they can slide
You can also play skating with two penguins in two hands
In addition to penguins, some small Lego dolls at home
Or dinosaurs, lions and other small animals
You can learn this idea to play skating
10 ice dyeing
We have heard all kinds of ways to dye fabrics.
Have you ever heard of ice dyeing?
No? Then play with us
The clothes made by ice dyeing have a feeling of ink painting
Prepare Ice Cube, dye color toner, rubber band, cardboard, white T-shirt
First make cardboard into a circle
Put the white T-shirt into the cardboard
Then pour the ice on the clothes and spread it evenly.
Add dye powder with a spoon and put it in different positions of ice cubes.
Match the color and size according to your preference
When the ice cubes melt, the pigment will slowly penetrate into the clothes with the water.
The final effect is shown in the following figure.
It is very dreamy with starry sky.
11 simple ice sculpture
Yesterday we introduced using snow to make all kinds of snow sculptures.
Today, let’s use ice to make some simple ice sculptures that everyone can play.
Just make some simple geometric ice cubes
You can use them to build all kinds of shapes.
You can use a long balloon to make some curved look.
All kinds of pots and pans can be used
Make ice cubes of different shapes to build
You can also put some pigments in ice water.
Make ice sculptures more colorful and dreamy
Finally, combine freely in the way you like
You can also put some GenOptics Aura Essence at night.
There is a more dreamy feeling, and it will become a clock-in point for many people.
12 ice painting
Old readers who have been following us for a long time believe that they are no stranger to ice painting.
Since it is the creative theme of ice, ice painting is naturally indispensable.
There are many ways to play ice painting. Play together
You can directly prepare a large bucket of small ice cubes.
Let the child dip acrylic paint with a brush
Apply it freely to ice cubes
Feel the interaction between paint and ice”
You can also squeeze gouache into ice cubes after mixing water.
Let the pigment freely penetrate into the ice cube
Colorful ice cubes are very beautiful
Or squeeze watercolor on ice cubes
To appreciate the texture of the pigment slowly penetrating into the ice
Others combine ice cubes with chalk.
Playing ice cube version a picture drawn in chalk on the ground also has a special feeling
Of course, watercolor and water are completely integrated into ice cubes.
Use them to paint with fairy air, and try a variety of ways
After seeing so many DIY players playing ice
Is there any way to move you?
Prepare materials and play your own ice works in leisure time
Use them to enrich this winter day
Let these games or hand-made
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The Wounds That Heal: Heroism and Human Development
Bisher € 36,93
Besorgung - Lieferbarkeit unbestimmt
BeschreibungThis book examines developmental theory in light of heroic narrative and argues that such theory should be adjusted to accommodate the experience of those who are, in many ways, our principal role models, examining figures such as Jane Austen, T. E. Lawrence, Winston Churchill and George S. Patton, Jr.
InhaltsverzeichnisChapter 1 Preface Chapter 2 I. Introduction Chapter 3 II. Defining the Hero Chapter 4 III. Heroism and Human Development Theory Chapter 5 IV. Heroes Real and Imagined Chapter 6 V. Summation Chapter 7 VI. Becoming a Hero Chapter 8 Appendix Chapter 9 Bibliography
PortraitJudith A. Schwartz is a writer, lecturer, and university administrator. She served most recently as executive director of the Lifelong Learning Institute at Washington University in St. Louis and is currently an adjunct assistant professor of psychological sciences at the University of Missouri, Columbia. Richard B. Schwartz is professor of English at the University of Missouri, Columbia, where he served eight years as dean of the College of Arts and Science. He has also taught at the United States Military Academy, the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Georgetown University, where he served for seventeen years as dean of the graduate school.
Untertitel: Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: UNIV PR OF AMER
Erscheinungsdatum: September 2010
Seitenanzahl: 190 Seiten | <urn:uuid:8f16ee4b-439b-4d94-b9e7-d8977bb448e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://m.ebook.de/de/product/11445099/judith_a_schwartz_richard_b_schwartz_the_wounds_that_heal_heroism_and_human_development.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00537-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.777956 | 334 | 1.953125 | 2 |
A medical spa is a spot to calm down, decompress and detach from the stresses and pressures of day by day life. Visitors often enjoy massages, hydrotherapy, skin remedies and different aesthetic solutions. It may be a place of respite, however it additionally serves as a conduit to healing and medical treatment, as clinical professionals can determine the cause of pain and physical difficulty of their patients, and help find solutions.
History of the Medical Spa
In the late 1980s, the idea of a medical spa got here into the forefront with the advent of alpha hydroxyl acids and the original Collagen injectable. The idea of performing minor medical procedures in an setting most individuals used as a spot of rest and rejuvenation was compelling. It was additionally noted that, while patients often delay necessary therapies due to the stress of being in a traditional clinic or physician’s office, their fears have been often allayed in a more comfortable area like a spa.
Spas also hearken back to the traditional Greek and Roman instances, when bathing in natural waters was considered both therapeutic and sacred therapy to purify the mind, body and spirit. Actually, the word spa may be traced to the Latin term, sanitas per aqua, which means health via water. It additionally has ties to the Walloon word “espa,” which means fountain.
The Fashionable Day Medical Spa
Among the treatments which might be carried out in a modern day medical spa embody anti-wrinkle injections, Botox, chemical peels and laser treatments. Some spa health professionals also conduct breast implant operations, carry out chin, face, forehead and eyelid lifts, and even tummy tucks.
Only skilled and licensed professionals are qualified to are likely to patients. It’s crucial to do some research earlier than visiting any spa. You wish to be sure that the facilities are well-maintained, clean and as much as code. Most significantly, a medical spa ought to be licensed. Not all areas require spas to have a license, however it’s finest to visit those that do.
Among the finest ways to research a medical spa is to look them up on-line and read their reviews. Also, for those who know anyone who has been a patient, it would be helpful to ask them about their experience. As a prospective affected person, you need to be at liberty to ask as many questions as you want about procedures you may be unsure of. Any health care practitioner ought to be forthcoming and helpful, and it is best to definitely take into consideration how attentive the medical workers is to your needs and concerns.
Medical Spa Benefits
Many people visit a medical spa for aesthetic procedures like Botox injections, facial rejuvenation and laser treatments – all of which are options for more invasive techniques like face-lifts or other types of plastic surgery. The recovery time can be quite a bit shorter.
One other benefit of frequenting a spa is that patients often report that they have a more natural look, compared to others who have undergone traditional surgery.
And possibly the best benefit of all is the truth that no matter service you choose to get, you’re most likely going to depart feeling better about your look and your health.
Ultimately, you need to keep in mind that the medical spa expertise is all about one person: you! As such, you should feel comfortable, safe and inspired by your choice. Should you feel intimidated or that you aren’t treated like a “VIP” then that is probably a sign that it is best to look elsewhere.
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Imagine waking up every morning, looking in the mirror, to not recognize the person staring back at you. Can you fathom feeling that inner turmoil your entire life? Your frustration grows as you feel trapped in the wrong body. A few years ago, Aiden Mann was a strong, athletic-woman, the face and staring player of the women’s basketball team at Charleston Southern, a historically baptist school. Aiden knew from an early age that he was always meant to be man. I interviewed Aiden to shed light on what it means to be an openly trans-gendered in America. It’s imperative to continue to educate and spread awareness and understanding of the trans community.
Before transitioning, Aiden would get out of the shower, stare into the mirror, and cry. He felt ashamed of his feminine figure, he hated the sound of his voice, he hated being told he was “pretty”. His only saving grace was the gym where he felt the strongest and most carefree. For the longest time he wasn’t able to do anything about it, he simply masked his emotions. After college he finally was able to cut his hair. A year after chopping off his hair he began taking testosterone (known as T). His voice started dropping, his facial hair started to grow and for the first time in his life, he felt relief, this was how it was always supposed to be.
From the age of five, Aiden has always felt like he was supposed to be a boy. Growing up with his older brother, people often thought they were twin boys. His mother let him keep his hair short and when they’d play baseball, someone came up to him and said, “You guys are such cute twin boys!”. Aiden’s six year old face beamed at the comment. “I always wanted to be one of the guys and not just hanging around them, but physically be a guy” Aiden thought a lot of lesbian’s felt this way. He had no idea that there was a community or possibility of being trans gendered.
Being the face of the women’s basketball team he knew that he couldn’t start his transition while he was playing sports in college. He confided in a few friends about his realization of being trans and was quickly hit with discouraging words of, “You’re too pretty to be a guy. You’d make an ugly man”. There’s huge anxiety that comes with transitioning, especially not knowing what you’ll look like as a man or woman. These words weren’t meant with malicious intent but heightened Aiden’s anxiety about transitioning. As mentioned before, Aiden’s face appeared on every banner, flyer and poster related to Charleston Southern’s women’s basketball team. Charleston Southern has always been a historically baptist school. He wasn’t allowed to have short hair, he was strongly discouraged to bring attention to his appearance. He also wasn’t allowed to wear bow ties to the sports banquet. He was often asked why he felt the need to dress gay.
Majority of people have a lack of knowledge on how to approach someone who’s trans gendered. It’s never and I repeat, never okay to ask someone that’s trans:
I asked Aiden, what’s the hardest thing that you’ve had to go through being trans? He explained that although he had an easier process than most in changing his name and gender on his I.D, he’d run into awkward situations purchasing alcohol, at the doctor’s office and going to the bars before those changes were finalized. He was questioned because his I.D had his dead name and female gender. Luckily, Aiden has support from his family and friends and a large community of love that pours in from social media (minus the small amount of bible humping trolls that write outlandish comments under his photos). He’s never cared about the judgement he’s received from his decisions. The fact of the matter is, how could you judge someone who’s being their true authentic self?
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Ultrasonic Phased Array Device for Acoustic Imaging in Air
Harput, Sevan and Bozkurt, Ayhan (2008) Ultrasonic Phased Array Device for Acoustic Imaging in Air. (Accepted/In Press)
Full text not available from this repository.
An ultrasonic phased array device is developed to provide mobility aid for visually impaired people. To perform acoustic imaging, two different linear transducer arrays are composed using commercially available transducers for ranging applications. The transmitter and receiver arrays are formed with six and four transducer elements, respectively. Individual transducer elements are discrete components with a radius of 1.9 wavelengths and a half-power beamwidth of 43± at 40.8 kHz center frequency. The transmitter array is formed by aligning the transducers with minimum spacing between the elements. Even this placement leads to the occurrence of unwanted grating lobes in the array response and decreases the Field of View to 30±. To eliminate these grating lobes, the elements of the receiver array are placed with a different spacing. Forming the receiver and transmitter arrays with non-identical element spacing causes the grating lobes to appear at different places. Since the response of the overall system is the product of the directivity patterns of receiver and transmitter arrays, the grating lobes diminish for the overall system and the Field of View increases.
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8 Answers | Add Yours
There are a number of sympathetic characters in Macbeth. Duncan, for example, is portrayed from the beginning of the play as trusting, and seems to be universally respected by the characters, including Macbeth, as a strong, decent leader. It is significant that Macbeth evinces so much guilt for killing him.
Macduff, on the other hand, can be interpreted as being responsible for his family's murder, but he expresses extreme remorse for leaving them, and is ultimately the man who does the most to return legitimate rule to Scotland. He is the character who brings about something approximating justice, both for the slain Duncan and Banquo and for his family, in this otherwise startlingly bleak play.
Malcolm is also a sympathetic character, though some of the characters briefly suspect that he has something to do with his father's murder when he flees to England. He emerges, however, as a strong and wise leader, using a clever ruse to determine whether Macduff is sincere in his claims to support him:
The king-becoming graces,
As justice, verity, temperance, stableness,
Bounty, perseverance, mercy, lowliness
Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude,
I have no relish of them...
Malcolm's trick, which is to claim to be a lecherous coward, so distresses Macduff that Malcolm knows he is sincere and that he has Scotland's best interests at heart. In this way, two of the play's most sympathetic figures reveal their true character.
One opinion is that the most sympathetic character in Macbeth is the priest who prays, watching Lady Macbeth. In the "sleep walking" scene, one of the most poignant, scary, and psychologically modern scene in an Elizabethan play, the priest prays for the sinner's soul, for Lady Macbeth:
Foul whisperings are abroad,
Unnatural souls do breed unnatural troubles,
Infected minds to their deaf pillows
Discharge their secret
God, God, forgive us all!
Notice, that in these lines, there is not a word of blame; only lament for what is unnatural (In the Elizabethan world order, to go against nature was the most horrible crime -- and murder was unnatural). "Infected minds to their deaf pillows/Discharge their secrets" -- it is the priest who understands human nature,he is a psychologist before "psychology" was invented.
Some of the minor characters in the play are sympathetic. The Doctor attending Lady Macbeth seems very authentic in his speech and mannerisms. We sympathize with him because he is dealing with a patient whose ailments he feels powerless to cure and also because he has to deal with the patient's husband, who is acting like a madman and expressing contempt for physicians. Lady Macduff and her young son both seem like sympathetic characters, although they only appear in one scene. We admire the courage of the boy when confronted by a terrible murderer, and we feel pity for his mother who is alone and defenseless. Lennox, who is just a young lad, is sympathetic because he is dragged through all kinds of harrowing scenes. One might describe the Porter as a sympathetic character because he is funny and harmless.
Banquo is a major character who seems entirely sympathetic. He keeps his poise and dignity throughout. We feel some pity for him when he is ruthlessly murdered and while the murderers are trying to capture his son Fleance. Malcolm also seems like a sympathetic character, as noted in the first answer above. Duncan, too, is a sympathetic character.
I think it would be fun and interesting to argue that MacBeth is a sympathetic character, at least in the beginning. He is honorable and brave in the beginning, and even after the Weird Sisters tell him he "shall be king hereafter," he is reticent about taking Duncan's life. He is pushed to do it--or at least begin the deed--by his wife, who lacks or suppresses the very humanity that makes him balk. She challenges his manhood, and he still does not finish the deed; she has to go in and do it for him. After this, he is plagued with guilt and continues down the path he has chosen only because "I am in blood / Stepped in so far that should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go o'er" (III.4.142-5).
He is a villain, of course, because he lacks the backbone to stand up to his wife, but that does not negate his being sympathetic.
I would argue that we are meant to sympathize with MacBeth as it helps us see how easily we ourselves might sink to the same depths of depravity.
Sorry, I meant Lady Macbeth and not Mecbeth.
He trusted and liked him.
King Duncan's Guards
They were framed.
He was Macbeth's closest friend
He lost his whole family.
Macduff's wife and family
They didn't do anything wrong and the children were so young.
He lost his life fighting Macbeth.
NOT LADY MACBETH (SHE WAS THE MASTER MIND BEHIND THE PLOT)
i think King Duncan, Lady Macbeth and Macduff
You can also count Lady Mecbeth as a sympathetic character as afterwards she has nightmares about that night and cannot have a peaceful sleep. She is not a sympathetic character throughout the play as at the start she actually urges Macbeth to kill Duncan. It is only in the second half of the play that we can sympathise with her as her death didn't even cause any greif to Macbeth.
We’ve answered 319,203 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:c8baa218-55b9-4213-80bf-b7064a5b3c18> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/there-any-sympathetic-characters-macbeth-342533 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00508-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978726 | 1,222 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Lighting Up battle against COVID-19
India’s Power Sector PSU’s
Small or Big! The deed you do matters, especially during these unprecedented times. To showcase the real meaning of power warriors, the Ministry of Power’s Public Sector Undertakings have put their best foot forward to counter the battle against COVID-19.
To withstand this pandemic, power sector PSU’s have joined hands with the community and are working out multi-pronged strategies for providing every necessary aid to the people.
In the first place, let’s get to know about the counter COVID-19 efforts of India’s largest power generating company, National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC).
Power Major NTPC Ltd is constantly supporting the District Administration & Panchayats to provide adequate oxygen, and medical equipment including X-Ray machines, ventilators and CT scan machines. The company is setting up Oxygen Generation Plants at 8 different locations. It is sparing no effort in providing beds, cylinders, setting up oxygen plants and supplying essentials like ration packets and medical kits. It has also provided financial assistance to the District Administration for setting up a Covid Care Centre in the Masturi district of Chhattisgarh.
NTPC’s Korba station has come forward to provide a CT scan machine for a District COVID Hospital situated in Korba. In view of the current situation, NTPC Lara has also lent a helping hand to Collector, Raigarh for the procurement of the ventilator. Moreover, NTPC’s Khargone station has also provided aid for oxygen central linework to procure 20 beds in Govt Civil Hospital Sanawad.
Next in the line, we have National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited. Besides playing a significant role in the country’s power sector, NHPC has also chipped in to spearhead the fight against COVID-19. For the installation of an oxygen generation plant, NHPC has extended support of Rs.41.89 lakh to the District Magistrate of Siddharthnagar in Uttar Pradesh. Another CSR support of Rs.45 lakhs is also being provided to DM of Deoria for acquiring 60 oxygen concentrators.
Now, let’s get to know about one of the World’s Largest Transmission Utilities, Power Grid Corporation of India Limited.
Following the clarion call for large scale COVID-19 vaccination, POWERGRID Corporation of India Ltd has organised vaccination camps in many locations for its employees across the country. These establishments include Kota, Gurugram, Bhiwadi, Misa, Rourkela, Ara, Biharsharif, Saharsa, and Muzaffarpur. Powergrid has vaccinated more than 2600 people in the three camps that It organised around NCR territory.
Now, let’s get insights about Rural Electrification Corporation Limited, the face behind India’s Rural Electrification.
Through its CSR arm, REC Foundation has provided financial assistance of ₹2.21 crore to Dalvi Hospital located at Pune. The aid has been provided for the installation of 1700 litres per minute oxygen generator plant (full assembly) and 150 kV generator plant. The foundation has also supported a Government Medical College in Uttarakhand which has been converted into a Covid treatment centre. The centre comprises a 300-bed hospital including a 36 bed ICU ward and facilities like isolation and testing centres.
https://twitter.com/SjvnLimited/status/1380500656587304964?s=20 – ( Video is of SJVN but visuals could run in the entire video, removing BG song)
Apart from this, other Power Ministry PSU’s like North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd. (NEEPCO), Power Finance Corporation (PFC), Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO) and SJVN Limited are deeply committed to the welfare of the community and are doing their best to tackle this pandemic. They are perpetually generating awareness about counter COVID measures and ongoing vaccination drive through informative posts on their social media platforms.
These Power PSU’S have lit up the country’s vision to complete the largest vaccination drive in the world. Their persistent efforts to accord deserved priority to anti-COVID measures have invigorated the nation’s fight against COVID-19. Our shared efforts are our strength as we know, “No one can whistle a symphony. It takes a whole orchestra to play it”.
POWERGRID Corporation of India Ltd , has organised vaccination camps in many locations for its employees at its establishments across the country like Kota, Gurugram, Bhiwadi, Misa, Rourkela, Ara, Biharsharif, Saharsa, and Muzaffarpur .
— PIB_INDIA Power Ministry (@power_pib) May 20, 2021
https://twitter.com/ntpclimited/status/1395594311257915392?s=20 – ntpc
https://twitter.com/himanisharma08/status/1395335735293612032?s=20 – ntpc
— PIB_INDIA Power Ministry (@power_pib) May 19, 2021 | <urn:uuid:68dad63c-8c3c-4d7b-a5d9-c7a6c5db7c8c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newsonair.org.in/video-title-indias-power-sector-lighting-up-nations-fight-against-covid-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.88778 | 1,405 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Although there is no postsecondary education required to become a housekeeping inspector, many employers prefer to hire candidates who are bilingual and have a valid driver's license. Successful housekeeping inspectors must be able to handle multiple tasks, and they should also possess excellent communication and organizational skills as well.
Housekeeping inspectors perform deep-cleaning inspections, prepare work orders and conduct daily operations. They hold a supervisory position that oversees laundry operations, inventory and guest complaints. Hotels, hospitals, resorts, offices and various establishments employ housekeeping inspectors. No formal education is required, but housekeeping inspectors must be able to handle many duties. They should be excellent communicators, and the ability to speak a language other than English is a plus.
|Required Education||None; high school diploma or GED certificate may be preferred|
|Other Requirements||Housekeeping experience; many employers want someone who is bilingual and holds a valid driver's license|
|Projected Job Growth (2014-2024)*||6% for first-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers|
|Mean Salary (2015)*||$40,060 for first-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers|
Source: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Job Duties for Housekeeping Inspectors
As the coordinator for housekeeping staff, housekeeping inspectors ensure that the company meets all cleanliness and condition requirements. Responsibilities include recording inspection results, resolving guest complaints and maintaining accommodations standards. Their role also involves developing and training other housekeeping staff. Additional duties may vary by employer, but oftentimes, housekeeping inspectors take part in purchasing supplies and controlling inventory.
Housekeeping inspectors examine rooms prior to guests arriving and conduct inspections upon their departure to assess if any damages have occurred. They function as the primary contact between housekeeping personnel and other staff members to make certain that rooms are ready for guests. In addition to counting linens, they deliver amenities and help clean rooms as needed.
Housekeeping Inspector Requirements
Housekeeping inspectors must possess excellent organizational skills and be detail-oriented. Being able to work in a fast-paced environment, make sound decisions and utilize good judgment benefits people in this position. They need to be able to multi-task, establish priorities and communicate well with others. Having knowledge of computers and software programs, such as Excel, PowerPoint and Word, helps with this job. Employers expect housekeeping inspectors to be familiar with housekeeping standards and current practices.
Applicants typically undergo a background check and drug test before being hired. Some employers may require a valid driver's license and reliable transportation. They also look for someone with prior experience in housekeeping; at least a year. Bilingual candidates may have more opportunities than those who solely speak English.
This position doesn't typically require a formal education. Employers usually prefer a minimum of a high school diploma or equivalency. Aspiring housekeeping inspectors who only speak one language may want to consider taking other language classes, such as Spanish.
Employment Outlook and Salary Information
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in 2015, first-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers, including housekeeping inspectors, earned a mean annual salary of $40,060. Jobs for these workers were predicted to increase by 6% from 2014-2024, per the BLS.
A housekeeping inspector's duties can include ensuring that a building's cleanliness meets company standards, overseeing daily operations of the housekeeping staff and maintaining records of housekeeping operations. While they don't require special formal education, housekeeping inspectors are expected to have a sound knowledge of current housekeeping standards and practices. Speaking a second language, such as Spanish, can be a useful skill, and many jobs in this growing field require previous housekeeping experience and a drivers' license. | <urn:uuid:87a268df-c6dc-45a0-8223-f0092314459b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://study.com/articles/What_is_a_Housekeeping_Inspector.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00428-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945318 | 791 | 2.15625 | 2 |
The Collie has a longstanding reputation as one of the most beautiful of dog breeds. Though many people may have a mental picture of the Collie as looking like Lassie, or Lassie-colored, the Collie is actually bred in two different coat types and four different color variations that add to the breed’s great beauty and appeal.
The overall “look” of the Collie is defined by The Collie Standard—a specific set of required breed
characteristics developed over the past 120 years and perfected by breeders ever since.
There are two types or varieties of Collie: the ROUGH Collie and the SMOOTH Collie. Both varieties are the same except for the length of their coats. The Collie is a double-coated breed with a harsh outer coat beneath which lies a downy undercoat.
Rough and Smooth Collies both come in the same four color combinations:
- Sable and white, which is shades of brown ranging from light straw to dark mahogany with white markings;
- Tri-color, which is black with tan and white markings;
- Blue merle, which is gray to silver with tan and white markings; and
- White, which is predominantly all white with a sable, tricolored, or blue merle head and body markings.
Note: The smaller Shetland Sheepdog is sometimes referred to as a “Miniature
Collie”when, in fact, the Shetland Sheepdog, or “Sheltie,” is a separate breed,
originating in the Shetland Islands of Scotland, with its own breed Standard.
Beauty is not the only reason to choose a Collie selected dogs strong in this nature, thus ensuring that the breed would remain not only highly intelligent and trainable, but able to have a strong, ongoing relationship with their
As the breed’s primary focus is
people, a Collie is equally
happy to run in the woods with
its family, walk on a lead with
them in town, or herd a gaggle
of geese on the farm and can adapt to
suburban yards or large rural spaces.
Collies bond easily with their families
whether they are acquired as puppies or
as older dogs. They are joyfully affectionate
and playful, with a great sense of
humor. With strangers they can be more
dignified and reserved, a throwback to
their herding origins in isolated parts of
the British Isles where it was not common
to see other people.
Collies have a well developed sense
of “home” that revolves around the
family, their schedules and routines, and
the home’s physical surroundings. In
fact, the breed is well known for its intuitive
awareness of family activities, to
the point where the Collie often senses
what is going to happen before it actually
does. The dog can recognize things
like the step of a family member at a distance
or the unique sound of an individual
vehicle—even the approaching time
when a family member is due home. The
breed’s sensitive nature descends from
its herding heritage, making the Collie a
wonderful housemate, ever watchful and
protective of the homefront.
Since the nature of the working Collie’s
relationship with the shepherd involves
dialogue, the Collie is quite vocal with a
large–and interesting!–range of sounds,
from barks of various pitches and intensities
to grunts and the famous Collie
“singing,” coupled with many facial
expressions such as the head
cocked to one side and the
other, puffing cheeks, nods,
smiles, nose nudges or even
gator-like teeth snapping—all
are ways which the dog communicates
what is going on.
Collies and Other Dogs
Another benefit of the
Collie’s shepherding heritage
is the breed’s ability to get
along with other dogs and
other animals in the same household.
The Collie’s original job often involved
multiple dogs who had to work together
to care for a flock of animals. This
translates into a breed which tends to
get along well with other dogs, and also
tends to be tolerant of other family pets
in the household.
As a family dog, the breed character of
the Collie is that of an intelligent and fully
participating family member with a strong
desire to please. The breed is a wonderful
choice for those who
want their dogs to be
fully engaged in their family lives.
Go to: Next | Back | CCA Home | <urn:uuid:6ecc6bfb-de6b-43d2-afcf-a2c11cfa58c5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://collieclubofamerica.org/meet_the_collie2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00303-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94578 | 1,006 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Hard to Admit, but True
| There are many
things about which we could be wrong and it really does not make that much
difference. One may be mistaken about the time of day, where he put his
glasses, even where to buy a certain item. But that is not all that
But there is something about which when we are wrong we need to correct and that is when we sin against God. All sin is against God. And all sin. But all will not admit it.
In the Bible we read of several people who explicitly expressed their admission like David, the "prodigal son" and Achan. But this is something we ALL should admit.
Until we admit we have sinned we will not seek forgiveness. Until we receive forgiveness we cannot enter heaven. It may be humbling and grating against our pride, but admission of the guilt of sin is as imperative to being saved as anything else we are supposed to do. | <urn:uuid:a81a61be-b006-4a09-b71d-48314495fec4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://aburningfire.net/notes/hard_to_admit.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.975808 | 211 | 1.953125 | 2 |
In February 2021, the Supreme Court upheld the lower courts’ decision, to refuse an application to remove from the register of town or village greens an area of concrete by the water’s edge, in a working port known as Allen’s Quay.
This was the fourth village greens case to reach the highest court within the last 20 years. Why this expenditure of time and money on village greens? How can a concrete quay possibly be a village green – and does its registration make any difference to the activities on it?
The explanation goes back to the Commons Registration Act 1965. Under the Act, local authorities were required to prepare registers of common land, including town and village greens. The definition of a town or village green was:
“land… allotted by or under any Act for the exercise or recreation of the inhabitants of any locality or on which the inhabitants of any locality have a customary right to indulge in lawful sports and pastimes or on which the inhabitants of any locality have indulged in such sports and pastimes as of right for not less than 20 years”.
The Act did not define a village green as a piece of open grass surrounded by houses, a shop and a pub, maintained for the purpose of playing gentle sports. Traditional village greens fitting that description were registered without problem between 1967 and 1970, the period allowed for registration.
Soon after, in cases disputed before the Commons Commissioners, it became apparent land, which was neither green nor in the centre of a built-up area, could also fall within the Act’s ‘village green’ definition. A Commons Commissioner upheld the registration as a village green of an area of rocks on the Anglesey seashore, to which boats had been tied for the purpose of boating.
In R v Oxfordshire County Council Ex p Sunningwell Parish Council AC 335, the House of Lords considered issues relating to a meadow on the outskirts of a village, which had been glebe land belonging to the rector. It had been used for solitary or family pastimes – but not for organised sport. Hoffman LJ said dog walking and playing with children were a kind of informal recreation which may be the main function of a village green.
In Oxfordshire County Council v Oxford City Council UKHL 25, the House of Lords considered nine acres of scrubland on the outskirts of Oxford. Known as ‘the Trap Grounds’, it was paths and scrubland which even ‘the hardiest walker’ would find it difficult. Nevertheless, the public had walked there for many years, and the House of Lords held it could be registered as a village green. Oxford City Council had hoped to build houses on it.
Local residents realised registration was effective in preventing new development, because of the protection afforded by two historic statutes.
Section 12 of the Inclosure Act 1857 states,“… it is expedient to provide summary means of preventing nuisances in town greens and village greens” and further makes it an offence to damage any fence on a village green, to drive cattle on it, to lay rubbish on it, or, to:
“do any other act whatsoever to the injury of such town or village green or land, or to the interruption of the use or enjoyment thereof as a place for exercise and recreation”.
Section 29 of the Commons Act 1876 provides:
“An encroachment on or inclosure of a town or village green, also any erection thereon or disturbance or interference with or occupation of the soil thereof which is made otherwise than with a view to the better enjoyment of such town or village green or recreation ground, shall be deemed to be a public nuisance”.
This potentially renders offenders liable to a fine.
There are areas of land on the outskirts of villages where landowners have given up the struggle to keep trespassers out, and have allowed locals to walk, exercise dogs or pick blackberries. Some such land is owned by developers, content to allow informal use, awaiting land release in the next development plan.
Landowners have found, to their cost, their indulgence of such activities, and failure to make it clear such use was by permission, rather than as of right, has resulted in the loss of the otherwise huge development value of the land.
In 2013, parliament addressed this issue in section 16 of the Growth and Infrastructure Act 2013. Under that section, the right to apply to register land as a town or village green ceases to apply if a “trigger event” occurs. Trigger events were set out in Schedule 4 by way of a new Schedule 1(A) to section 15 of the Commons Act 2006. Trigger events include an application for planning permission or the creation or adoption of a development plan.
Applications to register village greens are made under section 15 of the Commons Act 2006. The Growth and Infrastructure Act 2013 added a new section 15A to that Act, providing landowners can, at any time, lodge a statement with the local authority to conclude any ‘as of right’ lawful sports and pastimes on land shown in an accompanying plan. Such statements must be renewed every 20 years.
