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The January/February 2017 issue of Martha Stewart Living highlights great reading choices and indie bookstores in a six-page feature, “Hit the Books! Our Reading List for 2017.” Included is a two-page, illustrated map highlighting select independent bookstores from across the U.S.
Among the bookstores featured on the map, illustrated by Michael Kirkham, are Country Bookshelf in Bozeman, Montana; Tattered Cover Book Store in Denver, Colorado; Powell’s Books in Portland, Oregon; Brilliant Books in Traverse City, Michigan; Bookworks in Albuquerque, New Mexico; Talking Leaves Books in Buffalo, New York; Mrs. Dalloway’s in Berkeley, California; Blue Bicycle Books in Charleston, South Carolina; and Northshire Bookstore in Manchester Center, Vermont.
Accompanying the map is an encouragement to shop local as well as instructions to visit IndieBound.org for more indie bookstore ideas. “When you shop at your neighborhood bookstore,” the article notes, “you support your local economy and also join a community that cares deeply about the written word. Behold our list; for a shop near you, go to IndieBound.com.”
The article, which features photography by Paul Sirisalee, also highlights book suggestions from Martha Stewart and friends, including Trevor Noah, U.S. Poet Laureate Juan Felipe Herrera, Judy Blume, and others; forthcoming titles recommended by National Book Foundation Executive Director Lisa Lucas; information about finding and caring for rare books; and a guide to resources for e-books, audiobooks, and local library access.
Thanks to Martha Stewart Living for allowing Bookselling This Week to share the link to the story “Hit the Books! Our Reading List for 2017” and the map with our readers.
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12 Years A Slave director Steve McQueen to become BFI Fellow
The BFI is to bestow its highest honour, a Fellowship, on the acclaimed British artist and director, Steve McQueen.
McQueen rose to prominence when he won the Turner Prize for modern art in 1999, with a short film that reflected on the work of Buster Keaton. But his subsequent directing career, starting with the IRA prison film Hunger, which screened at the London Film Festival in 2008, before moving on to Shame, about a sex addict and the US Slavery drama 12 Years a Slave, has always earned acclaim and provoked debate. His third film won the Best Picture Oscar, making McQueen the first black film-maker to win the industry’s most sought-after prize.
In a statement, Steve McQueen said “To think that I will now be a Fellow and honorary member, with such a distinguished list of people, is mind-blowing. I’m humbly honoured.”
The new chairman of the BFI, Jish Berger, described McQueen as “One of the most influential and important British artists of the past 25 years,” adding, “His work, both short and long-form, has consistently explored the endurance of humanity – even when it is confronted by inhumane cruelty – with a poetry and visual style that he has made his own.”
The formal presentation of the honour will be made at the Awards ceremony at the London Film Festival in October.
Other film luminaries given the same recognition in recent years include Cate Blanchett, Stephen Frears, Tim Burton, Helena Bonham Carter and Sir Christopher Lee.
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Federal spending cuts implemented by President Barack Obama are already causing long lines to form at airports, according to Janet Napolitano.
Napolitano warned people at a “Politico Playbook” breakfast event to arrive at airports earlier than usual, as long lines have become a problem after the spending cuts.
The cuts resulted in furloughs, or leaves of absences, to be sent to several employees in TSA. They have also started a hiring freeze and eliminated overtime.
That means some airports will be operating with only one security gate, leading to long lines.
“We are already seeing the effects at some of the ports of entry - at the big airports, for example. Some of them had very long lines this weekend,” Napolitano said.
Though no major delays were reported Monday morning, Napolitano said the delays were almost double. Many lawmakers accuse Napolitano of fear-mongering and exaggerating.
“Look, people, I don’t mean to scare, I mean to inform. If you’re traveling, get to the airport earlier than you otherwise would. And please don’t yell at the Customs officers or the TSA officers - they are not responsible for the sequester,” she said.
The Department of Homeland Security has not commented on the spending cuts, and Napolitano has not given details about who is getting furloughed.
Customs and Border Protection released a statement, however, saying that they had started reducing overtime on weekends and they have already seen the effects of it.
“Lanes that would have previously been open due to overtime staffing were closed, further exacerbating wait times at airports with typically longer international arrival processes,” the statement said.
The TSA website did not show any major delays at airports on Monday morning, and a spokeswoman for the Chicago Department of Aviation said flight operations were normal.
Passengers have also reported that lines were not longer than usual.
“Going through customs was normal. For me it took five to ten minutes,” Claudia Hartono said, after arriving in Atlanta from Indonesia.
The cuts ordered by Obama spread across all levels of spending, including the elimination of the US Postal Service on Saturdays and less Secret Service protection for the president.
Though brutal, the cuts are expected to help the economy recover in the long run.
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The T-4 Program
Origins, Planning & Staff
Origins of T-4
Until WWI, eugenics in Germany and the U.S. ran parallel courses. By the middle of the 1930's, more than half the states in the United Sates had passed laws that authorized the sterilization of "inmates of mental institutions, persons convicted more than once of sex crimes, those doomed to be feeble-minded by 10 tests, 'moral degenerate persons,' and epileptics." In the famous Carrie Bell case, the Supreme Court upheld the Virginia law ordering her compulsory sterilization and "presaged the arguments used later to justify eugenic killings in Nazi Germany."
The idea of enforcing “racial hygiene” had been an essential element of Hitler’s ideology from its earliest days. Hitler seems to have had a lifelong horror of mental illness and physical deformity. In his discussions with Bouhler and the head of the Reich Chancellery, Hans Lammers, Hitler referred to people who “perpetually dirtied themselves” and who “put their own excrement in their mouths.”
More generally, Hitler frequently used medical metaphors for those he sought to remove from the German “racial community” – he referred to the Jews as a bacillus which must be killed or a cancer which must be excised. Likewise, he saw the disabled as a “diseased element” in the German racial body. In the minds of Hitler and other Nazis, the need to “cleanse” the German race was inseparable from the rest of the Nazi project.
Although "Blood Protection Laws" were a crucial steppingstone toward the final solution, Jews and Gypsies were not the immediate targets. The exclusion of Jews, a significant group of German people, took a number of years. The sterilization of the handicapped, however, could begin immediately, and in 1934 the courts imposed sterilization in 62,463 cases. By 1939, the period of sterilization was ending, the period of the killings had begun. Although the party and the state sometimes struggled over who had the final say-so in implementing "euthanasia," the killing system depended on the cooperation of bureaucrats, physicians, nurses, and staff, all of whom deluded the parents of those who were killed to the financial gain of the state. Many physicians were eager to use the deaths to advance their own training as well as their economic and professional status; the euthanasia killings served as a laboratory for the "advancement of science."
The outbreak of war thus opened up for Hitler the possibility of carrying out a policy he had long favoured. The war also gave this issue a new urgency in the eyes of the Nazi regime. People with severe disabilities, even when sterilised, still needed institutional care. They occupied places in facilities which would soon be needed for wounded soldiers and people evacuated from bombed cities. They were housed and fed at the expense of the state and took up the time of doctors and nurses. All this the Nazis found barely tolerable even in peacetime, and totally unacceptable in wartime. As a leading Nazi doctor, Dr Hermann Pfannmüller, said: "The idea is unbearable to me that the best, the flower of our youth must lose its life at the front in order that feebleminded and irresponsible asocial elements can have a secure existence in the asylum."
When the burden of killing many more handicapped adults than children required more efficient means than narcotics and starvation, gas chambers were "invented" and, in many cases, constructed on hospital grounds. This unique invention developed to lure the victims, kill them on an assembly line, and process their corpses was "the institutionalized killing center that Nazi Germany bequeathed to the world." The victims were marked prior to gassing so that their gold dental work could be extracted.
Planning schedule outlining the set-up and function of Personnel and Offices of T4
See the [Organizational Chart] for a visual representation
Hitler authorizes the personnel in charge of the euthanasia program.
Chief of KdF: Philipp Bouhler. Dr. Karl Brandt (Hitler’s personal physician). Tasks: definition of those to be killed; operational instructions; advise accordingly; authorise and licence physicians to kill.
Head Quarters 11 of KdF (State and Party Affairs). Chief Officer: Oberdienstleiter Viktor Brack (pseudonym: ‘Jennerwein’). Deputy: Werner Blankenburg (pseudonym: ‘Brenner’).
Office: Reichskanzlei (Voss strasse). Tasks: substitution and back-up of the Chief Officer; non medical personnel, administration; selection of operating personnel; selection of euthanasia locations.
Specific Offices: Office 11a. Office 11b. Office 11C. Chief Officers: Blankenburg/Dr. Hans Hefelmann (deputy: Richard von Hegener) Reinhold Vorberg (‘pseudonym: ‘Hintertal’). Duties: selection and appointment of non medical personnel for the organisation of ‘Aktion T4: organisation of children’s euthanasia and transportation.
Head Quarters (‘T4’). Manager, Dieter Allers. Offices: Tiergartenstrasse 4, Columbus House, Potzdamer Platz 1.
Medical Department: Professor Werner Heyde, from 1941, Professor Paul Nitsche. Bureau Department: Dr. Gerhard Bohne, from 1941, Dr. Friedrich Tillman. Transport Department KdF: Reinhold Vorberg. Major Economics: Dr. Schneider, from 1941, Dr. Schmiedel. Inspectorate: Dr. Haus, Dr. Oels. Calculations Office: Dr. Adolf Kaufmann, Dieter Allers. Duties and Tasks: Interview doctors and relevant experts, registrations issues.
All administration after the killing in the euthanasia centers; registry office; hereditary matters; photographic department; courier office; transport and maintenance; finance and salaries; buildings and supplies, including gas and poisonous medicines; appeals; liquidation of valuable property including gold from the teeth of victims; installation and inspection of euthanasia centers; liaison with local authorities and party offices.
Letter-head camouflage. Pseudonyms: Reich’s Labour Community Healing and Nursing Homes; Mutual Patient Transport Ltd; Mutual Foundation for Nursing Homes; from 1942, Central Calculation Office for Healing and Nursing Homes. From 1943, Hartheim Bureau Home.
Public Appearance at: ‘Transfer of patients’; T4 Personnel Managers; Budget accounts; NSDAP Treasurer; transparency of costs.
Euthanasia Centers: Pseudonyms: Grafeneck ‘A’; Brandenburg ‘B’; Bernburg ‘Be’; Harthein ‘C’; Sonnenstein ‘D’; Hadamar ‘E’. Letter Head: County Nursing Home.
Home Office: Secretary-General Dr. Leonard Conti.
Department 1V Health Service; Administrator, Dr. Herbert Linden: Contact and liaison with the Home Office and the KdF. From October 1941: Reich's Commissioner for Healing and Nursing Homes.
Reich’s Governor for the health administration of the regions (‘Gau’).
Reich’s Committee for scientific research of hereditary and predisposition severe diseases. Resident experts: Professor Werner Catel; Professor Hans Heinze; Dr. Ernst Wentzler.
Children’s Department (of Healing and Nursing Homes). Duties: Selection and bringing to death of children and youth.
Health Offices: State Doctors. Duties: Administration and submission of registration forms.
Healing and Nursing Homes (with children’s departments). Duties: Deportations as part of ‘Aktion T4’; decentralized killing in homes (hunger, infections, medicines etc.); transportation as part of ‘Aktion Brandt’.
University and Research Institutes (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, University of Vienna). Duties: Cooperation and liaison with other departments on human grounds; supply and preparation of skeletons and human remains.
Murdering of prisoners as part of Aktion ‘14f13’ in cooperation with the Inspector of Concentration Camps (KZ) of the RFSS, the SS-WVHA and the KZ’s concerned.
1943/4: Murder of sick and unfit patients among the ‘eastern’ labor brigades in conjunction with the labor offices.
A brief resume of staffing as set out (alphabetically).
Mid-level bureaucrats or desk murderers (Schreibtischtäter), best describes the motley clique that administered and managed T4. A surprisingly small number of individuals organized and ran not only T4, but also the Reinhardt killing centres. What is extraordinary is the recruiting system adopted to fill the top and middle order of high profile management posts. Very much like the recruitment of the Reinhardt personnel via T4, they were a mixture with no particular emphasise or required expertise. Five of them: Brack, Blankenburg, Hefelmann, von Hegener, and Vorberg, were also working for the KdF but with additional remuneration, were persuaded to split their time accordingly. The management installed in T4 resembles musical chairs rather than a well-oiled department overseeing the Reich’s most closely guarded secrets.
Many of these unexceptional men were of a similar age, born between 1900 and 1910. The majority came from middle class families. Five received post graduate education: Bohn (with a doctorate) and Allers became lawyers; Hefelmann received a doctorate in agriculture; Brack obtained a diploma in economics, and Schmiedel a diploma in engineering. Others received average secondary school education and appear to have possessed no specific aspirations. None of the above showed any interest in furthering a programme of state murder.
The one single thread that holds these men together would appear to be their political affiliation to the Nazi party and their commitment to euthanasia. All appeared to have embraced Nazi ideology, including its racial and eugenic components. These men were innovators who operated the first technical killing centres. Leading KdF functionaries did not sit in their officers and direct operations from their desks. They were hands-on supervisors who travelled widely to T4 centres and the killing centres in the east to inspect the results of their deadly work.
Despite war crime trials, denazification tribunals and concerted actions by others, medical institutions, as late as 1990, held specimens and brains of 33 children and youths killed in 1940 at Brandenburg-Görden and held by Research Institutes in Germany. As is demonstrated both here and elsewhere, the German medical profession under the Nazi regime has much to answer for.
SS-Sturmbannführer Dieter Allers executed substantial influence as manager of T4.The daily administration of T4 was left to Allers insofar as the co-ordination, selection, and appointment of personnel were concerned. Allers remained prominent within Nazi “euthanasia” and genocidal policies from 1941 until the end of the war.
The recruitment of personnel for middle and lower management appears to have been quite informal, often just by word of mouth between friends or relatives already in the “euthanasia” service, or by senior officials nominating a particularly favoured individual.
As an illustration of the recruiting procedures adopted and the development of a typical career path, we can examine the appointment of Dieter Allers himself, who, by chance, found himself at the centre of T4 operations.
In 1939, Allers, a young lawyer, was sent to Poland as an army training sergeant. In November 1940, his mother met Werner Blankenburg in the street.
When she told him that her son was in the army, Blankenburg offered to give Allers a job at the KdF and arranged for his discharge from the military. In January 1941, Allers was appointed managing director of T4 by Brack. )
Representatives from T4 and the KdF were also frequent visitors to the centre of operations in Lublin and to the death camps. Although he later denied this,
Allers, who was the liaison and trouble-shooter between Reinhardt, the KdF and T4, occupied an office in Lublin
When SS-Scharführer Hans Girtzig was appointed Quartermaster to Reinhardt, it was only after his posting that he became fully aware of Bełżec’s purpose. When Christian Wirth ordered him to the ramp to unload Jewish ‘resettlement’ transports, Girtzig refused. Wirth detained him, locked him under guard in his quarters and threatened to send him to a KZ. Girtzig maintained his position and invited the KZ option. What Wirth would have eventually decided to do with Girtzig is not known, but the situation was saved for both men with the arrival at the camp of the T4 managing director, Dieter Allers. Allers calmed the situation by advising Girtzig to hold on, as Wirth would be leaving the camp very shortly. Wirth did in fact leave two days later, on 19 August 1942, when he was appointed Inspector of Reinhardt camps.
When Christian Wirth was killed in Italy in May 1944, seven months after Reinhardt had closed, Allers replaced him. From spring 1944 Allers was the leader of a special action in Triest. In this capacity he was in charge of the Camp La Risiera, in the borough of San Saba in Trieste, which was equipped with gassing and cremating facilities. In La Risiera, Italian and Yugoslavian Jews were kept captive and were subsequently either killed in the camp or deported to Auschwitz. Allers married his secretary who worked for him in T4 and at Schloss Hartheim. Allers was director and the main-stay in the secret SS member’s aid organisation, ‘Die Stille Hilfe’.
One of the mourners at Werner Blankenburg’s funeral was Dieter Allers who had settled in Hamburg after the war. Arrested by the British army, he was interned in the former concentration camp at Neuengamme, just outside the city, until 1947. Rearrested the following year, Allers was released in 1949. In spite of the German authorities being well aware of his wartime role as the managing director of T4, Allers, as a former lawyer, eventually found employment as a corporate lawyer with the Hamburg dockyard administration, and in this capacity assisted several former T4 employees in finding lodgings and jobs in Hamburg.
During the 1960s and 1970s Allers was taken into custody several times and appeared before a number of courts, both as a defendant and witness. His last appearance as a defendant was during 1967-69, together with Adolf Kaufmann, the T4 establishment’s inspector, and two other former T4 officials. By the end of 1967, only Allers was left in the dock, the others having been released on ‘health grounds’ - Kaufmann because his doctor advised that ‘stress might bring on a heart attack’. In 1969 Allers was sentenced to eight years imprisonment, of which he served only two years as the court deducted the time he had spent in Allied internment after the war. The sentence was imposed only in connection with his leading role in the ‘euthanasia’ operation.
Although several defendants and witnesses at various trials stated that they had seen Allers not only in Lublin, but also in the death camps at Bełżec, Sobibór and Treblinka, Allers would only admit to visiting Lublin to meet Globocnik and Wirth, but denied that these meetings had anything to do with Reinhardt. Dieter Allers’ personal involvement in Reinhardt was never proved in court. He died in Hamburg in 1978.
Born in 1909, Becker was trained in business. He served in the Kassel government until he was recruited by Dr Herbert Linden, a close relative, to run the finance office of T4 under Dieter Allers. He dealt with all correspondence with relatives and others who were paying for patients who had already been killed. He joined the Nazi party in 1937. He was so successful running the accounts that he was known by his colleagues as ‘Million Mark Becker (Millionen-Becker).’
Deputy to Brack, he was born in 1905 and joined the Nazi party and the SA in 1929. He worked in sales before joining the KdF. Recruited Dieter Allers to T4. Blankenburg was present, with others, when gassing and injection demonstrations were conducted at Brandenburg in the winter of 1939-40.
SS-Oberführer Viktor Brack, the former head of Hauptamt II at the KdF and the leading figure in the T4 and ‘Reinhardt’ exterminations, had been arrested in 1945 and indicted as a main defendant at the ‘Doctors’ Trial in Nuremberg in 1947. When asked about Christian Wirth, Brack remained silent. Condemned to death by the International Military Tribunal, he was hanged at Landsberg prison on 2 June 1948.
Werner Blankenburg had been declared officially dead at the request of his wife by a magistrates court in Berlin-Tempelhof after the war. The date of his death was given as 31 December 1945. In actual fact, since the summer of 1945, Blankenburg had been living in lodgings in Stuttgart under the alias ‘Werner Bieleke’, purporting to be a ‘foot slogger' returned from the war.
As ‘Werner Bieleke’, Blankenburg worked as an insurance company representative, first in Ludwigsburg, and then in the Black Forest town of Freudenthal, and in spite of being on the ‘most wanted’ list of war criminals he travelled all over West Germany for his firm. In 1950, the Stuttgart Kriminalpolizei took an interest in the wartime past of ‘Herr Bieleka’ and he quickly disappeared into the Swabian Alps, south of the city.
There he sought refuge with a former comrade from T4 in the market town of Münsingen, only 3 km from the former killing centre at Grafeneck castle. On his return to Stuttgart about a year later, Blankenburg resumed his travels as an insurance representative.
Werner Blankenburg, alias Bieleke, died on 28 November 1957 in Stuttgart. His funeral at the Michaelskirche in Stuttgart-Wangen was attended by several old comrades from T4 who were secretly filmed by the Kriminalpolizei.
In spite of his last wish that he should be buried under his real name, Blankenburg lies in grave No. 2058, rows 5-6, under the name of Werner Bieleke.
Hon. Professor and specialist in dermatology. Deputy to Leonardo Conti, Chief Physician of the Reich. Noted for his autobiographical book, Arzt im Kampf (‘Physicians in Struggle’, 1942). Acquitted at the Nürnberg Doctor’s Trial.
Bohne, Gerhard (Dr)
Born 1902. The son of a railway inspector. He studied at the University of Cologne, graduating in 1928 with a doctorate in jurisprudence. Served in the Civil Service and served as an administrative judge in the government economics department. He joined the Nazi party in 1932 and the SA in 1934, switching to the SS in 1935. In 1939 served as the first manager at the T4 Central Office (Zentral dienststelle).
Disillusioned with apparent corruption in T4, Bohne resigned in the summer of 1940, charging Brack and his associates, as well as many of the T4 physicians, with corruption and disreputable behaviour. He was replaced by Dieter Allers. The process of killing continued as no one was indispensable. Fled to Argentina after the war, from where he was deported to West Germany to stand trial in 1968. He was acquitted.
Although Bouhler was titular head of the whole T4 operation, in fact he had little to with it unless his authority was needed in dealing with other government agencies.
Brandt dealt only with the medical aspect of the operation, and continued to run his medical practice. Heinrich Lammers was head of the Reich Chancellery with Martin Bormann, head of the Party Chancellery. Committed suicide on 19 May 1945.
SS-Sturmbannführer. He created the administrative structure for adult “euthanasia.” He did not, however, have enough KdF personnel to staff T4 and therefore had to hire people for these jobs. He recruited them through a network of personal contacts and party connections. No one was forced to participate; all joined voluntarily (see Allers above).
Although Brack and Blankenburg oversaw the operation from their offices at the KdF, it was Gerhard Bohne and later Dietrich Allers who exercised substantial influence and held the reins of power within T4. Brack was a major contributor to the mass sterilisation programme, and was instrumental in the transfer of T4 staff to Aktion Reinhardt. He was a life long supporter of euthanasia and as early as 1930, engaged in dialogue about the subject with others in the United Kingdom.
After the war, Brack assumed the identity of Hermann Ober (his wife’s family name). Despite working in agriculture and keeping a low profile, he was arrested on 20 May 1945 in Stuttgart under the name Ober and released but was re-arrested in 1946 and was indicted with other medical grandees (Doctor’s Trial). Brack denied throughout his interrogation that he was anti-Semitic and any involvement in the killing of Jews.
He maintained that he ‘supported euthanasia out of ethical conviction which differed fundermentally from ‘Völkermond’ (genocide) as unleashed by Himmler and Globocnik’. He was hanged in Landsberg prison on 2 June 1948.
Brandt, Karl (Professor)
SS-Obersturmbannführer. Karl Brandt, who like Conti was an ardent second generation Nazi, emerged from more distinguished medical and university connections to become the dominant medical figure in the “euthanasia” programme as well as in medical experiments. He was a particular friend of Albert Speer (Armaments Minister) who probably knew him better than any other Nazi official.
It was Brandt’s fiancé, Anni, a German swimming champion admired by Hitler, who in 1932 introduced Karl Brandt to the Führer. Months later Hitler appointed Brandt doctor-in-residence, and in March 1934, together with Göring, was a witness at the Brandt wedding.
Following the so-called “Knauer child” affair, Brandt was authorised by Hitler, who did not want to be publicly identified with the “euthanasia” project, to proceed in the same way in similar cases: that is, to formalise a programme with the help of the high-ranking Reich leader Philipp Bouhler, chief of Hitler’s Chancellery.
This ‘test case’ was pivotal for the two killing programmes – of children and of adults. Dr Ludwig Stumpfegger succeeded Brandt when Hitler dismissed him in 1945.
Hitler's favourite doctor, Karl Brandt, and the chief of Hitler's private chancellery, Philipp Bouhler, headed the top-secret “euthanasia” programme.
Brandt and Brack emerge as the main protagonists.
Brandt had been charged by Hitler to improve wartime surgical services, which resulted in experimentation to test drugs and surgery as the more aggressive solution to wounds and infections. On 16 April, 1945, despite his loyal service to Hitler since 1934, his overseeing of “euthanasia” medical experimentation since 1939, and his co-ordination of civilian and military medical services since 1943, he was dismissed by Hitler. Some say his dismissal was over policy disagreements but others point directly to alleged treason.
Albert Speer, who was close to both Brandt and Hitler, had no doubt that Brandt’s downfall was due to the fact that he evacuated his wife and child to Thuringia, where the arrival of the British was imminent. When this move by Brandt came to the notice of Hitler, Brandt’s arrest was ordered for court-martial proceedings and subsequent execution.
During his interrogation and pre-trial manoeuvrings, Brandt argued that ‘the euthanasia program was medical in its aims, but that Aktion 14f13 (in which he disclaimed involvement) was racial and political’. In the confusion of the latter part of the war, Brandt survived Hitler’s rage but was later sentenced to death in the Doctors’ Trial at Nürnberg. He was hanged at Landsberg prison in 1948.
Academics in medicine and psychiatry had from the beginning participated in the planning and implementation of the “euthanasia” killing programme. Professor Werner Catel was no exception. Catel served as a senior expert for children’s “euthanasia” and occupied the chair in paediatrics at Leipzig.
After the war and despite opposition, Catel continued to practice in Germany, experimenting on tubercular children in 1947-8 in the Ferdinand-Sauerbruch Hospital in Wuppertal-Elberfeld, testing TB therapy. By all accounts he was a reckless operator, as two patients died as the result of his work.
Dr. Leonard Conti:
Reich Physician Leader and holder of the newly created appointment of State Secretary for Health. High up in the Nazi hierarchy, he moved easily among the close advisers to Hitler’s inner circle.
Perhaps this was his downfall, as shortly after his appointment he was replaced at the instigation of Philipp Bouhler. However, it was Karl Brandt, Philipp Bouhler, and Leonard Conti who were the main protagonists in the early actions of the killing operation at T4.
Born in Austria, 1889. Died, 1945. A forceful and outspoken Nazi within the German psychiatric establishment. In 1939 he succeeded Karl Bonhoeffer to the psychiatric chair at Berlin and Charité Hospital. It is thought by many that he provided Hitler with the wording for the original “euthanasia” decree: Crinis was a careful operator who was able to influence events within the “euthanasia” programme but remain incognito and in the shadows of government.
Like many of his university colleagues at this time, he was a convinced supporter of “euthanasia’s” eugenic or philosophical necessity. He had been involved in anti-communist and Freikorps activities since late 1918, joined the Nazi Party in 1931, and fled to Germany in 1934 following the failed putsch against the Dollfuss regime, in which he may have been involved.
From 1936 he was active in both the SS and SD. As with his low profile during the “euthanasia” programme, he camouflaged these SS/SD affiliations and activities. He was active in the SS Race and Resettlement Office and, in 1941, became medical director of the Ministry of Education. SD duties took him out of Germany for secret military espionage operations in Holland.
A benevolent, likeable individual, even charismatic, he strode the stage of Nazism until his demise on 1 May 1945 in the prescribed Nazi manner by swallowing cyanide.
He worked in the T4 Personnel Office (Personalabteilung) and hired the staff needed for operations at headquarters and the killing centres.
Hefelmann, Hans (Dr )
Hefelmann was born in Dresden in October 1906 and was thirty-two years old when he assumed a central place in the Nazi regime’s first massive killing operation. Son of a textile manufacturer, Hefelmann received his doctorate in agriculture in 1932. He had joined the Nazi party in February; by 1932 he had joined the staff of the economics department at Nazi headquarters, switching to the KdF in January 1936.
Appointed head of Office 11b in 1937, he directed this department as well as children’s “euthanasia”, until his call-up by the army in 1943. In 1942, Bouhler recommended Hefelmann for a war decoration; like many others involved in killing operations, Hefelmann was decorated for his service behind enemy lines. He was awarded the War Service Cross Second Class. According to Henry Friedlander, Hefelmann provided the intellectual basis for implementation of special tasks important to the war effort and assigned by the Führer.
Hegener, Richard von
He was the son of an army officer, and was born in September 1905 in East Prussia. After graduation in 1923 he worked for the Dresden Bank. He joined the Nazi party in 1931 and in 1937, joined the staff of the KdF. He also received the War Service Cross Second Class. It is interesting to note that both Hefelmann and Hegener had no medical training whatsoever, but it was they who decided which reported cases merited the special attention of the medical experts and forwarded the selected forms to them for a decision.
Heinze, Hans, (Professor)
Heinze was a specialist in psychiatry and neurology who headed the state hospital at Brandenburg-Görden. He joined the Nazi party in May 1933 and later joined the KdF child “euthanasia” group on the recommendation of Herbert Linden. Heinze was now one of the KdF experts, who included Werner Catel and Ernst Wentzler. He was later recommended (by Dr. Herbert Linden) to join other distinguished medical grandees collaborating in the planning of adult “euthanasia”.
On 5 October 1940, Heinze and Irmfried Eberl, later commandant of Treblinka and the medical director of Brandenburg killing centre, met with Julius Hallervorden (Director, KWI Brain Research Department) and other colleagues, to arrange for the examination of brains removed from victims killed at Brandenburg.
By all accounts it is believed that Heinze was an enthusiastic terminator of life for the betterment of medical research. In addition to his routine “euthanasia” operations, Heinze took a special interest in children with cerebral palsy. He sent children to be killed at a prototype gas chamber in Brandenburg prison. As Brandenburg prison was in the Soviet zone when Heinze was arrested in October 1945, he was dealt with by their courts and sentenced to seven years hard labour in March 1946.
