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Nidah 44 - 50
- Which laws apply to a boy or girl from birth
- Which apply to a girl from age three
- At what age can a girl conceive a child
- Status of a nine-year old boy
- Status of vows made by boy or girl a year before adulthood
- The Divine hairdressing of the first woman
- If a boy or girl reaches twelve but lacks the physical signs of adulthood
- The stages of feminine development
- The father's rights in regard to his daughter
- When do we declare a woman an ailonit and a man a saris s
- When do women examine a girl to determine adulthood
- General rules regarding ritual impurity and eligibility to judge or give testimony
Shaming a Slave
There are certain physical features in a woman which indicate that she has reached the stage of being a na'arah with all the responsibilities of an adult.
When the Sage Shmuel wished to ascertain whether a female slave of his had reached this stage, he faced a dilemma. Without an examination he could not be sure. But such an examination is a source of embarrassment. Shmuel understood that when the Torah (Vayikra 24:15) said in regard to non-Jewish slaves, "You shall work with them forever" it limited a slave owner to working his slave but gave him no right to embarrass a slave.
Shmuel solved the problem by conducting the indispensable examination and then paying her four zuz as compensation for her embarrassment.
Tosefot points out that Shmuel had no legal obligation to make such payment because there is an opinion (Bava Kama 67a) that slaves do not suffer shame and there is no need for compensation. Even according to the opinion that there is a need to compensate when shaming a slave, the payment goes to the slave's owner.
Despite these considerations Shmuel was afraid of Heavenly punishment for what he did to a human being and the payment was to avoid such a consequence.
- Nidah 47a
What the Sages Say
"When the mishna states that even one who is qualified to judge monetary cases is not qualified to judge capital ones, it is referring to a mamzer and a convert."
- Rabbi Yehuda - Nidah 49b | <urn:uuid:57dc44a1-8cfd-4e49-86d7-78d826ef3c18> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ohr.edu/5210 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00428-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962564 | 474 | 2.421875 | 2 |
We can easily find the required values to combine rows with the same ID in Excel. Today we are going to learn about doing the process step by step in Excel.
Download the following workbook and exercise.
3 Simple Methods to Combine Rows with Same ID in Excel
1. Combine Rows with Same ID by VBA
Let’s consider I have a worksheet containing the Salesman’s name and ID and the dates they got paid. Now I Have to merge them.
- Go to the Sheet tab and right-click on the mouse.
- Select View Code.
- Microsoft Visual Basic for Application window pops up.
♦ Note: You can find this window also by pressing the Alt+F11 keys.
- Now in the module window, paste the following VBA codes.
Sub Combine_Rows_with_IDs() Dim x1 As Range Dim x2 As Long Dim A As Long, B As Long, C As Long On Error Resume Next Set x1 = Application.InputBox("Select Range:", "Combine Rows with IDs", Selection.Address, , , , , 8) Set x1 = Range(Intersect(x1, ActiveSheet.UsedRange).Address) If x1 Is Nothing Then Exit Sub x2 = x1.Rows.Count For A = x2 To 2 Step -1 For B = 1 To A - 1 If x1(A, 1).Value = x1(B, 1).Value And B <> A Then For C = 2 To x1.Columns.Count If x1(B, C).Value <> "" Then If x1(A, C).Value = "" Then x1(A, C) = x1(B, C).Value Else x1(A, C) = x1(A, C).Value & "," & x1(B, C).Value End If End If Next x1(B, 1).EntireRow.Delete A = A - 1 B = B - 1 End If Next Next ActiveSheet.UsedRange.Columns.AutoFit End Sub
- Then to run this VBA code Click on the Run button or press the key F5.
- A dialogue box pops up and selects the range of rows we want to combine.
- And finally, click OK.
- And we’ll get the resultant outputs as shown below.
2. Use Consolidate Tool to Merge Rows in Excel
Consolidate tool collects data from a different location, to sum up, the values. Let’s think that we have a worksheet containing the salesman’s name and salary. We are going to use the Consolidate tool to find out the total amount of one’s salary by combining the rows.
- From the Toolbar, select Data > Consolidate.
- A dialogue box pops up.
- We can choose different Functions.
- Now select the data range by keeping the key column in the leftmost.
- After that press Add to add the references.
- Tick on the Top row & Left column and press OK.
- At last, you can see the summary of the data.
Read more: How to Merge Rows in Excel
3. Insert IF Function to Combine Rows in Excel
The logical function IF evaluates the given conditions and gives one value for true result another one for false. We can cause it for combining rows containing text values. Here we have a dataset (B4:C10) were to combines the books from different rows according to the writer.
- After selecting the table, click Data > Sort.
- Sort the table by the main column.
- Now the table looks like bellow.
- After that, we need helping columns containing the formula. One formula merges the book name.
- In Cell D5 write the formula:
- Hit Enter and drag the cursor.
- Here is another column we use another formula that will look for the complete book name listing.
- In Cell E5, write formula:
- Hit Enter and drag it down, we will see the result below.
- At this moment, copy the results and paste them in Cell D5 as values.
- Again Sort the values by the last helping column in descending order.
- This way we can bring all merged values to the top.
- Finally, we can delete the column that is not needed.
These are the quickest way to combine rows with the same ID in Excel. There is a practice workbook added. Go ahead and give it a try. Feel free to ask anything or suggest any new methods.
- How to Combine Rows into One Cell in Excel (4 Methods)
- How to Combine Multiple Rows into One Cell in Excel
- Combine Duplicate Rows and Sum the Values in Excel
- Excel Formula to Count Cells with Text (Download Free Workbook)
- How to Concatenate Multiple Cells in Excel
- How to Combine Multiple Cells Into One Cell Separated By Comma In Excel (Functions & VBA) | <urn:uuid:52a77837-a187-4c8d-8a4e-a684f8c9837f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.exceldemy.com/excel-combine-rows-with-same-id/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.801594 | 1,128 | 2.5 | 2 |
Butterflies and Moths in Nabokov's Published Writings
Alphabetical Order ‒ Page 7
Pachythone barcanti [Lycaenidae, Riodininae]: a Trinidad butterfly figured in Malcolm Barcant's Butterflies of Trinidad and Tobago (London [Collins] 1971) which the author had described as a new species and Nabokov recognized as having been described before, by G.E. Tite.
Painted Lady: »Vanessa cardui
Palaeochrysophanus (ex Chrysophanus, Lycaena) hippothoe Linnaeus, 1761 [Lycaenidae, Lycaeninae]: a copper on moist meadows from N Spain through most of Europe and E across Siberia to the Amur region and Japan. In Britain it is extinct. The males have a bright violet tinge along the borders of the upper forewings.
& Ac: Paleochrysóphanus/Chrysóphanus hippóthoë • En: Purple-edged Copper • Fr: le cuivré écarlate, (Autres rivages) le Bronzé • Ge: Kleiner Ampfer(feuer)falter, Dukatenvogel, Lilafalter, Lilagold-Feuerfalter • Ru: червонец шавелевый • Sp: manto de cobre
Pandora: »Pandoriana pandora
Pandoriana (ex Argynnis) pandora Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 [Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae, Argynnini]: the largest European fritillary (wingspan up to 66 mm), with greenish hindwings above and below. Iberian Peninsula, S France, Italy, Balkans, N Africa and E to C Asia, NW India and W China.
& Ac: Argýnnis/Pandoriána pandóra • En: Cardinal • Fr: le cardinal • Ge: Pandorafalter, Roter Perlmutterfalter, Grüner Silberstrich • Ru: перламутровка пандора, кардинал • Sp: pandora
Paphia Fritillary: »Argynnis paphia
Papilio Linnaeus, 1758: a genus of »Papilionidae, subfamily Papilioninae (swallowtails). The type-species, selected by Latreille in 1810, is »Papilio machaon, the Swallowtail of Europe. Originally Linné placed all the butterflies of his System in only one genus, Papilio. (Of course, papilio is Latin for 'butterfly'.) Thus Papilio was the very first genus of Rhopalocera. Today, Papilio is a relative small genus, with only four members in Europe and ten in N America.
*NabBut 147 (L), 717 (L); LtVé 159
Papilio alexanor Esper, 1799 [Papilionidae]: the Southern Swallowtail, in isolated populations in SE France, S Balkans, Turkey, Near East, Middle East, Transcaucasia to Iran and C Asia; extinct in Italy.
*NabBut 578 (BE); LtVé 163
Papilio bunnyi: 'Bunny's Swallowtail,' an imaginary butterfly drawn by Nabokov in a letter to Edmund Wilson (Jan 3, 1944).
Papilio dardanus (Internet)
Papilio dardanus Brown, 1776 [Papilionidae]: This African species of swallowtails is the best-known and most spectacular case of Batesian mimicry in butterflies. The males (tailed and predominantly pale yellow with black wingtips and spots) are non-mimetic. The females are highly polymorphic. In some regions (Madagascar, Ethiopia) they mimic the males, while in others they mimic various noxious butterflies in the genera Amauris Hübner, 1816 and Danaus Kluk 1802. Not just six but more than thirty morphs have been described, most of them mimetic.
& Ac: Papílio dardánus • En: Mocker Swallowtail, Flying Handkerchief • Fr: le voilier faux-monarque • Ge: Afrikanischer Schwalbenschwanz • It: dardano • Ru: (Dar) африканский кавалер
Papilio elwesi (Internet)
Papilio elwesi Leech, 1892 [Papilionidae]: a very rare swallowtail in C China and Taiwan, "a black wonder with tails in the shape of hooves". The wingspan is c. 95 mm; because of the broad, hoove-like tails, the hindwings are as wide as the forewings. The basic color is black and brown; the crescents along the margins of the hindwings are strongly developed and cinnebar.
& Ac: Papílio élwesi • En: Elwes' Swallowtail • Ge: *Elwes' Schwalbenschwanz • Ru: (Dar) кавалера Эльвеза
Papilio (ex Pterourus) glaucus Linnaeus, 1758 [Papilionidae]: the Tiger Swallowtail, a large and conspicuous swallowtail (wingspan 80–140 mm) common all over N America, especially in the East.
*SelLet 368: NabBut 398 (L)
Papilio hospiton (Hofmann 1894)
Papilio hospiton Guenée, 1839 [Papilionidae]: patterned similar to the European Swallowtail (»Papilio machaon), it is smaller and has only rudimentary tails. It occurs only in Corsica and Sardinia.
*Stor:Aur 250; StrOps 334; NabBut 218 (FB), 578 (BE), 596 (BE)
& Ac: Papílio hóspiton • En: Corsican Swallowtail • Fr: le porte-queue corse • Ge: *Korsischer Schwalbenschwanz • Ru: корсиканский ласточкин хвост, (DarII) госпитон
Papilio indra Reakirt, 1866 [Papilionidae]: the Indra (or Short-tailed Black) Swallowtail, a rather small American swallowtail (wingspan 62–72 mm), black with cream-colored spots, blue patches and orange eyespots, in the Rocky Mountains.
In the index of Pale Fire, there are "Nitra and Indra, twin islands of Blawick". They are two of Nabokov's cryptic butterflies, hidden in a name. »Papilio zelicaon nitra is another black swallowtail in the W of N America. Nitra and Indra are twin islands just as Papilio indra and Papilio zelicaon nitra (or »Erebia disa and »Erebia embla) are twin species.
The larger Grand Canyon subspecies mentioned in Nabokov's letter to William H. Howe (Jan 25, 1965) is Papilio indra kaibabensis Bauer, 1955, the Grand Canyon Swallowtail. (For 'kaibabensis,' cf. »Aricia icarioides.)
*Papilio laglaizei Depuiset, 1877 [Papilionidae, Papilioninae]: In The Gift, there is "a tropical geometrid colored in perfect imitation of a species of butterfly infinitely removed from it in nature's system, the illusion of the orange abdomen possessed by one being humorously reproduced in the other by the orange-colored inner margins of the secondaries".
Karges (1985) identified it as Aletis libyssa, mimicking Danaus chrysippus. It is true that Aletis libyssa (actually Cartaletis libyssa Hopffer, 1857, the type-species of the genus Cartaletis Warren, 1894), the African Monarch Looper, mimics the poisonous African Monarch, called the Plain Tiger in America (»Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758, Nymphalidae, Danainae). This, however, cannot be the insect referred to. The African Monarch, and hence the Monarch Looper, both have pale yellowish wings with broad black margins. The body, including the abdomen, is black and not orange; and the Looper's hindwings do not in any way mimic the Monarch's abdomen.
However, there is the well-known case of a papilionid butterfly mimicking a poisonous day-flying uraniid moth on the island of New Guinea. The butterfly mimic is Papilio laglaizei Depuiset, 1877 [Papilionidae], the moth model is Alcides agathyrsus Kirsch, 1877 [Uraniidae]. Nabokov may have found it in a book on mimicry by Arnold Jacobi (Mimikry, Braunschweig 1913, p. 155). Jacobi described the case thus: "Both are a dull steel-blue with a faint silvery lustre, have a narrow light badge in the apex of the forewing and a whitish green band across both wings; the hindwings have a narrow silvery white margin. On the underside they are a little more different, but even there one detail makes the butterfly similar to the model, the yellow flanks of the moth's abdomen being imitated by an oblong orange patch along the inner margins of the butterfly's hindwings, of course only when it is resting." That is, the butterfly's wings at rest mimic the moth's brilliantly colored abdomen.
This no doubt is the case Nabokov had in mind. However, he got it slightly wrong in his memory, the geometrid being a uraniid and not the moth but the butterfly being the mimic.
Papilio machaon (Lampert 1907)
Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 [Papilionidae]: the (Old World) Swallowtail, a stately butterfly of the Northern hemisphere, the cover beauty of many a butterfly book. Papilio was Linné's first and only genus of butterflies, and machaon was (and is) its type-species – so in a way it is the first of all butterflies of science.
The Swallowtail has a wingspan of 50–75 mm. The color is yellow and black, with blue lozenges and a red eyespot on the hindwings. It is a rather variable species; many forms and aberrations have been described. Its range is from N Africa across Europe (except for Britain) and temperate Asia N of the Himalayas to Japan; there are several subspecies in N America.
According to Speak, Memory, it was a Swallowtail that set Nabokov's lifelong passion for butterflies in motion in June 1906 on the Vyra estate: "… my guiding angel […] pointed out to me a rare visitor, a splendid, pale-yellow creature with black blotches, blue crenels, and a cinnebar eyespot above each chrome-rimmed black tail. As it probed the inclined flower from which it hung, its powdery body slightly bent, it kept restlessly jerking its great wings, and my desire for it was one of the most intense I have ever experienced" (p. 120).
In an interview with Gerald Clarke for Esquire (1975), Nabokov mentioned that as a boy he had dreamed of one day writing a monograph on "the Eurasian and American machaon group."
In the copy of King Queen Knave Nabokov dedicated to his Berlin entomologist friend Nikolai »Kardakoff (in the collection of Terry Myers of San Jose, CA), Nabokov wrote parts of a Russian poem on the Swallowtail:
... From afar you can discern the swallowtail
from its sunny, tropic beauty:
along a grassy slope it dashes
and settles on a roadside dandelion.
My net swings, the muslin loudly rustles.
O, yellow demon, how you quiver!
I am afraid to tear its dentate little fringes
and its black, supremely slender tails.
Also, on occasion in the oriole-filled park,
some lucky mid-day, hot and windy,
I'd stand, ecstatic at the fragrance, before a tall and fluffy lilac,
almost crimson in comparison
with the deep blue of the sky,
and, dangling from a cluster, palpitating,
the swallowtail, a gold-winged guest, grew tipsy,
while, blindingly, the wind was swaying
both butterfly and luscious cluster.
You aim, but the branches interfere;
you swing – but with a flash it vanishes,
and from the net turned inside out
tumble only severed crests of flowers.
(Translation from the Russian by Dmitri Nabokov)
*Stor:Xmas 134; Glory 9; Gift 133; SpeakM 120, 122; Ada 393; StrOps 332; SelLet 113, 287; NabBut 121 (P), 147 (L), 527 (L); Lep2 257, 268
& Ac: Papílio macháon • En: (European) Swallowtail, Machaon Swallowtail, Old World Swallowtail, Artemisia Swallowtail • Fr: le machaon, le porte-queue • Ge: Schwalbenschwanz • It: macaone • Ru: (парусник) Махаон • Sp: macaón
Papilio machaon alpica Verity, 1911 [Papilionidae]: allegedly a subspecies of the Old World Swallowtail, "up to 2000m in the Maritime Alps," Nabokov thought it an "altitudinal form hardly worth naming". The name alpica has been synonymized under machaon, leading to its demise.
*NabBut 582 (BE)
Probably Papilio machaon britannicus, as figured by Moses Harris in The Aurelian (1766)
Papilio machaon britannicus Seitz, 1906 [Papilionidae]: the Norfolk Swallowtail, the English subspecies of »Papilio machaon, the Old World Swallowtail. It is narrower and darker than the Swallowtail on the Continent. The black outer margins of the wings are broader, the veins are more clearly outlined in black. Formerly found in all of England, it had retreated to the fens of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk (the Norfolk Broads) but since 1952 was said to be extinct. There have been attempts to boost its numbers by captive breeding. In Ada, the patrons of a Norfolk Broads "floramor" have nicknamed a model 'Swallowtail'.
*Ada 393; StrOps 332; SelLet 474; NabBut 578 (BE)
Papilio machaon gorganus Fruhstorfer, 1922 [Papilionidae]: one of many subspecies of the Old World Swallowtail, in SW Europe, Urals and Caucasus.
*NabBut 578 (BE)
Papilio machaon machaon Linnaeus, 1758 [Papilionidae]: the nominate subspecies of the Old World Swallowtail, that is, the specimen originally described by Linné from Sweden tautonymically designated as the first of its subspecies.
*NabBut 572 (BE), 573 (BE), 578 (BE)
Papilio machaon sphyrus Hübner, 1823 [Papilionidae]: Nabokov considered this a valid subspecies of the Old World Swallowtail: "… as figured by Verity from S. Italy (type locality probably Sicily) goes from dark, heavy, richly colored specimens from Palermo (which he says cannot be distinguished from machaon britannicus Seitz) to very light, slender, pale ones (from Sardinia but I have taken such specimens also in Cannes, in August)." Today sphyrus is treated as a synonym of machaon.
*NabBut 571 (BE)
Papilio podalirius: »Iphiclides podalirius
Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758 [Papilionidae]: the Spicebush Swallowtail, in the E United States. Its caterpillar has two large eyespots between head and thorax that give it a decidedly snakelike look. If threatened, the false head pops out of the body, swelling and even thrashing to and fro in snake fashion. It is obviously counting on the fact that birds and other predators will not reflect on the smallness of this pseudo-snake.
*possibly Gift 110
Papilio waterclosetensis: the imaginary "watercloset parnassian or swallowtail" drawn by Nabokov in a bathroom of his friend Morris Bishop's Ithaca home.
Papilio zelicaon nitra W.H. Edwards, 1883 [Papilionidae]: the Nitra (or Gothic) Swallowtail, an uncommon black subspecies of the Anise Swallowtail, along the E slopes of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to Colorado.
In the index of Pale Fire, there are "Nitra and Indra, twin islands of Blawick". »Papilio indra is another black swallowtail in the W of N America. Nitra and Indra are twin islands just as Papilio indra and Papilio zelicaon nitra and »Erebia disa and »Erebia embla are twin species.
In his interview with Robert H. Boyle, Nabokov recalled "a marvelous day in Alberta when he found 'a treasure, a nitra Swallowtail, sitting there on bear dung'."
*PaleF 311, Int1 130 (NabBut 535)
Papilionidae Latreille, 1802: a small family of large to very large butterflies, some of them very stately and strikingly patterned, comprising around 630 species, most of them flying in the tropics. Their name derives from the Latin word for butterfly, papilio. There are three subfamilies. The largest one is that of Papilioninae, or swallowtails, with some 550 species, most of them in the tropical regions of the Old World. They are rather large, mostly very colorful, and usually have a horn or tail on each hindwing. The smaller group, with 54–76 known species, most of them Palearctic, is that of the Parnassiinae, or apollos. They have no tails, their wings are whitish, diaphanous and rounded, with a few dark eyespots; the bodies are thickly covered with dark hair, and the flight is slow and ambling. The third subfamily, Baroniinae, consists of one sole species, »Baronia brevicornis.
& Ac: Papiliónidae • En: papilionids (apollos and swallowtails) • Fr: papilionidés • Ge: Papilioniden, Ritter(falter), Segelfalter (Apollos, Schwalbenschwänze, Vogelflügler) • It: papilionidi • Ru: парусники, кавалеры • Sp: papiliónidos
Parachilades Nabokov, 1945: a new genus of S American blues named by Nabokov. See in »Section 1.
*Lep9 7–11, 47, passim
Paradisia radugaleta: "the rainbow-colored butterfly of paradise," a wholly imaginary butterfly Nabokov drew for his wife on January 1, 1969.
*Véra's Butterflies, p. 44
*Lep9 36–38, 47; Lep14 480
Paralycaeides (ex Itylos) inconspicua Draudt, 1921 [Lycaenidae]: a rare polyommatine of the vapa species-group, from the High Andes of C and S Peru (Cuzco). There are only three specimens preserved in museum collections.
*NabBut 593 (BE)
Pararge aegeria (Sepp 1762)
Pararge aegeria Linnaeus, 1758 [Nymphalidae, Satyrinae]: a satyrine with a wingspan of 32–42 mm, flying in deciduous woodlands from N Africa across Europe to Urals. It forms distinct geographical races. The C European one is the subspecies tircis Butler, 1867; its wings are light brown with cream-colored spots.
"The southern subspecies is especially at home in sun-speckled groves but also occurs in the open, along low hedges etc. The northern subspecies, on the other hand, is with »Lopinga achine one of the very few exclusively woodland butterflies of Europe."
In May 1908 Nabokov's father, then serving a three months term in St. Petersburg's Kresty prison for a political offense, inquired by letter whether his son had gotten "any Egerias" that summer. So the Speckled Wood, though common, seems to have been a coveted species at the beginning of Nabokov's passion for butterflies.
*SpeakM 147, 176; NabBut 98; Lep2 255, 269
& Ac: Parárge aegéria • En: Speckled Wood, (Nabokov) Egeria • Fr: le tircis • Ge: Waldbrettspiel, Laubfalter • Ru: (краеглазка) эгерия • Sp: mariposa de los muros, maculada
Pararge aegeria var. intermedia Weismann, 1875 [Nymphalidae, Satyrinae]: a variety of the Speckled Wood described from the French Riviera. The variety has not been promoted to subspecific rank and thus has no taxonomic standing.
Pararge maera: »Lasiommata maera
Pararge megera: »Lasiommata megera
Pararge roxelana: »Kirinia roxelana
Pargus centaureae freija: correctly »Pyrgus centaureae freija
Parnassius Latreille, 1804: a very distinct genus of »Papilionidae, subfamily Parnassiinae (apollos or parnassians). The type-species is »Parnassius apollo. There are about seventy-five species of Parnassiinae, flying mostly in the colder and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere. Their true realm are the high mountains of C Asia where they fly at altitudes between 3,000 and 4,800 m. The Common Red Apollo (Parnassius epaphus sikkimensis Elwes, 1882) in the main Himalayan range between Chitral and Sikkim, flying up to 5,000 m sideways against the strong cold winds during the short hours of sunshine, may be the altitude champion among butterflies. As they typically live in remote and inaccessible valleys with little or no interbreeding, a great number of local subspecies have evolved. They are difficult to research, very little is known about their life history, and many may not yet be known to man.
In Europe there are just three –
◦ Parnassius apollo Linnaeus, 1758
◦ Parnassius phoebus Fabricius, 1793
◦ Driopa mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758
In N America likewise –
◦ Parnassius eversmanni Ménétriès, 1849
◦ Parnassius clodius Ménétriès, 1855
◦ Parnassius phoebus Fabricius, 1793
Thus phoebus is Holarctic
The apollos are medium-sized, have stout bodies, almost transparent pale white or pale yellow wings turning gray in some, with dark markings and sometimes one or two bright red spots on the hindwings which are incurved. As flyers, they are rather slow and "lazy". In Speak, Memory (p. 210) there is this description: "… strange butterflies of ancient lineage, with rustling, glazed, semitransparent wings and catkin-like flossy abdomens." After mating, the males glue a waxy pouch called a sphragis on the tip of the abdomen of the female, preventing further couplings. All three European species are endangered and in many countries protected by law.
In The Gift (p. 117–118), Fyodor's father on one of his expeditions to C Asia collects "some royal relative of our Apollos," a "white, richly ocellated butterfly", "its hairy yellowish incurved body resembling a willow catkin, and the glazy underside of its crisp folded wings showing the blood-red maculation at their roots". This of course is an invented butterfly (and not necessarily the Imperatorial Apollo of The Gift, p. 123). Nevertheless, its description fits several really existing ones of the charltonius group (named after Parnassius charltonius Gray, 1852, from the SE Himalayas) of C Asia and the Himalayas; several of these have "royal" names, for instance Parnassius charltonius autocrator Avinoff, 1913 and »Parnassius imperator Oberthür, 1883.
In the Russian poem "Slava" ("Fame"), 1942, Nabokov thinks back to his Russian childhood:
It is far to the meadows where I sobbed in my childhood
having missed an Apollo …
In Ada there is a "strange pale butterfly" at the beginning of a picnic in Ardis (p. 79), a "pale diaphanous butterfly with a very black body … closely related to a Japanese Parnassian" following them after the picnic (p. 85) and a "transparent white butterfly floating by" before Van's duel with Captain Tapper (p. 310). It is likely they all are the same butterfly, some imaginary parnassian. The Japanese parnassian referred to could be any of the Japanese subspecies of Parnassius stubbendorfi Ménétriès, 1849; they are all quite similar to the Black Apollo of Europe: glacialis Butler, 1866 (sometimes treated as a species of its own), hokkaidensis Bryk & Eisner, 1914, geisha Bryk & Eisner, 1932, mikado Bryk & Eisner, 1932 and nagoensis Bryk & Eisner, 1932. Perhaps the blackest of them is geisha, restricted to the province of Shinano.
*Ada 79, 85, 310; Stor:Aur 250; Gift 112, 117–8; P&P 105; Ada 85; StrOps 90; NabBut 201 (FB), 250 (P), 309; LtVé 249
& Fr: parnassien, apollon • Fr: apollons • Ge: Alpenfalter, Apollofalter, Parnassier • Ru: (Dar, DarII) Аполлон
Parnassius apollo (Lampert 1907)
Parnassius apollo Linnaeus, 1758 [Papilionidae]: the largest of the three European representatives of the genus »Parnassius (wingspan 70–74 mm), in the larger mountain areas of Europe E to Tianshan and W Siberia.
There is "large white butterfly" with "papery wings, blotched with black and maculated with faded crimson" in Transparent Things. The "papery wings" make it clear that it must be one of the three European parnassians. It cannot be »Driopa mnemosyne as it has some "faded crimson" which the Clouded Apollo lacks, being all black-and-white. So it must be either apollo or phoebus. Both are quite similar, and both occur in the Swiss Alps at middle altitude. The "large" size makes apollo more likely – phoebus is the smaller one. During his years in Montreux Nabokov took both of them, but he did not capture phoebus in the German speaking parts of Switzerland where the novel is mostly set. One of Nabokov's apollos was taken on August 9, 1971 at Saanen-Belmont, in the mountains N of Montreux, just when he was writing Transparent Things. All this makes apollo the more likely candidate.
In his notes for "The Butterflies of Europe", Nabokov says about Parnassius apollo, "One of the most popular European butterflies equally at home in Scandinavia and Sicily with a wide palearctic range from the mountains of Spain, Portugal and France to the plains and mountains of N. and Cen. Asia, from N. Norway to Sicily and Armenia. It is not found either in England or N. Africa and does not reach the Pacific (as phoebus does). Hundreds of 'subspecies' have been described, most of which have no taxonomic or biological standing whatever … One of the most comic escapades in the apollo nomenclatorial farce is a batch of eight 'subspecies' all from Tyrol (!) named by a Herr H. Belling of Berlin-Pankow and carefully preserved in his collection (they all sink with a number of others to brittingeri … (besides about ten other 'subspecies' named from the Tyrol making of that small but touristically very accessible region a perfect paradise for race-names)". In its turn, brittingeri is an 'aberration' of apollo described by Rebel & Rogenhofer from the E Alps and has no taxonomic standing either.
*TranspTh 90; NabBut 583–4 (BE); Lep1 30; LtVé 133, 151, 193
& Ac: Parnássius apóllo • En: Apollo, Alpine Butterfly • Fr: l'apollon • Ge: Apollo(falter) • It: apollo • Ru: парусник Аполлон • Sp: apolo
Parnassius apollo provincialis Kheil, 1905 [Papilionidae]: a subspecies of The Apollo described from Provence, France. "Bryk (1935) darkly points out that the types were bred by Kheil in Prag, but a true subspecies does not change pour si peu unless subjected to experimental temperatures when, however, the resulting aberration should still retain the ssp. basis …"
*NabBut 584 (BE)
Parnassius eversmanni Ménétriès, 1850 [Papilionidae]: a parnassian of E Russia, Mongolia, Japan and Alaska. The wingspan is 48–57 mm. The males are yellow, the females pale yellow or white. On the hindwing, the males have two crimson spots and the females three red spots.
*NabBut 206 (FB)
& Ac: Parnássius éversmanni • Am: Eversmann's Parnassian • Ru: (DarII) Эверсмана Аполлон
Parnassius imperator (Romanoff 1884-1901)
Parnassius imperator Oberthür, 1883 [Papilionidae]: an impressive parnassian [»Parnassius] of Tibet and SW China. Fyodor's father collected its caterpillar near Tatsienlu: "There on the slopes of a snowy range, which were drowned in the rich, rosy foam of great rhododendrons (we used their branches at night for our campfires), I looked in May for the slate-gray, orange-spotted larvae of the Imperatorial Apollo and for its chrysalis, fastened by means of a silk thread to the underside of a stone." This is exactly where the British naturalist A.E. »Pratt whose travel account Nabokov was well acquainted with had collected it in May 1890: "I found time to search for the larvæ of Parnassius imperator and got about twenty, and one pupa. The larva is found on a species of umbelliferous plant and is of a dark slate colour, with ten orange spots on each side, each spot with a black rim. It is covered with short grey hairs, and when touched curls itself into a ring. Its length is 1 3/8 inch. The pupa is brown, and is found attached by a silk web to the under surface of stones" (To the Snows of Tibet through China, London 1892, p. 183).
From one of Nabokov's other sources (Grum-Grzhimaylo 1899, p.361, 367, 375) it is clear that the "royal relative of our Apollos, which had been skimming with a ranging flight over the dangerous screes" in the province of Gansu, China, was Parnassius imperator musagetus Grum-Grzhimaylo.
*Gift 117, 123
& Ac: Parnássius imperátor • En: (Nabokov) Imperatorial Apollo • Fr: (Don) l'apollon impérial • Ge: *Imperatorapollo
Parnassius mnemosyne: »Driopa mnemosyne
Parnassius phoebus Fabricius, 1793 [Papilionidae]: a Holarctic parnassian [»Parnassius] much like »Parnassius apollo Linnaeus, 1758 but smaller (wingspan up to 60 mm instead of 75 mm). Its range is the Urals and the Siberian tundra; in N America it occurs from subarctic Alaska down the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico; in C Europe it is found only at higher altitudes in the Alps.
& Ac: Parnássius phoébus • Am: Phoebus Parnassian • En: Small Apollo • Fr: le petit-apollon • Ge: (Hoch-)Alpenapollo • It: febo, apollo delli Alpi • Ru: парусник Феб, альпийский Аполлон • Sp: apolo pequeño
Parnassius phoebus cervinicolus Fruhstorfer, 1907 [Papilionidae]: an alleged subspecies of the Phoebus Parnassian named after Mt. Cervin where its author supposedly found it, as did Nabokov: "I have found it common in July, 1961, along the western bank of Visp R, just N of Zermatt at 1650m." Parnassius phoebus cervinicolus is no valid subspecies and has been synonymized under phoebus.
*NabBut 584 (BE)
Parnassius phoebus golovinus Holland, 1930 [Papilionidae]: a subspecies of the Small Parnassius or Phoebus Parnassian, in W Alaska. Though Nabokov wrote that golovinus, named after Vice Admiral V.M. Golovnin, rates "a big sic," Karges (1985) says the correct form is golovninus. That's perhaps what the American lepidopterist William Jacob »Holland should have called it, but he certainly did not, writing "Parnassius delius Esper, var. golovinus Holland" – no 'n'. According to the Code, names may not be emended.
& Ac: Parnássius phóebus golovínus • En: *Golovnin's Phoebus Parnassian • Ge: *Golownins Alpenapollo
Parnassius phoebus sayii W.H. Edwards, 1863, syn f. hermodur Henry Edwards, 1881 [Papilionidae]: Say's Parnassian, a subspecies of the Phoebus Parnassian from the mountains of Colorado, South Dakota, Nevada, Wyoming and New Mexico. Edward's "f. hermodur" is a synonym not of sayii but of rubina Wyatt 1961 which in turn is a synonym of sayii.
*NabBut 501 (L)
Parnassius phoebus smintheus Doubleday, 1847 [Papilionidae]: the Smintheus (Parnassian), in the Canadian Rocky Mountains of Alberta and British Columbia. This is the first parnassian described from N America, probably collected by Lord Derby near Banff or Lake Louise.
*NabBut 501 (L)
Peacock Butterfly: »Inachis io
Peacock Moth: »Saturnia pyri
Pear Peacock: »Saturnia pyri
Persian Vaporer: »Vaporer
'Phaedrotes' piasus: »Glaucopsyche piasus
Phalen: As Nabokov explained in a letter to Alfred Appel, Jr., "Miss Phalen's name attracted me because phalène means moth in French". Linnaeus originally listed all butterflies in one genus only, Papilio, and all (predominantly night-flying) moths in another one, Phalaena.
*Lol 56; SelLet 410, 413
Philotes baton albonotata: »Pseudophilotes baton var. albonotata
Philotes bavius fatma Oberthür, 1890 [Lycaenidae]: a blue, very locally in Morocco and Algeria.
& Ac: Philótes bávius fátma • En: Fatma Blue • Ge: *Fatma-Bläuling
Philotes enoptes: »Euphilotes enoptes
Phoebis argante Fabricius, 1775 [Pieridae, Coliadinae]: the Argante Giant Sulphur, in Texas, C America, Cuba, S America.
Phoebis sennae eubule (Encyclopedia of Butterflies 1993)
Phoebis sennae eubule Linnaeus, 1767 [Pieridae, Coliadinae]: a subspecies of Phoebis sennae Linnaeus, 1758, the Cloudless Sulphur, ranging through the Americas, from New England to Patagonia. Like another American Sulphur, »Eurema lisa, it migrates in large swarms.
*StrOps 328, LtVé 465
Phorcis Hübner, 1819 (not Phorcys): an abandoned genus of »Nymphalidae, subfamily Satyrinae, tribe Erebiini (US alpines, GB ringlets and arguses). The type-species was »Erebia epistygne, the Spring Ringlet.
*NabBut 590–2 (BE)
*NabBut 408 (L)
Phyciodes batesii Reakirt, 1865 [Nymphalidae]: the Tawny Crescent, from New England, Quebec and Ontario to Nebraska and Virginia.
*NabBut 408 (L)
Phyciodes mylitta W.H. Edwards, 1861 [Nymphalidae]: the Mylitta Crescent, from SW Canada to S Mexico.
*NabBut 408 (L)
Phyciodes orseis W.H. Edwards, 1871 [Nymphalidae]: the Orseis Crescent, from San Francisco Bay to SW Oregon and Canadian Sierra Nevada.
*NabBut 408 (L)
Phyciodes pallida barnesi Skinner, 1897 [Nymphalidae]: the Thistle Crescent, from British Columbia and NW United States to Montana, Utah and E Nevada.
*NabBut 408 (L)
Phyciodes phaon W.H. Edwards, 1864 [Nymphalidae]: the Phaon Crescent, from S Virginia to Kansas and S California and southward to Honduras.
*NabBut 408 (L)
Phyciodes pictus W.H. Edwards, 1865 [Nymphalidae]: the Painted Crescent, from W Nebraska to SC Arizona and N Mexico.
*NabBut 408 (L)
Phyciodes tharos Drury, 1773, syn cocyta Cramer, 1777 [Nymphalidae]: the Pearl Crescent, from C Canada to S Mexico and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast.
*NabBut 398 (L), 408 (L)
Phyciodes vesta W.H. Edwards, 1869 [Nymphalidae]: the Vesta Crescent, from Texas to Guatemala.
*NabBut 408 (L)
Phyllodesma (ex Epicnaptera) japonica arborea Blöcker, 1908 [Lasiocampidae, Gastropachinae]: a small lappet moth with hoary wings, a "little furry monster," "plump," "reddish-gray," "with sinuate margins, of the leaf-mimicking kind, hanging asleep from a stalk under a bush," in Japan, Siberia, Russia and the Baltic states. Nabokov used the generic name Epicnaptera Rambur, 1866 which was a junior synonym of Phyllodesma Hübner, 1820. The type-species of the genus is Phyllodesma suberifolium Duponchel, 1842. The members of the genus when resting mimic a dead leaf; for this reason they are rarely seen.
Fyodor's father thought he had brought back the first specimen of this moth from his travels to C Asia, but then he found it himself in the Province of St. Petersburg, and a few days later "learned that this new moth had just been described from St. Petersburg specimens by a fellow scientist, and Fyodor cried all night long: they had beaten Father to it!". This fellow scientist must have been Hermann »Blöcker. His OD was published in 1908 (G. Bleker: "Novyi evropeiskii shelkopyad, Epicnaptera arborea, n.sp. (Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae)", Revue Russe d'Entomologie, 2, 1908, p. 126–132, in Russian and German).
& Ac: Phyllodésma/Epicnáptera japónica arbórea • En: (Nabokov) Epicnaptera moth • Ge: Japanische Glucke
pierid: any member of the family »Pieridae. Often pierids are rashly equated with 'whites'. The problem with the term 'white' is the same as with »blues or »coppers: color and scientific classification are not in agreement. Many pierids are not white at all, and there are many butterflies outside the Pieridae that are more or less white.
In The Gift (p. 111), there is mention of pierids that move through the sky in "white clouds, indifferent to the direction of the wind". Several pierid species are strongly migratory. Two that migrate in swarms of millions are Belenois aurota Fabricius 1793 in tropical Africa, Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Beluchistan and India and Belenois java teutonia Fabricius, 1775 in Australia.
In "Father's Butterflies" (p. 206) there are "the orange wingtips, almost in keeping with fashion, of the African pierids". These could be the Moroccan Orange-tip (Anthocharis belia Linnaeus, 1767), the Sooty Orange-tip (Zegris eupheme Esper, 1805) and the Desert Orange-tip (Colotis evagore Klug, 1829).
*KQK 260; Gift 111, 119; StrOps 328; SelLet 410; NabBut 206 (FB)
& Ac: Belenóis auróta • En: Brown-veined White, Pioneer
& Ac: Belenóis jáva teutónia • En: Caper White
Pieridae Duponchel, 1832: a family of butterflies, usually but not always white or yellow and of medium size, comprising about 1,100 species in 76 genera all over the world, 60 in N America and 49 in Europe. The antennae are short and straight. The wing-beat frequence is low, their flight is rather slow but highly erratic (hard to catch for a bird), but many of them are strong migrants. Their name derives from a surname of the nine muses of Greek mythology, Pierides.
In Europe and America, there are three subfamilies: the Pierinae (whites), the Coliadinae (sulphurs or yellows) and the Dismorphiinae. The Anthocharinae (Marbles and Orange-tips) which used to form a subfamily of their own have been subsumed under Pierinae.
*NabBut 268 (L); LtVé 465, 475
& Ac: Piéridae • En: pierids, yellow-white butterflies (whites, yellows or sulphurs, orange-tips) • Fr: piéridés (piérides, aurores, coliades, citrons) • Ge: Pieriden (Weißlinge, Gelblinge, Aurorafalter) • It: pieridi • Ru: белянки, (DarII) пьернды • Sp: piéridos
*NabBut 270 (L); LtVé 475
Pieris brassicae Linnaeus, 1758 [Pieridae]: the larger one of the two common white cabbage butterflies, "rarer in Western Europe now than a century ago when it was considered the commonest European butterfly. Well known for its migratory properties … Ranges from N. Africa and the Azores to N. Scandinavia, E. Siberia and N. India." The wingspan is 50–65 mm. It has no clear habitat preferences as long as there are cruciferae as foodplants for its caterpillar, especially brassica, cabbage (white cabbage, savoy cabbage and turnip cabbage), and thistles and knapweeds as foodplants for the butterfly. Lat. brassica is 'cabbage'.
The nominal subspecies Pieris brassicae brassicae is from Sweden. The species brassicae, says Nabokov, "has a curious propensity of developing striking insular races, Canaries, Madeira, Azores, Cyprus …"
It still seems unclear whether the 'race' occurring on the Azores (Pieris brassicae azorensis Rebel, 1917) and the possibly extinct Madeira race (Pieris brassicae wollastoni Butler, 1886) are good subspecies or just local forms of the nominate subspecies Pieris brassicae brassicae. The same is true of the two Cyprus 'races' (Pieris brassicae cypria Verity, 1908 and Pieris brassicae catoleuca Rebel, 1939).
*Mary 91; Gift 108, 133; Stor:Aur 250; SpeakM 127, 176; PaleF 184; Ada 128; StrOps 329; LHarl 35; SelLet 284; NabBut 585 (BE); Lep1 32; Lep2 256, 268; LtVé 117
& Ac: Píeris brássicae • En: Large (Cabbage) White • Fr: la piéride du chou, (Don) piéride, (Autres rivages) la Grande Piéride • Ge: Großer Kohlweißling • It: cavolaia maggiore • Ru: капустница, белянка капустная • Sp: blanca de la col
The Bryony White, Pieris (napi?) bryoniae, f. (Berge 1899)
Pieris (ex Artogeia) bryoniae Hübner, 1806 [Pieridae]: The males are white and very much like those of »Pieris napi, the Green-veined White; the females have strong dark veins. The wingspan is 35–48 mm. In Europe, it is confined to the Alps and the Carpathians. Its occurrence in the Caucasus region and in the mountains of temperate Asia has been suspected but not definitely confirmed. Many authors have considered the Bryony White a form, or perhaps a subspecies, of the Green-veined White, Pieris napi, some still do so. Tolman & Lewington (1997): "Hybrids with A. napi in areas of distributional overlap are reportedly infrequent: in captivity, cross-pairings result in progeny of poor viability." Which means that bryoniae seems to be a species in the making.
*StrOps 332; NabBut 586 (BE)
& Ac: Píeris/Artogéia bryóniae • En: Mountain Green-veined White • Fr: le courtaud, la piéride de l'arabette • Ge: Bergweißling, *Bryonia-Weißling, *Zaunrüben-Weißling • Ru: белянка горная
'Pieris' callidice occidentalis Reak.: »Pontia occidentalis
Pieris cheiranthi (Lampert 1907)
Pieris cheiranthi Hübner, 1806 [Pieridae]: the Large White that Mademoiselle crushes when sitting down on Nabokov's boyhood collection is said to be "an aberration resembling the Canarian race of the species". The Canarian relative of the Large Cabbage White is Pieris cheiranthi Hübner, 1806, formerly considered a subspecies of Pieris brassicae. It is c. 10 mm larger than brassicae; the females have larger, merging black macules on the forewings and yellowish hindwings.
& Ac: Píeris cheiránthi • En: Canary Islands' Large White • Fr: la piéride canarienne • Ge: *Kanarenweißling
Pieris deota de Nicéville, 1883 [Pieridae]: The range of this white is Kashmir, Karakorum, the Pamirs and Himalayas. Pieris roborowskii Alphéraky, 1887 is an invalid synonym of P. deota, named in honor of V.I. »Roborovski (1856–1910), one of Przhevalski's aides on his second expedition to touch Lop-Nor in 1885. Grum-Grzhimailo (1890, p. 404) wrote he had taken a male and a female "sur la route entre le Lob-noor et l'Ak-sou" and that the name had been chosen in memory of Roborovski because to him "est due, presque en entier, la collection entomologique rapportée par l'expédition du general Przevalsky". Nabokov probably made Konstantin Godunov find P. deota on Lop-Nor because it is one of the very few butterflies and the only pierid mentioned in Staudinger's Catalog (1901) as occurring on "Lob-noor". The other localities mentioned there are Ladakh, Pamir, Issyk-Kul.
& Ac: Píeris deóta/roborówskii • En: (Nabokov) Roborovski's White • Ge: *Roborowskijs Weißling • Ru: (Nabokov) пьерид Роборовского
Pieris ergane (Hofmann 1894)
Pieris (ex Artogeia) ergane Geyer, 1828 [Pieridae]: There is a description of this little white (wingspan 36 to 40 mm) in Look at the Harlequins!: "On the upper side … this species shares with its nearest allies – the Small White and Mann's White, both common here – the typical little spots of the forewing, namely a black full stop in the male and a black Doppelpunkt ('colon') in the female. In those allies the punctuation is reproduced on the underside, and only in the species of which you see a folded specimen on the flat of my hand is the wing black beneath – a typographical caprice of Nature! Ergo it is an Ergane". The range is S Europe, especially Balkans, Asia Minor, Iran. Its author (Hübner's assistant who continued the latter's work after his death) considered it just a S European variety of »Pieris rapae, the Small White.
& Ac: Píeris/Artogéia ergáne • En: Mountain Small White, (Nabokov) Ergane • Fr: la piéride de l'aethionème • Ge: *Ergane-Weißling • Ru: скальная белянка • Sp: blanca escasa
Pieris (ex Artogeia) krueperi Staudinger, 1860 [Pieridae]: a white with a wingspan of 47–49 mm, from S Balkans through Asia Minor, Iran and Afghanistan to N Pakistan and NE India.
& Ac: Píeris/Artogéia krúeperi • En: Krueper's (Small) White • Fr: la piéride de Krueper • Ge: Krüpers Weißling
Detail from Jan van Huysum: "Fruit Basket," probably Pieris mannii
Pieris (ex Artogeia) mannii Mayer, 1851 [Pieridae]: a white similar to the Small White (»Pieris rapae), flying in Morocco, S and SE Europe and Asia Minor. "One of the most interesting Palearctic butterflies. It remained unrecognized and neglected (mainly owing to Staudinger's Catalog considering it as an insignificant variety of rapae) for fifty-six years after the publication of its description."
*SpeakM 205; StrOps 60; LHarl 35; NabBut 212 (FB), 585 (BE); Lep2 256, 268
& Ac: Píeris/Artogéia mánnii • En: Southern Small White, Mann's White • Fr: la piéride de l'ibéride • Ge: Manns Weißling • Ru: венгерская белянка • Sp: blanca catalana
Pieris napi (Lampert 1907)
Pieris (ex Artogeia) napi Linnaeus, 1758 [Pieridae]: a very common white all over Europe including the Mediterranean islands, N Africa, Asia between 40 and 70ºN, N America. It is found in grassy, damp places with some shade, as along bushy or wooded rivers and creeks. The wingspan is 40–44 mm. The caterpillar prefers watercress (Nasturtium officinale) as a hostplant. Lat. napus is 'rape'.
The subspecies flavescens Müller 1933 seems to be considered a synonym of napi. "One of the many intermediate local forms intergrading variously into bryoniae, which occur at moderate elevation in Austria, North Italy and elsewhere."
*StrOps 60; NabBut 585–6; Lep1 30; Lep2 256, 268
& Ac: Píeris/Artogéia • En: Green-veined White, Mustard White • Fr: la piéride du navet • Ge: Rapsweißling • It: pieride del navone • Ru: белянка бруквенная, бруквенница • Sp: blanca verdinervada
Pieris (ex Artogeia) pseudorapae Verity, 1908 [Pieridae]: a species in the napi-group of whites very close to Pieris rapae and Pieris mannii described in 1908 by the Florence lepidopterist Roger »Verity. Probably it is Verity's voice that, in "Father's Butterflies," remarks in the imaginary shoptalk among European butterfly collectors, "… il existe entre celle de la rave et celle de Mann une espèce méditerranéenne …" The type locality was Beirut, Lebanon. The range of the species is S Europe eastwards to Turkey, the Black Sea, Caucasus and Iran.
*Implied NabBut 212 (FB)
Pieris rapae (Lampert 1907)
Pieris (ex Artogeia) rapae Linnaeus, 1758 [Pieridae]: a common white in NW Africa, all of Europe, Asia and Japan; it has been introduced to N America and Australia. The wingspan is 40–55 mm. Like the Large White (»Pieris brassicae), it has no clear habitat preferences as long as there are cabbage plants for the caterpillars and butterflies to feed on. In large numbers it is considered a serious pest to cruciferous crops. Lat. rapa is 'turnip,' 'swede'.
The white whose introduction to America Nabokov mentioned in his interview with Robert H. Boyle was rapae: "In delight, Nabokov recalled a pregnant White butterfly that came all the way from Ireland by ship ('She laid her eggs immediately in a kitchen garden in Quebec in 1860')."
*SpeakM 128; StrOps 60; Ada 128; LHarl 35; NabBut 212 (FB), 398 (L); Int1 130 (NabBut 535)
& Ac: Píeris/Artogéia rápae • En: Small (Cabbage) White • Fr: la piéride du choux, la piéride de la rave, le petit blanc du choux, (Don) piéride • Ge: Kleiner Kohlweißling • It: rapaiola, pieride de la rapa • Ru: белянка репная, репница, капустница • Sp: blanquita de la col
Pieris virginiensis (Seitz 1924)
Pieris (ex Artogeia) virginiensis W.H. Edwards, 1870 [Pieridae]: in Pale Fire, commentator Kinbote is puzzled by John Shade's line "The Toothwort White haunted our woods in May". He muses, "Frankly, I am not certain what this means. My dictionary defines 'toothwort' as 'a kind of cress' and the noun 'white' as 'any pure white breed of farm animal or a certain genus of Lepidoptera'. Little help is provided by the variant written in the margin: 'In woods Virginia Whites occurred in May'. Folklore characters, perhaps? Fairies? Or cabbage butterflies?"