During the intervening period, use by the inhabitants of the land for recreation could not be counted in a village green registration application. Even if the landowner was not taking precautions to keep the public away, he would be able to defeat an application to register.
A notice that a statement has been lodged must be placed on-site, but there is no other requirement for public advertisement. However, amenity bodies, such as the Open Spaces Society, and local residents can give notice to registration authorities that they wish to be informed of any such statements.
If a landowner statement is lodged interested persons can, within one year, make an application to register the land as a village green based on 20 or more years of use as of right by the public prior to the statement date. Rather than risk it, a landowner might decide to take precautions against allowing the public onto his land – even though this requires effort.
In R (Lewis) v Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council (No. 2) EWCA Civ 3, a successful application had been made by local residents to register the golf course as a village green. The Supreme Court held they could co-exist. Kerr LJ said:
“… where it is feasible, cooperative, mutually respecting uses will endure after the registration… Where the lands have been used by both the inhabitants and the owner over the pre-registration period, the breadth of the historical use will be, if not exactly equivalent to, at least approximate to that which will accrue after registration”.
As to whether different uses could be carried on, Walker LJ pointed out the local council could make byelaws for village greens, and continued:
“Even without such regulation, conflicts over competing uses… are capable of resolution by the “constant refrain in the law of easements that ‘between neighbours, there must be give as well as take’”.
Allen’s Quay is located in a port on the River Stour, Essex, operated by TW Logistics Limited (the company), and much of the land is owned by the company.
The public walks freely on the quay and harbour. After a lengthy inquiry, an inspector recommended the land should be registered as a village green, and Essex County Council accepted his recommendation. The company asked the High Court to quash the registration; neither the High Court nor the Court of Appeal would, so the case reached the Supreme Court.
The court held, once the land was registered as a village green, it could be used for any recreational activity, even if it had been registered on the basis of informal activities such as walking. However, the court also held, although recreational activities could take place, account had to be taken of the way in which the land had been used by the owner and by the public in the 20-year qualifying period prior to registration. Sales LJ and Burrows LJ, said:
“… the exercise of that right is subject to the ‘give and take’ principle, so it is potentially misleading to think that there is a ‘one size fits all’ principle. This means that the public must use their recreational rights in a reasonable manner, having regard to the interests of the landowner (which may, or may not, be commercial) as recognised in the practical arrangements which developed to allow for co-existing use of the land in question during the qualifying period. The standard of reasonableness is determined by what was required of local inhabitants to allow the landowner to carry on his regular activities around which the local inhabitants were accustomed to mould their recreational activities”.
Their Lordships added:
“The landowner also has the right to undertake new and different activities provided they do not interfere with the rights of the public to use the land for lawful sports and pastimes.”
After proceedings, the company are in much the same position as they were before Allen’s Quay was successfully registered as a village green. They can continue to use the land for commercial activities and drive vehicles over it. The only difference is that the status of the land as a village green is protected so it can never be built on. This might have some relevance to redevelopment, but this was not the reason for litigation. They were worried the Victorian statutes would prevent them from continuing their commercial activities on the land.
The Supreme Court held the terminology used in the Victorian legislation showed it was directed at public nuisances. Activities “warranted by law” could not be public nuisances. It was not a nuisance for the landowner to continue what he had been doing previously on his land. The company’s proprietary rights were sufficiently clear to be recognised in the operation of the Victorian statutes. It was not behaving unlawfully in continuing its pre-registration activities.
One motivator for the registration application was action taken by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) requiring the company to erect fencing along the edge of the quay to prevent any employee or member of the public from falling in the harbour. The Supreme Court addressed this by saying any HSE requirement to safeguard employees or the public would be “warranted by law” and would not contravene statute.
The company were exercising normal acts of ownership. A different situation exists in the traditional village green. Many village greens are vested in the local parish council, and problems arise when newcomers buy properties around the green. The new owner’s use of any drive over the green may be challenged. The purchaser’s solicitor needs to ensure the vendor and predecessors in title have used any drive over the village green for the previous 20 years. If previous access has been on foot only, the parish council may be able to stop the construction of a drive. If the new owner wants to put a hard surface on the drive or widen it, they may again encounter resistance. Section 12 of the Enclosure Act 1857 provides a fine may be payable:
“…if any person…wilfully lay any manure, soil, ashes or rubbish, or other matter or thing thereon, or do any other act whatsoever to the injury of such town or village green or land, or to the interruption of the use or enjoyment thereof as a place for exercise and recreation…”.
Laying a hard surface is not akin to depositing rubbish but it is putting “other matter” on the surface of the green. In Massey v Boulden 1 WLR 1793, Longmore LJ commented:
“I see no sufficient reason to regard the existence and use of the track as injuring the green or interrupting its use or enjoyment by others.”
That remark would certainly cover existing use, but not necessarily an improvement to the drive over the green. These are sensitive matters in village communities.
If any highway verge has been registered as part of the village green, the status of the drives over the verge can be brought into question. Sometimes, verges between the highway and houses are maintained by the highway authority and are shown as part of the highway under section 36 of the Highways Act 1980. It is worth checking this list if disputes arise; land may be both. If the grass is part of the highway, there will not a problem – as a frontager to the highway has the right to access it from his property.
TW Logistics has put to rest anxieties that registrations of village greens will bring an end to pre-registration activities. However, problems of future development remain. If owners are allowing land to be used for informal recreation, they need to make a conscious decision as to whether they are happy for the land to be registered as a village green, or whether they wish to lodge a statement to stop time; or to take other steps, such as excluding the public, or erecting notices that use is permissive, replacing them at least annually if they disappear.
This article first appeared on The Solicitors Journal.Contact us
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July 05, 2022 | <urn:uuid:9538892b-d871-4b9c-afaa-ad262e63a936> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lodders.co.uk/the-implications-of-registering-a-village-green/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.972385 | 2,812 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Pushed on the Ice
Q: One winter morning, on purpose, a classmate shoved me fast on an icy walkway at our school. There were many patches of ice on this walkway. There was no salt or sand. A friend agrees with me. The walkway was so slippery that the ambulance crew needed to use the adjacent grass in order to remove me.
A: Your attorney is likely to argue that the school failed to provide adequate supervision. A school is under a duty adequately to supervise the students in its charge, and is liable for foreseeable injuries proximately related to the absence of adequate supervision. Your attorney will seek to establish that school authorities had specific knowledge or notice of prior dangerous similar conduct by the classmate, and thus his dangerous propensities – that his act could reasonably have been anticipated.
Your attorney is also likely to argue that the school was negligent in maintaining the walkway. A real property owner or a party in possession or control of real property can be held liable for a slip-and-fall accident if it created the dangerous condition or had actual or constructive notice of it. Even if this was transparent ice, your attorney will strive to show that the ice was there long enough for the school district to have discovered it, if only the district had made reasonable efforts.
By: Scott Baron,
Attorney at Law Advertorial
The law responds to changed conditions; exceptions and variations abound. Here, the information is general; always seek out competent counsel. This article shall not be construed as legal advice.
Copyright © 2017-2020 Scott Baron & Associates, P.C. All rights reserved. 159-49 Cross Bay Boulevard, Howard Beach, New York 11414 1750 Central Park Ave, Yonkers, NY 10710 718-738-9800, 914-337-9800, 1-866-927-4878 | <urn:uuid:324e6c5f-e33d-450e-a08c-dcf0cbf13b50> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.scottbaronassociates.com/legally_speaking/pushed-on-the-ice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.967165 | 383 | 1.625 | 2 |
By the end of 1914 the war had reached stalemate.
This was due to the failure of both the Germans Schlieffen Plan and the French Plan Seventeen. Both these plans were said by each side to end the war ‘by Christmas’ and neither side had perceived the idea of stalemate. So as the next few years came both sides had to produce new ways to end stalemate and win the war. Both sides found ways, which they thought would win the war.
I will explain how far they actually went to break the stalemate. During the year of 1916 there were two important battles, Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme.Both of these battles inflicted major causalities on both the Allied and German troops. They to some were just a pointless exercise which gave both sides nothing but very large causality lists.
The Battle of the Somme was a battle caused the most number of deaths in a single day of fighting, and Verdun where the Germans planned to cause major causalities on the French may have done this but ended up with just as many as the French. Also during 1917 there were also two battles which did not help either side in breaking stalemate, Battle of Passchendaele and the Battle of Cambrai.It was at Cambrai where the tank was first used but this did not help the effort. So with these battles and many other ones did not help to break stalemate.
They only helped to cause more deaths and in some cases the attacking side gained only a few miles and lost thousands of men. They, however, could have helped it as they may have helped wear down the Germans and this may have helped break stalemate. During the course of the war both the Allies and the Germans created new weapons; like the artillery, aircraft’s, the use of gas and tanks.They had to create new and better weapons to suit the new type of warfare that was taking place.
The machine gun, which was not new but the quantities used was, was said to be the most effective weapon on the Western Front. This was because it helped to create stalemate and was so effective when used as a form of defence, against on coming soldiers, and created a great numbers of causalities that both sides decided to stay in their trenches. Another weapon that was first used in the war was the tank. When first brought out it was supposed to be a great machine that would help the soldiers a great deal.
The tank was however brought out before it was perfected and did not prove a great help in creating causalities. They were however a great moral booster for the soldiers at the front line. When artillery was thought of by the generals to be the most effective weapon. Often however it did nothing more than churn up the ground and make no-mans land harder to cross.
Gas was also used but only really served as a ‘frightener’. It added a great deal to the misery of trench life but did not really have a great effect in breaking stalemate.New weaponry did not really help break stalemate but did help in creating more suffering to an already miserable situation. In theory, it should have been a new, marvellous weapon which broke stalemate and inevitably won the war but in this war it did not happen.
The most used tactic at sea was blockades, this helped stop supplies getting to the opposition and should have helped surrender. The blockades did not prove to be the most important of the tactics used in breaking stalemate but was a vital sapping factor in wearing down the Central Powers.There were not many battles fought much at sea but there was one major battle at sea, the Battle of Jutland. This was fought out by the two big navys of the time the Germans and the British.
At the end of this battle both of the sides claimed victory, even though neither side actually completed there initial plan. The Germans were the side who went back to harbour and did not come back but the British were the side who lost the most amount of ships and men. Also heavy fighting only lasted a few minutes. It is because that the war at sea was so brief that it had little effect on the stalemate or even on the whole war.
It was nevertheless a route which had many possibilities and could have, if used right, won the war. But neither side used it as both sides were quite equal and not much could have been done to the other sides. Other than the Western Front it was the Eastern Front which proved to be very important in the war. It was Russia’s valiant effort in holding the German’s up and keeping quite a few of their soldiers at the Eastern Front which helped to lift off pressure on the Allied soldiers on the Western Front.
However because the Russians had retreated so far back their man power and supplies were decreasing all the time. So by the 1917 the Russian’s had had enough and many troops left in huge numbers. The Eastern Front did hold great promise up until the beginning of 1917, the Allies did not however move upon it and so the Russians never really gained back up. Therefore they had no way of beating the Germans.
During the course of the war there were many new allies entered the war, Japan, Turkey, Italy and the USA.The main new ally during the war was the Americans. They entered the war mainly because of the sinking of the Lusitania and because of a telegram, against the U. S.
, form the Germans to the Mexicans promising them some states of America in exchange for help in the war. Even though they came very late in the war, 1917 only a year before the end, it is said it was them who actually ended the war. Not only did they bring more soldiers but they also brought money, supplies and gave the Allies a moral booster.It can also be said that they did not actually bring any change to the war that the war would have ended without them.
All the factors above helped in part to break stalemate but not one, in whole, stopped it. If only one was used the stalemate would not have been broken but I think that because they were used together they broke stalemate and in turn ended the war. I also feel it was the entering of new allies, mainly the U. S, which helped the most in breaking stalemate.
Then it was ‘new weaponry’ and then ‘frontal assault’.The two least factors, which I think did not really help the breaking of stalemate, were ‘the war at sea’ and ‘other fronts’. It is because the new allies brought in new supplies and more men which enabled the Allies to give a good counter-attack on the German offensive. I think without the new allies the Allied force would not have been strong enough to break stalemate and then win the war.
However without the ‘new weaponry’ and the ‘frontal assaults’ they could not have held the stalemate. The other two factors I feel had no major impact and without them the war would have been no different. | <urn:uuid:2112d398-f1f7-4026-b32d-a19bac17eab7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://graduateway.com/the-first-world-war-stalemate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.990327 | 1,463 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Alan Alda is best-loved for playing Captain 'Hawkeye' Pierce in the TV series M*A*S*H, so it was perhaps fitting that a bird interrupted his speech on Canberra on Tuesday.
Alda was launching a new centre focused on increasing public understanding about science at the Australia National University when a squawking cockatoo felt the need to interrupt when he was trying to explain why its important scientists drop the jargon and speak in plain English
And the actor and advocate for science communication decided that squawking back to the group of birds trying to drown him out was the best way to respond.
"Where is that thing?" Alda said.
"Does he have his own microphone?"
The Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science is a partnership between the ANU and the Alan Alda Centre for Communicating Science based at Stony Brook University's journalism school in the United States.
Improving scientific literacy of the public and policy makers is one of Alda's greatest passions.
He hosted the documentary series Scientific American Frontiers for 12 years on US television.
Alda said last month there was a stereotype scientists were generally poor communicators, but after interviewing about 700 he had found them to be "funny, engaging curious, present".
"You just need to give them a chance to connect with you," he told Fairfax Media.
Alda said he realised the value of breaking down scientific communication barriers and had set up his centre in the US to provide instructional approaches, including improvisational theatre techniques, to encourage scientists to communicate more clearly and vividly.
- With AAP | <urn:uuid:693c6377-7b9f-4813-917d-978f728aa952> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.canberratimes.com.au/technology/sci-tech/alan-alda-opens-australian-national-centre-for-the-public-awareness-of-science-at-australian-national-university-20160308-gndhn2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722459.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00343-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970853 | 331 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Dr. Christopher Powell
Mae'r cynnwys hwn ar gael yn Saesneg yn unig.
Christopher Powell, who has died from a brain tumour aged 70, was a lecturer in architecture for more than 30 years.
Born and educated in south Gloucestershire, Chris followed his father's career and graduated in 1964 with a degree in architecture from Bristol University. He chose not to join the family practice and instead took a post at the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works, then spent time with various agencies and practices, including Wilson and Womersley, working on housing developments in the south-east.
During this period, the historical and social dimensions of his subject became an increasing attraction. After completing a master's thesis on local authority housing in 1972, Chris moved into academia as a lecturer at the Welsh School of Architecture, in Cardiff. While there, he pursued new areas related to the economics of building and design. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Construction History Society and was for many years the joint editor of its journal. The strands of his research were brought together in the book An Economic History of the British Building Industry, 1815-1979. He also wrote a history of the Welsh School of Architecture, published in 2009.
Away from university life, Chris had many interests. A pile of books, often hefty biographies of artists, authors and politicians, was always to hand, and he delighted in sending amusing postcards and cartoons to family and friends. A keen cyclist, he completed several long distance jaunts around the country, most notably Land's End to John O'Groats, which was achieved not long after heart surgery.
Painting and drawing were passions which gave an effective expression of his familiarity with building styles and forms. This knowledge also came to the fore when travelling around the countryside in search of an isolated church, an unusual cottage or an old inn. In the last case, "Powell's law" on the age of pubs would lead to a declaration that at least 100 years should be deducted from any claimed age.
Whoever he was with, Chris was an ideas man who enjoyed nothing better than debating a new finding or piece of research in diverse fields from archaeology to politics.
He is survived by his wife, Pam, whom he married in 1963, and his daughter, Jo, and son, Alex.
- Mike Anson, on www.guardian.co.uk | <urn:uuid:6bf4e472-6d00-4088-a6ab-7c35913bc2fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/cy/obituaries/obituary/christopher-powell | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.982324 | 500 | 1.53125 | 2 |
No interactions present.
should they be in fruit in january?
Some trees produce immature fruits like this or flower buds that develop normally at the correct time.Our weather has changed since I have been observing fig trees in the south over the last half century but there are many more signs of plants responding to weather patterns and climate change.We have daffodils in bud but are now about to have one of our less common frosts in stead of rain for a change.
Lat/Lng: 51.0, -1.0
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What is PJLIB
PJSIP is an Open Source SIP prototol stack, designed to be very small in footprint, have high performance, and very flexible.
PJSIP has been actively developed since 2003, but its history goes well beyond that. The author has been developing SIP stack since 1999 during RFC 2543 era, and after several experimentation with different approaches in the programming (the first stack actually was in C++!), and also with the evolution of the SIP protocol itself, the current/third generation of PJSIP (the 0.2.9 version is the second generation) can be considered as pretty stable in term of design, and should incorporate all design considerations (and implementation tricks!) that have been learned over the years. Of course only time will tell if this statement can still be held true in the future.
PJSIP consists of multiple levels of APIs, which each of them layered on top of another. Because of this, new readers may find it a bit difficult to find the place to start.
In general, I think perhaps I can recommend two approaches on using PJSIP.
Using PJSUA API
PJSUA API - High Level Softphone API wraps together all SIP components and media into a high level API, suitable for creating typical SIP user agent applications. It features easy to use API for:
- multiple client registration (accounts),
- high level SIP and media session (calls),
- buddy list, presence and instant messaging,
- powerful and very easy to use media manipulation,
while maintaining some space for customization (custom SIP transport, custom SIP media, etc.) needed by some types of applications. PJSUA API - High Level Softphone API is also aimed to be able to run on devices such as PDA or mobile phones, by carefully allowing application to set the appropriate threading strategy and memory limits (number of calls, media ports, etc.).
However, PJSUA API - High Level Softphone API may not be the most suitable API for some types of applications, since it is directed towards an easy to use API. For more more advanced use, you may better implement the application by using PJSIP + PJMEDIA directly, as described below.
Using PJSIP and PJMEDIA Directly
For the ultimate flexibility and power, using PJSIP and PJMEDIA directly is the way to go. The drawback will be, of course, steeper learning curve.
However, the following links may provide some useful information:
About This Document
This document contains the reference information about PJSIP. For more in-depth guide (and information in general), readers are encouraged to read the PJSIP Developer's Guide PDF document which can be downloaded from http://www.pjsip.org/docs.htm.
How to Read This Document
For main navigation, please go to Modules link on top of this page.
This document was generated with Doxygen from PJSIP header files.
Click on Modules link on top of this page to get the detailed table of contents.
The following are top level sections in the Modules, as laid out in the following diagram:
Static Library Layout
Enumerating the static libraries from the bottom:
- PJLIB, is the platform abstraction and framework library, on which all other libraries depend,
- PJLIB-UTIL, provides auxiliary functions such as text scanning, XML, and STUN,
- PJMEDIA is the multimedia framework,
- PJMEDIA-CODEC is the placeholder for media codecs,
- Core SIP Library (PJSIP-CORE) is the very core of the PJSIP library, and contains the SIP Endpoint, which is the owner/manager for all SIP objects in the application, messaging elements, parsing, transport management, module management, and stateless operations, and also contains:
- The Transaction Layer module inside PJSIP-CORE provides stateful operation, and is the base for higher layer features such as dialogs,
- The Base User Agent Layer/Common Dialog Layer module inside PJSIP-CORE manages dialogs, and supports dialog usages,
- Event and Presence Framework (PJSIP-SIMPLE) provides the base SIP event framework (which uses the common/base dialog framework) and implements presence on top of it, and is also used by call transfer functions,
- User Agent Library (PJSIP-UA) is the high level abstraction of INVITE sessions (using the common/base dialog framework). This library also provides SIP client registration and call transfer functionality,
- and finally, PJSUA API - High Level Softphone API (PJSUA-LIB) is the highest level of abstraction, which wraps together all above functionalities into high level, easy to use API. | <urn:uuid:d9ae4787-7aee-4583-9d01-551cd0768357> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pjsip.org/docs/latest-2/pjsip/docs/html/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00566-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917322 | 1,014 | 1.882813 | 2 |
A few years ago, a college pal unfriended me on Facebook. To this day, I couldn’t tell you why. Maybe I had given offense, maybe I’d been dull, and maybe she’d just been simplifying her online life. That uncertainty ate me up—it still gnaws at me, if I’m being honest. I’d rather not repeat the experience: If you’re going to unfriend me, I’d just as soon not find out.
But apparently my desire isn’t universal. Early this week, the tech press exploded with enthusiasm for a new app that promises to tell you who, exactly, has removed you from their roster. Called “Who Deleted Me?”, the app—which is available for Android, iOS, and as a Chrome extension—inspired more than 100 articles in a matter of days. First discussed by Next Web, it was subsequently covered by Mashable, the Washington Post, and a host of other sources. As the attention built, so many users attempted to put it through its paces that its servers repeatedly crashed.
Anthony Kuske, the British Web developer who created “Who Deleted Me,” calls this flurry of attention “pretty amazing … a little scary too.” In an email, he told me that he had coded the initial version of the app after noticing that his friend count had gone down. His first pass was a Facebook plugin, but the company shut it down earlier this year—he says it did so “because of a technical issue not because of a policy violation.” Nevertheless, he says that he’s “worried about how Facebook will react” to the new version in light of the widespread coverage it’s received.
When Kuske first set out to program “Who Deleted Me?” he figured “it would be pretty simple,” and indeed it is. When you allow the app to access your Facebook profile, it takes a snapshot of your friends list. According to Kuske, it “only reads the user’s first name and user ID, and the full name and user ID for each friend” as it does so. The next time a user activates the app, it captures another image of this list. It then compares these two lists to each another and reports back on any changes, detailing any new names that have appeared and announcing any that have left.
This means, as many have already noted, that “Who Deleted Me?” has only partial functionality. Try it out just once, and Kuske will have your information, but you won’t learn anything new. It can only report changes that take place after you use it for the first time. What’s more, Kuske’s app can’t identify users who’ve muted you, keeping you on their friends lists but preventing your posts from showing up in their timelines.
These limitations clearly haven’t prevented many from trying “Who Deleted Me?” out, as its connectivity troubles reveal. Kuske told me that it had been “running well on two fairly small servers at Digital Ocean until it got all the attention.” He was in Monaco when news started to build and had to rush to Nice, France, in an attempt to get it back online. “It’s now running,” he wrote Wednesday morning, “on 15 servers and still struggling with the load when America wakes up.”
Despite these difficulties, Kuske claims that user response has been largely positive. On the app’s Facebook page, he explained, people have been telling him “that they think it’s a very useful tool and they’re annoyed that Facebook doesn’t allow you to do this normally.” This still does little to explain why Facebook users would want to employ such an app, given that, in my experience, it’s more likely to drive you crazy than give you closure. Kuske holds that some just want “to see who doesn’t like them.” But most, he suggested to me, are just curious in the way that he was when he first created it.
Satisfying that curiosity doesn’t just risk a user’s peace of mind—it also means sacrificing privacy. “Who Deleted Me?” doesn’t gather much more information than other Facebook-integrated programs that many of us use every day. Kuske declined to answer an emailed question about if and how his app anonymizes data, and his privacy statement doesn’t suggest that it does so. And while there’s no reason to suspect that Kuske has ill intentions, it’s not entirely clear that the data he gathers from his users will be secure.
So, should you use this thing? Probably not, especially if you’re as shame-prone as I am. But whether or not you do, the attention Kuske’s app has received will probably ensure that some of your friends install it, in spite of the risks. For now, you’re probably better off following Facebook’s own advice and muting friends rather than removing them. Unless you want to make them feel bad, in which case, unfriend away. | <urn:uuid:f8693dc4-c2c8-453b-8f1f-c4fb1b1e09ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://slate.com/technology/2015/07/who-deleted-me-app-you-don-t-really-want-to-know-who-unfriended-you-on-facebook.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.975535 | 1,123 | 1.570313 | 2 |
The Stones are an extended, blended family living in two high-energy households where only the agile survive.
Somewhere in this great nation is a top-secret government agency in charge of providing aid to America's nonhuman citizenry. Perpetually overworked and underpaid, these dedicated civil servants soldier on with a dedication exceeded only by their respective passions for heavy rifles, stylish footwear, and good sturdy squeaky toys. They're not our country's best nor our country's brightest, but to all the lost and lonely creations of misguided science wandering the wild places of this country, they are a beacon of minimum-wage hope. This is their story.
Shaenon K. Garrity and Jeffrey C. Wells
Nancy was created in the 1930s by Ernie Bushmiller. Since 1995, the strip has been drawn and written by Guy Gilchrist. Nancy is famed for its gentle humor and playful sight gags. Nancy remains a devoted friend to her pal Sluggo, her Aunt Fritzi, and many others. Her childlike innocence never wavers.
Behold, an un-pale horse with no name. Oh, wait. His name is Horace. And he's sarcastic. And silly. And lives in an infinitely expandable world. And sometimes gets slapstuck. And day after unpredictable day he boldly goes where no horse -- let alone a comic strip -- has gone before. Yes, there are sidekicks; a bird, a lady horse, a never-seen neighbor. And if the post-it note did not exist, Samson would have had to invent it so Horace would have yellow panels in which to play. Welcome to the bright side of the world. May the horse be with you.
Dark Side of the Horse
The legendary hero Tarzan enjoys the distinction of starring in the first adventure comic strip, the first continuity strip and the first strip to appeal to readers for multiple generations. Some of these storylines date back decades, but the ape man's adventures never get old.
Edgar Rice Burroughs
Tom the Dancing Bug is a unique hybrid of editorial and comic strip cartooning, beloved by people because of its insightful and hilarious social and political satire. The strip appears weekly in newspapers around the country.
Tom the Dancing Bug
SPECIAL NOTE: As of August 26, 2015, Basic Instructions is now in reruns. See the final comic here. Follow from the start here. Basic Instructions started out as a small side feature Scott Meyer created to entertain people who came to his website looking to hire a comedian. It wasn't long before the comic was far more popular than anything Scott ever did as a comedian.Basic Instructions is a series of guides meant to help you lead a better life. They cover topics as diverse as "How to Deal with Boredom" and "How to Travel Back in Time to Deliver a Dire Warning to Your Former Self". Basic Instructions is populated with exaggerated versions of Scott, his family and his friends, which has caused no small amount of unpleasantness.
Johnny Hart’s classic strip, B.C., puts a caveman twist on everything. From philosophical ants to punny bits of unconventional wisdom, you’ll see why this strip has been a favorite for so many years.
Mastroianni and Hart
This idiosyncratic single-panel strip takes bizarre and unexpected detours through pop culture and modern society, delighting in witty wordplay, artistic absurdity, and puns so outrageous you'll have to laugh.
Most children would be terrified by monsters under the bed, rogue cyborgs, destructive aliens and dicey nuclear experiments. But Lio is not your average kid. Mark Tatulli renders this pantomime strip in a pen-and-ink style that matches the strips' dark humor and imaginative spirit. | <urn:uuid:36f34600-c297-481e-ba00-5416b3e57f02> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gocomics.com/thenorm/2013/10/25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00284-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943467 | 784 | 1.507813 | 2 |
The HRM objectives in a retail organization serve as standards against which performance is evaluated. If objectives are well defined and accepted by employees, these promote harmony among human efforts and invite voluntary co-operation.
The pace with which new and new corporate are entering into the retail industry, a retail organization may have to structure and assign tasks, policies and resources in order to meet this fast changing requirements of the target market, management administration and employees. Due to high attrition rate and increased demand for skilled employees, retail organizations have prioritized retention policies and growth of its employees within the organization.
The scope of HRM in retailing is indeed vast and multifaceted. All the activities a retail store employee has to perform from his entry to exit broadly come under the purview of HRM. HRM in retailing is composed of survival-integrated activities such as employees’ recruitment, selection, induction, training and development, supervision and compensation.
The main objective of HRM is to ensure that right person should be appointed at right position according to his or her caliber, interest and experience in the relevant field. Broadly, HRM in retailing has four specific objectives to perform.
These are as under:
1. Societal Objectives:
Retailing is all about selling goods or services or both to consumers for their personal or family use. Retailing is perhaps the only sector where the owner of the business has direct interaction with its customers. Further, retailers in a society are the final businessmen in any distribution channel that links manufacturers to end consumers.
Therefore, considering all these factors, socially and ethically, it becomes imperative for a retailer to satisfy the existing and would be needs and wants of the society. The organization, which ignores this aspect, soon may find itself out of competition. Keeping pace with the market trends and continuous changing fashion is another criterion that retail organization should consider as a part of their social organization. In fact, societal objectives are basically responsible for the needs and challenges of society.
While performing societal objectives, retailers should try to minimize the negative impact of such demands upon the organization. The inability of the organizations to use their resources for society’s benefit in social and ethical ways may lead to restrictions. For instance, having no option, society may limit HR decisions to laws that enforce reservation in hiring retail employees and laws that address discrimination, safety or such areas of societal concern.
2. Personal Objectives:
When an employee joins an organization, he does not come alone. He brings with himself experience, attitude, skill, knowledge, personality and he tries his level best to take the organization to zenith. He seeks the organization for realization of his personal growth. If the organization requires employees for fulfillment of organization objectives, it becomes important for an organization to help its employees to grow further and achieve their personal goals.
Personal objectives of the employees must be fulfilled if a retailer is serious about long-term survival of its organization. If organizational efforts are only directed towards profit maximization, sooner or later, it will become difficult for the retailing firm to retain or maintain its employees, resulting in decline in turnover and employees’ performance.
3. Functional Objectives:
Retailing is termed as hard & rigorous business. The store employees stand on their feet from eight to nine hours in a day. The job of sales people in the retail outlet is physically demanding and expressively draining. Functional objectives help an organization to support and enhance the role of its employees within the organization through provision of information, advice, facilities and training.
Simply stated, functional objectives attempt to uphold (sustain) the department’s contribution at a level suitable to the organization’s needs. All the efforts, policies and resources spent on HR will go waste in case HRM in an organization is found to be more or less sophisticated. Therefore, it becomes imperative on the part of HR manager to adjust its HR that should exactly meet its organization’s requirements. Further, the department’s level of service must be tailored to fit the organization it serves.
4. Organizational Objectives:
Organizational objectives identify the job of HRM in bringing about organizational overall effectiveness. It involves HR planning, maintaining good relations with employees, selection, training & development, appraisal and assessment. HRM assists the organization to achieve its primary objectives.