Head of the T4 medical office. Born in 1902, he received his medical licence in 1926 and his speciality certification in psychiatry and neurology in 1929. He served as a senior physician (Oberarzt) in the psychiatric clinic and lecturer of the University of Wüzburg.
In 1933 he was embroiled with the SS when he was requested to treat Theodor Eicke, a high ranking SS officer and associate of Himmler (Eicke’s positions included appointment as the commandant of KZ Dachau, inspector of concentration camps and commander of the Waffen SS death head units). This period opened career doors for him.
In May 1933 he joined the Nazi party, and in June 1936 he entered the SS as a captain (Hauptsturmführer). Heyde’s career accelerated: adviser in psychiatry to the Gestapo: consultant to Eicke’s concentration camp administration investigating hereditary diseases among the camp prisoners: appointed chair of psychiatry at Würzburg.
Arrested post-war but escaped in 1947. Under the alias Fritz Sawade he practiced as a sports physician and psychiatrist in Flensburg until 1959. He was imprisoned but committed suicide before the start of his trial in 1964.
SS-Unterscharführer. Born 1903, a farmer by profession. Joined the Allgemeine SS in 1934 and the Nazi party in 1937. Assistant medical doctor from 1939 and camp doctor at the Buchenwald concentration camp. On one occasion Hoven was arrested by the SS anti-corruption team for allegedly poisoning material witnesses testifying against the former camp commandant. He was a key figure in medical crimes, operating under Brack and Brandt of the KdF.
A perpetrator of typhus experiments, he was convicted of war crimes. Hoven was sentenced to death and hanged on 2 June 1948.
Kaufmann, Adolf Gustav
Born 1902 in the Polish part of the Austrian Empire, and served during World War 1. He joined the illegal precursor of the Austrian Nazi party and SA in 1923. Post Anschluss served as party inspector in Pomerania. In 1940, his personal friend Brack recruited him for work with T4. Kaufmann worked directly under Brack and reported to him daily.
He was responsible for liaising between “euthanasia” and other government bodies. He selected, refurbished, and maintained the “euthanasia” centres, looked to the welfare of the staff and generally ensured that each establishment ran smoothly and was fit for its allotted purpose. It was Kaufmann who initiated the T4 rest centre in Weissenbach at the Attersee in the Austrian Salzkammergut vacation area. It should not be forgotten that Reinhardt staff, serving in the east, were all part of this establishment and their everyday personal needs were registered and provided via T4.
Linden, Herbert (Dr)
A career civil servant responsible for state hospitals and nursing homes as well as the implementation of the sterilisation, race and marriage laws. He was born in Konstanz, Baden, in September 1899. He received his medical licence in 1925, and joined the Nazi party in November of that year. He was active in children’s “euthanasia” and represented his colleagues in Hitler’s inner circle when major decisions were reached with regard to “euthanasia” in general.
Linden rapidly progressed through the ranks to Ministerialdirigent and later Reich plenipotentiary for state hospitals and nursing homes. An obscure individual, who used his close contacts and relatives to fill the posts within T4. On the 27 April 1945, he committed suicide.
Robert Lorent was born in 1905, worked in agriculture. He joined the Nazi party in 1930 and the SA in 1932, where he worked as a business administrator. Another of Brack’s personal contacts, he was head-hunted to lead the central finance office of T4.
Lorent was also assigned and served at the Bełżec death camp.
The successor to Heyde at the T4 medical Office. Born in 1876, received his medical licence in 1901 and was appointed professor in 1925. Joined the Nazi party in May 1933 and was a committed supporter of eugenics and “euthanasia” and had participated in the early killing experiments.
He was the Director of the Sonnenstein state hospital in Saxony. His commitment was based less on Nazi ideology than on his support for racial science and on his vision of ‘progressive medicine’. Was executive secretary (Geschäftsführer) of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Munich until 1939.
His recruitment to the KdF was via many avenues: party credentials, availability, friendships, nepotism, and required skills. Tried by an East German court and executed 25 March 1948.
The following were all in some way friendly or related to Viktor Brack:
He worked in the T4 Personnel Office (Personalabteilung) and hired the staff needed for T4 operations at headquarters and at the killing centres.
He was born 1903 and joined the Nazi party in 1923. An administrator by profession who served in the welfare department of the Cologne district government (Oberregierungsrat). On the recommendation of Dr. Herbert Linden, Tillman joined the KdF as an administrator, a position which co-ordinated the efforts to hide the killings.
This involved misleading relatives and the various agencies involved in committing patients and paying for their care. The clerical work involved such matters as writing death notices, returning personal belongings and arranging burials. Tillman chaired the meetings of local T4 office managers and on one occasion used this opportunity to ‘watch a gassing’.
Charged by a West German court in connection with the “euthanasia” programme, he died when he either fell or jumped from a building in February 1964.
Vorberg, Reinhold (pseudonym ‘Hintertal’)
Vorberg was another official from Brack’s KdF office who occupied a key position in T4. Born in 1904, received an average education. Became a member of the Nazi party in 1929. Was employed as a self employed jewellery salesman until 1935 when he joined the KdF, probably through the intervention of his cousin Viktor Brack.
Head of the T4 Transport Office, Inc. (Gemeinnützige Kranken-Transport G.m.b.H.), abbreviated to `Gekrat’. Often travelled with Werner Blankenburg to inspect the T4 killing centres. Sentenced to 10 years imprisonment by a West German court.
As a leading figure and chief physician of the Reich, Wagner headed both the Reich Physicians’ Chamber and the Party medical structures and favoured a visionary ideological medicine that was racist.
Socially and clinically oriented (the Nazi version of a ‘people’s medicine’), and distrustful of academic medicine and pure science, Wagner was active in formulating and explaining the sterilisation programme, and it was to him that Hitler first (1935) told his plans for extensive “euthanasia” killings; indeed, Wagner was considered by some Germans to have been the ‘godfather of the “euthanasia” programme’.
When he died in 1939, he was replaced by Leonardo Conti, a more bureaucratic figure who held a health post in the Interior Ministry, though also possessing the credentials of an ‘old medical fighter.’
Wentzler, Ernst, (Dr)
A paediatric psychiatrist, he was an associate and fellow conspirator with referees Catel and Heinze (above). He secured his own experimental killing ward at his private children’s clinic in Berlin.
Action Reinhard Perpetrators of Genocide who began in T-4
Born 26 May 1900. He served in World War 1 where he was badly wounded and became a prisoner of war for two years. He was a member of the SA from 1933. After joining the Nazi Party he was employed as a driver and later transferred to the SS-Death’s Head Unit Brandenburg.
After training at the SS-School Oranienburg he was posted as a driver and guard to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. He remained there until the autumn of 1939, when he was summoned to Berlin (T4) and selected for training within the euthanasia programme at Hadamar. He joined T4 with his friend Lorenz Hackenholt, who would later operate the gas engine at Bełżec:
"It is clear to me that in the camp murder was committed. What I have done was only to assist in the murder. If I were found to be guilty it would be justified, murder is murder. We are all guilty. The camp had a chain of command and if one link were to refuse to co-operate then the whole system would collapse...we did not have the courage to disobey orders."
In T4, Dubois was attached to the transport division and drove one of the buses that delivered patients to Grafeneck, Brandenburg, Hadamar and Bernburg euthanasia killing centres. He was active as a ‘burner’ and also transported corpses and urns. In April 42, he was posted to ‘Organisation Todt’, in Russia. After his service in Russia he was posted to Reinhardt where he served at Bełżec until June 1943, and was later transferred to Sobibór.
At Sobibór he supervised the Waldkommando and undertook general duties at the ramp, including the shooting of sick and old Jews at the Lazarett. He was badly wounded in the Sobibór revolt. In September 1943, he was transferred with the others to Italy. Acquitted at the Bełżec trial in Munich in 1963 64, but re-arrested and sentenced to three years imprisonment at the Sobibór trial in Hagen in 1966. Dubois died in l973 before an additional charge for crimes at Bełżec could be brought against him.
Hans Otto Gustav Girtzig
SS-Quartermaster (logistics), then ‘cremator’ and ‘burner’ of corpses (euthanasia), finally SS-Scharführer at Bełżec. Girtzig:
I enlisted in December 1939. With others from my company I was ordered to report to ‘the Charitable Foundation’, Berlin. I was sworn to secrecy and ordered to report to Grafeneck Psychiatric Institution where I met Oberhauser and Schwarz, who told me what was going on.
Girtzig received an elementary school education. On leaving school and up until 1933, he worked and trained in the retail clothing trade in Berlin. In 1933 he joined the Allgemeine - SS with which he had been associated since 1931-2. In 1937, he was employed with the District Political Leadership Office for the Brandenburg District. In 1939, he enlisted in the SS where he trained as a Quartermaster.
Without any explanation he was given marching orders to report to the ‘Charitable Foundation’ Tiergartenstrasse, 4 in Berlin (T4). Here Girtzig received an identical reception as Fuchs (sworn to secrecy), was given travel expenses and told to report to Grafeneck Psychiatric Institution, where he arrived on 27 December 1939.
In the reception office at Grafeneck he was met by Joseph Oberhauser and later, Gottfreid Schwarz. These three men were all SS NCOs. Initially, Girtzig organised a canteen facility and procured stores until the arrival some days later of an inflow of male and female psychiatric nurses.
"All the newcomers were called together and lectured by medical staff as to their forthcoming duties. The mentally ill were to be granted a mercy death. This was to be a very important task, defined by a Reich law, which was also in the interests of the patients. The activity was designated a ‘State Secret’ and, as such, was not to be talked about - not even among the members. We were advised of the consequences of violations of this obligation to secret duty."
Girtzig soon found out that Wirth was the resident ‘Registrar’ and wore the uniform of captain in the Stuttgart police. He further stated that all the police personnel (uniformed and CID) came from Stuttgart, and that the SS personnel were engaged as ‘burners’ and ‘disinfectors’. Girtzig, like the others, was transferred between institutions depending on the flow of patients and at the whim of Wirth. It was clear to Girtzig that Wirth was the operational head of the euthanasia complex.
In early January 1942, Girtzig was working in Hartheim when 20 of the staff, male nurses and drivers, were ordered to Berlin, where they joined others destined for medical duties in Minsk rendering aid to the wounded. They remained in Minsk dealing with the German wounded until March, 1942. When the emergency was over, they returned to Hartheim where Girtzig remained until late summer of 1942. In July he received further orders and was transferred to Lublin. Travelling with him to the East, were 15 other male nurses, including Gustav Wagner and Robert Jührs.
In Lublin Wirth divided them up for duty between the three Reinhardt camps. Girtzig went to Bełżec and Wagner to Sobibór. At this time, Girtzig said, he had no idea of what was waiting for him. The only pleasure he had was meeting up with his colleagues from T4. Comradeship proved to be a binding asset and a blessing to these men. They appear to have accepted their situation and could deal with it; providing they were together, life could be tolerated.
Girtzig had no conception of the euthanasia programme, nor any choice regarding his participation in it. He also had no choice concerning service in Russia or with Wirth in Bełżec. Girtzig stated that when he arrived in Bełżec in mid-summer of 1942, which was at the beginning of the accelerated resettlement period, he had fallen out with Wirth within days and was punished accordingly by being taken out of the office where he worked to take charge of the kitchens and the 20 Jewesses that worked there.
When Dr Dieter Allers (T4 Administrator) visited the camp, Girtzig told him of his problems with Wirth. Allers advised him to stick it out, as Wirth would be gone in a few days. Within days Wirth had taken up his post as Inspector of all three Reinhardt camps (1.8.1942). SS-Hauptsturmführer Gottleib Hering replaced him. However, from then on, Girtzig remained fully integrated within the murder system.
When Bełżec was finally closed in the summer of 1943, Girtzig and the rest of the SS garrison were transferred from temporary duties elsewhere to Trieste, Italy. He recalled that Schwarz, Wirth, Reichleitner and Gringers were all shot dead, allegedly by partisans. The Ukrainian Schmidt committed suicide. When the war ended he was taken prisoner and eventually released.
Josef Kasper Oberhauser
SS-Oberscharführer (KZ Dachau and Sachsenhausen), then ‘cremator’ and ‘burner’ of corpses and unofficial deputy to Wirth (euthanasia), finally SS-Untersturmführer at Bełżec and Reinhardt Inspectorate Lublin.
"As to the question of whether the SS had any possibility to get away from their unpleasant posts, there was no possibility because of SS-Major Wirth and his personality characteristics. His permanent features were an iron hardness, unconditional obedience of and belief in the Führer, absolute heartlessness, and ruthlessness.
These characteristics and signs were already apparent during the euthanasia operation where I got to know him. But he was never so much in his element as during the murder of the Jews. I was overcome with a deep depression when I learned around Christmas 1941, that Wirth was to be appointed as camp commandant in Bełżec and I would be assigned to him."
A secret conversation took place between Blankenburg and Wirth about a healthy member of T4 taking upon himself the care of another T4 member ill with fever. The meaning behind this was to prevent the sick patient from blabbing out anything about the state of affairs in the camps while in a delirious fever. I learned of this conversation from Wirth personally. He was in a talkative mood and had just come back from meeting Blankenburg and Globocnik. What Wirth told me came as no surprise. The goings on in the camp were secrets of the highest category.
Oberhauser enlisted in the SS (Totenkopfstandarte ‘Brandenburg’) and was a member the NSDAP. In September 1939, he was posted to ‘Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler’. In 1940, he was ordered to Grafeneck Institution and also served in Brandenburg and Bernburg gassing centres, where he took a leading role alongside his mentor, Wirth. In November 1941, he was assigned to AR in Lublin and was a personal confidant of Wirth. With the exception of Wirth and perhaps Globocnik, Oberhauser was the individual closest to the murder of the Jews in all of the three death camps.
Oberhauser was the key man in Bełżec. At the camp’s inception Oberhauser brought the first guard detachment from Trawniki. These guards were Ukrainian and Volksdeutsche. He acted on many occasions as deputy commandant in Wirth’s absence. When Wirth left Bełżec on 1August 1942 to take up his position as Inspector of all three Reinhardt camps, Oberhauser went with him to act as liaison between Wirth and Globocnik. On Himmler’s instructions he was promoted to Untersturmführer in June 1943, and left for Italy in September 1943 with the AR garrison.
After the war Oberhauser returned to Munich where he worked as a barman until he was hunted down for his implication in the euthanasia programme and membership of the SS. In 1948, the Magdeburg Landesgericht sentenced him to 15 years imprisonment. He was amnestied in April 1956, and released. On his release from prison he again worked as a barman in Munich. He was investigated further about the Bełżec crimes and eventually arrested. In 1965, he was sentenced to four years six months imprisonment as an accessory to the common murder of 300.000 people and for his role in the common murder of 150 Jews.
Oberhauser was the only member of the Bełżec SS garrison ever to be sentenced for a crime committed in Bełżec. On his release from prison, he returned to Munich where he once more worked as a barman in a beer hall. However, the Risiera Trial (Italy/Post Reinhardt) surfaced with more allegations against Allers and Oberhauser.
The trial of those responsible for crimes perpetuated in the Rice Mill ended in Trieste in April 1976, more than 30 years after the end of the war. Two of those accused were Allers, and Oberhauser. Allers died before the conclusion of the trial in 1975 and Oberhauser was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Italian court in absentia.
He owned a brewery in Monaco in complete freedom Although he tried to live in some obscurity, Oberhauser was tracked down by Claude Lanzmann to a bar in Munich during the making of Lanzmann’s documentary film ‘SHOAH’. Oberhauser, like Wirth, was one of the hard core SS in Bełżec and was a principal protagonist in carrying out the murder of Jews in all three AR camps. He died in November 1979.
At the time of their secondment to T4, these men had been recruited to the KZs, under the authority of the Concentration Camp Inspectorate (Inspektor der Konzentrationslager [IKL]). It is in these KZ establishments, that these personnel became enmeshed in and indoctrinated by the camp leadership regarding brutality, and desensitised as to their own feelings as well as to the torments of their charges. They had been well prepared, having learnt the art of torture and terror, which they took with them to T4 and Reinhardt. Here they applied their expertise to the innocent and in so doing, accepted the inevitable consequences for their actions.
There was a subtle difference between their social structure in the KZ set-up and the new establishments of T4 and Reinhardt. By their secondment out of the IKL to duty under the umbrella of the KdF/T4 and their later duty on behalf of the KdF/HHE (AR), these men found themselves isolated from their previous amenable domestic and amenable social environment. During that time they had tortured or killed in the camps with impunity and then retired to the normality and stability of their homes and their family accommodation within the KZ compounds. This was the norm for the staff in all the KZs under the IKL and the later Economic
Division of the RSHA (Wirtschaftsverwaltungshauptamt [WVHA], unlike the circumstances in which they were now involved. No such considerations for a stable family life existed in T4 or Reinhardt, where these men, despite generous regular furloughs when they could return home to Germany, were kept isolated in the eastern territories of Poland.
Only Franz Stangl appears to have breached this strict regulation, when his wife and children were given special permission to visit him at Sobibór. This apparent concession of Globocnik’s in Lublin, permitting Stangl’s family to visit, did not go unnoticed in the ranks and enforced the view that their shared situation in the genocide was sealed. The rank and file of perpetrators also realised this predicament, and like Stangl, they too feared for the consequences of any dissent.
From the beginning the safety of their families, from the beginning, had been used as an overt threat against any rebellion. The perpetrators found themselves isolated and sought companionship to deflect their fears. At Bełżec, the SS garrison were all accommodated together, sharing on a communal basis the village houses littered along the main Bełżec - Sobibór Lubelski road. It was perhaps this fact of male communal living and the sharing of the deeds that was the crucial factor that welded them together as one unit, and at the same time enabled them to murder thousands of innocent people every day.
MALE NURSES of T4
Five of our selection (of nine) of Bełżec staff was male nurses, and their progression from their duties in T4 to Reinhardt is now reviewed:
Gley went from male nurse to transport and patient care (euthanasia gassing), and thence to SS-Oberscharführer at Bełżec.
"In late 1939, I was working as a male nurse when I was summoned for special duty to ‘Columbus House’ (T4). I did not know the reason. I was sworn to secrecy and ordered to report to Grafeneck Psychiatric Institution. "
Heinrich Gley, born 16 February 1901. He received an elementary school education. On leaving school he worked as a farmhand until 1919. From 1919 until 1924, he voluntarily served in the army and obtained the rank of sergeant. After leaving the army he was casually employed until 1929, when he married (Helena Hoppner). There were five children from the marriage.
In 1929, as the result of an introduction by his wife, he obtained employment as a male nurse. During the annexation of Austria he was recalled for army service but released as soon as the emergency subsided and he returned to nursing.
In late 1939, while working as a male nurse, he received a summons: ‘from some prominent gentleman in Berlin who had my personal file in front of him’. A few days later he received a further summons for ‘special duty’ and was instructed to report to Columbus House, Berlin (T4) on 4 January 1940. Gley, together with the others assembled, was sworn to secrecy and ordered to report to Grafeneck Castle (euthanasia institution)
On arrival at Grafeneck he was instructed that his duty as a male nurse was the transportation of patients. Gley remembered meeting Dr Eberl, other physicians, and 4 SS NCOs, who he refers to as the ‘burners’ and ‘disinfectors’ (Oberhauser, Schwarz, Irrmann, and one other). In the kitchen he met the resident cook, Kurt Franz. In short the core of the Bełżec SS garrison.
In about September 1942, he, together with others, was ordered back to Berlin and then to Lublin where he was met by Wirth and taken to Bełżec. Although he had worked in a “mercy killing” centre and knew that patients were being gassed, like his relocated companions he had no idea of the purpose for which he was transferred to Lublin.
He only knew that he was destined for Bełżec was when Wirth took him there. By this time Wirth was Inspector of all three Reinhardt camps and Hering was now commandant of Bełżec.
The explanation given by Gley, i.e. that he had no idea of what he was getting into (which is corroborated independently by Stangl, Fuchs, Girtzig, and others), in no way excuse him from complicity in mass murder, as he maintained in court throughout his trial. To the contrary, from the evidence of other former SS, and by his own admissions coupled with the photographic material seized by post-war investigators from Kurt Franz, there is no doubting his guilt.
There are two photographs of Gley: 1, in uniform drinking beer with Gottlieb Hering, camp commandant at Bełżec - probably an off duty scene after having jointly participated in the murder of several thousand Jews.
2, a photograph of Gley in uniform carrying a riding crop, probably taken at Bełżec. Both photographs show him with a cheerful disposition and part and parcel of the murder scene. In Gley’s opinion, Hering was just as bad as Wirth. One could not argue with either of them. If someone did, as he had done at T4, Hering gave them what he (Hering) termed as ‘hard probation’. That is, the more gruesome jobs.
In Bełżec, ‘hard probation’ was Lazarett duty, killing the old, sick, and children, who could not make it to the gas chambers. Gley, this qualified nurse, armed with a machine pistol (MP-38) and a 9 mm Beretta, shot the innocent victims into the pits.
Gley remained with the Bełżec SS garrison until the spring of 1943 when he was transferred to the Poniatowa labour camp together with Hering and Schluch. In Poniatowa as in Bełżec, Gley mixed his murder duties as in Bełżec with attending to the sick in the camp hospital, questioning the surgeons and sometimes participating in operations. In 1943, when Poniatowa was liquidated, he joined the other Reinhardt staff for Italy. He returned to Berlin (T4) in 1944, where he was released from further duty on 2 August.
He was immediately called up for service in the Waffen-SS, where he remained until the end of the war with the rank of SS-Unterscharführer. He was discharged from POW status on 29 December 1947, when he returned to Münster and worked as a bricklayer. At the time of his arrest on 8 May 1961, he had retired. He was acquitted at the Bełżec trial.
Robert Jührs, went from male nurse to patient care (euthanasia gassing), then to SS-Unterscharführer at Bełżec and Sobibór. Jührs:
"I have no idea how and why I was selected for duties at T4. When I realised what my duties were to be, I made several attempts to be transferred, but with no luck."
He was born 17 October 1911, Frankfurt. He received an elementary school education. He was a member of the NSDAP and SA. During the 1930s he worked as an unskilled labourer, caretaker, and usher at the Frankfurt opera and office clerk. He was then employed as a male nurse until 1941, when, like the others mentioned, he was summoned to Berlin, taken into the euthanasia programme and posted to Hadamar in June of that year.
He stated that he attempted to be taken out of Hadamar but his applications met with no response. He was later posted to Lublin where he was selected for duties in Bełżec.
Jührs, like the others, states that he had no idea of the murder programme in Bełżec until he actually arrived there. He was in Bełżec from June 1942 until March 1943. He performed duties throughout the camp including the supervision of the ramp area and incoming transports. Like Gley, another supposed caring nurse with a machine pistol; he shot many Jews at the Lazarett.
With some justification (his opinion), he added in his statement, ‘I can say with absolute certainty that not a single one of them suffered’. Jührs remained in Bełżec for some months but was later transferred to Sobibór where he carried out similar duties.
After a short stay in Berlin due to illness, he returned to duty before being transferred to the Dorohucza (near Trawniki) labour camp, where he remained until the killing of the remaining Jews of that camp. Jührs returned to Sobibór to supervise the dismantling of the camp and the shooting of the remaining Jewish workers. In early December 1943, he returned to Berlin on home leave.
In late December, he received orders to join the rest of the Bełżec garrison in Italy. He was acquitted at the Bełżec trial in Munich in 1963-64, and was also acquitted at the Sobibór trial.
Karl Alfred Schluch, went from male nurse to patient care (euthanasia gassing), then to SS- Scharführer at Bełżec and Sobibór.
"In June 1940, I was a male nurse in Germany. Without any reason, I was ordered to T4, where I was sworn to secrecy and ordered to Grafeneck Psychiatric Institute. After a short posting to Minsk at the end of 1941, I returned to Grafeneck. In March 1942, I was ordered with others to Lublin for special duty. In June 1942 I was posted to Bełżec."
Karl Schluch was born 25 October 1905. He received an elementary school education. On leaving school he worked as a farm labourer. In 1930, he trained as a male nurse and passed the state nursing examinations with credit. On 20 March 1936, he married.
On 13 June 1940, without any notice or reason, he was summoned to Tiergartenstrasse, 4, Berlin (T4), where he reported to the administration. At T4 he received a preliminary introduction, was sworn to secrecy and given travel orders to report to Grafeneck. On arrival at Grafeneck he met up with others who had undergone the same process. In the spring of 1941, he was transferred to the Hadamar Institution, where he was engaged within the euthanasia programme.
In December 1941, together with other nurses he was ordered back to Berlin and then posted to Minsk where he was part of the medical team attending to the German wounded. In March 1942, with other medical personnel he was ordered to Lublin. Again, this man had no information regarding what lay behind this order.
In Lublin Wirth selected him for duty in Bełżec where he remained as part of the SS garrison. At Bełżec, from June, 1942 until August 1943 he supervised the Ukrainian guard, and because of his quiet reassuring manner, this dedicated nurse of days gone by was selected by Wirth for duty at the undressing barracks and at the funnel that led to the gas chambers, answering the doubts and fears of the Jewish victims.
In January 1943, due to illness, he was transferred to Lublin and Berlin for treatment. In spring 1943, he returned to Bełżec for a few weeks then he accompanied Hering and Gley to the Poniatowa labour camp, where he supervised the Ukrainian guard detachment. Schluch was present when the camp was liquidated and all of the 5,000 Jewish inmates were shot during the Enterfest action (November 3).
In late November 1943 he also joined the rest of the Bełżec SS garrison for service in Italy, fighting against the partisans. After the war ended he remained as a POW until 6 July 1945. On his release he found employment as a farm labourer and builder. In 1952, he re-entered the nursing profession and remained so employed until the date of his arrest on 10 November 1961. He was acquitted at the Bełżec trial 1963-64
"In 1939, I was a male nurse when I received an emergency duty summons to report to the ‘Charitable Foundation’. I was later sent to Grafeneck. When I found out that patients were being killed I tried to get out, but I was threatened with being sent to a concentration camp."
Heinrich Unverhau, born 5 June 1911. He received an elementary school education. On leaving school he trained as a plumber and metalworker, but due to an industrial accident became a musician. In 1934, he entered the nursing profession. He was a member of the NSDAP and SA. In December 1939, he received an emergency duty summons to report to the ‘Charitable Foundation for Institutional Care’, Tiergartenstrasse, 4, Berlin (T4).
Unverhau reported on 15 January 1940, and, like the others mentioned above, was sworn in, given preliminary information and posted first to Grafeneck and then to Hadamar. He recalled that he was told that due to the imminent campaign against France, the mentally ill in the institutions were in an endangered area and were to be brought from that area to the interior of Germany for their safety. He stated that he had no idea what was going on in these institutions.
Initially, Unverhau acted as escort for patients transported to Grafeneck and Hadamar, then progressed to administering sedatives to patients. In this gradual process of introduction to the final phase, he escorted patients into the gas chambers and dealt with the disposal of the bodies and the victim’s property. He stated that when he realised what was going on, i.e. the gassing of mental patients, he objected, but was threatened with a KZ (concentration camp).
This was no idle threat: Wirth had already sent two male nurses (Kainer and Arudt) to KZ-Sachsenhausen for 6 months for refusing to obey his orders; moreover, they had broken the oath of silence by talking about the euthanasia programme in the bar. Both men were, however, reinstated in T4. Wirth further punished them by giving them some of the more gruesome tasks at the institute, including the dissection of the head of gassed patients and the removal of the victim’s brain for Professor Heyde. Kainer was later posted to Treblinka where he shot himself after crossing Wirth once again.
According to Unverhau, many of the T4 personnel and the SS had at sometime attempted to be transferred to front-line duties. The first priority was to get away from the work they were expected to do, and the second was to get away from Wirth. This attitude was continually present throughout the euthanasia and death camp period. There is no reason to doubt the truth of this for the majority of personnel, as there is ample evidence to support it. A few, a very few, were not so concerned, and carried out these duties with cruelty and enthusiasm, but all agreed that it was senseless attempting to undertake an exit.
Unverhau joined his stream of comrades, firstly being posted to Russia, and secondly to Bełżec. His term of duty in Bełżec was from June 1942 to November 1942. In Bełżec, Wirth placed him in the clothing shed, where he supervised the Jewish workers sorting the personal property that had been collected from the transported victims. He also worked within the murder programme at the ramp, the undressing barracks, and the funnel. Desperate to get out, Unverhau approached Berlin direct for a transfer but was turned down. This brought on the wrath of Wirth, who castigated him in front of the SS garrison, drew his pistol on him, and transferred him from the clothing area to the cremation area.
In May 1943, Unverhau was transferred to Sobibór where he remained until the camp was closed and all AR personnel were transferred to Italy. After the war he was acquitted at the Grafeneck euthanasia (1948), Bełżec (1963-64) and Sobibór (1965 Hagen) trials, at the latter of which he was accused of murdering 72,000 Jews.