Neither, nor. The Toothwort White is Pieris virginiensis. It is similar to »Pieris napi, the Mustard White, but without the yellow tint on the underside of the hindwings. There is one brood only, flying for a few weeks in late April and early May. It is found very locally only in deciduous woodlands where its foodplant grows, toothwort (Dentaria diphylla and Dentaria lacinata). Its range is the Great Lakes region and the east coast from New England south to Georgia.
Cornell entomologist John G. Franclemont tells that in the early fifties he went collecting with Nabokov a few times in the vicinity of Ithaca, New York, and that Nabokov very much wanted to capture Pieris virginiensis, but did not (Achievements of VN 227). A few years later, Nabokov wrote Franclemont, "In April we stayed for a week in the Great Smokies, Tenn., where we had a delightful time with Pieris virginiensis" (May 31, 1959, in Nabokov's Butterflies, p. 528).
The name 'Toothwort White' is listed in Jacqueline Y. Miller's The Common Names of North American Butterflies (1992) as one of four names of Pieris virginiensis, but according to Robert E. Dirig and Robert Michael Pyle (personal communications), it may originally have been coined by Nabokov in Pale Fire. Brian Boyd likewise thinks so (Nabokov's Pale Fire, Princeton, New Jersey 1999, p. 276). Neither Dirig nor Pyle have found it in any other source. The common name most often used is 'West Virginia White'. Dirig: "The name 'Toothwort White' just shouts to me of Nabokov's creativity and special sensitivity, since other closely related Whites are also named for their foodplants: 'Mustard White' and 'Cabbage White'. Pieris virginiensis feeds on toothworts, so it makes full sense; and VN's razor-sharp perceptions would have picked up on the parallelism."
In Brian Boyd's reading of Pale Fire, homely and unhappy Hazel Shade is associated with the "dingy Toothwort White", while after her death her spirit is transformed into an "exuberant [»Vanessa] atalanta" (Nabokov's Pale Fire, Princeton, New Jersey 1999, p. 145).
*PaleF 44, 183–184; NabBut 528 (L)
& Ac: Píeris/Artogeía virginiénsis • Am: Toothwort White, Diffuse-veined White, West Virginia White, Virginia White, Edward's White
pirata: »Microzegris pyrothoe
Pisky: As Nabokov explained in a letter to Alfred Appel, Jr., "Pisky is another form of pixy (fairy, elf) and also means 'moth' in rural England".
*Lol 46; SelLet 41 | <urn:uuid:07ef1532-cff6-4f11-921a-3c73dec2cf9c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://d-e-zimmer.de/eGuide/Lep2.1-Pa-Pi.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.835003 | 13,851 | 2.625 | 3 |
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UNITED KINGDOM -- BP's UK Convenience Retail business, which manages the oil giant's fuel station convenience stores awarded a four-year contract to DHL Supply Chain to manage the UK warehousing and distribution of dry goods and chilled produce, according to a report by handyshippinguide.com.
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DHL will manage the storage and delivery of 20 million cases of dry and chilled goods to all 360 BP forecourts around the UK each year, and will take on inventory forecasting and management of BP Retail's service call center -- which supports round-the-clock inbound replenishment orders and outbound activities, such as goods collection and pre-emptive ordering.
"We believe that DHL truly understands our business objectives, from improving the in-store experience our customers receive, cutting costs in operations, right through to reducing our environmental impact," Rebecca Harrison, supply chain manager of BP Trading, said in the report. "The team is continuously presenting innovative ways of managing our operations, which to date have improved productivity levels by 20 percent. This kind of progressive thinking and initiative is exactly what we need to increase profitability and help us to achieve our sustainability objectives."
To build on existing carbon savings, DHL plans to fit all vehicles with aerodynamic body kits to improve fuel efficiency by up to 10 percent, and optimized delivery schedules should reduce the number of vehicles on the road, cutting costs and reducing BP's carbon footprint, according to the report.
Further supply chain enhancements include plans to share empty warehouse space with a non-competitive third party and backhauling.
Ricker, BP Lawsuit Dismissed | <urn:uuid:934a973c-1c04-45ca-b5c1-9d74a7facfcd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.csnews.com/international-news-bp-uk-picks-dhl-logistics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00157-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943037 | 384 | 1.515625 | 2 |
STEAM3D PRINTING CLASSES
Our programs create a tangible impact in the community.
middle & high school youth have been trained to be 3D experts.
community problems solved through these classes
WHAT ARE 3D PRINTING CLASSES
STEAM3D provides a STEM like experience to kids ages 10 – 18, a hands on 3D Printing experience that allows them to bring their ideas to reality!
Have you ever imagined a world where printers were commonly used to print out everyday objects?
Well- many predict that in the future generation of the teens of today, 3D printers will be in almost every household.
STEAM3D utilizes a structured curriculum and workbook that allows students to optimize learning while having a great time.
This class will begin by teaching your kids the core basics of 3D printing and go up- till they have a new expertise in 3D designing and printing.Each week: we will be assigning a new project to create and print cool objects: such as Rocket Ships, Ice cream cones, and Castles. Youth will be able to enhance their skills in every class.
Class is led by teens and aided by an adult supervisor. (Instructor team recently planned and executed the wildly popular and highly successful World’s First 3D Hackathon!) All the money raised from these classes will support hosting youth events such as STEAM3D Hackathon, record breaking experiences and more in our community. | <urn:uuid:4f8b565a-d6e5-4423-b60d-ca90f57aa22d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.3cyouth.com/steam3dprintingclass | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.931026 | 306 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Twelve Minor Prophets
|Old Testament (Christianity)|
The Minor Prophets or Twelve Prophets (Aramaic: תרי עשר, Trei Asar, "Twelve"), occasionally Book of the Twelve, is the last book of the Nevi'im, the second main division of the Jewish Tanakh. The collection is broken up to form twelve individual books in the Christian Old Testament, one for each of the prophets. The terms "minor prophets" and "twelve prophets" can also refer to the twelve traditional authors of these works.
The term "Minor" relates to the length of each book (ranging from a single chapter to fourteen); even the longest is short compared to the three major prophets, Isaiah, Ezekiel and Jeremiah. It is not known when these short works were collected and transferred to a single scroll, but the first extra-biblical evidence we have for the Twelve as a collection is c. 190 BCE in the writings of Jesus ben Sirach, and evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls suggests that the modern order had been established by 150 BCE. It is believed that initially the first six were collected, and later the second six were added; the two groups seem to complement each other, with Hosea through Micah raising the question of iniquity, and Nahum through Malachi proposing resolutions.
Many, though not all, modern scholars agree that the editing process which produced the Book of the Twelve reached its final form in Jerusalem during the Achaemenid period (538–332 BCE), although there is disagreement over whether this was early or late. Scholars usually assume that there exists an original core of prophetic tradition behind each book which can be attributed to the figure after whom it is named. The noteworthy exception is the Book of Jonah, an anonymous work containing no prophetic oracles, which Katherine Dell holds was probably composed in the Hellenistic period (332–167 BCE).
In general, each book includes three types of material:
- Autobiographical material in the first person, some of which may go back to the prophet in question;
- Biographical materials about the prophet in the third person – which incidentally demonstrate that the collection and editing of the books was completed by persons other than the prophets themselves;
- Oracles or speeches by the prophets, usually in poetic form, and drawing on a wide variety of genres, including covenant lawsuit, oracles against the nations, judgment oracles, messenger speeches, songs, hymns, narrative, lament, law, proverb, symbolic gesture, prayer, wisdom saying, and vision.
The comparison of different ancient manuscripts indicates that the order of the individual books was originally fluid. The arrangement found in current Bibles is roughly chronological. First come those prophets dated to the early Assyrian period: Hosea, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah; Joel is undated, but it was possibly placed before Amos because parts of a verse near the end of Joel (3.16 [4.16 in Hebrew]) and one near the beginning of Amos (1.2) are identical. Also we can find in both Amos (4.9 and 7.1–3) and Joel a description of a plague of locusts. These are followed by prophets that are set in the later Assyrian period: Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. Last come those set in the Persian period: Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. However it is important to note that chronology was not the only consideration, as "It seems that an emphatic focus on Jerusalem and Judah was [also] a main concern. For example, Obadiah is generally understood as reflecting the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. and would therefore fit later in a purely chronological sequence.
Sequence of books
In the Hebrew Bible, these works were counted as one book. The works are commonly studied together, and are consistently ordered in Jewish, Protestant and Catholic Bibles. In many Orthodox Christian Bibles they are ordered according to the Septuagint. The books are in rough chronological order, according to explicit statements within the books themselves.The twelve books are
|1||1||Hosea (Osee)||8th century BC (before the fall of the Northern Kingdom)|
|3||2||Amos||8th century BC (before the fall of the Northern Kingdom)|
|6||3||Micah (Micheas)||8th century BC (before the fall of the Northern Kingdom)|
|7||7||Nahum||7th century BC (before the fall of the Southern Kingdom)|
|8||8||Habakkuk (Habacuc)||7th century BC (before the fall of the Southern Kingdom)|
|9||9||Zephaniah (Sophanias)||7th century BC (before the fall of the Southern Kingdom)|
|10||10||Haggai (Aggeus)||6th century BC (after return from exile)|
|11||11||Zechariah (Zacharias)||6th century BC (after return from exile)|
|12||12||Malachi (Malachias)||5th century BC (after return from exile)|
In the Roman Catholic Church, the twelve minor prophets are read in the Tridentine Breviary during the fourth and fifth weeks of November, which are the last two weeks of the liturgical year.
In Year 1 of the modern Lectionary, Haggai, Zechariah, Jonah, Malachi, and Joel are read in weeks 25–27 of Ordinary Time. In Year 2, Amos, Hosea, and Micah are read in weeks 14–16 of Ordinary Time. In Year 1 of the two-year cycle of the Office of Readings in the Liturgy of the Hours, Micah 4 and 7 are read in the third week of Advent; Amos, Hosea, Micah, Zephaniah, Nahum, and Habakkuk are read in weeks 22–29 of Ordinary Time. In Year 2, Haggai and Zechariah 1–8 are read in weeks 11–12 of Ordinary Time; Obadiah, Joel, Malachi, Jonah, and Zechariah 9–14 are read in Week 18.
- Achtemeier, Elizabeth R. & Murphy, Frederick J. The New Interpreter’s Bible, Vol. VII: Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature, Daniel, The Twelve Prophets (Abingdon, 1996)
- Cathcart, Kevin J. & Gordon, Robert P. The Targum of the Minor Prophets. The Aramaic Bible 14 (Liturgical Press, 1989)
- Chisholm, Robert B. Interpreting the Minor Prophets (Zondervan, 1990)
- Coggins, Richard; Han, Jin H (2011). Six Minor Prophets Through the Centuries: Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-44434279-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Coogan, Michael D (2009). A brief introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Dell, Katherine J (1996). "Reinventing the Wheel: the Shaping of the Book of Jonah". In Barton, John; Reimer, David James (eds.). After the exile: essays in honour of Rex Mason. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554524-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Feinberg, Charles L. The Minor Prophets (Moody, 1990)
- Ferreiro, Alberto (ed). The Twelve Prophets. Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture (Inter-Varsity Press, 2003)
- Floyd, Michael H (2000). Minor prophets. 2. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802844521.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hill, Robert C. (tr). Theodoret of Cyrus: Commentary on the Prophets Vol 3: Commentary on the Twelve Prophets (Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2007)
- of Mopsuestia, Theodore; Hill, Robert C, tr (2004). "Commentary on the Twelve Prophets". The Fathers of the Church. Catholic University of America. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- House, Paul R. The Unity of the Twelve. JSOT Supplement Series, 97 (Almond Press, 1990)
- Jones, Barry Alan. The Formation of the Book of the Twelve: a Study in Text and Canon. SBL Dissertation Series 149 (Society of Biblical Literature, 1995)
- Keil, Carl Friedrich. Keil on the Twelve Minor Prophets (1878) (Kessinger, 2008)
- Longman, Tremper & Garland, David E. (eds). Daniel–Malachi. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Revised ed) 8 (Zondervan, 2009)
- McComiskey, Thomas Edward (ed). The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expository Commentary (Baker, 2009)
- Navarre Bible, The: Minor Prophets (Scepter & Four Courts, 2005)
- Nogalski, James D. Literary Precursors to the Book of the Twelve. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (Walter de Gruyter, 1993)
- Nogalski, James D; Sweeney, Marvin A, eds. (2000). Reading and Hearing the Book of the Twelve. Symposium. Society of Biblical Literature.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Petterson, Anthony R., ‘The Shape of the Davidic Hope across the Book of the Twelve’, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 35 (2010), 225–46.
- Phillips, John. Exploring the Minor Prophets. The John Phillips Commentary Series. (Kregel, 2002)
- Redditt, Paul L (2003). "The Formation of the Book of the Twelve". In Redditt, Paul L; Schart, Aaron (eds.). Thematic threads in the Book of the Twelve. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11017594-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Roberts, Matis (ed). Trei asar: The Twelve Prophets: a New Translation with a Commentary Anthologized from Talmudic, Midrashic, and Rabbinic Sources (Mesorah, 1995–)
- Rosenberg, A.J. (ed). The Twelve Prophets: Hebrew Text and English Translation. Soncino Books of the Bible (Soncino, 2004)
- Schart, Aaron (1998). "Die Entstehung des Zwölfprophetenbuchs. Neubearbeitungen von Amos im Rahmen schriftenübergreifender Redaktionsprozesse". Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (in German) (260). Walter de Gruyter. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Shepherd, Michael B. "The Twelve Prophets in the New Testament" (Peter Lang, 2011)
- Slavitt, David R. (tr). The Book of the Twelve Prophets (Oxford University Press, 1999)
- Smith, James E. The Minor Prophets. Old Testament Survey (College Press, 1994)
- Stevenson, John. Preaching From The Minor Prophets To A Postmodern Congregation (Redeemer, 2008)
- Walton, John H. (ed). The Minor Prophets, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary (Zondervan, 2009)
- Zvi, Ehud Ben (2004). "Introduction to The Twelve Minor Prophets". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Mark Zvi (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19529751-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
|Hebrew Bible||Followed by|
|Christian Old Testament||End of Old Testament|
New Testament begins with | <urn:uuid:6fbc88d0-7708-4190-a1a1-57a268310dbc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://suez.fromthemachine.org/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Prophets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.824445 | 2,870 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Dr. Greene, I have an 8-week-old son who started producing green stool with bits of blood about three weeks ago. The pediatrician said that he had a positive hemoccult test and that it was caused by colitis and eczema, resulting from an allergy to cow’s milk. He told me to stop breastfeeding and only use Nutramigen. But when I spoke with La Leche League, they said that dairy is out of your system in seven days, so I returned to breastfeeding a week after giving up dairy. But the doctor still disagrees. What do you think?
Dr. Greene`s Answer:
One of the most common reasons for blood in a young baby’s stools is an allergy to the cow’s milk protein in dairy products. The same allergy that can cause inflammation in the intestines (colitis) can also cause eczema in the skin. The allergy is not to breast milk, but it is true that enough cow’s milk protein from mom’s diet can come through in the breast milk to cause symptoms in an allergic baby. (Other food allergies can also do this. Milk is the most common, but enough soy, peanut, and eggs can also go through breast milk to cause allergic reactions).
La Leche League is right that the offending foods are usually gone from the breast milk within seven days of removing them from mom’s diet — often even sooner. Most allergic babies do get better while breastfeeding if their mothers give up cow’s milk and foods that contain cow’s milk (which can show up as whey, casein, milk hydrolysates, butter on food labels). But, even after avoiding cow’s milk, there are a few babies who do not improve. If your baby doesn’t get better, you might try eliminating all four of the most common allergens from your diet (milk, soy, peanuts, and eggs). Be sure you find another way to get plenty of calcium.
I would not stop nursing for this unless, perhaps, if your baby were anemic and/or had low protein on a blood test. Even then, I would recommend seeing a pediatric GI doc before deciding to stop. There would probably be a safe way to continue nursing.
Many doctors are not aware of this, but even though Nutramigen is a great hypoallergenic formula that can be very effective for babies who are allergic to milk-based formulas, it does still contain traces of milk. In my experience, those who react to traces of milk in dairy-free breast milk will also react to Nutramigen (within a few weeks, if not at first) and would ultimately need a formula called Neocate, which contains none.
In short, I admire your decision and your pursuing more information. The advantages of nursing far outweigh a tiny bit of inflammation and blood loss in an otherwise growing baby. I wouldn’t stop nursing for that. | <urn:uuid:5c48727d-7c37-4d22-94ad-d2c38be5814d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.drgreene.com/qa-articles/milk-allergy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00055-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968376 | 616 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Crude Palm Oil Milling Process
The main activity of palm oil mills (POM) is to process fresh fruit bunch (FFB) into several products. The main products in the crude palm oil processing system consist of crude palm oil (CPO), palm kernel (PK) and palm kernel oil (PKO). Besides, fertilizer, empty bunch ash (soda) and shells are the side products of the crude palm oil processing system. Crude palm oil milling process is very important process in the entire crude palm oil plant.
Crude Palm Oil Milling Process
Crude palm oil milling process refers to a complete crude palm oil processing stages. Extraction of oil from the palm kernels is generally separate from crude palm oil extraction, and will often be carried out in mills that process other oilseeds (such as groundnuts, rapeseed, cottonseed, shea nuts or copra).
The crude palm oil milling process in this process comprise grinding the kernels into small particles, heating (cooking), and extracting the oil using an oilseed expeller or petroleum-derived solvent. The oil then requires clarification in a filter press or by sedimentation. Extraction is a well-established industry, with large numbers of international manufacturers able to offer equipment that can process from 10 kg to several tonnes per hour.
A crude palm oil mill produces crude palm oil and kernels, as primary products and biomass as secondary product. The capacity of palm oil mills varies from 60 to100 tons FFB/h. During the entire crude palm oil milling process, a typical crude palm oil mill has many operation units. This comprises of sterilization, stripping, digestion and pressing, clarification, purification, drying and storage. For the kernel line, there are steps such as nut/fibre separation, nut conditioning and cracking, cracked mixture separation, and kernel drying, storage. The dried kernels are often sold to palm kernel crushers for extraction of crude palm kernel oil. In some integrated plants, kernel crushing facilities exist side by side at the same complex.
Workshop of Crude Palm Oil Milling Plant
Crude palm oil is obtained from palm fruit or palm kernels. Each palm tree produces approximately one fruit bunch, containing as many as 3000 fruitlets per month. In addition, each palm tree continues producing fruit economically for up to 25 years. This ensures a constant stable supply, as compared with other annual crops.
Crude palm oil and palm kernel oil are adaptable vegetable oils and now have a wide range of markets in the food and oleo- chemical industries. In addition, palm oil has been found a very healthy com- ponent of the human diet.
With rich experience of manufacturing and exporting crude palm oil milling machines for different processing purposes, we are your trustable crude palm oil milling machinery manufacturer in China. Our clients are very satisfied with our crude palm oil milling process and Plants and they also expect next cooperation.If you want to know more info about our crude palm oil milling process, please don't hesitate to let us know and we will respond you as soon as we get your email.We are always at your service.
- Oilseed Pretreatment
- Oil Expelling
- Solvent Extraction
- Vegetable Oil Refinery
- Oil Filling
- Small Scale Oil Production Line
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Batch oil refinery is quite suitable for small capacity vegetable/ed... | <urn:uuid:54409dfb-4565-498b-859a-b39f5693e0ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.oilmillmachinery.net/Crude-Palm-Oil-Milling-Process.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00559-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940963 | 749 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Iowa Acting Chief Justice Urges Respect For Government Institutions In Speech To Lawmakers
The acting chief justice of the Iowa Supreme Court highlighted the importance of respecting government institutions in his Condition of the Judiciary speech before the Iowa Legislature Wednesday.
Acting Chief Justice David Wiggins said he drew on the ideas of the late Chief Justice Mark Cady to talk about the respect the courts have for elected officials. He said both are set up to speak for the people of Iowa in different ways.
“Our government was set up for you to be their voice. Courts are different,” Wiggins said.
“We too were set up to speak, but in a more limited way. We resolve legal disputes brought to us by Iowans by applying the law, including the values and principles found in the people’s constitution. The independence of the courts from the political branches is not a divide, but our very strength as a state and as a nation,” he said.
After his speech, Wiggins denied that it was related to Republican lawmakers’ actions last year to slightly change the process for choosing justices and limit the term of the chief justice.
He was also asked if his comments were a response to some Republicans accusing the Court of “judicial activism.” Wiggins said he believes that is a label given by the losing party in any given ruling.
“I think we have to do what we need to do, and the legislature and the governor needs to do what they think are right, and the government will endure,” Wiggins said.
This was Wiggins’ first and last time delivering the judicial branch’s annual speech to lawmakers. He announced last week that he will retire in March.
“It’s about time,” Wiggins said when asked why he’s leaving, adding that he was planning to retire about a year ago. But then one justice got sick and left the court, and Cady died unexpectedly, leaving Wiggins as the acting chief.
“We’re all caretakers of the court,” Wiggins said. “The 16 years on the court, I’ve been a caretaker of the justice system and when I’m done, someone else is going to come in and do the same thing. And I’m sure the governor will pick a very qualified person, or persons—there’s two openings—and I’m sure the court will endure, as it always has.”
His retirement means Republican Gov. Kim Reynolds will get to make a fourth appointment to the state’s highest court.
Wiggins did not talk about funding for the courts, as Cady did in the last few years.
But the court system is requesting more than $188 million in the next fiscal year, close to a 4 percent budget increase. Reynolds’ court funding recommendation is in line with their request. | <urn:uuid:17f8c672-a8b9-4cb0-8710-065118aefe68> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.iowapublicradio.org/ipr-news/2020-01-15/iowa-acting-chief-justice-urges-respect-for-government-institutions-in-speech-to-lawmakers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.977359 | 602 | 1.75 | 2 |
Eco-friendly drug dealers are now packaging Class A drugs in re-usuable containers for customers concerned about the environment.
Dealers have traditionally used small plastic ziploc baggies, lottery tickets, greaseproof paper or cling film to wrap up their drugs but some are now giving customers plastic pods they can return and refill.
A cocaine user in Birmingham told Metro.co.uk he thought his dealer was joking when he was given drugs inside the cone-shaped vial.
He said: ‘I was given a gram of cocaine in this plastic pod thing and my dealer said they were not serving up in plastic ziploc bags or wraps any more.
‘He said that I could bring it back if I wanted to and he would refill it and that it would be better for the environment.opinion Please stop chuffing coke if you genuinely care about the planet
‘I thought he was joking but he was serious, he reckoned they used so many plastic baggies and paper and a reusable container would be easier than wrapping up individual wraps.
‘I told him I was not bothered about the environment and surely cocaine itself can’t be that be eco-friendly but he reckoned he had a load of hipster customers and they loved it.’
But another cocaine user backed the idea, saying: ‘The amount of plastic bags and paper that must have been wasted with wraps of drugs before must have been so bad for the environment so these reusable plastic things can only be good.’
Unfortunately it’s unlikely to balance out the damage done to the environment in the production of cocaine.
In 2011, a study by the State University of New York found that growing and producing the drug had contributed to major deforestation in Colombia.
Ecologist Liliana M. Dávalos said: ‘In southern Colombia we found geographically that there is just more probability of losing the forest close to coca cultivation.
‘And the more coca around you, the more forest you’re likely to lose, the sheer amount of coca in the vicinity has an effect.’Sunbed Hunger Games has people 'queueing for 90 minutes' before mad sprint
While in July last year, Met Police Commissioner Cressida Dick hit out at middle class cocaine users who worry about the environment but see ‘no harm’ in taking drugs.
She accused them of being ‘hypocritical’ and said they are ‘fuelling’ the drug trade.
Cocaine was used by an estimated 875,000 people in 2017-18 according to the latest crime survey for England and Wales – the highest number in a decade and a 15% year-on-year rise.
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Not convinced? Find out more » | <urn:uuid:847e4398-4968-4eb3-b66a-cd98fcc8cd05> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://metro.co.uk/2019/01/07/eco-friendly-drug-dealers-are-now-selling-cocaine-in-reusable-plastic-vials-8318269/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.958713 | 611 | 1.6875 | 2 |
“Crash the GAC” was born at last year’s GAC when a group of young professionals decided they wanted to fight for the future of credit unions alongside industry veterans.
That original 25-person group has since grown into a grassroots community of more than 120 young credit union professionals known as The Crash Network.
This year they’re back in D.C. with a brand-new crop of 16 GAC Crashers who received scholarships from CUNA’s center for professional development.
The Crash Network, a project led by the Filene Research Institute, finds and creates opportunities for young people to be more deeply involved in the credit union industry.
During the past year, The Crash Network has partnered with groups such as CUNA, CUNA Mutual Group, World Council of Credit Unions, and state leagues to coordinate local, statewide and national meet-ups, pilot a mentorship program, launch an online collaboration network, and connect young professionals to service and growth opportunities such as the National Credit Union Foundation’s Reality Fair.
The Crash Network also aspires to bring the energy of passionate young professionals to the cause of keeping credit unions relevant, says Brent Dixon, founder of the Crash Network. “The fact that we happen to be next in line cannot be what creates the future leaders of the industry. We have to earn it.”
In 1930, a 70-year-old Edward Filene wrote: "Youth is too serious to become obedient. It is too ambitious to accept, not merely the old formulas, but the old theories of success." The group is driven by that call to create the future. | <urn:uuid:1d8afcf2-2772-4cdb-a81e-217cd5ccbbda> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://news.cuna.org/articles/36933-they-re-baaaack | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718278.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00240-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947491 | 340 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Despite having a reputation of being a barren wasteland, the desert environment, from the hot Sahara to the frozen deserts of the Arctic, displays remarkable diversity of animal life. Desert animals adapt to their harsh environment through special physical and behavioral characteristics.Continue Reading
Some desert creatures survive through bodily adaptation. For example, the Fennec fox has unusually large ears that act as a ventilation system to cool down the creature. The hump on a camel's back stores extra fat as an energy source when food becomes hard to come by.
One common behavioral characteristic of animals in hot desert regions is their tendency to be active only at night, effectively shielding themselves from the daytime sun and high temperatures. Snakes, scorpions and other such creatures either make or search out burrows and caves to sleep in during the day. Some birds retire to cavities inside of cacti, thereby being doubly protected against heat and against predators unwilling to scale a cactus's prickly body.
Many animals adopt additional special behaviors to survive. The tiny mouse-like Jerboa gets all of the water it needs from its food, thus eliminating the need to travel in search of water. The sidewinder snake moves quickly across the desert's challenging sand floor by means of a sideways slithering motion. Birds save energy while in the air by soaring rather than flapping their wings.Learn more about Lizards | <urn:uuid:203b4df3-9bc5-4d6a-a9fd-78c721d20f51> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/desert-animals-36d4447c64680c9f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00150-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936675 | 275 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Let"s go to the United States Air Force Academy
- 48 Pages
- 1.51 MB
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Putnam , New York
U. S. Air Force Academy -- Juvenile liter
|Statement||by Marian Talmadge and Iris Gilmore. Illustrated by Robin King.|
|Contributions||Gilmore, Iris, joint author.|
|LC Classifications||PZ10.T29 Le|
|The Physical Object|
|LC Control Number||62014390|
A season on the earth
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Handbook of American resources for African studies....
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The United States Air Force Academy is where future Air Force officers go to college to get the best education and military training there is. Located in beautiful and rugged Colorado Springs, Colorado, the Air Force Academy is the home of around 4, cadets who make up the :// WELCOME TO THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ACADEMY.
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The Air Force's song titled simply "The U.S. Air Force" is best known for its opening line "Off we go into the wild blue yonder." History of the Air Force Song Inafter the U.S. military had been developing airplanes for more than a decade, the Assistant Chief of the Air Corps, Brigadier General Henry Arnold, thought the Army Air Corps Records of U.S.
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August Thyssen Huette A.G., Hamborn, Germany.
771 Pages1.16 MB3333 DownloadsFormat: EPUB | <urn:uuid:c0146b9c-f754-48ba-9946-69f97bd92041> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cugycosavezymuf.viewyoursitedemo.com/lets-go-to-the-united-states-air-force-academy-book-2198ol.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.890655 | 2,515 | 1.578125 | 2 |
The welding control provides tools that will assist welding engineers
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On March 12, 2008, the Pentagon announced it had canceled plans to release a press release announcing the release of a report by the Iraqi Perspectives Project entitled “Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents”. Upon examination of some 600,000 such documents, the report concluded that it “found no ‘smoking gun’ (i.e. direct connection) between Saddam’s Iraq and al Qaeda” and continued that while Saddam had been involved in terrorism it was mostly against his own people. It says something that it took 5 years for the Pentagon to discover what so many knew at the time and in the run up to the Iraq war to be a preposterous claim. Equally telling is the clumsy way the Pentagon handled all this: canceling the press release, requiring interested reporters to have to ask for the report specifically, and then sending them CD copies of it through the US mail rather than just emailing it or putting it up on the web. It is hard to imagine a more self-defeating and ineffectual method of smothering something. The report made it out to the net anyway at places like this and the hamfisted approach of the Pentagon not only created more interest in the original story but became a story in its own right. | <urn:uuid:24fe9d74-472f-4f77-82dd-954d4affae03> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.netrootsmass.net/2008/09/330-a-semi-buried-report-on-saddam-and-al-qaeda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725470.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00076-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972158 | 268 | 1.703125 | 2 |
The works in Aniekan Udofia’s “The Village B-boy” at Lamont Bishop Gallery provide vivid glimpses of a vibrant fusion of cultures. From 1982 to 1999 (age 7 to 24), Udofia lived with his family in Uyo, Nigeria. American hip-hop pervaded the culture there, where the sounds, symbols, and style that characterized the genre blended with the patterns of village life. The music and culture of hip-hop, so far removed from their urban American origins, struck a resonant chord within the community of Uyo.
You can see “The Village B-boy” tonight, February 8, from 6 to 9 pm at Lamont Bishop Gallery during the Shaw Art Walk, or Thursday through Sunday during the gallery’s normal hours. The gallery is at 1314 9th Street NW.
All around the gallery walls, the faces of that community stare back at you — waving, smiling, holding cassettes, listening to boom boxes, wearing baseball caps. Udofia’s approach includes subtly coded symbolism that underscores the synchronicity between African village life and American hip-hop culture, and also a bold aesthetic of contrast that highlights the dissonance between the two.
Many of the characters are young boys, girls, and women of varying ages. The young boys and girls playfully mimic the fashion and gestures of hip-hop artists and begin to inhabit the empowered, invincible persona projected by them.
Udofia’s technique itself adopts elements the visual vocabulary of graffiti art. His signature appears on almost every work like the tags on a graffiti wall and the application of paint on the canvas often simulates spray paint.
At times, the recurring motif of transparent cassettes floating in the background can seem disjointed from the lively figures in the foreground. At its best, this visual mash-up provokes the viewer to consider how the music’s purely sonic presence began to change the material and physical reality of Uyo.
In “Ngozi,” a mother carrying her baby on her back smiles confidently back at the viewer, flashing the peace symbol as the ubiquitous cassettes sail in the air behind her. The music, the work seems to suggest, is there with her in spirit, rendering her momentarily impervious to the burdens of motherhood.
In “Mama Said Knock You Out,” a weathered old woman stares knowingly out of the canvas. Her brightly patterned headscarf and the simple shelter in the background evoke traditional village life, and heighten the incongruity with the woman’s T-shirt emblazoned with the iconic LL Cool J Lyrics. Here, hip-hop’s influence is visually present, but the woman is likely unaware of her shirt’s message and its context.
The exhibition also includes smaller scale works, like “Hard Boy,” “Hard Girl,” “Friendly Boy” and “Friendly Girl,” that show the transformative potential of the hip-hop culture.
One of the things I love most about Borderstan? The burgeoning art and entertainment district in my eastern slice of Borderstan: Logan-Shaw.
Read Eliza French’s review of the exhibition at Lamont Bishop Gallery: A Vibrant Fusion of Cultures: Aniekan Udofia’s “The Village B-boy”.
If you haven’t checked out Shaw’s cultural offerings, here’s a great opportunity; this Wednesday’s Shaw Art Walk, sponsored by Shaw Main Streets. From 6 to 9 pm, take a break from your regular happy hour spot, and stroll through Shaw to visit some new shows at local art galleries, all of which will be open for the evening.
Six galleries are participating, including Civilian Art Projects, Contemporary Wing (taking up temporary digs over on 9th Street NW), Lamont Bishop Gallery, Long View Gallery, Maruka Gallery and Touchstone Gallery. All galleries will be showing off their latest shows, and welcoming visitors from 6 to 9 pm.
Also open, a rare treat and little-known DC treasure: the Convention Center’s extensive art collection is being opened up for a special viewing as a part of the Shaw Art Walk. If you want to check that out, make it your first stop on the tour – the tour starts promptly at 6:30 pm, at the Mount Vernon entrance to the Convention Center.
Still hankering for more art at the end? Finish your stroll with a sidle over to the Passenger, where you can mingle with your new culturally enlightened buddies over artsy drinks.
Check it out and let us know what you think! | <urn:uuid:f8cb1bc1-0079-4e7e-8767-43ef8ffb8df4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.borderstan.com/tag/shaw-art-walk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.921924 | 988 | 1.875 | 2 |
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Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up: Motivate Yourself and Your Team
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Amazon.com Product Description (ISBN 0684800500, Paperback)Don't Fire Them, Fire Them Up is a real-world story of winning in business by motivating employees in the most positive way possible -- nurturing them, showing that you value their accomplishments, and giving them the skills and the responsibility to become winners. Frank Pacetta, the hard-working man who engineered the drastic performance turnarounds of Xerox's Cleveland and Columbos sales staffs, gives the reader the same techniques he uses to build a winning business team:
* How to develop trust and create loyalty
* How to generate enthusiasm and excitement
* How to establish feedback and accountability
* How to rebuild an organization, and then lead and energize it
* How to put the organization on top and keep it there year after year
This book is check-full of practical, proven tips on leadership and management, everything from motivation to communication to all the nuts and bolts of selling successfully. And Pacetta has included his Top Ten Tips (and created Ten More Top Tips), which were featured in The Wall Street Journal and which have been copied and posted on office bulletin boards across the country.
(retrieved from Amazon Thu, 12 Mar 2015 18:10:50 -0400)
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Does your email address get spam? Have you noticed an increase of spam since building your website? Is that email spam driving you crazy?
If you answered yes to the above then it’s time to find a way to protect your email address from the hackers who scrape websites for email addresses and then sell them to spammers who fill your inbox with crap.
Email spamming is a huge business because believe it or not, it works. There’s a sucker born a day who will click a strange link and download malicious code to their computer to place yet more spam on the internet. Yet more will actually engage with spammer and even buy something!
They have to be stopped!
Email spam stats
According to statistica.com, email has actually dropped in the past two years from 71% in April of 2014 to 54% in December of 2015.
Securelist.com shows that spam comes from everywhere in the world, but the biggest exporters are the USA (we’re #1!), Vietnam and China, in that order.
Canadians should take small comfort that only 1.2% of spam is aimed at them. Germany at 18.4%, Brazil at 11% and Russia at 7.5% are the top three targets.
Trojan-Spy.HTML.Fraud.gen is the most popular malicious program sent through email spam.
So not only is spam a constant annoyance, it’s quite dangerous. Here’s more about email spam.
How email scraping works
The way your email gets on a spam list is through web site scraping. If your email address is visible, then it is scrappable. Scrapers use sophisticated tools to scrape sites by the thousands per minute. Why these tools are not illegal is beyond me.
Why should I bother to victimsplain’ their evil techniques? Here’s some sales text I pulled from the site of one scrapping tool developer, in their own words:
ScrapeJerks has a powerful multi-threaded email scraper which can harvest email addresses from webpages, it also has proxy support so each request is randomly assigned a proxy from from your list to keep your identity hidden or prevent sites blocking your by IP address due to too many queries.
The ScrapeJerks email harvester also works with https URL’s so it can work with sites like FaceBook and Twitter that require a secure connection. It also has an adjustable user-agent option, so you can set your user-agent to Googlebot to work with sites like SoundCloud.com or you can set it as a regular browser or even mobile device for compatibility with most sites. When exporting you also have the option to save the URL along with the scraped email address so you know where each email came from as well as filter options to extract only specific emails.
Because the Email Grabber function is multi-threaded, you can also select the number of simultaneous connections as well as the timeout so you can configure it for any connection type regardless if you have a powerful server or a home connection.
If you need to harvest URL’s to scrape email addresses from, then ScrapeJerks has a powerful Search Engine Harvester with 30 different search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, AOL, Blekko, Lycos, AltaVista as well as numerous other features to extract URL lists such as the Internal External Link Extractor and the Sitemap Scraper.
Also recently added is an option to scrape emails by crawling a site. What this does is allows you to enter a domain name and select how many levels deep you wish to crawl the site, for example 4 levels. It will then fetch the emails and all internal links on the site homepage, then visit each of those pages finding all the emails and fetching the internal links from those pages and so on.
Personally, I think the developers of this tool should be in jail, but that’s another matter.
Your exposed emails
You can find instances of exposed email addresses by first doing a site search. Search for a specific email addresses, or for the link prefix, “mailto:”
The easiest way to create an email link in WordPress is also the easiest way for hackers to scrape your email address: by placing “mailto:” in the link box.
By clicking this link, a users’ email client pops up and creates a pre-addressed email message, ready to complete:
Here is how a scraping tool sees that email address like that in the web site code:
And then the scraper grabs it, using a tool such as the ScrapeJerks described above. Don’t let that happen!
Spell out email addresses
This is the oldest solution in the book, spelling out mari [at] marikane [dot] com.
It’s also one of the lamest. Users then have to type the address into their email message which increases the chance of mistakes, and it reduces usability.
Basic, but unsophisticated.
Contact forms do a great job of hiding email addresses.
There are problems with contact forms, though. One is user’s resistance to filling out the annoying Captcha code that filters spambots. Also, users may not like to use a form unless there is an option of sending a copy of the message to themselves. Or, users want to put your email in their database, though hopefully not to spam you.
If you have a contact page and have a lot of “mailto:” links pointed to the URL’s address, I suggest finding and changing all those links to your Contact page link
This can be done easily using a plugin like Search and Replace.
Search for “mailto:firstname.lastname@example.org” and replace with ““
Obfuscate email plugin
What if you have a site that links to many different email addresses, not just the one connected to the Contact page? Say, your professional association’s web site.
All those members who innocently place their email addresses in a “mailto:” link are at risk of have them scrapped and added to some American’s spam list.
What to do? Obfuscate.
There are plugins that will find those “mailto:” links and obfuscate the addresses with code.
The easiest one I’ve found is appropriately named Obfuscate Email and is ready to work right out of the box. Seriously, all you have to do is activate it, save the default settings, refresh the pages and boom! All email addresses are replaced with jibberish on the back end while retaining the appearance and functionality of an email link on the front end.
To see it in action you must refresh the page, then view the Source in your web browser and find the email in question. You’ll see that it looks like this.
Voila! Email scrapping foiled!
Protect Your Email Address now
Don’t drown in email spam and if you are already swamped, plug that dike now!
One way or another, you’ve got to protect your email address from hackers and spammers or they will make your life miserable eventually.
Please let me know if you have any other ideas of stopping the theft of email addresses from websites. | <urn:uuid:8890a860-a237-4f4d-b6c0-a16892e07f1c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogsitestudio.com/protect-email-address-hackers-spammers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.934385 | 1,543 | 1.90625 | 2 |
The first step is to decide how much of the bathroom to demolish. The existing tub is a standard 30 x 60 in. Whirlpools that size are available, but we decided to replace it with a slightly roomier, 32 x 60-in.model. We recommend that you add this extra 2 in. if you have the space. It'll complicate the project a bit; you'll have to shift the drain about 1 in. (Photo 7) and the tub edge may have to sit on top of the existing flooring. But you'll enjoy the extra width when you're soaking in the tub.
After forming your plan, call your local building department to see which permits you need (you'll almost certainly need an electrical permit) and learn about any special local rules regarding whirlpools. Some inspectors require a separate wall access for servicing the motor and pump, depending on the model you buy.
Open the plumbing access panel behind the tub and test the hot and cold water shutoffs. Turn them off, then turn on the tub faucet and see if any water drips out—old shutoffs often leak. If they leak, turn off the water at the main shutoff, drain the water lines and replace the old shutoffs with ball valve shutoffs (Photos 1 and 2). If your tub doesn't have shutoff valves, add them now. They allow you to turn the water back on to the rest of the house while you're remodeling the tub area. It's easiest if you solder a short stub onto the uphill side of the ball valve to add on to later (Photo 2). After the joints have cooled, close the shutoffs and put tape or caps on the copper stubs to keep out debris.
Next, disconnect the waste and overflow coming out of the old tub. If the P-trap is plastic and in good condition, leave it in place. If it's metal, it's probably old, so replace it with a plastic trap.
Note: Many older houses have galvanized water lines. If they still provide strong water pressure, you can add new galvanized fittings, or make a transition to copper with a special dielectric coupling—a fitting that prevents rapid corrosion in the steel ($5 at a plumbing supply store). However, if the water pressure is low and the inside of the pipe is obstructed with mineral deposits, replace the water lines with new copper, CPVC or PEX lines. With the old tub out of the way, there'll never be a better time.
The next step is demolition. Place a heavy-duty dropcloth over the floor and protect or remove other bathroom fixtures. Check the other side of the tub walls and remove any breakables or pictures—the walls shake during demolition.
Make level and plumb lines around the old tile as guidelines, then cut through the drywall by making multiple passes with a utility knife. This takes longer than using a saw, but you'll avoid hitting hidden wiring and plumbing. Keep your cutting lines within the perimeter of the new tile layout so that the new tile will just lap onto the old drywall and hide the joint. Work your way down the studs with a pry bar and pull off larger sections by hand (Photo 4). You may have to smash through the tile with a hammer to get holes started near the top. If your tile has been set in a 1-in. thick mortar bed, you may have to pry it out piece by piece, cutting reinforcing wire as you go. Wear eye protection to protect yourself from flying chunks of tile, and a dust mask to filter out dust. If the wall insulation is at all moldy or damp, pull that out as well. When the wall thoroughly dries out, brush any moldy areas with a wood preservative.
Clean out the debris, then remove the tub—either by breaking it into pieces or carrying it out whole. To carry it out, first lever it onto its side on an old, upside-down piece of carpet, then transfer it to a dolly or just drag it out on the carpet. Get a strong helper—cast iron tubs weigh 200 to 300 lbs. and can't be moved by one person. If your tub is fiberglass or enameled steel, it will be much lighter. You can either carry it out or cut it into smaller pieces with a reciprocating saw. Keep in mind that you may have to remove more drywall if you take it out whole. This isn't necessarily bad; you may have to remove more drywall anyway to get the new tub in (Photo 11).
Although it's a messy, jarring job, breaking a cast iron tub is often the easiest alternative. Start breaking the tub on the bottom and sides with hard but controlled hits from a sledgehammer (Photo 5). The shards from the enamel and cast iron are razor sharp; eye protection is a must. Lay an old blanket or dropcloth over the area you're breaking to keep the shards from flying. It's also loud; wear earplugs. Break the tub into at least four manageable sections.
Begin the rough-in plumbing work for the whirlpool by laying out the center lines for the drain, the new anti-scald faucet, the tub spout and the shower head (Photo 7). Follow the dimensions in your whirlpool's instruction booklet. Standard minimum heights for the tub spout and faucet are 4 and 12 in. above the overflow level of the tub, but these can be higher if desired. (Note: Think ahead and try to position your spout and faucet to complement your future tile layout.) Install a 2x4 backer for the faucet and set it at the depth shown in the manufacturer's instructions (Photo 8). You may also need to install backers for the shower head and the tub spout.
Assemble your copper pieces and solder them all at once (Photo 9). If you solder directly to the valve, be sure to remove the cartridge first. Don't solder in the tub spout until after you install the tub (Photo 16).
Also, check the P-trap to make sure its center reaches the new drain. There was enough play in ours that we didn't need to extend the drain the extra inch required for the center of the 32-in. tub.
Figure A: Electrical Plan
You'll need at least one dedicated 15-amp GFCI circuit—two if you decide to install an optional heater. In our bath, we installed two “blank front” GFCIs in the linen closet so we could test the circuits without opening the tub access, then ran two separate 14-2 cables to outlets at the pump and heater locations. You also need to run a solid No. 8 copper ground wire from the motor to all metal associated with the tub. Check with your electrician or inspector for wiring details.
Tub setting and leveling systems vary by brand. Our tub is designed to be set in a bed of mortar and leveled by edge supports screwed to the wall (Photo 10). Some tubs of other brands sit on a leveled subfloor. No matter what method you use, the weight of the tub must be supported by the floor, not the tub rim. It's essential to follow the instructions included with your tub.
Level the top of the edge supports at 21-1/4 in. above the highest point of the subfloor. We actually measured ours from the highest point of the existing tile floor, because the outer edge of our new 32-in. wide tub overlapped the floor tile by 2 in. (The old tub was 30 in. wide.) It was easier to position the tub edge on top of the tile than to remove the tile and set the edge on the subfloor. This technique works best if your existing tile floor is level.
If you want to replace your floor tile, you should finish installing it before you put the tub in. You don't always have to remove the existing tile to do this. If the subfloor and tile are still sound, you can add another layer of tile on top of the old one. Check with a tile store for details.
If the floor under your tub is more than 1/2 in. out of level, take a few minutes to check the floor joists and the structure underneath. In older houses especially, it's not uncommon to find that a floor joist has been cut to make room for plumbing, or has rotted because of water damage. Excessive sagging can also occur because a load bearing wall was mistakenly removed in a previous remodeling.
Follow manufacturer's recommendations for the placement of the electrical outlet (see Figure A).
Now test-fit the tub to make sure you can get it in (Photo 11). We discovered that we hadn't cut out enough drywall and had to pull off more at both ends. And you'll often have to remove the toilet to get the tub in. Then install the drain—it's easier to do now, as long as you remember not to rest the tub weight on the drain after you've installed it (Photo 12). Set the drain inside the tub in plumber's putty—make a rope of it, about 1/2 in. in diameter, and stick it on the underside of the drain before you push the drain through the bottom of the tub. Hold the drain steady on the inside of the tub with a special tub drain wrench. The putty should squeeze out all the way around the rim.
Spread mortar underneath the tub, roughly mirroring the outline of the tub base (Photo 13). Seat the tub fully into the mortar, but don't get into the tub or put any weight in it until the mortar hardens.
After the mortar hardens, hook up the waste, overflow and trap (Photo 14), then solder on an extra-long copper stub and cap for the tub spout. Temporarily attach the faucet handle, open the shutoffs in the access panel, turn the water on and check for leaks in the copper lines. Then cut the copper spout to the length in the faucet instructions and run water into the tub. Feel each joint and the seal under the tub for dampness. If you do get any leaks, make sure the slip nuts have been fully hand-tightened, or turn them an extra quarter turn with adjustable pliers. If it still leaks, take the joint apart and check the washer—they occasionally break.
Now fill the tub up to the overflow drain and check it for leaks. Then plug in the tub and turn it on. If nothing happens, look underneath the switch and make sure a small, flexible rubber tube is connected to it. If not, find it and insert it firmly into the hole in the bottom of the switch. Also, make sure the GFCI is set and the circuit breaker is flipped on.
With the tub running, check all the pipes and joints for leaks (Photo 15). They're rare but not unheard of, so check carefully. If you find one, call the manufacturer right away for repair instructions.
The final step is to lock the rim of the tub into place with roofing nails or wafer-head screws (Photo 16), in the manner specified by the tub manufacturer. Now clean up, and get ready to close up the walls and tile.
Buying a Whirlpool
Whirlpool tubs come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes and are made by a number of national and regional manufacturers. We chose a model that has an integral tiling flange and fits into a standard 5-ft. space. If you have more room, you can install a drop-in model—a whirlpool meant to sit on top of a tiled deck. Check with your local distributors for model and installation instructions. Some tubs designed to fit a standard 5-ft. space have add-on flanges. Avoid these if you can—the add-on flanges won't be as watertight as the integral ones.
In this article, we're installing an American Standard whirlpool. Other manufacturers have somewhat different tub designs and installation techniques. Be sure to check the specific instructions included with the tub you buy. | <urn:uuid:79524716-78be-4be9-9e17-8913ec994e81> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.familyhandyman.com/bathroom/remodeling/how-to-install-a-whirlpool-tub/step-by-step | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00191-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932458 | 2,519 | 1.75 | 2 |
When I was a boy, my first introduction to computers was, like many people of my generation in the UK, on the BBC Micro. It was an excellent microcomputer that was perfect for use in schools because it was incredibly robust, very fast to boot and therefore to restart if you needed to, and simple to start programming in BBC BASIC. It was also home to Elite, which was not only one of the first game with 3D graphics, but also one of the first games with a massive open universe that you could explore and experience in a number of different ways.
I loved it and spent many hours trading goods between planetary systems and fighting off space pirates; trying to maximise profits while not doing anything too likely to draw attention from the galactic police.
Initially I could only play on computers at school, and later on a friend’s BBC Master (thanks Peter!), until my family bought its first computer, an Acorn Archimedes A3000. I’d persuaded my parents to buy it after being blown away by Lander, another David Braben product, bundled as a tech-demo on the “Archie”. Lander, was a cut down version of Zarch, with I also loved, but most of my time on that computer was spent with the fantastic faithful conversion of the original Elite game, with the graphics enhanced by solid 3D models and colour. I was more than happy to race to fit Beam Lasers to all sides of my Cobra Mk III all over again.