It is the department that co-ordinates the activities of rest of the organization to achieve organizational mission. Therefore, an astute retailer will infuse passion for success in its employees. If the store staff is actually on the company’s pay roll, rather than outsourced from agencies, there will be greater commitment. | <urn:uuid:31c3334f-ac91-4ae1-8cc0-f68a58069515> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/retailing/hrm-objectives-top-4-objectives-of-hrm-in-retailing/48316 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.963132 | 966 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Middlesex Hospital Outpatients Wing/the Strand Union Workhouse.
Our point of entry is the Middlesex Hospital Outpatients' Wing, in Cleveland Street, London. The building, on the eastern flank of the main hospital, is rather a dull-looking place. Many people pass it by, indeed even work there, without giving its past a thought. Yet this building has a remarkable history. In the mid-nineteenth century, far from being an appendage to its more illustrious neighbour, it was an institution in its own right: the Strand Union Workhouse.
The core of the building is eighteenth century in origin. It was first built as a workhouse in the 1780s for the Parish of St Paul, Covent Garden, on the site of an old burial ground for the poor of that parish. With some alterations and additions the building became the workhouse for the Strand Union of parishes, under the Poor Law of 1834. The Victorian Poor Law became the largest civil organisation in the country, with over 700 such institutions. Workhouses were designed to fulfil two main functions: to incarcerate the dependent poor, and to deter others from applying.
The Cleveland Street portal of the workhouse featured a stone relief of an old man, pointing to a stone drapery with the motto: |Avoid idleness and intemperance'. The inscription encapsulates the Poor Law attitude to poverty. In order to receive financial assistance from the parish, personal belongings were sold and homes were broken up. Families were separated, husbands from wives, and both from children. Even into the twentieth century, siblings were separated and sent to the colonies. Workhouses were known as |bastilles' because they effectively imprisoned the sick, the unemployed, the disabled, the insane and the old.
The old portal has now disappeared, and the workhouse building has been modernised and remodelled internally at least twice since the mid-nineteenth century. Yet it is substantially the same building to which a young provincial doctor was appointed Medical Officer in 1856. Hospital care of the sick had recently been much in the news, but it was to prove a long time before the lessons of the Crimean War were applied within its walls. Had Dr Joseph Rogers not recorded his experiences, few familiar with Cleveland Street today could have imagined what scenes of real misery passed within its walls.
Rogers was acquainted with poverty from his work as a general practitioner in Soho. In the 1840s the neighbourhood was still one of mixed trades and fortunes, and Rogers had established a thriving practice. Much of the housing stock dated from the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire, and was in poor condition by Rogers' day.
While caring for a patient with blood poisoning, Rogers noticed that her living room wall was exuding |a highly putrid fluid'. Enquiries on the other side of the wall in the churchyard of St Anne, Soho, revealed an appalling state of affairs. The ground was over full, and earth and bodies were piled up against neighbouring buildings. Rogers' campaign to prevent further burials there helped raise public awareness of the problem of overcrowded churchyards, and of the need for new cemeteries for the urban dead. St Anne's was among the first of the metropolitan burial grounds to be closed, in 1849.
Soho was badly affected by the cholera epidemics of the 1840s and 1850s. The Broad Street pump, whose poisoned waters were famously stopped by Dr John Snow, was at the heart of Rogers' catchment area. Paying patients either died or moved away from an area which now had an unhealthy reputation. It was the loss of his paying clientele which drove Rogers to apply for the job at the workhouse.
Despite his local knowledge, Rogers seems to have been completely unprepared for what he found. In his Reminiscences, he described the Strand Union Workhouse when he started work there:
|a square four-storied building fronting the street, with two wings of similar elevation projecting eastwards from each corner. The necessary laundry work of the establishment, which never in my time fell below five hundred inmates, was carried on beneath the entrance hall [which] was filled with steam and the odours from washing the paupers' linen. On the right side of the main building was a badly paved yard, which led down to the back entrance from Charlotte Street; on each side there was first, a carpenter's shop and a dead house, and secondly, opposite to it, a tinker's shop with a forge and unceiled roof. This communicated with a ward with two beds in it, used for fever and foul cases, only a lath and plaster partition separating it from the tinker's shop.'
Like many workhouses, the one in Cleveland Street was ruthless in its separation of the sexes, but much less careful in the segregation of medical cases. It had no separate infirmary, and no trained nurses. Only two of its twenty wards were designated for the sick. However, because illness, insanity and old age were the primary causes of poverty, Rogers found himself responsible for sick and dying patients throughout the building. Only 8 per cent of inmates were held to be |able bodied'. An official inspection in 1866 revealed 556 people sharing 332 beds. Overcrowding meant ventilation was |exceedingly defective'. Cubic space per patient was half that specified for the prison population, and a quarter of that for barracks. In the post-natal ward this figure was halved again. There were no facilities for the adequate separation of acute, chronic, dying or infectious patients.
Most workhouses at that time were unable to cope with urgent cases - there being no ambulance service, no provision for the reception of casualties and no surgical facilities. Some Boards of Guardians paid subscriptions to large charity hospitals like Guy's and St Bartholemew's for the care of their acutely sick. To keep costs low, the Strand Guardians of the Poor kept tight control of Rogers' referrals, only allowing them under really exceptional circumstances. Amid overcrowding so dreadful that patients could only get out at the end of their beds, Rogers had to tackle epidemics of measles and fevers in which there were more deaths than recoveries. The Middlesex Hospital, where Rogers had been a prize student, stood just around the corner from the scene of his labours: yet he was not allowed to refer his needy patients there.
Under his contract of employment, all medication for the hundreds of sick people in his care was funded from Rogers' salary of only 50 [pounds] a year. He was later to appear before a Parliamentary Select Committee, to argue this method of financing be abandoned, since even dying. patients under less conscientious doctors received no medication, or placebo treatment only, such as coloured water.
For twenty years Rogers battled to improve the care of the sick poor. He established a dispensary so as to be able to treat sick people in the community, without their having to enter the workhouse as inmates. He eventually got the laundry moved to the workhouse yard, which removed a source of steam and damp inside the workhouse itself, and freed space for a canteen in the basement, and some ward space. He won the right to end the |starvation diet' for single mothers, devised by the Guardians themselves as |a deterrent against the use of the workhouse as a place in which to be confined'. It took him a decade to end the practice of carpet-beating in the yard outside the male sick ward, which filled the workhouse with noise and noxious dust. To the Guardians the work served as pauper |training', and served as a valuable source of revenue-generation.
The expenditure implications of Rogers' improvements met repeated resistance and hostility from the Strand Guardians. Rogers' Reminiscences make clear that Oliver Twist offers no exaggeration of the pinching parsimony which governed these institutions. A severe breakdown of relations was the eventual result, and Rogers became a cause celebre in the Poor Law medical world. He founded the Association for the Improvement of Workhouse Infirmaries, and later became President of the Poor Law Medical Officers' Association, both of which organisations promoted reform nationally. He wrote for the medical press, and received support from politicians and reformers such as Charles Dickens, Lord Shaftesbury, Louisa Twining and George Godwin.
Rogers' national campaign for better Poor Law health care helped change attitudes, and promoted the great workhouse infirmary building boom of the 1870s-80s, which happily he lived to witness. At Rogers' death in 1889, his obituarist observed: |A prince has fallen out of our ranks. His life's work was a long series of reforms in sanitary law and administration, and in wringing from tardy Bumbledom justice for its ministers.' The infirmary architecture promoted by his efforts still forms the core of many of the country's hospitals.
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|Title Annotation:||London, England building|
|Date:||Sep 1, 1993|
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At the most basic level, an invention must fulfill the following requirements to be considered for a patent:
1. The subject matter must be patent-eligible. Section 101 of the U.S. Patent Act, found in Title 35 of the United States Code, states that “Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.”
2. The invention must be new or novel. If an invention was known to the public prior to an inventor filing a patent application, the invention cannot be considered new or novel, and is therefore not patentable. In other words, a patent cannot be granted if it prevents people from doing what they had previously been free to do. This requirement for novelty exists to ensure that existing inventions, also known as prior art, are not patented again. All information relevant to a patent’s claims of novelty that has been disclosed to the public, no matter the form in which it was presented, is considered prior art.
3. An invention must be non-obvious. This means that an invention must be a non-obvious improvement over existing products or practices. If it is deemed that an invention could easily be discovered by someone of “ordinary knowledge” or follow from “normal development” in a given field, the invention is not patentable. Additionally, if the invention is simply a routine or predictable combination or application of existing technology, it is not patentable.
4. An invention must be useful, meaning that the USPTO’s patent examiners must determine that an invention has a specific utility.
Now knowing what it takes for an idea to be patentable, we will assume that your solution is useful. Why else would you be creating it? We will focus the patentable invention investigation on patent-eligible, novel, and non-obvious to determine if your technology or processes contain inventive material.
Generally, when reviewing your product and roadmap for patentable inventions, you should focus on your most significant differentiators and competitive advantages. What do you want your sales and marketing people to tell potential clients? Is your company’s solution faster, cheaper, smaller, easier to use, etc.? How did you make it so or how do you plan to make it so?
When trying to determine where in your technology there may be good IP, often an engineering team is unaware that what they have created is novel and non-obvious. It’s been our ongoing experience that talented engineering staffs frequently dismiss the possibility of their creation being patentable. This is an area where automation can really help.
Automated invention discovery tools can compare product information to a vast database of prior art and help give you an idea of whether or not patentable material exists within your solution. It can also be helpful to have a patent expert examine your technical material and/or hold a brief invention investigative session with your key engineers. It is best to do this prior to publicly disclosing your innovations or offering for sale products that contain your innovations.
Going forward, have your engineering team document new projects, upgrades, and designs in enough detail to have someone of a similar skill level be able to reconstruct it without too much experimentation. This enhances future invention disclosures and will provide a ready-made basis for your next set of provisional patent applications. | <urn:uuid:2aec364b-a0e5-4d01-a19a-42611d4795f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rowanpatents.com/is-your-idea-patentable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.945313 | 707 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Pickup trucks are problematic when carrying canoes. Because the cab sticks up above the bed, either you have 8 feet of canoe hanging out the back or the bow sits on the cab pointing to the sky, catching all sorts of wind and ruining your gas mileage. You need to elevate the back of the boat so it rides level. To do that all you need is a light box frame to sit in the bed of the truck.
- Skill level:
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Things you need
- 4 pressure-treated boards, 2 by 6 inches by 12 feet long
- Box of galvanised screws, 3-and-a-half inches long
- Half-inch carriage bolts, 4 inches long with nuts and lock washers
- Drill and drill bits
- Circular saw
- Ratcheting tie-down straps, 12+ feet long
- Carpet strips, 6 inches wide and as long as the width of the pickup bed
- Staple gun and 1-and-a-1/2 inch staples
- Tape measure
- Carpenter Speed Square
- Bungee cords
- 3/8-inch eye screws
Measure from the pickup bed floor to the top of the cab roof. Add 4 inches. Cut four boards to this length for the uprights. Lay a pair of them on the sawhorses. Measure and cut two 2-by-6-inch boards the length of the inside of the pickup bed minus 3 inches. Add a foot to that length and cut two more 2-by-6-inch boards.
Drill and bolt the ends of one of the shorter side boards to the feet of the pair of boards on the sawhorse. If you have a wheel well bump inside the truck, raise the bottom side board high enough to clear the wheel well and bolt it in place. Make sure the two uprights are perpendicular to the side boards and bolt one of the longer side boards to the top edge of the uprights. Leave a foot of the top sideboard extending over the cab past what will be the front leg of the side frame. Repeat with the other side, remember the top board will extend the opposite direction from the first frame when lying on the sawhorses.
Stand up the frames. Measure and cut four boards the width of the pickup bed less an inch or two to give it room. Screw one board to the extended ends of the topside frame boards and one to the flush ends that will be to the back of the frame. This will make a rectangle box frame at the top.
Screw the other two end boards to the bottom of the uprights inside the side boards to make a lower box frame. The 2-by-6-inch construction should provide wide enough joints that no diagonal cross bracing should be necessary.
Wrap the carpet strips over the top of the front and back cross members and staple it in place. Set the frame up in the back of your pickup whenever you're ready to haul your canoe. Screw four eye screws to the sides of the top frame boards, facing outward; one at each corner. The eye screws provide a handy tie-down spot for bungee cords.
Set the canoe on top of the frame. You can safely get two narrow ones up there or a canoe and kayak combination. Attach the end hooks of the ratchet tied downs to corner tie-down points in the bed of the truck. Run the tie-down straps through the top of the frame at the front and back and attach to tie-down points on the opposite side. Tighten the ratchets to pull the straps secure and to hold the canoe rack in place.
Tie down the canoe by hooking bungee cords to the eye screws in the wood frame and passing them over the top of the boat. Attach ratchet tie-down straps to the bow and stern of the canoe, connecting them at either end to the towing loops on the truck frame under the bumpers and at the centre to the bow and stern tie-down loops on the canoe. There is a steel towing loop on each side of the truck frame, front and back where it was attached to the manufacturing line. They work great to make an upside down "V" shaped tie down at the ends. Ratchet the straps tight, a little at a time until you get a balanced pull down on either end of the boat.
Tips and warnings
- You can use 2-by-4-inch boards for this rack and they'll work fine. Just add some extra screws and a light diagonal brace or two.
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- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:aee149d7-8da6-4538-a7da-364c0b65a84e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_6853824_build-canoe-rack-truck.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00566-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90903 | 978 | 1.890625 | 2 |
A formula including correction due to change of beam injection angle is derived for measurements of beam energy using parallel plate energy analyzers. The formula is mainly aimed for potential measurements in high temperature plasma with heavy ion beam probes, and an example is presented to demonstrate the usage of the formula.
!!!All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes | <urn:uuid:eac03918-50dd-4da3-9f5b-bccdf6646fb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/effects-of-horizontal-injection-angle-displacement-on-energy-meas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.895378 | 86 | 1.625 | 2 |
Apple will apparently start assembling its premium iPhones in India through a local plant of its manufacturer Foxconn. It's expected to commence from as early as 2019 and will be the first time for Apple to locally assemble the more expensive iPhones.
© MensXP/Akshay Bhalla
Apple has been assembling iPhones in India since 2017. However, it has remained exclusive to the iPhone 6S and SE. The move comes due to the Indian government putting a high tariff on imported smartphones which has resulted in Apple losing a huge chunk of the market share. This would drive the price of premium iPhones through the roof which has resulted in poor performance in the Indian market for the Cupertino giant.
According to Economic Times, Foxconn will be manufacturing new iPhones at the Sriperumbudur plant in Tamil Nadu. Foxconn already manufactures smartphones for Xiaomi in India and will invest 25 billion Indian rupees ($356 million) to expand the plant. This includes expansion into manufacturing of iPhones in India.
Due to the new expansion, Apple will be able to curb prices of premium iPhones and will be able to compete better with companies like OnePlus and Samsung. This will result in reduced prices for the flagship iPhones and drive more sales for the company. If you want to know more about how Apple can change their fortunes in India, you can read our detailed analysis here. | <urn:uuid:0374281d-a63c-4ce4-9a3d-f010c30f47db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mensxp.com/technology/hacks/49053-get-ready-for-cheaper-premium-iphones-as-apple-will-reportedly-start-making-them-in-india.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.943487 | 275 | 2 | 2 |
When Louis XI lay on his death-bed, in his château of Plessis-les-Tours, he wished to send the holiest man he could find to bring the greatest saint of Christendom to console his last days on earth. Courtiers and populace all agreed on the same individual, the great-great-grandfather of La Mère Marie, who was accordingly sent to Rome and on to the wildest part of the Calabrian coast, whence he brought back the famous ascetic, St. François de Paule. No members of the family prized this signal honour more than the parents of Marie Guyard. Her father, who was a silk merchant, had such a reputation for piety and justice that his decisions carried more weight than those of the courts of law ; while her mother was his equal in devotion and his helpmeet in good works.
Marie was born on the 18th of October, 1599, in the old royal city of Tours, amid ce doux pays de la Touraine, which Belleforest has called le jardin de France et le plaisir des Roys. ” Do not ask me why I love Touraine ! ” exclaims Balzac, when describing the valley of the Indre from Azay to Mont baton. Here, and along the Loire, are all the finest chateaux : Amboise, with its terraces and chapel ; Chenonceaux,with its gardens, its white walls, its towers rising sheer from the water, and its romantic memories of Diane de Poictiers and Catherine de Medici Azay-le-Rideau, a vision of beauty, set in the woods beside the winding river , Loches, with its ancient towers and ramparts massively rooted into its steep hill ; and Chinon, where the statue of Rabelais looks down on the market-place and over the quiet quays beside the Loire, where Henry II breathed his last, and where Charles VII was called to the relief of Orleans by Joan of Arc. And the heart of Touraine is Tours, calm and beautiful on the southern bank of the Loire, which lingers past in slow meanderings. Here stood an archbishop’s palace, here soared a great cathedral ; and here was set that exquisite little gem of Gothic architecture, La Psalette, all aglow with the sacred music which so took the ear of the young Marie and wrought her heart to ecstasy.
But her deepest and most thrilling form of ecstasy came to her in visions of divinity. She had always been a religious child, and every pre-disposing influence carried her on toward the fulness of self-surrender and devotion. The piety of her family was a Touraine tradition ; the first words she could articulate were Marie and Jesus , she had hardly learnt to read before she showed a marked preference for books of edification ; her favourite work was succouring the poor ; her favourite amusement was “playing nun”; and her favourite holiday was paying a visit to the Benedictine abbey of Beaumont, where the abbess was her mother’s cousin. Her first vision was in a dream, when, as she afterwards wrote, she saw Heaven open and Christ come toward her in human form : Ce plus beau des enfants des hommes, avec un visage plein d’une douceur et d’un attrait indicibles, m’embrassa, et, me baisant amoureusement, me dit,. ” Voulez-vous être à moi ? ” Je lui répondis ” oui” ; et, ayant eu mon consentement, nous le vîmes remonter au ciel.
No wonder that a child like this longed for the life of the Benedictines whom she saw so often and who were so kind to her ; nor that her cousin willingly promised to intercede with Madame de Beaumont for her future admission to the order. She then confided in her mother, who also encouraged her. But there the matter stopped. She was meditative, timid and reserved ; and it never occurred to her to open her mind in the confessional beyond what she thought a penitent should say there. She knew nothing of private spiritual directors, who would certainly have led her on. So the Benedictines lost a nun, to Canada’s great advantage:
When she was seventeen her parents wished her to marry a silk manufacturer, almost as pious as her father. Her answer was idiosyncratic to the last degree : Ma mère, puisque c’est une résolution prise et que mon père le veut absolument, je me crois obligée d’obéir à sa volonté et â la vôtre. Mais si Dieu me fait la grâce de me donner un fils, je lui promets, dès â présent, de le consacrer à son service ; et si, ensuite, il me rend la liberté que je vais perdre, je lui promets de m’y consacrer moi-même. Both vows were afterwards fulfilled.
Nevertheless, her marriage was a happy one.
Madame Martin, as she had now become, was a very practical mystic, and a most capable partner in her husband’s business. At the same time she lost no opportunity of shepherding his employees into the one true fold and making them her daily congregation. Doubtless, her pilgrim soul was often grieved by their stay-at-home contentment with the good green earth of rich Touraine, where many a Mimnermus probably went to church, even in those ardent days, when religion was a casus belli for the whole of Europe.
At nineteen she was left a penniless widow by her husband’s sudden death and failure. Tall, handsome and of commanding presence, capable in management and pious in every thought and deed, she had no Iack of eligible suitors. But she would never consider re-marriage for a moment and she only remained outside the cloister for the next twelve years in order that her son should be old enough to be left with the Jesuits before she made her vows. Never for a moment did she relax her self-imposed ascetic rules for the mortification of the flesh. She literally clothed herself in sack-cloth, and practised so many other physical discomforts that her spiritual directors always had great difficulty in keeping her penitential macerations within due bounds. During four years she lived in utter self-abasement, as the servant of the servants at her brother-in-law’s. This relative, who was at the head of a great forwarding business, was only too glad to prornote her at the suggestion of her director ; and she suddenly passed from below the menials to the local superintendence of sixty horses and a hundred men.
For eight years the business prospered exceedingly ; and she completed an apprenticeship in practical affairs which served her well during her pioneering life in Canada.
But none of these alien years of successful business management saw any worldling interlude in her religious life. They were, indeed, only. more steps up the Scala Sancta of her soul. Her visions were no longer childlike dreams, but such as led her Spanish prototype, St. Theresa, through the seven abodes of the spiritual castleel Castillo Interior o las Moradas-and so toward divine espousal with the Son of Man. On the eve of the Incarnation, in 1620, she had recommended herself to God’s providence in her usual formulaIn te Domine speravi, non confundar in aeternumand had set out for her daily work. Then, as she walked beside the city moat, came the flash of apparition. Her whole being stood at gaze ; while the panorama of her past was unrolled before her, with all her sins standing out in the shamed dark, against the accusing whiteness of the light of truth ; and with the life-blood of her crucified Saviour pulsing to her feet.
The vision over, she entered the nearest church and begged the first priest she met to hear her full confession. Returning next day for absolution she determined that her true conversion was to be counted from this anniversary of the Incarnation ; a circumstance which suggested her name in religion, La Mere Marie de l’Incarnation.
Some years after, in a re-birth of unquestioning hope, she was at last caught up again within the highest rapture of heavenly delight ; as once before, in her first dream-vision when a child. Je conversais familièrement avec Notre-Seigneur, et mon coeur s’elancait par un mouvement extraordinaire vers ce bonheur que je ne pouvais comprendre. Jésus-Christ me dit distincte-men: ces paroles : Sponsabo to mihi in fide, sponsabo to mihi in perpetuum-Je dans la foi, je t’épouserai pour jamais.
Divine espousals are so essentially characteristic of convent visions that they are always the favourite point attacked by those who sit in the seat of the scornful outside the cloisters. The adverse formulary says that the devotion of all celibates is only the parental instinct of self-sacrifice gone astray, and that a Divine Spouse is only a nun’s hysterical substitute for a more carnal object of affection. But this contemptuous view shuts out one obviously common-sense point of refutation, which is almost too profanely worldly-wise for mention here. It simply is that no woman would make it the object of her life to bring in as many other brides as possible for her own beloved spouse, unless her affections were truly spiritual and the object of them divinely infinite.
Opinions will always differ about the signs which mark the calling of a life apart. But all the world agrees that the essential fitness of such a life for the higher aspirations of mankind can only be tested by its resultant actions. So we, who are bent merely on estimating the good influence that La Mere Marie exerted on Canadian history, might judge her by her works alone, if it were not that her visions, faith and works together made a triune all-in-all. This being so, we cannot hope to under-stand any one part of her life if we wrest it from the whole. We must reckon with faith and vision as practical determinants at every turn. And, to gain a still further insight into her peculiar case, we must call such a supremely competent witness of the beatific state as St. Theresa, whose evidence goes far to prove, by sympathetic analogy at least, how close the psychic correlations are, even if the visions are only subjectively existent. In the 28th chapter of her autobiography she gives her conclusion of the whole matter : ” Like imperfect sleep, which, instead of giving more strength to the head, leaves it only the more exhausted, mere imaginings only weaken the soul. . . . A genuine heavenly vision yields her a harvest of ineffable spiritual riches, and an admirable renewal of bodily strength. I gave these reasons to those people who so often accused my visions of being the work of the enemy of mankind and the sport of my imagination.
I showed them the jewels which the divine hand left with methey were my actual dispositions. All those that knew me saw that I was changed.
As for myself, it was impossible to believe that if the devil were the author of this change he could have used means so contrary to his own interests as the uprooting of my vices and the filling me with masculine courage ; for I saw clearly that a single vision was enough to enrich me with all that wealth.”
When she was thirty and her son twelve, La Mére Marie committed him to the Jesuits and entered the Ursuline convent of Tours. The nuns were eager to hear her expound her visions, especially one of the Trinity, which is strangely like Dante’s in the final canto of the Paradiso:
Nella profonda e chiara sussitenza Dell’ alto lume parvemi tre giri Di tre coIori e d’ana contenenza
In that abyss Of radiance, clear and lofty, seemed, methought, Three orbs of triple hue, clipt in one bound; And, from another, one reflected seemed, As rainbow is from rainbow : and the third Seemed fire, breathed equally from both.
She freely told all that she had seen beyond the veil of the flesh ; and by her human aptitudes, no less than by her other-worldliness, was soon in perfect harmony with the life around her.
The Ursulines were originally founded on St. Catherine’s Day in 1537 ; two years after Jacques Cartier’s discovery of Quebec ; a time when the full flood-stream of Renaissance and Reformation was beating against every bulwark of the Roman faith and government. Ignatius Loyola and Angela of Merici hurried to the defence of the dangerous breach made in Catholic education, and set to work to rebuild it under fire. In 1540 Loyola drew up the constitution of the Jesuits, in which the educa tion of boys stood first of all in relative importance. Four years later the Sovereign Pontiff approved the constitution of the Ursulines, in which the first place was given to the education of girls. ” I have just given you sisters,” said Paul III to St. Ignatius, after signing the document. How this Pope would have rejoiced to see his famous dictum so signally borne out a century later, in the distant mission field of Canada !
The novitiate over, La Mère Marie chose the conversion of St. Paul for her profession ; and accordingly, on the 25th of January, 1633, she made her final vows. At the time she seems to have chosen this day only because it reminded her of her own conversion, and not from any sense of missionary zeal. But two years later she dreamt of meeting a lady she had never seen before, and of taking her by the hand and going a long journey into a strange country, pointed out by an apostle who met them by the way. An idea that she was not to spend her life among the Ursulines of Tours kept on recurring ; but it seemed so impious that she kept on as continually repulsing it. The other nuns began to notice her obsession ; and one day she broached the subject to Father Dinet. This famous Jesuit, soon to become the King’s confessor, said he thought the hand of God was pointing her to Canada. She had never even heard of such a country before ; but it quickly filled her whole imagination. Je ne vis plus d’autre pays pour moi que le Canada et mes courses ordinaires étaient parmi les sauvages, avec les missionaires. A pilgrim’s staff from Notre Dame de Lorette and a copy of the Relations des Jésuitesboth coming anonymously from an unknown Canadian missionary still further inflamed her zeal. But the convent life went on around her as usual ; and she was at a loss to know whether or not she had been called elsewhere.
At this juncture another unknown friend was coming to her side. Madame de la Peltrie, née Marie Madeleine de Chauvigny, was of the haute noblesse of Normandy. She had been well married and left a widow, though her own inclinations had always been toward the cloister rather than the world. One day she read Father Le Jeune’s appeal for a devout woman to convert the Indian girls of Canada et depuis ce temps, says La Mère Marie, son esprit fut plus en Canada qu’en elle-même. But her road thither bristled with worldly obstacles. She had run away from home and taken refuge within a convent in a vain effort to escape her first marriage ; and now her family were bent on making her contract another. She was noble, rich, attractive, and much sought after ; and she was at her wits’ end what to do. In her extremity she asked a consummate Jesuit director, who advised her to tell her troubles to M. de Bernières, a man devoted to the cause of missions, and throw herself upon his protection as her husband. This pious layman, who also desired a life– long celibacy, was astounded at her proposal. But his own spiritual director was of the same mind as hers ; and many common friends were instant in proving how desirable it would be to take such means to reach so good an end for the sake of the missionary cause. Finally, as both parties were equally unwilling to marry, it was agreed that no marriage should take place, but that the world should be allowed to believe them man and wife, in order that M. de Bernières should manage Madame de la Peltrie’s large property in France, while she went out to Canada as the benefactress of the Ursulines. A visit to the holy man already known as ” the archangel of human charity” made her resolve irrevocable ; and so the great St. Vincent de Paul must be reckoned among the founders of the convent: in Quebec.
Meanwhile M. de Bernières was writing to La Mère Marie about Madame de la Peltrie, and Father Poncet, who had sent the pilgrim’s staff, was writing to Madame de la Peltrie about La Mère Marie. The two women were thus brought together under the happiest auspices, and immediately became fast friends. A third now appeared, La Mère Marie de St. Joseph, an Ursuline who also had read the Relations des Jésuites with awakening devotion to the same cause. Her whole family de la Troche de Savonnièresrose in horrified protest against the idea of her going out to the dreadful heathen wilderness. But the three women stood together ; and presently arrived in Paris, where the wildest rumours about their pro-posed Canadian mission had preceded them. They became the vogue ; and when the Archbishop refused to let a Parisian Ursuline go with them he was besieged by great ladies, headed by the Duchesse d’Aiguillon ; and when he fled the capital to escape this importunity, the Queen herself pursued him with royal messengers, though in vain. La Mère Marie had a long audience of the Queen, who seemed much interested in this daring religious venture beyond the outer seas. Anne of Austria might well have sighed for some of the peace of mind which the Ursuline leader wore like a suit of living armour, for her own life was the unhappy sport of a king and two great worldly cardinals. The King treated her with cold neglect, Richelieu pressed her with unwelcome amorous advances, and Mazarin, whom she really loved, used her heart as a stepping-stone to power. Her harmless flirtation with Buckingham, told with such gusto in the immortal Trois Mousquetaires, was turned to malicious account by Richelieu when first presenting Mazarin at court : “Your Majesty will like him he has quite the air of a second Buckingham.”
Several troubles beset La Mère Marie while still in Paris. M. de Bernières fell seriously ill, and her son came to implore her not to leave for Canada. The young man had been leading la vie 4 vingt ans for a few months, though his wild oats would have made a very absurd little handful in the eyes of any genuine viveur. The mother’s influence soon prevailed ; and he afterwards became the Benedictine Dom Claude Martin, of pious memory. But new troubles followed M. de Bernières’ recovery and the arrival of the party at Dieppe. The de la Troche family sent post-haste to arrest the daughter they thought so mad. The trading company of New France said they had no more room left aboard their vessels. And the third Ursuline had not yet been found. But La Mère Marie persuaded the alarmed family to let La Mère de St. Joseph go, with their blessing on her undertaking. Madame de la Peltrie chartered a vessel of her own. And a most devoted third nun was found in La Mère de Ste. Croix, who joined from the convent at Dieppe.
On the 4th of May, 1639, the little flotilla set sail with ten passengers for the service of God in Canada : three Jesuits, three Hospitalières to found the Hôtel-Dieu in Quebec, our three Ursulines, and Madame de la Peltrie. They had hardly cleared the harbour when a new danger appeared, in the form of a hostile Spanish fleet coming up the Channel. The French were only just in time to sheer off, stand over for the English coast and hug the shore there till the enemy got hull-down astern.