Ernst Zierke, went from male nurse to patient care and photographic technician at Grafeneck and Hadamar until the ‘stop’ order, when he joined other T4 personnel operating with Operation Todt in Russia. He was then posted as an SS-Unterscharführer to Bełżec and Sobibór.
"I was a male nurse when I was summoned to Berlin. I was ordered to Grafeneck Psychiatric Institution. I was later transferred to Hadamar. With the others I was posted to the Russian front and then on to Lublin and then Bełżec there was no possibility of getting out."
Ernst Zierke was born 16 May 1905. He was a male nurse and blacksmith by profession. He had been a member and sympathetic supporter of the Nazi Party since 1930. A devout Christian, he regularly attended the Evangelical church. He received an elementary school education, leaving school at the age of 13 to work locally as a woodsman and later as an apprentice blacksmith. In 1934, he changed his employment and entered the nursing profession.
In December 1939, when working at a psychiatric institution as a male nurse, he was summoned to Berlin. Like the others mentioned, he was interviewed and sworn to secrecy, then immediately ordered to Grafeneck. Zierke joined the rest of his comrades and carried out his euthanasia duties until subsequently being transferred to the Hadamar Institution.
In December 1941, he too, was transferred to the Russian front. In March 1942, he returned to nursing duties until the summer of 1942. He was then ordered back to Berlin and posted to AR Lublin, where he was selected by Wirth to go to Bełżec.
In Bełżec, Wirth assigned him to the ramp, unloading Jews off of the transports. It wasn’t long before he was fully integrated into the murder system in all parts of the camp. . He also participated in the execution of the last group of Jewish workers. When Bełżec closed down, Zierke was transferred to the Dorohucza labour camp, near Trawniki.
When this camp officially closed, he stayed on with Jührs to supervise the dismantling of the buildings. His last posting was to Sobibór (together with Jührs and Wagner) to complete the dismantling of the camp and the shooting of the last remaining work Jews before joining the other perpetrators in Italy.
At the end of the war he spent some months in a POW camp before being released to return home. His wife and children were living in the Russian zone of occupation, so Zierke stayed with his sister in the American zone. The family remained parted until the date of his arrest on 31 January 1963. He was acquitted at the Bełżec trial in Munich in 1964, and released from custody during the Sobibór trial in Hagen on health grounds.
We have dealt with the semi-military and professional cadres and I now want to review those men who were brought into T4 from a predominantly civilian environment. Why were they selected and for what purpose? There is a sundry mix of expertise from which we will attempt to find their relevance within the scheme of things.
Erich George Fuchs, went from mechanic to patient care (driver to Dr Eberl, the physician in charge of the Brandenburg and Bernburg euthanasia institutions), then as an SS-Unterscharführer to Bełżec, Sobibór and Treblinka. Fuchs:
In 1939, I was a driver for the State Commissioner for the Party when I was summoned to the Labour Office of the ‘Charitable Foundation for Institutional Care’ in Berlin. I had no idea the reason for this. It was only after a few weeks when I was in Bernburg and met the SS NCOs and nurses, that I knew the enormity of the situation.
Erich Fuchs was born on 19 April 1902. He was a resident of Berlin and a mechanic and driver by trade. He was of previous good character. He received an elementary school education. After leaving school he entered the motor engineering trade and became a very skilled mechanic with petrol and diesel engines and passed a number of advanced driving ability tests. He was married in 1930.
There were three children from the marriage, two of whom died in infancy. (Fuchs was selected for T4 because of his expertise in petrol and diesel engines, and was thus an essential part of the team in relation to the installation and general maintenance of the gas producing engines.)
Between 1928 and 1933 he worked as a driver for a Jewish publishing company (Ullsteins) in Berlin. He testified that the publishing company was taken over by the state in 1933. In the same year he joined the NSDAP and SA, working as the personal driver for the State Commissioner of the Party in Berlin until 1939.
In December 1939, Fuchs was summoned, with other candidates to the labour office of the ‘Charitable Foundation for Institutional Care’, Tiergartenstrasse 4, Berlin (T4) where he appeared before a selection board. He was chosen and sent to the chief of personnel for further instructions. According to Fuchs, he had no idea why he was there. Being sworn to secrecy for no apparent reason further compounded the mystery.
He was given orders to report to the Brandenburg Institution immediately to take up his employment as a driver...It was only when he had been at Brandenburg for a few days, and had met other SS NCOs and male nurses, that the full enormity of his position hit him. Fuchs was appointed personal driver to Dr Eberl, the physician in charge of the euthanasia stations at Brandenburg and Bernburg. During his stay, he was privy to the “mercy killing” of patients and the operations of the ‘burners’ and ‘disinfectors’, whose activities were carried out in a building adjacent to the main premises.
After a few weeks, Fuchs was transferred to the Bernburg Institution where he worked in the motor pool. It was here in Bernburg that he witnessed the gassing of 50 mental patients by Dr Eberl and came into contact with Wirth, whom he recognised as the officer in charge of the ‘disinfectors’, ‘burners’ and ‘drivers’. He also became very friendly with Professor Heyde, who at the time was carrying out experiments with the brains of the gassed mentally ill.
In the winter of 1941, Fuchs, together with others (he mentions Niemann, Grateschutz, Borowski, and Barbl, all of whom would serve in the AR camps), was selected by Wirth and taken by lorry to Bełżec, where he met Schwarz, Oberhauser, and Thomalla, the three SS personnel who had supervised the building of the camp. It was in Bełżec that Fuchs learned of his duties - to murder Jews. Wirth had told him, ‘all the Jews were to be killed’. Fuchs, according to his evidence now found out the reason for his posting - he was to install the gassing systems in Bełżec.
In his interrogation, Fuchs appears to have accepted full complicity when he refers to the first gassings: He stated that about 1,000 Jews were brought into the camp on a transport, which was then divided up into groups of 50 - 80. Wirth then lied to them about first showering prior to engaging in their future work, before taking them to the gas chambers. Fuchs witnessed three further similar incidents at about the same time, each transport comprising 1,000 Jews. Fuchs, it appears, although brought in for temporary guard duty, observed all this while working in the motor pool in Bełżec. According to his own admissions he was only personally involved in one gassing of 40 Jewesses.
By the very nature of his expertise, Fuchs was called upon by Wirth on a number of occasions to deal with problems arising with the gassing facilities in the camp. He was also called upon by Wirth to go to Lvóv in the spring of 1942 and pick up the gassing engine for the Sobibór camp. On this occasion he was assisted by Stangl and Erich Bauer (Sobibór), with whom he returned to Sobibór, and with the guidance of the KdF chemist, set up the gassing engine at the rear of the newly built gas chamber building.
At first, the engine failed to start, but after Fuchs fiddled around with the ignition and valves to set the correct engine revolutions, it sprang into life. Wirth and Stangl were both present when Wirth selected 25 Jewish prisoners who just happened to be standing nearby, forced them into the gas chamber and gassed them Sobibór was commissioned.
In July 1942, Fuchs was again sent by Wirth to fix and install a gassing engine, this time at Treblinka. Fuchs contradicted this, and stated that he went there to install a lighting generator in the murder area and only stayed for about three days. The evidence from the Ludwigsburg files tells a different story, and as an SS-Scharführer, it is apparent that he was in Treblinka working on the gassing system.
It does appear that from here onwards he was suffering some kind of mental anguish, as he went on sick leave for several weeks, and then requested to be relieved from his AR duties. He stated that his nerves were in shreds. He was told that his relief was not possible, but after an examination by an SS doctor, he was certified unfit for duty and transferred to Riga, where he was put in charge of the motor pool. In Riga he met a T4 colleague, (Karl Schluch) who admonished him for talking about the murders; he should keep absolutely silent or he was ripe for the KZ, or worse. In 1944, Fuchs deserted from Riga and returned to Berlin, where he surrendered himself. In Berlin he divorced his first wife, re-married, and divorced his second wife later the same year. He was recalled to duty and placed in an SS-Panzer Regiment where he served out the war.
Fuchs re-married for a third time shortly after the war in Koblenz, but his third wife died in 1954. There were no children from any of the marriages. He remained in Koblenz, living alone with no family. At the time of his arrest, he was working as a representative in the motor industry. Regarding the crimes against humanity he had knowingly committed, he said the following:
It was the greatest crime. One should have found another way to get rid of the Jews. Many are the nights I have not slept; I still see the pictures, naked people; naked corpses, people who had committed no crime. I thought sometimes of reporting myself to Ludwigsburg. But I lacked the courage. Today, I have to say that I should have tried to get away from there earlier - but the possibility to get away scarcely occurred. The voice of my conscience tells me today that I should have done something else. But I did not know how to then! One had to do everything there that one was told; finally one was so dulled that one no longer had any feelings about it. It was only in Berlin that I first found the courage that had earlier been wanting.
Fuchs, from humble beginnings like the others, would become enmeshed in genocide as a willing partner in the Bełżec crimes, and as the mechanical expert was made an intrinsic cog in the machinery that would install and maintain the gassing engines in Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka.
Acquitted at the Bełżec Trial in Munich in 1963 64. He was rearrested and sentenced to four years imprisonment at the Sobibór Trial in Hagen in 1966. Fuchs was married for the sixth time during the trial. He died in 1984.
At the time of writing the above (2000), only two former Bełżec SS guards were known to be still be alive in Germany: Robert Jührs, aged 86 and by then totally blind, who lived in Frankfurt-am-Main; and Kurt Franz, aged 84 - released in 1993 from prison for crimes committed at Treblinka - who lived in Düsseldorf. Both have since died.
Used with full permission of the author Robin O'Neil.
"Origins of T-4" Section
The Origins of Nazi Genocide from Euthanasia to the Final Solution Henry Friedlander, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995
Copyright: CL & Robin O'Neil H.E.A.R.T 2007
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This verse is describing a time still future when, according to the Bible, Jesus Christ will rule this world for 1,000 years in a reign of righteousness and peace. Difficult to believe? Yes, when we look at the mayhem that currently prevails; so how can it be brought about?
The root cause of injustice and unrest is sin, which entered the world when the first man and woman listened to the devil rather than God. Restoration of righteousness and peace therefore necessitated a solution to the sin problem. That solution was provided by the God who had been offended by sin; He sent His own sinless Son into the world to pay sin’s price. This Jesus did in His sacrificial death on the cross.
The attractive town of Crieff, in Perthshire, is famous for the Drovers’ Tryst. Tryst is a Scots word that means ‘agreed meeting place’. Cattle owners and drovers from the highlands and islands of northern Scotland journeyed many miles there, suffering significant hardships, to meet buyers and strike deals with them.
The cross of Christ is also a meeting place. It’s there that God’s faithfulness to His own holy character and His love for a world of sinners met. Peace with God is available because all the claims of God’s righteousness against sin were satisfied there in the death of Christ; He ‘suffered once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, that He might bring us to God’ (1 Peter 3:18).
For those who respond to God’s command to repent of their sins (Acts 17:30,31) and trust in Christ, the peace to mark that future reign of Christ can be enjoyed now as ‘the peace of Christ rule[s] in [their] hearts’ (Colossians 3:15).
Will you respond?
(Quotations from the ESV)
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Because Of Endless Hours of Testing…
These Gold Companies are our Best 4 Choices:
Goldco – Our Best Recommendation
7k Metals Complaints
The US Dollar is usually considered as the world’s get currency. It is popular that the United States is facing an inflation crisis, which will certainly damage the buying power of the United States Dollar. As the power of the book money reduces, people not simply in the United States, however around the world, are most likely to flock to the protection of gold as well as various other precious metals.
The huge US profession as well as deficit spending together with an unusually large rise in the money supply during the last decade will remain to wear down the United States Dollar for the near future, which will certainly lead to boosting demand, and thus rates, for silver and gold. It is very likely that the rate of gold will never once more be as low as it is today. Unlike paper currency and other products, gold has a history of holding its value, and also also increasing, throughout economic crises.
Why is Gold So Important in Diversification?
Diversity suggests greater than simply having an array of different properties in a profile. A portfolio can have a number of different stocks and even mutual funds as well as still not be diversified. The trick to diversification is to have properties that have a tendency to be drawn in different directions throughout market events or conditions. During boom times of high financial task and success, particular technology stocks may escalate, while other a lot more ordinary supplies may go stale.
What makes gold so one-of-a-kind therefore needed in a diversity technique is that it tends to move in the opposite instructions of nearly all various other properties, and what’s even more, tends to relocate the most when points are the worst. In case of a securities market crash, gold ends up being an exceptionally useful property to hold in your profile.
In these unsure times, with geopolitical stress increasing around the globe, unknowns such as migrations and also water lacks due to international warming and also environment adjustment, supply chain uncertainties due to a global pandemic, political instability, as well as concerns of an overvalued stock exchange, gold is just the very best to hedge against every one of these risks.
Adding to today’s unpredictability, there are rising worries amongst economists that the hugely unforeseeable and also volatile cryptocurrency market may create additional wild swings as well as strains on our financial and also monetary systems.
Although gold and also various other rare-earth elements can be volatile in the short term, they have always not only held their worth, yet have actually consistently gone up in the long term.
What is Goldco’s Process Like?
” From Goldco’s site, we entered our e-mail address as well as phone number in order to receive a cost-free educational set. A rep called us a few minutes later on to obtain our address as well as stroll us through a short examination. The entire procedure was simple, stress totally free, and insightful.
After briefly asking about our current properties, spending objectives, threat tolerances, and future plans, our account representative educated us on the fundamentals of silver and gold IRAs.
After our set got here, which was full of great deals of details, we completely underwent every one of our retired life properties. Seeing as exactly how we were virtually 100% bought the stock exchange as well as nearing retired life, we determined a rare-earth elements IRA would certainly benefit us.
We established an additional telephone consultation with our account representative as well as he patiently strolled us through the remainder of the process. We had an old IRA that we determined to transfer right into a gold individual retirement account. He cared for all the paperwork and also called the brokerage company that held our possessions.
Within a couple of weeks, our possessions were sold off, and also the money was transferred to Goldco. The documents for our brand-new gold IRA was additionally established by our account representative. We got a very fair price for our brand-new gold and got evidence it was being held securely and firmly at our custodian center.
Going forward, we will still be assigned to our exact same account representative in case we wish to buy even more gold or liquidate our gold if we require it. The whole process was easy and also stress totally free.
Our total experience was very favorable as well as we do suggest Goldco for any person severe concerning hedging their retirement versus unpredictability.”
— Goldco Consumer
Opening Up a Gold Individual Retirement Account with Goldco
You have a great deal of financial investment opportunities when it pertains to investing with Goldco. You can select to buy coins as well as bars of your preferred rare-earth elements and also have them securely kept in your place at a trusted depository at no additional charge to you. There is additionally the alternative of opening up a gold individual retirement account which is also a risk-free means to protect your monetary future. Opening a gold IRA with Goldco might be best for a beginner thinking about a lasting financial investment in precious metals that are handled by a group of specialists who comprehend the market.
As gold is a property that has been known to hold its worth for several years as well as supply security in times of rising cost of living when the fiat money value is diminished, you can gain from an investment in a possession that might assist you recover from financial instability. And also opening a Gold individual retirement account could be the best means for you to obtain onboard the rare-earth elements train.
The Minimum Financial Investment Quantity
When it comes to opening up a gold individual retirement account with Goldco, you will require to spend a minimum of $25000 as well as make sure to purchase the best coins as well as bars from IRS-recognized dealers. You will not need to trouble about this as the business has an existing collaboration with a few of the very best mints where the very best and also purest quality bullions can be bought on your behalf.
Establishing your Account
Gold Individual Retirement Account Opening
You will certainly initially need to complete all the needed paperwork to begin your transactions with the company. And also as soon as you have actually ended up signing the terms and conditions of the agreement, you will certainly be routed to a committed accounts manager that will certainly be your expert throughout the account configuration process and past. The account configuration procedure is very easy as well as brief and all you need do is to connect with the firm to begin the process.
Why you Should Open up an IRA with Goldco?
Goldco is one of the most trusted companies on the planet today when it concerns investing in rare-earth elements. And whether you are just seeking to acquire silver or gold coins and bars or aiming to open an individual retirement account, you can be sure they have all you require to make a safe financial investment. Do not simply take this from me, check any one of the sites with a Goldco individual retirement account evaluation, and also you will certainly discover they all have terrific points to claim about the company. For the past 5 years, the firm has been provided as part of the Inc 5000 firms to do organization with.
There is additionally the truth that they take pleasure in an A+ score by the Better Business Bureau which mosts likely to reveal that they are a reputable company to take care of. And when it concerns their customer care, you can be sure that they have only your passion at heart.
7k Metals Complaints
Making a safe investment for your future could be as easy as opening up a precious metals individual retirement account and you intend to see to it that you handle a reliable firm. The team at Goldco is committed to ensuring that you get the most effective service in the industry when it pertains to making the best financial investments in precious metals.
7k Metals Complaints
7k Metals Complaints
Augusta Valuable Metals Termination Plan
Augusta supplies consumers the flexibility to offer or return rare-earth elements holdings at any moment.
Anyone buying premium gold or silver can terminate their order within seven days, no doubt asked, and get their refund completely.
For its returns, the business keeps a 24/7 assistance workdesk.
A “sell” order is refined the moment it is put, and also the consumer’s cash is moved to their signed up savings account.
Augusta Priceless Metals Pros & Cons
We discovered a whole lot to such as throughout our Augusta Precious Metals evaluation, but there are some places the service can improve.
Portfolio Diversity– The financial investment opportunities that Augusta Precious Metal provides expand investment portfolios and can minimize the risk of overexposure to asset or market slump.
Outstanding client service– Setting up a self-directed IRA account is a wind with Augusta’s client service.
The Depository– You can go to the depository where your rare-earth elements are saved.
Coin Selection– There are a massive variety of coins to select from.
Pureness– The purity of its gold is above market standards.
High Investment Minimum– The significant con of Augusta Priceless Metals is that it requires a minimal preliminary financial investment of $50,000.
Restricted Selections– You can only buy gold and silver with Augusta Precious Metals. There are nothing else alternative properties.
Just how do I Begin?
Unlike what you may think, starting with Augusta Priceless Metals is quite a simple procedure that consists of 4 actions.
Action 1– The first thing you need to do is connect to the company and when you do that, you will certainly be connected to an agent that will certainly address some basic questions along with be your factor of referral throughout the whole procedure. Eventually, they are entrusted with the task of guaranteeing that all your demands are satisfied by the firm.
Action 2– Following, your agent will certainly present you to the firm’s financial analytics team that will subsequently call you through internet chat or phone call to clarify where the economic climate is currently and also in addition to rare-earth element markets.
Action 3– After this, you can make a decision whether to go on with the business or stop your trip. If you decide to go on, your representative will certainly onward your name to the firm’s IRA processing group, that will certainly then assist you with filling your custodian application as well as moving possessions.
Tip 4– As quickly as the deal goes through, your funds will certainly reach the custodian. Now, you will be introduced to an order workdesk that permits you to acquire pre-selected rare-earth elements and also send them to a secure as well as safe and secure place of your option.
Augusta Valuable Metals Solutions
Augusta Precious Metals supplies a selection of services to people who have a rate of interest in investing their retirement savings in silver and gold. The following are some of the key services offered by the firm.
7k Metals Complaints
Life time customer assistance
Accessibility to financial rare-earth element specialists
Precious metal cash acquisitions
Silver and also gold IRA
Continuous economic situation and also rare-earth element education
1. Precious Metal Individual Retirement Account Acquisitions
With its many years of experience, Augusta Rare-earth elements can aid you buy IRS-approved rare-earth elements in a tax-advantaged individual retirement account.
To begin with, the business puts a great deal of effort into helping customers as well as potential customers find out a lot more regarding the economy and just how precious metals like silver and gold fit in. They additionally allow you know bars as well as coins available readily available for purchase. This is since the business acknowledges that the typical financier is most likely to be puzzled offered the many alternatives to pick from.
As soon as you register for your gold IRA account with Augusta Rare-earth elements’ aid, you reach choose from among a few insured vaults. In case, you have no idea regarding what you desire, the firm recommends a depository referred to as the Delaware Depository in Wilmington, Delaware.
Augusta Precious Metals is committed to helping Americans choose exactly how as well as where to conserve. Because regard, they deal with a number of vault facilities throughout the nation. You are permitted to choose a location based on ease as well as you can even arrange a check out to see your precious metals at the depository.
Currently, one of the important things that attracts attention most about the gold IRAs provided is that they are self-directed. What that indicates is that you get to be in charge due to the fact that you have complete control over all the investing in and also sales choices concerning your account.
Lots of people appreciate this because then, they do not really feel limited or at the grace of account managers. The team at Augusta Rare-earth elements is trained as well as capable of aiding you complete most of the documents required so that you can have a less complicated time.
2. Precious Metal Cash Money Acquisitions
Some people prefer to be in physical ownership of their assets (precious metals) rather than having an IRA. Augusta Precious Metals understands that and also makes provisions for it to take place if that is what you choose.
The process is simple as well as additionally allows you complete control of your rare-earth elements including how they are protected and also stored. All you need to do is open an account with the business and also transfer funds to it. Then, you want to select from one of the pre-selected silver as well as gold alternatives used by the company.
You will be required to sign for the distribution as well as take charge of your valuable metals.
Life Time Customer Support
Spending is basically placing your money, (or in this situation your possessions) on the line. You will enjoy that Augusta Valuable Metals is a firm that strives to maintain an ongoing relationship with its customers. The firm assigns you an individual representative whose work is to walk you through the account opening process as well as assistance you with most of the documents.
The adhering to are some of the skilled experts put in place to assist you.
A client assistance representative– This individual is particularly designated to you to respond to any standard inquiries that you may have when you reveal passion in opening up an account with them. After that, the agent will certainly attach you to another department as called for.
Financial analytics division– This is a group of specialists whose work is to check the economy in addition to precious metal markets. Because of that, they have the ability to keep you upgraded through internet conversation or phone. They can identify any type of upcoming risks to your financial savings as well as enlighten you on just how markets operate. This can be found in convenient when it concerns helping you choose how to move forward as far as optimizing your retired life cost savings.
Individual Retirement Account Processing Division– Again, this is a team and their job is to manage your paperwork in addition to contact a custodian on your behalf.
Portfolio support– These are representatives whose job is to aid you create a personalized silver and gold portfolio.
Order workdesk support– These are professional individuals whose work is to assist you in case you wish to acquire more silver and gold for your profile. They also manage buybacks therefore they are in the most effective placement to aid you rebalance your profile when called for.
From Of Endless Hours of Research…
Here are our Best Four Choices:
Goldco – Our Top Recommendation
7k Metals Complaints
The US Buck is usually deemed the globe’s book currency. It is popular that the US is facing a rising cost of living situation, which will certainly damage the acquiring power of the US Buck. As the power of the book currency lowers, people not simply in the United States, however around the world, are likely to flock to the safety of gold and also other rare-earth elements.
The big US profession and also budget deficits together with an unusually big increase in the money supply throughout the last years will continue to erode the United States Buck for the near future, which will certainly cause boosting demand, and also hence prices, for gold and silver. It is highly likely that the rate of gold will never once again be as reduced as it is today. Unlike paper currency and also other assets, gold has a history of holding its worth, and even rising, during economic crises.
Why is Gold So Important in Diversity?
Diversity suggests more than simply having a variety of various properties in a profile. A portfolio can have several different supplies or perhaps mutual funds and still not be diversified. The key to diversity is to have possessions that tend to be pulled in different directions throughout market events or conditions. During boom times of high economic activity and success, specific tech supplies may skyrocket, while other extra mundane stocks might stagnate.
What makes gold so distinct therefore required in a diversity approach is that it has a tendency to move in the contrary direction of almost all various other properties, and also what’s even more, tends to move the most when points are the most awful. In case of a securities market collision, gold becomes an incredibly useful property to keep in your portfolio.
In these unpredictable times, with geopolitical tensions rising around the world, unknowns such as migrations and also water scarcities as a result of global warming and also environment modification, supply chain uncertainties as a result of an international pandemic, political instability, and anxieties of a miscalculated stock market, gold is simply the best to hedge versus every one of these threats.
Adding to today’s uncertainty, there are increasing concerns amongst economists that the extremely unforeseeable and volatile cryptocurrency market might create additional wild swings and pressures on our economic as well as monetary systems.
Gold and also various other valuable metals can be unpredictable in the brief term, they have constantly not only held their worth, yet have actually consistently gone up in the lengthy term.
What is Goldco’s Process Like?
” From Goldco’s website, we entered our email address as well as telephone number in order to obtain a cost-free educational set. A rep called us a few mins later on to get our address as well as walk us through a brief consultation. The whole procedure was very easy, tension cost-free, as well as interesting.
After briefly asking about our current possessions, investing objectives, danger resistances, and also future strategies, our account representative informed us on the essentials of gold and silver Individual retirement accounts.
After our set showed up, which was filled with lots of information, we completely underwent all of our retired life properties. Viewing as how we were nearly 100% purchased the stock market as well as nearing retired life, we decided a rare-earth elements individual retirement account would certainly profit us.
We set up another telephone visit with our account representative and he patiently walked us with the remainder of the process. We had an old individual retirement account that we determined to move into a gold IRA. He dealt with all the documents and got in touch with the brokerage company that held our assets.
Within a number of weeks, our assets were liquidated, as well as the cash money was moved to Goldco. The documentation for our new gold individual retirement account was additionally established by our account representative. We got a very fair rate for our new gold as well as got evidence it was being held safely and securely at our custodian facility.
Going forward, we will certainly still be appointed to our same account representative in case we want to buy more gold or liquidate our gold if we require it. The whole process was basic and tension totally free.
Our total experience was very favorable and also we do suggest Goldco for any person significant concerning hedging their retirement plan versus uncertainty.”
— Goldco Customer
Opening a Gold IRA with Goldco
You have a great deal of investment opportunities when it concerns investing with Goldco. You can choose to acquire coins and also bars of your favorite precious metals and also have them safely saved in your place at a relied on vault at no extra charge to you. There is additionally the option of opening up a gold IRA which is also a risk-free way to safeguard your monetary future. Opening a gold IRA with Goldco might be best for a rookie curious about a long-lasting financial investment in precious metals that are managed by a team of specialists who understand the sector.
As gold is a possession that has been known to hold its worth for several years and use stability in times of inflation when the fiat currency value is decreased, you can benefit from a financial investment in a property that might aid you recoup from monetary instability. And also opening a Gold individual retirement account could be the most effective means for you to obtain onboard the precious metals train.
The Minimum Investment Quantity
In the case of opening up a gold IRA with Goldco, you will certainly require to invest a minimum of $25000 as well as be sure to buy the best coins and also bars from IRS-recognized dealerships. You will not have to bother about this as the business has an existing collaboration with a few of the best mints where the most effective and also purest top quality bullions can be purchased on your behalf.
Setting up your Account
Gold Individual Retirement Account Opening
You will first need to complete all the required documents to start your dealings with the firm. As well as once you have completed signing the terms and conditions of the contract, you will be routed to a specialized accounts supervisor who will be your specialist throughout the account arrangement process and beyond. The account setup process is simple and quick and all you require do is to get in touch with the company to start the process.
Why you Should Open an Individual Retirement Account with Goldco?
Goldco is one of the most trusted companies on the planet today when it concerns investing in precious metals. As well as whether you are simply aiming to purchase silver or gold coins and bars or seeking to open up an individual retirement account, you can be sure they have all you require to make a risk-free financial investment. Do not simply take this from me, examine any of the websites with a Goldco IRA testimonial, as well as you will certainly discover they all have fantastic things to state concerning the business. For the past 5 years, the company has actually been provided as part of the Inc 5000 firms to do company with.
There is also the reality that they enjoy an A+ ranking by the Better Business Bureau which goes to reveal that they are a reliable company to take care of. And when it comes to their customer service, you can be sure that they have nothing but your rate of interest in mind.
7k Metals Complaints
Making a risk-free investment for your future could be as simple as opening a rare-earth elements IRA as well as you want to ensure that you take care of a respectable firm. The group at Goldco is committed to guaranteeing that you obtain the most effective service in the industry when it involves making the appropriate financial investments in precious metals.
7k Metals Complaints
7k Metals Complaints
Augusta Valuable Metals Termination Policy
Augusta offers clients the flexibility to sell or return precious metals holdings any time.
Anyone getting costs silver or gold can cancel their order within seven days, no questions asked, and get their money back in full.
For its returns, the business preserves a 24/7 help workdesk.
A “sell” order is processed the moment it is put, as well as the customer’s money is moved to their registered bank account.
Augusta Precious Metals Pros & Cons
We found a whole lot to such as throughout our Augusta Valuable Metals evaluation, yet there are some places the solution can improve on.
Profile Diversification– The financial investment opportunities that Augusta Precious Metal supplies branch out investment portfolios and can minimize the risk of overexposure to asset or market downturn.
Superb customer care– Establishing a self-directed IRA account is a breeze with Augusta’s client service.
The Vault– You can see the depository where your precious metals are stored.
Coin Choice– There are a big variety of coins to select from.
Purity– The purity of its gold is above sector criteria.
High Financial Investment Minimum– The significant disadvantage of Augusta Precious Metals is that it requires a minimum first investment of $50,000.