Many years later I spent time researching more modern ports of Elite and I even played a bit on emulators and enjoyed Elite: The New Kind for a while, although at the time I was quite into mobile gaming and really wanted to play on my commute on my phone.
Now David Braben and his company Frontier Developments are working on a new sequel, Elite: Dangerous. E:D has its roots firmly in the original game, but adds exciting new elements and online multiplayer. It also looks gorgeous on the renders and prototype videos they’ve released.
The development of Elite: Dangerous is being funded on Kickstarter and is the first project that I’ve ever wanted to, even been thrilled to, support. This is a great way to get involved with the development of the game, receiving regular updates about the progress, take part in testing or even influencing the direction depending on how much you’d like to invest. On a very basic economic level, you can fund the development via Kickstarter and very likely get a copy of the finished game at less than the eventual RRP.
As I write this, there are 15 days left to reach the funding target on Kickstarter and about 2/3 of the amount has been pledged. I would like to encourage everyone to check out Elite: Dangerous on Kickstarter and support this fantastic game, especially if you ever enjoyed moonlighting as Commander Jameson. | <urn:uuid:28ccbc92-9182-488e-80a5-00d42f7f7640> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blogs.msmvps.com/jonoble/2012/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00090-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976405 | 596 | 1.578125 | 2 |
What is Physical Health?
HealthSocialClub defines physical health as the overall outcome of how the body operates. The functionality of organs and muscles determines physical health. To keep a stable physical health status requires constant physical activities. Physical activities are used to keep the body functioning properly and prevent illness from occurring. | <urn:uuid:cd730e7c-89ca-4fb7-8b62-9a9f062d2165> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://healthsocialclub.com/physical-health-importance-components/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.928428 | 60 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Thai monk revered in life, remembered in death
By FOONG THIM LENG, The Star, March 31, 2011
Thai monk Luangta Maha Boowa Yanasampanno is perhaps best remembered for his role in helping to salvage Thailand’s economy after the Asian economic meltdown of 1997
Udon Thani, Thailand -- THAILAND lost one of its most revered monks recently but even in death, Luangta Maha Boowa Yanasampanno has continued to do good for his country.
<< Funeral pyre of Luangta Maha Boowa at Wat Pa Baan Taad, Udon Thani, Thailand.
Donations given at his funeral on March 5 totalled more than 330.5 million bahts (RM33mil) in cash and cheques, plus about 78kg of gold.
Luangta Maha Boowa, the abbot of Wan Pa Baan Taad in Udon Thani’s Muang district, came into the limelight when he initiated a fund-raising campaign to help the country recover from the effects of the 1997 financial crisis.
As of Jan 9 last year, he had handed over 967 gold bars weighing 12 tonnes and US$10.2mil in cash to the Bank of Thailand.
“When the economic crisis hit in 1997, I stepped in to help lift the nation from the depths of darkness, that is, from greed on one level of society and from poverty on the other. I wanted Thais to focus on the causes of the crisis so that, by knowing the causes, they could change their behaviour to prevent such an event from recurring. So I used the Help the Nation campaign not only to raise gold for the national treasury, but more importantly as a means to spread Buddha’s teachings to a broader section of Thai society in an age when many Thai people are losing touch with Buddhist principles,” said Luangta Maha Boowa in the booklet, Samana – Maha Boowa Memorial Book, which was distributed after his death.
Luangta Maha Boowa was born on Aug 12, 1913, as Bua Lohitdee to a wealthy farming family.
He said he was told by his mother that of the 16 babies she had carried in her womb, he was the one who gave her the most to worry about.
“I was either so still in her womb that she thought I must have died, or I was kicking so hard she thought I must have been on the verge of death. The closer to my birth, the worse those extremes became. Just before I was born, my mother and my father each had an auspicious dream. My father dreamt that he had received a very sharp knife, pointed at the tip with an elephant tusk handle and encased in a silver sheath. My father felt very pleased.
<< Good man: The late Luangta Maha Boowa is remembered as a simple and humble monk who did not seek personal gain.
“My mother, on the other hand, dreamed that she had received a pair of gold earrings which were so lovely that she couldn’t resist the temptation to put them on and admire herself in the mirror. The more she looked, the more they impressed her.”
He said his grandfather interpreted the two dreams to mean that the course of his life would follow one of two extremes. “If I chose the way of evil, I would be the most feared criminal of my time. My character would be so fearsome that I was bound to end up being an infamous crime boss who’d never allow himself to be captured alive and imprisoned, but would hide in the jungle and fight the authorities to the death.
“At the other extreme, if I chose the way of virtue, my goodness would be unequalled,” he said in the memorial book.
He became a monk at the age of 21 and was a student of Luangpu Man Phurithatto, one of the most renowned Buddhist meditation masters in Thailand’s Buddhism of the Forest Tradition. His followers believe that he was an arahant, a living Buddhist saint.
It is well-known that Luangta Maha Boowa would always go without food as he said it helped with his meditation.
His thousands of disciples and followers see him as a diminutive, simple and humble monk who did not seek personal gain. To them Luangta Maha Boowa was also an arahant – one who has perfected wisdom and compassion like Buddha and is no longer subject to rebirth.
In the memorial book, Luanga Maha Boowa said he had tried his utmost to help society: “Within my heart, I have no sense of courage and no sense of fear; no such thing as gain or loss, victory or defeat. My attempts to assist people stem entirely from loving compassion. I sacrificed everything to attain the Supreme Dhamma that I now teach. I nearly lost my life in search of Dhamma, crossing the threshold of death before I could proclaim to the world the Dhamma that I realised. Sometimes I talk boldly, as if I were a conquering hero. But the Supreme Dhamma in my heart is neither bold nor fearful. It has neither gain nor loss, neither victory nor defeat. Consequently, my teaching emanates from the purest form of compassion.”
Luangta Maha Boowa forbade his followers from spending extravagantly at his funeral. In the interview with Nanfa – The Tiger Temple Magazine (produced by Wat Pa Luangta Bua Yannasampanno Tiger Temple, Kanchanaburi Province) in 2009, he said he did not want gifts donated to him for merit while his body was in a casket.
Devotion: Despite the sweltering heat, a large crowd turned up for the cremation of Luangta Maha Boowa at Wat Pa Baan Taad >>
However, he said it would be appropriate if the gifts were for the honour of the country and the benefit of the people.
Luangta Maha Boowa passed away on Jan 30 at the age of 97. He was suffering from intestinal and lung infection for more than six months before he agreed to seek treatment at a hospital.
Buddhist devotees and monks from across Thailand made their way to Wat Pa Baan Taad to pay their last respects when news of his passing spread. Many camped at the temple ground for days.
His body was placed in a refrigerated coffin behind a mortuary urn and groups of visitors were allowed to visit for three minutes per session.
A three-day funeral service under royal patronage was held from March 3 at the temple.
Some of my Buddhists friends and I had the opportunity to meet Luangta Maha Boowa during a dana (alms giving) visit to Wat Pa Baan Taad in 2004.
The monk came across as a very compassionate person, though we were warned that he was a very strict and serious teacher, and that the monastery was solely a place for meditation.
Luangta Maha Boowa commanded great respect among his followers and any food left over by him would be immediately snapped up as soon as he had left the sala (open pavilion for meetings).
Wat Pa Baan Taad was set up by Laungta Maha Boowa in 1950 after he returned to Udon Thani to look after his mother who was ill. Villagers and relatives appealed to him to settle in the forested area south of the village. They donated 16ha of land to him to start a monastery. Luangta Maha Boowa accepted the offer after considering that he would be able to look after his ailing mother.
To pay our last respects to Luangta Maha Boowa, we took a 600km coach ride from Bangkok to the temple. When we arrived on March 5, the temple grounds were teeming with people.
Some 1,500 alms houses were set up to provide free meals to the thousands who had turned up to pay their last respects.
Thousands of police and army personnel were present to ensure security.
Buddhist devotees crowd around the sala and cremation site throughout the day under the scorching sun. Many had been there the previous day.
At 5.15pm, the mourning crowds observed in silence as Queen Sirikit proceeded with the ceremony by offering 10 sets of saffron robes to senior monks, and placed sandalwood and flowers in the crematorium. After that Princess Chulabhorn placed the funeral bouquet, followed by 99 senior monks and VIP guests before general monks and members of the public were allowed to place funeral bouquets at designated spots around the crematorium.
The actual cremation took place at 6pm, shortly after the queen had left.
It is estimated that up to one million people attended the cremation ceremony.
Those who attended the funeral received mementoes ranging from amulets to pictures and booklets.
Many stayed overnight and joined the alms-giving and ash-collecting ceremony which was held at midnight.
Luangta Maha Boowa’s ashes were kept in a metal box which was locked by eight master keys for security. Eight revered monks held one key each.
The ashes were divided into two portions: one portion was distributed among various forest temples, and the other, placed in a golden urn and kept at Wat Pa Baan Taad. | <urn:uuid:1aaab2cd-5dd3-434b-8a12-ff5baa190a29> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=9,10026,0,0,1,0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00454-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984258 | 1,971 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Your myriad sinks are drained into the drainage or discharge system, which receives the liquid discharge created through the food and beverage preparation area. The very first component of the discharge system is around the sink alone: the trap. It is really a curved section of water pipe, where the lowest area of the water pipe “traps” (or keeps) some drinking water.
The snare is regarded as a P trap when the deplete pipes go into the wall structure; it is known as an S trap when the drain pipes go into the ground. As well as these traps, it’s recommended to possess floor drain pipes found immediately beneath your bigger sinks. The drain pipes inside a commercial kitchen region must have a dome strainer (or sediment container), a lot like a perforated sink stopper that traps pieces of grime and meals as fluids go down the drain.
For that largest-duty jobs, a ground deplete possessing a a great deal larger strainer area (called a sump) is suggested. The sump are at least 8 in . square. Kind 304 stainless-steel is the favored material for drain fabrication, and coved edges make them simpler to clear. Drains should not flush using the ground, but recessed slightly (about 1/16 of the “) to quick water to flow toward them.
The deplete water pipe ought to be 3 to 4 inches in size, and its interior wall surfaces has to be covered with acrylic or porcelain enamel that’s both nonporous and acid proof. A nonslip ground mat, with panels for drainage, should be a standard item under each and every sink.How many flooring drain pipes ought to you’ve inside your kitchen area? Let’s count the places by which drains certainly are a must to catch spills, overflow, and dirty drinking water from ground cleaning:
1. Hot line region
2. Preparation and pantry region
3. Through the pot kitchen sinks
4. Dishwashing region
5. Dry storage region
6. Outside the walk-in refrigerator
7. Wait around stations/services locations
8. Close to vapor equipment
9. Through the bar sinks
10. Under the ice cubes producer
The ice producer has an extra distinctive water flow necessity: a recessed flooring. One wise concept is always to install a number of drains, within a trench that’s from a single to two feet wide and several feet long, protected possessing a rustproof steel grate. This is actually effective along the size of the hot line region or in the continuously wet dishroom.
When we talk about emptying away waste matter, we’re not just talking about water. The water often consists of oil, and oil removal is definitely an enormous (and untidy) symptom in foodservice. A grease interceptor is necessary legally in most towns and cities. It’s generally acknowledged as a grease snare, even although the professional plumbing industry discourages the usage of this terminology.
Your area’s building program code will list which kitchen fittings should be plumbed to the interceptor; usually, the water/squander production of the trash disposal, dishwasher, and all kitchen sinks and ground drains must successfully pass via the interceptor prior to it gets into the sewer. Employee restrooms as well as on-idea washing appliances generally do not possess to be connected to the interceptor.
The role from the oil interceptor is usually to avoid grease from departing the restaurant’s drainage system and blocking the metropolis sewer system. Foodservice wastewater is actually a large problem for sewers developed mainly for residential squander. Therefore, penalties and surcharges might be imposed on restaurants if their effluent (outflow) surpasses the neighborhood specifications for its amount of body fat, oil and oil (FOG, in industry jargon).
As waste matter gets into the interceptor, it sets apart into 3 layers: The largest contaminants of meals and grime sink for the bottom; the middle coating is mainly water, with a bit of bit of suspended solids and oil inside it; and the very best coating is grease and oil. The interceptor “traps” the top and base levels whilst enabling the middle coating to flow out into the sewage program. Interceptors are available in sizes, and you should pick a solitary based concerning the gallons of water that may operate through it a minute, the amount of appliances attached to it, and its capability to retain oil.
Cleansing the interceptor frequently is essential simply because the bottom layer can block pipes if allowed to develop, and also the top layer can blend with, and pollute, the center coating excessive. Most restaurants employ a snare-cleaning services organization to handle this unpleasant task. It is definitely a expensive exercise, rather than without having lawful ramifications. The assistance organization needs to be licensed to haul the grease waste to specially authorized therapy areas.
It’s inadequate anymore for any restaurateur to trust that this grease is being looked after. The wise types take a positive approach. As soon as inside a while you’ll see information reports about this kind of support companies that skirt legal requirements by dumping waste materials into creeks or unapproved locations. You will be a good idea to completely research your area’s grease removing requirements as well as interview several services companies. Demand, and contact, their references.
There are 2 types of interceptor cleaning: skimming (taking out the best coating) and a complete water pump-out from the tank. For many foodservice operations, skimming isn’t sufficient. The heavy, lower layer of contaminants also must be filtered away. You may decide on a combination of services-frequent skimming, with a full water pump-out at normal time periods.
The types of foods you serve along with your volume of business needs to be your guidelines, plus a scientific measurement of the effluent to find out exactly how much FOG and chemical substances it includes. In some metropolitan areas, the fees and penalties are extremely rigid that restaurateurs add a pretreatment stage, including fat-dissolving chemical substances or filtering the waste matter prior to it even becomes towards the oil trap. Undercounter models run utilizing electricity to recover grease for getting rid of as garbage, not sewage.
Outdoors set up through the grease interceptor is advised, with a degree that is a quantity of feet underneath the kitchen area area to make use of gravity in your favor in grease removal. Constructing inspectors seldom allow an interceptor to become located anywhere in the building, but when it happens to be within, it ought to be flush making use of the kitchen area flooring. At the start of your building procedure, a call for your local plumbing related inspector will supply the particulars to your city, and in all likelihood save you a lot of problems.
We need to also discuss the “dried out” part of the release program, which can be recognized as the venting program. Its main objective is always to avoid siphoning of water from the traps. Air vents (known as “black vents”) for both edges of the fpzgln snare equalize the air pressure through the entire drainage program, circulating sufficient air to decrease water pipe rust and help remove smells. Vent pipes lengthen up and through the roof, for kitchen areas and bathrooms. | <urn:uuid:54797037-bf22-42e8-a1c7-7ce0cef41aaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://new-girlfriend.com/6757/commercial-grease-trap-cleaning-near-me/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.944922 | 1,524 | 2.234375 | 2 |
More copyright-free images
Like many with an abiding interest in history, The Legal Genealogist has been riveted by the new Ken Burns documentary, The Dust Bowl, which is showing in two two-hour episodes on Public Broadcasting System stations around the country. If you’ve missed this amazing production, it’s available for viewing online: Episode 1: The Great Plow-Up and Episode 2: Reaping the Whirlwind are both going to be online at PBS Video until December 4th.
The story is powerfully told, in words and images, of the drought of the 1930s in the Great Plains of the United States, when huge dust storms rolled over hundreds of miles of territory. The area hit the hardest, the area called the Dust Bowl, was about 100 million acres in the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles and areas of nearby Colorado, Kansas and New Mexico. Overall, the dust storms affected a huge swath of land running from the Dakotas and Montana in the north to central Texas in the south.1
I had to map it out to be able to see it for myself (dust bowl area in brown, area affected by dust storms in yellow):
And, as you can see, I had to mark one particular location, circled in red. It’s Frederick, Oklahoma, where my great grandmother Eula (Baird) Robertson, her Livingston half-siblings and so many of my Livingston cousins lived throughout the 1930s.
And, in particular, it’s where my grandmother’s cousin, Thelma (Livingston) Dibble, lived and endured the storms of spring… and the dust storms of the 1930s. Where, she recalled when I visited with her this past May, they used wet towels to breathe through as the dust rolled through town. Where they woke up in the morning with gritty dust on the chenille bedspreads and in everyone’s mouths. Where they wondered sometimes if they were going to wake up at all.2
So the story of that terrible time is, in part, the story of my family too. It’s the story of many of our families.
And what’s truly wonderful is the fact that so many of those powerful images used by Burns in his documentary are equally, readily, freely available to each and every one of us as genealogists, to explain and illustrate what our own families experienced and endured.
That’s because so many of the most iconic images of the era were taken by photographers employed by the Farm Security Administration, a New Deal agency in the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Dorothea Lange, Arthur Rothstein, Walker Evans and more.3 And because the images were made by employees of the United States Government in the course of their official duties, they fall under 17 U.S.C. § 105, the section of the U.S. Copyright Act that provides that “Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government.”
Large numbers of these images, free from copyright restrictions, are available online in the digital collections of the Library of Congress. The Prints and Photographs Division has collections of black-and-white photographs and color photographs from the Farm Security Administration in its American Memory project. What follows is just the smallest sampling… and even just these few are enough to make a genealogist’s heart rejoice:
Farmer and sons walking in the face of a dust storm, Cimarron County, Oklahoma,April 1936, Arthur Rothstein, photographer4
Removing drifts of soil which block the highways near Guymon, Oklahoma,1936, Arthur Rothstein, photographer5
Orchard destroyed by drifting sand. Cimarron County, Oklahoma,1936, Arthur Rothstein, photographer6
Results of a dust storm. Cimarron County, Oklahoma,April 1936, Arthur Rothstein, photographer8
- Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.com), “Dust Bowl,” rev. 20 Nov 2012. ↩
- Judy G. Russell, “The storms of spring,” The Legal Genealogist, posted 16 May 2012 (http://www.legalgenealogist.com/blog : accessed 20 Nov 2012). ↩
- Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.com), “Farm Security Administration,” rev. 20 Nov 2012. ↩
- Arthur Rothstein, photographer, “Farmer and sons walking in the face of a dust storm, Cimarron County, Oklahoma;” Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (http://www.loc.gov : accessed 20 Nov 2012). ↩
- Ibid., “Removing drifts of soil which block the highways near Guymon, Oklahoma.” ↩
- Ibid., “Orchard destroyed by drifting sand. Cimarron County, Oklahoma.” ↩
- Dorothea Lange, photographer, “Dust storm;” Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (http://www.loc.gov : accessed 20 Nov 2012). ↩
- Arthur Rothstein, photographer, “Results of a dust storm. Cimarron County, Oklahoma;” Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (http://www.loc.gov : accessed 20 Nov 2012). ↩ | <urn:uuid:1b7059d8-5c13-42a4-98f6-89400d7ff8bd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.legalgenealogist.com/2012/11/21/dust-bowl-images-we-can-use/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00071-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935073 | 1,113 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Wednesday’s featured post is Fuel Pump Replacement on a 2002 Chevy Cavalier, brought to us by a client from Burnaby, BC.
The Chevy Cavalier was for many years the top selling GM car; and for around 12 grand it was a pretty decent car. For that price, though, the Cavalier was basic transportation.
Early Chevy Cavalier engines were prone to blown head gaskets however they rectified this concern on later models.
Our featured Cavalier was towed to our shop with a no-start condition. After diagnosis we determined that the fuel pump had failed (this was our second fuel pump replacement this week, the other being on a Dodge Ram truck).
As is the norm in 2000 and newer vehicles, the fuel pump is part of the fuel tank module: a unit which simply slips in and out of the gas tank (once the tank is removed from the vehicle). The module contains the fuel pump, the pressure regulator, fuel gauge sending unit and on some models, a tank pressure sensor and the fuel filter.
With the pump replaced the Cavalier roared to life and ran great. The new pump should last for another 10 or more years. At one time GM products had very poor quality fuel pumps but this is no longer the case.
For most vehicles you can expect to get 200,000 kilometers out of your fuel pump, however some die sooner but many will last twice that distance.
For more information about the Chevy Cavalier click this link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Cavalier
For more about fuel pumps, mechanical and electric check out this link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fuel_pump | <urn:uuid:73f9896e-2dcf-48b9-b37d-0574367abba6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pawlikautomotive.com/2002-chevy-cavalier-fuel-pump-replacement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.955998 | 348 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Harvard Study Reveals AirBnB Hosts More Likely to Reject Black Guests
Blacks are more likely to face discrimination when seeking rentals on Airbnb, a new study from the Harvard Business School reveals.
In an experiment involving over 6,000 Airbnb listings, researchers sent rental inquiries using two sets of names for each rental; one name traditionally African American and the other traditionally white.
Requests from guests with the black names were 16% less likely to be accepted by hosts. The study also shows that by rejecting blacks, Airbnb hosts lose approximately $65–$100 in revenue.
Discrimination against black Airbnb rental seekers is not only perpetrated by whites. African American hosts discriminated against other African American guests, the study showed.
Airbnb is an online platform allowing hosts to rent out houses, apartments, and rooms. It’s a service that is part of the so-called “sharing economy” — a business model where goods and services are borrowed or rented from others. Other sharing economy-type businesses include TaskRabbit, Uber, and Rover.com.
While sharing-economy businesses introduce convenience and affordability for consumers, they are also unregulated. A hotel listing on Expedia, for example, is prohibited by law to discriminate against prospective customers.
As the Harvard researchers state in the study results, Airbnb and other such businesses are not bound by the same laws. Airbnb hosts can handpick the people they wish to transact with.
In a comment to BlackEnterprise.com, an Airbnb spokesperson said, “We are committed to making Airbnb one of the most open, trusted, diverse, transparent communities in the world. We recognize that bias and discrimination are significant challenges, and we welcome the opportunity to work with anyone that can help us reduce potential discrimination in the Airbnb community. We are in touch with the authors of this study and we look forward to a continuing dialogue with them.”
The Airbnb study mirrors other results from past experiments involving consumer discrimination. A 2010 study showed that buyers are less likely to respond to an ad selling an iPod on Craigslist if a black hand is shown holding the device versus a white hand.
Another study in 2002 showed that African Americans were more likely to pay higher prices for a car at a dealership than when purchasing in relative anonymity online. | <urn:uuid:796f8d48-a07a-4783-8e90-8ba49f5ca61b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.blackenterprise.com/news/harvard-study-reveals-airbnb-hosts-more-likely-to-reject-black-guests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00152-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945732 | 468 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Educators joined about 300 executives for the Education Industry Summit here Monday, shedding light on the challenges, expectations and realities of using digital content and assessment in the classroom.
The educators shared their views on topics from piloting ed-tech products to personalized learning, while company executives explained their experiences working with districts.
“If software is separating the teacher from the student in any way, this would not be a good thing,” said Tom Snyder, who received the industry’s lifetime achievement award for his work in Tom Snyder Productions, a company that he sold to Scholastic. “If you are actually making software for teachers who actually really love to teach… we’re going to be a winning industry.”
The summit, sponsored by the Education Technology Industry Network of the Software & Information Industry Association, covers topics from student privacy and data security—which is the subject of an all-day workshop Tuesday—to innovation, and the difficulty in getting games into K-12 classrooms.
Best practices for successful pilots dominated one session.
Several district representatives said they have had companies focus intense attention on them during the purchase process, then leave them without any contact after they decide to buy. As one administrator said: “We have to ask, ‘Can we support this product by ourselves, when you drop us?'”
On the flip side, district representatives learned that many companies feel frustrated after they conduct a pilot that produced positive results by several metrics, only to lose the district as a client during the procurement process, or when district leadership or direction changes.
Vendors reported that districts often bring pilots to a halt when testing season begins. District officials, for their part, said companies should understand school systems’ schedules before launching a pilot, and adjust accordingly. Spring isn’t a good time for a pilot, for instance, but the summer is, when it is easier to connect with teachers who are at conferences and in training.
Pauline Burns, assistant superintendent of the Mineola district in New York, said there are two types of pilots: In one, a company is “with us every step of the way,” and her district becomes part of the team during the development process for their product. In the other, a complete product is offered for piloting, and the only question is, “Does it work for you?” In one case, when the answer was “no,” her district received a full refund, she said.
On the vendor side, some voiced the frustration of having districts expect unrealistic outcomes—like moving student achievement several percentage points in only a short period of time. By agreeing upon key metrics before the pilot begins, each side is likely to have more a successful pilot, the vendors said.
One product manager described the challenge within her own company, of having a sales force that wants to run pilots “everywhere,” but she will not allow that. Her practice is to restrict pilots to districts that have instructional coaches engaged in daily classroom instruction, and that are committed to providing professional development.
Another company will only participate in pilots where the strategies for devices, curriculum and instruction are aligned.
On Personalizing Learning
In the Houston district, personalized learning requires considering the needs of 282 schools and 215,000 students who speak more than 100 languages, said Diana Bidulescu, an education technology specialist for the district.
“Your products need to address our student population, demographics, and socioeconomics,” she said. “And we are decentralized. Everybody has the freedom to select the tool that works best for them on their campus.”
Personalized learning “means you open the walls and you open communications, teaching teachers to embrace feedback and how to elicit feedback,” said Bidulescu.
Terry Nealon, CEO and founder of FishTree, Inc., agreed that it’s important to get the message across to teachers that personalized and adaptive learning can be helpful to them. He said he wants them to understand that using the technology will mean “they’re going to get their weekends back,” and it won’t “cost them more of their life.”
Districts often push back against the idea of ed tech because of “20 years of failed promises and poor implementations,” said Nealon. As an industry, “we’ve learned a lot about implementation,” but getting educators to understand the potential benefits is still a barrier, he said.
For teachers, who often spend up to one-third of their time assessing and grading, the promise of technology-delivered personalized learning is that it will free more of their time to coach individual students, said Dee Kanejiya, founder of Cognii.
In Houston, the district expects ed-tech partners to provide data that will come back to the district, so they can analyze it, and it must be delivered in secure domains, Bidulescu said.
A recommendation engine, she said, is high on the district’s wish list. Finding a way to enter a query for a resource that would meet the need of an individual student, she said, would give teachers what they need to personalize learning. | <urn:uuid:c5ec029a-4cb6-4842-ae2b-1ff12941c247> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://marketbrief.edweek.org/marketplace-k-12/educators_ed-tech_businesses_exchange_insights_at_industry_summit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00425-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966736 | 1,084 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Should all school children, not just those who have diagnosed food allergies, have access to the emergency medication epinephrine and should more adults be ready to administer it? This question was recently answered, in part, on Capitol Hill on November 27th. In an effort towards groundbreaking and lifesaving legislation a bill was introduced on entitled the School Access to Emergency Act. This bill would enable schools to maintain a supply of epinephrine and enable staff to administer an Epipen to a student having an anaphylactic reaction. The School Access to Emergency Act would be given a preference when federal funding is allocated for asthma education and prevention grants. The bill was introduced and championed by U.S. Senators Dick Durbin (D-IL) and Mark Kirk (R-IL) of Illinois. Earlier this year, the state of Illinois passed a law that allows schools to obtain and administer a non-student specific prescription for epinephrine, the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis.
Currently, as many as six million children in the US have food allergies. My son is among those six million and he attends a private school with a full time nurse and Epipens readily available for any child showing signs of anaphylaxis. The latter part is crucial. Studies have shown that as many as 24 percent of epinephrine administrations in schools involved children with a previously unknown allergy. As a result, they do not possess their own prescription for epinephrine. In other words, many children discover their food allergies the hard way, with the onset of an anaphylactic or life threatening reaction.
Eight years ago, I watched my child (then a baby) bloat helplessly during his first anaphylactic reaction and no, I did not have an EpiPen in my home. Instead I went to the nearest emergency room where he was saved by an injection of epinephrine. Now an Epipen is always in his near proximity. But many children have their first onset of allergies after entering into school age.
Food-allergic school children rely on the entire school staff for safety and an auto injector of epinephrine (an EpiPen) is an easy-to-use device that laypeople (not necessarily school nurses) can be trained to utilize. CEO of the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network, Maria Acebal, points out, "EpiPens are easy to use but there is no substitute." Further, unlike other emergency medications pediatricians commonly agree that children cannot be harmed by administration of an EpiPen. There isn't any data to suggest that a normal child would suffer any long term effects from an Epipen injection.
The School Access to Emergency Act addresses what I call "preventable hindsight." As I wrote in earlier post titled, It Is Time for National Education of Life-threatening Allergic Reactions "... Unlike other emergency medical conditions, like choking or loss of breath, anaphylaxis cannot be halted without medication." So no, CPR training won't help a child in his first onset of allergic anaphylaxis.
And yes, schools would have to account for the monetry costs of maintaining a supply of Epipens. However, under the School Access to Emergency Act, schools would receive a fifty percent cost discount for each "twin pack" of epinephrine. It fairly obvious that the alternative -- the loss of a child to preventable anaphylaxis -- isn't worth waiting for.
HuffPost Parents offers a daily dose of personal stories, helpful advice and comedic takes on what it’s like to raise kids today. Learn more | <urn:uuid:c2dc51f9-6868-48eb-829f-f89e37488516> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/susan-weissman/child-allergic-reactions-school_b_1169454.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00348-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964697 | 743 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Bollinger bands and RSI combination indicator
John Bollinger developed Bollinger bands forex indicator, bollinger bands forex indicator is used to determine relative price levels and volatility over a certain period of time. Envelopes Bollinger bands are attached with two basic deviations away from simple moving average indicator. Because the volatility was measured by standard deviation. The bollinger bands contract during low quiet market and widen during volatile market. Bollinger bands indicator consists with moving average standard deviation bands. The third center line in the bollinger bands forex indicator is the simple moving average line. For short term trading 10 day moving average setting is recommended by John bollinger, for long term trading 50 day moving average and for intermediate trading 20 days moving average is recommended.
Sell and buy signals alone did not generated by bollinger bands, you should be used with other indicator like MACD or RSI relative strength index indicator forex. When Forex price reaches one of the bollinger bands line, it could indicate one of two signals. it could indicate a trend reversal move or it could indicate a trend continuation. So, the bollinger bands do not determines buy and sell signals.
If bollinger bands forex indicator combined with other indicator like RSi relative strength index forex indicator, this combination become powerful. RSI indicator is used to give oversold and overbought signals. When Relative strength index RSi indicator forex is above 30 and market price touches the lower bollinger bands , we have an trend continuation signal. And when Relative strength index RSI is move below 70 and market price reaches the upper bollinger bands , we have trend continuation signals.
If we have a situation where RSI relative strength index indicator forex is above 70 and market price reaches the upper bands we have trend reversal signal. On the other hand, if RSI indicator forex is below 30 and market price reaches the lower bollinger bands indicator , we have an trend reversal signal.
Do not use two or more different forex indicators but all have the same input data. If you are using bollinger bands and RSI forex indicator , do not use MACD forex indicator too. These indicator use the same inputs. but you can try to using Money flow index indicator or On balance volume indicator forex. These indicator can be applied together as trend confirmation.
- Indicator Ang Auto
- Tdi Oscillator Indicator
- Scalping Indicator
- Red Fibo Indicator
- Forex Trading Tutorial Kauf Wma Free | <urn:uuid:5aa5f4da-f00a-48af-86e0-4729d248f71d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://forex-indicator-macd.blogspot.com/2012/02/bollinger-bands-and-rsi-combination.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00391-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871912 | 527 | 1.539063 | 2 |
This is a repost of an excellent article written by D.L. Adams of Stop the Islamization of America.
November 06, 2009
Resolving the Cognitive Dissonance of Islam
By D.L. Adams
The negative spiritual and intellectual consequence of believing two mutually exclusive concepts is "cognitive dissonance." Our interaction as a society with Islam is a direct cause of "cognitive dissonance" for us as individuals and as a culture.
Resolution of the contradiction requires the rejection of one of the concepts as false. If we continue to ignore our cognitive dissonance about Islam the consequences are dire: we will lose our civilization.
Islam is much more than a religion; it is a complete civilization that includes politics (caliphate), jurisprudence (Sharia law), war (jihad), and a deliberately misleading "religion of peace." The doctrine of Islam is found in three books: Koran (the literal word of Allah as "revealed" to Mohammed), Sira (Mohammad's biography), and Hadith (stories about and sayings of Mohammed by contemporaries). The definitive text of Sharia law is "Reliance of the Traveller." Allah and Mohammed are to be obeyed, not questioned. "Islam" means "submission;" a Muslim is "one who submits." "Islam" does not mean "peace."
For The Rest | <urn:uuid:955a1c7c-5ff2-4c6c-9079-47c220918e07> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://islaminaction08.blogspot.com/2009/11/resolving-cognitive-dissonance-of-islam.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00349-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932869 | 281 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Jersey has had its driest July since records began in 1894.
Only 0.7mm of rain fell last month, beating the previous record by nearly 7mm.
The 30-year average is 45.3mm.
The island also had its hottest July day, with temperatures hitting 37.9°C on Monday 18 July.
That led to Jersey's warmest July night of 25.5°C on Tuesday 19 July.
It was the island's second sunniest July since sunshine records started in 1925.
More than 360 hours of sunshine were recorded.
July 2022 in Jersey - 3 records for Maison St Louis Observatory: driest July, hottest day & warmest night since records began in 1894. Jersey Airport, with records back to 1951, also recorded its hottest day & driest July, as did Howard Davis Farm, with records back to 1932. pic.twitter.com/j2qPu8OVyp— Jersey Met (@Jersey_Met) August 1, 2022 | <urn:uuid:66846594-8278-4353-9c31-2a4d213b8076> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.channel103.com/news/jersey/driest-jersey-july-on-record/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.977774 | 210 | 2.421875 | 2 |
momentaneous (not comparable)
- (grammar) Of or relating to a grammatical aspect relating to an action that takes place at a specific point in time.
- (archaic) momentary
1827, John Claridge, The Shepherd of Banbury's Rules to Judge of the Changes of the Weather, Grounded on Forty Years' Experience:
- Lightning is a great flame, very bright, extending every way to a great distance, suddenly darting upwards, there ending, so that it is only momentaneous. | <urn:uuid:da6293a2-85c1-49d3-923d-99f7429b4fb4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/momentaneous | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00232-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843938 | 110 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Maybe a little OT for here, but worth a try.
How can I tell a rip from a crosscut whip saw?
I've come across a two-person whip saw, about five feet long with a regular
tooth pattern, unlike every other whipsaw I've ever seen (which all have had
the characteristic large gap for chip clearance every two or three teeth,
and which I suppose all are crosscut.)
Rip saws must be scarce as hen's teeth here in Connecticut.
On Sun, 13 Nov 2005 21:26:43 GMT, "Fred Klingener"
Tooth shape. Even if they're too rusted (or re-cut) and you can't tell
if they were actually sharpened for ripping, the overall tooth shape is
different. Crosscuttting was largely in standing or green timber,
ripping was often rather drier. As a result, rip teeth rarely have the
huge deep spacings between them that are common in crosscut teeth (there
are many patterns for this, they all have names, locations and often
date periods to them)
Crosscut teeth (on two-handed saws) are also symmetrical, or at least
arranged in symmetrical pairings.
Connected to this, I've never seen a "two man" ripsaw. Although two
people worked them, they were always (IMHE) "powered" by one person and
steered by another (the "tillerman" - Cat Stevens sang about sawyers,
not boatswains). I've never seen a two-man ripsaw that was symmetrical,
in the way that two-man crosscut saws are (asymmetrical crosscut saws
are called "one and a half man" saws around here).
Historically they were disappearing in favour of water-powered ripsaws
at the time America was being colonised. You can bring logs to a ripsaw,
you have to bring felling gear to a standing tree.
Part of Speech:
a person who operates the tiller of a boat or other vehicle, such as the
rear of a fire engine.
...and if Stevens was singing of sawyers, why the seagull reference, eh?
(WTF do *I* know... Andy may be right)
Two man rip saws for large timbers would probably be a pitsaw. Mine is
much larger at the top end than the bottom and has 2 square holes to
attach a handle. The lower end has a hole for a peg to hold the box on.
is similar to mine, but mine is about 7.5' long. I have some pictures
of an upper handle that uses both holes in the saw, but they're hard
copy at home and I can't find the link to the page I got them from.
Thanks for the response.
The crosscut whip saws are two-directional. Were the rip (somebody pointed
out that the better term would be 'pit') saws one-directional? Would the
teeth have a directional form? Directional grind? Should I expect to see
different handles top and bottom? Are both top and bottom handles
It seems that the first thing people built was the sawmill so they wouldn't
have to pitsaw the timber.
On Mon, 14 Nov 2005 18:46:39 GMT, "Fred Klingener"
Not all ripping was done in a pit. Boards generally were, but a log
might be squared off into a beam using a horizontal rip saw. It's less
crucial sawing so you don't need the ergonomics of the pit and it saves
some log handling.
Pit saws might be like the frameless and heavily tapered example of
which pictures were posted. The more accurate ones though were frame
saws - a narrow steel blade and a rectangular wooden frame around it.
over the years some of these lost their frames and ended up getting
re-sharpened for light felling or firewood sawing. However they never
had the extra-deep and complex tooth shapes that crosscuts developed.
If the saw is old enough to be interesting, it's never the original
American colonists also built log cabins, which were almost unknown in
Europe. We just didn't have the trees to spare. Only in the most rustic
forest areas with the coldest winters did we use piled-log construction.
HomeOwnersHub.com is a website for homeowners and building and maintenance pros. It is not affiliated with any of the manufacturers or service providers discussed here.
All logos and trade names are the property of their respective owners. | <urn:uuid:5e60c802-947c-447a-9ccc-894d7c12c4be> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.homeownershub.com/woodworking/two-man-whip-saw-56012-.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00239-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966308 | 988 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Fixing rural broadband has been a top issue for a decade or more. Bipartisan interest in passing an Infrastructure package next Congress, and the recognition that improving digital infrastructure in rural areas is as critical as shoring up roads and bridges improves the odds something can happen. The new Democratic House Majority is making infrastructure a high priority. https://www.democraticleader.gov/newsroom/press-releases/11718-4/. There is no dispute on the scope of the problem: too many Americans lack access to internet service at adequate speeds and are being left behind in the 21st Century economy. What is missing is agreement on the solution. Previous attempts. | <urn:uuid:377d21ca-cc68-49ab-b951-a806a3a8cde1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://perrybayliss.com/resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.948448 | 134 | 2.03125 | 2 |
It was a long time coming but finally, in 2014, a prominent medical journal published the definitive scientific study telling consumers what many of us had already had intuitively known: eating sugar triggers not just tooth decay, but initiates the more serious condition called periodontal disease, a gum impairment which leads to even more devastating ailments.
Writing in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, a team of five scientists described how they studied data from 2,437 young adults, ages 18 to 25, and estimated their sugar intake using food-frequency questionnaires. Periodontal disease in the study participants was considered to be present based on gum bleeding on probing to a depth of about 3 mm at one or more gum sites. In both the upper and middle levels of sugar consumption among the young adults, periodontal disease was found. The sugar connection was clear.
It’s known that the type of bacteria producing periodontal disease thrive when the human mouth is an acidic environment, which is what dietary sugars are expert at creating. When those bacteria and resultant plaque produce inflammation of the gums around the teeth, gingivitis starts and if left untreated, evolves into pyorrhea, a chronic degenerative gum condition resulting in tooth loss.
Periodontal disease is accelerated even more as a result of nutritional deficiencies, such as Vitamin C and Vitamin D deficits. These deficiencies also destroy bone around the teeth and the periodontal ligaments anchoring your teeth to your jawbone.
It’s estimated that up to 75% of all American adults, and most likely the same in most developed countries, currently have some degree of gum disease, mostly as a result of high sweetener usage.
In postmenopausal women, it’s well established that the loss of bone density, the disease commonly called osteoporosis, can be traced in part to the occurrence of periodontal disease. One reason is that periodontal conditions can combine with postmenopausal estrogen deficiencies to dramatically reduce bone mineral density. Whole Food Vitamin and mineral supplements are important for these women to take in order to help correct the risk factors.
Among other findings in the sugar consumption=periodontal disease=other ailments scenario is the connection to Rheumatoid arthritis.
Still another connection exists between sugar consumption, periodontal disease, and the onset and severity of diabetes. After reviewing research on the common links between sugar, periodontal disease, and diabetes, Dr. Steven W. Seibert, an Illinois specialist in the field of Periodontology, noted how the sugar link swings both ways: “Research has emerged that suggests that the relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes goes both ways. Periodontal disease may make it more difficult for people who have diabetes to control their blood sugar, and people who have uncontrolled diabetes and uncontrolled blood sugar level may be more prone to having periodontal disease.”
We’ve come a long way in our understanding of sugar’s toxic effects on the human mouth since 1983, when a report in the British medical journal, The Lancet, observed: “Sugar is the principal cause of the most common disease in industrialized countries, dental caries (decay).”
Now with confirmation that sweeteners are directly linked to periodontal disease and not just tooth decay, medical science can finally begin to explore all of the many possible ways that migration of toxic bacteria from the mouth, caused by sugar consumption, can wreak havoc on the human body and its health.
“Sugar is the principal cause of the most common disease in industrialized countries, dental caries. The sugars implicated in dental caries, in decreasing order of cariogenicity, are sucrose, glucose, and fructose; brown sugars are as cariogenic as white. The level of sugar consumption at which most of the population will not get dental caries is 15 kg/person a year. The goal should therefore be to reduce consumption to this level and below.” Sugars and Dental Decay. Sheiham A. The Lancet. 1983 February;321(8319):282–284. | <urn:uuid:d342e437-7cc3-4886-bcc3-ac1ddd460611> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hippocrateswellness.org/learning-centre/blog/health/oral-hygiene-s-sweet-disaster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.941481 | 845 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Ferret’s Weight Loss Problem: Why Is This Happening?
It is normal for owners to panic or be concerned due to ferret weight loss problems. However, you have to make sure that you have the right reasons to panic. This is one of the reasons why many veterinarians advice owners to comply with regular veterinary visits. Bringing in their pets for regular check-ups is also necessary in maintaining the proper nutrition and health of their ferrets.
Ferrets, for the most part, are very adorable pets. These domesticated creatures can be the source of fun even inspiration for many owners. Taking care of these little lads can be tiring, sometimes frustrating, particularly at times when you notice certain abnormalities. Ferret weight loss problems have been a persistent concern among owners. In fact, ferret weight loss is often attributed to a number of ferret-related illnesses or diseases.
Ferrets are very susceptible to problems such as diarrhea. This is actually a common disorder among domesticated pets. Ferret weight loss is actually one of the attributed signs and symptoms for diarrhea among ferrets, along with malabsorption and appetite loss.
Adrenal disease can also be the cause of ferret weight loss. Aside from the infamous hair loss, ferrets who suffer from adrenal disease are also beginning to show relative signs and symptoms. There is lethargy, the appearance of papery or translucent skin even sexual aggression. What really matters is that you seek the advice of vets, when it comes to your ferret’s abnormal health conditions.
On the other hand, seeing your pets losing further weight can be very alarming as it may lead to a far serious condition. However, you can start addressing this ferret weight loss problem, by helping your pets in gaining weight.
How can you do this? You can try preparing some duck soup or give them a high-caloric supplement. Others do this at home by simply combining a half can of cat food and half can of Gerber chicken. You can also add in a couple of supplements to help your pets in gaining weight. Once done, you can now start giving this soup to your ferret with four to five teaspoons of serving daily.
Ferret weight loss problems are never ordinary to begin with. While ferret pets are very susceptible to problems, it does not discount the importance of giving them a well-balanced diet. For many owners, ferret weight loss problems are tell-tale signs of serious diseases. But with the continual support of their loving owners, these problems can likely disappear. | <urn:uuid:edc32d47-c86f-45dd-9e58-d9330384779e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ferrets-as-pets.com/ferrets-weight-loss-problem-why-is-this-happening/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00212-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961192 | 523 | 2.09375 | 2 |
As we gear up for the next round of US Dietary Guidelines, it’s great that we still have My Plate to guide clients about eating healthy, balanced meals. The newly launched My Plate Start Simple Campaign is meant to provide simple, sustainable tips to consumers for each food group. This is the first of a series to highlight each food group and simple ways to encourage your clients to “put their best food forward”. 1
Did you know that only 1 in 10 adults meet the recommended number of servings for fruits and vegetables according to the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report? 2 With so much research supporting vegetable intake as a way to combat obesity, improve our gut microbiome, and reduce risk of cancer and heart disease, this is a crime. My clients often consider vegetables just at dinner. Why? There is such a wide variety of vegetables to choose from, we can be recommending them as part of all meals and snacks. Vegetables are low in calories and can be easily incorporated in several ways.
Let’s start with breakfast. Beyond adding peppers, onions and spinach to omelets or frittatas, vegetables can be roasted and served as a side dish. Asparagus, broccoli, kale or peppers add color and flavor to any plate and are a great source of vitamin C and fiber. Try a blend of roasted vegetables such as a California blend of carrots, cauliflower and broccoli. Add a dash of turmeric and garlic for color and spice.
Encourage fresh vegetables for snacks. Go beyond baby carrots and celery sticks and consider sugar snap peas, jicama sticks or fresh green beans with hummus or a yogurt-based, savory dip. Pepper strips, raw broccoli and cauliflower, cucumber slices and grape tomatoes are also easy to prep and pack for snacks.
Suggest frozen vegetables at lunch if time is limited. Mixed vegetables, broccoli or peas can be added to leftovers to easily increase vegetable intake. Frozen peppers and spinach are also great to have on hand and can be tossed into pasta dishes, soup or rice. I often use fresh spinach or kale in leftovers, too. They wilt down to nothing when cooked but pack a wallop of nutrients including beta-carotene, vitamin C and potassium.
Dinner is where most people think to include vegetables, but with meat-heavy fad diets, serving sizes are still likely too small. I advise clients to make half their plates vegetables and include a variety of seasonal favorites daily. The key is to keep things interesting. Toss seasonal fruit like apples, pears, citrus fruit or berries into a spinach or kale salad. Add onions, peppers and peas to rice or other grain dishes. Try zucchini and mushrooms in spaghetti sauce or Indian dishes. Vegetables are also great stir fried in Asian cuisine. Purple cabbage is beautiful and adds flavonoids such as anthocyanin to your dish.
Be creative! Meals need not be monotonous or tasteless to be nutritious. Remember, variety is the spice of life!
Submitted by Lisa Andrews, MEd, RD, LD
Use this link to get 15% off all MyPlate Teaching Resources - this week only! Good through April 13, 2019
Lisa Andrews, MEd, RD, LD, is a registered dietitian and owner of Sound Bites Nutrition in Cincinnati. She shares her clinical, culinary, and community nutrition knowledge through cooking demos, teaching, and freelance writing. Lisa is a regular contributor to Food and Health Communications and Today’s Dietitian and is the author of the Healing Gout Cookbook, Complete Thyroid Cookbook, and Heart Healthy Meal Prep Cookbook. Her line of food pun merchandise, Lettuce beet hunger, supports those suffering food insecurity in Cincinnati. For more information, visit her website: https://soundbitesnutrition.com/ | <urn:uuid:84bb52b3-5db4-470c-9a2b-0d1bdfe78c65> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://foodandhealth.com/on-your-plate-vegetables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.92587 | 848 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Gov. Doug Ducey on Friday signed legislation that greatly expands the rights of parents to know anything their children tell a teacher or school counselor, the latest Republican effort to promote parental rights ahead of the 2022 election.
The measure, which passed the GOP-controlled Legislature in party-line votes, also allows parents to sue school districts or officials if information is withheld.
Republican supporters said the measure gives teeth to parents’ rights to direct their children’s upbringing.
“The new law will protect children from activist school officials and foster healthy family relationships,” Cathi Herrod, director of the social conservative group Center for Arizona Policy, said in a statement.
Democrats said the measure will put children at risk and keep young people from confiding in trusted adults.
“Once they realize that anything they tell a counselor or a teacher is going to go to their parents, some of them, potentially a lot of them, will just simply stop talking,” Sen. Christine Marsh of Phoenix said during a recent Senate debate. “They are no longer going to have that trusted adult to confide in.”
The bill requires teachers and school counselors to tell a student’s parents anything the child discloses in confidence. That includes anything relevant to the physical, emotional or mental health of the child.
It requires schools to allow access to all educational records and to a counselor’s notes.
Rep. Steve Kaiser, a Phoenix Republican who sponsored the bill, said that while parents have been able to talk to teachers and principals, they have little recourse if they believed their children were being led astray.
Ducey, a Republican, signed the measure without comment. It comes amid a growing push in GOP-controlled states to emphasize parental rights, which Republicans see as a potent issue in this year’s midterm elections. | <urn:uuid:adc9ab17-6889-4df2-8ddc-3b4f367ccfe1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://freetelegraph.com/arizona-governor-signs-parental-rights-bill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.965663 | 381 | 1.554688 | 2 |
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This position symbolises the enlightenment that Buddha reached while meditating under the Bodhi tree. In touching the ground, he summoned the earth goddess, Sthavara, to bear witness to his enlightenment.
The statue stands at approximately 19cm tall and has been made of resin. It has then been painted to give it a burnished bronze look, with highlights picked out in burnished gold and copper.
There are currently no reviews for Bhumisparsha Buddha Statue 29cm. Be the first to write a review. | <urn:uuid:815f39a2-44ef-484c-99f7-7339458b68a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.shivaonline.co.uk/shop/deity-statues-and-figurines/products/bhumisparsha-buddha-statue-29cm.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.950001 | 111 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Jones, M. C. and Signorini, D. F.
|Google Scholar:||Look up in Google Scholar|
We consider many kernel-based density estimators, all theoretically improving bias from O(h2), as the smoothing parameter h → 0, to O(h4). Examples include higher-order kernels, variable kernel methods, and transformation and multiplicative bias-correction approaches. We stress the similarities between what appear to be disparate approaches. In particular, we show how the mean squared errors of all methods have the same form. Our main practical contribution is a comparative simulation study that isolates the most promising approaches. It remains debatable, however, as to whether even the best methods give worthwhile improvements, at least for small-to-moderate sample exploratory purposes.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Copyright Holders:||1997 American Statistical Association|
|Keywords:||bias reduction; higher-order kernel; multiplicative bias correction; smoothing; transformation; variable band- width; variable location|
|Academic Unit/Department:||Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) > Mathematics and Statistics
Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
|Depositing User:||Sarah Frain|
|Date Deposited:||11 May 2011 12:26|
|Last Modified:||04 Oct 2016 10:47|
|Share this page:| | <urn:uuid:b33035a8-68f6-49d5-bb8f-9ac8efdcb924> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://oro.open.ac.uk/24107/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00035-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.758604 | 304 | 1.875 | 2 |
Flavors of Morocco: Saffron
Saffron has been prized by civilizations for millennia. Ancient Egyptians used saffron to make perfume, and 4,000-year-old frescoes in the Greek islands of Santorini and Crete depict people plucking flowers from cultivated saffron fields. Each Crocus sativus flower produces a three-pronged, golden-colored pistil (the female reproductive part of a flower), which is the source of the spice. It is the most expensive spice in the world due to its labor-intensive production and very low yield: one pound of dried saffron requires more than 50,000 crocus flowers.