The voyage was long and stormy and just as the last verse of the office was being sung on Trinity Sunday an alarm of ‘Ware ice! brought all hands on deck to see a berg threatening the destruction of the ship. Father Vimont even gave the general absolution. But La Mère Marie never flinched for a moment. Her letters tell us how carefully she arranged her dress, ” so that it might befit her modesty when the end came ; ” and other witnesses relate how, with one arm round Madame de la Peltrie, she stood foremost to face apparent doom. At the last moment the vessel veered just enough to graze past the berg.
On the 1st of August the nuns were rowed up from the Island of Orleans in the Governor’s barge and landed in Quebec amid the acclamations of the whole assembled colony. | <urn:uuid:ac27f413-01a5-487b-9e58-f3c90cedde4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://canada.yodelout.com/quebec-an-ursuline-epic-part-two/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00053-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956213 | 4,655 | 2.34375 | 2 |
In a bold and unexpected move, the US State Department issued a firm statement of non-rebuttal in response to United Nations Security Council Resolution 010410 “Recognizing Canada has become almost as cool as America . . .” The unanimous resolution predictably cited the cast of SNL, polar bears, those tight pants worn by Canadian mounties, and the nifty way Canada keeps Alaska separate from us.
Now that it’s cool, “Canada is the new Spring Break,” announced MTV tween reporter Gina Voxx. Hot new destinations include bars serving minors in Windsor, Ontario and the birthplace of that guy who invented basketball. US State Department Travel Warnings should reflect the upgrade in Canada’s status within the next 36 months. Until that time, US Citizens should take precautions in dealing with funny, good-natured people but especially when confronted by self-righteous, socially-conscious northerners who recycle. US Embassy staff in Ottawa advise US citizens to try and blend in by not complaining, apologizing frequently (“I’m sore-y”), and then returning back to America with a huge chip on your shoulder.
US President Obama added his two Canadian cents by issuing a spontaneous speech that was later televised on Canada’s only TV station: “I have a dream . . . that every child in every school in America. . . . will have his or her own Canada Arm”. Canadian businesses have responded to this news by increasing exports of whiny female singers from the prairie provinces and rigging American vending machines to accept Canadian “money”.
Not all Americans are enthusiastic by this sudden change in status quo. Hundreds of mouth-foaming protestors marched to the Canadian Embassy in Washington to throw hockey pucks at an effigy of Sidney Crosby. “Fine, but Canadians only do cool things after they move to America,” said one protester. “Canadian Trivial Pursuit is stupid!” screamed another. An arrest was made after vandals spray-painted “Maple syrup sucks” on a nearby wall. Canadian counter-protesters outnumbered the American crowd 3-to-1 but they were too busy making a documentary about the protesters to really care.
America’s Immigration & Naturalization Service admits that over 300,000 people cross the Canadian-American border everyday, however they fail to specify in which direction said people are traveling. | <urn:uuid:44f5bb93-f922-4602-ba06-1a1591fba1dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gadling.com/2010/04/01/canada-as-cool-as-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.958424 | 505 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Requests for new languages/Wikipedia Teochew
|←main page||Requests for new languages (Wikipedia Teochew)|
- 1 Teochew Wikipedia
- 1.1 Arguments in favour
- 1.2 Arguments against
- 1.3 General discussion
- 1.4 Discussion with the ISO 639-3 Maintenance Agency
- 1.5 Teochew Romanization
|Please read the handbook for requesters for help using this template correctly.|
- Speakers: 10 million
- Location(s) spoken: China's eastern Guangdong province including Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang, Chaoyang, Puning, Chao'an, Raoping, Huilai, and Shanwei.
- Writing system to be used: Although a modified version of the Guangdong romanization system called Peng'im is used by some overseas Teochew groups such as Gaginang, Other online Teochew communities like Hái-kîⁿ Mâng-gúr Lŭng-tuâⁿ(海墘闽语论坛 or Seaside Min Languages Forum, a forum focusing on the Seaside Min languages like Foochow, Hokkien and, of course, Teochew) and 百度闽南语吧(a post-café, or tieba 贴吧 of baidu,like the Google Groups), where there are many mainland Teochew people, they adopt other romanization systems modified from the missionary-time Tiê-chiu Pêh-uē-jī, a system that resembles IPA more than Hanyu Pinyin. The Tiê-chiu Pêh-uē-jī system will be used as the standard for Teochew Wikipedia.
Arguments in favour
- Supprot-"潮州話"是一門獨立而又優秀的語言，並且它的受眾也很廣，亦非常典雅美妙，完全可以成立潮州話维基百科。Teochew-Chinese is a very beautiful language,and its users are a great huge number of people.
- Support - According to Glossika, Teochew has an overall 50.4% of mutual intelligibility with the Xiamen dialect (Southern Min Language). (This can be contrasted with the Galician language having an 85% intelligibility with the Portuguese language ) --Jose77 05:56, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
- Support – Kaihsu 09:58, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
- Support Casting my vote as above. Mr Tan 05:58, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
- Support Support important language.--Ffaarr 06:39, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
- Support This language seems has a lot of online users who do not repel the latinized writing system. Luuva 16:03, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
- Support. Teochew is the branch of one of the seven major local languages (so called dialect) of China according to zh-yue:中國方言. Among them, Cantonese, Wu, Min, Hakka, Gan has their Wikipedia. I do not see any reason to deny the Teochew Wikipedia.--WikiCantona 16:56, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
- Support Enough people to create a Wiki-community. Timpul 12:32, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
- Support I am all for Teochew wikipedia. The Diojiu-we dialect have substantial number of speakers. There are more than 3 million in Thailand and tens of millions elsewhere. As you know, Thailand is the nation with the 2nd largest ethnic Chinese population in the world, with more than 5 million Thais of ethnic Teochew roots. Unlike in the Nusantara-Nanyang (Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia), Huayu (Mandarin) is not the lingua-franca of the Thai-Chinese, as Diojiuwe remains such. It should not be classified as the "same language" as Taiwanese Minnan under ISO. As you know, the five major branches of Minnan: Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Hainan, Teochew, and the Zhang-Quan hybrid of Xiamen-Taiwan have substantial differences as standards on their own, and have separated from each other as early as 1000 years ago. I am a speaker of Teochew myself and can see why it is not colloquially intelligible with the broad dialect standard of Xiamen-Taiwan. I'd love to see the Teochew encyclopedia structured in the dual-script format developed by Gan and Cantonese wikipedians: Gan http://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83 Yue http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97 . I am very comfortable with reading Romanized Teochew and can easily understand it, even though it is not my native language. As you can see, Teochew Romanization is definitely not the same as Taiwanese Minnan Romanization. They can't be. These two languages are just so phonetically different from each other. Its Wikipedia code should be zh-diojiu or zh-chaozhou Penkyamp
- Support One of major languages in Kwangtung and Hong Kong. A lot of documents and dictionaries indicate it usages. HenryLi 04:02, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
- Support But at the same time I see that the Teochew Romanization used in test pages is not the one used in missionary history, which is a lot closer to POJ. So I would like to know whether this modern romanization is regulated by any organization at all. --GnuDoyng 03:44, 31 July 2008 (UTC)
- Support--Johney 15:23, 31 July 2008 (UTC)
- Support The romanization here is that modified and used by www.gaginang.com,not the original Guangzhou Provinicial 潮州话拼音方案 proposed in 1960. Details can be found here http://www.gaginang.com/content/index.php?p=16. And though I support the idea that Teochew should have its own wikipedia, I do not support that the modified Peng'im be established as the sole standard of Teochew romanization used in this wikipedia. I think only the Chinese characters will be accepted by all Teochew people, and as far as romanization system is concerned, no one now can claim that his or her system is the standard. Gaginang has done a great deal of work to promote our great mother tongue, Teochew, via its Peng'im system, but other Teochew people also have made contributions to this beautiful language via their systems, such as the Pêh-uē-jī system (NOT Pe̍h-ōe-jī of Amoy, though similar in some sense). Users here have offered us some useful links like Mark Lew's Mogher site, a Chinese-Teochew dictionary, but the link here is the outdated link, not the upgraded one. Here is the latest http of Mark Lew's Mogher, which has shifted from the 60 Peng'im to Pêh-uē-jī:http://www.mogher.com/dictionnaire/parcaractere.aspx. And it is now both Chinese-Teochew and Teochew-Chinese. In our forum http://www.gophor.com/hokkien/index.php (due to server upgrading, it is currently inaccessible, but you can visit from the caches of Google or Baidu), many Teochew people there, all living in mainland China, like Bodhisatua (Mark Lew，from Hú-siâⁿ府城),輶轩使者(sarnjaava,from Kik-iêⁿ揭阳)，宁之囝(from Phóu-lêng, 普宁)，lee（from Jiâu-phêng 饶平），enjee（from Swatow汕头），have chosen to write in MTR,a modified version of the missionary-time PUJ(Pêh-uē-jī) romanization system.And in 闽南语吧 of 百度贴吧，where there are also many a Teochew brother, like the head of that post bar, Brapian, or Hooimuhtan, 岭海听潮，chenyu,etc，who also adopt a romanization system similar to the MTR/PUJ, though not identical.Thus, in my opinion, I don't think it is rightful to estabish the authority of Peng'im as the sole romanization writing system here. I guess we can handle it like this: Chinese characters are shared and all accepted, but romanization system is not restricted and confined to the Gaginang Peng'im. By the way, the way of indicating the tones of Teochew via numbers hanging after the word is quite awkward, for it makes the romanization more a sound-indicating system than a full-function writing system. That is also one of the reason that we choose to adopt the MTR/PUJ system,since MTR/PUJ adopts diacritics rather than numbers to indicate the 8 tones in Teochew, hence a better choice. --sarnjaava 02:58, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
- Sarnjaava, you have said what I wanted to say. 輶轩使者 and I, together with Lîm Kiàn-hui from Chiang-chiu, have served as administrators of Seaside Min Forum for more than a year. As far as I know, 輶轩使者 and other Teochew members of our forum don't seem to be in approval of Peng-im, and neither do I. My argument is: by simply suffixing characters with an Arabic numeral the Peng-im looks more like a phonetic notation rather than a formal writing system. --GnuDoyng 05:15, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
- I have edited the mogher link given in the proposal summary, changing it to the updated one. sarnjaava 03:34, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
- So generally speaking, I support the future creation of Teochew Wikipedia; but before we come to the final decision, a thorough discussion must be made about which kind of romanization should be adopted in that project. --GnuDoyng 05:15, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
- I agree with both of you. Due to the above reasons, Teochew Wikipedia should use the Pêh-uē-jī system which was introduced by the missionaries over 150 years ago. --Jose77 05:23, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
- So generally speaking, I support the future creation of Teochew Wikipedia; but before we come to the final decision, a thorough discussion must be made about which kind of romanization should be adopted in that project. --GnuDoyng 05:15, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
- Support I Support! --ArttuS 05:14, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
- Support --junafani (Hccmqqr) 14:37, 3 August 2008 (UTC)
- Support if Corsican can have its wikipedia, why not Teochew? --Symane 12:04, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
- Support Seems like a rare language indeed, online that is, so lets make it more visable!Qrc2006 17:33, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
- Support Support. Teochew Native has got lots of unique words and expressions. --user:phoeagon
- Support Conditional support. Teochew and Hainan dialects can be grouped under Minnan dialect group. If all subgroups under the seven (some other number depending on grouping) major dialect groups all have their own wiki, it can create a somewhat chaotic situation for the Chinese wikipedias (e.g., 四川話 is not on the same level as 粵語). However, because the Minnan dialect version of wikipedia is written in the latin script(白話字)，the Minnan dialect does not yet have a 漢字 version and seems weak in some sense. If a Teochew wikipedia is created using 漢字，this would serve to enhance the significance of Minnan dialect (in the wider sense) version of wikipedia. Therefore I support a Chinese character version of Teochew but not a Romanized version. Abc root 00:49, 28 September 2008 (UTC)
- I could be wrong but it's not a written language to begin with, so all you would be doing if you put it in 漢字 would be reorganizing grammar and using inappropriate characters to convey ideas. I think an alphabet would be more appropriate. Rbritt518 06:55, 17 November 2008 (UTC)
- Support A Pêh-uē-jī (潮语白话字) version, no Simplified Chinese Script or Traditional Chinese Script. The Hak-kâ (客家) version is not using two scripts. Hak-kâ (客家) version mainly use Pha̍k-fa-sṳ (客语白话字), check it. If Mìng-dĕ̤ng (闽东) has its own Wikipedia, why not a Tiê-chiu (潮州). --Uncyc 10:41, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
- Support-- telggn I've just joined this conversation after reading the outcome dated January 26, 2009. How can we appeal this decision against creating a Teochew wiki. There are many repercussions if we can't get a Teochew Wiki or a Teochew ISO: Other language initiatives will constantly doubt the validity of Teochew as a language separate from "nan". In fact, I've run into a roadblock with trying to get a Teochew language submitted to the website: http://forvo.com/ (pronounciations of various words in the world's languages). They won't create a Teochew section without an ISO, and have stated that Teochew doesn't even have a Wiki. This is very problematic. Feel free to email me: firstname.lastname@example.org (Posted 03 February 2009).
- Support-- a sizable population speak this language, and the creation of a Wikipedia for it allows the gradual development of an encyclopedia for it. --Talk contribs 05:17, 21 April 2009 (UTC) | —
- Support有足够的使用者保证--冰热海风 16:27, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
- Support--Digimon Adventure 07:34, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
- Support--Jsjsjs1111 18:00, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
- Support Wikipedia bahasa Teochew mesti dicipta kerana mempunyai ramai bilangan penutur di China dan seluruh dunia (Malay language) --Md. Farhan 06:36, 25 June 2010 (UTC)
- Oppose Against romanized version of Teochew. Please see 18 above. Abc root 00:52, 28 September 2008 (UTC)
- Oppose Against calling Teochew anything but Teochew. "Chaozhou" is the Mandarin term for Teochew and if Teochew has to be given a Mandarin name then it shouldn't be called a language of its own. Nameless123456 11:33, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
OpposeThe current proposals ignore the existence of Teochews outside of China. In each part of the world where Teochew people are found, you will find a different variety of Teochew spoken, and some of these may be closer to Hokkien or Hainanese due to language contact. If the Teochew spoken in China deserves its own code, so do the varieties in Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Indonesia, the USA and so on. Nameless123456 12:19, 3 August 2009 (UTC) OpposeTeochew is mainly a spoken language and not a written language. There is no point in having a Wikipedia if the majority of Teochews, including the older speakers who might be illiterate, are unable to participate. Nameless123456 12:25, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
Teochew does not have an ISO-639-3 recognition, according to the information it is a dialect of Min-Nan. For Min-Nan we have a Wikipedia.. If the information for Teochew is correct, it should be possible to get a recognition for it as a language. This would allow for a Wikipedia. Thanks, GerardM 07:35, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
- I think nan represents Min-Nan Language. So if a Chaozhou Dialect(=Teochew) Wikipedia should be started, an ISO-639-3 language code should be given. My English level is really low, I don't know how to get an new ISO-639-3 code (I don't know how to fill in the requesting form.)--eyoung 15:28, 19 July 2008 (UTC)
Perhaps for now it is adequate to combine the ISO 639-3 code “nan” and the ISO 3166-2 code “CN-44”, to give “nan-CN-44”, representing Southern Min as it is spoken in Guangdong, namely the Teochew tongue? – Kaihsu 08:35, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
- Perhaps “nan-tc” could be adopted as an appropriate ISO-639-3 language code for Teochew. --Jose77 04:55, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
- Nan actually only means "South" in Chinese. Southern Wu dialect (Wenzhou etc.) would be called Nan Wu, as opposed to Bei Wu (Suzhou, Shanghai etc.) Min-nan is substantially different from its neighboring languages of Min-bei (North Fujian, namely Jian-Ou), Min-dong (East Fujian, namely Fuzhou) and Putian (often considered an intermediary between Min-dong and Minnan if my memory serves). The mountainous province of Fujian (Land of Min) houses these three archaic branches of the Sinitic family plus the later arrival of Hakka, which belongs to the same cluster, supposedly, with Mandarin, Cantonese and Gan. However, the Minnan dialect, although probably not as archaic as Wu, Min-dong and Minbei, is certainly archaic enough. Historical records show the origins of modern day Chaozhou and Hainan Qiong-Lei dialect speaking populations settling their current regions as early as mid-Tang Dynasty, as colonists from Minnan areas. These populations certainly split off from other Minnan regional groups earlier than Tang Dynasty. The mutual unintelligibility among Fujian Minnan groups, Chaozhou and Qiong-Lei is big. A Song period split will not produce such big difference. As we know, the Song period split only produced the difference between Jianghuai-Sichuan Mandarin and the Northeastern Mandarin groups, with Northwestern Manrin probably more archaic. Besides, Qiong-Lei and Chaozhou have been heavily influenced by indigenous groups such as the She (a Miao-Yao group local to Chaozhou) and Hlai (a Kadai group in Hainan) as showing in their phonetics. While outside of Fujian, Qiong-Lei and Chaozhou received literary influences from Mandarin or Cantonese, as Guangzhou was the administrative center that also commanded these two far-reaching regions, thus developing literary pronunciations quite different from those of Fujian Minnan groups, which independently receive Mandarin literary influences through Fujian provincial centers. Despite this, the earliest split within the Minnan family occurred between the two major Fujian Minnan dialects: Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. These two dialects have been adjacent to each other and mutually influencing each other despite this early split much before Tang Dynasty. As a result Zhangzhou and Quanzhou have greater mutual intelligibility despite great phonetic variations. However, for a language standard to be considered a "standard", length of natural separation should not be the foremost criterion. It can be said that modern Zhangzhou and Quanzhou share the same standard: Xiamen-Taiwan. Such is not the case with Chaozhou and Qiong-Lei. This said, the codename of the Chaozhou dialect should follow the same format as Yue and Minnan: it should be zh-chao or zh-chaozhou. "Chao" is a usual abbreviation of this dialect group or the region, which never labels itself with "Min" despite linguistic affinity. It is also called Chao-Shan, as Shantou is a secondary regional center in the Chaozhou region. Penkyamp
Penkyamp, thanks for your comment, but we are discussing ‘nan’ as a code for ‘the Southern Fujian tongue(s)’ (or whatever you want to call it) in ISO 639-3, not ‘nán’ the Mandarin word for ‘south’. [As to why ‘nan’ was assigned rather than something better like ‘lam’ (mnemonic for the endonym ‘Bān-lâm-gú’), it’s a long story in which I had a part....] – Kaihsu 13:12, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
The code ‘nan-CN-44’ would be more formal, but ‘nan-tc’ can be an ‘internal’ code to tide over with. – Kaihsu 13:14, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
- The nan code is used already. So that one is not available. GerardM 13:15, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
- That’s why I said either ‘nan-CN-44’ or ‘nan-tc’ would be suitable. – Kaihsu 13:18, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
- So there must have been a change in policy since be-x-old:, simple:, zh-classical:, and tokipona: were created. – Kaihsu 14:22, 31 July 2008 (UTC)
- Indeed, see for example Requests for new languages/Wikinews Simple English; rejected although a Simple English Wikipedia exists, because now a valid code is needed, but in the past not. SPQRobin (inc!) 15:18, 31 July 2008 (UTC)
ISO-693-3 Code Application for Teochew
The current Language proposal policy states that: "If there is no valid ISO-639 code, you must obtain one". The current organisation which sets the ISO-639 codes is SIL International.
I have contacted SIL International regarding the ISO-639-3 recognition for Teochew and this was their reply:
- Hello there,
- I invite [the Teochew community] to state the case for Teochew through the formal process for submitting a request, which is described here: http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/submit_changes.asp
- Both of the needed forms are linked from this page.
- Best regards,
- Joan Spanne
- ISO 639-3/RA
- SIL International
- 7500 W Camp Wisdom Rd
- Dallas, TX 75236
--Jose77 06:13, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
I have submitted the two request forms to SIL International and the following are issues which need to be addressed:
1. The first consideration is that, clearly, Teochew has been considered (by the ISO 639-3 standard) to be within the denotation of [nan]. Thus, Teochew cannot be assigned a new code element without also retiring the existing [nan] code and creating at least two new code elements: one for Teochew and one for the more narrowly defined Min Nan. Thus, a new code element request must also be completed for (more narrowly defined) Min Nan (or whatever more appropriate name it should have). This revised Min Nan needs the same kind of clear description as has been given for Teochew in order for the change request to be complete.
- I personally believe that the Minnan (ie. Southern Min) language code 'nan', should be retired and separated into these two branches: The Amoy (a.k.a. Xiamen) language and the Teochew (a.k.a. Chaozhou) language. The language codes could then be 'xim' and 'dzu' for both of them respectively. What do others think? --Jose77 00:38, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
- Thank you very much for your effort. Since I am now heavily loaded with the university teaching tasks, I fail to contribute more to this request. I personally agree with you. Actually, Min-nan is quite a large group in which the affiliated languages are, to a great extent, mutually unintelligible. Amoy (including Taiwanese, Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou,etc)and Teochew (including Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang, etc) are simply two famous ones. In addition to the two, there are still other important Min-nan languages which are of great distance from Teochew or Amoy, like Hainanese, a Min-nan language that has been heavily influenced, especially phonetically, by Lingao language of the Dai/Tai language group.--sarnjaava 31 August 2008
2. A related consideration is the choice to request a code element specifically for Teochew, rather than a larger subgroup of mutually intelligible varieties to which Teochew belongs. Why single out Teochew from Chao-Shan? Where does Shantou (Swatow) stand in relation to Teochew and to (redefined) Min Nan? These questions must be taken into account in making and in evaluating the request. If, after considering this question, you and your co-requesters conclude that requesting Teochew alone is best, I think that the modern spelling Chaozhou should also be requested. It is permissible to have two, or even more, name forms associated with a code element.
- Can someone further clarify the relationship between Teochew and Chao-Shan and Shantou? --Jose77 00:38, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
- Teochew does not just mean the language of the City of Chaozhou. No. Teochew is a collective term for all Chao-shan people and the language, including Chaozhou, Shantou and Jieyang. Teochew, though from the pronunciation we know it denotes 潮州, is not an equivalent of today's 潮州市.Actually it stands for the previous 潮州府, the prefecture of Teochew in Qing dynasty, boasting nine counties, including 潮安(海阳),澄海,揭阳,普宁,丰顺,饶平,惠来,潮阳,and 大埔.Today's Shantou evolves from a part of 澄海, and 澄海 now has been absorbed into the greater city of Shantou, which also include 潮阳. 潮安 and 饶平 are incorporated into today's Chaozhou city, and 揭阳 now has 普宁,惠来 as its affiliated counties. Parts of Jieyang are taken out to become today's 揭东 and 揭西. 丰顺 and 大埔 have been taken over by the City of Meizhou梅州. Actually even today many elder people in these three Chao-shan cities still refer to their own tongue as 潮州话, not 潮汕话. Though youngsters would also use 潮汕话 so as to distinguish from the narrower 潮州市话, which is formerly known as 府城话. In English, the word "Teochew" is the most appropriate to denote 潮汕话, and Teochew contains many daughter dialects like Chaozhou,i.e. the former Fucheng tongue; Shantou; Chaoyang; Puning; Chenghai; Huilai; Jieyang; etc. Best supporting evidence includes the official names of two influential international associations of Teochew people (=People of the former Teochew Prefecture, not just from today's Chaozhou;hence a near-equivalent of Chao-shan people)---国际潮团联谊年会(Teochew International Convention) and 国际潮青联谊年会(International Teochew Youth Convention). I guess the two official names qualify to make Teochew the most appropriate name for the whole 潮汕 area. References about these two bodies can be found from the following websites: http://www.lksf.org/eng/project/charity/chichow/main01.shtml
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4c5c7a35010007a4.html http://www.chaoqing.net/english/info/aboutus.asp And there are still many more. Anyway, Teochew bodies the world over name their own associations with different transcriptions, for instance we have Chau Chow, Chau-chau, Chaozhou, Chaoshan, etc, etc. But the only two largest international bodies of the Chao-shan people worldwide, nail down their names firmly as Teochew. That speaks, I guess. sarnjaava 1 September 2008
3. Also consider the question of whether Teochew should be treated in isolation or as a part of a larger (Chao-Shan) group. You might also consult (and cite) works of linguists specializing in Min languages to support your arguments, in addition to popular expressions of support. They can be Chinese language works, as Chinese scholars will also review this request.
- Are there any works of linguists specializing in Min languages? --Jose77 00:38, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
- There are. But scholars differ in their opinion as regards the relation between Teochew and Minnan. As to the question on Teochew and Chaoshan, I have explained as above. sarnjaava 1 September 2008
- I have submitted all three forms to them. Here is their reply:
- Thank you for replying so quickly. The index of requests can be found at:
- This request is not yet posted, but should be posted by the end of next week. :When it is, it can also be found directly at:
- Best regards,
- ISO 639-3/RA,
- SIL International.
According to their website, "All 2008 series change requests will be posted for community review by September 15. The formal review period will be from September 15 to December 15.....Outcomes of requests will be announced in January 2009 . --Jose77 21:46, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
The outcome (January 26, 2009)
- Hello again,
- I am sure you have seen the announcement from last week regarding the majority of the requests, and that your request was not among those for which we announced decisions. I am writing to notify you that the decision of the ISO 639-3 review panel was to reject the request as submitted, because it did not adequately deal with all of Min Nan. The panel agrees that Chaozhou and Xiamen warrant separate code elements. However, the request does not address other Min Nan varieties at all that are also part of the denotation of "[nan] Min Nan." Within the discussions and websites cited in support (as well as other sources), there are mentions of the Southern Min varieties of Hainan (Qiongwen) and Longyan that are not directly addressed in the change request. I also brought up this matter (though perhaps not these specific names) even while we were working on the change request. The ISO 639-3 registration authority must account for the full breadth of denotation of a code element to be retired when it considers such a significant change, but it is not our work to fill in such large gaps of a request.
- I wrote the RA comment so that it would be clear that the appropriateness of recognizing Chaozhou in the ISO 639-3 standard is not in question for the RA. If you are able, we encourage you to do the background research and submit a new request in which the full breadth of the Min Nan varieties are taken into consideration, as well as the formal name(s) most appropriate for each proposed language code element. Seek the input of linguists, either directly or through research in linguistics literature, or both, as well as the Wikimedia participants who have already contributed to the discussion in that forum.
- Best regards,
- Joan Spanne
- ISO 639-3/RA
- SIL International
I will submit a new request within the next few days someone will need to submit a new request which will incorporate ALL of the Min Nan dialects in existence (Amoy, Teochew, Hainanese, Longyan? and possibly others). --Jose77 23:30, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
Request to split the Min-nan macro-language into seven languages
After some research, the Min-nan language group in dark green, light green, yellow and pink could be split into these seven "new" languages (ranked by the number of speakers):
- 1. Zhenan Min language /浙南闽语 colored brown; proposed ISO code: znm: Zhenan is used as a collective term for all the speakers of the Longhai dialect/龍海話, Zhangpu dialect/漳浦話, Anxi dialect/安溪話, Hui'an dialect/惠安話, and the Tong'an dialect/同安話. There are approximately 574,000 speakers. Zhenan Min has limited intelligiblity with the other Min-nan languages and is influenced by neighbouring languages such as Eastern Min and Northern Min.
- 2. Hokkien Min language(aka: Amoy speech colored dark green/福建闽南语; proposed ISO code: xim):(mutually intelligible with the Quanzhou speech/泉州话map & Zhangzhou speech/漳州话 map, Datian/大田话 speeches and Taiwanese). For the purpose of clarity, Hokkien will be used as collective term for all the speeches mentioned above including the Lan-nang dialect/咱儂話 and Penang Hokkien/檳城福建話. This dialect is also referred to as Hokkien/福建話 in Southeast Asia and classified as the Min-Tai division (閩台片). There are approximately 30,000,000 speakers.
- 3. Longyan Min speech/龙岩话 colored purple; proposed ISO code: lyh: Longyan Min is spoken in Longyan City's Xinluo District and Zhangping City . There are approximately 740,000 speakers. Longyan Min has limited intelligiblity with the other Min-nan languages and is influenced by the Hakka language due to the large Hakka presence in many of the districts.
- 4. Chaoshan Min language (aka: Teochew speech colored light green/潮汕话; proposed ISO code: dzu): (spoken in Chaoshan and Shantou map) Chaoshan is a collective term for all Chao-shan people and the language, including Chaozhou map, Shantou/汕頭話 map, Jieyang, Chaoyang/潮陽話, Puning/普寧話, Huilai/惠來話. There are approximately 10,000,000 speakers. Chaoshan Min has limited intelligiblity with the other Min-nan languages and is 50% intelligible with Hokkien.
- 5. Hailufeng Min language/海陆丰閩方言 colored orange; proposed ISO code: hlf: Hailufeng is used as a collective term for all the speakers of the Haifeng dialect/海丰話, Lufeng dialect/陆丰話. There are approximately 3,000,000 speakers . Hailufeng Min straddles between the the Chaoshan Min and the Quanzhou Min language. It has limited intelligibility with Chaoshan Min .
- 6. Zhongshan Min language/中山閩方言 colored blue; proposed ISO code: zsh: Zhongshan is used as a collective term for all the speakers of the Longdu dialect/隆都話, Sanxiang dialect/三鄉話, and the Zhangjiabian dialect/張家邊話. There are approximately 150,000 speakers . Zhongshan Min has limited intelligiblity with the other Min-nan languages and is influenced by neighbouring languages such as Cantonese.
- 7. Qiongwen Min language (aka: Qiongwen speech colored yellow/琼文闽语; proposed ISO code: hnl): Includes both Leizhou Min and Hainanese which uses the Wenchang dialect as its standard. There are 5,000,000 speakers in Hainan Province, and 3 million Hainanese overseas. Hainanese has the least intelligibility with the other Min-nan languages. There are 4,000,000 Leizhou speakers . Leizhou has limited intelligiblity with the other Min-nan languages and is 80-90% intelligible with Hainanese.
It is hoped that this is an exhaustive list which covers all the Minnan varieties.
However, I would like to know whether the Leizhou and Hainanese speeches are intelligible with each other. Also, further information regarding the Longyan speech needs to be obtained. --Jose77 03:18, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
- --Jose77 02:06, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
Discussion with the ISO 639-3 Maintenance Agency
Kaihsu sent 3 messages to the ISO 639-3 Maintenance Agency. He copied the messages here and they were interspersed with comments hencebelow.
I see that my name has been misused in this change request 2008-083. http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/chg_detail.asp?id=2008-083&lang=nan
I cannot say that I would like ‘nan’ to be retired and ‘xim’ to be created. Much better just to create ‘dzu’ and leave ‘nan’ as is.