Limited Choices– You can only purchase silver and gold with Augusta Precious Metals. There are nothing else different assets.
Just how do I Get going?
As opposed to what you might think, beginning with Augusta Priceless Metals is fairly a simple process that includes 4 steps.
Step 1– The first thing you need to do is reach out to the company as well as as soon as you do that, you will certainly be connected to an agent who will certainly resolve some fundamental questions in addition to be your factor of referral during the entire process. Inevitably, they are tasked with the task of making sure that all your requirements are met by the business.
Step 2– Following, your representative will certainly present you to the company’s economic analytics team that will ultimately call you via web chat or phone call to discuss where the economic situation is presently and also as well as rare-earth element markets.
Action 3– After this, you can choose whether to go on with the firm or halt your trip. If you determine to go ahead, your representative will forward your name to the firm’s IRA handling group, who will certainly after that aid you with filling your custodian application and also moving assets.
Tip 4– As quickly as the transaction goes through, your funds will certainly reach the custodian. At this point, you will be presented to an order desk that permits you to acquire pre-selected rare-earth elements and send them to a secure and also secure location of your choice.
Augusta Valuable Metals Providers
Augusta Rare-earth elements provides an assortment of services to individuals that have a rate of interest in investing their retirement cost savings in silver and gold. The complying with are several of the primary services used by the firm.
7k Metals Complaints
Lifetime client support
Access to economic rare-earth element professionals
Precious metal money purchases
Silver as well as gold IRA
Constant economic climate and rare-earth element education
1. Rare-earth Element IRA Acquisitions
With its years of experience, Augusta Rare-earth elements can help you purchase IRS-approved precious metals in a tax-advantaged IRA.
To begin with, the company places a great deal of initiative into aiding customers and potential customers learn a lot more about the economic situation and just how rare-earth elements like silver and gold suit. They also allow you in on bars and also coins available readily available for acquisition. This is since the firm acknowledges that the ordinary investor is most likely to be perplexed offered the many options to select from.
When you enroll in your gold IRA account with Augusta Precious Metals’ aid, you reach choose from among a few insured vaults. In case, you have no suggestion about what you desire, the company advises a vault referred to as the Delaware Depository in Wilmington, Delaware.
Augusta Valuable Metals is committed to aiding Americans select how as well as where to save. In that regard, they deal with numerous depository facilities throughout the country. You are enabled to select an area based on comfort and also you can also prepare a check out to see your rare-earth elements at the vault.
Currently, among the important things that stands apart most concerning the gold Individual retirement accounts offered is that they are self-directed. What that implies is that you get to be in charge due to the fact that you have complete control over all the buying and also sales choices regarding your account.
Lots of people value this since after that, they do not really feel limited or at the mercy of account supervisors. The group at Augusta Precious metals is educated and capable of helping you total most of the documentation needed so that you can have an easier time.
2. Precious Metal Cash Purchases
Some people would rather remain in physical ownership of their properties (precious metals) instead of having an individual retirement account. Augusta Precious Metals recognizes that and also makes provisions for it to take place if that is what you favor.
The procedure is easy as well as additionally allows you complete control of your precious metals including exactly how they are protected and also saved. All you have to do is open an account with the business and transfer funds to it. After that, you want to select from one of the pre-selected silver and also gold alternatives provided by the company.
Last but not least, you will be needed to sign for the distribution and organize your precious metals.
Lifetime Customer Support
Investing is basically putting your cash, (or in this case your properties) on the line. You will love that Augusta Precious Metals is a firm that aims to keep a recurring partnership with its clients. The firm assigns you a personal agent whose task is to stroll you via the account opening process as well as help you with a lot of the documentation.
The following are a few of the trained experts established to aid you.
A customer assistance representative– This individual is particularly designated to you to answer any basic inquiries that you might have once you reveal rate of interest in opening an account with them. Afterwards, the agent will link you to another division as needed.
Financial analytics division– This is a group of professionals whose job is to check the economic climate in addition to rare-earth element markets. Due to that, they are able to maintain you updated with internet conversation or phone. They can recognize any type of upcoming dangers to your financial savings as well as enlighten you on exactly how markets operate. This is available in handy when it pertains to aiding you determine how to move on as for maximizing your retirement financial savings.
IRA Handling Department– Once More, this is a group and also their task is to manage your documentation as well as connect with a custodian in your place.
Profile support– These are representatives whose job is to aid you create a customized gold and silver profile.
Order desk assistance– These are expert people whose task is to help you in case you want to purchase more silver and gold for your portfolio. They also handle buybacks therefore they are in the very best placement to assist you rebalance your portfolio when called for.
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https://www.sydneyinstituteonline.net/7k-metals-complaints/
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Impact of a large-scale educational intervention program on venous blood specimen collection practices
2013 (English)In: BMC Health Services Research, ISSN 1472-6963, Vol. 13, no 1, 463- p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published
BACKGROUND: Phlebotomy performed with poor adherence to venous blood specimen collection (VBSC) guidelines jeopardizes patient safety and may lead to patient suffering and adverse events. A first questionnaire study demonstrated low compliance to VBSC guidelines, motivating an educational intervention of all phlebotomists within a county council. The aim was to evaluate the impact of a large-scale educational intervention program (EIP) on primary health care phlebotomists' adherence to VBSC guidelines. We hypothesised that the EIP would improve phlebotomists' VBSC practical performance.
METHODS: The present study comprise primary health care centres (n = 61) from two county councils in northern Sweden. The final selected study group consisted of phlebotomists divided into an intervention group (n = 84) and a corresponding control group (n = 79). Both groups responded to a validated self-reported VBSC questionnaire twice. The EIP included three parts: guideline studies, an oral presentation, and an examination. Non-parametric statistics were used for comparison within and between the groups.
RESULTS: Evaluating the EIP, we found significant improvements in the intervention group compared to the control group on self-reported questionnaire responses regarding information search (ES = 0.23-0.33, p < 0.001-0.003), and patient rest prior to phlebotomy (ES = 0.27, p = 0.004). Test request management, patient identity control, release of venous stasis, and test tube labelling had significantly improved in the intervention group but did not significantly differ from the control group (ES = 0.22- 0.49, p = < 0.001- 0.006). The control group showed no significant improvements at all (ES = 0--0.39, p = 0.016-0.961).
CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated several significant improvements on phlebotomists' adherence to VBSC practices. Still, guideline adherence improvement to several crucial phlebotomy practices is needed. We cannot conclude that the improvements are solely due to the EIP and suggest future efforts to improve VBSC. The program should provide time for reflections and discussions. Furthermore, a modular structure would allow directed educational intervention based on the specific VBSC guideline flaws existing at a specific unit. Such an approach is probably more effective at improving and sustaining adherence to VBSC guidelines than an EIP containing general pre-analytical practices.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central, 2013. Vol. 13, no 1, 463- p.
Adherence to guidelines, Education; Implementation, Intervention, Phlebotomy; Pre-analytical errors, Primary healthcare, Venous blood specimen collection
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-84020DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-463PubMedID: 24192426OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-84020DiVA: diva2:678705
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The Green Action Agenda's Role in Election 2014
October 9: TEA issues Enviro Report Cards for Mayoral Candidates
TEA graded the results of the Green Action Agenda Survey, with a special Report Card for the 3 top Mayoral Candidates.
Also available: Results for the other Mayoral Candidates and Results for Council Candidates by Ward. Here is the TEA Press Release and the Media Response.
September 27: TEA holds a Mayoral Debate on the Environmental Issues
TEA invited the top mayoral candidates to our debate, based on the Green Action Agenda. John Tory and Olivia Chow had a lively discussion. Doug Ford did not attend. The big winner? The Environment!
Debate Report by TEA Executive Director, Franz Hartmann.
August 7: TEA surveys candidates on the Green Action Agenda
TEA asked all candidates for Mayor and Council fill out our environmental survey. The responses allowed us to tell Toronto residents who was willing to invest in the crucial environmental issues contained in TEA's Green Action Agenda.
August 1: TEA asks voters to question their candidates
TEA provided voters with questions to ask the candidates to see where they stood on environment issues. The questions went to audience members at all-candidates meetings, to comunity events and to residents visited our Canvass Team. See the Questions here.
July 31: Volunteers ready to engage voters.
Over 30 enthusiastic volunteers became Green Action Agenda advocates. After attending training on the five key environmental issues, they attended community events, all candidates meetings and debates to encourage concerned Torontonians to discuss the issues and talk to their candidates.
June 28: TEA issues Enviro Report Card for 2010-2014 Toronto Council
TEA grades City Councillors and the Mayor on their environmental performance over the past 4 years based on how they voted on 31 crucial issues. Summary of the Results. Download the full Report Card (PDF) TEA Press Release: Scholars vs. Slackers
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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455kHz Input FM IF Demodulator
Manufacturer's part number :
The NJM2590 is low current FM IF demodulator ICs with 455kHz IF input, which operate from 1.6V supply.
It contain the minimum functions required to FM IF demodulator, that is, IF amplifier, quadrature detector, LPF amplifier, FSK comparator, RSSI, and RSSI comparator. It offers unmatched design flexibility.
View our wide range of Mixer / Demod / Modulator products
View our portfolio of RF components
See all products from our supplier New Japan Radio
Technical Data :
Quote and availability
- Low Operating Voltage (1.6V to 5.5V)
- Low Operating Current (550uA at V+=1.8V)
- IF Input Frequency (455kHz (standard))
- RSSI Comparator
- The Range of Linear Area on RSSI Output versus IF Input Characteristics (NJN2590 IF Input level=25 to 60 dBuVEMF(reference value))
- Bipolar Technology
- Package Outline (SSOP14)
|
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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http://www.acalbfi.com/uk/RF-components/Mixer-Demod-Modulator/Single-Channel-Mixer/p/455kHz-Input-FM-IF-Demodulator/0000005G2O
|
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Note: You clicked on an external link, which has been disabled in order to keep your shopping session open.
|Tested species reactivity||Human, Mouse, Rat|
|Host / Isotype||Rabbit / IgG|
|Immunogen||An 18 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of human ZSCAN4.|
|Purification||Antigen affinity chromatography|
|Contains||0.02% sodium azide|
|Storage Conditions||Maintain refrigerated at 2-8°C for up to 3 months. For long term storage store at -20°C|
|Tested Applications||Dilution *|
|Immunocytochemistry (ICC)||20 ug/ml|
|Immunofluorescence (IF)||20 ug/ml|
|Immunohistochemistry (IHC)||5 µg/ml|
|Western Blot (WB)||1-2 ug/ml|
* Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrate the product for use in their own experiment using appropriate negative and positive controls.
A suggested positive control is mouse lung tissue lysate.
PA5-20901 can be used with blocking peptide PEP-1015.
Zytotic genome activation (ZGA) is the first and most critical transition event from the maternal genetic to the embryonic genetic program and the major burst of ZGA occurs only in the late 2-cell stage. ZSCAN4 encodes a SCAN domain and four zinc finger domains and is expressed in late 2-cell embryos and embryonic stem cells. Loss-of-function studies using siRNA shows delays in the progression from the 2-cell to the 4-cell stage and subsequent embryo development. ZSCAN4 plays an important role in the preimplantation development. Also, ZSCAN4 is involved in telomere maintenance and long term genomic stability in ES cells, suggesting that ZSCAN4 may be of critical importance in maintaining pluripotency in replicating stem cells.
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. Not for resale without express authorization.
zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 4F; zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing protein 4; zinc finger protein 494; ZNF494
RGD1563625; ZNF494; ZSCAN4
|
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https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/ZSCAN4-Antibody-Polyclonal/PA5-20901
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How to Decide if You Should Dropout of College
Have you been thinking about whether or not you ought to dropout of school? If so, you then are not exclusively there are scores of students each year who decide to quit school and many of these go on to acquire happy together with successful lifestyles.
However , which is a big selection to make and it’s not one to be taken gently. It is academic book reviews writing service important to look at why you are considering dropping out and what you certainly will do once you do.
Bearing that in mind, let’s take some time to explore several of the advantages and disadvantages that can come along with making the choice to dropout of faculty.
When It Is a smart idea to Dropout of school
It is often the fact that choosing to quit instructional affiliation possesses a stigma mounted on it which will make you feel similar to a failure. Yet , the reality is in which s Continuar leyendo “How to Decide if You Should Dropout of College”
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Our Land Use Code specifies the type of development, called the use, allowed on property in different zones. It requires that all uses be established by permit. Examples of different types of uses are single-family homes, multifamily residences, office buildings, and warehouses.
A permit to establish use is needed to change the use on your property, for example, from an office to a retail space. You need an addition / alteration permit to open a new business even if you're not remodeling the space. If you’re also renovating or remodeling your building, you can change your use as part of your addition / alteration permit without a separate permit to establish use. If the new use is not allowed outright under our Land Use Code, you need to apply for a conditional use permit.
You may also want to obtain a permit to establish a use that is not currently established by permit. You may want to do this if you have a use on your property that was legal when it started but is not permitted under current land use cod regulations or development standards. You will need to show that the use:
Our fees are based on the value of your project. You pay approximately 75 percent of your fees when you submit your plans and the rest when you pick up your permit. Use our fee estimator to calculate how much your permit will cost.
We try to finish our initial review of simple permit applications in 2-3 weeks and complex permits in 8 weeks. How long it takes to get the final permit depends on how complex your project is and how many corrections, if any, you need to make.
Get your property information. Find property information to help you plan your project.
Determine restrictions to your project. Research our codes to determine allowable uses and construction and life / safety requirements.
Find incentives for your project. Research the City's different incentives that might apply to your project.
Attend a coaching session. We offer 20 minutes of free coaching at the Applicant Services Center to answer drainage, land use, geotechnical or construction permit questions.
Apply for a project number. Get a project number by starting your preliminary application online through your Project Portal. You will need to upload a site plan and a complete legal description for your site.
Prepare your plans. Plans should be to scale and easy to read and scan.
Fill out forms.
Coordinate with other agencies. You may need permits or approvals from other agencies. These are the most common agencies you may need to work with for your permit type:
Get your project screened. We screen your application to make sure it’s ready to submit. Screening is available on a walk-in basis at the Applicant Services Center or through your Seattle DCI Project Portal.
Schedule an intake appointment. Schedule an electronic intake appointment through your Project Portal. You may schedule an appointment without screening if you are a consistently prepared applicant with a rating of 80 percent or better.
Pay fees. Approximately 75 percent of your permit fees are due at intake. The fees are calculated based on your project value.
Make corrections and resubmit your plans. Once all of our reviews are done, you will receive an email telling you that corrected and/or additional documents can be uploaded into your portal. Your project may require multiple correction rounds before our reviews are complete.
Pay final fees. We will notify you if you need to pay any final fees before we issue your permit.
Print your permit. We will notify you when we have issued your permit and the documents are available in your Seattle DCI Project Portal. Print the permit and approved plan set and have it on site for our inspector.
Display your permit. Place your permit in a visible location on the project site.
Get related permits. You may need to get additional permits or approvals from other departments.
Request an inspection. See the construction inspections page for when to call us and how to schedule your inspection.
Receive your certificate of occupancy.
Close your permit. Your permit information will be archived in our electronic document management system.
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Little River Wetlands Project restores and protects natural areas for the benefit of people and wildlife, and offers free nature programs for the community--but we can't do all this alone.
If you would like more information please contact our office at: (260)478-2515 or email@example.com
Volunteer Applications can be filled out online: Apply Here
Did you know you can earn a colorful wetland badge to show your support for LRWP and encourage others to get involved with wetlands? All you have to do is attend 10 hours of LRWP’s free wetland education programming and volunteer for 15 hours with LRWP—at your own pace. The badge cost is $5. For more information or to sign up, click here.
Photo Documentation of Properties:
Do you like to get outside and photograph? We could use someone to document our properties and events for our website, newsletters, etc. Photos must be in digital form and submitted via email attachment.
Would you be interested in training as a trail guide and lead groups at our properties?
All levels of expertise welcome to join quarterly chemical testing and biological assessments.
Plant and Animal Experts:
Help inventory flora and fauna on our properties.
Are you handy with tools? Can you fix things? How about tractors? We could use your expertise.
Are you good with computer hardware? Or proficient with multiple computer programs?
Would you like to help in our office with filing, organization, word processing, and/or database?
Monthly Brochure Placement:
Keep a stock of LRWP’s brochures at local stores and organizations.
We have many ways you can help us with the maintenance and restoration of our properties.
Removal of Invasive Species:
Rid our properties of unwanted invasives to make way for newly planted species.
Join us for seed scattering and tree plantings.
Get trained to drive the mower and be part of a team that will assist with a regular mowing schedule.
Monitor, tag, move, and maintain bluebird and wood duck boxes.
Help develop new trails and keep existing trails in tip-top shape.
Trash Clean Up at Preserves:
Trash clean-up is always appreciated.
Please Note: All programs are cancelled if Southwest Allen County Schools close due to inclement weather. Our hikes are cancelled if the wind chill is 10 °F or colder.
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|
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| 0.887973
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Nymbler is the smart baby name guide that responds to your personal taste.
Nymbler makes name connections with insights from baby-naming expert Laura Wattenberg, author of The Baby Name Wizard.
A boy's name of Swahili origin. Mwita has never been a common name in the United States. Meaning: Swahili: summoner.
U.S. popularity statistics:
|Rank in 2008:||Unranked|
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|
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| 0.790386
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Investment describes an individual’s dedication to buying an asset with the intent of increasing its value gradually. Investing requires the proprietor to compromise a prompt existing asset (money, time, initiative, and so on) in order to gain future benefits. However when the future is better, the investment will certainly deserve greater than the present. Right here are some manner ins which you can spend. Below are three examples: – Inheriting an asset from your parents:
– Buying supplies. Buying supplies includes placing your cash to work as well as under supervision. The risk included is high, but the rewards declare. Without spending, your cash will certainly not grow and also may also lose its purchasing power as a result of inflation. In addition to generating revenue, spending can aid you satisfy lasting and short-term financial objectives. To make the right investment, you need to identify your investment purposes. After that, you have to decide what kind of threat you want to approve. Gold
– Buying realty. Investing in realty is a wonderful way to raise your capital. Unlike other investments, realty acquisitions do not call for any type of ahead of time costs. In addition to building, individuals can buy money market funds. These are a good option for those who are looking to reduce their risk. This kind of fund will certainly purchase assets with low interest rates. As soon as you have actually picked your financial investment purpose, you can begin looking into various types of mutual funds.
-Investing in stock funds. Investing in supplies is the best way to generate income. Nonetheless, you must know your objectives, your danger tolerance, and your cash-flow requirements before you begin trading. When choosing an investment fund, consider your tax obligation effects. Finally, contrast brokerage costs as well as incentives provided by each fund. This will certainly aid you make a smart decision. And the very best component? It’s fun! The rewards are huge! Then, you can start buying property!
Buying stocks can be an outstanding means to grow your cash. As long as you understand your purposes and also your threat tolerance, you’ll be well on your way to a lucrative investment strategy. As well as don’t forget to consider your tax scenario. You could be shocked just how much money you can really earn in one month as well as continue to grow your cash for years to come. If you’re an investor, you need to consider your tax obligation scenario carefully. If you’re buying stocks, see to it to do it wisely as well as you’ll obtain one of the most from it.
Prior to you invest in supplies, it is necessary to decide on your objectives and also purposes. You need to choose how much threat you agree to take. And you need to think about the tax obligation ramifications of the financial investment. Luckily, there are a number of investment choices that will certainly fit your demands. Whether you’re seeking a lasting financial investment or an extra short-term option, you can discover the appropriate sort of investment for you. Once you’re clear on your objectives, you can select in between the many available choices offered to you. website
A financial investment can be an intricate procedure. You can purchase stocks that you think are extra stable and also more successful. As an example, a mutual fund that will allow you to earn money by selling them is a financial investment. An additional strategy is to buy stocks you like, such as a mutual fund. A mutual fund can be beneficial to your total monetary circumstance, yet it is except everyone. It can be a wonderful means to make a return on your investment.
Before investing, you need to choose what you intend to purchase. Determining your objectives will help you choose the appropriate investment. After that, you’ll need to decide what kind of financial investment products are the best suitable for you. In addition to purchasing supplies, you can additionally purchase fixed income instruments. These are financial investments that pay a regular rate of interest to the financier. This suggests that you’ll need to identify your danger tolerance and the amount of cash you need to take out from your profile.
There are many different types of financial investments. You can purchase supplies, fashion jewelry, and realty. The better an asset is, the greater the worth will certainly be. This is the basis of financial investment. While stocks can be high-risk, they are a good choice for a beginner financier. In general, they’re secure as well as offer a revenue. You can also invest in property. There are numerous kinds of supplies. While a person can invest in a range of securities, investing is a great method to gather riches over time.
The research of investment is a complex procedure that can be done by anybody, from beginners to specialists. It is based on specific choices and also run the risk of resistance. Some individuals are averse to risk, while others appreciate it. You need to choose your strategy according to your requirements, goals, and preferences, and also research study the markets thoroughly prior to you decide. Spending is uncomplicated, and also you don’t require a lot of money to begin. As your understanding and also experience expands, you can raise your resources and expand your financial investments.
Along with identifying your investment objectives, you ought to additionally identify your danger tolerance. Prior to picking a financial investment strategy, you have to identify whether you require the earnings that the investment will bring in or if you are comfortable surrendering some of your current possession. In addition, it is necessary to understand the tax ramifications of your method. You need to likewise contrast broker agent prices as well as motivations to guarantee that they will certainly fulfill your individual needs. You must also consider the sort of stock that you want buying.
The most effective way to review a stock investment technique is to assess your objectives. The objective is to make the most of earnings. This calls for determining your threat resistance. You should also take into consideration the cash flow needs. The tax effects of your strategy are additionally essential. Picking the best fund is vital to accomplishing your objectives. You ought to also consider the prices as well as incentives of your picked investment choice. There are numerous advantages to choosing a respectable broker. An excellent broker will bill a fee based on quantity. website
In addition to aiding you earn money, investments can likewise assist your business grow. By acquiring supplies and also bonds, you can utilize this money to increase your service, hire even more employees, as well as establish a new product. The benefits of buying supplies as well as bonds are that you can expand your money as well as earn a profit. You can additionally assist the economic situation also. By choosing the best firm to invest in, you can help your business accomplish success. By doing this, you can build a better economic situation for everybody.
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Ernst & Young LLP recently released a report during the Detroit Economic Club’s National Summit that highlights the vital importance of entrepreneurship and innovation in today’s economy. At a time when business leaders are struggling to balance short-term survival with long-term demand for growth, innovation and an entrepreneurial mindset is essential.
The new white paper, Entrepreneurship and innovation: The keys to global economic recovery, details the clear connection between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth. Drawing on academic research, leading business minds and real-world experience, the report shows how developing new products and services, revamping organizational processes or adopting fresh approaches to partnerships can enable companies to take advantage of the current economic climate. The full report can be downloaded at ey.com/innovation/.
“Entrepreneurship and innovation inherently thrive in downturns; in fact, some of the world’s largest companies were born during a recession,” says James S. Turley, Global Chairman and CEO of Ernst & Young. “In times like these, it’s especially evident that entrepreneurial thinking isn’t optional. It’s more than a buzz word – it’s a business strategy.”
Carrie G. Hall, Southeast Sub-Area Strategic Growth Markets Leader of Ernst & Young agrees. “Economically, entrepreneurship invigorates markets. In 2009, more than half of the companies on the Fortune 500 list were found during a recession or bearing market,” says Mrs. Hall. “The establishment of new business leads to job development and has a multiplying result on the economy.”
The white paper analyzes many aspects of the entrepreneurial debate, including:
• Recessions tend to favor the naturally innovative temperament of an innovative mind. Historically, entrepreneurs have thrived in recessions, and helped to bring about a return to economic health. According to a recent Ernst & Young survey, 67% of entrepreneurs are focused on pursuing new market opportunities brought on by the downturn.
• The market leaders of today are not necessarily the market leaders of tomorrow. Globally, all the major indexes turn over every five years. For example, the Global Forbes 2000 has experienced a 51% turnover; the HDAX (Germany), 50%; the FTSE 350 (UK), 50%; the KOSPI 200 (South Korea), 49%; and the Bombay 200 (India), 91%. Entrepreneurial-minded enterprises are growing with incredible speed and quickly entering the ranks of the world’s largest corporations.
• Innovation is often disruptive, yet it is critical to maintaining and sustaining market leadership. Strong organizations embrace this and make it a part of their corporate culture.
• Entrepreneurship is not about size; rather, it’s a state of mind. Large companies can and do build and sustain cultures that embrace the power of innovation.
• Government policies can play a big role in encouraging entrepreneurial growth. Free flows of capital, labor and ideas benefit innovators, as does an educated populace. Additionally, governments can create conditions that attract foreign investors and encourage or discourage innovation through the tax code.
“Those with an innovative mindset can unlock the hidden opportunities in this recession,” notes Mr. Turley. “New companies will spring up that will revolutionize whole industries, while mature companies will build innovative cultures that can strengthen their competitive edge for generations. After all, innovative companies outperform their industry peers and are the most attractive to shareholders. We must do everything we can to stimulate creative thinking across our organizations, teams and processes. Our economic recovery depends on it.”
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New Delhi, Jan 3 (UNI) To take a big jump at achieving financial inclusion, Punjab National Bank (PNB) today announced that it will open one million no frill accounts by March 2008 and continue to make strides in bringing new districts under the ambit of banking.
It also avowed that it will cover 30,000 villages, 15 million households and 75 million people under the ambit of financial inclusion by 2010.
The Finance Ministry has mandated Public Sector Banks to leapfrog into making availablity of financial services inclusive. The realisation has dawned that the banking sector has by and large bypassed the poor.
Several important Commitees had recently drawn the attention of the government to this disturbing phenomenon.
Under the project on financial inclusion, PNB has opened four lakh no frills accounts. These accounts are operated under the 'PNB Mitra Scheme'. The Bank uses business facilitation and technology to achieve the goal of bringing the poor under the umbrella of the banking system.
As a practical step, PNB CMD K C Chakrabarty launched a pilot project on financial inclusion in district Saharanpur in Western Uttar Pradesh. The district has 1,278 villages covering a population of 29 lakhs.
Out of 4.5 lakh households in the district, two lakh families are not without any bank account.
The aim of PNB is to bring these families under financial inclusion project launched by it sometimes ago, Mr Chakrabarty said.
Mr Chakrabarty supervised the opening of 1,200 smart cards to the uncovered customers in Saharanpur. Besides, financial assistance was given to 15 Self Help Groups (SHGs). Five farmers were given money to buy tractors. Assistance was also given to open two agri-clinics, two education loans were provided and funds for procuring five vehicles that would be required for agricultural use.
The Bank's Chief pointed out that 60 per cent of the rural populace does not have access to bank accounts. He said his bank was out to prove that the poor are bankable as they have high recovery rate.
He said as far as possible, the bank will make every individual, no matter how so poor he or she is, a customer in the districts that it has earmarked for financial inclusion. He said a bio-metric card will be issued to all such customers.
The other programmes which PNB plans to launch in this regard include ten pilot projects in seven states in the Indo-Gigantic belt this month itself. It will also set up Financial Literacy Centres in all 57 lead districts reserved for the Bank.
Apart from this, the Bank will introduce new products such as health insurance and micro-insurance in the next phase.
The Bank has already completed financial inclusion in 13 districts of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Work is also going on in 163 other districts identified for financial inclusion by the State Governments.
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“If a guy can be enough things in this business, he can make a living.”
Vaudeville actor Lon Chaney (Jimmy Cagney) hides the fact that his parents (Celia Lovsky and Nolan Leary) are deaf from his pregnant wife Cleva (Dorothy Malone), who panics when she meets them from fear of genetic transmission. Soon Lon and Cleva — whose son Creighton (Rickie Sorensen) has been born completely healthy — find themselves drifting apart, and Cleva seeks fulfillment by renewing her singing career; but Lon wants her home with their child and sabotages her career, sending her into a mental health crisis. Eventually Lon shifts to a career in silent film and marries a loyal chorus girl (Jane Greer) who provides a stable, loving home for their family — but will now-grown Creighton (Roger Smith) forgive his father for lying about the true status of his mother?
Genres, Themes, Actors, and Directors:
- Actors and Actresses
- Dorothy Malone Films
- James Cagney Films
- Jane Greer Films
- Marital Problems
- Vaudeville and Burlesque
As with most Hollywood biopics, this homage to silent screen star Lon Chaney, Sr. plays fast and furious with the facts, but manages to convey enough of this complicated actor’s thorny personal life and intriguing career that we remain engaged throughout.
While Malone is posited as the villainess of the story (how can she be so bigoted against kind Lovsky and Leary?!):
… we despise Cagney for withholding such crucial information from her, especially at a time when deafness was societally stigmatized. Meanwhile, we’re shown how irrational his desire to have Malone stay at home with their child is, given that Sorensen is a well-adjusted lad with plenty of support — particularly from the infinitely noble and patient Greer (talk about casting against type!) who is literally waiting in the wings.