This is just one of many herbs and spices featured in our new Exhibit Lab, Flavors of Morocco, highlighting this North African cultural crossroads, its culinary traditions, and the plants that support them—reflecting the blend of cultures that have intermingled in Morocco throughout history. See it here in our Ross Gallery through March 15. | <urn:uuid:99178b5b-671c-437d-a190-f94a4ca7f21b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nybg.org/blogs/plant-talk/2020/01/exhibit-news/flavors-of-morocco-saffron/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.942076 | 208 | 3.328125 | 3 |
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The Scarlet Letter is a book of much symbolism One of the most complex and misunderstood symbols in the book is Pearl the daughter of Hester Prynne Throughout the story Pearl develops into a prominent symbol of the A In this essay the example of symbolism Pearl comes to represent will be explained In the Scarlet Letter Hester for her sins received a scarlet letter A which she had to wear upon her chest for the rest of her life in Boston This was the Puritan way of punishing her for her then criminal action of adultery She wondered the streets to be given sour looks from all This eventually caused so much mental and physical anguish that she eventually questioned why she should live if it werent for her Pearl Pearl was a bundle of life sent from god to remind her of her wrong doing each and every moment and as a walking sermon to preach against sin for others Hesters wasted life the ultimate price that Hester paid for Pearl With Pearl Hesters life was almost never filled with joy but instead a constant reminder of the harsh word adultery Pearl would also make her own A to wear and sometimes she played games wither her mothers trying to hit it with rocks When Hester would go into the town with Pearl the other children would make fun of her and Pearl and would yell and throw dirt at them So in this case Pearl symbolized the decimation of Hesters life and mental state Although Hester had so much trouble with Pearl she still felt that Pearl was her ultimate treasure Pearl was really the only thing that Hester had in life Surely if Pearl wasnt in Hesters life Hester would have taken her own life Once and a while Pearl would bring joy to Hesters life and that helped her to bare the guilt lonesomeness and isolation that became
@Kibin is a lifesaver for my essay right now!!
- Sandra Slivka, student @ UC Berkeley
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- Camvu Pham, student @ U of M
If I'd known about @Kibin in college, I would have gotten much more sleep
- Jen Soust, alumni @ UCLA | <urn:uuid:e2e859b2-1f3b-4ce6-9369-867f647d596b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-symbolism-of-pearl-in-the-novel-the-scarlet-letter-PB350U5X | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00308-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978863 | 458 | 2.90625 | 3 |
View cellular network signal, turn international roaming, and your mobile data connection on or off.
INSTRUCTIONS & INFO
The Signal Bars display the connection strength. The more bars that are displayed, the better the connection. Note:To view the locations AT&T voice and data service can be used, see the AT&T Network coverage map.
When connected to 4G LTE, the 4G LTE icon will be displayed in the Notification bar Note:To learn more about the AT&T network, visit http://www.att.com/network.
To turn mobile data on or off, from the 'Settings' screen, tap More.
Tap MobileData Services.
Tap the MobileDatatoggle to turn cellular mobile data access on or off. Note:Mobile data is on by default. Turning off the mobile data will not allow any data to be transferred over the wireless network. Wi-Fi access, voice function, and standard text messaging are still allowed.
To turn data roaming on or off, tap InternationalDataRoaming.
Tap On or Off for International Data Roaming. Note:Data roaming is off by default. Enabling Data roaming will allow the device to attach to foreign wireless network signals when available. International roaming charges will apply. This setting does not apply to voice access, which requires additional provisioning for usage on international networks. To learn more, visit the AT&T International website. | <urn:uuid:66524108-a1b2-44f4-bfbd-85ade685f4fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.att.com/device-support/article/wireless/KM1312603/BlackBerry/BlackBerrySTV1001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.822977 | 295 | 1.664063 | 2 |
In this series, we take a deep dive into the Talk boards tags to look at how volunteers classify the fragments. You can read an overview of our Talk boards tags in the Sorting Phase Data review
Being unfamiliar with these texts, many volunteers used descriptive tags to point of visually striking features of a fragment.
These tags show volunteers engaging with the fragments in a different light, or highlighting points of interest. These tags, like weird, unusual, interesting, and beautiful, generated rich conversations with content specialists or other volunteers. It often lets researchers return to a fragment with a new perspective!
Check out the “weird-shaped parchment” of Subject 21952982. According to the Genizah Research Unit at Cambridge University Library, it’s a 12th-century letter to a family member, describing a sea voyage from Tripoli to Sicily (8 days with a favorable wind). It also mentions places in Italy and North Africa, before the writer travelled to Mahdiyya and on to Fustat. Subject 21952982: MS-TS-00016–00054, Genizah Research Unit, Cambridge University Library
Volunteers flagged Subject 11672015 for its #unusual layout of blocks and repeated characters. This subject has been reviewed in-depth by Dr. Michael Rand, Lecturer in Hebrew and Aramaic at the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies of the University of Cambridge. His field of expertise is Classical Hebrew piyyut, of which this seder beriyot_is an example. It contains the tail end of a _qedushta for Yom Kippur. Subject 11672015: MS 8190, fol. 2, Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary
Subject 30754368 features an “interesting list of items with numbers”. The University of Manchester Library categorizes this fragment as “personal status document and/or legal document”. Subject 30754368: L 150–1, The University of Manchester Library
Look at the #beautiful calligraphy in Subject 11616925! This side starts off with the Bismillāh (In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful)in the middle, followed by the ḥamdala (an Arabic phrase meaning “praise be to Allah.”) Subject 11616925: ENA 3316, Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary
👉 Read more Talk conversations or start your own by participating in Scribes of the Cairo Geniza on Zooniverse!
By Judaica DH at the Penn Libraries on .
Exported from Medium on April 14, 2020. | <urn:uuid:4b1e2889-5b09-4976-8116-3889091a3a15> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://judaicadh.github.io/blog/2019-06-25-datadeepdive/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.85325 | 549 | 2.171875 | 2 |
What's Your Type? With Diabetes, It Can Be Unclear
A drop in the number of newly-diagnosed diabetes cases is good public health news. But for the Type 1 diabetes community it's a source of frustration, because the numbers hide their story.
Last month, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that new cases of diagnosed diabetes among adults in the U.S. had finally dropped after decades of growth, from 1.7 million in 2008 to 1.4 million in 2014.
The decline in new cases gives "confidence that our diabetes prevention efforts are working and we are moving in the right direction," CDC officials said via email to Shots. "We know that long-term lifestyle changes in those at high risk are critical to prevent Type 2 diabetes and maintain this progress."
While it's certainly the right direction for the more common Type 2 diabetes, the findings don't apply to Type 1, a different condition that appears to be on the rise and that is not caused by obesity or lifestyle factors. Rather, Type 1 diabetes results from an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.
And while Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and can typically be managed with diet, physical activity, and various medications including insulin for some, Type 1 always requires insulin treatment, either with multiple daily injections or an infusion pump, and is far more labor-intensive to manage.
Type 1 is believed to make up roughly 5 percent of the total 29 million adults and children in the U.S. who currently live with diabetes, or about 1.5 million people. But, the actual number isn't really known, and some surveys have suggested there may be twice that many.
The new CDC numbers came from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which asked adult respondents whether a health professional had ever told them they have diabetes. The survey doesn't ask what type.
This is a problem, according to officials with the T1D Exchange, a nonprofit organization that includes a clinic network, registry, biorepository, and online patient community. In an open letter to the CDC, the Exchange's executive director Dana Ball and chief medical officer Dr. Henry Anhalt called for clarification of the announced decrease in new diabetes cases.
"Comingling of the data, particularly from the leading national public health institute of the United States, perpetuates the myth that diabetes is one disease sharing a name, while the reality is that Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are actually two different diseases in the diabetes family," Ball and Anhalt wrote.
One concern, Anhalt told Shots, is that scientists seeking funding for research into Type 1 diabetes might be turned down if the condition is perceived to be on the decline, when in fact the opposite appears to be the case.
Most of the available data on Type 1 diabetes are in children, even though a large proportion of people with the condition are adults who developed it either as children or in adulthood.
In a large multisite study called SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth that is jointly funded by the CDC and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, there was a 21 percent increase in the number of new cases of Type 1 diabetes in children between 2001 and 2009. Increases were seen in kids of all ages, as well as in ethnic or racial minority groups that are more commonly associated with Type 2.
And according to the International Diabetes Federation's Seventh Atlas , released in 2015, the number of kids with Type 1 diabetes worldwide had risen 9 percent since the Sixth Atlas, from 2013.
Researchers don't know why Type 1 diabetes is rising, and it's important to find out, Anhalt said. "The call to action was not necessarily to say CDC is bad. But if you don't have a way to do it, find one, because obtaining those data is vital."
But that's not so easy, says Edward Gregg, chief of the Epidemiology and Statistics Branch in the CDC's Division of Diabetes Translation. "Our national survey data unfortunately don't have the detail necessary to accurately distinguish diabetes types," he told Shots.
For one thing, while the majority of adults with diabetes in the U.S. have clear-cut Type 2, many aren't familiar with the terminology or are confused about it. Because T1 used to be called "insulin-dependent" diabetes, some people still mistakenly believe that anyone treated with insulin has Type 1. In fact, between a quarter and a third of people with Type 2 are treated with insulin, typically after they've had the condition for several years.
And the former terms "juvenile" and "adult-onset" diabetes persist despite having been officially changed to Types 1 & 2 nearly 20 years ago, after it became clear that adults could develop the "juvenile" type. And Type 2 is now appearing in some overweight and obese children, particularly among African-American, Hispanic or Native American teenagers.
"When you survey people in the population you could ask them their type, but it would not be a super-accurate way of determining the prevalence," Gregg noted.
Health care providers are confused too. Some will simply diagnose all new-onset diabetes in adults as Type 2, since it wasn't appreciated until recently that Type 1 can and often does first appear in adults in their 20s, 30s, 40s, and even older. (Because Type 1 onset tends to be slower in adults, it's often called "latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood," or "LADA.")
And for pediatricians, it may be difficult to tell which diabetes type an overweight or obese child or teenager has.
Indeed, the overall rise in obesity has furthered the diagnostic confusion. People with Type 1 were generally thin in the past, but today that's no longer the case (in the developed world, anyway).
Although obesity isn't the driver of Type 1 diabetes as it is in Type 2, people with Type 1 diabetes today are at least as likely to be overweight or obese as the general population. And with that, they may also display similar heart disease risk profiles as do people with Type 2 diabetes – in fact, heart disease is believed to be the number one killer of people with Type 1 diabetes, as it is for Type 2.
Adding to the confusion, there are other genetic types of diabetes that are also commonly misdiagnosed as either Type 1 or Type 2. Some of those people are put on insulin unnecessarily, making them vulnerable to weight gain and potentially dangerous low blood sugar episodes.
While some laboratory tests can help determine diabetes type, none are perfect and the most accurate one – checking for antibodies associated with Type 1 diabetes – is not routine and can be costly. (The genetic tests are even more expensive.)
Endocrinologist M. Sue Kirkman, a professor of medicine at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, doesn't ask diabetes patients about their type. Instead, she asks about factors such as their age and symptoms at diagnosis, medication history and family history of diabetes.
"There's a lot of confusion, Kirkman says. "It's not infrequent to see medical records that say Type 2 diabetes, but when we ask the patient some of those questions it's clearly Type 1." And if the type still isn't clear, she'll order an antibody test.
While some argue that knowing the type may not matter as long as the person's blood sugars are well-controlled, mix-ups can have serious consequences. For example, in adult hospital settings, where Type 2 diabetes is extremely common, the fact that insulin can't be withheld for long periods of time – such as for a surgical procedure - in Type 1 patients may be overlooked, Kirkman notes.
Besides, she says, "I actually think it's important for people to understand what kind of diabetes they have, even if [their current treatment] is working. I think it's important to be educated about what's wrong with your body."
Kirkman agrees with the T1D Exchange that CDC should work to improve its data gathering. "I hope the CDC can in the future distinguish better, because I think it's really important to know what's going on with one and the other."
In fact, Gregg says, CDC is addressing the issue in several ways. His team has developed new questions for the NHIS aimed at better distinguishing between the diabetes types, including the age at diagnosis, the interval between diagnosis and starting insulin (a short time would suggest Type 1), and whether insulin use was ever stopped (a long period without insulin would suggest Type 2).
Those questions are being field tested, he said, noting that "we'd be getting a better estimation of proportion of Type 1 versus Type 2, although it won't be perfect."
And, in addition to co-funding the SEARCH study, which looks at both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in youth, CDC has also recently issued a request for applications for research specifically to investigate rates of Type 1 diabetes in young adults, with a due date of February 23rd. "That would also hopefully fill this data gap," Gregg said.
Meanwhile, some diabetes experts say that it's time for a complete overhaul of the way diabetes is classified by basing it on underlying causes rather than potentially misleading descriptive characteristics.
In a perspective published last week in the American Diabetes Association journal Diabetes Care, the authors wrote, "The current classification system presents challenges to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with diabetes... in part due to its conflicting and confounding definitions of Type 1, Type 2, and [LADA]...We urge that the time is right to convene a committee of diabetes community leaders and researchers to reevaluate the current outmoded [diabetes] classification system."
Miriam E. Tucker is a freelance journalist specializing in medicine and health. You can follow her on Twitter @MiriamETucker.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. | <urn:uuid:acab012c-6675-4a0e-82f7-8ef898db1619> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.upr.org/2016-01-25/whats-your-type-with-diabetes-it-can-be-unclear | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.965007 | 2,039 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Here is a tutorial showing you how to create your own automatic sugar cane farm in Minecraft. This Minecraft automatic sugar cane farm tutorial shows you the best way of creating a sugar cane farm quickly and with the ability to stack high maximising your sugar cane output. Having sugar cane in Minecraft can be incredibly useful for building libraries, bookshelves, books, and more. Which is why you need an automatic sugar cane farm. Here’s our tutorial on how you can make your own Minecraft automatic sugar cane farm.
Minecraft Automatic Sugar Cane Farm Tutorial
Make a circle with a diameter of 13, add a chest and guide hoppers into it like so.
Add blocks as shown (you can fill the gaps if you want), and add water flowing from the sides to the middle (two buckets per side for a total of eight)
NOTE: Above the hoppers are half slabs, and above the chest is an upside-down stair.
Add some dirt, and add a layer of your building block of choice for an inside and an outside ring, plus an inner ring of water.
Next add glass outside, sugarcane and an inner ring with two blocks pointing to the front as shown.
NOTE: The outer most dirtblocks are not used for cane, they’re just a design choice
Now add pistons, slime blocks, obsidian, and three repeaters, all set to four ticks pointing AWAY from the obsidian block (or furnace or other immovable block) and put a redstone torch on the obsidian block. Also make a U-shape with your building block as shown.
NOTE: You can add regular torches in the inner ring corners to get that night time glow effect.
Redstone is next to be added to the sugar cane farm as you can see. The redstone on top of the obsidian with a block in front creates a short-circuit which conveniently now works as a really small BUD. The three repeaters stabilizes the short-circuit signal into a single pulse. That’s all for the first level and collection, you can add your roof here if you only want one level or you can continue with more levels to your sugar cane farm.
Finish the layer off with a square of building blocks right above the slime blocks, as shown beneath the water on the next picture.
There’s just a small difference between the first level and the rest, and that’s a protective block above the redstone. Note the layer of quartz below the water.
From the other side, no real difference.
Don’t forget the regular torches in the inner ring to light your automatic sugar cane farm up.
That’s two levels, let’s add some more! | <urn:uuid:e313dd5d-e3b7-44d8-a620-a12878baf1d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://bc-gb.com/blog/16850/minecraft-automatic-sugar-cane-farm-tutorial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00170-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88894 | 569 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Happy Junk Food Day. So many different foods, however I feel fries are probably the most popular. People have been enjoying french fries, for over 200 years. Thomas Jefferson wrote the oldest verifiable document mentioning frying potatoes, around 1802. French fries were very popular in france in the middle 1800’s. Which is why they’re called french fries. They became popular in the united states after soldiers returned, craving them.
The biggest part of the fry’s flavor is from the grease. Tallow is the best, it’s simply rendered beef fat. If you can’t find tallow, you can get lard which is pig fat. Vegetable oils provide the least amount of flavor. This is why fast food places have until recently used tallow. McDonalds used tallow until 1990 when they switched to vegetable oil. To get the flavor, they added flavorings. Probably something like beef bouillon is sprayed on them, before being frozen at the factory. One quarter of all potatoes in america are served as french fries. On average each person in the U.S. eats 30 lbs a fries a year. Over 6 million pounds of fries are consumed each year, in the U.S.
6 Potatoes (Russets are best)
Tallow or cooking oil (enough to fill pan at least 2 inches deep)
1/2 cup sugar
2 TBS salt
3. Wash the potatoes then place in a pan of cold water. Add 2 TBS salt. Bring the water to a boil. If you’re using russets cook for 5 minutes. If you’re using a waxy potatoes cook for only 1 minute. Boiling the potatoes first, creates a creamy texture in the finished fries.
4. Disolve 1 cup of sugar into 1/2 gallon of water. If you wish to use beef bouillon dissolve 4 cubes into the water with the sugar. Add ice to the water. Drain potatoes, and place into ice cold water sugar solution. Stir fries around in the water to cool and coat all of them. After 30 seconds drain potatoes. At this point you can place potatoes in frigerator for later frying. The sugar solution, cools the fries so they don’t overcook, and coats the fries in a small amount of sugar, which adds flavor and helps to brown them.
5. Heat the cooking grease to 375. Tallow is the tastiest cooking grease. The place some of the potatoes into the grease. Not all of the potatoes at once, because that would drop the oil temperature too much. After 3-5 minutes the fries should start to float. Once floating using a slotted spoon, continue to check the fries until they are a golden brown. | <urn:uuid:a515d94c-2ca7-429e-a373-84e3c387dc34> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://teamtukis.wordpress.com/2011/07/21/happy-junk-food-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.945157 | 574 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Diabetes is a family disease, yet many families are not offered proper education on this debilitating phenomenon.
Greater Naples YMCA hopes to change that by providing outreach programs to bring support to families to help them cope mentally and physically with the daily struggles that come with a diabetes diagnosis.
According to the Center for Disease Control, type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90 percent to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes, and type 1 diabetes accounts for about 5 percent.
The health and economic costs for both are enormous: Diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death in the United States in 2013 and is currently the leading cause of kidney failure, lower-limb amputations, and adult onset blindness.
More than 20 percent of health care spending is for people with diagnosed diabetes.
The program is the YMCA’s first of many free diabetes education series to come in the near future.
Attendees will learn about Dexcom, Omnipod, Puyre, Guardian Angel Dogs and others.
The series begins 5:30 p.m. Tuesday, March 28 at the Greater Naples YMCA. | <urn:uuid:e18a559c-a4b7-46ea-a87c-dcb45b7be060> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eaglenews.org/19827/news/greater-naples-region-provides-outreach-program-for-families-to-cope-mentally-and-physically/?print=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.950848 | 230 | 2.109375 | 2 |
The Foreigner Hardback
Richard Sennett has spent an intellectual lifetime exploring how humans live in cities.
In this pair of essays he visits two of the world's greatest cities at crucial moments in their history to meditate on the condition of exile in both geographical and psychic space: the Jewish Ghetto of Renaissance Venice, where state-imposed outsiderdom was translated into a rich community identity; and nineteenth-century Paris, a magnet for political exiles, where the experience of displacement seeped into the city's culture at large.
- Format: Hardback
- Pages: 160 pages
- Publisher: Notting Hill Editions
- Publication Date: 28/04/2011
- Category: Literary essays
- ISBN: 9781907903083 | <urn:uuid:5fa23552-f2b7-416b-8755-137c27dc9c1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hive.co.uk/Product/Richard-Sennett/The-Foreigner/11612869 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00353-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871125 | 154 | 2.0625 | 2 |
AGAINST POLICE VIOLENCE
Writers of Conscience Speak Out
A Free eBook Against Police Repression
With writings by Angela Y. Davis, Aric McBay, Assata Shakur, Howard Zinn, Huey P. Newton, and Paco Ignacio Taibo II.
"The ideas that can and will sustain our movement for total freedom and dignity of the people cannot be imprisoned, for they are to be found in the people, all the people, wherever they are. As long as the people live by the ideas of freedom and dignity, there will be no prison that can hold our movement down.” ―Huey P. Newton
Defund the Police. Abolish Prisons. Refuse State Repression.
- “Fighting to Win” from Full Spectrum Resistance: Building Movements and Fighting to Win by Aric McBay (2019)
- “The Problem is Civil Obedience” from The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy, Updated and Expanded 2nd Edition by Howard Zinn (2009)
- “Slavery, Civil Rights, and Abolitionist Perspectives Toward Prison” from Are Prisons Obsolete? by Angela Davis (2005)
- “Women in Prison: How We Are” by Assata Shakur (Joanne Chesimard), 1978, from Voices of a People’s History of the United States, 10th Anniversary Edition, edited by Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove (2014)
- “We Remember the Days of Glory but Tend to Forget They Were Fourteen-Hour Days” from ’68: The Mexican Autumn of the Tlatelolco Massacre by Paco Ignacio Taibo II, translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith (2019)
- “Even Liars Know the Truth” from ’68: The Mexican Autumn of the Tlatelolco Massacre by Paco Ignacio Taibo II, translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith (2019)
- “Prison, Where Is Thy Victory?: January 3, 1970” by Huey P. Newton (1969), from The New Huey P. Newton Reader, edited by David Hilliard and Donald Weise (2020)” | <urn:uuid:e0d20f12-f366-492b-bc09-a7d7b72c45c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sevenstories.com/blogs/169-against-police-violence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.881969 | 474 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Safe Delete Resource
If you are going to delete a resource, use the Safe Delete refactoring to ensure that the delete operation is safe. If there are no resource usages found, the resource will be deleted right away. Otherwise, ReSharper will show all resource usages, allowing you to edit the corresponding code. Removing usages marked with the icon, will lead to compilation errors.
To safe delete resource safely
Set the caret at the resource usage in a code file:
or at the resource name in a .resx file:
- On the main menu, choose or press Alt+Delete.
- If you have conflicts trying to safe-delete a resource, resolve them manually and click Refresh.
- When all conflicts are resolved and disappear from the dialog, click Next to apply the refactoring.
If ReSharper finds usages of resource in code files and but you apply the Safe Delete refactoring regardless of the conflicts, pay attention, that the resource declaration is deleted from resource files, while resource usages are left intact. | <urn:uuid:1e4e7ab4-a459-4806-a9ef-c7ec2df795e8> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.jetbrains.com/help/resharper/2016.1/Resources__Refactorings__Safe_Delete.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00498-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931141 | 220 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Presentation on theme: "Nios implementation in CCD Camera for "Pi of the Sky" experiment Photonics and Web Engineering Research Group Institute of Electronics Systems Warsaw University."— Presentation transcript:
Nios implementation in CCD Camera for "Pi of the Sky" experiment Photonics and Web Engineering Research Group Institute of Electronics Systems Warsaw University of Technology Maciej Kwiatkowski Supervisor: prof. dr hab. Ryszard Romaniuk dr Krzysztof Poźniak
Plan of presentation 1.Digital board of CCD camera for „Pi of the Sky” experiment 2.NIOS embedded processor and Avalon bus 3.RTL8169s PCI gigabit ethernet controller 4.Current solution vs Nios implementation 5.Custom PCI arbiter and Avalon bus multimastering 6.Future Plans
Digital board of CCD camera for „Pi of the Sky” experiment
NIOS embedded processor and Avalon bus 1.Separate instruction and data buses – Harvard architecture. 2.Instruction and data buses implemented as Avalon master ports. 3.The data master port connects to both memory and peripheral components, while the instruction master port connects only to memory components. 4.Memory can be shared and contains both instructions and data.
RTL8169s PCI gigabit ethernet controller 1.Descriptor based buffer management – three 1024 descriptor rings. 2.Address of descriptor rings is set by software in internal registers. 3.Descriptors consist of pointers to data buffers and additional flags. 4.Descriptors and buffers are placed in system memory. 5.Controller reads packet data from system memory and places it in the internal FIFO or it writes received packet from internal FIFO to system memory.
Custom PCI arbiter and Avalon bus multimastering 1.PCI arbitration can be controlled by CPU. 2.Data transmission requests from RTL8169s signalized by generating interrupt. 3.Interrupt subroutine should be placed in small on-chip memory. 4.Arbitration can be done on the Avalon bus side.
NIOS II and RTL8169s development board Bigger FPGA chip needed to implement NIOS with cache
Future plans 1.Write whole camera software for NIOS II 2.Tests and comparisons of different hardware versions (NIOS with or without cache) 3.Implementation of CCD state machine with FIFO and avalon slave port (after removing NIOS JTAG hardware) | <urn:uuid:e3a455ef-93d3-470c-bc6e-eff94ab33b5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/4286057/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00188-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.790438 | 513 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Staples is to begin offering 3D printing services to the public from early next year.
The 3D printing service, called Staples Easy 3D, will provide low-cost colour 3D printing, and builds on the technology services already offered by the office supplies company.
In order to get 3D printouts, customers will need to upload digital copies of their designs to the Staples Office Centre website and pick up their printed products from nearby Staples stores or get them delivered.
Staples will use the IRIS 3D printer or the Matrix 300+ from Irish company Mcor to print the designs.
"3D printing has been a very commercial application but this is the first opportunity for people to be able to be able to upload their content and have 3D printed content straight off the street," Mcor Technologies CEO Dr Conor MacCormack said. Products could be uploaded and printed using the service in a day, he added.
Staples will trial the 3D printing service in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg from January 2013, with a full commercial service to launch in the following months. "The goal is to be an online service with in-store capabilities as well by the end of Q2 hopefully," said MacCormack.
Staples stores in the three countries have been testing the €34,000 Mcor IRIS and €26,000 Mcor 300+ over the past six months to see what type of products they can produce.
Staples has yet to announce pricing for the service. | <urn:uuid:09b4e11c-01d6-4ed6-823e-fc12569751f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.zdnet.com/article/staples-to-start-offering-3d-printing-services/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00302-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972024 | 309 | 1.515625 | 2 |
If you are contemplating on the idea of building a home climbing wall in your garage, home or apartment, you should consider several factors. Do you have ample space to build the wall? Do you have the necessary skill for building one?
Irrespective of the number of inhibitions you have to deal with, there is no doubt that a home climbing wall would offer you a convenient space for workouts and would definitely enhance your rock climbing skills. It may not be as adaptable as one at a climbing gym, but would surely require a much smaller area and budget.
Now, that you have evaluated the factors and finally decided to build a home climbing wall, lets get down to the building process. Given below are some certain steps you would have to follow to ensure that you have an efficient climbing wall:
You will have to decide where you will be building the wall. For instance, if you are looking for simplicity, your garage would be an apt place to build the wall. While assessing the present condition of the garage, check for the ventilation, humidity, heat, etc that could turn out to be issues during certain seasons. For example, if you live in an area that gets very cold during winter, you may have to install a portable heater.
Before you start building the wall, you would have to estimate the budget and the various tools needed for building the wall. If you start building a wall without any budget, by the time you actually finish the wall you might end up getting a hefty bill from the departmental store. Or worse, you may even have to stall the project half-way due to insufficient funds to finance the construction.
Designing the climbing wall could be a critical issue. Identify the level of difficulty you have in mind while building the wall and the purpose. According to many rock climbers and home climbing wall constructors, straight vertical walls are great for beginners and considerably easy to build and alter, according to the difficulty levels. Don't forget, you wouldn't want to make the climbing wall too complicated; build whatever you deign. The modular design is a challenging one. You can even break the wall and reassemble it in a different configuration.
The construction stage could be the most frustrating or the most interesting part of building the climbing wall. If you have carefully planned and sketched an effectual design, constructing the climbing wall could be an easy job.
This is the last stage before you crank the holds on. This would include adding a fall zone, preparing the surface for paint, and sand texture.
So, if you have a large garage or any spacious room in the house you no longer use, you have ample space for building a climbing wall. If you do not have the talent required to build and craft a climbing wall, you can hire someone who would provide you with the design as well as construct a climbing wall on the basis of the skills you possess.
Rock Climbing Wall Manufacture http://www.extremeengineering.com is inventor of several climbing walls and hold patents. Our large manufacturing facility produces many Rock Climbing models of many sizes.
The quintesential Guide to all things Ice and Mixed Climbing. If you only get one book on Ice Climbing, make it this one...
This is a reference manual for mountaineers and those who wish to instruct, coach and lead others. We highly recomend this book... | <urn:uuid:a55390ca-16fa-451d-b9ad-55123b501809> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ice-climbing.co.uk/articles/How%20To%20Construct%20Your%20Own%20Home%20Climbing%20Wall.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00547-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958454 | 689 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, National Research Council, Canada
Data Center Description
The Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory operates the seven-antenna Synthesis Telescope (ST), the 26-meter Telescope, and the 10-cm Solar Flux Monitor. It is a member of the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey, a project to map 60 degrees of the Galactic plane at numerous wavelengths with a uniform sensitivity. The data from the LRDS, a survey of HI in the Galactic plane, are now available. Other projects at the DRAO site include the JCMT correlator, space VLBI, Large Adaptive Reflector, EVLA Correlator. | <urn:uuid:ec24dfdc-bf76-4e62-bbf8-f055c4c49849> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://gcmd.nasa.gov/KeywordSearch/Supplementals.do?Portal=GCMD&KeywordPath=DataCenters&NumericId=1049&MetadataType=0&lbnode=mdlb3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00166-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.836463 | 134 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Ahoy! Hope you are already on board.
Some say ” The human brain can’t multi-task and Worse than that: trying to do so actually makes you less productive.”
And somehow they made it related to phones. They claim that phones aren’t meant to be able to multi-task.
Yes, you guessed right. Those are the ones trying to make the weak points of their beloved operating system look good rather than making a good OS and make it more open so changes can be done easier.
I have learnt many things during my years of carrier with Linux-based operating systems and I have never heard someone saying anything like that until today when I came across an article which said exactly that. I went mad at first but I waited, listened to some music and calmed myself down so I could come up with a rather logical / unbiased post.
- All that apart, Why would you want a phone with multitasking capabilities?
- How would you use it?
- Is it going to be showing off only?
- Why some say it’s not good because our brain is so called “unable to multitask” ?
- For the first question, I need to impart it with some examples:
– You’re listening to your favorite internet radio station, a very important SMS arrives you have to read it. Tapping on the notification indicator will stop the app you were in and opens the messaging app; therefore your music has been stopped and you got mad.
– You’re having fun with Spotify, listening to some tracks and you want to check your Facebook at the same time. Press the back button and open Facebook, and immediately you realize that there’s going to be no music while checking Facebook.
-Let’s not stick to music shall we? You’re playing a game on your phone, a call comes across you answer your call and finish it so you can get back to your game. First thing you see is “Resuming…” and after a while of being awaited, you will see the start screen of the game, so basically all the progress is lost.
-You are in your maps application getting directions and you need to quickly get a glance at some note on your phone, you come out the maps app thinking the route will stay there till you come back, note is checked and you tap on the maps app icon to maximize the program. Oh no… The route is gone, and you have to enter everything from the beginning.
- How would you use multitasking?
You can take all the examples from the previous question and with using your imagination, take it to the multi-tasked level.
-Listen to any music on any program (Internet radios like Spotify, or perhaps the music player itself) and do whatever you want with other apps installed or pre-installed on your device.
-Play whatever the game you want and don’t lose your progress while a call or an SMS comes across which has to be answered or replied.
-Easily minimize your maps “While it’s still actually running in the background for real” and check/do whatever you desire to do, then simply come back to your maps application without seeing it been ruined. Pretty manly.
-A great example on Nokia N9, You could have your compass app in the multitasking view and see it run while it’s minimized.
- Is it really showing off only?
The answer is pretty simple, No. It is the most practical and time saving way of using a phone. it’s like having a Lamborghini Aventador with a big trunk so despite being fast we are being able to carry all of our stuff around! More like a very very fast 4WD saloon car which can go everywhere, very fast without skidding around and with a boot full or useful stuff, so despite showing off, it’s usable in everyday life.
- Why do people say our brain is not meant to multi-task? And why they claim, because of that very reason we should ignore and reject the multitasking totally?
As you might imagine our brain is able to multi-task and if you think of it, you are multitasking at this very moment. You are reading this post, which means using your eyes to see, your hand to scroll, your brain to process the words (For some of us, translate the words as our brain normally does when English isn’t our mother tongue. Or some might be listening to some music at the same time (Which I’m doing the same while writing this post).To be frank, people who actually said such a thing, might be “single-taskers” whom are very odd indeed! So a phone with low multitasking features might fulfill their idea of a perfect phone (Or OS). For me? No thanks. I have been using N900 and N9 for a long time and I’m addicted to multitasking and anytime my Android device plays around with me and filling it’s RAM with garbage I get extremely mad because I have to reboot the phone and guess what? in less than an hour, I have the same problem!
To sum up:
Well, honestly speaking and in my personal opinion; I’m not the type of guy who can manage to live with a device that supports low bit of multitasking. I have had an iPod Touch, I have lived one week with a WP phone, I own an Android phone with a reasonably good hardware, but non of them could be as practical and fulfilling as my N9 or even N900.
Let me know about your opinions about multitasking in the comment section. It’ll be a good discussion.
Also, today it’s Marc Dillon‘s birthday, let’s wish him the best year ahead with millions of successes in his life and carrier. He is truly a talented and intelligent guy. Happy birthday Marc.
Sepehr Noori (James) | <urn:uuid:82cd8d0d-d182-417c-ba02-3a83e57cdc0a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jollausers.com/2013/08/timetomultitask/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00125-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954921 | 1,258 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Notes & Commentary:
Ver. 2. Sin. Hence it is clear, that our first parent repented, (Worthington) and was saved, Genesis v. 5. (St. Irenĉus iii. 34.; St. Augustine, ep. xcix. ad Evod.; Cornelius a Lapide) (Calmet) — Things. Before sin, he submitted willingly; but afterwards, he was forced to use all his ingenuity to preserve this dominion.
Ver. 3. The unjust. Cain. We have no proof of his repentance.
Ver. 4. Cause. The wickedness of the race of Cain. (Calmet) — Just. Noe[Noah]. — Wood. Who would have thought that such a vessel would save mankind, &c., amid the raging storms? Noe must have been an able mechanic: (Calmet) but God both directed him, and closed up the door, Genesis vii. 16. (Haydock)
Ver. 5. She knew the just. She found out and approved Abraham, (Calmet) Sem, or Heber, who took no part in building the tower. (St. Augustine, City of God) (Chap. xvi. 4.) — To God. Many say that Abraham was at first addicted to idolatry. (Philo.) (St. Augustine, &c.) — But not after he was directed by the light of heaven. (Calmet) — Strong. Gave him strength to stand firm against the efforts of his natural tenderness, when he was ordered to sacrifice his son. (Challoner) — Against. Literally, “in.” To obey God was true compassion to his son, though it might have deprived him of this life. (Haydock) — How many virtues did not Abraham manifest on this occasion! (St. Ambrose, Off. ii. 5.)
Ver. 6. The just man. Lot. — Pentapolis. The land of the five cities, Sodom, Gomorrah, &c. (Challoner)
Ver. 10. The just. Jacob. — Of God. Or heaven open, and angels ascending and descending, Genesis xxxviii. 12.
Ver. 11. Deceit. Laban’s craft did not prevent Jacob from growing rich. (Haydock)
Ver. 12. Enemies. Laban and Esau. (Calmet) — Conflict with the angel. (Challoner)
Ver. 13. Just. Joseph. (Challoner) — Sinners. His brethren, &c. Septuagint, “from sin” of adultery. (Menochius) — Pit. Or prison, to which he was confined at the instigation of Potiphar’s wife, always preserving his virtue. (Calmet) — He had also been let down into an old pit by his brethren. (Haydock)
Ver. 14. Kingdom. Which he ruled under Pharao, Genesis xli. 40. (Calmet) — The Hebrews styled all in high authority kings. (Grotius)
Ver. 16. God. Moses. (Challoner) — Numbers xii. 7., and Psalm civ. 26., &c.
Ver. 21. Eloquent. They would, if possible, have sounded forth thy praise. (Dionysius) — The Hebrews had been kept in ignorance, and afraid to speak. (Calmet) — Infants, and dumb people, might also, by miracle, join in the song. (Haydock)
Bible Text & Cross-references:
What wisdom did for Adam, Noe, Abraham, Lot, Jacob, Joseph, and the people of Israel.
1 She preserved him, *that was first formed by God, the father of the world, when he was created alone,
2 *And she brought him out of his sin, and gave him power to govern all things.
3 *But when the unjust went away from her in his anger, he perished by the fury wherewith he murdered his brother.
4 *For whose cause, when water destroyed the earth, wisdom healed it again, directing the course of the just by contemptible wood.
5 *Moreover, when the nations had conspired together to consent to wickedness, she knew the just, and preserved him without blame to God, and kept him strong against the compassion for his son.
6 *She delivered the just man, who fled from the wicked that were perishing, when the fire came down upon Pentapolis:
7 Whose land, for a testimony of their wickedness, is desolate, and smoketh to this day, and the trees bear fruits that ripen not, and a standing pillar of salt is a monument of an incredulous soul.
8 For regarding not wisdom, they did not only slip in this, that they were ignorant of good things, but they left also unto men a memorial of their folly, so that in the things in which they sinned, they could not so much as lie hid.
9 But wisdom hath delivered from sorrow them that attend upon her.
10 *She conducted the just, when he fled from his brother’s wrath, through the right ways, and shewed him the kingdom of God, and gave him the knowledge of the holy things, made him honourable in his labours, and accomplished his labours.
11 In the deceit of them that overreached him, she stood by him, and made him honourable.
12 She kept him safe from his enemies, and she defended him from seducers, and gave him a strong conflict, that he might overcome, and know that wisdom is mightier than all.
13 *She forsook not the just, when he was sold, but delivered him from sinners: she went down with him into the pit.
14 *And in bands she left him not, till she brought him the sceptre of the kingdom, and power against those that oppressed him: and shewed them to be liars that had accused him, and gave him everlasting glory.
15 *She delivered the just people, and blameless seed, from the nations that oppressed them.
16 She entered into the soul of the servant of God, and stood against dreadful kings in wonders and signs.
17 And she rendered to the just the wages of their labours, and conducted them in a wonderful way: and she was to them for a covert by day, and for the light of stars by night:
18 *And she brought them through the Red Sea, and carried them over through a great water.
19 But their enemies she drowned in the sea, and from the depth of hell she brought them out. *Therefore the just took the spoils of the wicked.
20 *And they sung to thy holy name, O Lord, and they praised with one accord thy victorious hand.
21 For wisdom opened the mouth of the dumb, and made the tongues of infants eloquent.
1: Genesis i. 27.
2: Genesis ii. 7.
3: Genesis iv. 8.
4: Genesis vii. 6.
5: Genesis xi. 2.
6: Genesis xix. 17. and 22.
10: Genesis xxviii. 5. and 10.
13: Genesis xxxvii. 28.
14: Genesis xli. 40.; Acts vii. 9.
15: Exodus i. 11.
18: Exodus xiv. 22.; Psalm lxxvii. 13.
19: Exodus xii. 35.
20: Exodus xv. 1. | <urn:uuid:da4e1859-9b48-4a24-804b-2d8684432c37> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://haydockcommentary.com/wisdom-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.973548 | 1,618 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Nations Speak Out for Life and the Family in UN Human Rights Mechanism
WASHINGTON, DC, December 8 (C-Fam) For decades, powerful bureaucrats and wealthy donor countries have used the UN human rights system to push a controversial abortion and “sexual rights” agenda on traditional countries. Those countries are fighting back, using a relatively new UN human rights mechanism to encourage like-minded countries to resist.
In November, Kenya urged two other African nations to hold fast to their pro-life laws during a session of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR). Kenya recommended that Benin “resist calls to further liberalize abortion, and instead implement laws aimed at protecting the right to life of the unborn and recognize that life starts at conception.” In a similar recommendation, Kenya added a request that Zambia should “affirm that there is no international right to abortion.”
The UPR is a human rights mechanism in which each of the 193 UN member states is evaluated on its human rights record and offered recommendations by other countries. Now in its third cycle, the UPR has seen more than 50,000 recommendations pass between countries, where the nation under review has the opportunity to “accept” or “note” each recommendation. A relatively small but outspoken group of countries has recommended that countries liberalize their abortion laws or include sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) as a class of non-discrimination.
As a UN observer state, the Holy See does not receive recommendations from member states as part of the UPR, but can issue recommendations to others. In the first two UPR cycles, the Holy See urged several countries to protect life from conception, and to defend the natural family and marriage between one man and one woman.
Egypt has been an outspoken in defense of family rights within the UPR, issuing several recommendations urging countries to defend the family as “the natural and fundamental group unit of society”—language from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), one of the foundational UN documents. Bangladesh, Russia, Belarus, and Uzbekistan have also given similar recommendations.
While recommendations in the UPR are not binding, the UPR system wields more credibility than other UN human rights platforms because it is designed for nations to speak directly to other sovereign nations. Because of this, the UPR provides a broad picture of the state of human rights as understood by the world’s governments—including areas that are hotly contested—as well as areas where consensus is universal or nearly so.
Expert committees that monitor compliance with human rights treaties have drawn criticism for promoting an interpretation of human rights that is supported by only a minority of UN members. The oldest of these treaty bodies, the Human Rights Committee, which monitors the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, reviewed 19 countries in 2017. The committee pressured 12 of them to liberalize abortion and all of them on sexual orientation and gender identity, though neither of the issues is mentioned in the treaty.
By contrast, the protection of human life and the family are explicitly enumerated in UN human rights treaties and therefore have strong legal support. Despite this, the UDHR definition of the family has become controversial in recent years as expert bodies take an increasingly activist stance against the consensus of member states. Interventions like those of Kenya and Egypt within the UPR appear to be a reassertion of that consensus by national governments. | <urn:uuid:f77b2282-175e-4e6e-8709-c5fcc07f77fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://c-fam.org/friday_fax/nations-speak-life-family-un-human-rights-mechanism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.948627 | 698 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Web Design Standards – Recipe For Competitive Advantage Business Success
Professional web designs market a “code validation” feature that means nothing for the copywriting content of the website, however is greatly impacts the graphic presentation and can enhance or hinder the search engine optimization. Web design and development for businesses evolves as the technology available advances. The web standards attempt to make life easier for marketers, business owners, software product developers and web designers by creating the set of rules everyone plays by.
These rules have far-reaching implications in solving the problem: How do you create a web design that utilizes one or a mix of computer codes (such as HTML, java script, or php) that will look the same in different web browsers (like Explorer, Safari or Firefox) to computers that range from older PCs, stripped down netbooks, or proprietary Apple notebooks?
On top of this is the web visitor layer – how fast is their Internet connections (i.e. high resolution graphics load fast or very slow) and their ability to read various print or image sizes. The latter adds a layer of accessibility to the validation layer. Extra code, that is not needed to meet basic web design standards, is available to add sound or extra text to make websites available for those with visual handicaps.
As the current text mark-up language moves towards its next standard, companies should consider the business case for keeping their web design adhering as close as possible to the latest web standard. Currently many websites are alive and well that still use HTML code for both the basic architecture and to spell out the font-styles in line with the web content. Current and future standards use Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to move the font style and element positioning code off the web pages, cleaning up the code and reducing web page size and load times.
As Internet marketing competition increases, web designs using CSS will have a four-fold competitive advantage:
- Their websites will load faster, and according the SEO sleuths, Google rewards faster loading sites with better search engine ranking;
- The web content is much better optimized for search engine indexing and cataloging;
- New pages can be coded and added faster and less expensively; and
- Future graphic design changes can dramatically change the look and feel of the site by making changes in the style sheets and have those changes quickly propagate throughout the web design without needing to edit every page.
IMCD Web Design utilizes the latest web design standards and CSS to give your professional web design the competitive edge it needs to succeed in the online marketing arena. Call our web design pros and move your business into a higher level of sales lead generation.
Free SEO on New Website
Click on the button below and let us know you would like to receive the FREE SEO Limited Offer on a NEW IMCD Website. | <urn:uuid:13ce9cd9-dd66-4a6c-950a-a034c9538133> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.imcd.com/web-design-standards-recipe-for-competitive-advantage-and-business-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721387.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00448-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893827 | 573 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Dolphins and Arctic white whales are the undisputed stars of Russia’s aquariums. Children as well as adults adore them. Dolphins are the smartest inhabitants of the sea. In Russia Arctic white whales live mostly in the Okhotsk Sea while dolphins live in the Black Sea. It’s not easy to catch these animals and keep them in captivity. Find out about these beautiful creatures in a new XL Report. | <urn:uuid:d8f19507-f72d-4823-94de-993168c61c41> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.rt.com/shows/documentary/dolphins-way/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00426-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923498 | 85 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Roughly one in every 300 Americans is currently serving a prison
sentence. Of those who will one day be released, up to three-quarters
can be expected to return to prison within three years. Some estimates
place the number even higher. Often, these numbers are cited as
evidence of the ineffective nature of the penal system in
rehabilitating inmates to ensure that they avoid further criminal
activity. This is partly true, but we must also ask, what happens in
the three years between one prison sentence and another?
Meet Paul. Paul is every inmate, and he is none. Paul is a
conglomeration of the men I have met while interning in the Federal
Bureau of Prisons. (Bureau policy rightly prohibits me from sharing any
information about a real inmate.) If we are speaking in terms of
averages, Paul is incarcerated on drug charges. More likely than not,
he was poor, a minority and uneducated. Hopefully while in prison, he
will seek to prepare for a better life following his release. Many of
the men I met while a chaplain intern planned to leave prison to
contribute to society through community work or Christian ministry.
This was hardly a majority, but was substantial enough that we can have
hope that Paul might be so inclined.
Suppose Paul attended a Bible study in prison and gave his life to
Christ. Prompted by the Holy Spirit, Paul might desire to live a holy
life and to serve others and God. One day, his sentence will be
complete. Perhaps a halfway house will help him to find a job and a
home. If he is lucky, he will have a family waiting for him. However,
many men lose their families while in prison, or, even worse, have
families who will do nothing but cause them to stumble if they return
It is a common thing to hear an inmate tell of a sexually or
physically abusive parent, a drug-addicted wife or a brother who was a
fellow gang member. Sadly, if an inmate’s family is not a strong
option, he will likely have few alternatives. Partly, this is because
prison sentences often result in friendships being severed, but more
often this is because a felony conviction substantially alienates a
former convict from society. Once you have a criminal record it is
difficult to find a job, to find a landlord comfortable renting to you
or even to participate in some state and federal aid programs. This
would particularly be true if Paul had committed a sexual offense and
became a registered sex offender.
What happens when an inmate is released from prison but has few
options and no support? The result is often homelessness. I was once
also a chaplain at a homeless shelter in North Carolina where I kept
records of the men I met. Twenty-five percent admitted they had spent
time in prison. If you factor in those who kept silent about the past,
chances are the number is much higher. Of course, we cannot view all of
these men as mere victims. In my experience, some of the men wind up in
a shelter because of their continued criminal activities and sinful
lifestyles, not because they are innocent victims. Despite this, there
are social martyrs among the homeless because they are suffering and
homeless as a result of their faith in God. I met plenty of men who
went to prison, repented of their past through faith and then gave up
crime to follow Christ. They followed Him out of the prison gate, away
from their gangs and criminal sources of income, through countless
rejected job and apartment applications, right into the homeless
I will never forget the man who looked me in the eyes on the brink
of tears and told me he could leave the shelter that afternoon if he
began to sell drugs, but would likely remain there for months if he
persisted in faith and righteousness. His faith was growing weak, he
confessed, and the shelter was just another form of prison to him. This
was a man seeking to do the right thing, and yet never given a chance
by society. In the case of our hypothetical inmate, Paul, I worry his
release will all too likely lead to tears and poverty. Amid this social
alienation, it is easy to return to crime and then to prison.
This is the cycle I have seen many times: poverty leads to crime,
crime to incarceration, incarceration to further poverty and
homelessness, and then poverty and homelessness again leads to crime.
The vicious circle is complete. I do not advocate ignoring crime and
sin so that we paint inmates as only victims. Part of Christian
ministry is preaching repentance from sin through faith in Jesus
Christ. However, we cannot forget the Gospel, which teaches not only
that God forgives us but that God “reconciled us to Himself through
Christ and gave us the ministry of reconciliation” (2 Corinthians
5:18). Incarceration often leads to isolation in our communities.
Christ’s salvation reconciles us in love.
How, then, should a church that remembers the Gospel respond?
Often, churches take the important first step of leading Bible studies
in prisons and homeless shelters, calling men and women to repentance.
To this, many churches add mercy ministries that give the homeless
basic necessities for life.