Therefore, technically I do not support this change request. Please consider that my name does not appear therein.
(I have sent the above message to the Maintenance Agency.) – Kaihsu 15:26, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
- I give my sincere apologies for including your name on that change request (I had implicitly assumed before that you would have agreed to it in the first place; nevertheless I will certainly consult your opinion in advance next time).
- I initially only requested to SIL International for the creation of the ‘dzu’ ISO code for Teochew - however the organization coordinator made this statement:
- "Teochew cannot be assigned a new code element without also retiring the existing [nan] code and creating at least two new code elements: one for Teochew and one for the more narrowly defined Min Nan. "
- I hope you understand. --Jose77 04:47, 28 October 2008 (UTC)
- No problem. Your apologies are accepted. I would like to explore the issues further. – Kaihsu 16:33, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
Kaihsu has since sent two more messages to the Maintenance Agency, exploring the issues:
Sorry that I have not been able to investigate the matter in detail, but there are several existing applications using the code [nan]. Retiring the code abruptly will cause some disruption, though I understand such action is sometimes required. Please take this into consideration. I appreciate your efforts.
- Even if 'nan' was retired and split into the two or three new branches, it is unlikely that the current Minnan Wikipedia would need to be closed down or disrupted. Rather, the new code "xim" (or a more preferable code) could be redirected to that current site; just as "nan" is redirected to "zh-min-nan". --Jose77 03:58, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
Again I apologize for entering my comments in a piecemeal fashion. (I was only notified of this change request when a colleague mentioned it in passing whilst we were working on something else.)
Another concern of mine is that the proposed code [xim] is not a mnemonic for the endonym of the language ‘Ē-mn̂g’, but that in another language (namely Mandarin ‘Xiàmén’). Further, the language when spoken in Taiwan is commonly called ‘Taiwanese’ ~ ‘Tâi-oân-oē’. I am not sure whether [xim] will be well-received by the user community there.
- I am concerned about what I read. For your information, the code that is to be used is not to be considered a mnemomnic. It is a code and has no intrinsic meaning. Thanks, GerardM 19:27, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
- De jure you are correct: no code is a mnemonic. However, de facto, this is not quite the case. Imagine the mess if [eng] is used for French and [deu] for English. – Kaihsu 11:06, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
Incidentally, the proposed code [dzu] is indeed a mnemonic of the endonym in one of the orthographies ‘Dio-ziu’ (in the other, it is ‘Tiê-chiu’).
– Kaihsu 16:34, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
- The code 'xim' is intended to represent all the dialects spoken in the Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, and Taiwan (As colored in dark green on this map). The Xiamen dialect was formerly known as Amoy. Amoy is widely considered to be the prestige dialect within Min Nan in general. The difference Amoy and Taiwanese is the similar to that between British and American English. In fact the Taiwanese Bible used today is virtually identical to the Amoy Vernacular Bible translated by missionaries in the 19th century.
- If the proposed code [xim] is not a mnemonic for the endonym of the language ‘Ē-mn̂g’, then which new language code (Apart from 'nan') would be more appealing to the speakers of that language? --Jose77 03:58, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
- The code-space is quite crowded: I think we will have to accept [xim] if there is no good alternative. – Kaihsu 11:07, 31 October 2008 (UTC) | <urn:uuid:964a125c-062e-4153-b614-7df6efc6d941> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikipedia_Teochew | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00562-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932193 | 9,719 | 1.867188 | 2 |
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Blood, Sweat & Tears is a captivating history of work, from prehistoric times to the present day. It offers fascinating and intelligent analyses of the individuals, assumptions, theories, developments, and practices that have so much changed work. Based on detailed research from around the world, the author examines early societies, slavery, the guilds, the creation of trade secrets and the influence of religion on work (such as the humanist ideals of the great Quaker industrialists). Donkin also investigates the ideas of the theorists, such as F. W. Taylor, Max Weber, Elton Mayo, Mary Parker Follett, and W. Edwards Demming, and the impact they have had on our lives. And, controversially, the author challenges the work ethic on behalf of all those whose lives have increasingly become subsumed by the demands of employers, asking the question: Why do we do it? | <urn:uuid:a438d1aa-c73d-407a-860d-eb4603f6532f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.libring.ru/books/80790 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00550-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855923 | 305 | 2.15625 | 2 |
The blueschist to eclogite transition is one of the major geochemical–metamorphic processes typifying the subduction zone, which releases fluids triggering earthquakes and arc volcanism. Although glaucophane is an index hydrous mineral for the blueschist facies, its stability at mantle depths in diverse subduction regimes of contemporary and early Earth has not been experimentally determined. Here, we show that the maximum depth of glaucophane stability increases with decreasing thermal gradients of the subduction system. Along cold subduction geotherm, glaucophane remains stable down ca. 240 km depth, whereas it dehydrates and breaks down at as shallow as ca. 40 km depth under warm subduction geotherm or the Proterozoic tectonic setting. Our results imply that secular cooling of the Earth has extended the stability of glaucophane and consequently enabled the transportation of water into deeper interior of the Earth, suppressing arc magmatism, volcanism, and seismic activities along subduction zones.
Plate tectonics such as subduction has been operating since the early Earth1,2,3,4,5,6, possibly since the Hadean or Eoarchean7. The Archean mantle temperature is estimated to be ca. 1500–1650 °C, which is higher than the present mantle temperatures of ca. 1350 ± 50 °C (refs. 8,9). Thus, geothermal gradients in the Archean are similar or even higher than those of modern-day warm subduction zones (~8–12 °C km−1)2,3,4. Under the P–T conditions of warm subduction, oceanic crust may release two-thirds of its water <2 GPa, equivalent to ~60 km depth, while still delivering ca. 2 wt.% H2O to the deeper Earth10,11,12. On the other hand, the Earth has undergone secular cooling from 2.5–3.0 Ga ago by as much as 50–100 °C Ga−1 over the last 3 Ga, while 100–150 °C Ga−1 in the present because the surface heat loss exceeded internal heating9,13. In turn, such a cooling in the average mantle temperature has affected the tectonic processes of the Earth by facilitating the modern-style subduction with low thermal gradient slabs (~5–8 °C km−1)13,14,15,16. These cold subduction zones may allow the oceanic crust to lose only about one-third of its water by 2 GPa or ~60 km depth10,11,12, hence transport more water into the deeper Earth. The water (or fluid) released from subducting slabs buoyantly rises in the overlying mantle wedge or crust to lower the solidus temperature by ca. 200–400 °C inducing partial melting and volcanism17,18. The H2O transport into the deep Earth is realized by subducting hydrous minerals, which exhibit a range of stability dictated by the P–T regime of the subduction system10,11,19. It is therefore essential to investigate the stability of hydrous minerals as a function of diverse geothermal gradients in the past and present tectonic settings to fully understand the evolution of deep water cycling, and related geochemical and geophysical activities.
The major fluid carriers in subducting oceanic crust are hydrous minerals, such as lawsonite, chlorite, and amphiboles, where H2O is contained in the form of molecules and/or structural hydroxyl20. Lawsonite (CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O) contains as much as ca. 11.2 wt.% H2O in both molecular and hydroxyl forms, whereas structural hydroxyls account for ca. 10–13 wt.% H2O in chlorites ((Mg,Fe)5Al2Si3O10(OH)8). Amphiboles carry ca. 1–3 wt.% H2O, much smaller than that of lawsonite or chlorite, but represent the greatest H2O sink because amphiboles may account for a large portion of the metamorphosed oceanic crust by as much as 20–60 wt.% for basaltic (MORB) compositions21. Glaucophane (Na2(Mg,Fe)3Al2Si8O22(OH)2) is a sodic amphibole (Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 1), diagnostic for the blueschist facies together with either lawsonite or epidote. The role of amphiboles in basaltic slabs for the generation of arc magma has been experimentally studied for decades to determine whether and how the dehydration of amphiboles provides water to the overlying mantle wedge22. Such dehydration reactions responsible for the blueschist to eclogite transition indeed release a considerable amount of H2O, which triggers intermediate-depth earthquakes via the dehydration embrittlement23,24,25 and induces partial melting in the overlying mantle wedge leading to arc magmatism18,26. In general, the blueschist to eclogite transition is characterized by a suite of dehydration reactions involving the breakdown of amphiboles into pyroxenes27,28, and lawsonite into the garnet–kyanite–coesite assemblage29 at elevated P–T conditions27,30. The so-called “absence of blueschist” is thus linked to the global dehydration and breakdown of the blueschist in the Precambrian plate tectonic settings, where warm subduction was a predominant process for recycling of H2O (ref. 31).
In order to understand the present-day subduction process of oceanic crust and gain insights into the evolution of deep water cycle as a function of the Earth’s secular cooling, we have investigated the stability of glaucophane under P–T conditions mimicking cold and warm subduction geotherms together with the high thermal gradients for the Proterozoic tectonic setting3 (Fig. 1 and see “Methods” section in Supplementary information). Using the thermal models of global subduction system19, our experimental P–T conditions followed the geotherms of the North Cascadia and South Chile subduction zones, and the Tonga and Kermadec subduction zones, representing warm and cold subduction systems, respectively. The Proterozoic thermal gradients of 25–50 °C km−1 in δT/δ Depth were based on the recent compilation of P–T data estimated from 456 localities encompassing the Eoarchean to Cenozoic Eras3. We have used both resistive-heated and laser-heated (LH) diamond-anvil cell (DAC) techniques for in situ and ex situ high-pressure and high-temperature (HP–HT) synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) experiments up to 7.8(3) GPa and 1390 ± 30 °C. We have also utilized a Paris-Edinburgh cell (PEC)32 to perform in situ reversal experiments on a mixture of reactants containing glaucophane and a 1000-ton multi-anvil press to retrieve the dehydration products of glaucophane from 3 GPa and 950 ± 5 °C. A modified Griggs apparatus was also employed to extend the observation of glaucophane to a natural epidote blueschist rock up to 2 GPa and 730 ± 10 °C condition. In order to ensure that our experiments represent equilibrium conditions, samples in DAC and large volume press runs were held at selected pressure and temperature conditions for 1 h or up to several hours. Here, we show that the dehydration of glaucophane strongly depends on the thermal gradients of the subduction zone, so that arc magmatism, volcanism, and seismic activities would have been suppressed by secular cooling and subsequent generation of cold subduction system, where water is transported deeper into the Earth.
Stability of glaucophane along cold subduction zone
In situ HP–HT XRD experiments on glaucophane were performed up to 7.8(3) GPa and 760 ± 45 °C for the slab surface, and up to 5.6(3) GPa and 450 ± 30 °C for the slab Moho under dry and wet with 4 wt.% of H2O conditions to follow the cold subduction geotherm of the Tonga and Kermadec thermal model19 (Fig. 1, Supplementary Fig. 2, and Supplementary Table 2). Glaucophane under such cold subduction geotherm conditions remained stable up to 7.6(3) GPa and 660 ± 40 °C conditions, equivalent to ca. 240 km depth. This extends the stability of glaucophane compared to 3.1(1) GPa at 700 ± 10 °C or 2.5(1) GPa at 840 ± 10 °C, as estimated in previous studies33,34,35. Our result is in agreement with the estimation that oceanic crust within cold subduction zone holds more water by ca. 2 wt.% than in warm subduction zone10,11,12. Subsequently, at higher pressure and temperature conditions of 7.8(3) GPa and 760 ± 45 °C, equivalent to ca. 245 km depth, we found that glaucophane dehydrates and breakdowns into pyroxenes and coesite as described below (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 5):
In order to confirm the enhanced stability and provide a link to interpret seismic low-velocity layer along cold subduction zones, we determined the bulk modulus and linear compressibility of glaucophane at ambient and high temperature at 620 °C under diverse pressure media (Supplementary Fig. 4). Our derived bulk moduli are the same for the different pressure media within 2σ and agree well with the data reported in previous studies36,37. We identify that under high-temperature conditions, the anisotropy in linear compressibility is significantly modulated, i.e., at ambient temperature, βa = 5.1 (kbar−1 × 10−4), while βb = 2.3 and βc = 2.2 (kbar−1 × 10−4), whereas at high temperature, the a-axis compressibility is reduced to βa = 3.9 (kbar−1 × 10−4), while b- and c-axes compressibilities are maintained to βb = 2.3 and βc = 2.4 (kbar−1 × 10−4), respectively.
Dehydration and breakdown of glaucophane along warm subduction zone
Ex situ and in situ HP–HT XRD experiments on glaucophane were performed up to 5.5(1) GPa and 1090 ± 50 °C for the slab surface and up to 5.5(1) GPa and 810 ± 40 °C for the slab Moho to follow the warm subduction geotherms of the North Cascadia and South Chile thermal models by Syracuse et al.19 (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 2). The XRD data of the quenched samples after heating at the slab surface conditions above ca. 5.5(1) GPa and 1090 ± 50 °C, equivalent to ca. 170 km depth, were indexed to identify the breakdown products of glaucophane as in Eq. (1) (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 5). The same dehydration scheme, though different in depths, under cold and warm subduction conditions agrees well with the thermodynamic calculation38. Structural hydroxyls of glaucophane are released as fluid when it decomposes into jadeite-bearing assemblages of the eclogite facies. Our experimental results thus demonstrate that blueschist to eclogite transition can be simulated by the dehydration breakdown of glaucophane at different depths depending on the subduction geotherms.
In order to complement our experimental results using a single mineral phase in a DAC, we have further investigated the dehydration of glaucophane on a macroscopic scale using a natural epidote blueschist rock containing ca. 55 vol.% glaucophane. A 3 mm diameter core-drilled sample of blueschist rocks were heated up to 730 ± 10 °C at 2 GPa for 9 h, using a modified Griggs apparatus (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 2). The recovered sample showed that glaucophane has partially been dehydrated, and a new dehydration product, omphacite pyroxene ((Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)Si2O6), has formed, leaving trails of fluid inclusions in glaucophane crystals (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Fig. 7). Energy-dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the compositions of the recovered glaucophane and the new dehydration product omphacite, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 7. This result establishes that the dehydration of glaucophane in a natural blueschist rock begins near 670 ± 10 °C at 2 GPa conditions, which corresponds to ca. 60 km depth along warm subduction zone.
Furthermore, we have carried out reversal experiments along the P–T conditions of the warm subduction zones using a mixture of reactant minerals, i.e., glaucophane, jadeite, and talc, in the PEC. The mixture was heated above the breakdown condition of glaucophane up to 1000 ± 100 °C at 3.1(3) GPa over 4 h, and then cooled down to 550 ± 100 °C at 2.1(3) GPa over 6 h. At these P–T conditions, we observed the regrowth of glaucophane (130) peak, attesting the reaction boundary would be between ca. 50 and 100 km depths along the warm subduction geotherms (Supplementary Fig. 8).
Subducting glaucophane in the high thermal gradients of the early tectonic setting
Additional LH-DAC experiments were conducted to mimic the high thermal gradients model in the Proterozoic tectonic setting. At conditions of 1.4(1) GPa after heating between 1095 ± 100 and 1390 ± 30 °C, corresponding to a depth around ~40 km, glaucophane breaks down to albite and enstatite, and releases fluid H2O (ref. 39; Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 5), giving rise to the breakdown scheme:
This scheme is different from the Eq. (1) observed for the cold and warm subduction zones, but in the P–T relationship of the reaction, albite = jadeite + quartz, albite is known to be stable at lower pressures than jadeite40. The onset depth of dehydration breakdown of glaucophane thus appears to be inversely proportional to the thermal gradients (δT/δDepth) of the subduction system. We, however, note that the established depths for the dehydration could change when reaction rates are considered, which is beyond our current experimental capability. Johnson and Fegley reported that partial dehydration can be initiated in amphibole tremolite over several months at temperatures between 750 and 965 °C (refs. 41,42).
At the same depth, temperature difference between cold and warm subduction zones ranges from ca. 175 °C to ca. 400 °C. According to the P–T conditions studied here (up to 7.8(3) GPa and 760 ± 45 °C), glaucophane would persist to depths of ca. 240 km in cold subduction zones with a geothermal gradient of ~5–8 °C km−1. Along such cold subduction zones, the fully hydrated oceanic crust with the initial H2O content of ca. 6 wt.% may lose ca. 2 wt.% H2O by 2 GPa or ~60 km depth, while the rest would be transported deeper into the Earth10,11,12. This is in line with our observed stability of glaucophane under cold subduction conditions. On the other hand, glaucophane decomposes into pyroxenes. i.e., transition to eclogite, at shallower depths between 50 and 100 km in warm subduction zones with a geothermal gradient of ~8–12 °C km−1. Upon dehydration, hydroxyls of glaucophane are released to form aqueous fluid, which would migrate upward to induce partial melting of the overlying mantle wedge or cause the lowering of solidus temperature in the subducting slab itself43,44. We estimate the average H2O contents of glaucophane (and amphiboles) in the global oceanic crust to be in the range of 1.1–3.5 × 104 g H2O m−3 or 0.39–1.22 wt.% H2O, which accounts for 7–20% of the total water content in the hydrated oceanic crust with overall 5–6 wt.% H2O (Supplementary Table 4); such an amount, when released via dehydration reactions, would be sufficient to induce mantle melting and arc magmatism. In Fig. 4, we present the models of glaucophane stability together with the observed seismic frequencies and established mineral assemblages in two contrasting geothermal gradient settings. In cold subduction zones, glaucophane remains stable and enables water transport to deeper mantle. The amount of H2O transported by glaucophane in global cold subduction zones is estimated to be as much as ca. 0.7–2.1 × 1019 kg, which is approximately the amount of water in the Arctic ocean (Supplementary Table 4).
Our observation bears some implications for the distribution of seismic low-velocity layers, as well as seismic activities along the subducting slabs. According to our compressibility data (Supplementary Fig. 4), glaucophane behaves anisotropic even at high temperature, indicating strong mechanical resistance along the (100) plane, while direction is relatively weak. Hydrous minerals have been suggested to be related to the seismic anisotropy and delayed seismic travel times along subduction zones in the depth range of 100–250 km (refs. 45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52). The observed anisotropy and stability of glaucophane could, therefore, account for such seismic anomalies distributed, which would be deeper in the colder and older slabs than in the warmer and younger slabs53. Furthermore, seismic observations reveal that the low-velocity layers spatially coincide with the zones of intermediate-depth earthquakes54, which is in turn related to the dehydration of hydrous minerals45,55. With this regard, we show the correlation between the seismic frequencies along subduction zones and the stability range of glaucophane, i.e., the maximum depth of intraslab earthquakes ranges between 50 and 70 km in warm subduction zones, whereas it extends down to over 200 km in cold subduction zones56 (Fig. 4 and Supplementary Fig. 11). As dehydration embrittlement of serpentine was previously proposed as a possible mechanism for the intermediate-depth earthquakes23, subduction geotherm-dependent breakdown of glaucophane would provide another venue to explain the distribution of intermediate-depth earthquakes57,58,59. Our results would therefore serve as an experimental evidence to support the recent observation that the double seismic zone in the Tonga subduction system extends to deeper depths down to ca. 300 km (ref. 60).
Among the 56 subduction geotherm data from Syracuse et al.19, we could categorize 16 subduction zones as cold subduction system on the basis of the thermal parameter with average values of 48.9 °, 119.7 Ma, 74.8 km Ma−1 for slab dip, age, and convergence rate, respectively (Supplementary Table 5 and Supplementary Fig. 10). Inferred from our results, sodic amphiboles, e.g., glaucophane, would be stable to deeper depths in ca. 28.5% of the global subduction system in the present Earth. Recent studies indicate that plate tectonics based on subduction-related processes has been initiated during the Proterozoic eon2,3,4,5,6 or as early as 3.8 or 4.4 Ga (refs. 1,7), when the majority of subduction zones would be categorized as warm or intermediate-to-high thermal gradients system3. According to our experimental results, the dehydration depth of glaucophane has increased with decreasing thermal gradients hence with secular cooling, which would translate to transportation of water into deeper Earth (Supplementary Table 4). We, therefore, conjecture that arc magmatism would have been more effective via ubiquitous transformation of blueschist to eclogite in the high thermal gradients system of the early Earth. As the Earth undergoes secular cooling, progressively colder subduction zones have emerged and resulted in ca. 28.5% of the whole subduction system in the present Earth. Consequently, arc magmatism, volcanism, and related seismic activities linked to the dehydration of amphiboles have been globally suppressed, enabling blueschist to persist and be preserved in today’s geodynamic system. The “absence of blueschist” from the Precambrian rocks might thus be explained by the subduction geotherm-dependent dehydration of glaucophane. On the other hand, subduction efficiency, i.e., the proportional amount of subducted H2O passing through the subduction zone filter11, would have increased with the generation of low thermal gradients system toward the present Earth, as observed in our study.
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included with this published article and its Supplementary Information.
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This work was supported by the Leader Researcher program (NRF-2018R1A3B1052042) of the Korean Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT). We also thank the partial supports by NRF-2016K1A4A3914691, NRF-2019K1A3A7A09033395, and NRF-2020R1A2C2003765 grants of the MSIT. Synchrotron experiments were performed at the beamlines 3D and 5A at PLS-II, HPCAT and GSECARS at APS, and ECB P02.2 at PETRA-III. HPCAT operations are supported by DOE NNSA’s Office of Experimental Sciences. GSECARS is supported by the NSF-Earth Sciences (EAR-1634415) and Department of Energy (DOE)-GeoSciences (DE-FG02-94ER14466). The Advanced Photon Source is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. We acknowledge DESY (Hamburg, Germany), a member of the Helmholtz Association HGF, for the provision of experimental facilities. H.C. thanks the support by the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344. The authors thank Xueyan Du and Yuyong Xiong at HPSTAR for assisting laser-heating experiment, Youmo Zhou and Toru Shinmei at Ehime University for multi-anvil press experiment, Guoyin Shen, Rostislav Hrubiak and Curtis Kenney-Benson at HPCAT for supporting Paris-Edinburgh Cell experiment, G. Diego Gatta at the University of Milan for providing a natural sample of jadeite, and Moonsup Cho at Chungbuk National University and Sang-Heon Dan Shim at Arizona State University for valuable discussions.
The authors declare no competing interests.
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Bang, Y., Hwang, H., Kim, T. et al. The stability of subducted glaucophane with the Earth’s secular cooling. Nat Commun 12, 1496 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21746-8 | <urn:uuid:52937d3b-9e66-4c47-8e56-50814232aa65> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21746-8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.831539 | 8,915 | 3.34375 | 3 |
After the deaths this semester of five students, including three who apparently committed suicide, officials at Tulane University are working to get the Uptown campus talking about mental health. They also are trying to remove social barriers that may keep some students from seeking help as they adjust to college life.
The untimely deaths began in late August, when a 20-year-old junior from Pennsylvania who suffered from epilepsy died at an off-campus residence, apparently of natural causes. Within weeks, two more students died, having apparently committed suicide: a 19-year-old sophomore from Maryland, who was found in a residence hall, and a 33-year-old graduate student from Virginia, who died off-campus.
Two months later, a 20-year-old sophomore from San Francisco fell from a second-floor campus balcony in the early morning hours, dying of a head injury days later. Not long afterward, a 19-year-old sophomore from Texas apparently committed suicide at an on-campus address.
The spate of deaths at the campus of 13,500 students — particularly of those who took their own lives — is a stark reminder of the challenges college administrators face in trying to identify risk factors and warning signs for what’s become the third-leading cause of death for young adults.
According to a 2013 survey by the Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors, nearly 345,000 students sought mental health treatment at the almost 400 schools that responded. Nearly half of them reported feeling anxiety — the predominant complaint — which was up slightly from the year before. That was followed by reports of depression, which also was on the rise.
In 2011, a survey by the American College Health Association found that 30 percent of college students reported feeling “so depressed that it was difficult to function” at some point in the preceding year.
Michele Many, an assistant professor of clinical psychiatry at the LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, said college students — typically away from home for the first time — can be especially vulnerable. They “face a number of stresses, particularly if they’re coming from another location, which many of our students at Tulane are, living on-campus or nearby and have moved from other areas,” potentially contributing to feelings of loneliness or isolation, she said.
“They’re having to adapt to a new city and make new friends and kind of develop a social circle along with the cognitive demands and the academic demands of the school,” she said. “Any time we’re thrown into a new situation, it can feel overwhelming. Normally, when we have to adjust to a new situation, we will have some sort of our support system in place to assist us — changing jobs, even, or if we’re divorcing, we still have other parts of our lives in place. They’re having to adjust from a global level.”
Help with grieving
Experts say it’s key for college officials to confront campus tragedies head-on. The Higher Education Mental Health Alliance last month released new guidelines on strategies for colleges to effectively respond to student deaths. They highlight the need to assist students with grieving to minimize the potential for additional suicides, partly by teaching coping skills and other ways of dealing with trauma and sorrow, and managing emotional and mental reactions to a crisis.
Dr. Victor Schwartz, medical director for the Jed Foundation, a nonprofit suicide-prevention group that focuses on college campuses, said the emotional toll caused by the death of a college student can spark a range of emotions, particularly anxiety.
“It feels like it’s going against a natural order of things, and that can be distressing and shocking in its own right,” Schwartz said. “When somebody dies by suicide, obviously it raises a whole other issue around anxiety and fears about what can happen to people.”
The notion of someone taking their own life often hits home especially hard in a closed community like a small town or a college campus.
Dusty Porter, Tulane’s vice president for student affairs, said having five students die in one semester was unusual. “We’re trying to wrap our hands around what are we experiencing, and how can we effectively respond based on what we know about these five circumstances,” he said.
Tulane President Michael Fitts, in his first year at the New Orleans school, issued messages to the campus community in the wake of some of the deaths, but some students said they felt that wasn’t enough and that school officials could have done more. Since then, though, some feel the lines of communication have improved after two more students died last month.
“This is a difficult time for the entire Tulane community — a moment when phrases such as ‘the Tulane family’ and ‘the university community’ must be translated into actions that can help comfort and heal us all,” Fitts said in a message last month announcing the death of the 19-year-old woman. “I urge each of you to take advantage of our counseling and support services. We are committed to ensuring that the most expert resources are available to you so that you can receive the support and assistance you may need.”
Earlier this month, Tulane sponsored a range of activities aimed at raising awareness of mental health issues, including a gathering at a campus park, a series of webinars promoting mental well-being and a candlelight vigil.
“Our primary focus has been predominantly around the fact that three of the deaths were suicides,” Porter said last week. “We’re working with our community to help raise awareness of mental health issues among the college population, particularly around trying to destigmatize the need of students to ask for help or to talk with someone in their lives — whether that’s a friend or a faculty member — if they’re experiencing some type of depression or anxiety that might lead to suicidal alienation.”
Porter and others who study mental health say the challenge is getting students to ask for help, which they blame on stigmas that aren’t unique to colleges. One problem, some experts say, is that it’s largely the extreme circumstances of the mentally ill that are portrayed in the news or on TV, such as after a fatal shooting or a high-profile suicide.
That contributes to a hesitancy to seek help, Schwartz said.
“Many of our images are of the most challenging and most troubling cases and circumstances rather than recognizing it just like physical illness,” he said. “But there’s a whole array of both mental illnesses and physical illnesses that come up day to day that are extremely manageable and treatable.”
At Tulane, Porter is optimistic about “increasing the knowledge of the prevalence of the issue and helping folks understand that they should not be ashamed to seek those services.”
The outreach efforts may be showing early results: Tulane’s Counseling and Psychological Services Center has seen about 40 percent more students this semester than last year. Porter said that uptick may be attributed to more awareness, or it may simply show that students are trying to process grief during an emotional semester.
“It will probably take awhile to really get a sense of whether we are making some headway in helping students,” he said.
A view from abroad
At first, Renata Voci, a Tulane junior who is studying abroad this semester, didn’t feel the university was doing enough.
“It just seemed like, ‘OK, they’re going to send out the same numbers every single time, but is there anything being done?’ ” said Voci, 20. “Are we looking into our system critically and thinking, ‘What can we do better?’ It didn’t seem like anything was being done. It didn’t feel right.”
Voci helped start a letter-writing campaign directed at Fitts, allowing current and former Tulane students a chance to discuss their own experiences and offer ideas on how services could be improved.
“It’s weird, because I’m so separate from it physically, but I still feel like I’m right there with all my classmates as far as dealing with the deaths and suicides emotionally,” she said about hearing the news from overseas. “I was just feeling very helpless, because I didn’t feel like I had any control over what I could do, and I wanted to try to help in some way.”
After a few weeks, nearly four dozen pages of letters have been submitted, many touching on themes of being unsure where to turn for help or critiquing the on-campus counseling services. Some wrote that counselors mean well, but that it often takes too long to get an appointment to see one.
“Mental illness is an issue everywhere. However, if Tulane wants to make an effort to help these who seek help, the school needs to do it as a community,” wrote one person who described herself as a Tulane senior. “My experience at Tulane is mostly negative than positive because of my mental illness. No one really cares if you’re sad.”
Sam Rich, a Tulane sophomore who is involved in student government, said Tulane’s efforts to raise awareness have gotten students talking.
“Even just at the dining hall, a common subject of conversation is how the university has responded to it and what we, as students, can do to help the situation,” he said.
Rich said open dialogue is “something that’s been needed for a really long time,” and he believes the school would benefit from having more counselors on staff.
Not a full-time ward
But Porter said that can be difficult for colleges like Tulane.
“I think part of our challenge is that we’re not set up at a university to be kind of a full-time mental health ward, so we have to really work on helping students in a short-term way,” he said.
Generally speaking, Schwartz worries that a rash of suicides in a closed community can “for some small number of people lower that threshold just a little bit” and make killing oneself seem more like a realistic idea for dealing with a difficult situation.
“It might not necessarily point to a problem in a student body or a problem in the academic system,” he said. “But any time when you have a series of deaths or suicides, the school needs to be looking at what it’s doing and see if there are areas where it can tighten its support areas.”
Many, of the LSU Health Sciences Center, believes the stigma around mental health issues is lessening, but she said it remains an obstacle.
“There’s a sense that this is not something that you talk about with people. Generally, you might talk to very close friends or family members, but it’s not really the way. Let’s take asthma: You can talk about the fact that you’re having an asthma attack and you need your inhaler, but you can’t talk about the fact that you’re depressed and you need to go on Wellbutrin.”
Now that people are talking, though, Voci is optimistic the conversation will continue to evolve.
“It’s going to be very interesting,” she said. “I’m excited to see what kind of campus I’ll be coming back to. I really hope that this doesn’t turn into a one-time thing, that one time when they had events and something changed, but it was only that one year. I just hope that I come back to a campus where it’s not a fad.”