Most interesting to film fanatics, however, will be numerous sequences of Lon using his skills with make-up to disappear into a variety of characters, eventually making a name for himself as the “man of a thousand faces” in films such as The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923):
… The Phantom of the Opera (1925):
… and The Unholy Three (1930) (Chaney’s first talkie and last film):
Watch for Robert Evans in an appropriately stiff performance as young Irving Thalberg:
Notable Performances, Qualities, and Moments:
- James Cagney as Lon Chaney, Sr.
- Dorothy Malone as Cleva
- Russell Metty’s cinematography
Yes, for its historical value and for Cagney’s performance.
- Historically Relevant
- Noteworthy Performance(s)
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If you have chronic insomnia, you’ve likely been working with your doctor or a sleep specialist on ways to get more quality sleep. But sometimes, life can thwart the best-laid sleep plans. Travel, a newborn baby, shift work, and other disruptions can get in the way of your insomnia-busting habits.
Starting From Behind
“You don’t have the same sleep reserves built up,” says Tracy Chisholm, PsyD, a behavioral sleep medicine psychologist at the Portland VA Medical Center. “You’re likely to have an even harder time recovering from additional sleep disruptions because you were already struggling to operate on less than a full tank.”
You’re also more likely to dwell on the sleep you’re losing, which can trigger a negative feedback loop. “In other words, you worry about it more,” says Chisholm. “And guess what definitely does not help improve your sleep? Worry. This can become a vicious cycle.”
Preparing for Disruptions
There are practical steps you can take to help prevent or cope with sleep loss in situations that are out of your control. You can also try adjusting your mindset.
“Many times, people go into scenarios like travel assuming they’ll have difficulties with their sleep, but sometimes a change in environment can actually help you sleep better,” says Ina Djonlagic, MD, a neurologist and sleep medicine specialist at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
Bottom line: Don’t expect the worst, but practice good habits to prepare in case things go awry.
Here’s how to get back on track when certain situations mess with your sleep schedule.
Travel and Time Changes
Different time zones, strange beds in strange rooms, environments that aren’t comfortable -- there are a host of ways travel can keep you from getting your ZZZs. Try these tips before your trip:
Head off jet lag. Slowly adjust your sleep schedule at home before you leave.
“About a week or two before you depart, start shifting your bedtime and wake time in small increments, to more closely match your destination time zone,” says Chisholm.
If you’re going somewhere very far away, wait until you get there and then start by following local mealtimes and sleep times, says Chisholm. Go to bed when night comes, and get up when it’s light.
Try temporary aids. Some people find low-dose melatonin or timed exposure to light to be helpful when they travel. “Correctly timing these interventions is key for effectiveness,” Chisholm says. “Consult with a sleep specialist if you’re interested in either of these approaches.”
Living With a Newborn Baby
Babies spare no one from sleep disruption. You’re at the mercy of your newborn’s sleep-wake cycle, which won’t be the same as yours. “Babies have much shorter sleep cycles than adults -- 50 to 60 minutes, as opposed to our 90- to 110-minute cycles,” says Chisholm. Babies also need to eat every 2 to 3 hours.
The key is to get good sleep when you can and know things will gradually get better. You can try to:
The term “shift work” can include evening, graveyard, or early morning shifts, as well as fixed or rotating schedules. Rotating schedules that change from one day to the next tend to be the worst for sleep. Flip-flopping your days and nights can take a toll on your health.
“Unregulated schedules are so hard that my best advice is to try to see if you can work a different schedule that better fits healthy sleep patterns,” says Djonlagic. If that’s just not possible, you can try to:
- Keep the same bedtime, wake time, and mealtimes every day of the week, even on your days off. This helps keep your internal clock set around your work schedule.
- Allow yourself enough time to wind down after work before trying to fall asleep. Don’t just come home and crash.
- Use ear plugs or white noise to help you fall asleep and stay asleep without interruption if you sleep during the day. You can also wear an eye mask and use blackout curtains.
- Stay ahead of your brain. “If your commute home happens as the sun is rising, consider wearing blue light-blocking glasses so your brain doesn’t think that you’re about to start a whole new day,” says Chisholm.
Stress turns on your fight-or-flight response, which isn’t restful at all. In fact, it prevents sleep.
“From your body’s perspective, it’s like you’re trying to sleep while a saber-toothed tiger is lurking right outside your cave,” says Chisholm. She recommends these tips:
- Create a relaxing sleep routine that you follow every night. Make sure the final steps in this routine involve a non-stimulating activity that you enjoy. “I often recommend those with insomnia read, listen to audiobooks or calming music, or practice relaxation techniques,” says Chisholm.
- Avoid watching the news or discussing intense topics right before bed. Doing those things can keep your mind and body from feeling relaxed.
- Exercise regularly, but make sure you finish at least a few hours before bedtime.
- If you have a lot on your mind, write it down, at least an hour or so before bed, to help your brain “let it go” just for the rest of the night. You can always come back to your notes in the morning.
- Consider seeking support from family, friends, or professionals to help you manage stress.
“The most important thing to keep in mind is that if you already have chronic insomnia, don’t wait to get treatment -- especially if you anticipate even more sleep disruptions,” says Chisholm. “Addressing chronic insomnia first can help you better cope when these common sleep disruptors occur.”
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The American multinational technology giant Microsoft and its umpteen products are used by over 1.9 Billion people across the world in over 192 countries.
Here are some highlights in the four-decade journey of the world’s largest software maker:
A 19-year-old Bill Gates drops out of Harvard University and goes on to found Microsoft with childhood friend Paul Allen. They make their first product – a BASIC programming code interpreter for the Altair 8800 microcomputer, starting the pc revolution.
With sales topping $1 million at the end of 1978, the company moves to Bellevue, Washington, from Albuquerque, New Mexico.
In June, Gates recruits former Harvard classmate Steve Ballmer to become the company’s first business manager.
In August, Microsoft releases its new operating software Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS). It begins running on IBM personal computers – a seminal moment for the company’s future domination of personal computing systems.
Microsoft announces its new software “Windows,” which aims to enhance the MS-DOS interface with visual features.
After spending two years in development, “Windows 1.0” begins to ship. Moving on from MS-DOS commands, which some users found challenging to master, the system used simple clicks of a mouse to work through tasks on screens or “windows.”
Microsoft moves its corporate headquarters to Redmond, Washington. It goes public at $21 per share and raises about $60 million.
With the arrival of Windows 2.0 in 1987, computers start becoming more commonplace in the office. Microsoft becomes the largest PC software company based on global sales.
1990 to 1995
Windows 3.0 is launched in 1990 and five years later, Windows 95 is released and sales surpass 1 million copies in four days. PC sales begin to explode as computers make their way into homes, schools and business, kicking off the “Windows era.”
Windows 98, the first consumer-focused version of Windows, is released. That same year, the U.S. Department of Justice files antitrust charges against Microsoft relating to bundling of its programs into its operating systems. U.S. regulators accuse the company of using its dominance in software and monopolistic practices to drive competitors out of business.
Ballmer succeeds Gates as CEO in January. The two met as students at Harvard, when Gates lived down the hall from Ballmer.
Microsoft reaches a settlement with the Department of Justice in the 1998 antitrust case. In November, Microsoft enters the gaming market with the North American release of its Xbox gaming console.
The next-generation Xbox 360 goes on sale in November.
Microsoft launches the Zune portable music player in November, the first Microsoft-designed device to compete in a market dominated by Apple Inc’s iPod. The music player fails to take off and Microsoft discontinues it by mid-2012.
In January, Microsoft unveils the widely panned Windows Vista, the company’s least-popular operating system.
Microsoft revamps its search engine to counter Google’s dominance in Web search and advertising. In May, Ballmer reveals the new engine, dubbed “Bing.” It remains a distant runner-up to Google today.
Microsoft releases its Windows Phone operating system for mobiles, trying to woo consumers away from Apple’s iPhone and Google Inc’s Android devices. The Windows ecosystem remains distant from Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android.
Microsoft, hoping for a hit, launches Surface tablets and a Windows 8 operating system that uses touch commands. The devices have not gained much share in a tablet market dominated by Apple’s iPad, Amazon Inc’s Kindle and Samsung devices.
Microsoft’s board unanimously picked Satya Nadella, a 46 yo Indian-born executive, who led the creation of Microsoft’s Internet-based or “cloud” computing services. He is only the company’s third CEO in 39 years.
Microsoft releases Windows 10, the latest version that’s available in the market today.
Microsoft takes the boldest move by buying LinkedIn for $28.2 Billion.
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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
Marxist or historical materialist historiography is a school of historiography influenced by Marxism. The chief tenets of Marxist historiography are the centrality of social class and economic constraints in determining historical outcomes.
Marxist historiography has made contributions to the history of the working class, oppressed nationalities, and the methodology of history from below. The chief problematic aspect of Marxist historiography has been an argument on the nature of history as determined or dialectical; this can also be stated as the relative importance of subjective and objective factors in creating outcomes.
Marxist history is generally deterministic, in that it posits a direction of history, towards an end state of history as classless human society. Marxist historiography, that is, the writing of Marxist history in line with the given historiographical principles, is generally seen as a tool. Its aim is to bring those oppressed by history to self-consciousness, and to arm them with tactics and strategies from history: it is both a historical and a liberatory project.
Historians who use Marxist methodology, but disagree with the mainstream of Marxism, often describe themselves as marxist historians (with a lowercase M). Methods from Marxist historiography, such as class analysis, can be divorced from the liberatory intent of Marxist historiography; such practitioners often refer to their work as marxian or Marxian.
Marx and Engels
Friedrich Engels' most important historical contribution was Der deutsche Bauernkrieg (The German Peasants' War), which analysed social warfare in early Protestant Germany in terms of emerging capitalist classes. The German Peasants' War indicate the Marxist interest in history from below and class analysis, and attempts a dialectical analysis.
Marx's most important works on social and political history include The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, The Communist Manifesto, The German Ideology, and those chapters of Das Kapital dealing with the historical emergence of capitalists and proletarians from pre-industrial English society.
Engels' short treatise The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 (1870s) was salient in creating the socialist impetus in British politics.
Marx and Labor
Key to understanding Marxist historiography is his view of labor. For Marx “historical reality is none other than objectified labor, and all conditions of labor given by nature, including the organic bodies of people, are merely preconditions and ‘disappearing moments’ of the labor process.” This emphasis on the physical as the determining factor in history represents a break from virtually all previous historians. Until Marx developed his theory of historical materialism, the overarching determining factor in the direction of history was some sort of divine agency. In Marx’s view of history “God became a mere projection of human imagination” and more importantly “a tool of oppression.” There was no more sense of divine direction to be seen. History moved by the sheer force of human labor, and all theories of divine nature were a concoction of the ruling powers to keep the working people in check. For Marx, "The first historical act is... the production of material life itself." As one might expect, Marxist history not only begins with labor, it ends in production: "history does not end by being resolved into “self-consciousness” as “spirit of the spirit,” but that in it at each stage there is found a material result: a sum of productive forces, a historically created relation of individuals to nature and to one another, which is handed down to each generation from its predecessor..." For further, and much more comprehensive, information on this topic, see historical materialism.
In the Soviet Union
Marxist historiography suffered in the Soviet Union, as the government requested overdetermined historical writing. Soviet historians tended to avoid contemporary history (history after 1905) where possible and effort was predominantly directed at premodern history. As history was considered to be a politicised academic discipline, historians limited their creative output to avoid prosecution.
Notable histories include the Short Course History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik), published in the 1930s, which was written in order to justify the nature of Bolshevik party life under Joseph Stalin.
The Communist Party Historians Group in Britain
A circle of historians inside the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) formed in 1946. They shared a common interest in "history from below" and class structure in early capitalist society. While some members of the group (most notably Christopher Hill and E. P. Thompson) left the CPGB after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, the common points of British Marxist historiography continued in their works. They placed a great emphasis on the subjective determination of history. E. P. Thompson famously engaged Althusser in The Poverty of Theory, arguing that Althusser's theory overdetermined history, and left no space for historical revolt by the oppressed.
C. L. R. James was also a great pioneer of the 'history from below' approach. Living in Britain when he wrote his most notable work The Black Jacobins (1938), he was an anti-Stalinist Marxist and so outside of the CPGB.
One debate in Indian history that relates to a historical materialist schema is on the nature of feudalism in India. D. D. Kosambi in the 1960s outlined the idea of "feudalism from below and feudalism from above". This element of his feudalism thesis was rejected by R. S. Sharma in his monograph Indian Feudalism (2005).
- Andrey Maidansky. “The Logic of Marx’s History,” Russian Studies in Philosophy, vol. 51, no. 2 (Fall 2012): 45.
- Ernst Breisach. Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, 3rd Ed. (Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press, 2007), pg. 320.
- Fritz Stern. The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present. Vintage Books Edition (New York, NY: Random House: 1973), 150.
- Fritz Stern. The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present. Vintage Books Edition (New York, NY: Random House: 1973), 156-157.
- Bottomore, T. B. 1983. A Dictionary of Marxist thought. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
- Purohit, Vinayak. 1988. Arts of transitional India twentieth century. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
- Perry Anderson, In the tracks of Historical Materialism
- Paul Blackledge, Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History (2006)
- "Deciphering the past" International Socialism 112 (2006)
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The trauma of separation from siblings and its lifelong effects are often overlooked.
Siblings Together aim to help young people in care initiate and continue to have contact with their siblings, helping them to develop strong family bonds and above all achieve an independent and positive place in society supported by their sibling relationships.
Siblings Together provide opportunities for planned, enjoyable, creative and high quality sibling contact, for children living in different care arrangements.
Our residential holiday camps and monthly activity days MADs are most suitable for children & young people aged 7-18 years, although occasionally older siblings are welcomed along to join in some activities, or to assist.
Our Creative Connections programmes are developed for a variety of age groups creating positive experiences for all children in care, not just sibling groups. These programmes include our Annual Young Writer's week held at the Arvon Foundation, film making at The Roundhouse, and drama weeks at The Young Vic Theatre and Questors Theatre. Some of our Creative Connections projects are specifically for 16-25 year olds who are in the careleaver's age group.
Through our work we also influence policy and practice on the issue of sibling family contact.
We champion, build and strengthen relationships between brothers and sisters, aged 7 -18 years, separated by the care system. We use creative activities and skilled adult support to help the young people we work with in rebuilding their sibling relationships, supporting their broader social welfare and emotional well-being.
Our role is to provide the guidance, structure, consistency and opportunities that children and young people should receive within a family but often lose when in care. We also partner with other organisations to influence the policy and practice of those working with looked-after children to encourage a focus on sibling contact. We are committed to working to address the needs of the four out of every five children in care living apart from at least one brother or sister.
Siblings Together became a charity in August 2010 having previously been established as a not for profit limited company in March 2009. Our founder and CEO, Delma Hughes, has worked since 2008 developing the vision and models underlying our work. She is informed by more than 20 years of professional experience as an Art Therapist working with looked-after children as well as by personal experience of separation from her own siblings in the care system.
Today, we have a lively annual programme of opportunities for siblings. The residential summer camps, which have been the cornerstone of Siblings Together’s work since its conception, have gone from strength to strength as we continue to implement and develop our tried and tested camp model and to expand the number of camps available to siblings.
In addition to camps, Siblings Together has developed a range of other initiatives to encourage sustained positive contact between siblings. We have piloted and developed a Monthly Activity Day programme and a Buddying Scheme which provide an opportunity for regular sibling contact. Our development of the Monthly Activity Days provides a model for supporting siblings that can be applied throughout the country. Our Buddying Scheme is run in partnership with Family Action and is being researched by Oxford University.
We also organise a range of other educational and creative activities such as our theatre workshops at The Young Vic Theatre and Questors Theatre and our Young Writer's Weeks held in partnership with Arvon, which encourage positive learning of new creative and educational skills, vital for professional development.
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This documentary focuses on the work of Glenn Doman and Carl Delacato of the Institutes For the Achievement of Human Potential in treating brain-damaged children throughout the world. It was filmed in over two-dozen countries over a five-year period. Nominated for an Academy Award in 1973, this highly-praised documentary explores their work encouraging the creation of enriching and stimulating environments for brain-injured children. It was Doman and Delacato's contention that such enrichment greatly enhanced such children's development, allowing many of them to contribute to society rather than be a burden on it.
Add this movie to your queue to receive more information about Always a New Beginning and we will let you know when it
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Chairperson of the Women Parliamentarians’ Caucus, Dr. Sudarshini Fernandopulle, requested the Ministry of Labour and Foreign Employment to reconsider the Cabinet decision which was taken to allow Sri Lankan mothers with children under the age of five years to go abroad for domestic work, without making the family background report that should have been submitted by the mothers going abroad, as a mandatory step.
Dr. Fernandopulle noted that due to this decision, the optimal physical and mental development of the children will be adversely affected in the first five years since the mother plays the main role in the early childhood development of the children.
This has been discussed at length at the joint meeting held with the Women Parliamentarians’ Caucus and the Parliamentary Select Committee on gender equality to make necessary recommendations and report to Parliament. When women go abroad for domestic work (unskilled labour), the Divisional Secretariats conduct an investigation and give a family background report and they are given permission to go abroad based on that report.
Women with children under five years of age were not given a chance to go abroad, and if they had children above five years of age, the care, safety, and education of those children and many other factors were taken into consideration.
But, it has been decided at the Cabinet meeting held on 27 June to reduce the minimum age of children of mothers who go abroad for domestic work to two years and to no longer make it mandatory to submit a family background report which was essential until then.
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Belying the point that relationships was main so you’re able to lobbying, much of the political science and you will business economics books doing lobbying concentrates on a single communication between good lobbyist and you can a good lawmaker
The new 114th Congress are exceptional with techniques-it offers the latest youngest woman actually ever picked to the Home, for just one-but its first day appeared as if the initial day’s one almost every other the Congress: similar to the first day regarding school. Despite the hustle, bustle, and you will a mess, in some way each other property was able to convene, the fresh new lawmakers had been sworn from inside the, additionally the each day performs of making our very own country’s legislation had over. This is actually the common tale that we you will all check out into the C-Span. A downloadable PDF on the article is available right here.
A lower-known truth about the first-day away from Congress is the fact that the gates of every lawmaker’s work environment, including the newest professionals through its field-thrown hallways, was thrown available to invited people with snacks and strike. Ardent followers and loved ones sit in, definitely, however the insufficient coverage into yearly “unlock domestic” tends to skew attendance toward common face regarding the Capitol-particularly, the top-notch lobbyists whom know the ebb and you may move of the place including they are aware the latest sound of one’s own heartbeats. On them, the original day’s Congress is essential, since earliest thoughts, also very first impressions anywhere between dated household members, energy market rooted in character and you can matchmaking.
Little performs might have been completed to identify and you can design new lobbying industry’s obsession into the matchmaking and reputation, and to target the simple fact one governmental access is actually good trick scarce funding
For a great lobbyist, the first day of Congress is not necessarily the day to-break in brand new boots. Running off work environment in order to place of work, a great lobbyist often establish by herself to help you the fresh lawmakers and you will invited brand new group, share information about her customers and you can people items the lady clients you’ll features, memorize bios off trick staffers, and you will disappear team notes (just to allow the lawmaker discover she got the time so you can remain in). Group meetings run as brief given that minutes or for as long since the a 30 minutes, and generally are concerned about revitalizing old links which have reminders on involvement with the fresh new lawmaker and her district, training new information regarding lawmakers and personnel, and you will looking well-known surface with the fresh lawmakers to create matchmaking quickly. Through to the open house, lobbyists keeps review all of the office, memorizing for every office’s political and private history, and additionally they play with you to definitely records recommendations to pick and this workplaces to see and and that tales to tell. And by showing up, on that distinguished date all 24 months, for every lobbyist can also be have demostrated concretely that she is involved to have the brand new future, as a consequence of fun (most cluster) and crappy (fraction people). By the popping up, she will be able to reveal that she actually is a steadfast friend of each workplace and you may spent sufficient to stand.
One first day was an excellent microcosm of one’s longevity of good lobbyist in today’s lobbying field. The organization of lobbying try relationships, in addition to lifestyle out of good lobbyist is approximately mastering and you can implementing the skill of matchmaking strengthening. Thus far, empirical studies of lobbying have presumed a straightforward quid professional quo exchange ranging from lawmakers and you may lobbyists, while having not yet told me why lobbying is simply presented due to regular interactions ranging from lawmakers and you can lobbyists, as to the reasons the bargain lobbying marketplace is therefore concerned about building dating, and you will exactly what value try added by the offer lobbyist intermediaries. Given the exponential development in new outside lobbying community, understanding the particularities of your dating market my website has been all the more extremely important.
In this post, we bring together latest works off McKinley and you will Richland (2015), previewing conclusions from a 11-few days community study of government lobbyists, with works from Groll and Ellis (2015), presenting an official economic model, so you’re able to complications the simple quid pro quo comprehension of lobbying and you will to spell it out the new role from relationships in the present, much more authoritative business away from lobbying.
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Mermaid Theatre's Stella, Queen of the Snow presents the magic of a snow day through the eyes of Sam and his older sister Stella. Sam has never seen snow before, and he has numerous questions about things such as snowmen (Where do they come from, and what do they eat?), why fog comes out of his mouth, and where the snow goes in summer. Stella is more than happy to give him the answers, and in the true spirit of older siblings, what she doesn't know she quickly makes up. Mermaid Theatre transforms Marie-Louise Gay's storybook into a theatrical event for young audiences that features imaginative puppets, scenic effects and pre-recorded bird calls.
Sun., Nov. 23, 1 & 4 p.m., 2014
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- To (temporarily) drop one's power of speech, due to shame, concern an such like.
- To stop up, resulting in anything to-be blocked.
- To prevent, to prevent up (figuratively).
- to put up the bat higher (further from the knob) than is typical.
Hypernym for "choke up"
- View More
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Yamaguchi House was built in 1615 right after the siege of Osaka. It is one of few merchant houses that remains from early Edo period. The first constructions that Doma, Agaridoma and three rooms are registered as the national important cultural asset. Especially, room of Doma has great crossbeams. Rest of the houses were mostly constructed in 1770's. The unique feature of Sakai merchant house is the tea room. Unlike others, most of Sakai's houses had tea room.
The garden of this house is "Karesansui" style. It's a no water style designed with rock and sand. There are Hazenoki trees that are similar phenomenon of Koyo in Autumn. In Sakai, because of its warm weather, they don't have Koyo in Autumn. So, most people plant Hazenoki for imitating Koyo.
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| 0.982477
| 185
| 3.125
| 3
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Do you know Sonu Nigam is a Leo Ascendant? Birth Chart of Sonu Nigam(Vedic Astrology)
Knowing the date of birth and place of birth for famous personalities is easy through Wikipedia. But the time of birth is hard to get and without the accurate time of birth > accurate birth chart or horoscope cannot be generated. But since he said he is a Leo Ascendant then it becomes easy to conclude that he was born somewhere between 7 to 9 am as during this time of the day only all Leo Ascendants took birth on 30 July 1973 in Faridabad (India).
Just try different times of the day on 30 July 1973 in this free Jagannath Hora Astrology Software and you will better know that Leo Ascendants were only born between 7 a.m to 9 a.m on that day as on other times Ascendants were different.
Leo is a very regal sign and it is a sign of being in the limelight, higher posts, top positions, and higher authorities and it is also a sign of creativity and 'fun and entertainment'. Sonu Nigam's Venus is placed in the first house in the sign of Leo. This shows > being in the limelight (as Leo represents limelight) as a very creative person (as Venus is also creativity). Venus rules the 2nd house in the natural zodiac and 2nd house is all about sensual pleasures and when you sing and enjoy > it is also a type of sensual pleasure.
But that doesn't tell why he became a singer because Venus is also dance, acting, modeling etc. It is important to check what exactly his Venus is doing from the inside (inner soul) and for that, you need to check the Navamsa Chart. In the Navamsa Chart, his Venus is in the sign of Cancer in the 3rd house of communication (as being a Taurus Ascendant in the Navamsa). Rahu also conjunct Venus in the 3rd house and so Rahu amplifies his emotions. Cancer sign on the cusp of 3rd house of communication is all about expressing your feeling and emotions through communication which could be singing as well. That gives a clear indication that his Venus in the first house in the birth chart is all about expressing himself creatively as a singer.
But the career of singing cannot be determined only through Venus. We also need to check what mercury is doing in the birth chart and the Navamsa Chart as mercury represents the speech in Vedic Astrology. In the birth chart his mercury is sitting in its own sign of Gemini conjuncting Saturn and Ketu in the 11th house. Mercury in the sign of Gemini is all about communication and since 11th represents masses and networks, it shows his voice is reaching to masses (11th house) through his speech (Gemini) through networks (11th house represents networks) of media and internet. Saturn (conjuncting mercury) is giving the push to the Mercury for deeper penetration into the voice because Saturn is action and here the action is to the voice.
In the Navamsa Chart also Sonu Nigam's Mercury is in the sign of Gemini in the 2nd house. So his Mercury is Vargottama. Sign of Gemini on the 2nd house cusp (in Navamsa Chart) itself means expressing your pleasure (as by default 2nd house is owned by Venus) through communication and when Mercury is seated there it actually happens.
His Moon in the sign of Cancer in 12th house gives a clear indication that his soul (feelings and emotions represented by the Moon) is into the other realm (divine world) represented by the 12th house. Cancer sign also represents the heart and the cancer sign on the 12th house shows that his heart is into the divine world of 12th house. When the heart is pure (cancer sign is of purity) singing comes better and from the heart (soul).
Sonu Nigam said, in an interview with Rajat Sharma, that when he is in the flight sometimes (air travel) his emotions come out and he cries a lot. This is because the sky (where the flight is) is an isolated place and represents the 12th house and his moon is in the sign of cancer in the 12th house. His Sun in the 12th house also shows that his father is also a divine person. His Rahu in the 5th house shows his obsession towards the fun and entertainment world as 5th house represents that.
' Plz note: I am an astrologer from New Delhi, India and if you need horoscope reading services or want to learn the real secrets of Vedic Astrology then plz contact me through this site.
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If you are a regular reader of this site plz donate something here.
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Pune, India (PressExposure) June 17, 2014 -- ASP.NET is a server side web application framework. It is designed to produce dynamic web pages i.e., webpage's construction is controlled by an application server and the resultant HTML is sent to the client browser. ASP.NET can be written in any supported .NET language such as C#, F# or IronRuby.
Although using HTML means that webpages won't look as amazing as a fully fledged application running under native OS but by using Asp.Net skillfully you can still bring true OOP (Object Oriented Programming) to the internet.
Making webpages with ASP.net has many advantages like having web services which means you can run webpages from different servers around the world, great XML support, the class library and complete compatibility with Microsoft products.
As a result Asp.Net is used heavily by big companies to make their webpages. Having skills is ASP is a great addition if you want to become a web developer.
We at Technnovation have brought out the course with the practical bent. In our course, most of your time would be spent developing webpages and clearing the bugs in them. Our faculty has years of industry experience and our course structure is designed to put you through the problems regularly faced when working in the real world.
Prerequisites of this course
Working knowledge of HTML, CSS is required. Also it would be preferable if the student has the knowledge of C#, if not then atleast C or C++.
Features of the courses offered
A well chalked out course complete with the basic as well as advanced modules of the program for a better understanding of web development through ASP.net
The fun and learn training program ensures that professionals can gain complete control over mark up for dynamic and enjoyable web development
Lectures conducted by industry professionals who carry with themselves years of experience
An overview of theoretical concepts with major chunk of the training inclusive of practical hands - on exercises
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| 0.950365
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New Delhi, July 10 (ANI
): Union Water Resources Minister Uma Bharti
has asserted that Namami Gange Project
will be very successful, adding that the first impact of this ambitious program would be seen by October this year.
Speaking in an exclusive conversation with ETV News head Jagdeesh Chandra, Bharti said the project will definitely show its impact, adding that Ganga would yet again be clean and beautiful.
She said the river is getting polluted due to waste waters minting from industries and sewerage of cities.
"The government is taking all precautions so that this waste water doesn't mix with Ganga water. Though government is making all efforts, I would appeal to all large industries to extend their support in this mission," she said.
The government had launched more than 300 projects along the banks of Ganga, ranging from construction and modernisation of ghats to afforestation of river banks, on Thursday under the Namami Gange program to clean and protect the 2,500 km long river.
The government has lined up 1,000 projects in different states including Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal as part of the National Mission for Clean Ganga
In May 2015, the Centre had approved the Namami Gange programme with an outlay of Rs 20,000 crores for five years.
As part of the program, the government plans to beautify and modernise hundreds of ghats and crematoriums along the river bank.
It will also construct of new sewage treatment plants and launch river surface cleaning projects, using trash skimmer machines to clean floating waste. (ANI
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Muhammad and Aisha Revisited:
We continue our discussion of Muhammads marriage to nine-year-old Aisha, this time focusing on some of the common arguments and claims made by certain Muslims in their attempts of salvaging Muhammads reputation. We will focus on some of the most common points raised to either justify Muhammads marriage or outright deny that Aisha was as young as the reports claim, to see whether any of these assertions hold any weight.