These acts demonstrate forgiveness and love, which is important,
but without reconciliation it is not enough. Reconciliation calls us to
restore inmates to full participation in society. This can be done in
several ways. Perhaps your church should consider participating in
mentoring programs through state or federal prisons. You can contact
your local prison chaplain or groups like Prison Fellowship to begin
this process. If you find yourself a victim of crime, ask your attorney
about a restorative justice program to help reduce many of the pitfalls
of the incarceration to homelessness cycle. Though it will likely be
spiritually challenging, if you seek to reconcile with a criminal
before conviction you will reduce his likelihood of becoming a repeat
offender. More information about restorative justice can be found at RestorativeJustice.org.
Perhaps you will consider a more radical step: The next time your
business has a job opening or your church needs some work done,
consider calling a nearby homeless shelter. Ask for the man or woman no
one else will hire, and then offer that individual a job. More likely
than not, you will have touched the life of a former inmate. If nothing
else, please consider praying for those who seek to lose their life so
they may find it in Christ. Pray that though they have no home, they
may have strength to persevere. Above all, remember that Paul is a
hypothetical man, but those who leave prisons only to be trapped in
poverty and homelessness are real people. Their crimes were real, the
repentance Christ offers them is real and our Lord’s call to the Church
to help those in need is real.
This article originally appeared on our sister site, RejectApathy.org | <urn:uuid:32df3e91-5c2b-4c73-95f7-10b7b01c7ca2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://relevantmagazine.com/faith/why-our-inaction-increases-crime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.956133 | 1,510 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Society of Pakistan English Language Teachers
Society of Pakistan English Language Teachers conducts conferences for English teachers across the country to keep them abreast of the latest findings and research in the field of pedagogy and language skills. Our teachers never miss a chance to attend these conferences to sharpen and brighten their pedagogical skills.
Mini SPELT Conference
Jadeed Dastgir Ideal High School has another feather in its cap that it conducted a Mini SPELT on 17th March 2019 at its Peoples’ Colony Campus. A great number of Educational dignitaries presented and shared their expertise with the novice and the senior teachers from more than twenty schools at this event. We are the only school in Gujranwala District to host this Conference and also present on this Conference. | <urn:uuid:446463e7-4f3a-4e0b-909f-917796bbcf32> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jdihs.edu.pk/professional-development/spelt-mini-spelt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.961846 | 164 | 1.59375 | 2 |
By Robert Skidelsky, 2011-07-20
Everyone knows that Greece will default on its external debt. The only question concerns the best way to arrange it so that no one really understands that Greece is actually defaulting.
On this topic, there is no shortage of expert plans – among them bond buy-backs, bond swaps, and the creation of Eurobonds, a European version of the “Brady” bonds issued by Latin American countries that defaulted in the 1980’s
No one who is not well versed in financial legerdemain can make much sense of this battle of the bonds. But behind it lie two moral attitudes, which are much easier to grasp.
But there is a contrary moral attitude, the essence of which is that, whereas excessive debt is to be deplored, the blame for it lies with the lender, not the borrower. “Neither a borrower nor a lender be,” Polonius admonished in Hamlet. Lending money at interest was identified with “usury,” or making money from money rather than from goods and services – a distinction that goes back to Aristotle, for whom money was barren. The moneylender was the most hated figure in medieval Europe.
The last legal restrictions on taking interest on money were lifted only in the nineteenth century, when they succumbed to the economic argument that lending money was a service, for which the lender was entitled to charge whatever the market would bear. But the theory of usury survived in the view that it was morally wrong to extract some additional amount that was made feasible by the borrower’s weak bargaining position or extreme need.
These two moral attitudes confront each other today in the battle of the bonds. The demand for debt repayment confronts the philosophy of debt forgiveness. In the lender’s view, the 17% interest rate that Greece’s government now has to pay for its 10-year bonds accurately reflects the lender’s risk in buying Greek government debt. It is the price of past profligacy. But in the borrower’s view it is usurious – taking advantage of the borrower’s desperation.
The sensible middle position would surely be an agreed write-off of a portion of the outstanding Greek debt, combined with a five-year moratorium on interest payments on the remainder. This would immediately relieve pressure on Greece’s budget and give its government the time and incentive to put the country’s economy in order.
In the long run, however, we will have to answer the broader question that the eurozone’s various debt crises have raised: Is the social value of making finance cheap worth the days of reckoning for stricken debtors? | <urn:uuid:a057ae59-44ae-474d-9691-e212ac5a7acd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://hsalbert.blogspot.com/2011/07/battle-of-bonds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00155-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963054 | 557 | 2.9375 | 3 |
On December 6, 2021, the Montana Department of Environmental Quality announced four new grants for the Fast Charge Your Ride program. The grants, funded through the Volkswagen Environmental Mitigation Trust will include matching private investments, with a focus on connecting key travel corridors and tourist hotspots like Yellowstone National Park.
“Proximity and availability of electric vehicle charging stations is a critical connection for visitors to small communities and for the support of restaurants and small businesses in key Montana tourism corridors,” said Scott Osterman, Director, Montana Department of Commerce. “This network of charging stations opens up the opportunity for more exploration of the state, supporting local economies. We are excited to see the expansion of this infrastructure in Montana.”
This round of grants was awarded with a focus on serving businesses where travelers already commonly stop, as well as rural communities serving tourist destinations. Combined with previous rounds of Fast Charge Your Ride, and private sector investments, this will bring the total number of fast-charge stations around the state to 21. A recent partnership between NorthWestern Energy and Town Pump was also recently announced, and will install nine new charging stations on key corridors throughout the state. These are expected to come online by the Fall of 2023. | <urn:uuid:b75a4311-4b5c-4b2d-a3fd-e5a43fdbbed5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mojo.naseo.org/news-article?NewsID=3683 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.953347 | 249 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Keywords : Electroencephalography (EEG)
Implementation of Brain Controlled Robotic Car to Assist Paralytic and physically Challenged People by Analyzing EEG Signals
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine,
2020, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 2191-2199
In our society, many people are suffering from paralytic diseases which causes several disabilities like they are unable to talk , move physically and also to express their needs. Still, they mostly move their heads and blink their eyes. Based on their ability to blink, we have designed our project which is working under the principle of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). BCI is based on the direct communication path between the Brain and digital computer. The BCI system enhances the quality of paralytic patients life. BCI which monitors EEG waves from the Brain. EEG –Electroencephalography which observes an Electrical property of the Brain through the Scalp (Noninvasive). The NeuroskyMindwave mobile measures intentionally directed EMG activity (blink strength).
Our proposed system helps them to control the robotic car to the desired place by their eye blink. So they don’t need any caretaker to drive them, they can drive their robotic vehicle themselves. The robotic car starts moving when we run the program; then the direction is chosen by having eye blinks. | <urn:uuid:82505f60-a898-40e2-9e94-c9b7cebe07c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ejmcm.com/?_action=article&kw=3629&_kw=Electroencephalography+(EEG) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.95221 | 275 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Early Church Fathers
As Scripture has called the Greeks pilferers of the Barbarian2 philosophy, it will next have to be considered how this may be briefly demonstrated. For we shall not only show that they have imitated and copied the marvels recorded in our books; but we shall prove, besides, that they have plagiarized and falsified (our writings being, as we have shown, older) the chief dogmas they hold, both on faith and knowledge and science, and hope and love, and also on repentance and temperance and the fear of God,-a whole swarm, verily, of the virtues of truth.
Whatever the explication necessary on the point in hand shall demand, shall be embraced, and especially what is occult in the barbarian philosophy, the department of symbol and enigma; which those who have subjected the teaching of the ancients to systematic philosophic study have affected, as being in the highest degree serviceable, nay, absolutely necessary to the knowledge of truth. In addition, it will in my opinion form an appropriate sequel to defend those tenets, on account of which the Greeks assail us, making use of a few Scriptures, if perchance the Jew also may listen3 and be able quietly to turn from what he has believed to Him on whom he has not believed. The ingenuous among the philosophers will then with propriety be taken up in a friendly exposure both of their life and of the discovery of new dogmas, not in the way of our avenging ourselves on our detractors (for that is far from being the case with those who have learned to bless those who curse, even though they needlessly discharge on us words of blasphemy), but with a view to their conversion; if by any means these adepts in wisdom may feel ashamed, being brought to their senses by barbarian demonstration; so as to be able, although late, to see clearly of what sort are the intellectual acquisitions for which they make pilgrimages over the seas. Those they have stolen are to be pointed out, that we may thereby pull down their conceit; and of those on the discovery of which through investigation they plume themselves, the refutation will be furnished. By consequence, also we must treat of what is called the curriculum of study-how far it is serviceable;4 and of astrology, and mathematics, and magic, and sorcery. For all the Greeks boast of these as the highest sciences. "He who reproves boldly is a peacemaker."5 We lave often said already that we have neither practised nor do we study the expressing ourselves in pure Greek; for this suits those who seduce the multitude from the truth. But true philosophic demonstration will contribute to the profit not of the listeners' tongues, but of their minds. And, in my opinion, he who is solicitous about truth ought not to frame his language with artfulness and care, but only to try to express his meaning as he best can. For those who are particular about words, and devote their time to them, miss the things.6 It is a feat fit for the gardener to pluck without injury the rose that is growing among the thorns; and for the craftsman to find out the pearl buried in the oyster's flesh. And they say that fowls have flesh of the most agreeable quality, when, through not being supplied with abundance of food, they pick their sustenance with difficulty, scraping with their feet. If any one, then, speculating on what is similar, wants to arrive7 at the truth [that is] in the numerous Greek plausibilities, like the real face beneath masks, he will hunt it out with much pains. For the power that appeared in the vision to Hermas said, "Whatever may be revealed to you, shall be revealed."8
"Be not elated on account of thy wisdom," say the Proverbs. "In all thy ways acknowledge her, that she may direct thy ways, and that thy foot may not stumble." By these remarks he means to show that our deeds ought to be conformable to reason, and to manifest further that we ought to select and possess what is useful out of all culture. Now the ways of wisdom are various that lead right to the way of truth. Faith is the way. "Thy foot shall not stumble" is said with reference to some who seem to oppose the one divine administration of Providence. Whence it is added, "Be not wise in thine own eyes," according to the impious ideas which revolt against the administration of God. "But fear God," who alone is powerful. Whence it follows as a consequence that we are not to oppose God. The sequel especially teaches clearly, that "the fear of God is departure from evil; "for it is said, "and depart from all evil." Such is the discipline of wisdom ("for whom the Lord loveth He chastens"9 ), causing pain in order to produce understanding, and restoring to peace and immortality. Accordingly, the Barbarian philosophy, which we follow, is in reality perfect and true. And so it is said in the book of Wisdom: "For He hath given me the unerring knowledge of things that exist, to know the constitution of the word," and so forth, down to "and the virtues of roots." Among all these he comprehends natural science, which treats of all the phenomena in the world of sense. And in continuation, he alludes also to intellectual objects in what he subjoins: "And what is hidden or manifest I know; for Wisdom, the artificer of all things, taught me."10 You have, in brief, the professed aim of our philosophy; and the learning of these branches, when pursued with right course of conduct, leads through Wisdom, the artificer of all things, to the Ruler of all,-a Being difficult to grasp and apprehend, ever receding and withdrawing from him who pursues. But He who is far off ha"-oh ineffable marvel!-come very near. "I am a God: that draws near," says the Lord. He is in essence remote; "for how is it that what is begotten can have approached the Unbegotten? "But He is very near in virtue of that power which holds all things in its embrace. "Shall one do aught in secret, and I see him not? "11 For the power of God is always present, in contact with us, in the exercise of inspection, of beneficence, of instruction. Whence Moses, persuaded that God is not to be known by human wisdom, said, "Show me Thy glory; "12 and into the thick darkness where God's voice was, pressed to enter-that is, into the inaccessible and invisible ideas respecting Existence. For God is not in darkness or in place, but above both space and time, and qualities of objects. Wherefore neither is He at any time in a part, either as containing or as contained, either by limitation or by section. "For what house will ye build to Me? "saith the Lord.13 Nay, He has not even built one for Himself, since He cannot be contained. And though heaven be called His throne, not even thus is He contained, but He rests delighted in the creation.
It is clear, then, that the truth has been hidden from us; and if that has been already shown by one example, we shall establish it a little after by several more. How entirely worthy of approbation are they who are both willing to learn, and able, according to Solomon, "to know wisdom and instruction, and to perceive the words of wisdom, to receive knotty words, and to perceive true righteousness," there being another [righteousness as well], not according to the truth, taught by the Greek laws, and by the rest of the philosophers. "And to direct judgments," it is said-not those of the bench, but he means that we must preserve sound and free of error the judicial faculty which is within us-"That I may give subtlety to the simple, to the young man sense and understanding."14 "For the wise man," who has been persuaded to obey the commandments, "having heard these things, will become wiser" by knowledge; and "the intelligent man will acquire rule, and will understand a parable and a dark word, the sayings and enigmas of the wise."15 For it is not spurious words which those inspired by God and those who are gained over by them adduce, nor is it snares in which the most of the sophists entangle the young, spending their time on nought true. But those who possess the Holy Spirit "search the deep things of God,"16 -that is, grasp the secret that is in the prophecies. "To impart of holy things to the dogs" is forbidden, so long as they remain beasts. For never ought those who are envious and perturbed, and still infidel in conduct, shameless in barking at investigation, to dip in the divine and clear stream of the living water. "Let not the waters of thy fountain overflow, and let thy waters spread over thine own streets."17 For it is not many who understand such things as they fall in with; or know them even after learning them, though they think they do, according to the worthy Heraclitus. Does not even he seem to thee to censure those who believe not? "Now my just one shall live by faith,"18 the prophet said. And another prophet also says, "Except ye believe, neither shall ye understand."19 For how ever could the soul admit the transcendental contemplation of such themes, while unbelief respecting what was to be learned struggled within? But faith, which the Greeks disparage, deeming it futile and barbarous, is a voluntary preconception20 the assent of piety-"the subject of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen," according to the divine apostle. "For hereby," pre-eminently, "the elders obtained a good report. But without faith it is impossible to please God."21 Others have defined faith to be a uniting assent to an unseen object, as certainly the proof of an unknown thing is an evident assent. If then it be choice, being desirous of something, the desire is in this instance intellectual. And since choice is the beginning of action, faith is discovered to be the beginning of action, being the foundation of rational choice in the case of any one who exhibits to himself the previous demonstration through faith. Voluntarily to follow what is useful, is the first principle of understanding. Unswerving choice, then, gives considerable momentum in the direction of knowledge. The exercise of faith directly becomes knowledge, reposing on a sure foundation. Knowledge, accordingly, is defined by the sons of the philosophers as a habit, which cannot be overthrown by reason. Is there any other true condition such as this, except piety, of which alone the Word is teacher?22 I think not. Theophrastus says that sensation is the root of faith. For from it the rudimentary principles extend to the reason that is in us, and the understanding. He who believeth then the divine Scriptures with sure judgment, receives in the voice of God, who bestowed the Scripture, a demonstration that cannot be impugned. Faith, then, is not established by demonstration. "Blessed therefore those who, not having seen, yet have believed."23 The Siren's songs, exhibiting a power above human, fascinated those that came near, conciliating them, almost against their will, to the reception of what was said.
Now the followers of Basilides regard faith as natural, as they also refer it to choice, [representing it] as finding ideas by intellectual comprehension without demonstration; while the followers of Valentinus assign faith to us, the simple, but will have it that knowledge springs up in their own selves (who are saved by nature) through the advantage of a germ of superior excellence, saying that it is as far removed from faith as24 the spiritual is from the animal. Further, the followers of Basilides say that faith as well as choice is proper according to every interval; and that in consequence of the supramundane selection mundane faith accompanies all nature, and that the free gift of faith is comformable to the hope of each. Faith, then, is no longer the direct result of free choice, if it is a natural advantage.
Nor will he who has not believed, not being the author [of his unbelief], meet with a due recompense; and he that has believed is not the cause [of his belief]. And the entire peculiarity and difference of belief and unbelief will not fall under either praise or censure, if we reflect rightly, since there attaches to it the antecedent natural necessity proceeding from the Almighty. And if we are pulled like inanimate things by the puppet-strings of natural powers, willingness25 and unwillingness, and impulse, which is the antecedent of both, are mere redundancies. And for my part, I am utterly incapable of conceiving such an animal as has its appetencies, which are moved by external causes, under the dominion of necessity. And what place is there any longer for the repentance of him who was once an unbeliever, through which comes forgiveness of sins? So that neither is baptism rational, nor the blessed seal,26 nor the Son, nor the Father. But God, as I think, turns out to be the distribution to men of natural powers, which has not as the foundation of salvation voluntary faith.
But we, who have heard by the Scriptures that self-determining choice and refusal have been given by the Lord to men, rest in the infallible criterion of faith, manifesting a willing spirit, since we have chosen life and believe God through His voice. And he who has believed the Word knows the matter to be true; for the Word is truth. But he who has disbelieved Him that speaks, has disbelieved God.
"By faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that what is seen was not made of things which appear," says the apostle. "By faith Abel offered to God a fuller sacrifice than Cain, by which he received testimony that he was righteous, God giving testimony to him respecting his gifts; and by it he, being dead, yet speaketh," and so forth, down to "than enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season."27 Faith having, therefore, justified these before the law, made them heirs of the divine promise. Why then should I review and adduce any further testimonies of faith from the history in our hands? "For the time would fail me were I to tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephtha, David, and Samuel, and the prophets," and what follows.28 Now, in as much as there are four things in which the truth resides-Sensation, Understanding, Knowledge, Opinion,-intellectual apprehension is first in the order of nature; but in our case, and in relation to ourselves, Sensation is first, and of Sensation and Understanding the essence of Knowledge is formed; and evidence is common to Understanding and Sensation. Well Sensation is the ladder to Knowledge; while Faith, advancing over the pathway of the objects of sense, leaves Opinion behind, and speeds to things free of deception, and reposes in the truth.
Should one say that Knowledge is founded on demonstration by a process of reasoning, let him hear that first principles are incapable of demonstration; for they are known neither by art nor sagacity. For the latter is conversant about objects that are susceptible of change, while the former is practical solely, and not theoretical.29 Hence it is thought that the first cause of the universe can be apprehended by faith alone. For all knowledge is capable of being taught; and what is capable of being taught is rounded on what is known before. But the first cause of the universe was not previously known to the Greeks; neither, accordingly, to Thales, who came to the conclusion that water was the first i cause; nor to the other natural philosophers who succeeded him, since it was Anaxagoras who was the first who assigned to Mind the supremacy over material things. But not even he preserved the dignity suited to the efficient cause, describing as he did certain silly vortices, together with the inertia and even foolishness of Mind. Wherefore also the Word says, "Call no man master on earth."30 For knowledge is a state of mind that results from demonstration; but faith is a grace which from what is indemonstrable conducts to what is universal and simple, what is neither with matter, nor matter, nor under matter. But those who believe not, as to be expected, drag all down from heaven, and the region of the invisible, to earth, "absolutely grasping with their hands rocks and oaks," according to Plato. For, clinging to all such things, they asseverate that that alone exists which can be touched and handled, defining body and essence to be identical: disputing against themselves, they very piously defend the existence of certain intellectual and bodiless forms descending somewhere from above from the invisible world, vehemently maintaining that there is a true essence. "Lo, I make new things," saith the Word, "which eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, nor hath it entered into the heart of man."31 With a new eye, a new ear, a new heart, whatever can be seen and heard is to be apprehended, by the faith and understanding of the disciples of the Lord, who speak, hear, and act spiritually. For there is genuine coin, and other that is spurious; which no less deceives unprofessionals, that it does not the money-changers; who know through having learned how to separate and distinguish what has a false stamp from what is genuine. So the money-changer only says to the unprofessional man that the coin is counterfeit. But the reason why, only the banker's apprentice, and he that is trained to this department, learns.
Now Aristotle says that the judgment which follows knowledge is in truth faith. Accordingly, faith is something superior to knowledge, and is its criterion. Conjecture, which is only a feeble supposition, counterfeits faith; as the flatterer counterfeits a friend, and the wolf the dog. And as the workman sees that by learning certain things he becomes an artificer, and the helmsman by being instructed in the art will be able to steer; he does not regard the mere wishing to become excellent and good enough, but he must learn it by the exercise of obedience. But to obey the Word, whom we call Instructor, is to believe Him, going against Him in nothing. For how can we take up a position of hostility to God? Knowledge, accordingly, is characterized by faith; and faith, by a kind of divine mutual and reciprocal correspondence, becomes characterized by knowledge.
Epicurus, too, who very greatly preferred pleasure to truth, supposes faith to be a preconception of the mind; and defines preconception to be a grasping at something evident, and at the clear understanding of the thing; and asserts that, without preconception, no one can either inquire, or doubt, or judge, or even argue. How can one, without a preconceived idea of what he is aiming after, learn about that which is the subject of his investigation? He, again, who has learned has already turned his preconception32 into comprehension. And if he who learns, learns not without a preconceived idea which takes. in what is expressed, that man has ears to hear the truth. And happy is the man that speaks to the ears of those who hear; as happy certainly also is he who is a child of obedience. Now to hear is to understand. If, then, faith is nothing else than a preconception of the mind in regard to what is the subject of discourse, and obedience is so called, and understanding and persuasion; no one shall learn aught without faith, since no one [learns aught] without preconception. Consequently there is a more ample demonstration of the complete truth of what was spoken by the prophet, "Unless ye believe, neither will ye understand." Paraphrasing this oracle, Heraclitus of Ephesus says, "If a man hope not, he will not find that which is not hoped for, seeing it is inscrutable and inaccessible." Plato the philosopher, also, in The Laws, says, "that he who would be blessed and happy, must be straight from the beginning a partaker of the truth, so as to live true for as long a period as possible; for he is a man of faith. But the unbeliever is one to whom voluntary falsehood is agreeable; and the man to whom involuntary falsehood is agreeable is senseless;33 neither of which is desirable. For he who is devoid of friendliness, is faithless and ignorant." And does he not enigmatically say in Euthydemus, that this is "the regal wisdom"? In The Statesman he says expressly, "So that the knowledge of the true king is kingly; and he who possesses it, whether a prince or private person, shall by all means, in consequence of this act, be rightly styled royal." Now those who have believed in Christ both are and are called <i>chrestoi (good),34 as those who are cared for by the true king are kingly. For as the wise are wise by their wisdom, and those observant of law are so by the law; so also those who belong to Christ the King are kings, and those that are Christ's Christians. Then, in continuation, he adds clearly, "What is right will turn out to be lawful, law being in its nature right reason, and not found in writings or elsewhere." And the stranger of Elea pronounces the kingly and statesmanlike man "a living law." Such is he who fulfils the law, "doing the will of the Father,"35 inscribed on a lofty pillar, and set as an example of divine virtue to all who possess the power of seeing. The Greeks are acquainted with the staves of the Ephori at Lacedaemon, inscribed with the law on wood. But my law, as was said above, is both royal and living; and it is right reason. "Law, which is king of all-of mortals and immortals," as the Boeotian Pindar sings. For Speusippus,36 in the first book against Cleophon, seems to write like Plato on this wise: "For if royalty be a good thing, and the wise man the only king and ruler, the law, which is fight reason, is good; "37 which is the case. The Stoics teach what is in conformity with this, assigning kinghood, priesthood, prophecy, legislation, riches, true beauty, noble birth, freedom, to the wise man alone. But that he is exceedingly difficult to find, is confessed even by them.
Accordingly all those above-mentioned dogmas appear to have been transmitted from Moses the great to the Greeks. That all things belong to the wise man, is taught in these words: "And because God hath showed me mercy, I have all things."38 And that he is beloved of God, God intimates when He says, "The God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, the God of Jacob."39 For the first is found to have been expressly called "friend; "40 and the second is shown to have received a new name, signifying "he that sees God ; "41 while Isaac, God in a figure selected for Himself as a consecrated sacrifice, to be a type to us of the economy of salvation.
Now among the Greeks, Minos the king of nine years' reign, and familiar friend of Zeus, is celebrated in song; they having heard how once God conversed with Moses, "as one speaking with his friend."42 Moses, then, was a sage, king, legislator. But our Saviour surpasses all human nature.43 He is so lovely, as to be alone loved by us, whose hearts are set on the true beauty, for "He was the true light."44 He is shown to be a King, as such hailed by unsophisticated children and by the unbelieving and ignorant Jews, and heralded by the prophets. So rich is He, that He despised the whole earth, and the gold above and beneath it, with all glory, when given to Him by the adversary. What need is there to say that He is the only High Priest, who alone possesses the knowledge of the worship of God?45 He is Melchizedek, "King of peace,"46 the most fit of all to head the race of men. A legislator too, in as much as He gave the law by the mouth of the prophets, enjoining and teaching most distinctly what things are to be done, and what not. Who of nobler lineage than He whose only Father is God? Come, then, let us produce Plato assenting to those very dogmas. The wise man he calls rich in the Phaedrus, when he says, "O dear Pan, and whatever other gods are here, grant me to become fair within; and whatever external things I have, let them be agreeable to what is within. I would reckon the wise man rich."47 And the Athenian stranger,48 finding fault with those who think that those who have many possessions are rich, speaks thus: "For the very rich to be also good is impossible-those, I mean, whom the multitude count rich. Those they call rich, who, among a few men, are owners of the possessions worth most money; which any bad man may possess." "The whole world of wealth belongs to the believer,"49 Solomon says, "but not a penny to the unbeliever." Much more, then, is the Scripture to be believed which says, "It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man "50 to lead a philosophic life. But, on the other hand, it blesses "the poor; "51 as Plato understood when he said, "It is not the diminishing of one's resources, but the augmenting of insatiableness, that is to be considered poverty; for it is not slender means that ever constitutes poverty, but insatiableness, from which the good man being free, will also be rich." And in Alcibiadeshe calls vice a servile thing, and virtue the attribute of freemen. "Take away from you the heavy yoke, and take up the easy one,"52 says the Scripture; as also the poets call [vice] a slavish yoke. And the expression, "Ye have sold yourselves to your sins," agrees with what is said above: "Every one, then, who committeth sin is a slave; and the slave abideth not in the house for ever. But if the Son shall make you free, then shall ye be free, and the truth shall make you free."53
And again, that the wise man is beautiful, the Athenian stranger asserts, in the same way as if one were to affirm that certain persons were just, even should they happen to be ugly in their persons. And in speaking thus with respect to eminent rectitude of character, no one who should assert them to be on this account beautiful would be thought to speak extravagantly. And "His appearance was inferior to all the Sons of men,"54 prophecy predicted.
Plato, moreover, has called the wise man a king, in The Statesman.The remark is quoted above.
These points being demonstrated, let us recur again to our discourse on faith. Well, with the fullest demonstration, Plato proves, that there is need of faith everywhere, celebrating peace at the same time: "For no man will ever be trusty and sound in seditions without entire virtue. There are numbers of mercenaries full of fight, and willing to die in war; but, with a very few exceptions, the most of them are desperadoes and villains, insolent and senseless." If these observations are right, "every legislator who is even of slight use, will, in making his laws, have an eye to the greatest virtue. Such is fidelity"55 , which we need at all times, both in peace and in war, and in all the rest of our life, for it appears to embrace the other virtues. "But the best thing is neither war nor sedition, for the necessity of these is to be deprecated. But peace with one another and kindly feeling are what is best." From these remarks the greatest prayer evidently is to have peace, according to Plato. And faith is the greatest mother of the virtues. Accordingly it is rightly said in Solomon, "Wisdom is in the mouth of the faithful.56 Since also Xenocrates, in his book on "Intelligence," says "that wisdom is the knowledge of first causes and of intellectual essence." He considers intelligence as twofold, practical and theoretical, which latter is human wisdom. Consequently wisdom is intelligence, but all intelligence is not wisdom. And it has been shown, that the knowledge of the first cause of the universe is of faith, but is not demonstration. For it were strange that the followers of the Samian Pythagoras, rejecting demonstrations of subjects of question, should regard the bare ipse dixit57 as ground of belief; and that this expression alone sufficed for the confirmation of what they heard, while those devoted to the contemplation of the truth, presuming to disbelieve the trustworthy Teacher, God the only Saviour, should demand of Him tests of His utterances. But He says, "He that hath ears to hear, let him hear." And who is he? Let Epicharmus say:-
"Mind sees, mind hears; all besides is deaf and blind."58
Rating some as unbelievers, Heraclitus says,
"Not knowing how to hear or to speak;"
aided doubtless by Solomon, who says,
"If thou lovest to hear, thou shalt comprehend;
and if thou incline thine ear, thou shalt be wise.59
"Lord, who hath believed our report? "60 Isaiah says. For "faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God," saith the apostle. "How then shall they call on Him in whom they have not believed? And how shall they believe on Him whom they have not heard? And how shall they hear without a preacher? And how shall they preach except they be sent? As it is written, How beautiful are the feet of those that publish glad tidings of good things! "61 You see how he brings faith by hearing, and the preaching of the apostles, up to the word of the Lord, and to the Son of God. We do not yet understand the word of the Lord to be demonstration.
As, then, playing at ball not only depends on one throwing the ball skilfully, but it requires besides one to catch it dexterously, that the game may be gone through according to the rules for ball; so also is it the case that teaching is reliable when faith on the part of those who hear, being, so to speak, a sort of natural art, contributes to the process of learning. So also the earth co-operates, through its productive power, being fit for the sowing of the seed. For there is no good of the very best instruction without the exercise of the receptive faculty on the part of the learner, not even of prophecy, when there is the absence of docility on the part of those who hear. For dry twigs, being ready to receive the power of fire, are kindled with great ease; and the far-famed stone62 attracts steel through affinity, as the amber tear-drop drags to itself twigs, and the lump sets chaff in motion. And the substances attracted obey them, influenced by a subtle spirit, not as a cause, but as a concurring cause.
There being then a twofold species of vice-that characterized by craft and stealth, and that which leads and drives with violence-the divine Word cries, calling all together; knowing perfectly well those that will not obey; notwithstanding then since to obey or not is in our own power, provided we have not the excuse of ignorance to adduce. He makes a just call, and demands of each according to his strength. For some are able as well as willing, having reached this point through practice and being purified; while others, if they are not yet able, already have the will. Now to will is the act of the soul, but to do is not without the body. Nor are actions estimated by their issue alone; but they are judged also according to the element of free choice in each,-if he chose easily, if he repented of his sins, if he reflected on his failures and repented (mete/gnw), which is (meta\ tau=ta e !gnw ) "afterwards knew." For repentance is a tardy knowledge, and primitive innocence is knowledge. Repentance, then, is an effect of faith. For unless a man believe that to which he was addicted to be sin, he will not abandon it; and if he do not believe punishment to be impending over the transgressor, and salvation to be the portion of him who lives according to the commandments, he will not reform.
Hope, too, is based on faith. Accordingly the followers of Basilides define faith to be, the assent of the soul to any of those things, that do not affect the senses through not being present. And hope is the expectation of the possession of good. Necessarily, then, is expectation founded on faith. Now he is faithful who keeps inviolably what is entrusted to him; and we are entrusted with the utterances respecting God and the divine words, the commands along with the execution of the injunctions. This is the faithful servant, who is praised by the Lord. And when it is said, "God is faithful," it is intimated that He is worthy to be believed when declaring aught. Now His Word declares; and "God" Himself is "faithful."63 How, then, if to believe is to suppose, do the philosophers think that what proceeds from themselves is sure? For the voluntary assent to a preceding demonstration is not supposition, but it is assent to something sure. Who is more powerful than God? Now unbelief is the feeble negative supposition of one opposed to Him: as incredulity is a condition which admits faith with difficulty. Faith is the voluntary supposition and anticipation of pre-comprehension. Expectation is an opinion about the future, and expectation about other things is opinion about uncertainty. Confidence is a strong judgment about a thing. Wherefore we believe Him in whom we have confidence unto divine glory and salvation. And we confide in Him, who is God alone, whom we know, that those things nobly [promised to us, and for this end benevolently created and bestowed by Him on us, will not fail.
Benevolence is the wishing of good things to another for his sake. For He needs nothing; and the beneficence and benignity which flow from the Lord terminate in us, being divine benevolence, and benevolence resulting in beneficence. And if to Abraham on his believing it was counted for righteousness; and if we are the seed of Abraham, then we must also believe through heating. For we are Israelites, who are convinced not by signs, but by hearing. Wherefore it is said, "Rejoice, O barren, that barest not; break forth and cry, thou that didst not travail with child: for more are the children of the desolate than of her who hath an husband."64 "Thou hast lived for the fence of the people, thy children were blessed in the tents of their fathers."65 And if the same mansions are promised by prophecy to us and to the patriarchs, the God of both the covenants is shown to be one. Accordingly it is added more clearly, "Thou hast inherited the covenant of Israel,"66 speaking to those called from among the nations that were once barren, being formerly destitute of this husband, who is the Word,-desolate formerly,-of the bridegroom. "Now the just shall live by faith,"67 which is according to the covenant and the commandments; since these, which are two in name and time, given in accordance with the [divine] economy-being in power one-the old and the new, are dispensed through the Son by one God. As the apostle also says in the Epistle to the Romans, "For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith," teaching the one salvation which from prophecy to the Gospel is perfected by one and the same Lord. "This charge," he says, "I commit to thee, son Timothy, according to the prophecies which went before on thee, that thou by them mightest war the good warfare; holding faith, and a good conscience; which some having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck,"68 because they defiled by unbelief the conscience that comes from God. Accordingly, faith may not, any more, with reason, be disparaged in an offhand way, as simple and vulgar, appertaining to anybody. For, if it were a mere human habit, as the Greeks supposed, it would have been extinguished. But if it grow, and there be no place where it is not; then I affirm, that faith, whether founded in love, or in fear, as its disparagers assert, is something divine; which is neither rent asunder by other mundane friendship, nor dissolved by the presence of fear. For love, on account of its friendly alliance with faith, makes men believers; and faith, which is the foundation of love, in its turn introduces the doing of good; since also fear, the paedagogue of the law, is believed to be fear by those, by whom it is believed. For, if its existence is shown in its working, it is yet believed when about to do and threatening, and when not working and present; and being believed to exist, it does not itself generate faith, but is by faith tested and proved trustworthy. Such a change, then, from unbelief to faith-and to trust in hope and fear, is divine. And, in truth, faith is discovered, by us, to be the first movement towards salvation; after which fear, and hope, and repentance, advancing in company with temperance and patience, lead us to love and knowledge. Rightly, therefore, the Apostle Barnabas says, "From the portion I have received I have done my diligence to send by little and little to you; that along with your faith you may also have perfect knowledge.69 Fear and patience are then helpers of your faith; and our allies are long-suffering and temperance. These, then," he says, "in what respects the Lord, continuing in purity, there rejoice along with them, wisdom, understanding, intelligence, knowledge." The fore-mentioned virtues being, then, the elements of knowledge; the result is that faith is more elementary, being as necessary to the Gnostic,70 as respiration to him that lives in this world is to life. And as without the four elements it is not possible to live, so neither can knowledge be attained without faith. It is then the support of truth.
Those, who denounce fear, assail the law; and if the law, plainly also God, who gave the law. For these three elements are of necessity presented in the subject on hand: the ruler, his administration, and the ruled. If, then, according to hypothesis, they abolish the law; then, by necessary consequence, each one who is led by lust, courting pleasure, must neglect what is right and despise the Deity, and fearlessly indulge in impiety and injustice together, having dashed away from the truth.
Yea, say they, fear is an irrational aberration71 and perturbation of mind. What sayest thou? And how can this definition be any longer maintained, seeing the commandment is given me by the Word? But the commandment forbids, hanging fear over the head of those who have incurred72 admonition for their discipline.
Fear is not then irrational. It is therefore rational. How could it be otherwise, exhorting as it does, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Than shalt not bear false witness? But if they will quibble about the names, let the philosophers term the fear of the law, cautious fear, (eu0la/beia) which is a shunning (e !kklisij) agreeable to reason. Such Critolaus of Phasela not inaptly called fighters about names (o0nomatoma/koi). The commandment, then, has already appeared fair and lovely even in the highest degree, when conceived under a change of name. Cautious fear (eu0la/beia) is therefore shown to be reasonable being the shunning of what hurts; from which arises repentance for previous sins. "For the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom; good understanding is to all that do it."73 He calls wisdom a doing, which is the fear of the Lord paving the way for wisdom. But if the law produces fear, the knowledge of the law is the beginning of wisdom; and a man is not wise without law. Therefore those who reject the law are unwise; and in consequence they are reckoned godless (a !qeoi). Now instruction is the beginning of wisdom. "But the ungodly despise wisdom and instruction,"74 saith the Scripture.
Let us see what terrors the law announces. If it is the things which hold an intermediate place between virtue and vice, such as poverty, disease, obscurity, and humble birth, and the like, these things civil laws hold forth, and are: praised for so doing. And those of the Peripatetic school, who introduce three kinds of good things, and think that their opposites are evil, this opinion suits. But the law given to us enjoins us to shun what are in reality bad things-adultery, uncleanness, paederasty, ignorance, wickedness, soul-disease, death (not that which severs the soul from the body, but that which severs the soul from truth). For these are vices in reality, and the workings that proceed from them are dreadful and terrible. "For not unjustly," say the divine oracles, "are the nets spread for birds; for they who are accomplices in blood treasure up evils to themselves."75 How, then, is the law still said to be not good by certain heresies that clamorously appeal to the apostle, who says, "For by the law is the knowledge of sin? "76 To whom we say, The law did not cause, but showed sin. For, enjoining what is to be done, it reprehended what ought not to be done. And it is the part of the good to teach what is salutary, and to point out what is deleterious; and to counsel the practice of the one, and to command to shun the other. Now the apostle, whom they do not comprehend, said that by the law the knowledge of sin was manifested, not that from it it derived its existence. And how can the law be not good, which trains, which is given as the instructor (paidagwgo/j) to Christ,77 that being corrected by fear, in the way of discipline, in order to the attainment of the perfection which is by Christ? "I will not," it is said, "the death of the sinner, as his repentance."78 Now the commandment works repentance; in as much as it deters79 from what ought not to be done, and enjoins good deeds. By ignorance he means, in my opinion, death. "And he that is near the Lord is full of stripes."80 Plainly, he, that draws near to knowledge, has the benefit of perils, fears, troubles, afflictions, by reason of his desire for the truth. "For the son who is instructed turns out wise, and an intelligent son is saved from burning. And an intelligent son will receive the commandments."81 And Barnabas the apostle having said, "Woe to those who are wise in their own conceits, clever in their own eyes,"82 added, "Let us become spiritual, a perfect temple to God; let us, as far as in us lies, practise the fear of God, and strive to keep His commands, that we may rejoice in His judgments."83 Whence "the fear of God" is divinely said to be the beginning of wisdom.84
Here the followers of Basilides, interpreting this expression, say, "that the Prince,85 having heard the speech of the Spirit, who was being ministered to, was struck with amazement both with the voice and the vision, having had glad tidings beyond his hopes announced to him; and that his amazement was called fear, which became the origin of wisdom, which distinguishes classes, and discriminates, and perfects, and restores. For not the world alone, but also the election, He that is over all has set apart and sent forth."
And Valentinus appears also in an epistle to have adopted such views. For he writes in these very words: "And as86 terror fell on the angels at this creature, because he uttered things greater than proceeded from his formation, by reason of the being in him who had invisibly communicated a germ of the supernal essence, and who spoke with free utterance; so also among the tribes of men in the world, the works of men became terrors to those who made them,-as, for example, images and statues. And the hands of all fashion things to bear the name of God: for Adam formed into the name of man inspired the dread attaching to the pre-existent man, as having his being in him; and they were terror-stricken, and speedily marred the work."
But there being but one First Cause, as will be shown afterwards, these men will be shown to be inventors of chatterings and chirpings. But since God deemed it advantageous, that from the law and the prophets, men should receive a preparatory discipline by the Lord, the fear of the Lord was called the beginning of wisdom, being given by the Lord, through Moses, to the disobedient and hard of heart. For those whom reason convinces not, fear tames; which also the Instructing Word, foreseeing from the first, and purifying by each of these methods, adapted the instrument suitably for piety. Consternation is, then, fear at a strange apparition, or at an unlooked-for representation-such as, for example, a message; while fear is an excessive wonderment on account of something which arises or is. They do not then perceive that they represent by means of amazement the God who is highest and is extolled by them, as subject to perturbation and antecedent to amazement as having been in ignorance. If indeed ignorance preceded amazement; and if this amazement and fear, which is the beginning of wisdom, is the fear of God, then in all likelihood ignorance as cause preceded both the wisdom of God and all creative work, and not only these, but restoration and even election itself. Whether, then, was it ignorance of what was good or what was evil?
Well, if of good, why does it cease through amazement? And minister and preaching and baptism are [in that case] superfluous to them. And if of evil, how can what is bad be the cause of what is best? For had not ignorance preceded, the minister would not have come down, nor would have amazement seized on "the Prince," as they say; nor would he have attained to a beginning of wisdom from fear, in order to discrimination between the elect and those that are mundane. And if the fear of the pre-existent man made the angels conspire against their own handiwork, under the idea that an invisible germ of the supernal essence was lodged within that creation, or through unfounded suspicion excited envy, which is incredible, the angels became murderers of the creature which had been entrusted to them, as a child might be, they being thus convicted of the grossest ignorance. Or suppose they were influenced by being involved in foreknowledge. But they would not have conspired against what they foreknew in the assault they made; nor would they have been terror-struck at their own work, in consequence of foreknowledge, on their perceiving the supernal germ. Or, finally, suppose, trusting to their knowledge, they dared (but this also were impossible for them), on learning the excellence that is in the Pleroma, to conspire against man. Furthermore also they laid hands on that which was according to the image, in which also is the archetype, and which, along with the knowledge that remains, is indestructible.
To these, then, and certain others, especially the Marcionites, the Scripture cries, though they listen not, "He that heareth Me shall rest with confidence in peace, and shall be tranquil, fearless of all evil."87
What, then, will they have the law to be? They will not call it evil, but just; distinguishing what is good from what is just. But the Lord, when He enjoins us to dread evil, does not exchange one evil for another, but abolishes what is opposite by its opposite. Now evil is the opposite of good, as what is just is of what is unjust. If, then, that absence of fear, which the fear of the Lord produces, is called the beginning of what is good,88 fear is a good thing. And the fear which proceeds from the law is not only just, but good, as it takes away evil. But introducing absence of fear by means of fear, it does not produce apathy by means of mental perturbation, but moderation of feeling by discipline. When, then, we hear, "Honour the Lord, and be strong: but fear not another besides Him,"89 we understand it to be meant fearing to sin, and following the commandments given by God, which is the honour that cometh from God. For the fear of God isDe/oj [in Greek]. But if fear is perturbation of mind, as some will have it that fear is perturbation of mind, yet all fear is not perturbation. Superstition is indeed perturbation of mind; being the fear of demons, that produce and are subject to the excitement of passion. On the other hand, consequently, the fear of God, who is not subject to perturbation, is free of perturbation. For it is not God, but failing away from God, that the man is terrified for. And he who fears this-that is, falling into evils-fears and dreads those evils. And he who fears a fall, wishes himself to be free of corruption and perturbation. "The wise man, fearing, avoids evil: but the foolish, trusting, mixes himself with it," says the Scripture; and again it says, "In the fear of the Lord is the hope of strength."90
Such a fear, accordingly, leads to repentance and hope. Now hope is the expectation of good things, or an expectation sanguine of absent good; and favourable circumstances are assumed in order to good hope, which we have learned leads on to love. Now love turns out to be consent in what pertains to reason, life, and manners, or in brief, fellowship in life, or it is the intensity of friendship and of affection, with fight reason, in the enjoyment of associates. And an associate (e9tai=roj) is another self;91 just as we call those, brethren, who are regenerated by the same word. And akin to love is hospitality, being a congenial an devoted to the treatment of strangers. And those are strangers, to whom the things of the world are strange. For we regard as worldly those, who hope in the earth and carnal lusts."Be not conformed," says the apostle, "to this world: but be ye transformed in the renewal of the mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God."92
Hospitality, therefore, is occupied in what is useful for strangers; and guests (e0pi/cenoi) are strangers (ce/noi); and friends are guests; and brethren are friends. "Dear brother,"93 says Homer.
Philanthropy, in order to which also, is natural affection, being a loving treatment of men, and natural affection, which is a congenial habit exercised in the love of friends or domestics, follow in the train of love. And if the real man within us is the spiritual, philanthropy is brotherly love to those who participate, in the same spirit. Natural affection, on the other hand, the preservation of good-will, or of affection; and affection is its perfect demonstration;94 and to be beloved is to please in behaviour, by drawing and attracting. And persons are brought to sameness by consent, which is the knowledge of the good things that are enjoyed in common. For community of sentiment (o9mognwmosu/nh) is harmony of opinions (sumfwni/a gnwmw=n). "Let your love be without dissimulation," it is said; "and abhorring what is evil, let us become attached to what is good, to brotherly love," and so on, down to "If it be possible, as much as lieth in you, living peaceably with all men." Then "be not overcome of evil," it is said, "but overcome evil with good."95 And the same apostle owns that he bears witness to the Jews, "that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge. For, being ignorant of God's righteousness, and seeking to establish their own, they have not submitted themselves to the righteousness of God."96 For they did not know and do the will of the law; but what they supposed, that they thought the law wished. And they did not believe the law as prophesying, but the bare word; and they followed through fear, not through disposition and faith. "For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness,"97 who was prophesied by the law to every one that believeth. Whence it was said to them by Moses, "I will provoke you to jealousy by them that are not a people; and I will anger you by a foolish nation, that is, by one that has become disposed to obedience."98 And by Isaiah it is said, "I was found of them that sought Me not; I was made manifest to them that inquired not after Me,"99 -manifestly previous to the coming of the Lord; after which to Israel, the things prophesied, are now appropriately spoken: "I have stretched out My hands all the day long to a disobedient and gainsaying people." Do you see the cause of the calling from among the nations, clearly declared, by the prophet, to be the disobedience and gainsaying of the people? Then the goodness of God is shown also in their case. For the apostle says, "But through their transgression salvation is come to the Gentiles, to provoke them to jealousy"100 and to willingness to repent. And the Shepherd, speaking plainly of those who had fallen asleep, recognises certain righteous among Gentiles and Jews, not only before the appearance of Christ, but before the law, in virtue of acceptance before God,-as Abel, as Noah, as any other righteous man. He says accordingly, "that the apostles and teachers, who had preached the name of the Son of God, and had fallen asleep, in power and by faith, preached to those that had fallen asleep before" Then he subjoins: "And they gave them the seal of preaching. They descended, therefore, with them into the water, and again ascended. But these descended alive, and again ascended alive. But those, who had fallen asleep before, descended dead, but ascended alive. By these, therefore, they were made alive, and knew the name of the Son of God. Wherefore also they ascended with them, and fitted into the structure of the tower, and unhewn were built up together; they fell asleep in righteousness and in great purity, but wanted only this seal."101 "For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things of the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves,"102 according to the apostle.
As, then, the virtues follow one another, why need I say what has been demonstrated already, that faith hopes through repentance, and fear through faith; and patience and practice in these along with learning terminate in love, which is perfected by knowledge? But that is necessarily to be noticed, that the Divine alone is to be regarded as naturally wise. Therefore also wisdom, which has taught the truth, is the power of God; and in it the perfection of knowledge is embraced. The philosopher loves and likes the truth, being now considered as a friend, on account of his love, from his being a true servant. The beginning of knowledge is wondering at objects, as Plato says is in his Theaetetus; and Matthew exhorting in the Traditions, says, "Wonder at what is before you; "laying this down first as the foundation of further knowledge. So also in the Gospel to the Hebrews it is written, "He that wonders shall reign, and he that has reigned shall rest. It is impossible, therefore, for an ignorant man, while he remains ignorant, to philosophize, not having apprehended the idea of wisdom; since philosophy is an effort to grasp that which truly is, and the studies that conduce thereto. And it is not the rendering of one103 accomplished in good habits of conduct, but the knowing how we are to use and act and labour, according as one is assimilated to God. I mean God the Saviour, by serving the God of the universe through the High Priest, the Word, by whom what is in truth good and right is beheld. Piety is conduct suitable and corresponding to God.
These three things, therefore, our philosopher attaches himself to: first, speculation; second, the performance of the precepts; third, the forming of good men;-which, concurring, form the Gnostic. Whichever of these is wanting, the elements of knowledge limp. Whence the Scripture divinely says, "And the Lord spake to Moses, saying, Speak to the children of Israel, and thou shalt say to them, I am the Lord your God. According to the customs of the land of Egypt, in which ye have dwelt, ye shall not do; and according to the customs of Canaan, into which I bring you, ye shall not do; and in their usages ye shall not walk. Ye shall perform My judgments, and keep My precepts, and walk in them: I am the Lord your God. And ye shall keep all My commandments, and do them. He that doeth them shall live in them. I am the Lord your God."104 Whether, then, Egypt and the land of Canaan be the symbol of the world and of deceit, or of sufferings and afflictions; the oracle shows us what must be abstained from, and what, being divine and not worldly, must be observed. And when it is said, "The man that doeth them shall live in them,"105 it declares both the correction of the Hebrews themselves, and the training and advancement of us who are nigh:106 it declares at once their life and ours. For "those who were dead in sins are quickened together with Christ,"107 by our covenant. For Scripture, by the frequent reiteration of the expression, "I am the Lord your God," shames in such a way as most powerfully to dissuade, by teaching us to follow God who gave the commandments, and gently admonishes us to seek God and endeavour to know Him as far as possible; which is the highest speculation, that which scans the greatest mysteries, the real knowledge, that which becomes irrefragable by reason. This alone is the knowledge of wisdom, from which rectitude of conduct is never disjoined.