Follow Richard Thompson on Twitter, @rthompsonMSY . | <urn:uuid:32732e1d-9794-474c-8186-982bdd90a3ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.theadvocate.com/new_orleans/news/education/article_e64364de-2826-518a-955e-74851a15ab4f.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00328-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970394 | 2,504 | 2.21875 | 2 |
The last thing American business needs is politicians deciding when and where companies can sell their goods. U.S. gas supplies are vast, and production was increasing so rapidly a year ago that prices fell to $2 due in large part to an unusually warm winter. If demand for U.S. LNG takes off, natural gas prices will rise, which will lead to more production.
Dow and friends would do more good for themselves and U.S. job creation by lobbying Mr. Obama to stop his EPA from trying to regulate shale-gas drilling to death. Their plea for government limits on exports is short-sighted—and embarrassing. | <urn:uuid:a5f286b7-9595-4c99-ac17-144241c5e913> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://lnginitiative.org/2013/02/15/wall-street-journal-business-against-exports-editorial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00016-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975096 | 130 | 1.742188 | 2 |
EKG Technician School Requirements
To become an EKG tech you will need certification. Vocational, trade and online schools offer such programs that allow you to become an EKG technician and earn a quality salary.
We’ve quickly listed some schools if you want to get more information.
Kaplan University is focused on recognizing the achievements of military and veteran students and offers the flexibility of an online education. Eligible students can receive college credit for prior military experience and coursework—up to 75 percent of the credit needed for a Kaplan University undergraduate degree.*
- Health Information Management
Get personalized attention with UMA.
One-on-one tutoring, pre-interview coaching, job search assistance, alumni services-they’re all included in Ultimate Medical Academy’s competitively priced tuition. As a nationally accredited school, we provide quality career training online and at our two campuses in the Tampa Bay area of Florida. Let’s talk about your needs, your career goals and how UMA can help you succeed.
- A.S. - Healthcare Technology and Systems
- Diploma - Healthcare Technology and Systems
- A.S. - Healthcare Information Technology
- And more...
Miller-Motte Technical College (MMTC) has a history of helping students succeed through hands-on education and career training. Our faculty and staff work to ensure that when you've completed your program, you're truly ready to begin your career.
- Healthcare Technology - Associate of Occupational Science
Virginia College continues the tradition ofgiving lives new direction, fulfilling our mission statement tostudents wherever they live and offering the chance to pursue adegree while maintaining commitments to work and family.
- DIP - Pharmacy Technician
EKG Technician Salary
Before you select Ekg Technician as your career you need to determine the salary, qualifications and training for this job. The Ekg Technician salary is as follows:
- The minimum hourly and yearly Ekg Tech Salary is $9.73/hour and $20,431/year and the overtimes and bonus paid is $2.06/hour and $0.69/year.
- The maximum hourly and yearly Ekg Technician Salary 2011 is $18.91/hour and $40,922/year and the overtimes and bonus paid is $27.70/hour and $1,184/year.
- The average salary paid to this tech is $24,000 annually.
How long will it take to earn maximum salary?
The time period it usually takes to the highest level of salary depends on your qualification, training and experience. The more you are qualified, trained and experience, the speed to excel is faster. If you start from the ground up it will take a longer time period to advance. With education and training you could reach maximum pay quicker.
You at least need to complete your high school diploma to obtain a job as a Ekg Technician. You do not need to get a degrees and/or certifications to obtain a job in this field, once you get hired by such service providers you will gain knowledge and training at the same time while performing your job.
You can gain training in formal settings through schools and community collages and under go 8 to 16 weeks of training. According to US government, the number of people employed as these techs will accelerate by 24% by 2018. So there are several job opportunities that you can benefit from.
Duties of Ekg Technician
EKG tech is the short form for electrocardiographic technician; their work is to administer tests on patient’s heart with the aid of electric transferred by this organ. They have to attach electrodes on various parts of human body and print out a result of the test so the physician can further analyze the test and determine the health issue faced by the patient. | <urn:uuid:655ae7e1-f125-46ba-a5c9-23a198d4bc07> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.techniciansalaryguide.com/ekg-technician-salary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00542-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948486 | 792 | 1.632813 | 2 |
The rather steady increase of atomic masses through the periodic table was explained when physicists managed to split atoms into three component particles.
The exploration of atomic structure began in 1911, when Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealander who worked in Canada and England, discovered that atoms had a dense central nucleus that contained positively charged particles, which he named protons. (See Table 1.) It was soon established that each chemical element was characterized by a specific number of protons in each atom. A hydrogen atom has 1 proton, helium has 2, lithium has 3, and so forth through the periodic table. The atomic number is the number of protons for each element.
Except for the simplest hydrogen atom with a single proton as its entire nucleus, all atoms contain neutrons (particles that are electrically neutral) in addition to protons. For most of the light elements, the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus are nearly equal. Table 2 shows the most common nucleus for each element with the atomic mass rounded to the nearest integer. You can see that the rounded‐off atomic masses are the sum of the protons and neutrons for each atom. The sum of the protons and neutrons is the mass number of an atom.
John Dalton's idea that atomic masses were multiples of hydrogen mass was premature, but near the truth. The series of elements of increasing atomic masses is generated by adding nucleons, the two types of particles comprising the nucleus, which are the protons and neutrons. | <urn:uuid:4a3f5e66-15b7-4a97-a65a-81e685fe8685> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/chemistry/chemistry/atomic-structure/subatomic-particles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00320-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951106 | 307 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Aircrafts approaching end-of-life are creating a demand upswing for new aircrafts with advanced technology. As a result, there is a significant uptick in demand for aerospace parts. Amidst these global trends, the aerospace parts manufacturing market is poised to grow at a healthy CAGR during the forecast period (2019-2019). Another factor generating demand for new parts is the rising concern over energy efficiency in existing modes of air travel. Commercial and defense organizations worldwide are looking for lightweight parts laced with advanced technology. The reduction in weight and increments in energy savings will further present gainful growth prospects.
Click Here To get a Sample Report (Including Full TOC, Table & Figures):-https://www.factmr.com/connectus/sample?flag=S&rep_id=4552
Key Takeaways of Aerospace Parts Manufacturing Market Study
- Engines dominate parts manufacturing trends with a share of more than half of the total market value. This is followed by aircraft manufacturing which accounts for more than 20% of the current market share.
- When segmented by aircraft type, commercial aircrafts will generate continuous demand on the back of excessive wear and tear induced by increasing number of passengers.
- Business Aircrafts offer the most remunerative growth opportunities owing to multiplying number of high net-worth individuals and successful start-ups.
- North America exhibits share-wide dominance with a majority market share of more than 50% of the total market value.
- Southeast Asia & Oceania offer the most lucrative growth opportunities with a promising growth rate of more than 6% through 2029.
“Aerospace parts manufacturing will witness a spike in demand for energy efficient parts. Market players will witness a rise in demand for old-aircraft parts along with an equal rise in demand for new light-weight parts. Advancements in technology and material science will influence the future growth of this market.”-Says the Fact.MR Analyst
Developing Economies Present Lucrative Growth Opportunities amid Security Concerns
Developing countries of the world are witnessing meteoric rise in air travel. Consumers are increasingly opting for air travel on the back of falling ticket prices and increasing disposable incomes. This has led to an increase in travelling routes, as well as, wear & tear of aerospace parts. Market players can gain a competitive edge by positioning themselves at the forefront of materials and technologies used in parts manufacturing. Cost efficient and energy effective production will create remunerative growth opportunities for market players.
Global Aerospace Parts Manufacturing Market: In-Depth Assessment on Key Segments
The global aerospace parts manufacturing market is segmented on the basis of product type, aircraft type and region.
By Product Type :
- Aircraft Manufacturing
- Cabin Interiors
- Equipment, System, and Support
- Insulation Components
By Aircraft Type :
- Commercial Aircraft
- Business Aircraft
- Military Aircraft
- Other Aircraft
By Region :
- North America
- Latin America
- East Asia
- South Asia & Oceania
- Middle East & Africa
Energy Efficiency Drives the Competitive Landscape
Rising energy costs fuel the growing demand for energy efficient aircrafts with lightweight parts that increase fuel efficiency. Developing economies present remunerative growth opportunities for manufacturers to penetrate the region and establish an aircraft manufacturing base.
This will help them leverage the future demand for maintenance, repair, and overhaul activities. Advancements in aircraft technology such as fuselage, engines, avionics, and insulation equipment will induce continued demand for parts.
In order to leverage these trends market players are investing in research & development and strategic partnerships with prospective players. | <urn:uuid:442bfc84-1126-49e1-a89e-b7826a9db851> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://factmrblog.com/2022/05/12/global-aerospace-industry-will-drive-the-market-to-witness-1-5x-growth-by-2029/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.899824 | 761 | 1.664063 | 2 |
The mouth bow is an ancient, simple stringed instrument. It consists of a curved piece of wood that is usually stringed with one string. Thus, it is very similar to a hunting bow - indeed, this is probably its origin. After all, obtaining food, in this case by hunting, was and still is the most important thing. It was only later that people had sufficient leisure to devote themselves to pleasure.
To produce sounds, the player touches the string with a finger, strikes it with a stick or plucks it.
While there are mouth bows with their own soundbox, with the actual and original version the player has to provide it himself. He does this by using his oral cavity. He repeatedly makes changes to his lips, gums and oral cavity, causing different sounds (harmonics, overtones).
There are mouth bows with a flat string and with a round string. It is now mostly made ??of steel, whereas previously horsehair, tendons or plant fibers were used. The instrument can be tuned, which enables several musicians to play together. In mouth bows with a flat string, the bow usually consists of rattan fibres. It is also plucked or struck as in models with a steel string, but its length can be changed with a second rod or it can be tapped, so that the keynote can be varied. This leads to further sound possibilities.
The mouth bow was already known in the Stone Age, evidence of which is provided by a cave painting in France. It is now common mainly in Africa, but is also played in some areas of Asia and South America.
Unlike many other instruments, mouth bows are mainly used for meditation. People can therefore immerse themselves in the soft but very melodic sounds. Playing on the mouth bow also enhances the well-being of the player, who often sings or hums along with it. | <urn:uuid:5d036652-e24f-4611-b71f-f234d2c4151a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.danmoi.com/stringed-instruments-strings/mouth-bows-mouthbow-musical-bow__Kavazingo-Wood | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.987045 | 386 | 2.96875 | 3 |
FROM WIKIPEDIA COMMONS
Howard Robard Hughes Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was an American business magnate, investor, record-setting pilot, engineer, film director, and philanthropist, known during his lifetime as one of the most influential and financially successful individuals in the world. He first became prominent as a film producer, and then as an important figure in the aviation industry. Later in life, he became known for his eccentric behavior and reclusive lifestyle—oddities that were caused in part by his worsening obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), chronic pain from a near-fatal plane crash, and increasing deafness.
As a film tycoon, Hughes gained fame in Hollywood beginning in the late 1920s, when he produced big-budget and often controversial films such as The Racket (1928), Hell’s Angels (1930), and Scarface (1932). He later took over the RKO Pictures film studio in 1948, recognized then as one of the Big Five studios of Hollywood’s Golden Age, although the production company struggled under his control and ultimately ceased operations in 1957.
Through his interest in aviation and aerospace travel, Hughes formed the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1932, hiring numerous engineers, designers, and defense contractors. He spent the rest of the 1930s and much of the 1940s setting multiple world air speed records and building the Hughes H-1 Racer (1935) and H-4 Hercules (the Spruce Goose, 1947), the latter being the largest flying boat in history and having the longest wingspan of any aircraft from the time it was built until 2019. He acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines and later acquired Air West, renaming it Hughes Airwest. Hughes won the Harmon Trophy on two occasions (1936 and 1938), the Collier Trophy (1938), and the Congressional Gold Medal (1939) all for his achievements in aviation throughout the 1930s. He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1973 and was included in Flying magazine’s 2013 list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation, ranked at No. 25.
During his final years, Hughes extended his financial empire to include several major businesses in Las Vegas, such as real estate, hotels, casinos, and media outlets. Known at the time as one of the most powerful men in the state of Nevada, he is largely credited with transforming Vegas into a more refined cosmopolitan city. After years of mental and physical decline, Hughes died of kidney failure in 1976. His legacy is maintained through the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Howard Hughes Corporation.
Question of the Day
Late summer always brings black spot to my roses. Any suggestions?
Try a homemade solution. Combine 1 tablespoon baking soda and 1 gallon water in a spray bottle. Spray the plants regularly, and always after a rainstorm, to keep them constantly coated with baking soda. To help with next year’s crop, be sure to rake up all your rose leaves in the fall and compost or dispose of them. Black spot likes to spend the winter on fallen leaves and then resurface the following spring.
Advice of the Day
To avoid dying, never drive a nail after sunset.
Home Hint of the Day
To remove stubborn brown stains on old china, rub on a solution of equal parts vinegar and salt, then rinse.
Word of the Day
From the Latin word octo, “eight,” because this had been the eighth month of the early Roman calendar.
Puzzle of the Day
My first is female; my second the same; my whole is much dreaded; pray what is its name?(What’s the word? Each clue is a syllable!)
- John Calvin (theologian) – 1509
- Camille Pissarro (painter) – 1830
- Jan Neruda (poet) – 1834
- James McNeill Whistler (painter) – 1834
- Adolphus Busch (brewery executive) – 1839
- Marcel Proust (novelist) – 1871
- Carl Orff (composer) – 1895
- Mildred Wirt Benson (original author, under the pen name Carolyn Keene, of the Nancy Drew mystery books) – 1905
- Joe Shuster (cartoonist, co-creator of Superman comic) – 1914
- David Brinkley (reporter & commentator) – 1920
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver – 1921
- Jake LaMotta (boxer) – 1921
- Fred Gwynne (actor) – 1926
- Arthur Ashe (tennis player) – 1943
- Virginia Wade (tennis player) – 1945
- Arlo Guthrie (folk singer) – 1947
- Roger Craig (football player) – 1960
- Jessica Simpson (singer) – 1980
- Adam Petty (NASCAR driver) – 1980
- Henry II of France – 1559
- Jelly Roll Morton (jazz musician) – 1941
- Arthur Fiedler (orchestra conductor) – 1979
- Mel Blanc (voice of Bugs Bunny and other characters) – 1989
- Aaron Lapin (businessman) – 1999
- Omar Sharif (actor) – 2015
- Roger Rees (actor) – 2015
- Vice President Millard Fillmore was inaugurated as the 13th President of the United States following the death of Zachary Taylor– 1850
- Wyoming admitted into the Union as the 44th state– 1890
- His Master’s Voice trademark (showing the dog Nipper and a gramophone) was registered in the United States– 1900
- George Hodgson became Canada’s first double Olympic gold medalist for swimming– 1912
- Howard Hughes set a new record by completing a 91 hour airplane flight around the world– 1938
- Telstar, an experimental communications satellite privately owned and developed by AT&T, was launched from Cape Canaveral, FL– 1962
- The Bahamas gained full independence within the British Commonwealth– 1973
- At a Sotheby’s auction, Peter Paul Rubens’ painting The Massacre of the Innocents sold for $76.2 million– 2002
- Greenland Ranch, Death Valley, California, recorded a temperature of 134 degrees F– 1913
- Thunderstorms brought severe weather to Bullfrog, Utah, where 3 boats sank on Lake Powell– 1988
- The northeastern U.S. was hit by 17 tornadoes– 1989
- Homer, Alaska, experienced a record high temperature of 81 degrees F due to offshore winds– 1994 | <urn:uuid:6c506726-8bac-454f-a028-1cc2f0e3dc02> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://megasportsnews.com/2022/07/10/daily-almanac-for-sunday-july-10-2022/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.941958 | 1,403 | 2.375 | 2 |
Sometimes you’ll take a test, look at your score, and think “this can’t be right.” If this happens to you on the ACT Essay, you can request a rescore.
How does an ACT Essay rescore work?
ACT scores for essays are graded by two professional scorers. Both of them use the ACT’s official Writing Test Rubric. The rescore follows the exact same procedure, but with two new scorers. If the two new people who score your ACT Essay get a different score than the original examiners, your ACT score will be updated. If your score changes, the new scorers can choose to raise your score from the original score you received, or lower it. There’s also a chance that the new scoring session could get the same result a second time. In that case, your ACT Essay score won’t change.
How do you request an ACT Essay rescore, and how much does it cost?
To get your ACT Essay rescored, submit a request for a rescore in writing. Your request will need to include the following: your name, as it appeared on your ACT exam registration forms, the ID on your ACT registration account, and the month, day, year, and location of your exam. You’ll also need to include a check for $50 made out to ACT Student Services. All rescore requests must be sent no later than three months after you received your initial ACT scores.
Written requests should be mailed to:
- ACT Student Services
P.O. Box 414
Iowa City, IA 52243-0414
The ACT’s scoring team will notify you of any score changes within 3-5 weeks of the request.
Can you request a rescore of your multiple choice ACT questions along with the essay rescore?
Yes you can! If you think your multiple choice answers in ACT Reading, Math, English, or Science may have been scored incorrectly, you can request a “hand-score” of your ACT. In this case, a human scorer checks the answer key for your test, to see if the exam’s automated scoring system made any mistakes.
The rules and fees for hand-scoring of the multiple choice parts of the ACT are the same as the rules for ACT Essay rescores: submit your request in writing to the address above within three months of getting your scores, and pay ACT Student Services $50 for a hand-scoring of the multiple choice portion of the ACT. If you want a rescore on both the essay and the multiple choice sections, you can write a check for a total of $100. As with the essay, your score on the rest of the ACT could go up, go down, or remain unchanged. And again, it will take 3-5 weeks to get your results.
Things to consider before requesting a rescore
Rescores are expensive and time-consuming. If you’re thinking of getting your ACT Essay rescored (or getting a rescore on the rest of the test), you want to be sure that it’s worth it. As I mentioned above, there’s a chance your score could go down. And if it does, the new, lower score will become your official score. Your score could also stay the same, which would mean you wasted $50 per rescore request.
Still, sometimes a rescore can help you, or at the very least can’t hurt. It’s best to do a rescore if your scores are just below the minimum requirement to get into school, or if you’re very confident that mistakes were made with your score the first time around. | <urn:uuid:d3ea6b19-c511-4c83-a545-3530e2a62d6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://magoosh.com/hs/act/2016/act-essay-rescore/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00080-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949418 | 775 | 1.804688 | 2 |
When Secretary of State John Kerry, apparently irritated by a lack of sleep, gave a snippy and what he thought was an unrealistic reply to a reporter’s question at a London press conference last weekend, he hardly could have imagined the world’s response. Asked whether there is anything Syrian President Bashar al-Assad could do at this relatively late hour to avoid an American invasion, Kerry told an international audience that if Assad gave up whatever chemical weapons his government possesses, the U.S. would forgo an invasion.
But not to worry, Kerry added. Assad is not going to do that, and we will end up invading Syria in order to vindicate President Obama’s threat to do so. For two days, Obama remained silent on this as his arch-nemesis, Russian President Vladimir Putin, grabbed the spotlight and the high moral ground.
Putin, sounding more like a Nobel Peace laureate than the killer he is known to be, offered to broker a deal whereby the Syrian chemical stockpile would be surrendered to the United Nations, the Syrian government could go about defending itself from the Al Qaeda-driven effort to take it over, and the U.S. would leave Syria alone.
Obama is generally firm in his belief that he needs to vindicate the threat he made last summer when he was trying to outdo Mitt Romney on sounding tough. It was then that Obama threatened to intervene in the Syrian civil war if chemical weapons were used by the government.
Nevertheless, hating the international embarrassment visited upon him when suddenly Putin seems more reasonable than he does, Obama conceded to my Fox News colleague Chris Wallace that the Kerry-inspired and Putin-pushed idea seemed worth considering. And then the Syrian government agreed.
Just last week, the president was arguing that only military force would show the world that the U.S. means what it says.
Just last week, he realized that he needed political cover in order to justify an unpopular invasion, and so he asked Congress for permission to invade Syria, even while knowing that he already has the legal authority to invade on his own.
Just last week, he dispatched his political team, including former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, to argue that war is the only way to go. And just last week, he intimated that he might bomb Syria even if Congress said no.
What happened was the president’s head counters polled their allies on Capitol Hill earlier this week and informed him that he was about to become the first American president in history to seek war-making authority from Congress and have it denied to him, including by many members of his own political party.
The president cannot even say for sure that the weapons he and his advisers claim were used were in fact deployed by the Assad regime. Nor can they state with intellectual honesty that the freedom or safety of Americans is affected by any weaponry used in this civil war 6,700 miles from our shores.
The legal linchpin of American involvement in a foreign war is not American hatred of one of the weapons systems used in the war, but the imminence of danger to American freedom and safety if we stay out.
Treaties to which the U.S. is a party and the body of international law to which the U.S. subscribes make clear that the U.S. cannot lawfully use military force to punish the government of another country without first demonstrating that the other country’s military poses an immediate threat of danger to the U.S. Obama and Kerry have been unable to address this.
They also have been unable to address how the U.S. can punish Syria for using weapons that the U.S. and the U.N. have outlawed but Syria has not. Put aside the fact that Syria is a client state of Russia and hence will be protected by it at the U.N., Syria never agreed to the U.N. prohibition on chemical weapons in the first place. So the U.N. is without lawful authority to authorize any violent American intercession in Syria over the use of these weapons.
We don’t know whether the Syrian government used chemical weapons on its own people who may or may not have been combatants in its civil war. But we do know that the government of Syria -- like all governments -- has a natural right to defend itself from violent attacks by terrorist groups.
We also know that the U.S. used chemical weapons to kill hundreds of Vietcong soldiers in South Vietnam in 1965, and used them as well to kill 76 Americans in Waco, Texas, where federal agents murdered peaceful religious fanatics, including their children, in 1993.
Can you imagine the response if another country sought to use violence to punish the Clinton administration for that?
What have we here?
We have a president heedless of his duty to uphold the Constitution by keeping the government within its confines, disdainful of international law when it fails to suit his purposes, and contemptuous of a Congress he once controlled when it feels the heat from the American people who have had enough of being lied to and tricked into wars.
The American people have come to realize that war is the mother’s milk of big government: It kills innocents, increases taxes or borrowing, diminishes personal freedom, and unleashes irrational fears and hatreds, and the government continues to grow.
While all of this has been consuming us, the federal debt is approaching $17 trillion and Obama wants to borrow another trillion, the NSA has been exposed as spying on every computer and every mobile phone in the country for the past two years at the insistence of the Obama administration, and the fiscal bankruptcy of ObamaCare is now just below the horizon.
Does the president really expect the American people to approve his bombing and killing just to avoid his personal embarrassment? Or is it his professional incompetence he wants to hide?
Andrew P. Napolitano, a former judge of the Superior Court of New Jersey, is the senior judicial analyst at Fox News Channel. | <urn:uuid:dfc517a4-c1db-4d16-b03f-fd094aacd6ca> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/09/12/president-obama-remedy-for-embarrassment.html?intcmp=related | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717783.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00076-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975239 | 1,220 | 1.75 | 2 |
Born in Kawagoe, Japan, Rokko Aoyama talks of her years in a boarding school. It was exclusive and also required four days of testing to enter. Frank Lloyd Wright designed one of its buildings. High school was followed by two years of junior college.
All of this might appear ideal, however, arranged marriages were traditional. This was a finishing school for young girls so that they could take their place in Japanese society as good wives and homemakers.
Although this type of education did not suit her, Aoyama had to admit that Saturday classes in art education were quite extraordinary. Well-known college professors taught the classes.
Aoyama's escape from traditional Japanese society was to move to the United States where she attended the Parsons School of Design in New York City followed by the Art Student League of New York to complete her training as a professional. Marriage and the love of the American West led Aoyama to Colorado.
A decade ago, Aoyama had a break through show called "6/6" at the Arvada Center where six artists showed six examples of their work. "Ripple Effect" was one of Aoyama's installation pieces and consisted of hundreds of feathers mounted to the top of clear plastic stems. The stems protruded from a bed of sea salt. This piece produced for her several fellowships.
North of the Cherry Creek shopping area, Aoyama was commission to do an outdoor piece for a Montessori school. It took the form of concrete swirls designed to delight children.
To create a sensual feeling about an irregular spherical clay piece, Aoyama discovered automotive finish produced the desired effect. Using traditional glazes simply did measure up. She comments that finding a body shop to do the work required some searching.
"Hitched No 2" are irregular spheres that are held together with a steel tow chain, and each clay shell is finished with the opalescence white used on Lexus automobiles. Installed in Denver's Lo Do, "Out of the Blues" consisted of clay pieces finished with Honda blue automotive paint. Recycled newspaper is among the pallet of material Aoyama uses. A piece she calls "Dwell" is composed of porous conical shapes held above sea salt by a steel frame.
Looking at her work it is difficult to classify Aoyama other than modern contemporary. She says, "Each material has its own meaning. If I tell a story, I have to bring in the right material." Her work can be made up of just about anything from felt, cloth, porcelain, paper, iron, clay, plastic or salt.
Her most recent thrust into the art world is shibori, a tie-die technique that has attracted gallery attention. Her idea is to take Japanese traditional art and make it contemporary. Her art takes the form of colorful felt pieces.
Her studio is in ArtWorks on Railroad Avenue near downtown Loveland and her website is rokkoaoyama.com. | <urn:uuid:f1d881c2-3998-48a9-ad07-08fae9e78911> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.reporterherald.com/loveland-art/ci_22290338/rokko-aoyama-uses-variety-materials-her-artworks-slide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719155.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00332-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975307 | 617 | 1.804688 | 2 |
GREAT TEACHING, GREAT LEARNING the WORLD OVER
Schools around the world now use our double CD resource. From Tromso in the North to Auckland in the South, from San Diego in the West to Bangkok in the East, the WhiteboardmathsTM classroom is making the difference and igniting a passion for learning mathematics.
Views From the Front
"If you are looking to buy one package to get your department up and running using interactive whiteboards or projectors, then this should be it. I have whole heartedly recommended it in the schools I have visited both in England and Australia, and the feedback has been incredibly positive...................." www.mrbartonmaths.com/reviews.htm
Craig Barton. Range High School: A Specialist Mathematics School
"The quality of the Whiteboardmaths resources is outstanding. The animations, colours and sounds keep the students engaged. I have found the presentations to be invaluable this year especially as I have a number of NQTs and non-specialists working in the faculty. The presentations are good for whole class teaching and also independent research. The presentations can be used as they are or just parts of them in starters or plenaries. The enrichment presentations are wonderful - accessible to all yet easily extendable for challenge for the more able students. The students particularly enjoyed the SATs questions and enjoyed the challege of improving their scores. I don't know how we ever managed without it"!!
JH, Head of Mathematics, (The Dearne High School, Rotherham)
"We recently purchased a site licence for the Primary Resources CD and absolutely love it. The children are really engaged with the software and actively look forward to their numeracy lessons. All our classrooms have eager cries at the start of each lesson for their favourite mental starter activities and the teachers are delighted that they now have an invaluable bank of quality materials to support the revised framework for numeracy. Thank you for saving us countless hours of our own precious time, making activities which would always be inferior in quality to yours!!"
KB, ICT Co-Ordinator (Maryport CoE Junior School)
"Whiteboardmaths has proved itself to be a valuable resource for our department. We have saved an enormous amount of time by using these ready made presentations on our new interactive whiteboards. There is a vast collection of material covering all aspects of the curriculum and the presentations have been written to a very high standard".
LC (Stanborough School, A specialist Mathematics School,Welwyn Garden City)
"Thank you Whiteboardmaths for the Maths PowerPoint presentations I have bought which has transformed my teaching and has made the topic so much more enjoyable for my students. Please do the same thing for A-Level. Keep up the good work!"
AM, Maths Specialist School Co-ordinator, St Thomas More High School, Westcliff-on-Sea
"I wanted to thank for your excellent software that we have recently bought. The presentations look fantastic. It allows me to get on with the job of teaching and allows the students to revise work in their own time. I recommend these presentations to Maths teachers around the country".
AH, Head of Mathematics, Whitton School, Twickenham
“This is just a short note to say thanks. We ordered a copy of your CD after spending over 6 months looking at other available resources and have found it to be superb. The graphics are excellent and the overall package is well put together and covers a good portion of the syllabus. The pupils have already enjoyed working with your product on our whiteboard.If you would like to use our school as a point of contact for others please feel free to do so. Thanks again for such a wonderful package!”
JM (Head of Mathematics, Bishop Perowne High School, Worcester)
“Thanks very much. Our school bought your software together with a VLE licence in June and it’s been great. I have recommended it to our LEA Maths Team and I'm pleased to say that all our schools are now equipped with VLE licences".
ML, (Newlands Girls' School, Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead)
"I would recommend to any teacher these visually stunning resources. The PowerPoint presentations are closely matched to the National Curriculum and are versatile enough to be used in a variety of ways. I have used them around Oxfordshire with very positive responses from both Students and Teachers. Teachers are delighted with a comprehensive collection of time saving materials of such a high quality. I am pleased to say that all our schools are now using your resource. Thank you Whiteboardmaths Team”.
AK, Senior Mathematics Consultant, Oxfordshire
“I would like to thank you for the Whiteboardmaths CD which I find wonderful. The presentations are really fun for me to plan my lessons around. They are easy to edit and adapt and they motivate the students who are always engaged. They really seem to make maths come alive for them. They will even remind me when I have forgotten to turn on the sound! We have recently had a great time revising with the SAT BOOSTER presentations, and we ended up upping the ante (as proposed by a few of the students) that they had to not only to choose the level and topic but must answer it by themselves on the spot whilst explaining their workings. Overall I really love them and just wish my teachers could have done the same for me!”
ED, Collingwood College, Surrey
“I use the Whiteboardmaths presentations on my interactive white board and my year 2 children love them. They really like the dartboard presentation and it fits in perfectly with the National Curriculum objective of adding three numbers together. The presentations are bright and colourful with great sound effects that hold the children's attention. My children have been able to see patterns in numbers more clearly. It has never been easy to find suitable, eye catching resources to help explain concepts such as weight, time and capacity. The whiteboard maths presentations together with the animations have made such a difference in teaching these difficult maths topics”.
JC, St Cuthbert Mayne Catholic Primary School (Year 2 Teacher) Cranleigh, Surrey.
"I am thrilled with the Whiteboards.com CD. I like the fact that I can edit the presentations to meet my needs. I can add movies and my own ideas. My students are always engaged by the activities and appealing graphics. I really appreciate the worksheets which are embedded into the Presentations. The PowerPoint format makes reviewing concepts quick and easy. The program is so simple. Teachers don't need to attend expensive training workshops to learn how to use the program. It doesn't take any technical training to present the lessons. I don't have to worry about running a complicated computer program. I just click and teach".