In order to facilitate easier and quicker navigation of our article we have divided the paper into the following sections:
The Argument from Climate
Some Muslims argue that girls, at that time, reached puberty faster due to the hot climate of the Arabian desert. Despite there being absolutely no shred of evidence supporting this far fetched claim, the Muslim sources actually say that Aisha hadnt reached puberty when Muhammad consummated his marriage with her:
Abu Jafar [al-Tabari]: The Messenger of God did not marry another woman during the life of Khadijah until she passed away. When she died, the Messenger of God got married, but [opinions] differ as to whom he married first after Khadijah. Some say that it was Aisha bt. Abi Bakr al-Siddiq, while others say that it was Sawdah bt. Zamah b. Qays b. Abd Shams b. Abd Wudd b. Nasr. As for Aishah, when he married her she was very young AND NOT READY YET FOR CONSUMMATION, whereas Sawdah was already married before (The History of al-Tabari, Volume IX, p. 128)
One Muslim named Robert Squires tries to use al-Tabaris statement as proof against the view that Aisha hadnt attained puberty when Muhammad slept with her:
* The above question is answered directly and unambiguously on page 128 of The History of al-Tabari Volume IX, where it states that "As for 'A'ishah, when he married her she was very young and not yet ready for consummation"which clearly proves that they were waiting for her to reach puberty (i.e. to be biologically "ready"). Likewise, the statement that 'A'ishahradi Allahu 'anhawas "not yet ready for consummation" would undoubtedly be nonsensical in a social context where marriage to prepubescent children was allowed. Thus it both severely undermines the merely circumstantial evidence which has been brought forward in an ineffectual attempt to prove the contrary, and serves as strong proof that the marriage in question certainly did not involve a prepubescent girl. (Source)
Al-Tabaris statement proves no such thing, but simply means that Muhammad married Aisha when she was too young for consummation. It says absolutely nothing about her attaining puberty at the age of nine, or that this was the reason why her parents waited three years. If anything, one can argue that she was physically too young for a grown man to penetrate her and so she had to wait a few more years before she would be able to handle it. More on this later.
Moreover, the hadiths provide further support that Aisha had not reached puberty since they speak of her playing with dolls:
'A'isha reported that she used to PLAY WITH DOLLS in the presence of Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) and when her playmates came to her they left (the house) because they felt shy of Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him), whereas Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) sent them to her. (Sahih Muslim, Book 031, Number 5981)
The reason why Aisha was permitted to play with dolls in front of Muhammad is because she hadnt attained puberty yet:
I used to play with the dolls in the presence of the Prophet, and my girl friends also used to play with me. When Allah's Apostle used to enter (my dwelling place) they used to hide themselves, but the Prophet would call them to join and play with me. (The playing with the dolls and similar images is forbidden, but it was allowed for 'Aisha at that time, as she was a little girl, NOT YET REACHED THE AGE OF PUBERTY.) (Fateh-al-Bari page 143, Vol.13) (Sahih Al-Bukhari, Volume 8, Book 73, Number 151)
The Prophet was screening me with his Rida' (garment covering the upper part of the body) while I was looking at the Ethiopians who were playing in the courtyard of the mosque. (I continued watching) till I was satisfied. So you may deduce from this event how a little girl (who has not reached the age of puberty) who is eager to enjoy amusement should be treated in this respect. (Sahih Al-Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 163)
Squires thinks he has a way of undermining the significance that Aishas playing with dolls has on establishing the position that she was prepubescent when Muhammad slept with her:
Now in regards to the various hadiths () that anti-Islamic apologists have employed in an attempt to prove that 'Aishahradi Allahu 'anhawas still a young girl who was playing with dolls at the time of her marriage. Well unfortunately for them, they've jumped to some hasty conclusions since none of these hadiths () explicitly indicate whether the marriage had been consummated at this time. Rather, one could just as easily concludeespecially in light of the evidence I've presented abovethat the incidents in which 'Aishahradi Allahu 'anhawas playing with dolls along with her young friends occurred at a time when she was still living with her parents (i.e. after the betrothal and prior to the consummation). Actually, based on the fact that the Prophetsalla Allahu 'alayhi wa salamwas known to regularly visit 'Aishah's father Abu Bakrradi Allahu 'anhu, these events could have taken place anytime during 'Aishah's childhoodradi Allahu 'anha. (Source: bold and underline emphasis ours)
Lets see if Squires claim holds any weight:
'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married her when she was seven years old, and he was taken to his house AS A BRIDE WHEN SHE WAS NINE, AND HER DOLLS WERE WITH HER; and when he (the Holy Prophet) died she was eighteen years old. (Sahih Muslim, Book 008, Number 3311)
It is rather unfortunate for Squires that he did not read the hadiths carefully since they quite clearly show that Muhammad did consummate his marriage with Aisha while the latter was still playing with her dolls at the age of nine.
As if this werent bad enough he dares to misquote Ibn Hajar al-Asqalanis position:
* Even Hafiz Ibn Hajr al-Asqalani concludes that: "To say with certainty 'that she was not yet at the age of puberty' is questionable"and this view is seemingly based on considering this hadith in isolation without taking textual evidence from other sources in account...but Allahu 'alim. Thus in the final analysis, the so-called "evidence" and "proof" that this hadith provides to those trying to spin a case of prepubescent marriage is anything but decisive.
This is the same al-Asqalani who stated in Fateh-al-Bari, Volume 13, page 143, that the reason why Aisha was even allowed to play with dolls is because she hadnt reached puberty! This seeming contradiction is easily resolved when we realize that Al-Asqalanis comments were not made in regard to Aisha's age or maturity at the time of her marriage. They refer to this specific hadith:
Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin:
When the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) arrived after the expedition to Tabuk or Khaybar (the narrator is doubtful), the draught raised an end of a curtain which was hung in front of her store-room, revealing some dolls which belonged to her.
He asked: What is this? She replied: My dolls. Among them he saw a horse with wings made of rags, and asked: What is this I see among them? She replied: A horse. He asked: What is this that it has on it? She replied: Two wings. He asked: A horse with two wings? She replied: Have you not heard that Solomon had horses with wings? She said: Thereupon the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) laughed so heartily that I could see his molar teeth. (Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 41, Number 4914)
Here is the context of al-Asqalanis quote:
Al-Haafiz goes on to say:[43: Fath al-Baaree 10/400, Baab (91), related to Hadeeth no.5954, 5955.]
Abu Daawood and An-Nasaa'ee have narrated with another chain (wajh aakhar) from 'Aa'isha (may Allah be pleased with her) that she said:" The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) returned from the battle of Tabook or Khaibar...".
Here he mentioned the Hadeeth about his (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) tearing down the curtain which she (may Allah be pleased with her) attached to her door. She (may Allah be pleased with her) said:" Then the side of the curtain which was over the dolls of 'Aa'isha (may Allah be pleased with her) was uncovered. He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: What is this, O 'Aa'isha? She said: My dolls. She then said: then he (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) saw amongst them a winged horse which was tied up. He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: What is this? I said: A horse. He said: A horse with two wings? I said: Didn't you hear that Sulaiman (Solomon - peace be upon him) had horses with wings? Then he (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) laughed".
Al-Khattaabee said: From this Hadeeth it is understood that playing with dolls (al-banaat) is not like the amusement from other images (suwar) concerning which the threat (wa'eed) of punishment is mentioned. The only reason why permission in this was given to 'Aa'isha (may Allah be pleased with her) is because SHE HAD NOT, AT THAT TIME, REACHED THE AGE OF PUBERTY.
[al-Haafiz says:] I say: To say with certainty, [that she was not yet at the age of puberty] is questionable, though it might possibly be so. This, because 'Aa'isha (may Allah be pleased with her) was a fourteen year old girl at the time of the Battle of Khaibar - either exactly fourteen years old, or having just passed her fourteenth year [and entering into the fifteenth year], or approaching it (the fourteenth year).
As for her age at the time of the Battle of Tabook - she had by then definitely reached the age of puberty. Therefore, THE STRONGEST VIEW is that of those who said: "It was in Khaibar" [i.e. WHEN SHE WAS NOT YET AT THE AGE OF PUBERTY], and made reconciliation (jam') [between the apparent contradictory rulings, of permissibility of dolls, in particular, and the prohibition of images, in general] with what al-Khattaabee said (above).
[al-Khattabee said that images are prohibited, except in the case of dolls for young girls]. This, because to reconcile (make jam') is better than to assume the ahaadith to be in contradiction (at-ta'aarud). Here Shaykh Bin Baaz concludes his quotation from al-Haafiz, saying: The above is the essence of the words of al-Haafiz Ibn Hajar. (The Beneficial Response Concerning the Islamic Ruling of Pictures/Images, by Shaykh Abdul-Azeez Ibn Abdullah Ibn Baaz, rendered in English by Abu Muhammad Abdur-Ra'uf Shakir; source; bold, capital and underline emphasis ours)
Al-Asqalani was not disputing whether Muhammad married Aisha before puberty, but whether she was still prepubescent during the expedition against Khaybar. Al-Asqalani claims that the strongest view is that she hadnt attained puberty even at that time when she was already 14 years old! Thus, al-Asqalani soundly refutes and exposes Squires assertion that Aisha was pubescent when Muhammad married her.
For a more thorough refutation of Squires points we recommend the following link: http://www.faithfreedom.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=452860#452860
There are other narrations which provide additional (albeit implicit) support that Aisha was too young for consummation due to the fact that she was prepubescent:
Narrated Urwa bin Al-Musayyab, Alqama bin Waqqas and Ubaidullah bin Abdullah:
About the story of 'Aisha and their narrations were similar attesting each other, when the liars said what they invented about 'Aisha, and the Divine Inspiration was delayed, Allah's Apostle sent for 'Ali and Usama to consult them in divorcing his wife (i.e. 'Aisha). Usama said, "Keep your wife, as we know nothing about her except good." Buraira said, "I cannot accuse her of any defect except that she is still A YOUNG GIRL who sleeps, neglecting her family's dough which the domestic goats come to eat (i.e. she was too simpleminded to deceive her husband)." Allah's Apostle said, "Who can help me to take revenge over the man who has harmed me by defaming the reputation of my family? By Allah, I have not known about my family anything except good, and they mentioned (i.e. accused) a man about whom I did not know anything except good." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 48, Number 805)
Buraira said, 'No, by Allah Who has sent you with the Truth, I have never seen in her anything faulty except that she is a girl of IMMATURE AGE, who sometimes sleeps and leaves the dough for the goats to eat.' (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 48, Number 829)
'A'isha said The women in those days were light of weight and they did not wear much flesh, as they ate less food; so they did not perceive the weight of my haudaj as they placed it upon the camel as I was A YOUNG GIRL at that time Barira said: By Him Who sent thee with the truth, I have seen nothing objectionable in her but only this much that she is A YOUNG GIRL and she goes to sleep while kneading the flour and the lamb eats that (Sahih Muslim, Book 037, Number 6673)
Many years after Muhammad had married Aisha and she is still described as being young and immature! Obviously, a girl who is described in such a manner is far from being ready for consummation with a grown man. The question that should be asked is what business did a fifty-four year old man have marrying such a girl in the first place?
To summarize: At the time when Aisha was taken to Muhammads house which is the time they consummated their marriage , she took her dolls with her and played with them. The Muslim sources explain this by pointing out that she had not reached puberty at that time. Even more, some sources state that she still played with dolls and had not reached puberty at the age of fourteen, i.e. five years later.
The Argument from Culture
According to certain Muslim polemicists, Muhammads marriage to Aisha was acceptable since in that day and culture girls often married at a young age.
However, not all Muslims agree with this assertion. Moiz Amjad of Understanding Islam says:
In my opinion, neither was it an Arab tradition to give away girls in marriage at an age as young as nine or ten years, nor did the Prophet (pbuh) marry Ayesha (ra) at such a young age. The people of Arabia did not object to this marriage, because it never happened in the manner it has been narrated. (What was Ayesha's (ra) Age at the Time of Her Marriage to the Prophet (pbuh)?; source)
T.O. Shanavas agrees with the assessment of the previous writer:
A Christian friend asked me once, "Will you marry your seven year old daughter to a fifty year old man?" I kept my silence. He continued, "If you would not, how can you approve the marriage of an innocent seven year old, Ayesha, with your Prophet?" I told him, "I dont have an answer to your question at this time." My friend smiled and left me with a thorn in the heart of my faith. Most Muslims answer that such marriages were accepted in those days. Otherwise, people would have objected to Prophets marriage with Ayesha.
However, such an explanation would be gullible only for those who are naive enough to believe it. But unfortunately, I was not satisfied with the answer.
The Prophet was an exemplary man. All his actions were most virtuous so that we, Muslims, can emulate them. However, most people in our Islamic Center of Toledo, including me, would not think of betrothing our seven years daughter to a fifty-two year-old man. If a parent agrees to such a wedding, most people, if not all, would look down upon the father and the old husband.
In 1923, registrars of marriage in Egypt were instructed not to register and issue official certificates of marriage for brides less than sixteen and grooms less than eighteen years of age. Eight years later, the Law of the Organization and Procedure of Sheriah courts of 1931 consolidated the above provision by not hearing the marriage disputes involving brides less than sixteen and grooms less than eighteen years old. (Women in Muslim Family Law, John Esposito, 1982). It shows that even in the Muslim majority country of Egypt the child marriages are unacceptable.
So, I believed, without solid evidence other than my reverence to my Prophet, that the stories of the marriage of seven-year-old Ayesha to 50-year-old Prophet are only myths. However, my long pursuit in search of the truth on this matter proved my intuition correct. My Prophet was a gentleman. And he did not marry an innocent seven or nine year old girl. The age of Ayesha has been erroneously reported in the hadith literature. Furthermore, I think that the narratives reporting this event are highly unreliable. Some of the hadith (traditions of the Prophet) regarding Ayeshas age at the time of her wedding with prophet are problematic. I present the following evidences against the acceptance of the fictitious story by Hisham ibn Urwah and to clear the name of my Prophet as an irresponsible old man preying on an innocent little girl. (Was Ayesha A Six-Year-Old Bride? The Ancient Myth Exposed; Source)
It is rather intriguing that those who reject the claims of the hadith that Muhammad married Aisha at nine have no problems admitting that such marriages with immature girls were not the norm or morally acceptable. On the other hand, those who accept these narrations as genuine are forced to argue that these marriages were normal during that time and therefore morally acceptable!
Moreover, we have evidence that ancient cultures fixed the marriageable age at puberty:
Almost all primitive cultures pay attention to puberty and marriage rituals, although there is a general tendency to pay more attention to the puberty rites of males than of females. Because puberty and marriage symbolize the fact that children are acquiring adult roles, most primitive cultures consider the rituals surrounding these events very important. Puberty rituals are often accompanied with ceremonial circumcision or some other operation on the male genitals. Female circumcision is less common, although it occurs in several cultures. Female puberty rites are more often related to the commencement of the menstrual cycle in young girls. (An Overview of the World's Religions; source)
In fact, one can safely say that most, if not all, Muslims accept puberty as the time when a child attains maturity. A Muslim site, seeking to defend Muhammads marriage to Aisha while the latter was nine, nonetheless admits:
Islam And the Age of Puberty
Islam clearly teaches that adulthood starts when a person have attained puberty.
From the collection of Bukhari, we read the following tracts:
The boy attaining the age of puberty and the validity of their witness and the Statement of Allâh:
"And when the children among you attain the age of puberty, then let them also ask for permission (to enter)." Qur'ân 24:59.
Al Mughira said, "I attained puberty at the age of twelve." The attaining of puberty by women is with the start of menses, as is referred to by the Statement of Allâh:
We are further told by this source that:
...Al-Hasan bin Salih said, "I saw a neighbour of mine who became a grandmother at the age of twenty-one."(1)
(1) The note for this reference says: "This women attained puberty at the age of nine and married to give birth to a daughter at ten; the daughter had the same experience."
Thus, it is clear that if the charge of "child molestation" were to be advanced against the Prophet(P), we would also have to include all the Semitic people who accepted marriage at puberty as the norm. (The Young Marriage of `Âishah(R); source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
It is indeed true that some girls attain puberty at a younger age, yet this is normally not the case nor was it the case with Aisha as we saw above. And just because a girl has attained puberty faster doesnt mean that she is physically ready to sleep with a man, especially one who was 54 years old!
We also know that Christians certainly looked down upon marriages with immature girls:
It is not only fornication, but also the giving in marriage prematurely, that is called fornication; when, so to speak, one not of ripe age is given to a husband, either of her own accord or by her parents. (Clement of Alexandria, IX.-Fragment of the Treatise on Marriage, Early Church Fathers - Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume II; source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
Even Robert Squires must admit that cultures set the age of marriage at puberty:
According to Judaism, Christianity and Islam, right and wrong are ordained by Almighty God. As such, morality does not change over time based on our whims, desires or cultural sensitivities. In cultures where there is no Divinely revealed ruling on an issue, what is right and what is wrong is determined by cultural norms. In such cases, a person would only be considered "immoral" if they violated the accepted norms of their society. As we will demonstrate, the Prophet Muhammad's marriage to 'Aishah at such a young age. In case Christian readers are under the false impression that their values today are timeless and somehow reflect those of Biblical times, please consider the following points which are directly related to the question of at what age a person is properly ready to be married:
- Keeping in mind the ideas of "political correctness" and "absolute morality", in Biblical times the age at which a girl could marry was puberty. However, during the Middle Ages it was usually twelve years old. Now in most "Christian" countries it is between fourteen and sixteen years old. I live in country where some states allow partners of the same sex to legally marry, but consider an eighteen year old boy who sleeps with a sixteen year old girl a "statutory rapist". So even though Christians might disagree with much of what is becoming all too prevalent in Western society todaywhether it be drug abuse, gay marriages or abortionthey too have been swallowed up (possibly unknowingly) by the ugly monster of "moral relativism". Certainly, they might be giving in less quickly than people who do not believe in a Divine basis for morality, but they're giving in nonetheless.
- Historically, the age at which a girl was considered ready to be married has been puberty. This was the case in Biblical times, as we will discuss below, and is still used to determine the age of marriage in what the culturally arrogant West calls "primitive societies" throughout the world. As the ahadith about 'Aishah's age show, her betrothal took place at least three years before the consummation of the marriage. The reason for this was that they were waiting for her to come of age (i.e. to have her first menstrual period). Puberty is a biological sign which shows that a women is capable of bearing children. Can anyone logically deny this? Part of the wisdom behind the Prophet's Muhammad's "May the Peace and Blessings of God be upon him" marriage to 'Aishah just after she reached puberty is to firmly establish this as a point of Islamic Law, even though it was already cultural norm in all Semitic societies (including the one Jesus grew up in). The large majority of Islamic jurists say that the earliest time which a marriage can be consummated is at the onset of sexual maturity (bulugh), meaning puberty. Since this was the norm of all Semitic cultures and it still is the norm of many cultures todayit is certainly not something that Islam invented. However, widespread opposition to such a Divinely revealed and accepted historical norm is certainly something that is relatively new! ...
- It is upon reaching the age of puberty that a person, man or woman, becomes legally responsible under Islamic Law. At this point, they are allowed to make their own decisions and are held accountable for their actions. It should also be mentioned that in Islam, it is unlawful to force someone to marry someone that they do not want to marry. The evidence shows that 'Aishah's marriage to the Prophet Muhammad "May the Peace and Blessings of God be upon him" was one which both parties and their families agreed upon. Based on the culture at that time, no one saw anything wrong with it. On the contrary, they were all happy about it...
"Getting your period" marks a rite of passage for young girls entering womanhood (From the Women's Resource Center)
Another contemporary reference relating marriage age to puberty is an article on Central Africa, which says: ". . . women marry soon after puberty"4. The previous quotations, and plenty of others which were not used, should prove to any intelligent person what anthropologists and historians already know: in centuries past, people were considered ready for marriage when they reached puberty. (The Young Marriage of 'Aishah; source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
Squires was quoting from the following source:
Puberty is defined as the age or period at which a person is first capable of sexual reproduction, in other eras of history, a rite or celebration of this landmark event was a part of the culture. This is true of tribal societies that exist today, but for most of us, puberty as a specific event is part of a much more complicated piece of our lives called adolescence. (Sue Curewitz Arthen, Rites of Passage Puberty; source)
Since Squires admits that puberty is the time when a person attains adulthood and is capable of sexual relations then this means Muhammad went against this principle since he married Aisha before she had reached that point!
In most cases, puberty for girls starts at the age of 12, and it is rare for girls to attain puberty prior to that period. There is even data to support the position that specific cultures placed the age of marriage at a little over 12 years of age. As one Christian writer states:
The wife was to be taken from within the larger family circle (usually at the outset of puberty or around the age of 13) in order to maintain the purity of the family line; but she could not be too closely related as is shown by Leviticus 18. (James E. West, Ancient Israelite Marriage Customs; source)
The Jewish Mishnah sets the age of maturity for a female at twelve years and six months:
"she won her case in court before she matured [at the age of twelve years and six months], lo, they belong to the father." (Mishnah Ketubot, 4:1)
The Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible in volume 2, page 1407, under "Marriage", says this about Jewish marriage customs:
"Subsequently, minimum ages (for marriage) of 13 for boys and 12 for girls were set."
Interestingly, certain Muslims tend to place the marriageable age even higher, at around 15 years old:
Try, test, well the orphans, before reaching maturity with regard [the duties of] religion and [before] they can [legally] manage their own affairs, until they reach the age of marrying, that is, until they have become eligible for it through puberty or [legal] age, which, according to al-Shafi'i, is the completion of fifteen years; then, if you perceive in them maturity, that is, right [judgement] in matters of religion and their property, deliver their property to them; consume it not, O guardians, wastefully, without due merit, and in haste, that is, hastening to expend it, fearing, lest they should grow up, and become mature, at which time you will be obliged to hand it over to them. If any man, who is a guardian, is rich, let him be abstinent, that is, let him abstain from the orphan's property and refrain from consuming it; if he is poor, let him consume, of it, honourably, that is, in line with the wage for his work. And when you deliver to them, the orphans, their property, take witnesses over them, that they have received it and that you are absolved [of the obligation], so that if any dispute occurs, you are able to refer to a clear proof: this is a command [intended] for guidance. God suffices as a reckoner, as a guardian of His creatures' deeds and as a reckoner of these [deeds] (the ba' [in bi'Llahi] is extra). (Tafsir al-Jalalayn; source)
Puberty - Boys
Puberty is known in Islamic law as al-bulugh, or Tamyeez, (coming of age as a man and woman). There are three signs of puberty (bulugh):
1. Discharging semen as a result of wet dreams, known as inzaalul-manyyi. Allah (SWT) states: "But when the children among you come of age, let them also ask for permission, as do those senior to them in age..." (Al-Qur'an, 24-59)
In a hadith, the Messenger of Allah (saas) said: "Friday bath (ghuslul-Jum'ah) is mandatory upon anyone who has experienced a wet dream." (Bukhari/Muslim) The point in this hadith is that Islamic obligations are not incumbent on anyone until they reach the age of bulugh.
2. Appearance of hair around the pubic area is another sign of puberty. If a person sees that even without wet dreams, he or she has attained puberty. This may happen at the age of thirteen or fourteen, and parents should inform girls and boys about these signs.
3. Reaching 15 years of age: When the person reaches 15, he OR SHE is a man OR A WOMAN, and anything that is obligatory on a man or woman is obligatory on him or her from that time on.
In a hadith reported by Abdullah Bin Umar (raa), he said: "My parents brought me to the Messenger of Allah on the eve of the Uhud Campaign and I was fourteen years old, so the Prophet (saas) did not enlist me in fighting." But a year later in the Campaign of Al-Khandaqq, I was fifteen, so this time the Prophet (saas) enlisted me in combat." (Muslim)
This hadith indicates the age of 15 is the legal age for a Muslim boy OR GIRL to be responsible for his or her religion as well as worldly responsibilities. Some of us who reside in the western world, seem to think adulthood depends on State laws. In some states it is 18, while in others it is 19, or 21, and so on. This is a very serious mistake, as the juvenile will reach puberty (bulugh) and adulthood, but go on without observing his or her Islamic duties, such as Salat, fasting, or being restrained from that which is prohibited.
Puberty - Girls
Girls reach puberty and adulthood when they experience the above three signs. However, they have a fourth sign, that is, menstruation (hayd). Whenever a girl experiences it, she is a woman even if she is 12 years old (For Whom Fasting Is Mandatory?; source; capital and underline emphasis ours)
Robert Squires quotes al-Shafis position but ends up contradicting himself, or citing contradictory statements, since he writes that:
The above ruling regarding the age of marriage is mutually supported by an authentic (hassan) narration in Sunan al-Tirmidhi's Kitab al-Nikah,where 'Aishah herself says: "When the girl reaches nine years of age she is a woman". Reason dictates that this is because she was referring to her own experience in which she reached puberty at the age of nine. If this wasn't the case, all of the just mentioned tafsirs would seemingly need to state that "until they reach the (age of) marriage" means "nine" and not "puberty". (source)
Yet right before this he quotes:
The fact that Muslim scholars overwhelmingly agree that the minimum age of marriage is puberty. This can be clearly seen in the Qur'anic exegesis of the phrase "they reach the (age of) marriage" found in Surat al-Nisa' 4:6. In regards to this, four of the well-known classical commentators have the following to say [Click here to view an image of the following statements in the original Arabic]:
Tafsir al-Tabari: Clearly states that "And when He said 'they reach the (age of) marriage' then He means they reached puberty (al-hulum)"and he lists numerous references.
Tafsir al-Qurtubi: In regards to the statement "until they reach the (age of) marriage", Imam al-Qurtubi says, "meaning puberty (al-hulum). And said the Most High, 'When children reach puberty' (al-Nur 59),meaning puberty (al-balugh) and state of marriage (wa hal al-nikah)."
Tafsir Ibn Kathir: In explaining, "until they reach the (age of) marriage", he states that "Mujahid said meaning puberty (al-hulum)".
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: Contains the explanation that: "'And Challenge' test 'the orphans' before they reach puberty in their religion and their conduct 'until they reach the (age of) marriage', meaning they reach puberty or the age of fifteen years old according to the Shafi'is".
Squires quotes Aisha claiming that a girl becomes a woman at the age of nine but then cites al-Shafi who argues that the age of marriage or puberty is fifteen! It is obvious why Aisha said nine (if she in fact did say it) since, as Squires correctly noted, she was referring to her own experience. She may have reasoned that even though she hadnt reached puberty and wasnt physically mature for sexual relations she must have been a woman; after all Muhammad married her!
What the foregoing demonstrates is that many (if not most) cultures fixed puberty as the marriageable age, with many agreeing that this age began when a girl became a little older than twelve. Thus, judging Muhammad by the surrounding cultural standards his marriage with a nine year old was sexual intercourse with a minor, a girl not yet ready for marriage.
More importantly, the problem with the position of Muslims such as al-Shafi and Squires is that the Quran does not make puberty a necessary prerequisite for marriage since it says:
And (as for) those of your women who have despaired of menstruation, if you have a doubt, their prescribed time shall be three months, and of those too who have not had their courses; and (as for) the pregnant women, their prescribed time is that they lay down their burden; and whoever is careful of (his duty to) Allah He will make easy for him his affair. S. 65:4 Shakir
The waiting period for divorced women who havent even menstruated is three months. This means that these women arent even women (they havent attained womanhood) but are in fact young girls who havent reached puberty! Now a woman can only be divorced if she is married and had her marriage consummated, since the Quran expressly teaches that there is no waiting period for marriages that have not been consummated:
O you who believe: When you marry believing women and then divorce them before you have touched them, no period of idda (waiting) have you to count in respect of them: so give them a present and set them free in a graceful manner. S. 33:49
What this shows is that the waiting period only applies in the case of a prepubescent if her husband has actually slept with her. So it is clear that this injunction assumes that young girls can be married and divorced and remarry before they reach puberty.
Even more, the purpose of this waiting period is to ensure that the wife who is about to be divorced is not pregnant or, if she is, to make sure that the true father is known, i.e. that the child is from the current husband, and not a next husband that she may marry afterwards. Thus, this further proves that the Muslim men who are married to prepubescent girls have sexual intercourse with them. To put it simply, the Quran is allowing men to have sex with minors.