But the knowledge of those who think themselves wise, whether the barbarian sects or the philosophers among the Greeks, according to the apostle, "puffeth up."108 But that knowledge, which is the scientific demonstration of what is delivered according to the true philosophy, is rounded on faith. Now, we may say that it is that process of reason which, from what is admitted, procures faith in what is disputed. Now, faith being twofold-the faith of knowledge and that of opinion-nothing prevents us from calling demonstration twofold, the one resting on knowledge, the other on opinion; since also knowledge and foreknowledge are designated as twofold, that which is essentially accurate, that which is defective. And is not the demonstration, which we possess, that alone which is true, as being supplied out of the divine Scriptures, the sacred writings, and out of the "God-taught wisdom," according to the apostle? Learning, then, is also obedience to the commandments, which is faith in God. And faith is a power of God, being the strength of the truth. For example, it is said, "If ye have faith as a grain of mustard, ye shall remove the mountain."109 And again, "According to thy faith let it be to thee."110 And one is cured, receiving healing by faith; and the dead is raised up in consequence of the power of one believing that he would be raised. The demonstration, however, which rests on opinion is human, and is the result of rhetorical arguments or dialectic syllogisms. For the highest demonstration, to which we have alluded, produces intelligent faith by the adducing and opening up of the Scriptures to the souls of those who desire to learn; the result of which is knowledge (gnosis). For if what is adduced in order to prove the point at issue is assumed to be true, as being divine and prophetic, manifestly the conclusion arrived at by inference from it will consequently he inferred truly; and the legitimate result of the demonstration will be knowledge. When, then, the memorial of the celestial and divine food was commanded to be consecrated in the golden pot, it was said, "The omer was the tenth of the three measures."111 For in ourselves, by the three measures are indicated three criteria; sensation of objects of sense, speech,-of spoken names and words, and the mind,-of intellectual objects. The Gnostic, therefore, will abstain from errors in speech, and thought, and sensation, and action, having heard "that he that looks so as to lust hath committed adultery; "112 and reflecting that "blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God; "113 and knowing this, "that not what enters into the mouth defileth, but that it is what cometh forth by the mouth that defileth the man. For out of the heart proceed thoughts."114 This, as I think, is the true and just measure according to God, by which things capable of measurement are measured, the decad which is comprehensive of man; which summarily the three above-mentioned measures pointed out. There are body and soul, the five senses, speech, the power of reproduction-the intellectual or the spiritual faculty, or whatever you choose to call it. And we must, in a word, ascending above all the others, stop at the mind; as also certainly in the universe overleaping the nine divisions, the first consisting of the four elements put in one place for equal interchange: and then the seven wandering stars and the one that wanders not, the ninth, to the perfect number, which is above the nine,115 and the tenth division, we must reach to the knowledge of God, to speak briefly, desiring the Maker after the creation. Wherefore the tithes both of the ephah and of the sacrifices were presented to God; and the paschal feast began with the tenth day, being the transition from all trouble, and from all objects of sense.
The Gnostic is therefore fixed by faith; but the man who thinks himself wise touches not what pertains to the truth, moved as he is by unstable and wavering impulses. It is therefore reasonably written, "Cain went forth from the face of God, and dwelt in the land of Naid, over against Eden." Now Naid is interpreted commotion, and Eden delight; and Faith, and Knowledge, and Peace are delight, from which he that has disobeyed is cast out. But he that is wise in his own eyes will not so much as listen to the beginning of the divine commandments; but, as if his own teacher, throwing off the reins, plunges voluntarily into a billowy commotion, sinking down to mortal and created things from the uncreated knowledge, holding various opinions at various times. "Those who have no guidance fall like leaves."116
Reason, the governing principle, remaining unmoved and guiding the soul, is called its pilot. For access to the Immutable is obtained by a truly immutable means. Thus Abraham was stationed before the Lord, and approaching spoke.117 And to Moses it is said, "But do thou stand there with Me."118 And the followers of Simon wish be assimilated in manners to the standing form which they adore. Faith, therefore, and the knowledge of the truth, render the soul, which makes them its choice, always uniform and equable. For congenial to the man of falsehood is shifting, and change, and turning away, as to the Gnostic are calmness, and rest, and peace. As, then, philosophy has been brought into evil repute by pride and self-conceit, so also ghosts by false ghosts called by the same name; of which the apostle writing says, "O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding the profane and vain babblings and oppositions of science (gnosis) falsely so called; which some professing, have erred concerning the faith."119
Convicted by this utterance, the heretics reject the Epistles to Timothy.120 Well, then, if the Lord is the truth, and wisdom, and power of God, as in truth He is, it is shown that the real Gnostic is he that knows Him, and His Father by Him. For his sentiments are the same with him who said, "The lips of the righteous know high things."121
Faith as also Time being double, we shall find virtues in pairs both dwelling together. For memory is related to past time, hope to future. We believe that what is past did, and that what is future will take place. And, on the other I hand, we love, persuaded by faith that the past was as it was, and by hope expecting the future. For in everything love attends the Gnostic, who knows one God. "And, behold, all things which He created were very good."122 He both knows and admires. Godliness adds length of life; and the fear of the Lord adds days. As, then, the days are a portion of life in its progress, so also fear is the beginning of love, becoming by development faith, then love. But it is not as I fear and hate a wild beast (since fear is twofold) that I fear the father, whom I fear and love at once. Again, fearing lest I be punished, I love myself in assuming fear. He who fears to offend his father, loves himself. Blessed then is he who is found possessed of faith, being, as he is, composed of love and fear. And faith is power in order to salvation, and strength to eternal life. Again, prophecy is foreknowledge; and knowledge the understanding of prophecy; being the knowledge of those things known before by the Lord who reveals all things.
The knowledge, then, of those things which have been predicted shows a threefold result-either one that has happened long ago, or exists now, or about to be. Then the extreme"123 either of what is accomplished or of what is hoped for fall under faith; and the present action furnishes persuasive arguments of the confirmation of both the extremes. For if, prophecy being one, one part is accomplishing and another is fulfilled; hence the truth, both what is hoped for and what is passed is confirmed. For it was first present; then it became past to us; so that the belief of what is past is the apprehension of a past event, and a hope which is future the apprehension of a future event.
And not only the Platonists, but the Stoics, say that assent is in our own power. All opinion then, and judgment, and supposition, and knowledge, by which we live and have perpetual intercourse with the human race, is an assent; which is nothing else than faith. And unbelief being defection from faith, shows both assent and faith to be possessed of power; for non-existence cannot be called privation. And if you consider the truth, you will find man naturally misled so as to give assent to what is false, though possessing the resources necessary for belief in the truth. "The virtue, then, that encloses the Church in its grasp," as the Shepherd says,124 "is Faith, by which the elect of God are saved; and that which acts the man is Self-restraint. And these are followed by Simplicity, Knowledge, Innocence, Decorum, Love," and all these are the daughters of Faith. And again, "Faith leads the way, fear upbuilds, and love perfects." Accordingly he125 says, the Lord is to be feared in order to edification, but not the devil to destruction. And again, the works of the Lord-that is, His commandments-are to be loved and done; but the works of the devil are to be dreaded and not done. For the fear of God trains and restores to love; but the fear of the works of the devil has hatred dwelling along with it. The same also says" that repentance is high intelligence. For he that repents of what he did, no longer does or says as he did. But by torturing himself for his sins, he benefits his soul. Forgiveness of sins is therefore different from repentance; but both show what is in our power."
He, then, who has received the forgiveness of sins ought to sin no more. For, in addition to the first and only repentance from sins (this is from the previous sins in the first and heathen life-I mean that in ignorance), there is forthwith proposed to those who have been called, the repentance which cleanses the seat of the soul from transgressions, that faith may be established. And the Lord, knowing the heart, and foreknowing the future, foresaw both the fickleness of man and the craft and subtlety of the devil from the first, from the beginning; how that, envying man for the forgiveness of sins, he would present to the servants of God certain causes of sins; skilfully working mischief, that they might fall together with himself. Accordingly, being very merciful, He has vouch-safed, in the case of those who, though in faith, fall into any transgression, a second repentance; so that should any one be tempted after his calling, overcome by force and fraud, he may receive still a repentance not to be repented of. "For if we sin wilfully after that we have received the knowledge of the truth, there remaineth no more sacrifice for sins, but a certain fearful looking for of judgment and fiery indignation, which shah devour the adversaries."126 But continual and successive repentings for sins differ nothing from the case of those who have not believed at all, except only in their consciousness that they do sin. And I know not which of the two is worst, whether the case of a man who sins knowingly, or of one who, after having repented of his sins, transgresses again. For in the process of proof sin appears on each side,-the sin which in its commission is condemned by the worker of the iniquity, and that of the man who, foreseeing what is about to be done, yet puts his hand to it as a wickedness. And he who perchance gratifies himself in anger and pleasure, gratifies himself in he knows what; and he who, repenting of that in which he gratified himself, by rushing again into pleasure, is near neighbour to him who has sinned wilfully at first. For one, who does again that of which he has repented, and condemning what he does, performs it willingly.
He, then, who from among the Gentiles and from that old life has betaken himself to faith, has obtained forgiveness of sins once. But he who has sinned after this, on his repentance, though he obtain pardon, ought to fear, as one no longer washed to the forgiveness of sins. For not only must the idols which he formerly held as gods, but the works also of his former life, be abandoned by him who has been "born again, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh,"127 but in the Spirit; which consists in repenting by not giving way to the same fault. For frequent repentance and readiness to change easily from want of training, is the practice of sin again.128 The frequent asking of forgiveness, then, for those things in which we often transgress, is the semblance of repentance, not repentance itself. "But the righteousness of the blameless cuts straight paths,"129 says the Scripture. And again, "The righteousness of the innocent will make his way right."130 Nay, "as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth them that fear Him."131 David writes, "They who sow," then, "in tears, shall reap in joy; "132 those, namely, who confess in penitence. "For blessed are all those that fear the Lord."133 You see the corresponding blessing in the Gospel. "Fear not," it is said, "when a man is enriched, and when the glory of his house is increased: because when he dieth he shall leave all, and his glory shall not descend after him."134 "But I in Thy I mercy will enter into Thy house. I will worship I toward Thy holy temple, in Thy fear: Lord, lead me in Thy righteousness."135 Appetite is then the movement of the mind to or from something.136 Passion is an excessive appetite exceeding the measures of reason, or appetite unbridled and disobedient to the word. Passions, then, are a perturbation of the soul contrary to nature, in disobedience to reason. But revolt and distraction and disobedience are in our own power, as obedience is in our power. Wherefore voluntary actions are judged. But should one examine each one of the passions, he will find them irrational impulses.
What is involuntary is not matter for judgment. But this is twofold,-what is done in ignorance, and what is done through necessity. For how will you judge concerning those who are said to sin in involuntary modes? For either one knew not himself, as Cleomenes and Athamas, who were mad; or the thing which he does, as Aeschylus, who divulged the mysteries on the stage, who, being tried in the Areopagus, was absolved on his showing that he had not been initiated. Or one knows not what is done, as he who has let off his antagonist, and slain his domestic instead of his enemy; or that by which it is done, as he who, in exercising with spears having buttons on them, has killed some one in consequence of the spear throwing off the button; or knows not the manner how, as he who has killed his antagonist in the stadium, for it was not for his death but for victory that he contended; or knows not the reason why it is done, as the physician gave a salutary antidote and killed, for it was not for this purpose that he gave it, but to save. The law at that time punished him who had killed involuntarily, as e.g., him who was subject involuntarily to gonorrhoea, but not equally with him who did so voluntarily. Although he also shall be punished as for a voluntary action, if one transfer the affection to the truth. For, in reality, he that cannot contain the generative word is to be punished; for this is an irrational passion of the soul approaching garrulity. "The faithful man chooses to conceal things in his spirit."137 Things, then, that depend on choice are subjects for judgment. "For the Lord searcheth the hearts and reins."138 "And he that looketh so as to lust"139 is judged. Wherefore it is said, "Thou shalt not lust."140 And "this people honoureth Me with their lips," it is said, "but their heart is far from Me."141 For God has respect to the very thought, since Lot's wife, who had merely voluntarily turned towards worldly wickedness, He left a senseless mass, rendering her a pillar of salt, and fixed her so that she advanced no further, not as a stupid and useless image, but to season and salt him who has the power of spiritual perception.
What is voluntary is either what is by desire, or what is by choice, or what is of intention. Closely allied to each other are these things-sin, mistake, crime. It is sin, for example, to live luxuriously and licentiously; a misfortune, to wound one's friend in ignorance, taking him for an enemy; and crime, to violate graves or commit sacrilege. Sinning arises from being unable to determine what ought to be done, or being unable to do it; as doubtless one falls into a ditch either through not knowing, or through inability to leap across through feebleness of body. But application to the training of ourselves, and subjection to the commandments, is in our own power; with which if we will have nothing to do, by abandoning ourselves wholly to lust, we shall sin, nay rather, wrong our own soul. For the noted Laius says in the tragedy:-
"None of these things of which you admonish me have
But notwithstanding that I am in my senses, Nature
compels me; "
i.e., his abandoning himself to passion. Medea, too, herself cries on the stage:-
"And I am aware what evils I am to perpetrate,
But passion is stronger than my resolutions."142
Further, not even Ajax is silent; but, when about to kill himself, cries:-
"No pain gnaws the soul of a free man like dishonour.
Thus do I suffer; and the deep stain of calamity
Ever stirs me from the depths, agitated
By the bitter stings of rage."143
Anger made these the subjects of tragedy, and lust made ten thousand others-Phaedra, Anthia, Eriphyle,-
"Who took the precious gold for her dear husband."
For another play represents Thrasonides of the comic drama as saying:-
"A worthless wench made me her slave."
Mistake is a sin contrary to calculation; and voluntary sin is crime (a0diki/a); and crime is voluntary wickedness. Sin, then, is on my part voluntary. Wherefore says the apostle, "Sin shall not have dominion over you; for ye are not under the law, but under grace."144 Addressing those who have believed, he says, "For by His stripes we were healed."145 Mistake is the involuntary action of another towards me, while a crime (a0diki/a) alone is voluntary, whether my act or another's. These differences of sins are alluded to by the Psalmist, when he calls those blessed whose iniquities (a0nomi/aj) God hath blotted out, and whose sins (a9marti/aj) He hath covered. Others He does not impute, and the rest He forgives. For it is written, "Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, whose sins are covered. Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin, and in whose mouth there is no fraud."146 This blessedness came on those who had been chosen by Cod through Jesus Christ our Lord. For"love hides the multitude of sins."147 And they are blotted out by Him"who desireth the repentance rather than the death of a sinner."148 And those are not reckoned that are not the effect of choice; "for he who has lusted has already committed adultery,"149 it is said. And the illuminating Word forgives sins: "And in that time, saith the Lord, they shall seek for the iniquity of Israel, and it shall not exist; and the sins of Judah, and they shall not be found."150 "For who is like Me? and who shall stand before My face?151 You see the one God declared good, rendering according to desert, and forgiving sins. John, too, manifestly teaches the differences of sins, in his larger Epistle, in these words: "If any man see his brother sin a sin that is not unto death, he shall ask, and he shall give him life: for these that sin not unto death," he says. For"there is a sin unto death: I do not say that one is to pray for it. All unrighteousness is sin; and there is a sin not unto death."152
David, too, and Moses before David, show the knowledge of the three precepts in the following words: "Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the ungodly; "as the fishes go down to the depths in darkness; for those which have not scales, which Moses prohibits touching, feed at the bottom of the sea. "Nor standeth in the way of sinners," as those who, while appearing to fear the Lord, commit sin, like the sow, for when hungry it cries, and when full knows not its owner. "Nor sitteth in the chair of pestilences," as birds ready for prey. And Moses enjoined not to eat the sow, nor the eagle, nor the hawk, nor the raven, nor any fish without scales. So far Barnabas.153 And I heard one skilled in such matters say that "the counsel of the ungodly" was the heathen, and "the way of sinners" the Jewish persuasion, and explain "the chair of pestilence" of heresies. And another said, with more propriety, that the first blessing was assigned to those who had not followed wicked sentiments which revolt from God; the second to those who do not remain in the wide and broad road, whether they be those who have been brought up in the law, or Gentiles who have repented. And "the chair of pestilences" will be the theatres and tribunals, or rather the compliance with wicked and deadly powers, and complicity with their deeds. "But his delight is in the law of the Lord."154 Peter in his Preaching called the Lord, Law and Logos. The legislator seems to teach differently the interpretation of the three forms of sin-understanding by the mute fishes sins of word, for there are times in which silence is better than speech, far silence has a safe recompense; sins of deed, by the rapacious and carnivorous birds. The sow delights in dirt and dung; and we ought not to have "a conscience" that is "defiled."155
Justly, therefore, the prophet says, "The ungodly are not so: but as the chaff which the wind driveth away from the face of the earth. Wherefore the ungodly shall not stand in the judgment"156 (being already condemned, for "he that believeth not is condemned already"157 ), "nor sinners in the counsel of the righteous," in as much as they are already condemned, so as not to be united to those that have lived without stumbling. "For the Lord knoweth the way of the righteous; and the way of the ungodly shall perish."158
Again, the Lord clearly shows sins and transgressions to be in our own power, by prescribing modes of cure corresponding to the maladies; showing His wish that we should be Corrected by the shepherds, in Ezekiel; blaming, I am of opinion, some of them for not keeping the commandments. "That which was enfeebled ye have not strengthened," and so forth, down to, "and there was none to search out or turn away."159
For "great is the joy before the Father when one sinner is saved,"160 saith the Lord. So Abraham was much to be praised, because "he walked as the Lord spake to him." Drawing from this instance, one of the wise men among the Greeks uttered the maxim, "Follow God."161 "The godly," says Esaias, "framed wise counsels."162 Now counsel is seeking for the right way of acting in present circumstances, and good counsel is wisdom in our counsels. And what? Does not God, after the pardon bestowed on Cain, suitably not long after introduce Enoch, who had repented?163 showing that it is the nature of repentance to produce pardon; but pardon does not consist in remission, but in remedy. An instance of the same is the making of the calf by the people before Aaron. Thence one of the wise men among the Greeks uttered the maxim, "Pardon is better than punishment; "as also, "Become surety, and mischief is at hand," is derived from the utterance of Solomon which says, "My son, if thou become surety for thy friend, thou wilt give thine hand to thy enemy; for a man's own lips are a strong snare to him, and he is taken in the words of his own mouth."164 And the saying, "Know thyself," has been taken rather more mystically from this, "Thou hast seen thy brother, thou hast seen thy God."165 Thus also, "Thou shalt love the Load thy God with all thy heart, and thy neighbour as thyself; "for it is said, "On these commandments the law and the prophets hang and are suspended."166 With these also agree the following: "These things have I spoken to you, that My joy might be fulfilled: and this is My commandment, That ye love one another, as I have loved you."167 "For the Lord is merciful and pitiful; and gracious168 is the Lord to all."169 "Know thyself" is more clearly and often expressed by Moses, when he enjoins, "Take heed to thyself."170 "By alms then, and acts of faith, sins are purged."171 "And by the fear of the Lord each one departs from evil."172 "And the fear of the Lord is instruction and wisdom."173
Here again arise the cavaliers, who say that joy and pain are passions of the soul: for they define joy as a rational elevation and exultation, as rejoicing on account of what is good; and pity as pain for one who suffers undeservedly; and that such affections are moods and passions of the soul. But we, as would appear, do not cease in such matters to understand the Scriptures carnally; and starting from our own affections, interpret the will of the impassible Deity similarly to our perturbations; and as we are capable of hearing; so, supposing the same to be the case with the Omnipotent, err impiously. For the Divine Being cannot be declared as it exists: but as we who are lettered in the flesh were able to listen, so the prophets spake to us; the Lord savingly accommodating Himself to the weakness of men.174 Since, then, it is the will of God that he, who is obedient to the commands and repents of his sins should be saved, and we rejoice on account of our salvation, the Lord, speaking by the prophets, appropriated our joy to Himself; as speaking lovingly in the Gospel He says, "I was hungry, and ye gave Me to eat: I was thirsty, and ye gave Me to drink. For in as much as ye did it to one of the least of these, ye did it to Me."175 As, then, He is nourished, though not personally, by the nourishing of one whom He wishes nourished; so He rejoices, without suffering change, by reason of him who has repented being in joy, as He wished. And since God pities richly, being good, and giving commands by the law and the prophets, and more nearly still by the appearance of his Son, saving and pitying, as was said, those who have found mercy; and properly the greater pities the less; and a man cannot be greater than man, being by nature man; but God in everything is greater than man; if, then, the greater pities the less, it is God alone that will pity us. For a man is made to communicate by righteousness, and bestows what he received from God, in consequence of his natural benevolence and relation, and the commands which he obeys. But God has no natural relation to us, as the authors of the heresies will have it; neither on the supposition of His having made us of nothing, nor on that of having formed us from matter; since the former did not exist at all, and the latter is totally distinct from God unless we shall dare to say that we are a part of Him, and of the same essence as God. And I know not how one, who knows God, can bear to hear this when he looks to our life, and sees in what evils we are involved. For thus it would turn out, which it were impiety to utter, that God sinned in [certain] portions, if the portions are parts of the whole and complementary of the whole; and if not complementary, neither can they be parts. But God being by nature rich in pity, in consequence of His own goodness, cares for us, though neither portions of Himself, nor by nature His children. And this is the greatest proof of the goodness of God: that such being our relation to Him, and being by nature wholly estranged, He nevertheless cares for us. For the affection in animals to their progeny is natural, and the friendship of kindred minds is the result of intimacy. But the mercy of God is rich toward us, who are in no respect related to Him; I say either in our essence or nature, or in the peculiar energy of our essence, but only in our being the work of His will. And him who willingly, with discipline and teaching, accepts the knowledge of the truth, He calls to adoption, which is the greatest advancement of all. "Transgressions catch a man; and in the cords of his own sins each one is bound."176 And God is without blame. And in reality, "blessed is the man who feareth alway through piety."177
As, then, Knowledge (e0pisth/mh) is an intellectual state, from which results the act of knowing, and becomes apprehension irrefragable by reason; so also ignorance is a receding impression, which can be dislodged by reason. And that which is overthrown as well as that which is elaborated by reason, is in our power. Akin to Knowledge is experience, cognition (ei !dhsij), Comprehension (su/nesij), perception, and Science. Cognition (ei !dhsij) is the knowledge of universals by species; and Experience is comprehensive knowledge, which investigates the nature of each thing. Perception (no/hsij) is the knowledge of intellectual objects; and Comprehension (su/nesij) is the knolwedge of what is compared, or a comparison that cannot be annulled, or the faculty of comparing the objects with which Judgment and Knowledge are occupied, both of one and each and all that goes to make up one reason. And Science (gnw=sij) is the knowledge of the thing in itself, or the knowledge which harmonizes with what takes place. Truth is the knowledge of the true; and the mental habit of truth is the knowledge of the things which are true. Now knowledge is constituted by the reason, and cannot be overthrown by another reason.178 What we do not, we do not either from not being able, or not being willing-or both. Accordingly we don't fly, since we neither can nor wish; we do not swim at present, for example, since we can indeed, but do not choose; and we are not as the Lord, since we wish, but cannot be: "for no disciple is above his master, and it is sufficient if we be as the master: "179 not m essence (for it is impossible for that, which is by adoption, to be equal in substance to that, which is by nature); but [we are as Him] only in our180 having been made immortal, and our being conversant with the contemplation of realities, and beholding the Father through what belongs to Him.
Therefore volition takes the precedence of all; for the intellectual powers are ministers of the Will. "Will," it is said, "and thou shalt be able."181 And in the Gnostic, Will, Judgment, and Exertion are identical. For if the determinations are the same, the opinions and judgments will be the same too; so that both his words, and life, and conduct, are conformable to rule. "And a right heart seeketh knowledge , and heareth it." "God taught me wisdom, and I knew the knowledge of the holy."182
Chapter XVIII.-The Mosaic Law the Fountain of All Ethics, and the Source from Which the Greeks Drew Theirs.183
It is then clear also that all the other virtues, delineated in Moses, supplied the Greeks with the rudiments of the whole department of morals. I mean valour, and temperance, and wisdom, and justice, and endurance, and patience, and decorum, and self-restraint; and in addition to these, piety.
But it is clear to every one that piety, which teaches to worship and honour, is the highest and oldest cause; and the law itself exhibits justice, and teaches wisdom, by abstinence from sensible images, and by inviting to the Maker and Father of the universe. And from this sentiment, as from a fountain, all intelligence increases. "For the sacrifices of the wicked are abomination to the Lord; but the prayers of the upright are acceptable before Him,"184 since "righteousness is more acceptable before God than sacrifice." Such also as the following we find in Isaiah: "To what purpose to me is the multitude of your sacrifices? saith the Lord; "and the whole section.185 "Break every bond of wickedness; for this is the sacrifice that is acceptable to the Lord, a contrite heart that seeks its Maker."186 "Deceitful balances are abomination before God; but a just balance is acceptable to Him."187 Thence Pythagoras exhorts "not to step over the balance; "and the profession of heresies is called deceitful righteousness; and "the tongue of the unjust shall be destroyed, but the mouth of the righteous droppeth wisdom."188 "For they call the wise and prudent worthless."189 But it were tedious to adduce testimonies respecting these virtues, since the whole Scripture celebrates them. Since, then, they define manliness to be knowledge190 of things formidable, and not formidable, and what is intermediate; and temperance to be a state of mind which by choosing and avoiding preserves the judgments of wisdom; and conjoined with manliness is patience, which is called endurance, the knowledge of what is bearable and what is unbearable; and magnanimity is the knowledge which rises superior to circumstances. With temperance also is conjoined caution, which is avoidance in accordance with reason. And observance of the commandments, which is the innoxious keeping of them, is the attainment of a secure life. And there is no endurance without manliness, nor the exercise of self-restraint without temperance. And these virtues follow one another; and with whom are the sequences of the virtues, with him is also salvation, which is the keeping of the state of well-being. Rightly, therefore, in treating of these virtues, we shall inquire into them all; for he that has one virtue gnostically, by reason of their accompanying each other, has them all. Self-restraint is that quality which does not overstep what appears in accordance with right reason. He exercises self-restraint, who curbs the impulses that are contrary to right reason, or curbs himself so as not to indulge in desires contrary to right reason. Temperance, too, is not without manliness; since from the commandments spring both wisdom, which follows God who enjoins, and that which imitates the divine character, namely righteousness; in virtue of which, in the exercise of self-restraint, we address ourselves in purity to piety and the course of conduct thence resulting, in conformity with God; being assimilated to the Lord as far as is possible for us beings mortal in nature. And this is being just and holy with wisdom; for the Divinity needs nothing and suffers nothing; whence it is not, strictly speaking, capable of self-restraint, for it is never subjected to perturbation, over which to exercise control; while our nature, being capable of perturbation, needs self-constraint, by which disciplining itself to the need of little, it endeavours to approximate in character to the divine nature. For the good man, standing as the boundary between an immortal and a mortal nature, has few needs; having wants in consequence of his body, and his birth itself, but taught by rational self-control to want few things.
What reason is there in the law's prohibiting a man from "wearing woman's clothing "?191 Is it not that it would have us to be manly, and not to be effeminate neither in person and actions, nor in thought and word? For it would have the man, that devotes himself to the truth, to be masculine both in acts of endurance and patience, in life, conduct, word, and discipline by night and by day; even if the necessity were to occur, of witnessing by the shedding of his blood. Again, it is said, "If any one who has newly built a house, and has not previously inhabited it; or cultivated a newly-planted vine, and not yet partaken of the fruit; or betrothed a virgin, and not yet married her; "192 -such the humane law orders to be relieved from military service: from military reasons in the first place, lest, bent on their desires, they turn out sluggish in war; for it is those who are untrammelled by passion that boldly encounter perils; and from motives of humanity, since, in view of the uncertainties of war, the law reckoned it not right that one should not enjoy his own labours, and another should without bestowing pains, receive what belonged to those who had laboured. The law seems also to point out manliness of soul, by enacting that he who had planted should reap the fruit, and he that built should inhabit, and he that had betrothed should marry: for it is not vain hopes which it provides for those who labour; according to the gnostic word: "For the hope of a good man dead or living does not perish,"193 says Wisdom; "I love them that love me; and they who seek me shall find peace,"194 and so forth. What then? Did not the women of the Midianites, by their beauty, seduce from wisdom into impiety, through licentiousness, the Hebrews when making war against them? For, having seduced them from a grave mode of life, and by their beauty ensnared them in wanton delights, they made them insane upon idol sacrifices and strange women; and overcome by women and by pleasure at once, they revolted from God, and revolted from the law. And the whole people was within a little of falling under the power of the enemy through female stratagem, until, when they were in peril, fear by its admonitions pulled them back. Then the survivors, valiantly undertaking the struggle for piety, got the upper hand of their foes. "The beginning, then, of wisdom is piety, and the knowledge of holy things is understanding; and to know the law is the characteristic of a good understanding."195 Those, then, who suppose the law to be productive of agitating fear, are neither good at understanding the law, nor have they in reality comprehended it; for "the fear of the Lord causes life, but he who errs shall be afflicted with pangs which knowledge views not."196 Accordingly, Barnabas says mystically, "May God who rules the universe vouchsafe also to you wisdom, and understanding, and science, and knowledge of His statutes, and patience. Be therefore God-taught, seeking what the Lord seeks from you, that He may find you in the day of judgment lying in wait for these things." "Children of love and peace," he called them gnostically.197
Respecting imparting and communicating, though much might be said, let it suffice to remark that the law prohibits a brother from taking usury: designating as a brother not only him who is born of the same parents, but also one of the same race and sentiments, and a participator in the same word; deeming it right not to take usury for money, but with open hands and heart to bestow on those who need. For God, the author and the dispenser of such grace, takes as suitable usury the most precious things to be found among men-mildness, gentleness, magnanimity, reputation, renown. Do you not regard this command as marked by philanthropy? As also the following, "To pay the wages of the poor daily," teaches to discharge without delay the wages due for service; for, as I think, the alacrity of the poor with reference to the future is paralyzed when he has suffered want. Further, it is said, "Let not the creditor enter the debtor's house to take the pledge with violence." But let the former ask it to be brought out, and let not the latter, if he have it, hesitate.198 And in the harvest the owners are prohibited from appropriating what falls from the handfuls; as also in reaping [the law] enjoins a part to be left unreaped; signally thereby training those who possess to sharing and to large-heartedness, by foregoing of their own to those who are in want, and thus providing means of subsistence for the poor.199 You see how the law proclaims at once the righteousness and goodness of God, who dispenses food to all ungrudgingly. And in the vintage it prohibited the grape-gatherers from going back again on what had been left, and from gathering the fallen grapes; and the same injunctions are given to the olive-gatherers.200 Besides, the tithes of the fruits and of the flocks taught both piety towards the Deity, and not covetously to grasp everything, but to communicate gifts of kindness to one's neighbours. For it was from these, I reckon, and from the first-fruits that the priests were maintained. We now therefore understand that we are instructed in piety, and in liberality, and in justice, and in humanity by the law. For does it not command the land to be left fallow in the seventh year, and bids the poor fearlessly use the fruits that grow by divine agency, nature cultivating the ground for behoof of all and sundry?201 How, then, can it be maintained that the law is not humane, and the teacher of righteousness? Again, in the fiftieth year, it ordered the same things to be performed as in the seventh; besides restoring to each one his own land, if from any circumstance he had parted with it in the meantime; setting bounds to the desires of those who covet possession, by measuring the period of enjoyment, and choosing that those who have paid the penalty of protracted penury should not suffer a life-long punishment. "But alms and acts of faith are royal guards, and blessing is on the head of him who bestows; and he who pities the poor shall be blessed."202 For he shows love to one like himself, because of his love to the Creator of the human race. The above-mentioned particulars have other explanations more natural, both respecting rest and the recovery of the inheritance; but they are not discussed at present.
Now love is conceived in many ways, in the form of meekness, of mildness, of patience, of liberality, of freedom from envy, of absence of hatred, of forgetfulness of injuries. In all it is incapable of being divided or distinguished: its nature is to communicate. Again, it is said, "If you see the beast of your relatives, or friends, or, in general, of anybody you know, wandering in the wilderness, take it back and restore it;203 and if the owner be far away, keep it among your own till he return, and restore it." It teaches a natural communication, that what is found is to be regarded as a deposit, and that we are not to bear malice to an enemy. "The command of the Lord being a fountain of life" truly, "causeth to turn away from the snare of death."204 And what? Does it not command us "to love strangers not only as friends and relatives, but as ourselves, both in body and soul? "205 Nay more, it honoured the nations, and bears no grudge206 against those who have done ill. Accordingly it is expressly said, "Thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian, for thou wast a sojourner in Egypt; "207 designating by the term Egyptian either one of that race, or any one in the world. And enemies, although drawn up before the walls attempting to take the city, are not to be regarded as enemies till they are by the voice of the herald summoned to peace.208
Further, it forbids intercourse with a female captive so as to dishonour her. "But allow her," it says, "thirty days to mourn according to her wish, and changing her clothes, associate with her as your lawful wife."209 For it regards it not right that this should take place either in wantonness or for hire like harlots, but only for the birth of children. Do you see humanity combined with continence? The master who has fallen in love with his captive maid it does not allow to gratify his pleasure, but puts a check on his lust by specifying an interval of time; and further, it cuts off the captive's hair, in order to shame disgraceful love: for if it is reason that induces him to marry, he will cleave to her even after she has become disfigured. Then if one, after his lust, does not care to consort any longer with the captive, it ordains that it shall not be lawful to sell her, or to have her any longer as a servant, but desires her to be freed and released from service, lest on the introduction of another wife she bear any of the intolerable miseries caused through jealousy.
What more? The Lord enjoins to ease and raise up the beasts of enemies when labouring beneath their burdens; remotely teaching us not to indulge in joy at our neighbour's ills, or exult over our enemies; in order to teach those who are trained in these things to pray for their enemies. For He does not allow us either to grieve at our neighbour's good, or to reap joy at our neighbour's ill. And if you find any enemy's beast straying, you are to pass over the incentives of difference, and take it back and restore it. For oblivion of injuries is followed by goodness, and the latter by dissolution of enmity. From this we are fitted for agreement, and this conducts to felicity. And should you suppose one habitually hostile, and discover him to be unreasonably mistaken either through lust or anger, turn him to goodness. Does the law then which conducts to Christ appear humane and mild? And does not the same God, good, while characterized by righteousness from the beginning to the end, employ each kind suitably in order to salvation? "Be merciful," says the Lord, "that you may receive mercy; forgive, that you may be forgiven. As ye do, so shall it be done to you; as ye give, so shall it be given to you; as ye judge, so shall ye be judged; as ye show kindness, so shall kindness be shown to you: with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again."210 Furthermore, [the law] prohibits those, who are in servitude for their subsistence, to be branded with disgrace; and to those, who have been reduced to slavery through money borrowed, it gives a complete release in the seventh year. Further, it prohibits suppliants from being given up to punishment. True above all, then, is that oracle. "As gold and silver are tried in the furnace, so the Lord chooseth men's hearts. The merciful man is long-suffering; and in every one who shows solicitude there is wisdom. For on a wise man solicitude will fall; and exercising thought, he will seek life; and he who seeketh God shall find knowledge with righteousness. And they who have sought Him rightly have found peace."211 And Pythagoras seems to me, to have derived his mildness towards irrational creatures from the law. For instance, he interdicted the immediate use of the young in the flocks of sheep, and goats, and herds of cattle, on the instant of their birth; not even on the pretext of sacrifice allowing it, both on account of the young ones and of the mothers; training man to gentleness by what is beneath him, by means of the irrational creatures. "Resign accordingly," he says, "the young one to its dam for even the first seven days." For if nothing takes place without a cause, and milk comes in a shower to animals in parturition for the sustenance of the progeny, he that tears that, which has been brought forth, away from the supply of the milk, dishonours nature. Let the Greeks, then, feel ashamed, and whoever else inveighs against the law; since it shows mildness in the case of the irrational creatures, while they expose the offspring of men though long ago and prophetically, the law, in the above-mentioned commandment, threw a check in the way of their cruelty. For if it prohibits the progeny of the irrational creatures to be separated from the dam before sucking, much more in the case of men does it provide beforehand a cure for cruelty and savageness of disposition; so that even if they despise nature, they may not despise teaching. For they are permitted to satiate themselves with kids and lambs, and perhaps there might be some excuse for separating the progeny from its dam. But what cause is there for the exposure of a child? For the man who did not desire to beget children had no right to marry at first; certainly not to have become, through licentious indulgence, the murderer of his children. Again, the humane law forbids slaying the offspring and the dam together on the same day. Thence also the Romans, in the case of a pregnant woman being condemned to death, do not allow her to undergo punishment till she is delivered. The law too, expressly prohibits the slaying of such animals as are pregnant till they have brought forth, remotely restraining the proneness of man to do wrong to man. Thus also it has extended its clemency to the irrational creatures; that from the exercise of humanity in the case of creatures of different species, we might practise among those of the same species a large abundance of it. Those, too, that kick the bellies of certain animals before parturition, in order to feast on flesh mixed with milk, make the womb created for the birth of the foetus its grave, though the law expressly commands, "But neither shalt thou seethe a lamb in its mother's milk."212 For the nourishment of the living animal, it is meant, may not become sauce for that which has been deprived of life; and that, which is the cause of life, may not co-operate in the consumption of the body. And the same law commands "not to muzzle the ox which treadeth out the corn: for the labourer must be reckoned worthy of his food."213
And it prohibits an ox and ass to be yoked in the plough together;214 pointing perhaps to the want of agreement in the case of the animals; and at the same time teaching not to wrong any one belonging to another race, and bring him under the yoke, when there is no other cause to allege than difference of race, which is no cause at all, being neither wickedness nor the effect of wickedness. To me the allegory also seems to signify that the husbandry of the Word is not to be assigned equally to the clean and the unclean, the believer and the unbeliever; for the ox is clean, but the ass has been reckoned among the unclean animals. But the benignant Word, abounding in humanity, teaches that neither is it right to cut down cultivated trees, or to cut down the grain before the harvest, for mischiefs sake; nor that cultivated fruit is to be destroyed at all-either the fruit of the soil or that of the soul: for it does not permit the enemy's country to be laid waste.
Further, husbandmen derived advantage from the law in such things. For it orders newly planted trees to be nourished three years in succession, and the superfluous growths to be cut off, to prevent them being loaded and pressed down; and to prevent their strength being exhausted from want, by the nutriment being frittered away, enjoins tilling and digging round them, so that [the tree] may not, by sending out suckers, hinder its growth. And it does not allow imperfect fruit to be plucked from immature trees, but after three years, in the fourth year; dedicating the first-fruits to God after the tree has attained maturity.
This type of husbandry may serve as a mode of instruction, teaching that we must cut the growths of sins, and the useless weeds of the mind that spring up round the vital fruit, till the shoot of faith is perfected and becomes strong.215 For in the fourth year, since there is need of time to him that is being solidly catechized, the four virtues are consecrated to God, the third alone being already joined to the fourth,216 the person of the Lord. And a sacrifice of praise is above holocausts: "for He," it is said, "giveth strength to get power."217 And if your affairs are in the sunshine of prosperity, get and keep strength, and acquire power in knowledge. For by these instances it is shown that both good things and gifts are supplied by God; and that we, becoming ministers of the divine grace, ought to sow the benefits of God, and make those who approach us noble and good; so that, as far as possible, the temperate man may make others continent, he that is manly may make them noble, he that is wise may make them intelligent, and the just may make them just.
He is the Gnostic, who is after the image and likeness of God, who imitates God as far as possible, deficient in none of the things which contribute to the likeness as far as compatible, practising self-restraint and endurance, living righteously, reigning over the passions, bestowing of what he has as far as possible, and doing good both by word and deed. "He is the greatest," it is said, "in the kingdom who shall do and teach; "218 imitating God in conferring like benefits. For God's gifts are for the common good. "Whoever shall attempt to do aught with presumption, provokes God,"219 it is said. For haughtiness is a vice of the soul, of which, as of other sins, He commands us to repent; by adjusting our lives from their state of derangement to the change for the better in these three things-mouth, heart, hands. These are signs-the hands of action, the heart of volition, the mouth of speech. Beautifully, therefore, has this oracle been spoken with respect to penitents: "Thou hast chosen God this day to be thy God; and God hath chosen thee this day to be His people."220 For him who hastes to serve the self-existent One, being a suppliant,221 God adopts to Himself; and though he be only one in number, he is honoured equally with the people. For being a part of the people, he becomes complementary of it, being restored from what he was; and the whole is named from a part.
But nobility is itself exhibited in choosing and practising what is best. For what benefit to Adam was such a nobility as he had? No mortal was his father; for he himself was father of men that are born. What is base he readily chose, following his wife, and neglected what is true and good; on which account he exchanged his immortal life for a mortal life, but not for ever. And Noah, whose origin was not the same as Adam's, was saved by divine care, For he took and consecrated himself to God. And Abraham, who had children by three wives, not for the indulgence of pleasure, but in the hope, as I think, of multiplying the race at the first, was succeeded by one alone, who was heir of his father's blessings, while the rest were separated from the family; and of the twins who sprang from him, the younger having won his father's favour and received his prayers, became heir, and the elder served him. For it is the greatest boon to a bad man not to be master of himself.222
And this arrangement was prophetical and typical. And that all things belong to the wise, Scripture clearly indicates when it is said, "Because God hath had mercy on me, I have all things."223 For it teaches that we are to desire one thing, by which are all things, and what is promised is assigned to the worthy. Accordingly, the good man who has become heir of the kingdom, it registers also as fellow-citizen, through divine wisdom, with the righteous of the olden time, who under the law and before the law lived according to law, whose deeds have become laws to us; and again, teaching that the wise man is king, introduces people of a different race, saying to him, "Thou art a king before God among us; "224 those who were governed obeying the good man of their own accord, from admiration of his virtue.
Now Plato the philosopher, defining the end of happiness, says that it is likeness to God as far as possible; whether concurring with the precept of the law (for great natures that are free of passions somehow hit the mark respecting the truth, as the Pythagorean Philo says in relating the history of Moses), or whether instructed by certain oracles of the time, thirsting as he always was for instruction. For the law says, "Walk after the Lord your God, and keep my commandments."225 For the law calls assimilation following; and such a following to the utmost of its power assimilates. "Be," says the Lord, "merciful and pitiful, as your heavenly Father is pitiful."226 Thence also the Stoics have laid down the doctrine, that living agreeably to nature is the end, fitly altering the name of God into nature; since also nature extends to plants, to seeds, to trees, and to stones. It is therefore plainly said, "Bad men do not understand the law; but they who love the law fortify themselves with a wall."227 "For the wisdom of the clever knows its ways; but the folly of the foolish is in error."228 "For on whom will I look, but on him who is mild and gentle, and trembleth at my words? "says the prophecy.
We are taught that there are three kinds of friendship: and that of these the first and the best is that which results from virtue, for the love that is founded on reason is firm; that the second and intermediate is by way of recompense, and is social, liberal, and useful for life; for the friendship which is the result of favour is mutual.
And the third and last we assert to be that which is founded on intimacy; others, again, that it is that variable and changeable form which rests on pleasure. And Hipppodamus the Pythagorean seems to me to describe friendships most admirably: "That founded on knowledge of the gods, that founded on the gifts of men, and that on the pleasures of animals." There is the friendship of a philosopher,-that of a man and that of an animal. For the image of God is really the man who does good, in which also he gets good: as the pilot at once saves, and is saved. Wherefore, when one obtains his request, he does not say to the giver, Thou hast given well, but, Thou hast received well. So he receives who gives, and he gives who receives. "But the righteous pity and show mercy."229 "But the mild shall be inhabitants of the earth, and the innocent shall be left in it. But the transgressors shall be extirpated from it."230 And Homer seems to me to have said prophetically of the faithful, "Give to thy friend." And an enemy must be aided, that he may not continue an enemy. For by help good feeling is compacted, and enmity dissolved. "But if there be present readiness of mind, according to what a man hath it is acceptable, and not according to what he hath not: for it is not that there be ease to others, but tribulation to you, but of equality at the present time," and so forth.231 "He hath dispersed, he hath given to the poor; his righteousness endureth for ever," the Scripture says.232 For conformity with the image and likeness is not meant of the body (for it were wrong for what is mortal to be made like what is immortal), but in mind and reason, on which fitly the Lord impresses the seal of likeness, both in respect of doing good and of exercising rule. For governments are directed not by corporeal qualities, but by judgments of the mind. For by the counsels of holy men states are managed well, and the household also.
Endurance also itself forces its way to the divine likeness, reaping as its fruit impassibility. through patience, if what is related of Ananias be kept in mind; who belonged to a number, of whom Daniel the prophet, filled with divine faith, was one. Daniel dwelt at Babylon, as Lot at Sodom, and Abraham, who a little after became the friend of God, in the land of Chaldea. The king of the Babylonians let Daniel down into a pit full of wild beasts; the King of all, the faithful Lord, took him up unharmed. Such patience will the Gnostic, as a Gnostic, possess. He will bless when under trial, like the noble Job; like Jonas, when swallowed up by the whale, he will pray, and faith will restore him to prophesy to the Ninevites; and though shut up with lions, he will tame the wild beasts; though cast into the fire, he will be besprinkled with dew, but not consumed. He will give his testimony by night; he will testify by day; by word, by life, by conduct, he will testify. Dwelling with the Lord233 he will continue his familiar friend, sharing the same hearth according to the Spirit; pure in the flesh, pure in heart, sanctified in word. "The world," it is said, "is crucified to him, and he to the world."234 He, bearing about the cross of the Saviour, will follow the Lord's footsteps, as God, having become holy of holies.
The divine law, then, while keeping in mind all virtue, trains man especially to self-restraint, laying this as the foundation of the virtues; and disciplines us beforehand to the attainment of self-restraint by forbidding us to partake of such things as are by nature fat, as the breed of swine, which is full-fleshed. For such a use is assigned to epicures. It is accordingly said that one of the philosophers, giving the etymology of u[j (sow), said that it was qu/j, as being fit only for slaughter (qu/sin) and killing; for life was given to this animal for no other purpose than that it might swell in flesh. Similarly, repressing our desires, it forbade partaking of fishes which have neither fins nor scales; for these surpass other fishes in fleshiness and fatness. From this it was, in my opinion, that the mysteries not only prohibited touching certain animals, but also withdrew certain parts of those slain in sacrifice, for reasons which are known to the initiated. If, then, we are to exercise control over the belly, and what is below the belly, it is clear that we have of old heard from the Lord that we are to check lust by the law.
And this will be completely effected, if we unfeignedly condemn what is the fuel of lust: I mean pleasure. Now they say that the idea of it is a gentle and bland excitement, accompanied with some sensation. Enthralled by this, Menelaus, they say, after the capture of Troy, having rushed to put Helen to death, as having been the cause of such calamities, was nevertheless not able to effect it, being subdued by her beauty, which made him think of pleasure. Whence the tragedians, jeering, exclaimed insultingly against him:-
"But thou, when on her breast thou lookedst, thy
Didst cast away, and with a kiss the traitress,
Ever-beauteous wretch,235 thou didst embrace."
"Was the sword then by beauty blunted? "
And I agree with Antisthenes when he says, "Could I catch Aphrodité, I would shoot her; for she has destroyed many of our beautiful and good women." And he says that "Love236 is a vice of nature, and the wretches who fall under its power call the disease a deity." For in these words it is shown that stupid people are overcome from ignorance of pleasure, to which we ought to give no admittance, even though it be called a god, that is, though it be given by God for the necessity of procreation. And Xenophon, expressly calling pleasure a vice, says: "Wretch, what good dost thou know, or what honourable aim hast thou? which does not even wait for the appetite for sweet things, eating before being hungry, drinking before being thirsty; and that thou mayest eat pleasantly, seeking out fine cooks; and that thou mayest drink pleasantly, procuring costly wines; and in summer runnest about seeking snow; and that thou mayest sleep pleasantly, not only providest soft beds, but also supports237 to the couches." Whence, as Aristo said, "against the whole tetrachord of pleasure, pain, fear, and lust, there is need of much exercise and struggle."
"For it is these, it is these that go through our bowels,
And throw into disorder men's hearts."
"For the minds of those even who are deemed grave, pleasure makes waxen," according to Plato; since "each pleasure and pain nails to the body the soul" of the man, that does not sever and crucify himself from the passions. "He that loses his life," says the Lord, "shall save it; "either giving it up by exposing it to danger for the Lord's sake, as He did for us, or loosing it from fellowship with its habitual life. For if you would loose, and withdraw, and separate (for this is what the cross means) your soul from the delight and pleasure that is in this life, you will possess it, found and resting in the looked-for hope. And this would be the exercise of death, if we would be content with those desires which are measured according to nature alone, which do not pass the limit of those which are in accordance with nature-by going to excess, or going against nature-in which the possibility of sinning arises. "We must therefore put on the panoply of God, that we may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil; since the weapons of our war fire are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strongholds, casting down reasonings, and every lofty thing which exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing every thought into captivity unto the obedience of Christ,"238 says the divine apostle. There is need of a man who shall use in a praiseworthy and discriminating manner the things from which passions take their rise, as riches and poverty, honour and dishonour, health and sickness, life and death, toil and pleasure. For, in order that we may treat things, that are different, indifferently, there is need of a great difference in us, as having been previously afflicted with much feebleness, and in the distortion of a bad training and nurture ignorantly indulged ourselves. The simple word, then, of our philosophy declares the passions to be impressions on the soul that is soft and yielding, and, as it were, the signatures of the spiritual powers with whom we have to straggle. For it is the business, in my opinion, of the malificent powers to endeavour to produce somewhat of their own constitution in everything, so as to overcome and make their own those who have renounced them. And it follows, as might be expected, that some are worsted; but in the case of those who engage in the contest with more athletic energy, the powers mentioned above, after carrying on the conflict in all forms, and advancing even as far as the crown wading in gore, decline the battle, and admire the victors.