MC, Gulf Gate Elementary School, Sarasota County, Florida
"These are fabulous PowerPoint presentations. They are perfect for use with interactive whiteboards. I have been singing their praises wherever I go. They are really useful for Year 6 numeracy. Keep up the good work”.
MR (Primary ICT Consultant)
"You have by far the best school material that I have ever seen on the Web. You have a good team with the best pedagogical knowledge and feeling. Please continue this way and many thanks for these resources".
HILD Charles, math teacher at Lycée Robert-Schuman in Luxembourg
"I have been using your excellent PowerPoint Presentations for a long time now. I have used them with pupils when I was a PT in a secondary school and now with student teachers, both primary and secondary, at the University of Dundee. They can be used by individual pupils, for interactive teaching purposes with whole classes and for demonstration purposes in the lecture theatre where student teachers can see how exciting their mathematics lessons can be. Tricky concepts become clear through colourful, well thought out slides that are both stimulating and motivating. Thank you for this product that fulfils so many needs in mathematics education”.
S.H, Mathematics Education, University of Dundee.
"Your PowerPoint maths presentations have been a brilliant way for me to enrich my teaching. The students are riveted by the images and animations. The explanations are clear, accurate and to the point. I have also used the Whiteboardmaths presentations successfully for cover lessons that give students some real mathematical input. The files can even be customised to suit our Australian (the New South Wales) syllabus. I am incorporating your Whiteboardmaths presentations into all of our Schemes of Work”. Thank you.
RW, Sutherland Shire Christian School, Sydney, Australia
"I have been teaching mathematics for 15 years and this by far is one of the best resources I have ever used with my classes. The Whiteboardmaths team present mathematical ideas in a fun, interesting and inter-active fashion. Once you use these presentations you will never look back! I have taught in different countries and found them to translate easily from one curriculum to another. Thank you for a great resource!
JW, Mathematics Teacher, South Island School, Hong Kong
“Whiteboardmaths.com has proven to be a very valuable resource in the classroom. It is colourful, attractively presented and great fun especially for children who find some mathematical concepts difficult to grasp. It is able to be used across the spectrum of abilities and allows children to explore mathematical concepts in a stimulating and motivating way. As a classroom tool it has become essential, as a group tool it is exciting and able to extend, consolidate or support members and as an individual study session, truly dynamic”.
MM, Assistant Headteacher/SENCO Pells C E Primary School, Lewes, East Sussex.
“These PowerPoint presentations are probably one of the best resources currently on the market. I have been a maths teacher for 28 years and was initially sceptical about using PowerPoint presentations in my classroom. I have used plenty of other resources with my interactive SMARTboard but these presentations have certainly won me over. The dynamic nature of the presentations enables pupils to see things so much more clearly. They love them as much as I do! A brilliant investment for any maths teacher/department”
SH, 2nd in Maths, Myton School Warwick
“This is just a quick note to say thank you. I have been using Whiteboardmaths presentations for over two years now and have found it to be one of the most useful pieces of maths software I have come across for use with an interactive whiteboard. I have used it in years 5 and 6 and find it stretches the more able pupil and provides excellent explanations and examples in an exciting way for those who struggle with maths. We had a great week using the polyonimoes presentation and the pupils were transfixed by “The tower of Hanoi”. The SAT Boosters and Enrichment presentations are great to keep maths going in a fun and interesting way right up until the end of term!! I was praised by Ofsted for my lesson that was based around the negative numbers presentation and the improper fractions presentation, which I used during a recent lesson observation, helped me get my new Y6 job!” Every primary school should have it". Thanks again!
EW, Collingham Lady Elizabeth Hastings C of E (aided) Primary School
“The Whiteboardmaths presentations are fantastic! I first found them, while I was searching for material to assist in teaching fractions as a lot of my students could not grasp the concepts involved. As soon as I used the presentations all that changed and my students understood the ideas and became thoroughly engaged and shouted out the answers. I have been an avid Whiteboardmaths user ever since – I get back a social life because the presentations save me time and the students are thrilled and captivated by the animations and visual displays. Whiteboardmaths brought back the smiles, as students are entertained as they learn – maths is no longer ‘too hard’ and ‘boring’. These Whiteboard presentations really do enhance my teaching and motivate my students. The presentations can also be left for a relief teacher to show the class – giving me peace of mind – as the students will still be learning while I am away. The only regret I have is that I didn’t find you sooner”!!
DB, Eaton Community College – Middle School, Eaton, Western Australia.
"Both I and my maths class have really enjoyed using the Whiteboardmaths presentations and it was certainly 'money-well-spent'. They are keen and enthusiastic to play something new each day and already, their participation and number solving skills have improved. Many thanks”.
SC, Stifford Clays Junior School, Thurrock
“The Whiteboardmaths.com material represents some of the best value for money resources currently available. My entire faculty immediately started using the PowerPoint presentations after purchase. They are an excellent time saver and can be easily adapted if needed. The pupils have already benefited from this material”.
MJ, Head of Maths, Mossley Hollins High, Thameside
"Your Whiteboardmaths presentations are fantastic and the kids love them. I can hear them frequently say that they can understand concepts like addition and multiplication of fractions for the first time in their lives! The silence which follows when they work on set tasks is truly inspirational and rewarding." Great Thanks.
EMC, maths teacher, George Abbot School, Guildford
“These are excellent presentations and at a great price! Whiteboardmaths.com has made life so much easier for my department. The presentations have stopped me having to use the OHP for graphs, pie-charts, scatter graphs etc. and these are now simply projected onto a whiteboard at the touch of a button. The result of this resource has been more actively engaged students and I would recommend it to everyone”
LM, St Joseph's Secondary School, Derry, Northern Ireland.
“There is only one word to describe Whiteboardmaths.com and that is outstanding. Not only are the presentations of an exceedingly high quality but they are also very thorough. The latest additions to the CD (Levels 3-6 and Levels 4-7) are already proving to be an invaluable resource in the run up to SAT's. Brilliant”!
J.E, Bigwood School Nottingham
"Fantastic!! Have been appraising many schemes for my new Smartboard and yours is by far the best in my opinion. This will save me hours. I will be looking to buy the whole thing for next academic year." Thanks.
CS (Head of Maths - Cranford House School, Oxon)
"Many of the teachers in my local authority were looking for ready made PowerPoint presentations to use in lessons and I was asked to source some examples. I came across 'PowerPointmaths.com' during a search on the internet. After demonstrating them at a training session, heads of department couldn't buy them quick enough. I even use them myself with individual teachers adapting as necessary. This is a great resource which is affordable and so easy to use”.
CE, Maths Consultant, South Tyneside LEA
“I Love your Whiteboardmath presentations. It's as if the minds of my students have been probed and the most interesting thoughts were explored and assembled via the contents of these PowerPoint presentations. The presentations demand attention and appeal to a variety of student interests, such as racing cars, darts, dominoes, and the animal cartoon characters. The Georgia Math standards align in most cases and it's very simple to change any British units of measurement to US units. Absolutely the best money I ever spent on my classroom".
LC Washington-Wilkes Middle School, Washington, Georgia
"Overall, I really enjoy the Whiteboardmaths.com presentations and so do the students I teach. They respond very well, because the presentations are interactive and colourful, with special sounds, effects and displays. This year is my first year of teaching and I am very happy that I found the website and managed to buy some PowerPoint presentations from you. Some of the presentations I bought do the whole lesson plan for me. I don't need to bother about anything, just have that PowerPoint presentation ready and print out the handouts (worksheets), which you provide. I've tried bearings, locus, parts of the circle, coordinates, etc. They went really well. I use the presentations with all my sets. They keep the bottom sets busy and motivated. The students don't realise they do the actual maths while playing the games. The Mental Maths 5000 questions go down extremely well. I've tried 'Dartboard', 'Archery', 'Division board', 'Glass panel', 'Teddies percentages', 'Times tables', 'Tenpin'. I use your presentations together with the individual white boards. I display the question and the students write their answers (total, for example) on their boards. Thanks again for having such a useful website."
AI, maths teacher, Ruskin Sports College, Crewe
"The presentations supplied by Whiteboardmaths.com, are an extraordinary resource that I use regularly to help make my lessons inspiring and exciting. I thoroughly recommend this resource to any maths department."
HR, (Fast track teacher, Woolwich Poly for boys)
"I would like to say that I think the presentations produced are wonderful! The students are stimulated immediately by their use. I have used quite a few of the Data Handling ones- I particularly liked "moving averages" - which my Y10 class have struggled with up until I demonstrated the concept through your PPP’s.
“PowerPoint combined with a Smartboard has proved to be one of the most effective tools I have ever used in teaching maths. I have spent many hours compiling PowerPoint slides. Then I discovered Whiteboardmaths.com. All the work is done for you, the slides are brilliant and the pupils find them interesting and effective. Worth every penny!"
BF (Edensor Technology College Stoke-on-Trent)
"I teach in Manor Middle School, 6th grade through 8th grade math. This is 10 to 14 year olds. Thank you so much for sharing your talent. I use your PowerPoints and look forward to new ones."
VJ Austin Texas
"I would like to thank you on behalf of the maths department at Branksome School in Darlington, County Durham for producing such high quality resources"
KH, Head of Maths
"Congratulations. Your material is the best around that we've found"
MC (Head of Maths, Healing School)
"I have seen your PowerPoint work on the web and am very impressed by it"
SM (Advanced Skills Teacher Leicestershire)
"Many thanks for your time and effort. These PPP’s are superb on my new Promethean white board. I've recommended them to Norfolk County Advisory Service"
"I am a teacher of Mathematics and would like to thank you for producing the PowerPoints which would appear Heaven sent, in our department".
HK (St Mungo's Academy,Glasgow).
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Public transactions concerning the development and operation of our nation's universities, especially our public institutions, sometimes remind me of mud wrestling with the family treasures in an open shirt pocket. The universities win some of the rounds, but in every one we get dirtier, and we might not be able to find the valuable things again after each new tussle is over.
We are just not in the right game. There is too much risk that a mistake, by us or by public leaders, will be grievously damaging to long-term community interests. We need to change the game. We need rules that create a healthier environment for the public business of higher education. We need a new compact between the public, our elected representatives, and our institutions of higher learning.
Much easier said than done, not least because there is no one to define the public side of the compact. And because that is true, the responsibility for changing the environment rests with us, the leadership of American higher education. It needs an idea.
This is a big subject, worthy of long and serious conversations; but I offer five points that, in my view, must be on any agenda. Two are about recovering faith; two more about reducing fear; the last about gaining stability.
First, we must work to rebuild a broad understanding in the larger society and its leadership of what our institutions do, and how they establish-through their several missions-public benefits for a healthier present and future.
To a remarkable extent, folks see only one mission when they look at us. To a very great fraction of the American public, including most legislators I have encountered, we are strictly about undergraduate education. To much of Washington, we are about research and occasionally about graduate education. To other segments, our mission may be athletic entertainment, or the arts, or extension, or regional economic development, or libraries or cultural preservation.
The power of America's institutions of higher education lies in the total of what we do and how the parts fit together. Because the public and public leadership are not grasping that reality, they become frustrated by our segmented financial picture-about "why resources over there can't be used for my concern"-and they see us as afflicted by foolish lack of focus.
A related, very important matter is the loss of recognition for higher education's contribution to the common good. Over the past three decades, our work has been largely redefined in the public mind as yielding mainly private benefits, in the form of undergraduate and professional degrees having personal economic value. This one misconception is central to the erosion of support from state legislatures across the nation.
We must address these perceptions immediately and with effect. Our associations can help to organize national efforts, but there is local work to be done, too. The paired ideas of multiple missions and the common good deserve a place in nearly every Rotary Club speech, but they also merit delivery to audiences close to us, such as our students and their parents.
The second item in my five-point agenda is this: We must work to restore trust that we are genuinely committed to serving our students and our larger society and that we work daily with competence and quality.
With public leaders and elected officials, we have to do a better job of establishing regular contacts, engaging in honest, mutual development of long-term and short-term goals, frankly discussing financial tradeoffs, and reinforcing the balance of missions that we must undertake.
Now, I know that most of us think we do this, but in my experience, we really don't. Our contacts with public leaders are typically driven by a single issue or the exigencies of a legislative session. Greater texture is needed in the relationships, especially with key leaders. We also need to be thoughtful and collaborative in working toward that end, because it is not possible for every institutional president in most states to establish relationships such as I have described. Public leaders have many mouths to feed, and we must always respect that reality.
To build trust with the public at large, we need to sponsor accountability, not just to accept it grudgingly. We ought to help to define indices of performance that make sense, and we should help to found a credible reporting center. We need to be forthright about shortcomings, and we ought to embrace a culture of continuous improvement.
Third among my five points: We must work with public leaders and among ourselves to establish sound, credible mechanisms for continuing the national tradition of ready financial access to higher education by middle-class students.
Let us not underestimate the depth of fear that exists in the country over this one point, and let us not discount the threat to our democracy. In my judgment, the worry is not misplaced. Now, I realize that there is a well-documented misperception among the public concerning the facts about college costs-that on average the public thinks of college as costing two to three times what it actually does-but I also think there is plenty to be concerned about in the truth.
At the typical flagship public institution in America, the academic cost of attendance (mandatory tuition and fees) is now in the range of $5,000 to $7,500, or about 11 to 17 percent of median family income. If the trends of the past 15 to 20 years continue, the share would rise to something like 30 percent of median family income by 2020.
In our current system, middle-class families, representing perhaps one to three times the median family income, do not get much mitigation of these costs. The impact on these families of a large rise in cost of attendance as a share of income would be enormous; consequently, I do not believe that it would be allowed to happen. Political leaders would react by capping our charges and draining resources from our missions other than undergraduate education. These actions would inevitably degrade the quality of public-sector institutions and would cause a fractionation of quality in this country strictly along public-private lines. I do not need to go further into what such a result would mean socially and economically, given that the public institutions serve three-quarters of American students.
This is a serious problem, and it needs attention now. I believe that a solution can be achieved. That solution could also become the central point on which a new social compact is founded.
The key is to strive for a consensus among public leaders and the leaders of higher education concerning a target for the out-of-pocket academic cost of attendance at public institutions of various kinds as a fraction of median family income. This is what matters to people, and this is what will determine the evolution of public policy concerning higher education. Note the focus here. The conversation should be about what people actually have to pay to go to school. It should not be conflated with living costs, which can be addressed in various ways and may not be limiting to opportunity. If there are scholarship or grant programs, or if tax benefits exist, or if there are habits of discounting, these factors should be reflected in the out-of-pocket academic cost.
On the basis of information available to me, I cannot propose exactly where the target should be set, but my instinct says that for a flagship institution the upper limit should be something like 20 percent of the median family income. Of course, that would be 10 percent of twice the median family income, which is probably a better benchmark for the middle class than median income.
If consensus on the target can be achieved, the annual discussion with all players-institutional administrations, students, parents, governing boards, legislatures, executive leaders of state government, Congress, and relevant federal officers-can be consistently pointed toward realizing it through actions that are much more thoughtful and concerted than today's.
But I do need to be clear about something: The states will continue to have the definitive role here. A stable, healthy pattern can be achieved only if legislatures and governors make a sustained commitment to affordability with quality.
The fourth point in my agenda is this: We must find a way to make a college education seem essential and more reachable to the parents of the most talented students from lower-income families.
Over the past seven years, I have spent a good deal of time in Texas high schools as we have worked to use the state's "top ten percent" admission law to rebuild minority representation at The University of Texas at Austin. We have succeeded, I am glad to say. But my experience in something like a hundred schools-mostly urban, mostly minority dominated-has taught me something about the challenge that all of us face in elevating college-going rates of students from lower-income families. And that's important, not only from the standpoint of justice, but also because college-going rates of these students must be elevated to preserve even the current level of educated adult talent in our nation.
When I talk to a top-ten-percent audience in these schools, I am speaking to the best students, not the average ones. Most likely, they are the top three percent of those who entered in the ninth grade, because two-thirds of their entering class have already dropped out. Every single one of these students should be going to college somewhere. Only about a third does so.
Why does this dreadful waste of talent occur? For two reasons, I think: The students do not grasp the value of a college education to their future, and they do not believe us when we say that we can make college financially possible.
We in higher education must develop a more coordinated, more effective strategy to reach talented students from lower-income families. I do not have a recipe, but here are some elements that ought to be in the picture:
- Families, as well as students, have to be recruited. The attitude of impossibility runs deeper than the student.
- We need to identify strong talent in middle school and work with talented students and families to target college all through high school. Research shows that decisions about going to college are generally made before high school or early in high school.
- We need to help students and families to understand how the finances can be addressed much earlier than when the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) form comes out in the student's senior year.
- We need to simplify the packaging of the finances. They are typically much too complex now to inspire confidence in these families, who are mistrustful of promises and debt.
There is a fifth and final point in my agenda: We must address costs. More specifically, we must mount serious, effective efforts to limit the rate of growth in the educational cost per student. It is in the range of 4.5 percent per year, a substantially inflationary figure, but more important, a figure significantly larger than the long-term growth rate of the economy.
We all know that there are good reasons for it: There is intrinsically high inflation in salary costs for our labor-intensive business built on rare talent, and there are progressively added costs associated with the growth of knowledge and the facilities required for teaching.
But it is very likely that a growth rate of 4.5 percent cannot be sustained indefinitely. Of course, we can reduce the growth rate of costs by degrading quality. That is not the answer. We need to look for ways to take that growth rate down while sustaining quality, so that whatever advances are made along that line can become broadly shared among us. This is hard, but it is important for the stability of our mission and our work. It merits serious initiative, both collaborative and local.
This is my five-point plan for rebuilding the compact between higher education, the public and our elected officials. But it still requires a willing effort on all sides. We in the universities must tell our story-that our institutions continue to serve our students and benefit our society at large; that we are striving to make a college education valuable, accessible and affordable-and we must plainly act toward those goals to the greatest degree that we can. After we demonstrate our commitment, we can hope that our public leadership-in homes, schools and statehouses across the land-will pick up the partnership once again, in the interest of America's future.
Larry R. Faulkner is president of the University of Texas at Austin. This article was adapted from his 2005 Robert H. Atwell Distinguished Lecture, presented at the 87th Annual Meeting of the American Council on Education. | <urn:uuid:95c79ff3-9083-4dc7-b2e8-2c4acb0c2428> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.highereducation.org/crosstalk/ct0205/voices0205-faulkner.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00197-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963339 | 2,518 | 1.609375 | 2 |
In 1876 Thomas Alva Edison opened a laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey for the purposes of exploring how to produce and distribute electricity. History records that he invented the incandescent electric light bulb there. By 1890, he had established the Edison General Electric Company, now know simply as GE.
In 2011, Jeffrey Immelt, the CEO of GE and the chairman of President Obama’s “Jobs Council” is eliminating jobs for American employees of GE at a furious pace. To add insult to injury, in 2010 GE paid no federal taxes at all despite worldwide profits of $14.2 billion. GE claimed a tax benefit of $2.3 billion.
From an America corporate icon to an American disgrace, GE epitomizes how federal policies, cronyism, and rent seeking is destroying America from within by avoiding taxes and shipping jobs overseas. Keep in mind, none of this is illegal. It is, however, unconscionable.
A recent article at TheEconomicCollapseblog.com took a look at the way GE is “moving jobs and economic infrastructure to China at a blistering pace.” For example, “GE makes more medical-imaging machines than anyone else in the world and now GE has announced that it is ‘moving the headquarters of its 115-year-old X-ray business to Beijing.”
The article notes that, “Under Immelt, GE has shipped tens of thousands of good jobs out of the United States.” Even the liberal learning Huffington Post reported that “As the administration struggles to prod businesses to create jobs at home, GE has been busy sending them abroad. Since Immelt took over in 2001, GE has shed 34,000 jobs in the U.S. according to its most recent annual filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. But it has added 25,000 jobs overseas.”
“At the end of 2009, GE employed 36,000 more people abroad than it did in the U.S. In 2000, it was nearly the opposite.”
The last GE factory in the U.S. that made light bulbs closed last September. This came on the heels of the federal government’s ban on the 100-watt incandescent light bulb and its push to require Americans to purchase the new CFL light bulbs as part of Obama’s green jobs initiative. The CFL bulbs have been universally denounced as providing less equivalent light, costing more, and using mercury as part of their manufacture.
When John Rice was appointed GE’s head of global operations, responsible for growth in markets that include China, India, the Middle East and Brazil, the Huffington Post revealed that GE planned to spend $500 million on research and development and new customer innovation centers in China, adding more than a thousand jobs there. “More than $1.5 billion is expected to be put toward joint ventures with Chinese state-owned enterprises in high-technology sectors.”
At the same time, Daily Finance.com revealed that GE “is arming China to compete with Boeing—and America.” Peter Cohen that “General Electric plans to sell its aircraft electronics to Chinese companies” noting that China just flight-tested a prototype stealth fighter” as it continues to build up its military. GE is selling technology “it developed for U.S. companies like Boeing to Boeing’s Chinese competitors.”
“America is being de-industrialized at lightning speed and very few of our politicians seem to care,” says TheEconomicCollapseblog while noting that in 1979 there were 19.5 million manufacturing jobs in the United States and today there are 11.6 million.
“The United States has lost a staggering 32% of all its manufacturing jobs since the year 2000.”
While President Obama berates the Congress for the lack of free trade agreements, he neglects to say that several such agreements with Latin American nations linger on his desk and none can be acted upon by Congress until he sends them for approval.
While Jeffrey Immelt flies around in his corporate jet and issues vacuous, hypocritical statements about jobs for Americans, he and his close friend in the White House are undermining the economy. Other U.S. corporations are following suit.
The U.S. corporate tax is the highest in the world, but you will not hear any talk of lowering this tax rate, only meaningless class warfare blather about taxing “millionaires and billionaires” more when, in truth, those taxes will fall heaviest on small business owners.
This is the deliberate destruction of the U.S. manufacturing sector. | <urn:uuid:71eaa56d-df31-4e64-8172-f6df11e93259> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://papundits.wordpress.com/2011/08/27/ge-stabs-the-us-in-the-back/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00017-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961594 | 959 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Activists flew a blimp emblazoned with the words “Illegal Spying Below” over the National Security Agency’s data centre in Utah on Friday in protest against the US government’s mass surveillance programmes.
The one-hour flight was carried out by the environmental group Greenpeace, digital rights activists the Electronic Frontier Foundation and a conservative political organisation, the Tenth Amendment Centre.
The 41 metre blimp, owned by Greenpeace, was adorned with a sign that read “NSA Illegal Spying Below”.
In an email to Reuters the agency declined to comment. But a spokesman did note there was no restricted airspace over the data centre, housed on the grounds of the Utah National Guard’s Camp Williams in Bluffdale, 23 miles (37km) south of Salt Lake City.
The NSA says the facility provides the government with intelligence and warnings about cyber security threats. It is thought to be the agency’s largest data storage centre.
The blimp protest coincided with the launch of an online campaign that rates members of Congress on actions the activists say either further or stop data collection efforts by the NSA…
Here’s a link to the website they were advertising with their flight. | <urn:uuid:e5670fe9-6c95-4e05-955d-945dbc0aad44> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dvorak.org/blog/2014/06/29/blimp-hovers-over-nsa-data-center-in-utah/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00189-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940154 | 252 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Rubimedâ„¢ is a revolutionary natural healing modality from Europe that combines ancient healing knowledge with modern complementary medicine and psychology. Introduced into North America over a decade ago, the Rubimedâ„¢ remedies have been clinically proven to resolve negative health effects of psychological trauma, anxiety and stress.
Fundamental understanding of Rubimedâ„¢ and Psychosomatic Energetics (PSE) is derived from the knowledge that a harmonious and free-flowing energy system is important for mental, emotional and physical health.
Decades of research lead German physician, Dr. Reimar Banis, to develop technology that can be utilized in a clinical setting to identify the draining energetic influences and emotional conflicts that are believe to be causal in disease. The appropriate Rubimedâ„¢ therapy serves to resolve the depleting energetic influences and begins a holistic self-healing process.
Experience the success of this family of natural remedies for emotional issues.
Dr. Reimar Banis, German physician and researcher, brings a new understanding to the way of thinking about sickness and health with the revolutionary healing modality of Rubimedâ„¢.
Dr. Banis has taken centuries-old chakra and aura theories and put them into the modern day context of biophysics, homeopathy and psychology. This led to the establishment of Psychosomatic Energetics (PSE) and the Rubimedâ„¢ remedies.
According to PSE, subtle energy flows through the body and is the source of health, vitality and well-being. Illness is associated with emotional trauma that becomes repressed into the subconscious and stored in the human subtle energy field. Unresolved, these unconscious emotional conflicts lead to a reduced flow of energy that contributes to physical, mental and/or emotional disorders.
Rubimedâ„¢ therapy is used for healing past emotional trauma. Rubimedâ„¢ therapy entails a systematic approach using applied kinesiology testing methods and the Rebaâ„¢ Device to determine the active emotional conflict and appropriate remedies for its resolution. The Rubimedâ„¢ remedies include the Chavitaâ„¢ remedies for the chakras with their corresponding Emvitaâ„¢ remedies for the emotional conflicts, which are usually prescribed as pairs. In addition, there are remedies for geopathy and acute conditions. For a full description and understanding of all 40 Rubimedâ„¢ remedies, refer to the Rubimedâ„¢ Practitioner Guide.
The Rebaâ„¢ Device measures an individualâ€â„¢s energy levels, corresponding to physical, emotional, mental and causal states of health. The Rebaâ„¢ Device is versatile and can also be used for organ testing, food sensitivity testing and testing the compatibility of other remedies including supplements and pharmaceuticals.
A two year study conducted in 10 European clinics with 1002 cases showed an 86.5% success rate using the Rubimedâ„¢ remedies for resolving anxiety, depression, behavioral disorders, pain, adrenal burnout, sleep disorders, autonomic dysfunctions, respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions, allergies, hormonal disorders, skin conditions and stress.
Thousands of health care practitioners have utilized this healing modality in Europe for over two decades. Introduced to North America over 10 years ago, Rubimedâ„¢ has become the essential tool in complementary medicine practices to resolve depleting energetic influences and begin a holistic self-healing process.
Note: These Statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These remedies are not meant to treat any disease or condition. Please consult your physician.
What can Rubimed Therapy do for you? Practitioner Testimonials:
Take Back Control When Anxiety Stress and Depression Strike - Rubimed Public Lecture | <urn:uuid:677dc55e-02a6-439a-bd7d-b50ce754dca2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.iplanethealth.com/An-X-Vita-(Anxiovita)-by-Rubimed-Remedies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.90375 | 868 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Have you tried playing with cloud dough yet?? It is totally awesome! We made two big batches of it for a cloud dough ice cream shop — LOTS of pretend play FUN! I’m not exaggerating when I say that the girls played with this stuff for hours, and it was another great use for our Outdoor Mud Pie Kitchen.
To make your own cloud dough, just mix 4 cups of flour with 1/2 cup of baby oil. Easy peasy! Invite the kiddos to measure and stir — they love to do that.
Want to whip up some pink cloud dough for strawberry ice cream?? Place a piece of red chalk pastel (about 1/2 a stick will do) in a zipper bag, crush it (with a rolling pin), then add the flour. We used these pastels, and they are our favorites. We’ve used them for several projects!
Zip up the bag, and give it a good shake to color the flour. Again, the kids love to help with this step! Empty the bag into a bowl, add the baby oil and mix it up.
Here’s a short video tutorial showing how to make cloud dough:
The girls were delighted to see how realistic their “ice cream” looked — and they didn’t have to worry about it melting! For pretend cherries, we used red Model Magic from Crayola.
I love how this provided them with hours of great pretend play fun!! Clara was quite fond of her pretend cloud dough ice cream floats.
They loved taking turns being the server and customer. And they have big plans to add other “flavors” to their shop!
Oh, and they were particularly happy that I let them use a REAL ice cream scooper!
When you’re done playing for the day, cover the containers with lids and your cloud dough can be used over and over again.
Have you tried making cloud dough?? We would love to hear about it. Leave a comment and share your stories with us! | <urn:uuid:fcab902a-0cbb-49d6-ad25-e91ac5b1d1e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://innerchildfun.com/2012/05/cloud-dough-ice-cream-shop.html/comment-page-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00017-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950095 | 426 | 1.554688 | 2 |
This past week, I like many others, relished in the news of Apple’s latest addition to it’s iPad product line. I’ve been on an iPad 1 for some time so I was comfortable and resolute in my immediate pre-order purchase of the latest iPad. Firmly into the 21st Century we are now walking hand in hand with the most mind boggling innovation cycle in the history of man combined with some very stark realities on how the demand for this innovation is met.
The death of Steve Jobs solidified one the most jarring juxtapositions of our time. On one hand, if you are a believer in Steves accomplishments (like I am), you are in awe at the way he fused the arts with science to create the worlds most valuable and influential technology company. Apple has created a product line that revolutionizes the way we communicate, create and take in information. The world will never be the same. On the other hand, there is something troubling about the make shift shrines that were erected outside of Apple retail stores upon Steves death. Here we have this counter culture acid-head rebel being worshipped outside of a store that sells products for thousands of dollars. Look up irony on the dictionary.
Long before the iPhones release in June of 2007 I lusted after the shiny objects that Apple made. The effect that these products had on my life not only entertained me but also helped me to define my own creative voice. To be honest, I’m not so sure that I’d have a career in the digital arts if it weren’t for the early inspiration that the two Steve’s brought me. However, like any good robot consumer I consumed these products without the slightest notion or curiosity as to where they came from or how they were made. It was like the magic Apple fairies just made these shiny little boxes in the North Pole. I never thought to connect the dots that oil was used to make the plastic casing or that actual people would need to be used to put these things together.
Mike Daisey, the performer and writer of the explosive New York play “The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs” said to Playbill:
“We live in denial about China: a relationship that so disturbs us that we pretend our devices are made in magical Willy Wonka-esque factories by space elves instead of the real human cost we all know in our hearts has been paid. This moment is an opportunity to peel back the surface and get at the secret heart of our relationship with Steve Jobs, his devices, our labor, and China itself.”
The history of supply chains and the manufacturing process that feeds them is quite complex. The industrial revolution gave birth to the America we know today and put America at the forefront of innovation. America was suddenly fused together with the ability to capitalize on that innovation by creating an assembly line that supported the massive demand for the new products. That assembly line gave way to a low cost streamlined way of making products that accomplished two things: jobs for the working class and reasonably priced goods that the same working class could afford to use or by. It was a dream scenario. Products and services were made and fed by each other in the same system of supply and demand.