Lest Squires or any Muslim accuse us of distorting the meaning of this reference note carefully how the following Muslim sources interpret the above text:
(And for such of your women as despair of menstruation) because of old age, (if ye doubt) about their waiting period, (their period (of waiting) shall be three months) upon which another man asked: "O Messenger of Allah! What about the waiting period of those who do not have menstruation because they are too young?" (along with those who have it not) because of young age, their waiting period is three months. Another man asked: "what is the waiting period for those women who are pregnant?" (And for those with child) i.e. those who are pregnant, (their period) their waiting period (shall be till they bring forth their burden) their child. (And whosoever keepeth his duty to Allah) and whoever fears Allah regarding what he commands him, (He maketh his course easy for him) He makes his matter easy; and it is also said this means: He will help him to worship Him well. (Tanwîr al-Miqbâs min Tafsîr Ibn Abbâs; source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
And [as for] those of your women who (read alla'i or alla'i in both instances) no longer expect to menstruate, if you have any doubts, about their waiting period, their prescribed [waiting] period shall be three months, and [also for] those who have not yet menstruated, because of their young age, their period shall [also] be three months - both cases apply to other than those whose spouses have died; for these [latter] their period is prescribed in the verse: they shall wait by themselves for four months and ten [days] [Q. 2:234]. And those who are pregnant, their term, the conclusion of their prescribed [waiting] period if divorced or if their spouses be dead, shall be when they deliver. And whoever fears God, He will make matters ease for him, in this world and in the Hereafter. (Tafsir al-Jalalayn; source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
The renowned Muslim exegete Abu-Ala Maududi, in his six volume commentary on the Quran, confirms this by stating the following:
"Therefore, making mention of the waiting-period for girls who have not yet menstruated, clearly proves that it is not only permissible to give away the girl at this age but it is permissible for the husband to consummate marriage with her. Now, obviously no Muslim has the right to forbid a thing which the Quran has held as permissible." (Maududi, volume 5, p. 620, note 13, emphasis added)
Moreover, here is a hadith which clearly says that this verse permits men to marry and divorce prepubescent girls:
Narrated Sahl bin Sad:
While we were sitting in the company of the Prophet a woman came to him and presented herself (for marriage) to him. The Prophet looked at her, lowering his eyes and raising them, but did not give a reply. One of his companions said, "Marry her to me O Allah's Apostle!" The Prophet asked (him), "Have you got anything?" He said, "I have got nothing." The Prophet said, "Not even an iron ring?" He Sad, "Not even an iron ring, but I will tear my garment into two halves and give her one half and keep the other half." The Prophet; said, "No. Do you know some of the Quran (by heart)?" He said, "Yes." The Prophet said, "Go, I have agreed to marry her to you with what you know of the Qur'an (as her Mahr)." 'And for those who have no courses (i.e. they are still immature). (65.4) And the 'Iddat for the girl BEFORE PUBERTY is three months (in the above Verse). (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 63)
This English version of Sahih al-Bukhari by Muhammad Muhsin Khan obscures the fact that the statement regarding the waiting period of young girls who havent attained maidenhood is actually part of the specific section which mentions Muhammads marriage to Aisha!
XXXIX. A man giving his young children in marriage
By the words of Allah, "that also applies to those who have not yet menstruated" (65:4) and He made the 'idda of a girl before puberty three months.
4840. It is related from 'A'isha that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, married her when she was six years old and consummated it when she was nine, and she was his wife for nine years. (Aisha Bewley, The Sahih Collection of Al-Bukhari, Chapter 70. Book of Marriage; source)
This suggests that al-Bukhari mentioned Aishas marriage as an example of a prepubescent girl who was married, which provides implicit proof that Muhammad married her before she reached maidenhood!
A prominent Salafi Muslim site claims:
Marriage to a young girl before she reaches puberty is permissible according to sharee'ah, and it was narrated that THERE WAS SCHOLARLY CONCENSUS on this point.
1 - Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the 'Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubt (about their periods), is three months; and for those who have no courses [(i.e. they are still immature) their 'Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise"
In this verse we see that Allaah states that for those who do not menstruate - because they are young and have not yet reached the age of puberty - the 'iddah in the case of divorce is three months. This clearly indicates that it is permissible for a young girl who has not started her periods to marry.
Al-Tabari (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
The interpretation of the verse "And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the 'Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubt (about their periods), is three months; and for those who have no courses [(i.e. they are still immature) their 'Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise". He said: The same applies to the 'idaah for girls who do not menstruate because they are too young, if their husbands divorce them after consummating the marriage with them.
Tafseer al-Tabari, 14/142
2 - It was narrated from 'Aa'ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) married her when she was six years old, and consummated the marriage with her when she was nine, and she stayed with him for nine years.
Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 4840; Muslim, 1422.
Ibn 'Abd al-Barr said:
The scholars are unanimously agreed that a father may marry off his young daughter without consulting her. The Messenger of Allaah married 'Aa'ishah bint Abi Bakr when she was young, six or seven years old, when her father married her to him.
The fact that it is permissible to marry a minor girl does not imply that it is permissible to have intercourse with her, rather the husband should not have intercourse with her until she becomes able for that. Hence the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) delayed consummating the marriage to 'Aa'ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her).
And Allaah knows best.
Islam Q&A (www.islam-qa.com)
(Question #12708: Is it acceptable to marry a girl who has not yet started her menses?; source; bold and capital emphasis ours)
Notice the assertion that a man should delay consummation until the girl is able for it. This furnishes evidence that the reason why Muhammad delayed sleeping with Aisha wasnt because he was waiting for her to attain puberty, but for the time when she could handle penetration. In another article this same site says:
Marrying a young girl before she reaches the age of adolescence is permitted in sharee'ah; indeed it was narrated that there was scholarly consensus on this point.
(a) Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"And those of your women as have passed the age of monthly courses, for them the 'Iddah (prescribed period), if you have doubt (about their periods), is three months; and for those who have no courses [(i.e. they are still immature) their 'Iddah (prescribed period) is three months likewise"
In this verse we see that Allaah has made the 'iddah in the case of divorce of a girl who does not have periods - because she is young and has not yet reached puberty - three months. This clearly indicates that Allaah has made this a valid marriage.
(b) It was narrated from 'Aa'ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) married her when she was six years old, he consummated the marriage with her when she was nine and she stayed with him for nine years.
(Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 4840; Muslim, 1422)
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) married 'Aa'ishah when she was six years old and consummated the marriage when she was nine."
(Narrated by al-Bukhaari and Muslim; Muslim says 'seven years')
The fact that it is permissible to marry a young girl does not mean that it is permissible to have intercourse with her; rather that should not be done until she is able for it. For that reason the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) delayed the consummation of his marriage to 'Aa'ishah. Al-Nawawi said: With regard to the wedding-party of a young married girl at the time of consummating the marriage, if the husband and the guardian of the girl agree upon something that will not cause harm to the young girl, then that may be done. If they disagree, then Ahmad and Abu 'Ubayd say that once a girl REACHES THE AGE OF NINE then the marriage may be consummated EVEN WITHOUT HER CONSENT, but that does not apply in the case of who is younger. Maalik, al-Shaafa'i and Abu Haneefah said: the marriage may be consummated when the girl is able for intercourse, which varies from one girl to another, SO NO AGE LIMIT CAN BE SET. THIS IS THE CORRECT VIEW. There is nothing in the hadeeth of 'Aa'ishah to set an age limit, OR TO FORBID THAT IN THE CASE OF A GIRL WHO IS ABLE FOR IT BEFORE THE AGE OF NINE, or to allow it in the case of a girl who is not able for it and has reached the age of nine. Al-Dawoodi said: 'Aa'ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) was[sic] reached physical maturity (at the time when her marriage was consummated). (Question #22442: On acting; and the ruling on marrying young girls; source; bold and capital emphasis ours)
Judging by the above quotations, being ready for intercourse is apparently defined in a merely physical way. These "scholars" seem to be saying that a girl is ready when the penis is able to slide in without tearing her up! They do not seem to be at all concerned with the biological and psychological aspects of the girl, whether she has the physiological and mental maturity to experience such intimacy. A troubling question that arises from the above claims is by what method is the husband supposed to test whether or not she is ready now? How many times should he be trying to penetrate her only to discover it doesn't work yet? How much damage is that doing to a little girl?
Do Cultural Norms Justify Muhammads Actions?
The appeal to culture is a rather weak defense of Muhammads marriage to a young immature girl. That there were certain groups which accepted specific practices in the past do not mean that they are morally acceptable. After all, there are many cultural practices and behaviors which both Christians and Muslims frown upon, whether homosexuality, incest, pre-marital sex, cannibalism etc.
In fact, both the Holy Bible and the Quran speak out against a rather prevalent cultural practice at that time, namely infanticide. In the case of Muhammad, the Quran suggests that during his time it was common for fathers to bury unwanted infant girls, an act which the Quran expressly condemns:
When if one of them receiveth tidings of the birth of a female, his face remaineth darkened, and he is wroth inwardly. He hideth himself from the folk because of the evil of that whereof he hath had tidings, (asking himself): Shall he keep it in contempt, or bury it beneath the dust. Verily evil is their judgment. S. 16:58-59 Pickthall
Another cultural practice condemned by the Quran was the classification of divorcees as the backs of mothers, an expression which implied that the women would be abandoned at home and prevented from ever remarrying. This was known as zihar. Muhammad even prohibited adoption, which was prevalent during his time:
Allah has not made for any man two hearts within him; nor has He made your wives whose backs you liken to the backs of your mothers as your mothers, nor has He made those whom you assert to be your sons your real sons; these are the words of your mouths; and Allah speaks the truth and He guides to the way. Assert their relationship to their fathers; this is more equitable with Allah; but if you do not know their fathers, then they are your brethren in faith and your friends; and there is no blame on you concerning that in which you made a mistake, but (concerning) that which your hearts do purposely (blame may rest on you), and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. S. 33:4-5 Shakir
The reason why Muhammad forbade adoption is because of the scandal that arose from his marriage to his adopted sons divorcee, which was another social taboo that Muhammad did away with.
According to Islamic sources, Allah commanded Muhammad to marry Zaynab ibn Harithas wife Zaynab bint Jash, who happened to be Muhammads cousin, in order to teach others by personal example that it was permissible for men to marry their adopted childrens divorcees. Basically, Muhammad did away with the stigma of marrying ones adopted sons former wife and then did away with adoption altogether! For more on this issue please read the following articles:
In fact, Muhammads marriage to Aisha was itself a departure from normal Arab custom which looked down on someone marrying the daughter of a person considered a brother. Note Abu Bakrs reaction to Muhammads marriage proposal:
The Prophet asked Abu Bakr for 'Aisha's hand in marriage. Abu Bakr said "But I am your brother." The Prophet said, "You are my brother in Allah's religion and His Book, but she ('Aisha) is lawful for me to marry." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 18)
This hadith is interesting in light of the assertions of many a Muslim apologist that no one objected to Muhammads marriage with Aisha. Doesnt Abu Bakrs reaction refute such a claim? Was he not clearly objecting to Muhammads proposal, in fact perturbed and shocked that his prophet would do such a thing?
The English translator of Sahih Muslim, while seeking to justify Muhammads marriage to a young girl, nonetheless admits:
2728. Aisha was the third lady to enter the house of the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) as his wife, and she was the only virgin in the consorts of purity of the Prophets house. She was of a tender age when she was married to Allahs Apostle (may peace be upon him). Historical records bear ample testimony to the fact that Aisha was a precocious genius and was developing in both mind and body with rapidity peculiar to such rare personalities. This marriage is significant in the history of Islam in so many aspects: firstly, it cemented the ties between Muhammad (may peace be upon him), and his devoted friend Abu Bakr who always stood by him in the hours of trial and who sacrificed his all for the cause of Islam; secondly, by this marriage, a lady of eminent qualities came under the direct influence of the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) at a highly impressionable age, and this provided her ample opportunities to penetrate into the innermost recesses of the sacred heart of Muhammad (may be upon him). She shared his company and thus was able to develop her potentialities and refine her taste perfectly in accordance with the teachings of Islam under the direct supervision of the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him). This young age was in fact very opportune for marriage as it has been clearly shown in the researches of psychoanalysts that much of the emotional life of a mature person and most of the seemingly unaccountable leanings, taste and tendencies comprised in the term idiosyncrasies can be traced to the experience of his or her highly formative age of either later childhood or early adolescence. Thirdly, all the wives of the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) with the exception of Aisha were of advanced age and thus could neither share the feelings of the younger generation nor could they properly appreciate their point of view. The difference of age always stood as a barrier between them and the ladies of younger ages. The only lady with whom young women could frankly enter into conversation and discuss problems without any reserve could be none but Aisha. Thus the threshold of puberty was a great necessity, as it was through her that instructions could successfully be imparted to the young ladies who had newly entered the fold of Islam. Moreover, this marriage struck at the root of a wrong notion which had firmly taken hold of the minds of the people that it was contrary to religious ethics to marry the daughter of a man whom one declared to be ones brother. The Prophet (may peace be upon him), with the help of his personal example, showed to the people that there is a great difference between the brother in faith and the brother in relation to the blood. The marriage which is forbidden in Islam is with the daughter of the brother in blood and not with the daughter of the brother in faith. (Sahih Muslim by Imam Muslim, rendered into English by Abdul Hamid Siddiqi [Kitab Bhavan Exporters & Importers, 1784, Kalan, Mahal, Daryaganji, New Delhi-110002 (India), 11th reprinted 1995], Volume III & IV, pp. 1298-1299; bold emphasis ours)
In light of all these clear examples of Muhammad going against and doing away with certain, prevalent cultural practices and customs, he could have just as easily done away with the custom of marrying prepubescent girls (assuming that this was the custom at that time). There was no pressure on him to marry a young immature girl.
And since Muslims claim that he was Gods last prophet:
Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but (he is) the Apostle of God, and the Seal of the Prophets: and God has full knowledge of all things. S. 33:40 Y. Ali
And the model of perfection and sublime morals:
Certainly you have in the Apostle of Allah an excellent exemplar for him who hopes in Allah and the latter day and remembers Allah much. S. 33:21 Shakir
And most surely you conform (yourself) to sublime morality. S. 68:4 Shakir
Shouldnt he have done away with such a despicable practice of marrying physically immature girls and set a greater ethical standard for others to follow? Shouldnt he have set a higher moral standard by classifying such marriages as unlawful in order to protect these girls from physical and psychological harm?
Putting it simply, theists expect that God would inspire his prophets to set a higher ethical code for humans to emulate, not merely subscribe to the cultural norms of their time, especially when such norms are morally reprehensible. This is irrespective of whether those prophets were able to live up to such standards, so long as God didnt justify their failure to comply with his moral standard.
As one sharp Christian writer and apologist stated:
Second, it isnt necessary for a lawgiver to institute laws by performing actions that create a precedent. In other words, Muhammad didnt need to marry a young girl in order establish a law about marrying girls who had reached puberty. Muhammad, as Islams lawgiver, could have simply issued a decree. For instance, Muhammad allowed husbands to beat their wives. Was it necessary for Muhammad to beat his wives in order to establish this as a law? Certainly not. Similarly, when an American lawmaker says that killing someone in self-defense is acceptable, no one argues that the lawmaker must go out and kill someone in self-defense if his law is to stand. Hence, the argument that Muhammad needed to marry a young girl to establish puberty as the appropriate age for marriage completely fails. (David Wood, Was Muhammad a Pedophile? An Examination of Muhammad's Relationship with a Nine-Year-Old Girl; 1; 2)
In light of the foregoing it is rather hard to escape the assessment made of Muhammad by some of his contemporaries:
Layla bt. al-Khatim b. Adi b. Amr b. Sawad b. Zafar b. al-Harith b. al-Khazraj approached the Prophet while his back was to the sun, and clapped him on his shoulder. He asked who it was, and she replied, "I am the daughter of one who competes with the wind. I am Layla bt. al-Khatim. I have come to offer myself [in marriage] to you, so marry me." He replied, "I accept." She went back to her people and said that the Messenger of God had married her. They said, "What a bad thing you have done! You are a self-respecting woman, but the Prophet is a womanizer. Seek an annulment from him." She went back to the Prophet and asked him to revoke the marriage and he complied with [her request] (The History of Al-Tabari: The Last Years of the Prophet, translated and annotated by Ismail K. Poonawala [State University of New York Press, Albany, 1990], Volume IX, p. 139; bold emphasis ours)
This conclusion becomes even harder to deny when we realize what Muhammad said about marrying young girls:
Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah:
When I got married, Allah's Apostle said to me, "What type of lady have you married?" I replied, "I have married a matron." He said, "Why, don't you have a liking for the virgins AND FOR FONDLING THEM?" Jabir also said: Allah's Apostle said, "Why didn't you marry a young girl so that YOU MIGHT PLAY WITH HER and she with you?" (Sahih Al-Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 17)
We will have a few more things to say regarding whether it was acceptable to marry young immature girls during Muhammads time in our next article.
Argument from the Chain of Transmission
In this section we want to deal with a few specific points raised by certain individuals like Moiz Amjad of www.understanding-islam.org who try to cast doubt on the veracity of the reports that explicitly say Muhammad married Aisha when she was nine.
Mr. Amjad calls into question the reliability of these reports on the grounds that the one who transmitted most of them, Hisham ibn Urwah, wasnt completely reliable:
- Most of these narratives are reported only by Hisham ibn `urwah reporting on the authority of his father. An event as well known as the one being reported, should logically have been reported by more people than just one, two or three.
- It is quite strange that no one from Medinah, where Hisham ibn `urwah lived the first seventy one years of his life has narrated the event, even though in Medinah his pupils included people as well known as Malik ibn Anas. All the narratives of this event have been reported by narrators from Iraq, where Hisham is reported to have had shifted after living in Medinah for seventy one years.
- Tehzibu'l-tehzib, one of the most well known books on the life and reliability of the narrators of the traditions of the Prophet (pbuh) reports that according to Yaqub ibn Shaibah: "narratives reported by Hisham are reliable except those that are reported through the people of Iraq". It further states that Malik ibn Anas objected on those narratives of Hisham which were reported through people of Iraq. (vol 11, pg 48 - 51)
- Mizanu'l-ai`tidal, another book on the narrators of the traditions of the Prophet (pbuh) reports that when he was old, Hisham's memory suffered quite badly. (vol 4, pg 301 - 302) (What was Ayeshas (ra) Age at the Time of Her Marriage?; source[new location of the article with some changed spelling])
We will let Sunni writer Gibril Foaud Haddad refute Moiz Amjads criticism of Hisham ibn Urwah. Here is what he says in relation to the first point:
Try more than eleven authorities among the Tabi`in that reported it directly from `A'isha, not counting the other major Companions that reported the same, nor other major Successors that reported it from other than `A'isha. (Our Mother A'isha's Age At The Time Of Her Marriage to The Prophet, Answered by Shaykh Gibril F Haddad)
In regard to the second point, Haddad writes:
Not so. Al-Zuhri also reports it from `Urwa, from `A'isha; so does `Abd Allah ibn Dhakwan, both major Madanis. So is the Tabi`i Yahya al-Lakhmi who reports it from her in the Musnad and in Ibn Sa`d's Tabaqat. So is Abu Ishaq Sa`d ibn Ibrahim who reports it from Imam al-Qasim ibn Muhammad, one of the Seven Imams of Madina, from `A'isha. All the narratives of this event have been reported
Not so. In addition to the above four Madinese Tabi`in narrators, Sufyan ibn `Uyayna from Khurasan and `Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Yahya from Tabarayya in Palestine both report it.
Nor was this hadith reported only by `Urwa but also by `Abd al-Malik ibn `Umayr, al-Aswad, Ibn Abi Mulayka, Abu Salama ibn `Abd al-Rahman ibn `Awf, Yahya ibn `Abd al-Rahman ibn Hatib, Abu `Ubayda (`Amir ibn `Abd Allah ibn Mas`ud) and others of the Tabi`i Imams directly from `A'isha.
This makes the report mass-transmitted (mutawatir) from `A'isha by over eleven authorities among the Tabi`in, not counting the other major Companions that reported the same, such as Ibn Mas`ud nor other major Successors that reported it from other than `A'isha, such as Qatada!
And here is his answer to the third and fourth points:
Rather, Ya`qub said: "Trustworthy, thoroughly reliable (thiqa thabt), above reproach except after he went to Iraq, at which time he narrated overly from his father and was criticized for it." Notice that Ya`qub does not exactly endorse that criticism.
As for Malik, he reports over 100 hadiths from Hisham as is evident in the two Sahihs and Sunan! to the point that al-Dhahabi questions the authenticity of his alleged criticism of Hisham.
Indeed, none among the hadith Masters endorsed these reservations since they were based solely on the fact that Hisham in his last period (he was 71 at the time of his last trip to Iraq), for the sake of brevity, would say, "My father, from `A'isha? (abi `an `A'isha)" and no longer pronounced, "narrated to me (haddathani)".
Al-Mizzi in Tahdhib al-Kamal (30:238) explained that it became a foregone conclusion for the Iraqis that Hisham did not narrate anything from his father except what he had heard directly from him.
Ibn Hajar also dismisses the objections against Hisham ibn `Urwa as negligible in Tahdhib al-Tahdhib (11:45), saying: "It was clear enough to the Iraqis that he did not narrate from his father other than what he had heard directly from him".
In fact, to say that "narratives reported by Hisham ibn `Urwa are reliable except those that are reported through the people of Iraq" is major nonsense as that would eliminate all narrations of Ayyub al-Sakhtyani from him since Ayyub was a Basran Iraqi, and those of Abu `Umar al-Nakha`i who was from Kufa, and those of Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman from Kufa (the Shaykh of Abu Hanifa), and those of Hammad ibn Salama and Hammad ibn Zayd both from Basra, and those of Sufyan al-Thawri from Basra, and those of Shu`ba in Basra, all of whom narrated from Hisham!
An outright lie, on the contrary, al-Dhahabi in Mizan al-I`tidal (4:301 #9233) states: "Hisham ibn `Urwa, one of the eminent personalities. A Proof in himself, and an Imam. However, in his old age his memory diminished, but he certainly never became confused. Nor should any attention be paid to what Abu al-Hasan ibn al-Qattan said about him and Suhayl ibn Abi Salih becoming confused or changing! Yes, the man changed a little bit and his memory was not the same as it had been in his younger days, so that he forgot some of what he had memorized or lapsed, so what? Is he immune to forgetfulness? [p. 302] And when he came to Iraq in the last part of his life he narrated a great amount of knowledge, in the course of which are a few narrations in which he did not excel, and such as occurs also to Malik, and Shu`ba, and Waki`, and the major trustworthy masters. So spare yourself confusion and floundering, do not make mix the firmly-established Imams with the weak and muddled narrators. Hisham is a Shaykh al-Islam. But may Allah console us well of you, O Ibn al-Qattan, and the same with regard to `Abd al-Rahman ibn Khirash's statement from Malik!"
Mr. Amjad also claims that:
According to the generally accepted tradition, Ayesha (ra) was born about eight years before Hijrah. But according to another narrative in Bukhari (kitabu'l-tafseer) Ayesha (ra) is reported to have said that at the time Surah Al-Qamar, the 54th chapter of the Qur'an, was revealed, "I was a young girl". The 54th surah of the Qur'an was revealed nine years before Hijrah. According to this tradition, Ayesha (ra) had not only been born before the revelation of the referred surah, but was actually a young girl (jariyah), not an infant (sibyah) at that time. Obviously, if this narrative is held to be true, it is in clear contradiction with the narratives reported by Hisham ibn `urwah. I see absolutely no reason that after the comments of the experts on the narratives of Hisham ibn `urwah, why we should not accept this narrative to be more accurate.
Al-Maududi refutes this date:
Period of Revelation
The incident of the shaqq-al-Qamar (splitting of the moon) that has been mentioned in it determines its period of revelation precisely. The traditionists and commentators are agreed that this incident took place at Mina in Makkah about five years before the Holy Prophet's hijra to Madinah. (Source; bold and underline emphasis ours)
As does Haddad:
Not true. The hadith Masters, Sira historians, and Qur'anic commentators agree that the splitting of the moon took place about five years before the Holy Prophet's (upon him blessings and peace) Hijra to Madina.
Thus it is confirmed that our Mother `Aisha was born between seven and eight years before the Hijra and the words that she was a jariya or little girl five years before the Hijra match the fact that her age at the time Surat al-Qamar was revealed was around 2 or 3.
To read Haddads complete rebuttal to Amjads article please click on the following links: 1, 2, 3.
This concludes our discussion for this part. Continue with a brief article further touching on the issue of Muhammads marriage in light of the cultural practices at that time.
Articles by Sam Shamoun
Answering Islam Home Page
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January 13, 2009
Antioxidant flavonoids and other phytonutrients in dark chocolate are thought possibly to improve health, primarily through reduction in cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes.
In terms of a medicinal agent, we have not been sure of the therapeutic “dose.” A recent study out of Italy provides a clue.
Researchers at Catholic University, Campobasso, Italy, surveyed residents in southern Italy regarding chocolate intake and measured their C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. CRP is a marker of inflammation and a predictor of coronary artery disease such as heart attacks. Generally, higher levels of CRP are associated with higher risk of heart attacks. If you have a choice, go for lower levels of CRP.
Participants in the study were selected by simple random sampling from city hall registries and were at least 35 years old. Researchers were looking for healthy people, so the following were excluded from the study: those who reported known cardiovascular disease, eating a special diet, or on drug therapy for high blood pressure, diabetes, or adverse blood lipids. Twenty percent of initial recruits refused to participate. Of the 10,994 initial recruits, 4,849 men and women made it into the final study.
Of the 4,849 subjects, two subgroups were identified: 1) a control group of 1,317 (27%) who never ate any type of chocolate, and 2) a test group of 824 (17%) subjects who regularly ate dark chocolate only.
Interviewers administered questionnaires to the subjects to document clinical and personal information such as dietary habits, socioeconomic status, physical activity, medical history, risk factors for cardiovascular disaese and tumors, family history of cardiovascular disease, drug use, etc.
Regarding chocolate consumption, participants were asked about frequency - daily, weekly, or monthly - of a “standard dose” (20 grams) and about type of chocolate: milk, dark, nut chocolate, or any type. Someone eating more than one type of chocolate was classified as “any type.”
Other measurements: blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, blood glucose, serum lipids (various cholesterols and triglycerides), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
Age-adjusted CRP levels were lower in dark chocolate users (1.13 mg/L) than in the nonconsumers of chocolate (1.30 mg/L).
Dark chocolate eaters were divided into thirds: the lowest third of average consumption, the middle third, and the highest third. The lowest third ate under 19 grams per week. The middle third ate between 19 and 47 grams per week. The highest third ate over47 grams per week. The chocolate-related reduction in CRP was lost in people who were in the highest third (or tertile), i.e., eating more than 47 grams a week or 20 grams every three days. People in the lowest tertile of dark chocolate consumption had a CRP reduction the same as the middle third.
Systolic blood pressure in dark chocolate consumers was 3 mmHg lower than the pressure in nonconsumers. No difference in diastolic pressures.
The researchers cite two clinical trials that investigated the effect of cocoa on markers of inflammation but did not find any association. They wonder if those studies enrolled too few participants, or whether the relatively high doses of chocolate masked the effect. In the present study, the lowering of CRP was seen in consumption of up to 20 grams every three days, but seemed to disappear at higher doses.
The authors write that:
". . . regular intake of small amounts of dark chocolate . . . consumption should have no harmful effect on anthropometric variables such as BMI [body mass index] and waist:hip ratio and can be viewed as a promising behavioural approach to lower, in a quite pleaseant way, cardiovascular risk factors at a general popoulation level." And . . .
"According to data reported in apparently healthy American men and women, ranges of serum CRP measured in our nonchocolate consumer population would belong to a “moderate” risk estimate quintile, whereas the ranges found in dark chocolate consumers would beclassified as a “mild” risk estimate. For the decrease in serum CRP values from moderate to mild quintile, the relative risk of suffering a future cardiovascular event would apparently decrease by 26% in men and 33% in women."
The authors are careful to point out that this study does not prove that low-dose dark chocolate lowers CRP levels. It’s an association. “Additional studies are necessary to explain the mechanisms linking dark chocolate consumption and regulation of serum CRP concentrations.”
The healthy dose of dark chocolate may be quite small: no more than 20 grams every three days, and perhaps quite a bit less. This is not much by U.S. standards. The serving size listed on many bars in the U.S. is 40 grams. Forty grams has about 100 calories. Twenty grams twice a week translates to 6 calories a day.
The authors of this study don’t address whether 40 grams a week would be just as healthy as 80 grams every two weeks.
Eating more, on average, than 20 grams every three days may entirely wipe out the healthy effects. This effect is like wine’s: a little is probably good for you, too much is either neutral or harmful.
I’m sorry to be so wishy-washy on this issue, but that’s the state of the science today. The study at hand may help us optimize dark chocolate’s effect on C-reactive protein. But dark chocolate’s other healthy effects may require other doses, higher or lower.
The next step is to take 20,000 middle-aged people, give half of them various doses of scheduled dark chocolate, give the other half placebos, then record rates of diseases and death over the next 10 years. Who would pay for this multi-million dollar study? Either government or chocolate manufacturers.
-Steve Parker, M.D.
Reference: Di Giuseppe, Romina, et al. Regular Consumption of Dark Chocolate Is Associated with Low Serum Concentrations of C-Reactive Protein in a Healthy Italian Population. Journal of Nutrition, , 138 (2008): 1,939-1,945.
September 30, 2004
October 20, 2005
Thanks for taking the time to write that up - very interesting. I can't believe there was 27% of subjects that consumed no chocolate!!! And the "beneficial" dose is a lot lower than the 50g/day I hear bandied about.
Sebastian - how far along are they in the study you are referring to?
I only ask because it's always good to see some hard data regarding all the claims that are made about the possible health benefits of chocolate.