For of objects that are moved, some are moved by impulse and appearance, as animals; and some by transposition, as inanimate objects. And of things without life, plants, they say, are moved by transposition in order to growth, if we will concede to them that plants are without life. To stones, then, belongs a permanent state. Plants have a nature; and the irrational animals possess impulse and perception, and likewise the two characteristics already specified.239 But the reasoning faculty, being peculiar to the human soul, ought not to be impelled similarly with the irrational animals, but ought to discriminate appearances, and not to be carried away by them. The powers, then, of which we have spoken hold out beautiful sights, and honours, and adulteries, and pleasures, and such like alluring phantasies before facile spirits;240 as those who drive away cattle hold, out branches to them. Then, having beguiled those incapable of distinguishing the true from the false pleasure, and the fading and meretricious from the holy beauty, they lead them into slavery. And each deceit, by pressing constantly on the spirit, impresses its image on it; and the soul unwittingly carries about the image of the passion, which takes its rise from the bait and our consent.
The adherents of Basilides are in the habit of calling the passions appendages: saying that these are in essence certain spirits attached to the rational soul, through some original perturbation and confusion; and that, again, other bastard and heterogeneous natures of spirits grow on to them, like that of the wolf, the ape, the lion, the goat, whose properties showing themselves around the soul, they say, assimilate the lusts of the soul to the likeness of the animals. For they imitate the actions of those whose properties they bear. And not only are they associated with the impulses and perceptions of the irrational animals, but they affect241 the motions and the beauties of plants, on account of their bearing also the properties of plants attached to them. They have also the properties of a particular state, as the hardness of steel. But against this dogma we shall argue subsequently, when we treat of the soul. At present this only needs to be pointed out, that man, according to Basilides, preserves the appearance of a wooden horse, according to the poetic myth, embracing as he does in one body a host of such different spirits. Accordingly, Basilides' son himself, Isidorus, in his book, About the Soul attached to us, while agreeing in the dogma, as if condemning himself, writes in these words: "For if I persuade any one that the soul is undivided, and that the passions of the wicked are occasioned by the violence of the appendages, the worthless among men will have no slight pretence for saying, ' I was compelled, I was carried away, I did it against my will, I acted unwillingly; ' though he himself led the desire of evil things, and did not fight against the assaults of the appendages. But we must, by acquiring superiority in the rational part, show ourselves masters of the inferior creation in us." For he too lays down the hypothesis of two souls in us, like the Pythagoreans, at whom we shall glance afterwards.
Valentinus too, in a letter to certain people, writes in these very words respecting the appendages: "There is one good, by whose presence242 is the manifestation, which is by the Son, and by Him alone can the heart become pure, by the expulsion of every evil spirit from the heart: for the multitude of spirits dwelling in it do not suffer it to be pure; but each of them performs his own deeds, insulting it oft with unseemly lusts. And the heart seems to be treated somewhat like a caravanserai. For the latter has holes and ruts made in it, and is often filled with dung; men living filthily in it, and taking no care for the place as belonging to others. So fares it with the heart as long as there is no thought taken for it, being unclean, and the abode of many demons. But when the only good Father visits it, it is sanctified, and gleams with light. And he who possesses such a heart is so blessed, that "he shall see God."243
What, then, let them tell us, is the cause of such a soul not being cared for from the beginning? Either that it is not worthy (and somehow a care for it comes to it as from repentance), or it is a saved nature, as he would have it; and this, of necessity, from the beginning, being cared for by reason of its affinity, afforded no entrance to the impure spirits, unless by being forced and found feeble. For were he to grant that on repentance it preferred what was better, he will say this unwillingly, being what the truth we hold teaches; namely, that salvation is from a change due to obedience, but not from nature. For as the exhalations which arise from the earth, and from marshes, gather into mists and cloudy masses; so the vapours of fleshly lusts bring on the soul an evil condition, scattering about the idols of pleasure before the soul. Accordingly they spread darkness over the light of intelligence, the spirit attracting the exhalations that arise from lust, and thickening the masses of the passions by persistency in pleasures. Gold is not taken from the earth in the lump, but is purified by smelting; then, when made pure. it is called gold, the earth being purified. For "Ask, and it shall be given you,"244 it is said to those who are able of themselves to choose what is best. And how we say that the powers of the devil, and the unclean spirits, sow into the sinner's soul, requires no more words from me, on adducing as a witness the apostolic Barnabas (and he was one of the seventy245 and a fellow-worker of Paul), who speaks in these words: "Before we believed in God, the dwelling-place of our heart was unstable, truly a temple built with hands. For it was full of idolatry, and was a house of demons, through doing what was opposed to God."246
He says, then, that sinners exercise activities appropriate to demons; but he does not say that the spirits themselves dwell in the soul of the unbeliever. Wherefore he also adds, "See that the temple of the Lord be gloriously built. Learn, having received remission of sins; and having set our hope on the Name, let us become new, created again from the beginning." For what he says is not that demons are driven out of us, but that the sins which like them we commit before believing are remitted. Rightly thus he puts in opposition what follows: "Wherefore God truly dwells in our home. He dwells in us. How? The word of His faith, the calling of His promise, the wisdom of His statutes, the commandments of His communication, [dwell in us]."
"I know that I have come upon a heresy; and its chief was wont to say that he fought with pleasure by pleasure, this worthy Gnostic advancing on pleasure in reigned combat, for he said he was a Gnostic; since he said it was no great thing for a man that had not tried pleasure to abstain from it, but for one who had mixed in it not to be overcome [was something]; and that therefore by means of it he trained himself in it. The wretched man knew not that he was deceiving himself by the artfulness of voluptuousness. To this opinion, then, manifestly Aristippus the Cyrenian adhered-that of the sophist who boasted of the truth. Accordingly, when reproached for continually cohabiting with the Corinthian courtezan, he said, "I possess Laïs, and am not possessed by her."
Such also are those (who say that they follow Nicolaus, quoting an adage of the man, which they pervert,247 "that the flesh must be abused." But the worthy man showed that it was necessary to check pleasures and lusts, and by such training to waste away the impulses and propensities of the flesh. But they, abandoning themselves to pleasure like goats, as if insulting the body, lead a life of self-indulgence; not knowing that the body is wasted, being by nature subject to dissolution; while their soul is buffed in the mire of vice; following as they do the teaching of pleasure itself, not of the apostolic man. For in what do they differ from Sardanapalus, whose life is shown in the epigram:-
"I have what I ate-what I enjoyed wantonly;
And the pleasures I felt in love. But those
Many objects of happiness are left,
For I too am dust, who ruled great Ninus."
For the feeling of pleasure is not at all a necessity, but the accompaniment of certain natural needs-hunger, thirst, cold, marriage. If, then, it were possible to drink without it, or take food, or beget children, no other need of it could be shown. For pleasure is neither a function, nor a state, nor any part of us; but has been introduced into life as an auxiliary, as they say salt was to season food. But when it casts off restraint and rules the house, it generates first concupiscence, which is an irrational propension and impulse towards that which gratifies it; and it induced Epicurus to lay down pleasure as the aim of the philosopher. Accordingly he deifies a sound condition of body, and the certain hope respecting it. For what else is luxury than the voluptuous gluttony and the superfluous abundance of those who are abandoned to self-indulgence? Diogenes writes significantly in a tragedy:-
"Who to the pleasures of effeminate
And filthy luxury attached in heart,
Wish not to undergo the slightest toil."
And what follows, expressed indeed in foul language, but in a manner worthy of the voluptuaries.
Wherefore the divine law appears to me necessarily to menace with fear, that, by caution and attention, the philosopher may acquire and retain absence of anxiety, continuing without fall and without sin in all things. For peace and freedom are not otherwise won, than by ceaseless and unyielding struggles with our lusts. For these stout and Olympic antagonists are keener than wasps, so to speak; and Pleasure especially, not by day only, but by night, is in dreams with witchcraft ensnaringly plotting and biting. How, then, can the Greeks any more be right in running down the law, when they themselves teach that Pleasure is the slave of fear? Socrates accordingly bids "people guard against enticements to eat when they are not hungry, and to drink when not thirsty, and the glances and kisses of the fair, as fitted to inject a deadlier poison than that of scorpions and spiders." And Antisthenes chose rather "to be demented than delighted." And the Theban Crates says:-
"Master these, exulting in the disposition of the soul,
Vanquished neither by gold nor by languishing love,
Nor are they any longer attendants to the wanton."
And at length infers:-
"Those, unenslaved and unbended by servile Pleasure,
Love the immortal kingdom and freedom."
He writes expressly, in other words, "that the stop248 to the unbridled propensity to amorousness is hunger or a halter."
And the comic poets attest, while they depreciate the teaching of Zeno the Stoic, to be to the following effect:-
"For he philosophizes a vain philosophy:
He teaches to want food, and gets pupils
One loaf, and for seasoning a dry fig, and to drink
All these, then, are not ashamed clearly to confess the advantage which accrues from caution. And the wisdom which is trite and not contrary to reason, trusting not in mere words and oracular utterances, but in invulnerable armour of defence and energetic mysteries, and devoting itself to divine commands, and exercise, and practice, receives a divine power according to its inspiration from the Word.
Already, then, the aegis of the poetic Jove is described as
"Dreadful, crowned all around by Terror,
And on it Strife and Prowess, and chilling Rout;
On it, too, the Gorgon's head, dread monster,
Terrible, dire, the sign of Aegis-bearing Jove."249
But to those, who are able rightly to understand salvation, I know not what will appear dearer than the gravity of the Law, and Reverence, which is its daughter. For when one is said to pitch too high, as also the Lord says, with reference to certain; so that some of those whose desires are towards Him may not sing out of pitch and tune, I do not understand it as pitching too high in reality, but only as spoken with reference to such as will not take up the divine yoke. For to those, who are unstrung and feeble, what is medium seems too high; and to those, who are unrighteous, what befalls them seems severe justice. For those, who, on account of the favour they entertain for sins, are prone to pardon, suppose truth to be harshness, and severity to be savageness, and him who does not sin with them, and is not dragged with them, to be pitiless. Tragedy writes therefore well of Pluto:-
"And to what sort of a deity wilt thou come,250 dost thou
ask, Who knows neither clemency nor favour,
But loves bare justice alone."
For although you are not yet able to do the things enjoined by the Law, yet, considering that the noblest examples are set before us in it, we are able to nourish and increase the love of liberty; and so we shall profit more eagerly as far as we can, inviting some things, imitating some things, and fearing others. For thus the righteous of the olden time, who lived according to the law, "were not from a storied oak, or from a rock; "because they wish to philosophize truly, took and devoted themselves entirely to God, and were classified under faith. Zeno said well of the Indians, that he would rather have seen one Indian roasted, than have learned the whole of the arguments about bearing pain. But we have exhibited before our eyes every day abundant sources of martyrs that are burnt, impaled, beheaded. All these the fear inspired by the law,-leading as a paedagogue to Christ, trained so as to manifest their piety by their blood. "God stood in the congregation of the gods; He judgeth in the midst of the gods."251 Who are they? Those that are superior to Pleasure, who rise above the passions, who know what they do-the Gnostics, who are greater than the world. "I said, Ye are Gods; and all sons of the Highest."252 To whom speaks the Lord? To those who reject as far as possible all that is of man. And the apostle says, "For ye are not any longer in the flesh, but in the Spirit."253 And again he says, "Though in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh."254 "For flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God, neither doth corruption inherit incorruption."255 "Lo, ye shall die like men," the Spirit has said, confuting us.
We must then exercise ourselves in taking care about those things which fall under the power of the passions, fleeing like those who are truly philosophers such articles of food as excite lust, and dissolute licentiousness in chambering and luxury; and the sensations that tend to luxury, which are a solid reward to others, must no longer be so to us. For God's greatest gift is self-restraint. For He Himself has said, "I will neyer leave thee, nor forsake thee,"256 as having judged thee worthy according to the true election. Thus, then, while we attempt piously to advance, we shall have put on us the mild yoke of the Lord from faith to faith, one charioteer driving each of us onward to salvation, that the meet fruit of beatitude may be won. "Exercise is" according to Hippocrates of Cos, "not only the health of the body, but of the soul-fearlessness of labours-a ravenous appetite for food."
Epicurus, in placing happiness in not being hungry, or thirsty, or cold, uttered that godlike word, saying impiously that he would tight in these points even with Father Jove; teaching, as if it were the case of pigs that live in filth and not that of rational philosophers, that happiness was victory. For of those that are ruled by pleasure are the Cyrenaics and Epicurus; for these expressly said that to live pleasantly was the chief end, and that pleasure was the only perfect good. Epicurus also says that the removal of pain is pleasure; and says that that is to be preferred, which first attracts from itself to itself, being, that is, wholly in motion. Dinomachus and Callipho said that the chief end was for one to do what he could for the attainment and enjoyment of pleasure; and Hieronymus the Peripatetic said the great end was to live unmolested, and that the only final good was happiness; and Diodorus likewise, who belonged to the same sect, pronounces the end to be to live undisturbed and well. Epicurus indeed, and the Cyrenaics, say that pleasure is the first duty; for it is for the sake of pleasure, they say, that virtue was introduced, and produced pleasure. According to the followers of Calliphon, virtue was introduced for the sake of pleasure, but that subsequently, on seeing its own beauty, it made itself equally prized with the first principle, that is, pleasure.
But the Aristotelians lay it down, that to live in accordance with virtue is the end, but that neither happiness nor the end is reached by every one who has virtue. For the wise man, vexed and involved in involuntary mischances, and wishing gladly on these accounts to flee from life, is neither fortunate nor happy. For virtue needs time; for that is not acquired in one day which exists [only] in the perfect man since, as they say, a child is never happy. But human life is a perfect time, and therefore happiness is completed by the three kinds of good things. Neither, then, the poor, nor the mean nor even the diseased, nor the slave, can be one of them.
Again, on the other hand, Zeno the Stoic thinks the end to be living according to virtue; and, Cleanthes, living agreeably to nature in the fight exercise of reason, which he held to consist of the selection of things according to nature. And Antipatrus, his friend, supposes the end to consist in choosing continually and unswervingly the things which are according to nature, and rejecting those contrary to nature. Archedamus, on the other hand, explained the end to be such, that in selecting the greatest and chief things according to nature, it was impossible to overstep it. In addition to these, Panictius pronounced the end to be, to live according to the means given to us by nature. And finally, Posidonius said that it was to live engaged in contemplating the truth and order of the universe, and forming himself as he best can, in nothing influenced by the irrational part of his soul. And some of the later Stoics defined the great end to consist in living agreeably to the constitution of man. Why should I mention Aristo? He said that the end was indifference; but what is indifferent simply abandons the indifferent. Shall I bring forward the opinions of Herillus? Herillus states the end to be to live according to science. For some think that the more recent disciples of the Academy define the end to be, the steady abstraction of the mind to its own impressions. Further, Lycus the Peripatetic used to say that the final end was the true joy of the soul; as Leucimus, that it was the joy it had in what was good. Critolaus, also a Peripatetic, said that it was the perfection of a life flowing rightly according to nature, referring to the perfection accomplished by the three kinds according to tradition.
We must, however, not rest satisfied with these, but endeavour as we best can to adduce the doctrines laid down on the point by the naturalist; for they say that Anaxagoras of Clazomenae affirmed contemplation and the freedom. flowing from it to be the end of life; Heraclitus the Ephesian, complacency. The Pontic Heraclides relates, that Pythagoras taught that the knowledge of the perfection of the numbers257 I was happiness of the soul. The Abderites also teach the existence of an end. Democritus, in his work On the Chief End, said it was cheerfulness, which he also called well-being, and often exclaims, "For delight and its absence are the boundary of those who have reached full age; "Hecataeus, that it was sufficiency to one's self; Apollodotus of Cyzicum, that it was delectation as Nausiphanes, that it was undauntedness,258 for he said that it was this that was called by Democritus imperturbability. In addition to these still, Diotimus declared the end to be perfection of what is good, which he said was termed well-being. Again, Antisthenes, that it was humility. And those called Annicereans, of the Cyrenaic succession, laid down no definite end for the whole of life; but said that to each action belonged, as its proper end, the pleasure accruing from the action. These Cyrenaics reject Epicurus' definition of pleasure, that is the removal of pain, calling that the condition of a dead man; because we rejoice not only on account of pleasures, but companionships and distinctions; while Epicurns thinks that all joy of the soul arises from previous sensations of the flesh. Metrodorus, in his book On the Source of Happiness in Ourselves being greater than that which arises from Objects, says: What else is the good of the soul but the sound state of the flesh, and the sure hope of its continuance?
Further, Plato the philosopher says that the end is twofold: that which is communicable, and exists first in the ideal forms themselves, which he also calls"the good; "and that which partakes of it, and receives its likeness from it, as is the case in the men who appropriate virtue and true philosophy. Wherefore also Cleanthes, in the second book, On Pleasure, says that Socrates everywhere teaches that the just man and the happy are one and the same, and execrated the first man who separated the just from the useful, as having done an impious thing. For those are in truth impious who separate the useful from that which is tight according to the law. Plato himself says that happiness (eu0daimoni/a) is to possess rightly the daemon, and that the ruling faculty of the soul is called the daemon; and he terms happiness (eu0daimoni/a) the most perfect and complete good. Sometimes he calls it a consistent and harmonious life, sometimes the highest perfection in accordance with virtue; and this he places in the knowledge of the Good, and in likeness to God, demonstrating likeness to be justice and holiness with wisdom. For is it not thus that some of our writers have understood that man straightway on his creation received what is"according to the image," but that what is according"to the likeness" he will receive afterwards on his perfection? Now Plato, teaching that the virtuous man shall have this likeness accompanied with humility, explains the following: "He that humbleth himself shall be exalted."259 He says, accordingly, in The Laws: "God indeed, as the ancient saying has it, occupying the beginning, the middle, and the end of all things, goes straight through while He goes round the circumference. And He is always attended by Justice, the avenger of those who revolt from the divine law." You see how he connects fear with the divine law. He adds, therefore: "To which he, who would be happy, cleaving, will follow lowly and beautified." Then, connecting what follows these words, and admonishing by fear, he adds: "What conduct, then, is dear and conformable to God? That which is characterized by one word of old date: Like will be dear to like, as to what is in proportion; but things out of proportion are neither dear to one another, nor to those which are in proportion. And that therefore he that would be dear to God, must, to the best of his power, become such as He is. And in virtue of the same reason, our self-controlling man is dear to God. But he that has no self-control is unlike and diverse." In saying that it was an ancient dogma, he indicates the teaching which had come to him from the law. And having in the Theataetus admitted that evils make the circuit of mortal nature and of this spot, he adds: "Wherefore we must try to flee hence as soon as possible. For flight is likeness to God as far as possible. And likeness is to become holy and just with wisdom." Speusippus, the nephew of Plato, says that happiness is a perfect state in those who conduct themselves in accordance with nature, or the state of the good: for which condition all men have a desire, but the good only attained to quietude; consequently the virtues are the authors of happiness. And Xenocrates the Chalcedonian defines happiness to be the possession of virtue, strictly so called, and of the power subservient to it. Then he clearly says, that the seat in which it resides is the soul; that by which it is effected, the virtues; and that of these as parts are formed praiseworthy actions, good habits and dispositions, and motions, and relations; and that corporeal and external objects are not without these. For Polemo, the disciple of Xenocrates, seems of the opinion that happiness is sufficiency of all good things, or of the most and greatest. He lays down the doctrine, then, that happiness never exists without virtue; and that virtue, apart from corporeal and external objects, is sufficient for happiness. Let these things be so. The contradictions to the opinions specified shall be adduced in due time. But on us it is incumbent to reach the unaccomplished end, obeying the commands-that is, God-and living according to them, irreproachably and intelligently, through knowledge of the divine will; and assimilation as far as possible in accordance with right reason is the end, and restoration to perfect adoption by the Son, which ever glorifies the Father by the great High Priest who has deigned to call us brethren and fellow-heirs. And the apostle, succinctly describing the end, writes in the Epistle to the Romans: "But now, being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life."260 And viewing the hope as twofold-that which is expected, and that which has been received-he now teaches the end to be the restitution of the hope."For patience," he says, "worketh experience, and experience hope: and hope maketh not ashamed; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Spirit that is given to us."261 On account of which love and the restoration to hope, he says, in another place, "which rest is laid up for us."262 You will find in Ezekiel the like, as follows: "The soul that sinneth, it shall die. And the man who shall be righteous, and shall do judgment and justice, who has not eaten on the mountains, nor lifted his eyes to the idols of the house of Israel, and hath not defiled his neighbour's wife, and hath not approached to a woman in the time of her uncleanness (for he does not wish the seed of man to be dishonoured), and will not injure a man; will restore the debtor's pledge, and will not take usury; will turn away his hand from wrong; will do true judgment between a man and his neighbour; will walk in my ordinances, and keep my commandments, so as to do the truth; he is righteous, he shall surely live, saith Adonai the Lord."263 Isaiah too, in exhorting him that hath not believed to gravity of life, and the Gnostic to attention, proving that man's virtue and God's are not the same, speaks thus: "Seek the Lord, and on finding Him call on Him. And when He shall draw near to you, let the wicked forsake his ways, and the unrighteous man his ways; and let him return to the Lord, and he shall obtain mercy," down to "and your thoughts from my thoughts."264 "We," then, according to the noble apostle, "wait for the hope of righteousness by faith. For in Christ neither circumcision availeth anything, nor uncircumcision, but faith which worketh by love."265 And we desire that every one of you show the same diligence to the full assurance of hope," down to "made an high priest for ever, after the order of Melchizedek."266 Similarly with Paul "the All-virtuous Wisdom" says, "He, that heareth me shall dwell trusting in hope."267 For the restoration of hope is called by the same term "hope." To the expression "will dwell" it has most beautifully added" trusting," showing that such an one has obtained rest, having received the hope for which he hoped. Wherefore also it is added, "and shall be quiet, without fear of any evil." And openly and expressly the apostle, in the first Epistle to the Corinthians says, "Be ye followers of me, as also I am of Christ,"268 in order that that may take place. If ye are of me, and I am of Christ, then ye are imitators of Christ, and Christ of God. Assimilation to God, then, so that as far as possible a man becomes righteous and holy with wisdomhe lays down as the aim of faith, and the end to be that restitution of the promise which is effected by faith. From these doctrines gush the fountains, which we specified above, of those who have dogmatized about "the end." But of these enough.
Since pleasure and lust seem to fall under marriage, it must also be treated of. Marriage is the first conjunction of man and woman for the procreation of legitimate children.269 Accordingly Menander the comic poet says:-
"For the begetting of legitimate children,
I give thee my daughter."
We ask if we ought to marry; which is one of the points, which are said to be relative. For some must marry, and a man must be in some condition, and he must marry some one in some condition. For every one is not to marry, nor always. But there is a time in which it is suitable, and a person for whom it is suitable, and an age up to which it is suitable. Neither ought every one to take a wife, nor is it every woman one is to take, nor always, nor in every way, nor inconsiderately. But only he who is in certain circumstances, and such an one and at such time as is requisite, and for the sake of children, and one who is in every respect similar, and who does not by force or compulsion love the husband who loves her. Hence Abraham, regarding his wife as a sister, says, "She is my sister by my father, but not by my mother; and she became my wife,"270 teaching us that children of the same mothers ought not to enter into matrimony. Let us briefly follow the history. Plato ranks marriage among outward good things, providing for the perpetuity of our race, and handing down as a torch a certain perpetuity to children's children. Democritus repudiates marriage and the procreation of children, on account of the many annoyances thence arising, and abstractions from more necessary things. Epicurus agrees, and those who place good in pleasure, and in the absence of trouble and pain. According to the opinion of the Stoics, marriage and the rearing of children are a thing indifferent; and according to the Peripatetics, a good. In a word, these, following out their dogmas in words, became enslaved to pleasures; some using concubines, some mistresses, and the most youths. And that wise quaternion in the garden with a mistress, honoured pleasure by their acts. Those, then, will not escape the curse of yoking an ass with an ox, who, judging certain things not to suit them, command others to do them, or the reverse. This Scripture has briefly showed, when it says, "What thou hatest, thou shalt not do to another."271
But they who approve of marriage say, Nature has adapted us for marriage, as is evident from the structure of our bodies, which are male and female. And they constantly proclaim that command, "Increase and replenish."272 And though this is the case, yet it seems to them shameful that man, created by God, should be more licentious than the irrational creatures, which do not mix with many licentiously, but with one of the same species, such as pigeons and ringdoves,273 and creatures like them. Furthermore, they say, "The childless man fails in the perfection which is according to nature, not having substituted his proper successor in his place. For he is perfect that has produced from himself his like, or rather, when he sees that he has produced the same; that is, when that which is begotten attains to the same nature with him who begat." Therefore we must by all means marry, both for our country's sake, for the succession of children, and as far as we are concerned, the perfection of the world; since the poets also pity a marriage half-perfect and childless, but pronounce the fruitful one happy. But it is the diseases of the body that principally show marriage to be necessary. For a wife's care and the assiduity of her constancy appear to exceed the endurance of all other relations and friends, as much as to excel them in sympathy; and most of all, she takes kindly to patient watching. And in truth, according to Scripture, she is a needful help.274 The comic poet then, Menander, while running down marriage, and yet alleging on the other side its advantages, replies to one who had said:-
"I am averse to the thing,
For you take it awkwardly."
Then. he adds:-
"You see the hardships and the things which annoy you in it.
But you do not look on the advantages."
And so forth.
Now marriage is a help in the case of those advanced in years, by furnishing a spouse to take care of one, and by rearing children of her to nourish one's old age.
"For to a man after death his children bring renown,
Just as corks bear the net,
Saving the fishing-line from the deep."275
according to the tragic poet Sophocles.
Legislators, moreover, do not allow those who are unmarried to discharge the highest magisterial offices. For instance, the legislator of the Spartans imposed a fine not on bachelorhood only, but on monogamy276 and late marriage, and single life. And the renowned Plato orders the man who has not married to pay a wife's maintenance into the public treasury, and to give to the magistrates a suitable sum of money as expenses. For if they shall not beget children, not having married, they produce, as far as in them lies, a scarcity of men, and dissolve states and the world that is composed of them, impiously doing away with divine generation. It is also unmanly and weak to shun living with a wife and children. For of that of which the loss is an evil, the possession is by all means a good; and this is the case with the rest of things. But the loss of children is, they say, among the chiefest evils: the possession of children is consequently a good thing; and if it be so, so also is marriage. It is said:-
"Without a father there never could be a child,
And without a mother conception of a child could not be.
Marriage makes a father, as a husband a mother."277
Accordingly Homer makes a thing to be earnestly prayed for:-
"A husband and a house; "
yet not simply, but along with good agreement. For the marriage of other people is an agreement for indulgence; but that of philosophers leads to that agreement which is in accordance with reason, bidding wives adorn themselves not in outward appearance, but in character; and enjoining husbands not to treat their wedded wives as mistresses, making corporeal wantonness their aim; but to take advantage of marriage for help in the whole of life, and for the best self-restraint.
Far more excellent, in my opinion, than the seeds of wheat and barley that are sown at appropriate seasons, is man that is sown, for whom all things grow; and those seeds temperate husbandmen ever sow. Every foul and polluting practice must therefore be purged away from marriage; that the intercourse of the irrational animals may not be cast in our teeth, as more accordant with nature than human conjunction in procreation. Some of these, it must be granted, desist at the time in which they are directed, leaving creation to the working of Providence.
By the tragedians, Polyxena, though being murdered, is described nevertheless as having, when dying, taken great care to fall decently,-
"Concealing what ought to be hid from the eyes of men."
Marriage to her was a calamity. To be subjected, then, to the passions, and to yield to them, is the extremest slavery; as to keep them in subjection is the only liberty. The divine Scripture accordingly says, that those who have transgressed the commandments are sold to strangers, that is, to sins alien to nature, till they return and repent. Marriage, then, as a sacred image, must be kept pure from those things which defile it.278 We are to rise from our slumbers with the Lord, and retire to sleep with thanksgiving and prayer,-
"Both when you sleep, and when the holy light comes,"
confessing the Lord in our whole life; possessing piety in the soul, and extending self-control to the body. For it is pleasing to God to lead decorum from the tongue to our actions. Filthy speech is the way to effrontery; and the end of both is filthy conduct.
Now that the Scripture counsels marriage, and allows no release from the union, is expressly contained in the law, "Thou shalt not put away thy wife, except for the cause of fornication; "and it regards as fornication, the marriage of those separated while the other is alive. Not to deck and adorn herself beyond what is becoming, renders a wife free of calumnious suspicion. while she devotes herself assiduously to prayers and supplications; avoiding frequent departures from the house, and shutting herself up as far as possible from the view of all not related to her, and deeming housekeeping of more consequence than impertinent trifling. "He that taketh a woman that has been put away," it is said, "committeth adultery; and if one puts away his wife, he makes her an adulteress,"279 that is, compels her to commit adultery. And not only is he who puts her away guilty of this, but he who takes her, by giving to the woman the opportunity of sinning; for did he not take her, she would return to her husband. What, then, is the law?280 In order to check the impetuosity of the passions, it commands the adulteress to be put to death, on being convicted of this; and if of priestly family, to be committed to the flames.281 And the adulterer also is stoned to death, but not in the same place, that not even their death may be in common. And the law is not at variance with the Gospel, but agrees with it. How should it be otherwise, one Lord being the author of both? She who has committed fornication liveth in sin, and is dead to the commandments; but she who has repented, being as it were born again by the change in her life, has a regeneration of life; the old harlot being dead, and she who has been regenerated by repentance having come back again to life. The Spirit testifies to what has been said by Ezekiel, declaring, "I desire not the death of the sinner, but that he should turn."282 Now they are stoned to death; as through hardness of heart dead to the law which they believed not. But in the case of a priestess the punishment is increased, because "to whom much is given, from him shall more be required."283
Let us conclude this second book of the Stromata at this point, on account of the length and number of the chapters. | <urn:uuid:a93a68b4-b66f-4b77-b75f-075d6e04ce6e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bible.ca/history/fathers/ANF-02/anf02-59.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00512-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974879 | 36,181 | 2.375 | 2 |
Introduction and Goals
As a continuation of my previous topic visualization of global flight networks, I decided focus on improving the customer (user) experiences of airline companies in my final project, which is also the project goal. As I mentioned before, If you used to have the experience flight 19 hours of a long distant flight, you will notice that how bad experience when you sit on an airplane seat: a coach class seat can be a chair of torture. Obviously, the aeronautical chairs will directly affect passenger comfort, convenience and cost. However, based on the human factors design perspectives, designers who working on the seats design should improved the shape and functions of the seats, especially find the angle that people could feel comfortable when they could not move for a long time.
Everyone cannot escape the flight experiences in personal life, especially people have a busy schedule in regard of the international cooperation abroad. We are all customers (users), so say, passengers. Airplane customers are demanding more from their airports than ever before. According to the International Air Travel Association (IATA), the trade association of the world’s airlines, headquartered in Montreal Quebec, Canada with Executive Offices in Geneva, Switzerland, announced 3.6 billion people are expected to take to the skies in 2016, expanding by an average of 5.3% as aviation market grows rapidly. As we know, airports are vital pieces of national infrastructure: they cost billions, and can take decades to design and deliver. We expect them to meet the day to day needs of millions of customers, operate reliably, and survive changing climate conditions, whilst providing a return on investment for their owners and operators. So how will airports evolve to satisfy the need of their users? At the same time, to become more efficient operations to deal with more passengers, higher cost of land and a demand for better retail experiences?
Figure. 1. Global Passenger Satisfaction throughout the Customer Journey.
Figure. 2 In Flight Purchase and Satisfaction.
Figure.3 Airlines Customer Experience Industry Benchmarks.
As you can seen from the UX customer journey map and information chart, most people in flight very satisfy with online booking and check-in systems, which developed very well as the customer experiences we get today. The most dissatisfied part of the flight journey are listed as follow: with the border control, in flight entertainment, baggage collection and the flight seats.
Kathleen Robinette, who’s studied human body measurements for the U.S. Air Force for three decades, pointed out that the seat is the main problems when people travel. Since Robinette’s first airline seat study for NASA and the FAA in 1978, she has a different perspective when she boards an airliner. “I always see all kinds of arms hanging out into the aisles. That means the seats are too narrow, and there’s nowhere for the shoulders and arms to go except into the aisle because there’s not enough room in the seat.” When “you keep getting your arm whacked by the cart as it comes down the aisle,” don’t feel guilty, she says. It happens to everybody. “And it’s because of the seats.”(CNN.com)
Figure.4 Leg Up, Tray Table Down (Bland Designs).
The airplane seats are soft and supple. However, the problem is when people sit on it in a long time; the airplane chair could not perfectly fit the body so well. The user might need a back cushion or an air pillow to fill the space between neck and seat. The other thing is economy airplane seats could bend but just in a small angle, or just a little bit inclined. So when people sit on it in a long time, they will keep in one posture and could not stretch their body as well. Their leg and feet might be numb and dropsy because the circulation of the blood is not unimpeded.
The markets and users of airplane seats is people who travel with the plane, as known as the passages in an airline company. The users group is people who take planes from all over the world. Therefore, there is a big market for the air seat improvement design. The design solution could focus on the seat angle and materials, which means that if the chair could bend in a perfect angle, or the new material of the seat could fit people’s any movements or postures, it might be solve those people’s uncomfortable. Meanwhile, hopefully there will come out a new way of solution based on the human factor perspective for the design in the near future.
Based on the strategic technology criteria and design mode, I found that in order to further enhance the analyzed service or experience’s value to users, based on creative design method and technology strategy, we need not only focus on problem solving, but also consider the marketplace as well as users experiences. The main strategy of design that starts with the people you are designing for and ends with new solutions that are tailor made to suit their needs.
Figure.5 ARUP Airport Strategic Design Model.
Figure.6 Future Airport Experiences Map.
Airports are large, complex beasts. According to the International Air Travel Association (IATA) reports, there are around 7,8000 people come to an airport to work each day. Therefore, it raises interesting large-scale design challenges if you want to improve the customer experience, from the airport to on the plane, including interior, equipment and flight service. The complete experience process of infrastructure to consider, as water, air, public health, internet, wireless spot, 30 miles of baggage transport capabilities, security, operational efficiency, and of course passenger experience, and so much more. It is also about building a deep journey with the people you’re designing for, using technology to changes the products and services. Each of those disciplines come with their own integral design language.
Figure.7 High-tech and Sustainability Airport Concept.
Figure.8 Into the future: How the airport will look in 2050 | <urn:uuid:db5a837a-cf18-49a8-945f-743bf71cf15f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://studentwork.prattsi.org/infovis/projects/improve-passenger-experiences-of-airlines-facing-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.947504 | 1,304 | 1.953125 | 2 |
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Date Added: Oct 29, 2006
Last check for an update: Jan 19, 2017
Last version date: Nov 13, 2001
Downloads Total : 2
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Malware Status: Clean
Scan Date: Apr 21, 2008 | <urn:uuid:775f28bd-c3aa-4f84-9488-d4c4dc25ec33> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rsoftr.com/other/acdzip-2221.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00471-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8562 | 523 | 1.570313 | 2 |
How to Draw Stickers in Procreate
In this tutorial, I’ll walk you through making some simple drawings using my Kids Make Art! brush set, and then I’ll give you some tips about turning your art into stickers! I’ll show you how to draw cute illustrations like a palm tree, rainbow, dog, cat, ukulele, ice cream cone, dinosaur, pretzel, and more! I’ll also teach you how to create a realistic sticker effect in Procreate. You can learn TONS more about making your Procreate artwork into stickers on my Sticker Resource Page!
Free Procreate Color Palette
Brushes in this tutorial are from my FREE Kids Make Art! brush pack
For the sketch: Colored Pencil
Most shapes: Fine Point Marker
Snake & rainbow shapes: Marker
Line details: Colored Pencil
Paper Texture: Paper brush from my Texture Maker set
Erasing/refining shadows: Soft Brush from the Airbrushing set (built-in Procreate brush)
Attention kids and kids-at-heart! I created this set of 6 high-quality Procreate brushes for little artists learning how to use Procreate or for anyone who wants to re-live the magic of a free afternoon, a blank piece of paper, and a box of art supplies. This set of FREE Procreate brushes has all your favorite art supplies – crayons, markers, paint, and colored pencils!
Procreate Sticker Resource Page
You ultimate resource for making stickers using Procreate art
There are many ways to produce stickers, from DIY to professional manufacturing. On this page, I’ll teach you three different methods for making stickers: printing at home and cutting them out by hand, how to make stickers with Procreate and a Cricut machine, and all about ordering professionally printed stickers. I’ll also be giving you tips about setting up sticker sheets, outlines and cutlines, great places to order your stickers, sticker vocabulary, and so much more! | <urn:uuid:98f7146b-c456-47c5-9f1a-c96e1c487f21> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bardotbrush.com/how-to-draw-stickers-in-procreate/?utm_source=sticker%20tut%20cta&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=w20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.876658 | 430 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Main Dishes: A Ceramic Encyclopedia
Officine saffi, ceramic arts in Milan asked their artists to make their very own small encyclopedia, TLmag cherry-picked three works.
In many cultures, ceramic dishes have been seen as a narrative element, as important cultural witnesses. An encyclopedia of traditions, knowledge, and symbols. Officine saffi, ceramic arts in Milan, asked their artists to make their very own small encyclopedia, a visual synthesis of the gallery’s research. All works are available and they come directly from the artists’ studios. TLmag cherry-picked work of three of the fifteen incredible artists.
‘’Making a dish for a show of dishes. Pondering the limits of the task. Is it for the wall – the plate being the ceramicist‘s standard vehicle to put something up in between the paintings or is it for the Table – for serving, for apples, Christmas cake and roast, the useful everyday adornment? I start with making something roundish, a flat scrape in sand, casting it in porcelain.The urge to fill it with bisque leftover bits and layers of glaze is too strong. Can‘t wait for the apples to do the job of finishing the impression. Analog to the conclusion I came up with in thinking about the conditions of making vases – I hardly ever thought of flowers – it is difficult to do the dish for apples in the context of self-expression. Leaving room for fruit on a piece of clay is a different task than making a point about the subject in a single dish. It inevitably becomes a frame for improvisation, for being talkative about my ideas on cultural sample sand material.’’
“I create abstract, organic and tactile works of art with the manipulation of glass and metals, which change our perception of material as cold and fragile, and by oscillating light and iridescent colours, question our perception of glass, surroundings and the ideological structure of society. I believe the world we perceive fails to be reality unless we start criticizing the ideological daily fragments, through which we are subconsciously seduced to help shape the problematics of the world we currently live in.”
“A soft clay dish is crossed by numerous knives.The blades come out of the surface, becoming the meal. I have been working for years on the concept of destruction and reconstruction, applying a systematic transformation of the original object that becomes an offended or offending subject.”
ARTISTS ON SHOW: Elisa Bertaglia, Silvia Celeste Calcagno, Yewen Dong, Mia E Göransson, Anderd Herwald Ruhwald, Yasuhisa Kohyama, Loredana Longo, Shozo Michikawa, Kazuhito Nagasawa, Johannes Nagel, Irina Razumovskaya, John Shea, Zsolt József Simon, Kati Tuominen-Niittylä, Kaja Upel. | <urn:uuid:27f70eeb-63ad-42f2-ac47-59d8fc35c467> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tlmagazine.com/main-dishes-a-ceramic-encyclopedia/?print=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.92171 | 636 | 2.15625 | 2 |
What is the single biggest mistake entrepreneurs make when starting up
The single biggest mistake entrepreneurs make when starting up is simply being unprepared for reality.
Venture entrepreneurs are buffered against mistakes by the need to raise money from savvy investors, attract a savvy management team, and pull together a savvy board of directors. Small business entrepreneurs, especially first-timers, fall victim to the same deadly trap time after time after time.
Few mistakes (I haven’t done but know for sure).
- Scaling: You want to start a ‘Hot’ business, for example, an online retail store. You know that the market potential for the business is $10 billion. How difficult it is to get a mere 1% business share in one year? Very difficult. it is very difficult to get a single customer for a ‘new’ business, let alone 1% market share. I am being realistic and NOT overly optimistic.
- Not testing the waters: People with access to money and investors may want to jump straight into the market with big advertising and grandeur launching. Such launches have always failed in history and doomed in the future also. Business is NOT about products and selling but the knowledge of a particular domain and utilizing it to help people. I reiterate, business is NOT selling but HELPING.
- Not having the patience: Data shows that 90% of new ventures fail in the first five years and 90% of remaining fail in the second next five years!. The success rate of new business is then ONLY 1%!. Why? Because it requires patience to become successful in business. There is a lot of learning involved. You need to crawl before you can walk, let alone run!
- Not segmenting your product and services properly: Apple sells to niche and they know this. Their product and services are oriented and targeted towards a specific audience. They know their customers very well and hence their focus is razor-sharp. Know Your Customers. Know their exact needs and proceed accordingly. Samsung failed only because of this. They don’t know their exact audience!.
5. Not having a backup plan: Business is like a cruise into the unknown. It may happen that a few years are very nice and also others are very stormy. Hence always create a backup plan for your business. Always save for the odd day so that you can survive the storm when most of your competitors cannot!. The worst mistakes new entrepreneurs do is to buy a new car, a new house, a new vacation, if their one year profit is very good!. Markets are always reacting to demands and supply. Keep patience and avoid that SUV for at least 5 five years for sure!
6. Changing the business model too frequently: We are sure to react to change but NOT very often. If you have a plan, a conviction, stay with it for a while. Don’t change it often and frequently. Remember Murphy’s law: Anything that can go wrong tends to go wrong. It will always take more time than you think it will and always be more difficult than you assume.
7. Not changing business model after repeated failures: Contrary to the previous point, we sometimes stubbornly stick to our ideas. We disagree to change our plans even after repeated failures. Business is ‘flexibility’. Not as flexible as a silk thread but also not as intransigent as a logger wood.
8. Being a ‘one-man show’: Entrepreneurs are often ridden with the view of doing everything by themselves. They believe that only they can do everything better. This approach of doing it all by themselves kills a lot of precious time of themselves and hence restricts the progress. | <urn:uuid:9e154928-c370-449b-9591-16a0f4677e33> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://zainworld1317.medium.com/what-is-the-single-biggest-mistake-entrepreneurs-make-when-starting-up-bf2b6c5eb1a2?source=post_internal_links---------6---------------------------- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.964217 | 754 | 1.945313 | 2 |
As said by the manufacturers, the knife has some physical characteristics.
- Weight: You need to know the ideal weight of the knife before you buy them. Some believe in a heavy knife that cuts through the foods easily. Another suggests a supple chef’s knife that flows freely and skillfully.
- Balance: When you grip knife by the handles, the perfect balance need to be judged. If feels like slanted, awkward at the end of the handle, or to in the blade, in that case it is not for buying. An unstable knife makes your work harder. The knife should be felt balanced, like pointing to the stagger in the direction of any of the sides or the other.
- Size: The knives Manufacturers recommend an 8″ knife frequently. This size is very popular because it is flexible and can be handled by all. A knife with 10” blade is capable of cutting comparatively shorter things. The knives with 6”used by chef or cook are flexible, but comes short when operating with some other large fruits, for instance watermelon.
The anatomy of chef’s knife
The kitchen knife named a chef’s knife possesses a secure and comfortable handle. The underside of the knife must have sufficient clearance so that you don’t have to hit the height of the blade as you chop.
It is also named the collar. It is a wide part of the metal where the blade meets with the handle. The bolsters not only adds strength and steadiness to a knife but also guard the finger when gripping hand.
The heel is the thick and the broad area of the border with the maximum elevation. It’s used for those tasks, like chopping, where force is basic.
The spine and the edge
The upper top of the blade of the knife is called spine and it is shaped square and the narrow at the tip. In case of thick tip it is not easy to work with.
The reputed knives Manufacturers never compromise with the right anatomy of the knife. The brand name of the manufacturer tells the right story of a kitchen knife. | <urn:uuid:fb54bf2f-9edc-4138-9ae0-00fa54112a47> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shop4gerber.co.uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.94208 | 442 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Big Read Keynote Speaker Encourages Students to Empower One Another
"Am I my brother's keeper?" This was the question posed at the start of Monday's Big Read keynote address and kick-off event, which addressed the project's focus on the novel "A Lesson Before Dying" by Ernest Gaines.
University of Houston-Downtown president Bill Flores opened the luncheon with a startling fact. One in five Houstonians is functionally illiterate - meaning they lack adequate skills to manage daily tasks such as completing job applications or understanding banking paperwork.
The aim of the Big Read, Flores said, "is to get people in our community thinking and talking about books - going beyond just reading."
He challenged the audience to share the text and its lessons with others, and to explore the critical race issues of the book with younger children, friends and siblings.
Keynote speaker Vida Robertson, associate professor of English and recently appointed director of the UHD Center for Critical Race Studies then took the mic after a brief introduction from Special Assistant to the President, Gene Preuss.
Robertson gave a compelling, passionate lecture, entitled "My Brother's Keepers: Reclaiming Young Black Men from Apathy and Racism."
Throughout his talk, Robertson compared the characters in "A Lesson Before Dying" - Jefferson and Grant - to the biblical characters of Cain and Abel. Both stories, Robertson indicated, are about characters who suffer from double consciousness, a sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others. "We all - and especially people of color - experience this irreconcilable striving to be both who we are and who society expects us to be."
He went on to proclaim that the greatest threat to minority populations is "loss of hope and absence of meaning," which is a direct result of a failing social system and a greater failure to encourage, enlighten, and empower one another.
He encouraged the assembly to "engage with society structurally, strategically and meaningfully, lest it continue to work against us." | <urn:uuid:a1082639-1d50-4e3e-9bad-962ee064a982> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.uhd.edu/2014/11/03/the-big-read-keynote-speaker-encourages-students-to-empower-one-another/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.948637 | 421 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Font 'LL Brown Typeface'
In the Tradition of Modernism
How can one follow in the footsteps of modernism and still develop a typeface that is entirely contemporary? Aurèle Sack, typeface designer and graphic artist from Lausanne, answers that question with his font family 'AS Brown', which took him four years to develop. Specialists will immediately identify Sack's model and laypeople will probably sense something familiar: Sack refers in general to the grotesk typefaces of the early 20th century, specifically to the trailblazing design of Edward Johnston (1872-1944), who was commissioned to create a typeface for the Underground Electric Railways of London in 1913. Its unembellished clarity has set standards and it superbly demonstrates the influence of corporate design on the success of the company. But in designing 'AS Brown', Sack was not interested in revamping an existing font; he wanted to develop a typeface with a 'new and modern personality'. The regular cut is slightly larger than usual, making it especially legible, which also applies to the italics, slanted at a 10° angle. The typeface is available in four weights, from ultralight to bold, and three slants, and is already being used successfully, for instance in Das Magazin, the weekend newspaper supplement, where it appears in combination with 'AS Garamond' (developed in cooperation with the designer Jonas Vögeli). ECAL by Tschumi, an attractive publication about the new ECAL Campus by architect Bernard Tschumi, is also persuasively printed in 'AS Brown Regular' and designed by Aurèle Sack. Incidentally, Sack has close ties to the Ecole cantonale d'art de Lausanne (ECAL). He graduated in Visual Communication in 2004 and now teaches courses there in typography and book design. His precision and perseverance are as impressive as his objective of developing a contemporary and versatile typeface that follows in the footsteps of modernism. | <urn:uuid:097c3687-9778-4ef0-a753-2227339711c2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.swissdesignawards.ch/federaldesign/2010/aurele-sack/index.html?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00345-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949173 | 413 | 2.109375 | 2 |
TracWater IAAS approved manufacturers offer a wide range of sensor technologies, providing you with accurate insight into your environmental data collection program. Designed or selected by field experienced technicians and engineers, sensors are rugged, tough, and integrated into most wireless logger technologies. Great for both lab and field use, and interchangeable between monitoring platforms. If you do not see the sensor you are looking for, give us a call
DEPTH & LEVEL
Water Pressure Depth
Monitor up to 8m of pressure depth in flowing pipes and streams. Great solution for monitoring level in pipes and overflow locations that surcharge beyond their design capacity.
Accurately monitor from 0 to 8m or 0 to 15m using the Radar Level Kit. Easy to install and use makes this a great solution where continuous reliability and accuracy are required.
Short Range, Dual Wave, Ultrasonic Level Kit is great for accurately measuring level in tight spaces. Excellent solution for measuring depth in weirs, flumes and smaller sewer pipes.
Long Range Level Kit
Long Range 6m Ultrasonic Level kit is a great economical solution when sensing water level from tops of manholes or bridges. Ideal non Contact overflow solution.
FLOW & VELOCITY
Area Velocity (AV)
Area Velocity Sensor using Dual Wave AV Technology. Available in multiple configurations, UART, RS485 and pulse output.
Single Wave Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Sensor Technology using micro crystals to lower the profile and allow a broader range of velocity measurement.
Non-Contact Radar Velocity
Radar Velocity (TW-RV-SENS) Non-Contact Surface Radar Velocity Sensor. Great for large pipe installations, rivers and stream monitoring. Fully encapsulated and protected against harsh environments.
Closed Pipe Velocity
Mid range clamp-on flow sensor used to measure flows in pipes up to 8 inches in diameter.
VISION & TEMPERATURE
5MP Vision Sensor, great for monitoring sewers and underground spaces. Internal compression allows easy upload of wireless images when connected to TW-IAAS Blue Siren monitors. Automated alarm and image capture when using TW-IAAS with Blue Siren controllers and storage devices. Can also be used as a complete standalone cellular wireless security monitor.
Single-Ended, highly accurate temperature sensor
Measure over 200 different temperature points at varying lengths and track thermocline profiles in rivers, lakes and oceans. Detect pipe leaks and rainwater infiltration in sewers
Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP)
Monitor and collect ORP or Oxidation Reduction Potential data. Great for portable applications without power.
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Monitor and collect EC or Electrical Conductivity data. Great for portable applications without power.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Monitor and collect DO or Dissolved Oxygen data. Great for portable applications without power.
Monitor and collect pH data. Great for portable applications without power.
WEATHER & RAIN
Monitor and collect atmospheric or industrial humidity. Great for portable applications without power.
Portable rainfall monitor, simply find a clear area set up your rain gauge and walk away. Data will be automatically delivered to your desk. Economical or lab grade tipping bucket rain gauges to choose from.