Take this example (via WikiPedia) of Andrew Carnegie’s significant accomplishments:
One of his two great innovations was in the cheap and efficient mass production of steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process for steel making. Sir Henry Bessemer had invented the furnace which allowed the high carbon content of pig iron to be burnt away in a controlled and rapid way. The steel price dropped as a direct result, and was rapidly adopted for railway lines and girders for buildings and bridges.
If you follow the bouncing ball you can see how this single act created a domino effect that changed our lives. Cheap steel gave way to railroad expansion which gave way to freedom of movement and physical growth around the country. Steel cores gave way to skyscrapers and later on to automobile production. And so on and so on, you get the idea.
The same logic can be applied to the products that Apple products have had on the West. There are millions examples of how the personal home computer gave power back to the individual and fostered a creative revolution. Early on in Apples formative years many of the products were made in the US. It’s almost hard to imagine now given that the global manufacturing climate has changed so much.
Ok, so what changed? In the late 20th century, de-regulation grew and combined with new international free trade polices that gave companies the ability to make their products much cheaper than they had been made before. This meant outsourcing to the cheapest bidder, mainly China. This eliminated America’s ability to both create and supply products for the middle class. What rose in the background were millions of workers who made these products in what we now refer to as “sweatshops.” We now know that every single Apple product is made in an environment that overworks the employees, underpays them by American standards and stresses them out to the point that even suicide has been an option.
Who’s to blame here? Is it the player of the game or the game itself? Or both? And, we have to ask ourselves honestly: is the Apple tarnished?
In Walter Isaacson’s biography “Steve Jobs”, he conveniently skips over Apples transition from American factories to Chinese factories in favor of focussing on Steve Jobs, the person. However, in the middle chapters he does give light to Steve’s obsession with Apple’s early factory lines in Northern California. Steve was obsessed with the way they physically looked and operated drawing off the notion that if any part of the products DNA was compromised then the whole product would be compromised. I can’t imagine that Steve took the same care to aesthetic perfection in the Chinese factories.
So how do we change this? Many far left liberals are calling on Apple to stop the whole practice all together. Let’s look at some harsh realities with that notion. Apple is a publicly traded company therefore, it’s main goal is to turn a profit which then keeps the stock price high and investors happy. Using todays math under the current rules of the game, if Apple were to engage on the popular grassroots campaign that’s being called “make the iPhone 5 ethically”, profits would fall, the stock would plummet and the same people that green lit the “ethical iPhone 5” campaign would get fired. A core pillar of Apples profit center has come from a miracle supply chain story that is rooted in cheap manufacturing in China that can keep margins high while meeting the worlds obsessive product demands. Therefore, making the iPhone 5 in America under American employment standards is not option under the current model.
Next, when China opened it’s doors to the outside much of their reason for doing so came from a place of “look, we have one billion people here who are ready to work. bring us jobs.” This thinking immediately took China out of a rural migrant farm worker culture to that of pollution filled urban sprawl that has seemingly countless numbers of people who are willing to work for very little money on products that they can not afford to buy. China was desperate to jump into the modern world and this was a ticket to the party. The simultaneous deregulation of global business synced up perfectly with this new panacea of cheap labor. You had global companies, like Apple, that wanted to increase it’s profits and you have a country that has the work force and desire to become a global super power. Both set of mutually exclusive goals were accomplished. What happened in the space between was not thought through or possibly even considered.
For the most part I am a believer in the Global Village and that the more communication brings us together the more borders disappear and we become connected to each others challenges and triumphs. What happens in China is not so far away anymore that it can be ignored. The philosophical view of how humanity can operate as a collective conscious is valid and necessary as our population grows and as the challenges of the modern world become more apparent. Now, as we strive for a new world paradigm we are however caught in the grips of an old world order that we also can not ignored.
What can be done in a reasonable manner about the person who works at the sweat shop making iPads? And what can done to not judge the employer, in this case Apple, who is playing by the rules? China itself has done very little to regulate worker conditions. No one is forcing these Chinese workers to take these jobs at FoxConn, in fact these jobs are in very high demand. Potential new workers line up by the thousands to try and get a new job at FoxConn. The Chinese cultural view on stable employment is so different than ours that it’s hard for us to understand the context which immediately leads us to blaming and judging. Add to that, any CEO of a public company is burdened with turning a profit for their company so making stuff in China is a good idea for the books. The point is that the game is rigged and there’s no way to win. I’m not endorsing Apples treatment of workers. It pains me to play with my iPad knowing that these young Chinese workers were eating poor food and sleeping in these cramped dorms when assembling this beautiful device.
There aren’t too many options that could fix this but there are a couple. China would need to collapse from their highly leveraged market and the balance of manufacturing power would once again shift. Or the throngs of Chinese workers could uprise organically and demand better conditions and pay and form a union. The latter is most likely and even a hopeful outcome. Doubling Chinese worker pay is actually reasonable, probable and would keep Apple still very profitable. If you’re wondering, moving the manufacturing to US based factories is not an option. That ship sailed quite some time ago. Let it go.
This post is more about observation that solutions. To me, it’s fascinating and impossible to ignore that this very MacBookPro I’m writing this blog with is tainted with the pains of the human spirit being pushed too far.
About a month ago, Nightline was granted unprecedented exclusive access to the FoxConn Apple manufacturing plan (link below). Reporter Bill Weir drops a bomb of a soundbite at the end which is, for better or for worse, true; “In our current world you can either be the country that makes this stuff or the country that lines up to buy this stuff but you can’t be both.”
If you choose to blame Apple and to take a stand then you have to take a stand on all Chinese exports. That means you wouldn’t a single piece of electronic equipment in your home or automobile. Do any of you see yourself doing that? If you choose to single out Apple because they have brilliantly exploited a flawed rule book then you are blaming the player and not the game. Apple is experiencing what’s called “The Nike Effect.” They are not the only company making their products this way. They are merely the most iconic brand doing it. “Think Different” has been stamped in our psyche so deeply that it’s hard to make sense of the contradiction.
I will continue to live in both worlds. Simultaneously I’ll be be troubled about these worker conditions in China while I continue to purchase the devices. It is my hope that we can do both while bringing awareness to the issue that may come up with a better solution. Long term, it’s great that Apple has been singled out because the amount of global attention it brings to matter is valuable. Awareness is a good first step. For most of us, it’s too late to turn back from how these innovations have effected our lives. They are part of the fabric. I don’t see too many of us lining up to stop buying electronics. The harsh realities of how these products made are now part of the fabric and the ever growing juxtaposition of the modern world. I believe with enough exposure and openness about the issues we can find a solution that pleases all sides.
Watch Nightline get exclusive access to Apples iPad and iPhone factory, click here | <urn:uuid:816760c2-ad79-40ea-98ba-7abb3921da50> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://zachleary.com/2012/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00136-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96824 | 2,558 | 1.5 | 2 |
Financial advice from a trusted source is something almost everyone needs and for seniors on a fixed income it can be especially important. If you haven’t considered it before, think of it as a financial review to see where you really stand. However, professional help can be too prices for many of us. Luckily, there are some reliable resources you can use that provide free advice. You can find many online resources as well as in-person help in most communities. A few searches online will point you in the right direction. Here are some ideas to get you started.
Call your local senior center. If they aren’t hosting workshops or other events they should know of other agencies or schools that are. Your city, county or state probably has some sort of senior advocate program.
Call Adult Day Care facilities, especially those that are grant funded. They might have programs or know of others.
Talk to your local bank branch. They can set an appointment for you to meet with a financial advisor. The advisor has bank products for sale and is likely on commission. You are not obligated to buy anything and it makes sense for them to give you good solid information
Find out if there are senior education programs at local colleges or universities.
- Visit AARP.com’s website for a large searchable menu of reliable information. You’ll also find a variety of tools you can use to implement your new knowledge such as budget planning and many financial calculators (at last count 18). Much of the information is completely free. A $12 annual membership gives you full access. There is a library of articles and podcasts on Scams & Fraud, Living on a Budget, Managing Debt, Saving & Investing, Taxes,and Insurance. Finances 50+ SM is a 3-part program designed to help you make and keep smart money habits. You’ll find downloadable worksheets also.
- The National Council on Aging at ncoa.org has a free EconomicCheckUp®. They also may have a local chapter. They can be a resource by sending you to other agencies, as well as hosting workshops themselves.
- Spend some time with the IRS on their website’s special section of tax advice for seniors. Besides the vast array of topics the IRS offers a program of free in-person tax counseling for seniors. | <urn:uuid:82b5a1a2-8d7e-44bd-b3dc-59b272704171> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pennywisesenior.com/2020/07/15/free-financial-advice-for-seniors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.961091 | 478 | 1.859375 | 2 |
What is sexual reproduction?
We all know that reproduction is the biological process of giving rise to offsprings or young ones. Out of the two types of reproduction, asexual and sexual (based on the criterion of number of individuals taking part in the reproductive process), sexual mode of reproduction is quite complex and difficult to understand. This is because the method of sexual reproduction varies greatly from species to species. However, the definition and overall process remains the same in all species.
Sexual reproduction can be defined as a 'method of reproduction', in which two individuals take part in the reproductive process to give rise to new similar individuals of the same species. However, there are exceptions to the definition. For example, donkey and horse mate to produce mules. Here, the parents are of different species and the offspring, a whole different one from the parents. This is an example for interspecific hybridization in animal breeding. Even though there are such exceptions, they are very few in number and rarely occurs naturally. In 99% of the cases, such matings are artificial and made to occur by humans for their advantage.
Overall processes involved in sexual reproduction of all organisms
No matter to which species the organism belongs to, in sexual reproduction, these is always the production of gametes by the two parents involved in the reproductive process. Production of gametes by the male and female parent is followed by the fusion of gametes produced. As a result of the fusion, zygote is formed. The formation of zygote is universal in all sexually reproducing organisms. The zygote further develops into a new individual or adult. Even though this sounds simple, it is a very slow process, which shows great differences as we move from one species to another, making it highly complex.
Biggest advantage of sexual mode of reproduction
Sexual mode of reproduction has a great advantage over the asexual mode. We all know that asexual reproduction results in clones, which possess the same genome as that of their parents. This is a great disadvantage at the time of adverse conditions. It is due to the absence of genetic variants which can be selected by the nature (as per natural selection principle of Charles Darwin). This is why organisms with simpler organisation, like fungi and algae switch to sexual mode of reproduction just before the onset of adverse conditions.
Now, why do they do this? What is the advantage of switching over to sexual reproduction just before the onset of adverse conditions? This is because sexual mode of reproduction always favour variations and promotes generation of new genetic combinations (variants). During adverse conditions, these variants get selected by the nature and hence, these variants get selected by the nature, as a result of which, they are able to tide over adverse conditions.
Different phases in the life span of a sexually reproducing organism
It is not possible for an organism to start reproducing sexually all of a sudden. They have to grow and reach a certain state of maturity and development. This period from birth till attainment of maturity is called juvenile phase or vegetative phase (in the case of plants). Only after completing the juvenile phase, the organisms can begin to reproduce sexually.
Followed by the juvenile or vegetative phase, is the reproductive phase. An organism in this phase is completely capable of reproducing sexually. In the case of annual and biennial plants, it is very easy to demarcate these phases. However, in the case of perennials, it is very difficult to demarcate these phases. In the case of animals, before they pass on to reproductive phase from juvenile phase, many changes occur in them. After the end of reproductive phase, the senescent phase begins, which is the final phase in the life span of an organism reproducing sexually. All the three phases shows different duration from species to species.
Events of sexual reproduction
Even though the method of sexual reproduction varies greatly from organism to organism, the overall process remains the same in all organisms. The major trademark of sexual mode of reproduction is the fusion of male and female gametes to form zygote, which is also known as fertilization. For ease of studying, the events of sexual reproduction are classified into three stages. The three stages of sexual reproduction are :
1. Pre-fertilization events : events occurring before fertilization.
3. Post-fertilization events : events occurring after fertilization.
These are the three stages in sexual reproduction.
More articles: Sex
No responses found. Be the first to comment... | <urn:uuid:80afc64e-24c1-4941-a2a3-c1c185d6310f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/150781-Sexual-reproduction-organisms.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00095-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945186 | 920 | 3.609375 | 4 |
A new wave of robotic wheelchairs is taking over the traditional wheelchair scene, and the Carrier Wheelchair is set to be at the top of this robo-chair craze.
Effective for traveling over any terrain and situation, the Carrier Wheelchair is a robotic wheelchair built with a specially shaped frame that can maneuver over pracitally anything—including any type of toilet. How? A "trap door" opens when you need to go, so there’s "no need for awkward transfers or assisted lifts," according to Yanko Design.
Capable of complete elevation to make higher objects easier to reach, the Carrier Wheelchair also makes moving up stairs and inclines a piece of cake due to its "Galileo Wheel," which combines a wheel and track into a single drive.
Autonomous Robotic Wheels
More Stats +/-
19 Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles
18 Wacky Wheelchairs | <urn:uuid:fd65a4ab-350f-491f-ab32-a7d5b348122e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/carrier-wheelchair | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00005-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929294 | 186 | 1.835938 | 2 |
When Hilton Hotels & Resorts decided that they needed to upgrade their high-frequency use pool gates with heavy duty closer hinges, they reached out to Waterson. According to the Hilton, their pool gates opened and closed on average over 1000 timers per day, over 30,000 timers per month, and easily over 1,000,000 times in 3 years. Therefore, they needed durable hinges that could handle the rigors of extensive use.
“We have a very heavily used pool acces gate,” says Hilton Chief Engineer, R.J. Roberts,. “It recently failed after over 3 years of extensive use, which is really good!” As a result, Mr. Roberts returned to Waterson in search of a reliable and heavy duty replacement closer hinge.
Pool gates serve a critical safety function that requires self-closing for optimal effectiveness. The 2021 International Swimming Pool and Spa Code (ISPSC) states that “Outdoor pools and spas and indoor swimming pools shall be surrounded by a barrier.” A barrier, such as a fence and a gate, helps prevent accidental drownings in pools, spas, and other water features – a properly-closed pool gate ensures that young children can’t easily approach a hazardous situation. Self-closing gates with effective latches are a common solution to ensure optimal pool safety.
The Waterson gate closer is crafted out of durable 304 or 316 stainless steel, which ensures corrosion resistance from pool chemicals and the like. In addition, the Waterson patented internal mechanism design provides effective speed and tension control, making gates ADA-compliant with under 5lbs opening force and 5 seconds closing time. At the same time, Waterson closer hinges are weldable, which strengthens their durability even more.
Click here to learn the list pricing and features for full surface gate closer hinges which Hilton chose. Please contact Waterson If you are interested in buying in bulk. | <urn:uuid:ea27ba50-e17d-4654-a4f4-0d1d10b10507> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://watersonusa.com/case-study/durability-auto-door-closer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.939145 | 396 | 1.539063 | 2 |
See all the Anglican, Catholic and Orthodox church buildings in Greater London
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December 15, 2017 14:05 / Leave a comment
The church for the contemporary Spring Grove estate. It dates from 1856 and was designed by the estate’s architect J. Taylor. impressive windows of 1866 by Robert Bayne, plus two in the nave by Veronica Whall.
Blog at WordPress.com. | <urn:uuid:6d83759b-a805-4461-bc83-1de47907d46e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://londonchurchbuildings.com/category/taylor-j/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.901481 | 111 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Sagra of porcini mushrooms in Sarzana, Liguria Photo by: iryna1
What is a sagra
A sagra is a traditional Italian food festival that usually takes place yearly and is centered around the local food produced in that town or region. So, Now that I have given you the wiki description, let me tell you what a sagra is to me and why you should go.
Sagre (plural in Italian) are a fun way to spend an evening blending in with locals and sampling a specialty food or drink from the area. There is almost always some ancient pagentry, music, dancing, bingo (which I never win) and games. The wine is flowing and it is impossible not to be overwhelmed by the sights, smells and above all else the pure Italianness of it all.
Some tips on how to find a sagra food festival in your area.
If you google sagra in Italy, Tuscany, or whatever town or region you are in, I can guarantee you will be more perplexed than when you started. The websites are old, outdated and often not accurate. (here are a few I found)
They are pretty bad right? If you want to go the search engine route, definitely start your search before you leave for Italy.
Keep on the lookout for posters!
The best way to find a sagra in your area is to look for the fliers that are always posted around town or in the main piazza. I’ve included some here so you will know what to look for.
Stumbling upon them is always fun!
Once when we were traveling near Siena, we came across a tiny town on a hill called Chiusure. While we were walking around, I noticed people setting up for a sagra. I also noticed an incredible amount of artichokes in the back of a tiny 3 wheeled truck. At that moment, I felt like I had just hit the jackpot or won at bingo! I LOVE ARTICHOKES. I immediately asked when the sagra was starting and returned later that evening. What we found was a true Italian food festival all about Artichokes. We had such a great night enjoying the music and the food. For one shining moment we felt like a part of this lovely little town. | <urn:uuid:df53104f-ff78-4ae3-b23e-ac92e6f8e6c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://local-italy.com/italian-food-festivals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.972505 | 486 | 1.539063 | 2 |
This year has seen a dramatic shift in American Jews’ attitudes toward Israel. In January many liberal Jews were shocked by the Gaza war, in which Israel used overwhelming force against a mostly defenseless civilian population unable to flee. Then came the rise to power of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman, whose explicitly anti-Arab platform was at odds with an American Jewish electorate that had just voted 4 to 1 for a minority president. Throw in angry Israelis writing about the "rot in the Diaspora," and it’s little wonder young American Jews feel increasingly indifferent about a country that has been at the center of Jewish identity for four decades.
These stirrings on the American Jewish street will come to a head in late October in Washington with the first national conference of J Street, the reformation Israel lobby. J Street has been around less than two years, but it is summoning liberal–and some not so liberal–Jews from all over the country to "rock the status quo," code for AIPAC (the American Israel Public Affairs Committee).
Sure sounds like a velvet revolution in the Jewish community, huh? Not so fast. The changes in attitudes are taking place at the grassroots; by and large, Jewish leaders are standing fast. And as for policymakers, the opening has been slight. There seems little likelihood the conference will bring us any closer to that holy grail of the reformers: the ability of a US president, not to mention Congress, to put real pressure on Israel.
First the good news. There’s no question the Gaza conflict has helped break down the traditional Jewish resistance to criticizing Israel. Gaza was "the worst public relations disaster in Israel’s history," says M.J. Rosenberg, a longtime Washington analyst who reports for Media Matters Action Network. For the first time in a generation, leading American Jews broke with the Jewish state over its conduct. New York Times columnist Roger Cohen said he was "shamed" by Israel’s actions, while Michelle Goldberg wrote in the Guardian that Israel’s killing of hundreds of civilians as reprisal for rocket attacks was "brutal" and probably "futile."
Even devoted friends of Israel Leon Wieseltier and Michael Walzer expressed misgivings about the disproportionate use of force, and if Reform Jewish leaders could not bring themselves to criticize the war, the US left was energized by the horror. Medea Benjamin, a co-founder of Code Pink, threw herself into the cause of Gazan freedom after years of ignoring Israel-Palestine, in part out of deference to her family’s feelings. In The Nation Naomi Klein came out for boycott, divestment and sanctions; later, visiting Ramallah, she apologized to the Palestinians for her "cowardice" in not coming to that position earlier. | <urn:uuid:5e62623f-3b60-46cb-8bf2-d107d527fcc1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.thenation.com/article/american-jews-rethink-israel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00164-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956164 | 581 | 1.585938 | 2 |
The United Nations this week is sponsoring its third development conference, following previous gatherings in 1986 and 1990. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan opened the conference in Brussels, saying that it is up to industrialized countries to increase aid and open their markets. RFE/RL correspondent Mark Baker reports that participants will be looking for ways to ensure that at least some of the world's growing wealth makes it way to the poorest countries, following a decade of global prosperity during which the poorest countries mostly only got poorer.
Brussels, 14 May 2001 (RFE/RL) -- UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan has called on the industrialized countries to honor an earlier commitment to provide aid to the world's poorest countries.
Speaking this morning in Brussels to open a week-long UN conference on poverty, Annan said the developed world had largely failed to live up to an earlier pledge to give 0.7 percent of their collective Gross National Product (GNP) in aid. He says aid levels as a whole have reached only 0.2 percent of GNP:
"The developed countries have long committed themselves on paper to giving 0.7 percent of their gross national product to development aid, and we heard [French] President [Jacques] Chirac talk about this. Very few [countries] have lived up to that pledge, while the developed world as a whole has reached only 0.2 percent."
Representatives of the world's 49 poorest countries, along with top UN, European Union, and international officials, are meeting this week in the Belgian capital to consider ways to ensure that the world's least developed countries share in the global economic boom.
The conference, jointly sponsored by the UN and the European Union, is the third such gathering, following meetings in 1986 and 1990. Since the last conference, the number of countries considered by the UN to be "very poor" has risen to 49 from 25, while much of the industrialized world has enjoyed unprecedented prosperity.
Officials say they will be looking at ways both to increase trade with poor countries and to raise aid levels.
Annan said that while more aid is necessary, the best hope for the least developed countries lies in attracting investment and fostering trade. He pointed out that industrialized countries still maintain relatively high tariffs on many of the agricultural products, raw materials, and textiles that poor countries rely on for their livelihood.
He called for a new round of trade talks that would, he said, focus on the needs of lesser-developed countries:
"I believe that the best hope for LDCs (least developed countries) and indeed for the developing world in general lies in a new round of global, multilateral trade negotiations. And this time it must be a true development round. The round must aim to eliminate all tariff and non-tariff barriers in the developed countries to trade in agricultural products, textiles, and other products of interest to the LDCs."
Annan says the industrialized -- what he called the "more fortunate" -- countries would stand to gain as well from more trade:
"More fortunate countries have every reason to open their markets to products from the LDCs. Their consumers will benefit from wider choice and lower prices. Their industries will benefit from the competition. And by allowing poor people in poor countries to make an honest living, [the richer countries] would contribute to a fairer and more stable world order."
European Commission President Romano Prodi told the conference that economic development and globalization in the past decade had largely failed to narrow the gap between the world's richest and poorest countries:
"Globalization and new technologies have become [a] driving force. As a result, life has improved, but the gap between rich and poor nations has widened dramatically."
Prodi likened poverty to cancer. He told the group that it is within the power of the industrialized world to remove the cancer and that the developed countries have what he called a "duty and responsibility" to do so.
This week, officials are also likely to discuss the growing problem of AIDS and HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, in the least developed countries.
Annan said only one country, Botswana, had managed to free itself from the list of the poorest countries in the past decade, but he said that accomplishment has largely been eliminated by the spread of AIDS. He said Botswana now has one of the highest AIDS infection rates in the world.
Annan said he has made combating AIDS and HIV his personal priority:
"Indeed in much of Africa, AIDS is far more than a health crisis, it has become not only the biggest cause of death but the number-one development challenge. And the same may soon be true in several countries of Asia too. At present I am making this challenge my personal priority."
The 49 countries regarded by the UN as the world's poorest were chosen based on their respective income levels as well as life expectancy, education, and literacy rates.
Most of the 49 (34) are in Africa, including Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Sudan. There are nine countries in Asia, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, and Laos.
The five in the Pacific are Kiribati, the Solomon Islands, Samoa, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu, and in the Caribbean, Haiti. | <urn:uuid:acadb458-cb40-4cf5-b56a-7d6ebadae213> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rferl.org/a/1096428.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00529-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966808 | 1,089 | 2.03125 | 2 |
We are a locally owned business established in 1981 in Billings MT.
We can proudly say that we have Four Certified Arborists at your service, we provide professional tree trimming, shaping, and removal. We employ Certified Tree Workers / Climbers and aerial truck operators. We also provide disease control and Integrated Pest Management services that often require skilled diagnostics to determine the best treatment for your plants.
What is a Certified Arborist?
A Certified Arborist is a specialist trained in the art and science of planting and caring for trees. The International Society of Arboriculture is the organization that provides education and testing for people that want to become a Certified Arborist. Arborists are knowledgeable about the needs of trees and shrubs, and are trained and equipped to provide proper care. Hiring an Arborist is a decision that should not be taken lightly. Proper tree care is an investment which can lead to substantial returns. Well cared-for plants are healthy and attractive, and can add considerable value to your property. Poorly maintained trees can be a significant liability. Pruning or removing trees, especially large trees, can be dangerous work. To avoid death or injury, tree work should only be performed by those trained and equipped to work safely in trees. Check the yellow pages for those who advertise they are ISA Certified Arborists or display the official logo of the ISA Certified Arborist. You can use the ISA home page to check for a Certified Arborists in your area by clicking here.
Your Pine trees could be in danger!
Get the information you need to save your trees | <urn:uuid:62d888e1-04f6-4abe-888c-e0ca59dd287b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.yvts.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00492-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950413 | 322 | 1.609375 | 2 |
It isn't easy to solve it completely, but there are some things that you can do to minimize it. A simple periodic vinegar flush isn't going to do much.
Peggie Hall who owned a marine sanitation company and wrote a book on the subject says that flushing extensively after each use is the best way. Uric acid in urine reacts with calcium and magnesium in sea water and causes a white substance to precipitate out. Those white crystals combine with, you know what to form the scale on the insides of the hose. Flushing completely moves the problem to the waste tank, not the hoses.
Of course your holding tank fills up faster.
Removing the scale with chemicals, even strong hydrochloric acid is tough. You are better off removing the hose, replacing it or beating it against a tree trunk to break up the scale.
And even though I am not a chemist, I am a retired chemical engineer, so close. | <urn:uuid:58a5d9d6-034a-44a4-ab56-8745a6f96e1b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.trawlerforum.com/forums/s31/chemist-wanted-18093.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00312-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954864 | 194 | 1.828125 | 2 |
The Way We Roll! Clementine and the Family Meeting by Sara Pennypacker
Usually when I get home, things get better, but not THAT day.
Clementine is having a bad day. Her sometimes best friend seems to moving on into an early adolescence and is obsessed with getting her to wear lipstick in third grade. The class pet rat, "Eighteen," subject of her science project. is missing from her cage, meaning her half-done project is kaput. She's lost her cap of many colors, handknit by Grandma, Dad won't even let her try on his new toolbelt, and then there's an ominous message on the fridge door standing between her and a soothing cup of hot cocoa.
A family meeting usually means that Clementine has done something very wrong. But she can't think of anything she's done, and Mom only says mysteriously, "You'll find out tonight."
Clementine settles for hoping that her family has finally relented and she's getting a pet gorilla.
Clementine's feelings are all mixed up. But that's nothing new for her.
One way that I am like my fruit name is that I have lots of sections. Right now, a couple of Clementine sections are worrying about Eighteen. A few Clementine sections were thinking about that tool belt and a few of them were mad at my dad for thinking it was even funny not to share it.
But it's not a gorilla her family is getting. They're going to have a new baby!
For Clementine that just feels wrong. With her little brother, there are already four of them--two boys and two girls. They each have a parent partner to do stuff with. They fit perfectly around their four-sided table. They can all work on the same puzzle, one on each side. Things are just right (except for that gorilla) just as they are! Everything comes in even numbers--even hot dogs!. Now a whole bunch of Clementine's sections are worrying about how a baby is going to spoil their perfect family. And no one else seems to be worrying nearly enough about that. After all, they won't even fit around their dining table anymore.
"That's just how we roll, Clemmy!" Dad says.
Sara Pennypacker's latest, Clementine and the Family Meeting (Hyperion, 2011), takes up the evergreen subject of the difference that new babies make in every family. With good humor and family spirit, Clementine comes around to the idea of a permanently changed family, and along the way other things work out, too. Eighteen turns up, in a hole behind the class bookcase, with her own expanded family, in a nest padded by shreds of Clemmy's lost cap; Grandma knits and sends a new one, and best of all, Dad gets her her own grown-up tool belt and tools with which they begin a new project--a table of Clementine's design, one with five sides.
Pennypackers' fifth book in her notable Clementine series, so charmingly illustrated by Caldecott artist Marla Frazee, put her solidly in contention as the worthy successor to Beverly Cleary and her beloved Ramona books, solid family-centered fiction for the beginning chapter readers in the early elementary years. After all, with a talented author and artist working together, that's just how it rolls! | <urn:uuid:ff4992b7-1e72-418f-8a60-3ba326e950bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://booksforkidsblog.blogspot.com/2012/01/way-we-roll-clementine-and-family.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00208-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978187 | 703 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Are you currently suffering from a severe Disorder and have lost all hopes of a healthy lifestyle or a longer life? Have your regional physicians raised their hands? Do not worry. There’s still a ray of hope and that is getting you admitted at a hospital in Bangalore. The majority of the hospitals have highly skilled surgeons and newest technologies to think of the best medical options for their patients. Regardless of what the disease is, these ultra-modern hospitals have a medical alternative for you. The surgeons and medical Services in these Indian hospitals are not next to any hospital in the western world. In-fact, a growing number of patients in the India and US are going towards India for seeking cost-effective medical options. All India Institute of Medical Science AIIMS is one such place which provides best medical treatments for virtually all diseases. Can it be a hip replacement surgery or a heart transplant, you can be sure of getting great results with a renowned hospital in India.
In case, you are living out Of India or outside of Bangalore, you can check out considerable of information about those hospitals on their own sites. You just have to enter the name of the hospital at a search engine such as Google and it will show you all of the pertinent information about that specific institution. Is not it great? You can also have a look at the best cardiology hospital in bangalore. Being the capital, Bangalore boasts of having a range of well-equipped hospitals. And so it is quite easier to locate a clinic in Bangalore and receive the advanced medical facilities at very affordable prices. Sounds like music to ears. Does not it? So, there’s simply no need to drop hope. Just make your mind up and get yourself admitted at a famous hospital in India.
In the recent few years, Bangalore has become a popular destination for those suffering acute medical conditions. Here people from throughout the globe not only secure best-in-class medical treatments but also get them at very reasonable rates. The town boasts of a high number of hospitals and other health care units with state-of-the-art medical facilities at very affordable prices. Patients from throughout the globe see the capital to avail world class treatment centers at cheaper costs when compared to the costs charged by the hospitals in the western nations. With the progress in the technology, an individual can check all the details about these hospitals throughout the internet resources. | <urn:uuid:ec8d02c9-0218-4fa1-875b-737cfaaa8ad3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://gcffamily.org/2020/indias-best-cardiology-hospital-which-give-you-best-care.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.954954 | 481 | 1.601563 | 2 |
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