Monitor and collect wind speed and wind direction data. Great for portable applications without power.
Easily monitor when a sewer is overflowing using single or multiple critical alarm switches. Simply install the switch at the overflow level and wait for the alarms. Receive pictures and time-lapse video of the event in real time. | <urn:uuid:945bfad2-7aed-4494-97af-fdec2478f69f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tracwater.com.au/sensors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.812075 | 954 | 1.507813 | 2 |
This article is part of the The Great American Reach Around series.
Nestled between the Andes Mountains and the Chilean central coastal range lies the urban metropolis of Santiago, the Chilean republics capital. The city plays home to some six million people. With cold rainy winters and hot dry summers the city's Mediterranean climate makes for some good living, except for certain punctual problems like the nasty air pollution, the noise contamination among others.
The city also used to boast one of the worlds nicest subway systems (Metro) which now due to the implementation of the new transport system has become a human plagued hell for those unlucky enough to need to ride it. The bus system that complements the metro in this ambitious plan has remained stable, in its usual chaotic existence.
Santiago boasts several areas of cultural and architectonic value such as museums and government buildings, the presidential palace being just one such place in the middle of the so called 'civic' neighborhood, called civic because almost all of the countries ministry buildings and major government offices are all there. They were built there in the 1930s, giving the place a uniform look to all the buildings. There is a thriving nigh-life scene in Santiago particularly in the Barrio Suecia, and Bellavista districts of the city, somewhat dangerous night-life but thriving none the less.
As an up and coming megalopolis that enjoys some of Latin Americas highest standards of living the city is rapidly growing economically and in general pushing upwards. All this has come with certain costs such as pollution issues and most negative aspects of city life that most people now blame on globalization.
The government predicted some two years ago the Chile would become a developed nation by the year 2014 about. Most people don't take this prediction seriously given the many times too optimistic and populist nature of several politicians in our political system.
Something Awful is in the process of changing hands to a new owner. In the meantime we're pausing all updates and halting production on our propaganda comic partnership with Northrop Grumman.
Dear god this was an embarrassment to not only this site, but to all mankind
Yes, there are finally enough games for a new round of One Sentence Reviews
The Something Awful front page news tackles anything both off and on the Internet. Mostly "on" though, as we're all incredible nerds. | <urn:uuid:692ba47d-d771-4419-a631-bc77db08e0db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.somethingawful.com/news/gara-week-thirteen/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.95717 | 491 | 1.804688 | 2 |
The phrase “healthy as a horse” is found to be “mostly false,” according to researchers with the time to study it and other equine figures of speech.
After decades—perhaps even centuries—of incorrect use, scientists at the Bucephalus Institute in Alexandria, in partnership with Snopes.com, have definitively determined the phrase “healthy as a horse” as being “mostly false.”
“The project began when I saw the fancy car my vet’s wife drives,” says researcher and horse lover, Morgan Bay. “If horses are so healthy, how can veterinarians charge so much? I also wondered if wishes were horses, would beggars ride?”
The 5–year study to debunk the “healthy horse” myth was bolstered not only by the median income of veterinarians, but the skyrocketing horse pharmaceutical industry and a worldwide shortage of glucosamine and apple flavoring. Anecdotal evidence of colic occurrences, general lameness, and some guy named Coggins overtaking Jeff Bezos as the richest person on earth also contributed to the result.
“The evidence, frankly, came straight from the horse’s mouth,” Bay added. “I was worried I was putting the cart before the horse, but at this point, wild horses couldn’t drag me away from my conclusions.”
Of course, there are dissenters to Bay’s findings.
“Horsefeathers!” exclaimed D. Ring Snaffle. “Bay’s entire study is a Trojan horse. There’s not enough credible evidence to choke a horse in her findings. The equine industry should put this study out to pasture.”
Bay, however, was not entirely willing to come down off her high horse.
“Snaffle is attempting to shut the barn door after the horse has already run off,” she said to a gathering of bewildered equine reporters, who were later heard complaining that they were hungry as horses and couldn’t find a meal in this one-horse town.
A local veterinarian, Dr. Gaskin, when presented with the findings of the Bucephalus Institute, urged caution.
“Hold your horses,” he said. “What we’re talking about here is a horse of a completely different color.”
At press time, no further evidence was unearthed to provide any clarity to this obviously satirical article. For those who cannot find the humor in the above screed, however, a nod is as good as a wink to a blind horse. | <urn:uuid:ed9db509-7c9e-4f61-98d0-4e59e11452cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://westernhorseman.com/ranching/writing-on-the-range/healthy-as-a-horse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.967873 | 557 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Striking out into the Afghanistan countryside to find the enemy was “just a job” to City College of San Francisco student and U.S. Army veteran Miles Foltz.
As president of the CCSF Veterans Alliance, Foltz helps other student veterans navigate their GI Bill benefits and shift from military to college life, but the transition is not always an easy one.
“It can be difficult,” Foltz said. “Being in classrooms full of students who are younger than you and don’t have the same experiences. It can be frustrating.”
Combat veteran college students face hurdles ranging from collecting benefits from the federal Department of Veterans Affairs to coping with mental health issues and fitting in among students with very different backgrounds, according to a 2009 Auburn University study titled “Transitions: Combat Veterans as College Students.”
“It’s so much harder to be accountable,” student and U.S. Army veteran Paul Hazel said during a workshop at CCSF’s Student Veteran Day Oct. 25. Other students talked about the Army’s battle buddy system, which soldiers are paired up and held responsible for each other. The students brainstormed about starting a study buddy program through CCSF’s veterans center.
The lack of structure in college wasn’t a problem for SF State accounting major and Iraq War veteran Ian Goold, who said he got out of the military to go to college.
“The biggest thing was not being around military culture,” Goold said as he sat in the new SF State Veterans Corner in Burk Hall Room 153. “This place serves a point of refuge for that.”
Goold, who still works as a reservist, was a marine infantryman in Iraq. He described his job as “a ground pounder.”
“I occupied space and removed people who the government didn’t want occupying that space,” he said. “When you’ve worked for four years of your life and you know what it’s like to be a grunt, it’s a big realization — the difference a college degree makes.”
Of the more than 400 SF State veterans, only about 100 served in combat, according to Rogelio Manaois, SF State veterans services coordinator. Regardless of serving in combat, many student veterans report difficulty transitioning from highly structured military life to self-driven studies.
“Overall, in public colleges one of the biggest trends that we’ve seen is campuses are trying to create veteran centers, which may include spaces for veteran students to gather, like a lounge in a way, definitely a center that is a one-stop,” Manaois, who served in the military between 1989 and 1992, said. “Before the post 9/11 GI Bill, you may have had only one person on campus dealing just with the benefit processing, but not necessarily support services.”
There are currently more than 11,500 student veterans enrolled in the California State University system. The VA reported in 2009 that veterans are more likely to attend college or obtain advanced degrees than nonveterans.
“Coming here and having that background, it brings about feelings of isolation — that they’re different from the ordinary student on campus,” Manaois said. “The main difference, day-to-day, is you’re always told what to do each day in the military and you know what to expect. When you go to college, you’re put in the situation where you’re making those decisions for yourself.”
Bridget Leach, a VA mental health social worker, said she works with students on coping with post-traumatic stress disorder and issues associated with traumatic brain injury. She said the community around student veterans at CCSF can encourage those who could benefit from counseling to seek it out. Leach encouraged other students to remember that veterans are a very diverse population with a wide range of experiences.
Most veterans do not know how to respond to a common question Leach urged students to avoid: Have you killed anyone?
“That’s really not a question you want to ask someone you don’t know very well,” Leach said, echoing the Auburn study that found the question leads to a significant amount of stress. “They could have experienced some significant losses they may not have processed. By asking that question you’re bringing someone back to a time they may not want to go back to.”
Close to 50 percent of college student veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars have contemplated suicide, according to the 2011 Student Veterans of America and University of Utah study, and 20 percent have planned to kill themselves. About 7 percent of all undergraduates had seriously considered suicide in the past 12 months, according to recent American College Health Association data.
State schools had been working to become more veteran friendly since at least 2006 when then-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger created the Troops to College Task Force, but it was only in the past two years that state college campuses began to create one-stop veterans service and support centers, Manaois said.
Gov. Jerry Brown signed three bills into law Sept. 21 concerning student veterans. They expand the academic credit students can claim from military experience, increase the time veterans receive priority registration and exempt veterans from nonresident tuition at California Community Colleges.
“It helps out when there are other veterans to be around,” Goold said. “It’s like a family. When some boy comes in the room and they’re a veteran, I can insult them, they can insult me, and we’re going to be friends after that.”
SF State’s VETS@SFSU club will host a new Veterans Corner grand opening Nov. 9 from 11 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. in honor of Veterans Day. The new one-stop location for student veterans is located in Burk Hall rooms 153 and 155. | <urn:uuid:4a70a120-d4bf-48ed-8c54-f745a094a2d0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://goldengatexpress.org/2012/11/07/student-veterans-face-unique-challenges-transitioning-to-college/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00076-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961845 | 1,266 | 1.679688 | 2 |
By Madalena Araujo, CNN
Fifteen years ago, former Microsoft CEO Bill Gates and his wife Melinda started a foundation aimed at reducing poverty and improving healthcare.
Since then, they have given away more than $30 billion in grants, investing heavily in the fight against diseases such as Malaria, polio and pneumonia.
This year the Gates decided to raise the bar and, in their 2015 Annual Letter, they announced their next bet: child deaths will go down by half by 2030 as a result of vaccines, better sanitation and other improvements.
“We've brought down child mortality. We've cut it in half and you'll have 25 years. That's incredible,” Melinda Gates told CNN’s Amanpour in an interview that aired Thursday.
“If we focus on it, yet again, you can cut that childhood death down again in the next 15 years by half if you give kids an education. Getting a child into school, boys and girls, changes the whole pattern,” she added.
Amanpour asked for Bill Gates’ reaction to this week’s warning by Doctors Without Borders that the price of vaccinations in some countries are so high they’ve become unaffordable.
“In fact,” the world’s richest man said, “the vaccines are now getting out to children far, far better than ever before because a group called the Global Alliance for Vaccines, GAVI, has raised money to buy these vaccines on behalf of the poor kids. Now we work with GAVI to negotiate very low prices.”
Bill Gates added that they’re working on “bringing new manufacturers in” and are “doing volume guarantees.”
“But to get a very state-of-the-art vaccine,” he said, “like this pneumonia vaccine, out to the poor world's children required GSK and Pfizer to give us very, very low prices. And so instead of waiting 30 years for when rich kids get it to when poor kids get it, we've now made that just a few years. And that's a big reason why childhood death rates are going down.”
Melinda restated that they “brought vaccine prices down actually 37 percent since this alliance for vaccines was created.”
“And instead of having five vaccine manufacturers, we now have 12. That means there's price competition. So bringing those vaccines down means that we can vaccinate hundreds of millions of more children.”
“In fact, this alliance, we think that 4-6 million more children's lives will be saved literally just in the next five years. So we're on it because that is one of the most key things that helps us bring down this tragic death rate.”
The couple’s foundation recently donated $50 million to fight the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, which has claimed over 8,500 lives according to the WHO.
As far as the response to the crisis is concerned, Bill Gates said that “there was a lot of good work done once it was recognized this was a big emergency,” but pointed out “that if this disease had been more infectious, we would not have been moving fast enough.”
“There are lessons of how, for the next epidemic, we're going to have to move a lot faster,” he added.
“We certainly got lucky in Nigeria,” Melinda told Amanpour, adding that “when the disease came to Lagos, a city of 22 million people, luckily it was detected right away.”
“A doctor saw what it was and they took one of the polio clinics and turned it into an emergency response clinic,” she said.
At a time when governments are calling for more powers to tackle the so-called dark corners of the Internet, where radicals are known to plan acts of terrorism, Bill Gates said “the choices will be made politically.”
The Microsoft founder explained that “people have to decide, do they want their government in terms of finding terrorists to have access to that information? Or do they not trust the government so they want it to be hidden and encrypted?”
“And by and large, the companies are just going to implement whatever they're asked to do. This was true of phone issues and how the government could get access there. Now we're seeing it again with the Internet.”
“Do people want the government to find terrorists? And if so, what are the approaches that make them feel comfortable that's being used appropriately?” | <urn:uuid:06a42890-4aa4-4d23-8495-0350e084c311> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://amanpour.blogs.cnn.com/2015/01/23/bill-melinda-gates-bet-child-deaths-will-fall-by-half-by-2030/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00087-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976041 | 967 | 2.140625 | 2 |
What are CPM ads?
CPM ads stand for “Cost per Mille” ads, also referred as CPI (Cost per Impression) and CPT (Cost per Thousand). These are such kind of ads that paid for their impressions. CPM advertisers pay you according to impressions their ads received on your website. It’s a great idea to earn income for heavy traffic websites. Actually, CPM is
CPM = (Cost * 100)/Total Impression
What is a CPM ad impression?
An ad impression means once an advertisement appeared in your website/blog. This means you do not required clicking on ads by your visitors. Because even if they don’t click on ads, you can still be paid.
This kind of advertisement is normally used in television, radio, newspaper, magazine type website. In advertiser’s perspective each and every time their ad display they have to pay for that impression. It’s cost to pay for them. | <urn:uuid:8c30fae6-8c9d-4dda-a48f-fb9f6e17f078> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.helpnguide.com/what-are-cpm-ads-easy-definition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00074-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953321 | 205 | 1.914063 | 2 |
28 Dec Canada issued study permits to 15,230 international students in October
Canada issued study permits to 15,230 international students in October
In October 2019, IRCC allowed 15,230 international students to start their studies in Canada. 6,995 of the new study permit holders study in Ontario; 3,305 foreign students study in British Columbia; 2,440 students started their programs in Quebec; Alberta welcomed 840 international students; 485 went to study in Manitoba; 390 foreign students began to study in Nova Scotia; 225 were enrolled in Saskatchewan; Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick accepted 165 international students each; another 75 students were welcomed in Newfoundland and Labrador; 10 students went to Yukon. 130 students did not specify their province of study. In total, Canada issued 344,595 study permits in 2019.
#international_students, #study_in_Canada, #study_permit
Canada is an example of private sponsorship of refugees
Minister of Immigration Marco Mendicino said Canada is a model for the rest of the world in the resettlement of refugees through sponsorship by private citizens. Mendicino was in Geneva at the World Refugee Forum, hosted by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and Switzerland to discuss ways to deal with the problem of refugees and the global migration crisis. Canada has successfully brought 320,000 newcomers to the country who were fleeing conflict, disaster or persecution via the private sponsorship program. As of October 31, 2019, Canada granted PR to 43,810 refugees in 2019 and 16,570 of them were privately sponsored.
Increase in immigration to Atlantic Canada
Statistics show that over the past 20 years, immigration to cities in Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick has increased fourfold. From 2011 to 2016, Atlantic Canada experienced the lowest population growth, which was partly due to the low immigration rate in the region. These provinces’ efforts have paid off, though, as the immigration increase has led to a total population increase as well. In the first few years of the 2000s, only 1% of new immigrants moved to the Atlantic. However, this number has jumped to 5% in 2019. Since 1999, the Provincial Nominee Program has helped small towns and provinces attract immigrants. The first province in Atlantic Canada to adopt the program was New Brunswick, followed by Newfoundland and Labrador, PEI, and Nova Scotia. In 2017, the Atlantic Immigration Pilot was started, and it has attracted 4,200 newcomers to the region every year since. The statistics tell us that Atlantic Canada will need to accept 20,000 immigrants every year in order to continue. The provinces will also need to ensure that immigrants stay in the region, as Atlantic Canada has had the lowest immigrant retention rates in the country, although this figure has improved recently.
#Immigration_levels, #demography, #Newfoundland_and_Labrador, #Prince_Edward_Island, #Nova_Scotia, #New_Brunswick | <urn:uuid:64400715-8a39-452e-8d10-a62e1a019d3c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gocanadaservices.ca/canada-issued-study-permits-to-15230-international-students-in-october/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.968932 | 617 | 1.804688 | 2 |
an election that happens at a different time from a main election, to choose a Member of Parliament to replace one who has died or left his or her job, by-election
the nine divisions or climes of the earth which constitute Jambu-dvip, the central portion of the world, or the known world
rivalry (esp. in love), acrimonious competition, antagonism, competition, antagonism, jealousy
the paraphernalia of a bride, vestments and furniture of every kind which a bride brings to her husband's house; bride's portion, a dowry
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Do you really want to delete these records? This process cannot be undone | <urn:uuid:ecc03213-5f15-4812-b7cb-5ea7da99b331> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rekhtadictionary.com/saved | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.942973 | 200 | 1.976563 | 2 |
How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of being and ideal Grace.
I love thee to the level of everyday’s
Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight.
I love thee freely, as men strive for Right.
I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.
I love thee with the passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith.
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints — I love thee with the breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life! — and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
My favorite love poem, though, has always been ol’ Willie’s Sonnet 130:
My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun;
Coral is far more red than her lips’ red;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
I have seen roses damask’d, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
And in some perfumes is there more delight
Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
That music hath a far more pleasing sound;
I grant I never saw a goddess go;
My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground:
And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare
As any she belied with false compare.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet 130 | <urn:uuid:09e55160-66b5-41e3-a702-cd9b728adbff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.davidgagne.net/2013/02/14/happy-valentines-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00080-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90882 | 373 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Heavy-duty equipment often runs into trouble. The infrastructure sector, which usually handles projects related to public spaces, must overcome many issues, of which heavy equipment utilized for construction purposes faces quite a few. They are primarily associated with machine malfunctions and maintenance. However, most of these machine troubles are usually connected to various other problems that can escalate into financial and management issues that affect the project and the company.
Heavy equipment includes transport and construction machinery like earth-moving machines, concrete mixers, cranes, and bulldozers, among others, which require regular supervision for their functions.
Out of the many interrelated issues, the following are the top issues that heavy equipment in infrastructure faces:
A proper supply of fuel, especially diesel and oil, is the basic necessity of heavy equipment. With ever-rising fuel prices, fuel theft from the assets is not surprising. Fuel pilfering is a massive yet common problem that supervisors and fleet owners face. This also affects the overall cost incurred by the company or the contractor to procure and manage resources by influencing the budget set aside for this purpose. Apart from who steals the fuel, the real challenge lies in how and when these thefts occur. This is the issue that most managers are unable to figure out on time, thus leading to a waste of resources, capital, and time. Another issue that arises from fuel thefts is the safety and security of both the machine and the human, leading to accidents, thieving of machine parts, destruction of machinery, etc., tying it back to assets, and financial loss.
2) Poor management of the workforce
Another major problem faced by the contractors and project managers is the retainment of workers. Most of these workers consist of daily wage workers who move from contract to contract or project to project. Their safety, attendance, work hours, and work behaviors need to be supervised. For example, if operator behaviors like rash driving, speed limit crossing, and machine idling are not kept in check, it can cause damage to both human lives as well as the property. Lack of heavy vehicle and machine operating training can lead to fatal accidents, injuries, or machine breakdown, affecting the project’s efficiency and timely delivery.
3) Asset degradation and malfunction
Asset or machine breakdowns are a common problem across any industry. What makes it a complicated issue is the suddenness of these occurrences. Unexpected breakdowns are more money- and time-consuming than regular machinery service. Several causes of such unpredictable machine collapse, the most common being irregular maintenance and service schedules. Other reasons include lack of visibility into the current working conditions, aged parts of the machinery, daily wear-and-tear of the equipment components, and on-site accidents, to name a few. Such issues, without timely maintenance, are prone to total asset breakdown and consequential monetary loss.
4) Environmental hazards
Environmental troubles include the ones that occur on an ecological level and those that affect the surrounding area where the construction project is taking or going to take place. Issues like improper waste management, toxic discharge, sound and air pollution, displacement, accidents at construction sites due to machine troubles, etc., are often overlooked. These actions lead to ecological degradation and violations of rules and regulations regarding environmental and public safety and security. Ignoring these matters may cause unrest and, in certain situations, legal implications for the company or the management that oversees these projects, which all turn into an economic loss as well as delay in the project completion.
In conclusion, the issues faced by the infrastructure sector for heavy equipment all affect the budget and timely delivery of the project or contract. The introduction of IoT systems into heavy equipment has opened novel approaches to handling the above-discussed topics. It has also introduced new avenues in managing the workforce better as well as helping make informed decisions by the senior management. It is imperative to have a well-thought-out and well-informed approach to integrating IoT devices and sensors into your existing managerial systems for such solutions. One needs to invest in a design that is the most compatible with one’s needs.
IoT solutions for heavy equipment management in the infrastructure sector for construction spaces are necessary, and several companies provide such general and customized services. Tor Loco, our end-to-end solution, is designed to provide the required granularity and control for supervising your heavy equipment and its real-time status and help fleet owners manage the projects efficiently.
Productivity, efficiency, and cost control of infrastructure construction projects are now achievable effortlessly on all levels. | <urn:uuid:878bb3ef-0dd6-4543-b385-53fd398bf737> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tor.kloudq.com/key-issues-in-heavy-equipment-management-in-infrastructure-construction-projects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.954718 | 921 | 2.21875 | 2 |
In the third episode of The Zanaan Wanaan Podcast, we discuss History as an academic discipline in the context of Kashmir. The episode discusses the politics of history writing, evidence interpretation, the accessibility and importance of reliable sources in Kashmiri history, the systematic erasure of women from primary texts, the role of institutions in conducting research in this discipline and the significance of oral narratives. For this episode, we were joined by three dynamic students and early career researchers in the field:
Aakriti Suresh is a PhD Scholar at the Department of History, University of Hyderabad. Her current research aims to inquire into the environmental history and political ecology of Kashmir under the Dogra rule. She is also interested in, and has explored, the ideas of gender, poetry and oral traditions in the context of premodern Kashmir.
Malik Irtiza is an independent artist currently based in Srinagar. She recently graduated from the University of Delhi in History Honours. Since then she has been developing her research based on art practice. Her practice is informed by her training in history and her personal narratives. Through her research she is trying to understand the everyday-ness of life in conflict zones, especially of women’s experiences in Kashmir.
Mahia Bashir completed her undergraduate degree at St Stephen’s College, Delhi. She is currently pursuing a Masters in Empires, Colonialism and Globalisation taught by the Department of International History from the London School of Economics. She is interested in exploring global and transnational approaches towards the study of history. | <urn:uuid:9eb8c299-c67b-4223-a677-1f027648afa1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://zanaanwanaan.com/podcasts/episode-three-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.962564 | 317 | 1.9375 | 2 |
There's a future and there's the past, and we call the thing in-between "the present." One of my favorite portraits of the present-- and one that I think has become more and more common since the late 20th century-- is one that combines a technocratic near-future with a raw, distant past. Paul Simon sang about it in 1986: "These are the days of lasers in the jungle, lasers in the jungle somewhere"-- the idea being that both the lasers and the jungle seemed slightly out of reach but still evoked the current moment. In indie music, it's become a familiar trope: Animal Collective-- who are sometimes described as "tribal" despite playing shows where three guys stand at podiums of decks and wires and flashing lights-- are a good example. It's a particular kind of nostalgia-- not just for James Murphy's unremembered 80s, but a kind of pre-verbal, collectively remembered moment that we can't access without electronics.
Chancha Via Circuito is a young Argentinian producer named Pedro Canale who makes music generally referred to as "digital cumbia"-- a modern interpretation of a sound originally forged in Colombia when African slaves lived there during Spanish occupation. Rio Arriba is a dreamy, neo-primitive mix of chopped-up pan flutes, folk guitar, Coke-bottle percussion, and booming, electronically treated drums-- an almost shamanistic sound that carries its own landscape: underbrush, riverbanks, campfires. The melodies are simple and repetitive; the rhythms-- or the standard cumbia rhythm, at least-- have an uncanny quality of sounding like their upbeats are snapping back against their downbeats, firmly in step but rebelling against the next bar. They're hypnotic but jerky, a kind of rhythmic paradox.
As I understand it, Cumbia in Buenos Aires has long been treated as bottom-rung culture for people who are poor, old, or both-- a reputation complicated by the way in which the city, according to DJ/rupture, "look[s] wistfully towards Europe." (The local brand of cumbia is actually called "cumbia villera"-- shantytown cumbia.) But, Canale-- along with several other young producers and DJs on ZZK Records and throughout Buenos Aires-- have been revisiting and revising it over the past several years. Some of the modern permutations-- like Pibes Chorros or Damas Gratis-- feel populist and celebratory, filled with aggressively synthesized accordions and saxophones. In live videos, kids bounce up and down with homemade flags while dudes in sunglasses mash keytars next to lines of barely clothed girls. It's a party.
Others-- like Chancha Via Circuito-- are more downtempo and atmospheric. Like Burial's Untrue, Rio Arriba is informed by dance music more than it actually functions as dance music. One of the interesting things about CVC and some of the other people surrounding ZZK is that they've managed to make a mutated form of cumbia that actually appeals to upscale locals, too. Zizek-- the club that ZZK Records grew out of-- is in Palermo Soho, a part of Buenos Aires known for its dressed-down fine dining and locally owned boutiques-- basically, one of those DIY microcapitalist fantasias. And what's interesting, I think, is that in both cases-- the Zizek world and the Damas Gratis/Pibes Chorros one-- the unglamorous sound of cumbia is being reclaimed by a younger, more local audience as something to celebrate.
Canale lives on the outskirts of Buenos Aires, and "chancha via circuito" roughly means "pig on the circuit" (or loop)-- a reference to the train he takes out from the center city every night, and an image that only reinforces the impression that Rio Arriba is, like an old Sexy Sounds of the Jungle-type exotica record, meant to be a journey. The album is dressed with samples that sound like hooting owls or jangling change-- small, ambient ornaments that give the music a sense of mystery.
And actually, it's when Rio Arriba hints more strongly at the dancefloor-- on a couple of the guest-vocal tracks toward the end-- that I fall out of its spell. Most of the time, it's is incredibly repetitive, but the repetition shows patience and restraint. And it's that patience and restraint that always makes me feel like I've never gotten enough from the album, but it's also what makes me able to listen to it over and over again, absorbing its mood a little more each time. Because it never bangs my door down, I'm happy leaving my door open. | <urn:uuid:39684490-2e72-427a-a250-adf7c4ddab0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/15255-rio-arriba/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.950015 | 1,010 | 1.726563 | 2 |
For information only - not an official document
11 October 2019
Message on International Day of the Girl Child
11 October 2019
Today, more than 1 billion girls younger than 18 are poised to take on the future. Every day, they are challenging stereotypes and breaking barriers. Girls are organizing and leading movements to tackle issues such as child marriage, education inequality, violence and the climate crisis. As the theme of this year's observance underscores, they are proving to be unscripted and unstoppable.
On this International Day, we celebrate achievements by, with and for girls since the adoption of the landmark Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action - a comprehensive policy agenda for the empowerment of women and girls. Across nearly 25 years, we have seen more girls attending and completing school, fewer getting married or becoming mothers while still children themselves, and more gaining the skills they need to excel in the workplace.
It is no longer acceptable for girls to have to scale-back their dreams or be made to believe they were unreachable in the first place. Yet many are still held back by harmful gender norms that influence everything they do: if, when and whom they marry, whether they attend and complete school, access health services or earn a living, and so much else. Two hundred million girls and women are subjected to female genital mutilation. Three of four victims of human trafficking are women and girls. Conflicts trap millions in violence, uncertainty and despair.
To ensure that all girls can reach their potential, we need concerted efforts and investments in their health, safety and 21st-century skills. Every year of secondary schooling a girl receives boosts her earning power by as much as 25 per cent. If all girls and boys complete secondary education, 420 million people could be lifted out of poverty. The benefits unfold across generations.
We need to uphold the equal rights, voices and influence of girls in our families, communities and nations. Girls can be powerful agents of change, and nothing should keep them from participating fully in all areas of life.
* *** * | <urn:uuid:ef6b96be-df53-445a-a65c-5927f6b375d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/pressrels/2019/unissgsm965.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.955737 | 429 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Shlomtzion HaMalkah: The Other Queen
– Who was She? by Rabbi Pinchas Landis
Pirates of the Mediterranean
– Sinan: The Great Jewish Pirate, by Yaakov Landman
The Jewish Quarter of Yerushalayim’s Old City
– Jerusalem Judenrein??? by Mrs Yehudis Litvak
– Why was he Called Mordechai II, and by whom – not the Jews!
The Fast and the Feast
– Daniel is Being Sought By Whom? Where is he Going?
Beheaded and Alive?
– The Cossack’s Sword The Chacham Tzvi’s father under Attack | <urn:uuid:7a63fa68-974c-4b36-8b89-2679b4437bce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kankanjournal.com/product/e10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.88633 | 158 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Like all PLT Scheme programs, Scribble documents are organized into modules, each in its own file. A #lang line starts a module, and most PLT Scheme modules start with #lang scheme or #lang scheme/base. A Scribble document normally starts with #lang scribble/doc to use a prose-oriented notation with @ syntax, but a Scribble document can be written in any notation and using any helper functions and syntax, as long as it exports a doc binding whose value is an instance of the Scribble structure type. For example,
implements in Scheme notation a Scribble document that contains only the text “Hello, world!”
Larger documents are typically split across modules/files along section boundaries. Subsections are incorporated into a larger section using the form, which expands to a to import the sub-section module and an expression that produces the doc part exported by the module. Since document inclusion corresponds to module importing, all of the usual PLT Scheme tools for building and executing modules apply to Scribble documents.
When a large document source is split into multiple modules, most of the modules need the same basic typesetting functions as well as the same “standard” bindings for examples. In Scribble, both sets of bindings can be packaged together; since declarations build on the module system’s import mechanisms, they work with the module system’s re-exporting mechanisms. For example, the documentation for a library that builds on the scheme/base library might use this "common.ss" library:
Then, each part of the document can be implemented as
instead of separately requiring scribble/manual and ( htdp-langs/beginner) in every file.
The doc binding that a Scribble module produces is a description of a document. Various tools, such as the scribble command-line program, can take this description of a document and render it to a specific format, such as LaTeX or HTML. | <urn:uuid:bfc390d3-4ea1-4cdc-8e38-d86247f5a1b3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://planet.racket-lang.org/package-source/mflatt/scribble-paper.plt/2/0/planet-docs/scribble/Document_Modules.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00457-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.837299 | 409 | 2.234375 | 2 |
The mission of the Office of Admissions is to recruit, admit, and serve an eligible, diverse student population regionally, nationally, and internationally. It embraces the University’s commitment to attain the quality of students who are able to matriculate and graduate. The Office of Admissions also maintains the integrity of the admissions process; thus ensuring efficient and systematic evaluation of credentials. Through multiple recruitment strategies, the Office of Admissions works to ensure that eligible students have access to higher education.
- Advance the University’s retention efforts by recruiting students who are an institutional fit.
- To evaluate data processing and procedures to ensure that information and services are available in a timely, accurate fashion.
- To recruit qualified students and their parents through effective recruitment and marketing strategies by communication through electronic means, telecommunications, campus-based programs, and off-campus recruiting event.
- To increase the quality and quantity of students in the enrollment mix for all relevant subpopulations.
- To enhance the operational effectiveness of the Office of Admissions & Orientation
- To use best professional practices to deliver a quality Orientation Program to both parents and students through multiple formats.
- To host or participate in events on campus to promote student learning about the college enrollment experience.
That the Nicholls State University Office of Admissions becomes a leader in the promotion of best professional practices and services to students. | <urn:uuid:ae3fe336-4a67-4e1c-a11b-37f4063957e5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.nicholls.edu/admission/mission-statement-goals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00270-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928865 | 282 | 1.5 | 2 |
One more time lost the Religious Capitalism in a world where to have faith he is ' well; ' interessante' ' income-producing Macedo and RR Soares of the life. Today per the morning it walked observing the complexity of the faith and as it can be a guarantee of ' ' consumo' ' or purchase of some conquest longed for an individual that uses a temple as symbolism to a stowage where many says to be being inhabited for one ' ' Deus' ' this is the purchase guarantee. We know that Jesus de Nazar the said one messias was considered a revolutionary and he did not accept the rituals alienator that overwhelmd the individuals. Its position caused its death and served of example to many, but this example total was changed, the consumista capitalist ideology makes a bedspread of remnants around the faith of the masses that easily are manipulated by said its lead/shepherds/encouraging great bishops of auditoriums, but is puppets of an ideology that proper they are unaware of everything are on behalf of God and if they had not convinced use the figure of the Demon. Further details can be found at Bill de Blasio, an internet resource. To speak of the Demon is a strategy very important to hold the faith of the masses that do not question nothing then they are manipulated by these you lead/shepherds/bishops that use to advantage of the misery and if they become millionaire.
How God is this that one does not form demonizada of the capitalist mind that if uses to advantage of the misery! Certain religion does not exist as many say. Mahatma Gandhi says: ' ' The religions are different ways converging to the same point. That importance makes if we follow for different ways, since that let us reach the same objective? ' ' what it is here in xeque is which objective! It will be the paradise where we will walk in gold streets surrounded by diamonds in a wealth without end or the sky, the promised land, the new Jerusalem or to be same here in ' ' terra' ' eating giant grapes and acariciando lions? They are objective well distinct, but it has a God constructed ideologically for behind of each conception of a better after-life (a Paradise). The human being has this necessity of one transcendente. What it will be that is in game its faith or its money? Most interesting it is that Jesus de Nazar did not profess no religion not even the judaism. Then it treads its proper way with noble and right objectives and if Liberte of the manipulated independent religion either either does not exempt! Baltazar | <urn:uuid:39d5f363-0158-455a-8815-f6b8f3e99c44> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.flowerpowernyc.org/religious-capitalism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.95279 | 536 | 1.695313 | 2 |
(Phys.org) —Einstein's scepticism about quantum mechanics may lead to an ultra-secure internet, suggests a new paper by researchers from Swinburne University of Technology and Peking University.
Associate Professor Margaret Reid from Swinburne's Centre for Quantum and Optical Science said Einstein's reservations about quantum mechanics were highlighted in a phenomenon known as "'spooky' action at a distance."
In 1935 Einstein and researchers highlighted a 'spooky' theory in quantum mechanics, which is the strange way entangled particles stay connected even when separated by large distances.
"Until now the real application of this has been for messages being shared between two people securely without interception, regardless of the spatial separation between them," Professor Reid said.
"In this paper, we give theoretical proof that such messages can be shared between more than two people and may provide unprecedented security for a future quantum internet."
In the 1990s, scientists realised you can securely transmit a message through encrypting and using a shared key generated by Einstein's strange entanglement to decode the message from the sender and receiver. Using the quantum key meant the message was completely secure from interception during transmission.
Sending Einstein's entanglement to a larger number of people means the key can be distributed among all the receiving parties, so they must collaborate to decipher the message, which Professor Reid said makes the message even more secure.
"We found that a secure message can be shared by up to three to four people, opening the possibility to the theory being applicable to secure messages being sent from many to many.
"The message will also remain secure if the devices receiving the message have been tampered with, like if an iPhone were hacked, because of the nature of Einstein's spooky entanglement.
"Discovering that it can be applied to a situation with more parties has the potential to create a more secure internet – with less messages being intercepted from external parties."
The paper was published in Physical Review Letters.
Explore further: Reviving Einstein's spooky action at a distance
Genuine Multipartite Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering, Q.Y. He and M. D. Reid, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 250403 (2013) link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.250403 | <urn:uuid:5393e70a-fa72-4e18-b19e-1db9626211a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://phys.org/news/2014-03-einstein-spooky-theory-ultra-secure-internet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00482-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928862 | 484 | 3.359375 | 3 |
A new documentary about the life of many Indonesians. (In Bahasa)
Photos of the latest eruption.
From The Diplomat:
“This is our home. If we move from here, we will have to pay rent somewhere. We cannot afford it so we will make do how to live with floods,”
Helpful article outlining some of the complicated issues about the flooding and why people choose to suffer through it.
Heavy rains are causing flash floods around the city of Manado in North Sulewesi. Thousands have been displaced and hundreds of homes flooded. Many are cut off form food and water.
UPDATE: CNN reports 13 dead and 40000 displaced by the floods. | <urn:uuid:727e3140-6ddf-4af3-a866-dcd1d005e121> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.prayforindonesia.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.934576 | 144 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Ag Resource Strategies, LLC offers ‘Farm Portfolio’ approach to simplify conservation complexity
New Ulm, MN - City dwellers as well as farmers need bottom-line returns from over $4 billion invested in federal conservation programs every year. A new “Farm Portfolio” approach shows that the U.S. economy, human health and the environment can benefit in measurable ways from coordinating conservation at all levels.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) highlighted the new six-step approach to focusing conservation programs in a first-of-its-kind Farm Portfolio webinar on Conservation Practices: Farm Fix-it to Farm Portfolio.
Since the 1930s, USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has relied on the 9-step conservation plan and its local and state partners to meet with landowners and install conservation practices like field terraces and streambank filter strips. While farm bill conservation programs remain an important component of the new farm portfolio approach, the priority shifts to national-scale environmental outcomes and using resource-driven, data-based professional expertise.
Tim Gieseke, president of Ag Resource Strategies, fourth-generation farmer and author, presented the farm portfolio based on concepts from his book, EcoCommerce 101 and three case studies. In the webinar, Gieseke described the complex nature of farm and natural resource management and how using verified land management data simplifies the assessment, planning and accounting for conservation benefits.
“In the last decade our nation’s conservation focus has shifted from on-farm needs to off-farm impacts. This seemingly simple shift has added a lot of complications for farmers, agricultural professionals and the traditional conservation delivery system,” Gieseke said. He explained that the farm portfolio model shifts conservation toward management and outcomes – goals which farmers are familiar with and which agricultural professionals can support.
“We’re seeing a proliferation of sustainability demands from corporations, governments and society as a whole and farmers are certainly in the best position to supply our nation’s needs from a commodity and environmental perspective. But these often conflicting demands are so unorganized that it’s just downright frustrating for farmers,” Gieseke said.
Gieseke, who farms in the environmentally sensitive Minnesota River watershed, pointed out that the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) launched a water quality standard process for the Minnesota River a decade ago. At that time he asked the MPCA staff how he could meet the new water quality goals. The reply was “Do more BMPs” (Best Management Practices, like no-till farming). He never got an answer when he asked, “How many BMPs and when can I stop?”
“Agriculture as a whole has been leery or even afraid of the environmental movement,” Gieseke says, “and I can appreciate that. But I see that it is now time for farmers to take more control of their future and the farm portfolio approach makes that possible.”
The recording of USDA’s Nov. 21 “Farm Portfolio” webinar is now available. | <urn:uuid:2dac9f3a-aa7f-4e18-8fd0-810656b085fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eco-business.com/press-releases/ag-sustainability-goes-long-from-field-scale-to-nation-wide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00237-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922455 | 660 | 1.632813 | 2 |
help pls asap
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most of the characters in Of Mice and Men exhibit signs of desperate isolation, including those who can be said to have settled into a permanent situation.
Candy, the only other character (aside from Lennie and George) who has an unconditional love for a fellow creature (in Candy's case, his old and feeble dog), is left utterly bereft when Carlson takes his dog out back and shoots it. Candy's immediate attachment to George and Lennie's plan to settle on a farm of their own can be seen as a natural emotional progression following his loss - he looks for new companionship, now that he has lost his poor dog.
Of the other characters, Crooks and Curley's wife also show signs of desperate loneliness, though they respond quite differently. Each is isolated because of special mistreatment. Because Crooks is black, he is shunned by the other men; as we see at the beginning of Chapter Four, he spends his time in his room, alone and bitter. Curley's wife also spends her days hounded by her mean-spirited husband; her attempts to reach out to the other men backfire and win her the (not undeserved) reputation of a flirt.
Both characters, despite their hard and bitter shells, reveal a desire to overcome their loneliness and win friends. Their efforts hinge on Lennie, whose feeble-mindedness renders him unaware of the social stigmas attached to the two. Of course both episodes - Lennie's visit with Crooks in Chapter Four and his talk with Curley's wife in Chapter Five - end (respectively) in bitterness and tragedy. Thus Steinbeck further reinforces the bleakness of life in his fictional world. The one man who could serve as a nonjudgmental companion cannot coexist safely with others. | <urn:uuid:c5a759ab-eb9a-4a7f-bc05-79bab8eb10ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gradesaver.com/of-mice-and-men/q-and-a/does-the-ranch-isloate-people-need-answer-asap-61677 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00312-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977186 | 379 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Mozilla's Facebook Container extension keeps your Firefox browsing isolated from Facebook
Facebook has been completely inescapable in the news over the last couple of weeks, and there are increasing concerns that the social network is all but inescapable online generally. In the wake of recent privacy concerns about Facebook, Mozilla -- already petitioning for Mark Zuckerberg to do more -- has launched a new extension for Firefox that helps to keep your browsing private.
Called "Facebook Container", the add-on has been designed to make it much harder for Facebook to track your web browsing when you're not using the social network.
- Mark Zuckerberg refuses to answer UK questions about Facebook privacy
- Facebook places full-page ads in British and American newspapers to apologize for Cambridge Analytica data leak
- Mark Zuckerberg's failure to apologize about the Cambridge Analytica privacy breach is despicable
The timing of the release of Facebook Container is extremely interesting, but Mozilla says that it is based on technology it has been working on for a couple of years. The company says that development was accelerated in response to "growing demand for tools that help manage privacy and security".
But what does Facebook Container do? In short, Mozilla says that it enables you to be "connected on your own terms" -- so what does this mean?
Mozilla explains what the problem is that it's trying to address:
The pages you visit on the web can say a lot about you. They can infer where you live, the hobbies you have, and your political persuasion. There's enormous value in tying this data to your social profile, and Facebook has a network of trackers on various websites. This code tracks you invisibly and it is often impossible to determine when this data is being shared.
While there's not much you can do to prevent Facebook from recording information about you as you use Facebook, there are steps you can take to prevent it recording your activity elsewhere. Mozilla says:
Facebook Container isolates your Facebook identity from the rest of your web activity. When you install it, you will continue to be able to use Facebook normally. Facebook can continue to deliver their service to you and send you advertising. The difference is that it will be much harder for Facebook to use your activity collected off Facebook to send you ads and other targeted messages.
This Add-On offers a solution that doesn't tell users to simply stop using a service that they get value from. Instead, it gives users tools that help them protect themselves from the unexpected side effects of their usage. The type of data in the recent Cambridge Analytica incident would not have been prevented by Facebook Container. But troves of data are being collected on your behavior on the internet, and so giving users a choice to limit what they share in a way that is under their control is important.
Install Facebook Container and you will be logged out of your account, and your Facebook cookies will be deleted. When you next visit the social network, it will happen in a blue-colored "container tab" that is essentially sandboxed. External links will open in a normal tab outside of the container, preventing that information from being shared with Facebook.
Mozilla goes on to explain the limitations of Facebook Container, and stresses that it "does not collect data from your use of the Facebook Container extension":
Which website features will not function?
Because you will be logged into Facebook only in the Container, embedded Facebook comments and Like buttons in tabs outside the Facebook Container will not work. This prevents Facebook from associating information about your activity on websites outside of Facebook to your Facebook identity.
In addition, websites that allow you to create an account or log in using your Facebook credentials will generally not work properly. Because this extension is designed to separate Facebook use from use of other websites, this behavior is expected.
What does Facebook Container NOT protect against?
It is important to know that this extension doesn't prevent Facebook from mishandling the data that it already has, or permitted others to obtain, about you. Facebook still will have access to everything that you do while you are on facebook.com, including your Facebook comments, photo uploads, likes, any data you share with Facebook connected apps, etc.
Rather than stop using a service you find valuable, we think you should have tools to limit what data others can obtain. This extension focuses on limiting Facebook tracking, but other ad networks may try to correlate your Facebook activities with your regular browsing. In addition to this extension, you can change your Facebook settings, use Private Browsing, enable Tracking Protection, block third-party cookies, and/or use Firefox Multi-Account Containers extension to further limit tracking.
The extension is a simple idea, and one that's likely to prove popular.
You can download Facebook Containers from the Mozilla Add-ons page. | <urn:uuid:17d30fef-1836-40a2-b198-85a2554402ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://betanews.com/2018/03/27/mozilla-firefox-facebook-container-add-on/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.934121 | 985 | 1.726563 | 2 |
I want to download a file but it uses RTMP protocol. Even though the file extension is .flv, but I cannot download them as I always do with HTTP or FTP.
RTMP is Real-Time Messaging Protocol which was designed for high-performance transmission of audio, video and data between Adobe Flash Platform technologies, such as Adobe Flash Player and Adobe Air.
To download these files you either can use Internet Download Manager, or geeker way using RTMPDump.
In this article, I’ll show you how to download a file from RTMP by using RTMPDump.
1. First, you need RTMPDump – download here.
2. Next, get the RTMP link that you want to download. For an example, I would like to download an FLV file from Rich Dad Coaching website.
The link is look like this:
rtmp://profedu.fcod.llnwd.net/a1681/o15/richdadscoaching.com/8-08 (Learn It) Investing In BusinessesInvesting In Businesses.flv
3. Then, I run RTMPDump from Command Prompt like this:
rtmpdump.exe -r <rtmp link> -o <filename.ext>
rtmpdump.exe -r “rtmp://profedu.fcod.llnwd.net/a1681/o15/richdadscoaching.com/8-08 (Learn It) Investing In BusinessesInvesting In Businesses.flv” -o “8-08 (Learn It) Investing In BusinessesInvesting In Businesses.flv”
Note: Because there are spaces in the URL so I put the RTMP link between the apostrophes.
4. Press Enter and see the magic begin…
That’s all on how to download Adobe flash RTMP video streams using RTMPDump. Easy isn’t it? 😉 | <urn:uuid:ff80d261-ffdb-4fe6-b360-6dc312c24873> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cypherhackz.net/archives/2012/01/30/download-adobe-flash-rtmp-video-streams-using-rtmpdump/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00099-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.827218 | 425 | 1.5 | 2 |
I'm going to show KML file using Leaflet's plugins named Omnivore KML (https://www.mapbox.com/mapbox.js/example/v1.0.0/omnivore-kml/)
I've read the tutorial, implement the source code, and it generate a map like this :
But now, what i want to do is changing it's layer/terrain style to be like this :
How can i achive that?
I've read that there's another Leaflet Plugin named Leaflet Bing Layer (https://github.com/digidem/leaflet-bing-layer) to show map's layer/terrain like the image above.
Can i combine Omnivore and Leaflet Bing Layer to achieve this? | <urn:uuid:96583387-ce42-4479-b08c-c2ce7dcebd9c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/301273/change-leaflet-map-layer-terrain-style | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.883797 | 189 | 1.585938 | 2 |
22 Nov How to take care of yourself after you lose your job.
Written by: Dr. Jurgen Czechowsky D.Min, RMFT, CCAC
Let’s be honest. The possibility of job loss right now is very real. In the K-W area approximately 11,000 jobs were lost in manufacturing between 2006 and 2016 ¹. For Ontario 290,000 manufacturing jobs were lost between 2000 and 2013². Many people have moved from manufacturing to service sector jobs at much lower hourly wages compensating for some of the jobs lost. The median income (the middle point of all incomes measured) barely changed from 2000 to 2012³. Other factors that are often an obstacle to finding a job are: age, having inadequate training, more competition for jobs
So, it is only natural when job loss occurs that there are a lot of stressors, concerns and uncertainties. Shock, disbelief and anger kick in. We find it difficult to eat, to think straight and thoughts about not having work take over every waking moment and all too often our sleeping hours.
While the plan may be to get a job, as quickly as possible, the stressors we are under can actually be a hindrance to us finding a job. As long as the swirl exists in our head we will be less productive and less inclined to search for a job. So where do you start.
Admit your feelings, whatever they are. Acknowledge them and don’t try to stuff them. Talk with a partner, spouse or significant other. Talk with your friends, but be real about how you are feeling. You might be surprised at the response you get. Most people want to help and many these days know all too well the experience of job loss.
The body needs to get rid of all those stress hormones and chemicals that are generated. Get out of the house, walk anywhere, it does not matter. Find a wooded lot, a spacious field or a hiking trail. The worst thing you can do is sit on the couch and mope or play video games all day. This actually will not relieve stress, it will add to it. If you go to a gym, go and see if someone there will meet with you at a regular time and you can support each other in getting exercise.
Don’t ignore your hobbies or anything you find enjoyable. You need to distract your mind towards other things so it can process what is happening. Ever have the experience when you are engaged in a hobby and all of a sudden you come up with a solution for a problem at work or at home? I fish and that for me is probably the most relaxing thing I do for myself. It always amazes me how problems seem less insurmountable when I return home and how refreshed I am.
Don’t isolate. You may not feel like socializing, but get out there and connect with friends. Volunteer in the community. Join a group such as Guiding, Scouting, Kinette, Kinsmen, Optimist or The Lions Club. Join a hockey league, a soccer league or a baseball league, whatever you like or never tried before. Let yourself be surprised by daring to do something different.
- Schedule your week.
Plan when you are job searching, writing resumes and responding to ads or to head hunters. Include in your schedule your time with family, your hobbies, and exercise.
We challenge you to try these 5 things, though there are more, and let us know the difference they make in your life. We would be glad at ACT Associates to cheer you on and support you in your journey towards that new career. | <urn:uuid:4f77f785-588e-4f74-8598-01a22f542f55> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://actassociates.ca/how-to-take-care-of-yourself-after-you-lose-your-job/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.963252 | 767 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Interactive Multiplication Table
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Instructions:Click print to print out the worksheet. If you want an answer key press the Show all answers link and then click print.
When printing all of the extra instructions and information will be left out.
You may also clicking on each problem individually to display the correct answer for that problem.
Change the table size:
Show all answers
Directions:Complete the multiplication table. | <urn:uuid:7b621c71-6e58-4aae-85fd-516bbe9fcabe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://aschool.us/scripts/math/multiplication-table.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00038-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.786296 | 100 | 2.46875 | 2 |
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