September 30, 2004
Quite far along actually. I've got dozens of clinicals completed. It's really a question of when to release the information and how to best utilize it. They key for most of the trials has been to focus on polyphenol / stearic acid content/ratios, and specific types of polyphenols, or blends thereof. Not all polyphenols are created equal either.
October 20, 2005
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FREE Non Accredited Online Gardening Course:
How to Prepare a Veg’ Plot or Border Ready for planting
During these difficult times of social isolation lots of people are looking to their own gardens to find peace, tranquility and occupation. Roots to fruit has decided to release this FREE online non accredited course on how to prepare the ground for seed sowing and planting.
If you are struggling to know where to start and what to do next to get your garden project on the way this is a great starter foundation course to help you to gain the skills and knowledge needed to clear and prepare the ground for planting or seed sowing. You will need to message Jon for the link and password at the email address: firstname.lastname@example.org
General Gardening Thursday Evening Classes Spring Summer 2020 Postponed
The course will run for one evening per month in April, May, June and July. This is a leisure gardening course (no qualifications are available through this method of attendance) delivered in an informal and adult setting. Practical skills will be blended with knowledge and theory work. Tea / coffee will be available as part of the price. Start time will be 7pm till 9pm at Oakdene Nurseries – 51 Chester Rd Streetly, Sutton Coldfield West Midlands B742HH. Cost of all 4 sessions when paid for in advance will be £60.00, cost for purchasing just one session will be 25.00. The hanging baskets and tubs session payment is used to buy initial costs of the plants and materials used to make a tub and a basket, any extra materials/plants used will need to be purchased on the day. Booking is essential.
|30/04/20||Seeds and cuttings.
Making plants for free. How to propagate plants by seed, how to transplant seedlings. How to propagate plants through vegetative methods.
|21/05/20||Hanging baskets and tubs
Plant up and take home a hanging basket or tub
|25/06/20||Preparing and planting a bed
Cultivating the land, adding compost and fertiliser.
|02/07/20||Maintaining plants in your garden, preventing and dealing with weeds, pests, diseases and disorders|
Garden Design Thursday Evening Course Spring Summer 2020
The course will run for one evening per month in April, May, June and July. This is a leisure gardening course (no qualifications are available through this method of attendance) delivered in an informal and adult setting. Practical skills will be blended with knowledge and theory work. Tea / coffee will be available as part of the price. Start time will be 7pm till 9pm at Oakdene Nurseries – 51 Chester Rd Streetly, Sutton Coldfield West Midlands B742HH. Cost of all 4 sessions when paid in advance will be £65.00 cost, for purchasing just one session will be £25.00. Price includes materials, including a scale ruler that learners can keep.
|16/04/20||Part 1: How to carry out a site survey and understand your soil
Measuring sites, aspects and features and recording findings, determining existing the soil and its characteristics.
|14/05/20||Part 2: Understanding garden design principles and producing an A3 scale plan
Understanding design principles and using them to create a scale garden design, creating a brief and drawing up a basic scale plan.
|11/06/20||Part 3: Adding hard and soft landscaping features
Understanding and positioning garden features on the plan
|16/07/20||Part 4: Choosing the right plants for your space
Understanding how to choose the appropriate plants and add them to the plan.
These courses will run concurrently and both can be attended for those wanting to purchase all 8 evenings in advance it is available at a discount rate of £110.00
Appearing on Saturday the 28th of March 2020 in the
Sutton Coldfield Grace Church Center
A Plant Swap Shop
Interactive workshops on how to make plants for free!
Master Gardening Classes Spring and Summer 2017
Informal Gardening Workshops Planned for Saturday Afternoons and Week Day Evenings.
Classes to be held at our training centre in Oakdene Nurseries – 51 Chester Rd Streetly Sutton Coldfield B74 2HH
These workshops will suit complete beginners as well as experienced gardeners. Learn top gardening tips form a multi award winning gardener and horticultural lecturer Jonathan Ensell. Jonathan will dig the dirt on a range of practical gardening themes. Book a one off session or as many sessions as you wish.
The first one will be on Saturday May the 6th This will be a free workshop on how to plant summer hanging baskets (you will need to pay for any materials or plants you use). You can bring your own baskets or we can provide them for you. The session starts at 2pm
|Master Gardening Classes Spring and Summer 2017 Programme|
|Date||Gardening Work Shop Theme||Time||Cost|
|Saturday May 6th||Plant your summer hanging baskets.||2pm-4pm||FREE Just purchase your plants and materials you use|
|Ground Preparation – Preparing your bed or border for growing.||7pm-9pm||£10.00 per person
|Plant your summer tubs and containers.||7pm-9pm||FREE Just purchase your plants and materials you use|
|Sowing Seeds – Indoor and outdoor seed sowing. Take way a pot of sown seeds and watch them grow.||7pm-9pm||£10.00 per person
|What Plant Goes Where?? – Planning and creating your perfect ornamental border||7pm-9pm||£10.00 per person
|Right Plat Right place- Finding good plants for tricky spots how to plant different types of plant material.||7pm-9pm||£10.00 per person
|Weeds – Identifying and dealing with weeds.||7pm-9pm||£10.00 per person
|Wednesday June 28th||Maintaining plants Outdoors – Top tips on how to get the best out of your planted border||7pm-9pm||£10.00 per person
|Saturday July 1st||Grow your own herbal tea – How to grow and process herbal teas from soil to teacup.||1pm – 4pm||£15.00 Per Person|
|Pests, Diseases and Disorders- How to identify and deal with them.||7pm-9pm||£10.00 per person
Email email@example.com Mobile 07590620890
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We're all down with the Intermittent Fasting trend here at Chef V. My husband, Brandon, looks totally chiseled because of it. Several of our Customer Relations Specialists have lost lots of weight following it. And their cravings for sugary snacks have diminished like their waistlines because of following a time-restricted diet plan. And me? Well, I've been doing Intermittent Fasting before it was even recognized as a health trend. I credit it greatly for the reason why I wake up buzzing with energy.
But even though us Chef V peeps have had success with it, I wanted to see what the mainstream medical community thinks about Intermittent Fasting. After all, anybody can have short-term success when they modify how–and when–they eat. But that weight can quickly come back on and then some. And more than that, certain diets can have unintended consequences. Remember when low-fat diets were all the rage? People started eating tons of carbs instead, which has greatly contributed to the obesity and diabetes epidemic.
So, are doctors on board with Intermittent Fasting?
Health Experts See Great Promise In Intermittent Fasting
I don't need a doctor to tell me that Intermittent Fasting works for weight loss. I've seen it with my own eyes. I've even read an incredible story in People about a physician who lost 125 pounds because of time-restricted feeding.
But beyond incredible weight loss success stories, I was really interested in finding out about the effects of time-restricted feeding on heart health. After all, many people who struggle with their weight also have other chronic health problems such as high blood pressure and type-2 diabetes.
I was happy to discover that Monique Tello, a medical doctor, who is a contributing editor with Harvard Health Publishing, is all in favor of Intermittent Fasting. She says, “[Intermittent] fasting, when combined with a healthy diet and lifestyle, can be a particularly effective approach … for people at risk for diabetes.”
Dr. Tello was also impressed by a University of Alabama study, which concluded that after five weeks, the Intermittent Fasting group had dramatically lower insulin levels and significantly improved insulin sensitivity. The test group also had significantly lower blood pressure. Not only that, the group also had significantly decreased appetite.
Intermittent Fasting: It's Good For Your Heart (And May Prevent Cancer)
Fasting for short periods of time isn't just good for your belly. It's also good for your heart. According to a web article on the highly-regarded academic medical center, Cleveland Clinic, temporary fasting can help lower blood pressure, reduce cholesterol, control diabetes and reduce weight.
These four health markers constitute the greatest risk for developing heart disease.
Cleveland Clinic even acknowledges that some studies also show that “fasting may help prevent cancer or increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy treatment.”
The good news about Intermittent Fasting keeps rolling in. Consider this article in the New York Times, which says that more studies are showing that eating late at night and snacking during the day is a major culprit of weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. The recipe to break this cycle: time-restricted feeding.
The NYT article references a study of prediabetic men. The men who ate only during a six-hour window had lower insulin, reduced levels of oxidative stress, less nighttime hunger and significantly lower blood pressure.
Doctors Warnings About Intermittent Fasting
Just like everything else in life, there are pros and cons about doing intermittent fasting. From a health perspective, some doctors and researchers are warning people about temporary fasting. The reason? Not eating for, say, 16 hours (which is how long I recommend not having calories), can deplete your cells of electrolytes. Electrolytes are like spark plugs for your cell; they ignite cellular energy.
That's why I recommend having a non-caloric electrolyte drink before you go to bed and when you wake up. A simple way to get electrolytes without breaking the fast is adding a teaspoon of Himalayan sea salt to a glass of water. Or buy some cream of tartar. (Cream of tartar tastes nothing like tartar sauce. In fact, it's often used in baking.)
Another thing you should keep in mind about intermittent fasting is that you shouldn't pig out when you break the fast.
“You don’t want to shock the system,” Dr. Haitham Ahmed tells the Cleveland Clinic. Ahmed recommends breaking the fast by snacking on a few dates or other dried fruit. Then take a break, he says, and then eat fruit and other light foods at first.
I both agree and disagree with Dr. Ahmed. I agree that you shouldn't eat a huge meal when you break your fast. But eating dates and then more fruit after that? I strongly disagree. Just eating a few dates contains 25 grams of sugar. And eating more fruit? That's going to add more sugar to your system. Sure, natural fruit sugar is better than added sugars in junk like soda, but isn't the name of the game when it comes to weight loss and other positive health outcomes curbing sugar intake?
That's why I recommend breaking your fast each morning with 16 oz of Organic Green Drink, which contains 7 leafy green vegetables, and a wee bit of organic apple and apple juice to sweeten things up. Containing only 3 grams of sugar per 8 oz., Green Drink is a great way to start your day and get your daily dose of disease-fighting antioxidants.
After having Green Drink, you can eat a sensible breakfast (example: an egg or two with low-carb/high-fiber bread and a slice of turkey bacon and a serving of fruit).
I'm sure most doctors would get on board with my recommendation to combine Green Drink with Intermittent Fasting.
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Readers address Israeli-Palestinian politics and the assault of a Jewish student at Temple University.
Arab Hatred of Jews Is What’s ‘Inexcusable’
Regarding Anya Friedman Hutter’s op-ed piece, “Reframing the Conversation on Campus” (Aug. 28), who can argue against her theme: peace and justice for all, including Palestinian Arabs. But her statement that the “occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is inexcusable; Israel’s mistreatment and dehumanization of Palestinian civilians is a disgrace to Jewish tradition” cannot go unanswered. What’s “inexcusable” and a “disgrace” is Arab hatred of Jews, which long preceded the “occupation” that Ms. Hutter criticizes.
What Ms. Hutter calls the “occupation” resulted from the Arabs rejecting the U.N. partition of Palestine in 1947, attacking Israel following its Declaration of Independence in 1948, and attacking again in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The Arabs have long refused to recognize the right of the Jewish people to a state in their ancestral homeland and they continue to do so.
Israel has suffered from Arab suicide bombings and other terrorist activities and only wants to have peace for its citizens — including its Arab citizens, who enjoy much more freedom and rights than their brethren in Arab countries enjoy — within secure borders. Israel left Gaza in 2005 with no border restrictions.
After Hamas took control and, rather than build a state, began to shoot rockets wantonly into Israel, Israel had no choice but to close the borders. Indeed, Hamas’s entire reason for being is to kill Jews and destroy Israel. As has been said, if Hamas lays down its arms, there will be no more war; if Israel lays down its arms, there will be no more Israel.
Ms. Hutter should know that on at least six occasions since 1967, Israel has offered to withdraw from most of the disputed territories that most refer to as the West Bank, in exchange for peace. On each such occasion, the Palestinians refused, insisting instead on deal-killing conditions, such as the “right of return,” which would be the demographic death knell of Israel.
By the way, I don’t attribute Ms. Hutter’s views to where she was raised. I’ve lived in West Mount Airy for some 40 years.
Daniel E. Bacine | West Mount Airy
Rely on Arab Gifts for a Temple of Doom
If Jews aren’t safe on Temple’s campus (Cover, “After Assault, Temple Students Seek Answers,” Aug. 28), perhaps Jews should withhold donations until that is rectified. Let the university try to subsist on gifts from the Palestinian contingency.
Liza H. Sherman | Bryn Mawr
Submitted via Facebook
Not All Deserve Being Called Human Beings
In response to “Attacked from Within” (Editorial, Aug. 14): Anybody speaking as a self-righteous intellectual needs to get off their high-horse and travel to Israel to see just how close Israelis live to those who want to kill them. I remember when I went to the Golan Heights as part of Birthright (I forget the name of the place) we saw Lebanese villages with empty windows — they would get shattered from bazooka recoil. The biggest mistake one can make in terms of foreign policy is assuming that every person is simply a rational, self-interested, peace-loving creature worthy of being called a human being. Some are simply subhuman beasts that need to be put down.
Ilya Kipnis | Cherry Hill, N.J.
Submitted via Facebook
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Optimising cladding material use
|Preparing structural designs for ventilated façades||Designing and implementing custom solutions||Training|
Ventilated façade structures manufactured by Plantas UAB are designed and tested by qualified structural engineers who are certified for managing the structural design part of structures of exceptional significance.
The structural designs of our ventilated façades are prepared in compliance with applicable law and building regulations.
The following documentation is provided for the installation of the designed structure and cladding:
- an explanatory text (according to p. 8.1 and p. 9.1 of Annex 8 to STR 1.05.06:2010 Construction Design);
- the technical calculations for the structural solutions (according to p. 8.2 and p. 9.3 of Annex 8 to STR 1.05.06:2010 Construction Design);
- technical specifications (according to p. 7.3 of Annex 8 to STR 1.05.06:2010 Construction Design);
- the technical drawings for the solutions (according to p. 8.4 and p. 9.4 of Annex 8 to STR 1.05.06:2010 Construction Design);
- a statement of costs (according to p. 8.5 and p. 9.5 of Annex 8 to STR 1.05.06:2010 Construction Design).
The technical drawings contain:
- standard and custom (if necessary) construction details;
- the structural layout of fixed and flexible anchorage points and the distances between them;
- structural sections with profile lengths and their end points;
- cladding elevations with fixed and flexible cladding anchorage points (if necessary).
A specialist will be appointed to oversee the installation of the design solutions on-site, also acting as a consultant for contractors and other individuals responsible for implementing the design.
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“What’s Next” is an original film about our recovery from the year that was and embracing the not-so-new normal. The…
Early Childhood Development
Studies in American History 210
“Hello Karley. I never knew that as your age increases, resting heart rate ...”
“Hello Alma. I enjoyed reading the experiment and the data you collected. It ...”
“Hello Megan and Jessica. This is an amazing and well done experiment. When ...”
StarScapes • blame cogdog • SPLOTbox theme is based on Garfunkel by Anders Norén.
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Being a creative is a business. How do you sell yourself to the modern world? Present your findings, plans and discuss. Use the lecture series
The word creative refers to refers to the invention or origination of any new thing, this could be someone talented in script writing or digital painting for example. In the UK 1.5 million people are employed in the creative industry or creative roles in other industries. Many graduates are resulting in creating their own businesses an article from the guardian advice to "make a job rather than taking a job" as this can be an advantage in the time of recession. work. As a creative I understand the complexity and struggle that one has to go through to sale your service or product or to gain investments . In this essay I will look into how the advancement of technology and other tools is now making it easier for creative's to promote and showcase themselves to the world.
I will also looks into the negatives of a creative using social networks as a medium to promote themselves , one example is mixing pleasure with work an employer may see a tweet that you tweeted to a friend, they may see this as being very unprofessional, this could be a loss in a potential contact or an investment.
An article from the USA magazine Forbes wrote a n article titled "hr by twitter" says that using twitter is a good tool to find workers as it is quick and efficient but the downside, is that it is still not a substitute for face to face communication. According to the magazine its say utilizing social networks could reduce workplace diversity. Although social networks may have its downsides for the creative's this differs. for example you can easily...
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Submitted by UPS
The latest research, which is the first-ever national study of volunteer management at nonprofits, involved detailed surveys of almost 1,800 nonprofit organizations. The study found that more than 80 percent of nonprofits rely on volunteers for critical activities, but freely admit they do not have the resources or knowledge to engage and manage those volunteers as fully as they would like.
Five years ago, a survey commissioned by The UPS Foundation found that most people who stopped volunteering for nonprofits did so after concluding the organizations had failed to make good use of their time.
The latest study, unveiled today in Washington, D.C., was sponsored by The UPS Foundation, the Corporation for National and Community Service and the USA Freedom Corps. Conducted in 2003 by the Urban Institute, the research focused on how nonprofits recruit, engage and manage volunteers and what value volunteers add to social service programs.
Despite the challenges identified in the research, as many as 5.9 million additional volunteers could be utilized in the United States. The research found that many organizations need more volunteers to help deliver services and that volunteers greatly increase the quality and level of services while keeping costs reduced.
"Nonprofits are using thousands of volunteers every day in this country and making a huge impact," said Evern Cooper, president of The UPS Foundation and vice president of UPS corporate relations. "However, volunteers aren’t free; it takes conscious effort and interest to engage them effectively. Through this research we can help to better quantify the extent to which volunteer resources are fully tapped and well managed. We want to celebrate success and share effective volunteer management practices widely. At the same time, we want to learn from nonprofits what we, as funders, can do to help them overcome challenges and fill gaps in volunteer management."
Supporting effective volunteer recruitment and management has been a major focus of The UPS Foundation’s grant-making for more than six years.
Through its Volunteer Impact Initiative and subsequent grant programs, UPS has invested more than US$10 million to help nonprofits meet growing demands for assistance by more effectively managing volunteers and building organizational capacity to better deliver services.
The UPS Foundation knows that UPS employees, like other volunteers, want their contribution of time to make a difference. The 1998 UPS survey showed conclusively that nonprofits face challenges that affect their ability to engage volunteers effectively or to sustain their interest and involvement.
Thousands of UPS employees volunteer their time every day in their communities through UPS’s Neighbor to Neighbor program or as part of UPS’s involvement in Business Strengthening America. The UPS Foundation will host a series of meetings with nonprofits leaders around the country to gain additional input on the results of the research and determine funders might address the challenges identified.
Detailed summaries of the research findings can be found online at www.pressroom.ups.com.
Founded in 1951 and based in Atlanta, Ga., The UPS Foundation identifies specific areas where its support will clearly impact social issues. The Foundation’s major initiatives currently include programs that support increased nationwide volunteerism, family and workplace literacy and hunger relief. In 2003, The UPS Foundation donated more than US$39.8 million to charitable organizations worldwide.
UPS is the world’s largest package delivery company and a global leader in supply chain services, offering an extensive range of options for synchronizing the movement of goods, information and funds. Headquartered in Atlanta, Ga., UPS serves more than 200 countries and territories worldwide. UPS's stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (UPS), and the company can be found on the Web at UPS.com.
UPS is a global leader in logistics, offering a broad range of solutions including transporting packages and freight; facilitating international trade, and deploying advanced technology to more efficiently manage the world of business. Headquartered in Atlanta, UPS serves 10.6 million customers daily in more than 220 countries and territories worldwide.
For more information, please visit UPS.com or the company’s Sustainability website, ups.com/sustainability. View and subscribe to UPS Horizons, our sustainability newsletter, by visiting ups.com/sustainabilitynewsletter.
More from UPS
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Print your documents, files and data from ASP pages, HTML pages or from any other programming language using just a single line of code!ASP Printer COM is a 32-bit ActiveX COM component (DLL) that enables you to print almost anything from within your ASP Pages (Active Server Pages) running on a web server or LAN server, without any user intervention. It also enables you to print your data and files from within HTML documents (pages) viewed in a web browser on the client system, in full color, with images and graphics and with the exact page layout and formatting (WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get). Printing is done with just a single line of code!... and without displaying any print dialogs!ASP Printer greatly simplifies your printing tasks such as printing HTML forms and form fields, printing HTML Files, printing HTML documents (pages) using their source code, printing live URLs by just specifying the URL name (e.g. http://www.vbgold.com/), printing data from HTML \'INPUT\' tags or any other tags, printing Reports, Text Files, RTF Files, RTF Data, PDF Files as well as any text data, from within your ASP pages and HTML documents (pages).ASP Printer enables you to print order forms that your customers fill online, immediately after the order form is submitted. Printing tasks (documents) can be sent to any printer directly connected to the web server, or to any shared printer connected to the LAN (Local Area Network).ASP Printer also enables you to print on the client machine that browses your web site. Just use the HTML \'OBJECT\' tag in your ASP or HTML page and a couple lines of code, and the ASP Printer component will automatically be downloaded and installed on the client machine and will print whatever you like on the client machine.ASP Printer supports all programming languagea that can call ActiveX components (COM), such as VB (Visual Basic), VBA, VB.NET, C#.NET, VC++.NET, ASP.NET, MS Office (Word, Excel, Access), VC++, Delphi, VBS etc.
ExeScript is a program that quickly converts batch files (.bat), Visual Basic and Java scripts to executable files (.exe). It also protects contents of .bat, .vbs and .js files from being changed by other users accidentally or intentionally.
Downloads: 68185 - Shareware - Download Now
dotConnect for SQLite Standard Edition is a free of charge database connectivity solution built over ADO.NET architecture. It offers basic functionality for developing database-related applications, web sites.
Downloads: 69050 - Freeware - Download Now
beWISE provides a very easy-to-use interface for sharing data between your applications, allowing them to exchange information in real-time. Simply share variables among all your VB.NET, VB6 and C programs as if they where global variables.
Downloads: 73856 - Shareware - Download Now
Suite of Full-Featured & Royalty Free Document Imaging Toolkits delivered as .NET components enabling developers to compose, display, capture, edit and print documents into they Dot Net applications.
Downloads: 113209 - Shareware - Download Now
dbExpress is a database-independent layer that defines common interface for fast access to InterBase and Firebird databases from Delphi on Windows and Mac OS X for both 32-bit and 64-bit platforms.
Downloads: 103992 - Shareware - Download Now
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Creates a switch statement to execute a particular block of code when a variable has a specified value.
case initializes the switch statement, and
when statements define the various conditions.
You can optionally add an
else statement at the end of the case to provide code to execute if none of the conditions are met.
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“Academy right face, academy about face, academy sit down, stand up!” the drill instructor shouted in a police boot camp version of Simon Says.
Police officers John Sigmund, Carlos Goyenechea, and Sergio Castillo watched over the kids as they went through the routine, pointing to a boy in a striped shirt or a girl in yellow blouse, telling them to sit down. This eliminated one more of the 62 kids who attended this year’s Jr. Police Academy in Secaucus.
Started in 2002 under then DARE officers Sgt. Mike Reinke and Officer Kim Elphick, the academy has become a four-day summer ritual in which kids get to rub shoulders with police officers that work in their community.
The officers come to know most of the kids by their first names after the four-day stint.
The camp is designed to foster better communication between the town's youth and police, showing the kids some aspect of police training, and giving them an overall view of the full range of police duties.
As in regular boot camp, an infraction requires a cadet to do pushups and – the cockroach.
“Nobody wants to do the cockroach,” Elsa, a three-year-veteran of the academy said, laughing.
This is simply a kind of stretching exercise in which the recruit lies on his back on the floor with legs and arms uplifted, looking a little like a very large dead bug.
“They asked a lot of questions and were very responsive.” -- Glenn Berchtold
“My uncle was in the Marines and Army, and I would like to become a detective,” she said.
While crime-solving isn’t on the camp’s agenda, she said she’s learned a lot about how emergency services work during her three years at the academy and hopes she can return next year to learn more.
She said she learned a lot about discipline, one of the key lessons taught at the camp, and about how police, fire and EMS systems work, and how people train.
For Elsa, the trips they take are every enlightening. This year’s camp included two out of Secaucus, one to the Bergen County Police Academy, and the other to the Lakehurst Naval Airbase at McGuire Air Force Base.
Camp starts out with the basics
On the first day, they learned the basics: how to stand at attention or at ease, how to react to a command. Then over the next few days, they learned a little about what police do, that it often is more than just making arrests.
The second day they went to the police and fire academy where they got to watch fire and police training, and learn about safety in fire. At the police range, they got to observe police firing their weapons. They also went into what is called the fire house, where the kids learned how to survive during a fire – using techniques as staying low to the ground so as to be under the layer of smoke.
“Once, they got to put out little fire of their own,” said Sigmund.
At Lakehurst Naval Airbase, the kids observed members of the Contingency Response Group (CRG), who showed the kids the weapons they used, as well as foxholes. The kids saw the Army National Guard airfield, where they toured a helicopter.
“They didn’t get to fly in it, but got to look over how the vehicle operated,” Sigmund said.
The helicopter has played a critical role in American military operations since World War II, but the kids, Sigmund said, also learned about peace time uses, such as in fighting fires.
During the four days, kids got to spend time close up with police officers, developing a relationship of trust and friendship.
Sigmund and the other police officers spent a better part of the week walking the kids through routines that would hopefully change some of their lives for the better, or at least, open their eyes to a way of life they knew little about.
Although they were supposed to train in Laurel Hill Park on the last day of camp, rain drove them to take cover at Secaucus High School, where camp staff set up many of the portable training facilities and let the kids work out inside the school gym until a break came in the weather.
Then the kids saw a K-9 demonstration, a demonstration by the Secaucus Fire Department, the Secaucus Office of Emergency Management, and emergency medical technicians from Meadowlands EMS.
Glenn Berchtold, representing EMS for Meadowlands Hospital, showed the kids a defibrillator, basic stretchers, and other items typically carried in an emergency vehicle.
“I talked to them about what happens when a person gets sick or hurt,” he said.
Berchtold, who was with the kids for three of the four days (including the two trips out of Secaucus) served a dual purpose, both as an instructor and as an EMT who could be on the scene if anything happened.
With so many trained professionals around these kids, they were in the safest hands possible. And they were eager to learn.
“They asked a lot of questions and were very responsive,” he said.
Even going through the routine of Simon Says had its purpose as they waited for the rain to stop on that last day of the academy.
First, Sigmund said, the activity gave the kids the ability to get some exercise by engaging them in typical routines that any adult police cadet would do. Secondly, he wanted them to listen to commands. In a critical situation, paying attention to what is said can mean the difference between life and death. And on this occasion, the group was competing for positions in the graduating color guard, a prestigious position that would give them prominence during the graduation on the last night.
At graduation, Mayor Michael Gonnelli issued each of the 62 kids diplomas, getting a little writing cramp from signing each personally.
“It’s a good program,” Gonnelli said.
Al Sullivan may be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Georgian Interior Design Ideas and Styles. The Georgian era covered the years from 1714 to 1830, when King Georges was on the throne for four consecutive years. For their beauty and lightness of touch, Georgian architecture and interiors were remembered. The Neo-classical styles, based on Roman and Greek architecture and championed by architects such as Robert Adam, were among the most enduring.
Georgian Interior Design
The interior of Georgia is also the best to decorate and restore. Let the appealing, harmonious proportions speak for themselves and leave the Victorians with great piles of furniture, says architectural historian Oliver Gerrish in his historical home design tips. While in modern historical interiors, grey has become prevalent, don’t be afraid of bright and vivid colors-they can be taken by the calm and serene proportions.
- Making the walls a focal point.
- Choose a color scheme for coordination.
- Just let in the light.
- Build an interior design that is traditional and clean.
- Go for beautiful floors, cozy furniture, and accessories.
Also Read: Most Popular 1920s Interior Design Ideas
Modern Georgian Interior Design
The richest Georgians tried their palettes to be absolutely surprising. A wide range of styles was experimented with by the architects of this period, including Egyptian (as seen in the Goodwood House dining room), Indo-Chinese (Brighton’s Royal Pavilion), and heavy Greek. With Art Deco bits and well-proportioned, simple furniture, this approach works well today.
Also Read: English Interior Design Ideas for Home Decor
If you want to Design or concern with Best Architects & Interior Designers Team, then contact with ArcoDesk Pakistan
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Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Wernwag, Lewis
WERNWAG, Lewis, civil engineer, b. in Alteburg, Würtemberg, Germany, 4 Dec., 1769; d. in Harper's Ferry, Va., 12 Aug., 1843. On leaving school, in order to evade military service, he was secreted by a shepherd in the mountains, who directed his attention to the study of astronomy, natural history, and other scientific subjects. In 1786 he made his way to Amsterdam and thence to Philadelphia. His earliest venture in this country was the building of a machine for making whetstones. Soon afterward he began to build power-mills and bridges. While conducting this business he purchased land containing large quantities of white oak and pine timber in New Jersey, from which he got out, about 1809, the keel for the first U. S. frigate built at the Philadelphia navy-yard. In 1810 he erected a bridge across Neshaminy creek, on the road between Philadelphia and New York, and the next year one across Frankford creek. His third bridge of wood was built across the Schuylkill river in 1812 at Philadelphia. This structure, known as the “Colossus of Fairmount,” consisted of a single arch, the span of which was 340 feet. In consideration of its length of span (it being the longest ever erected), solidity, and strength, the bridge was regarded as one of the wonders of the world. From that time until 1834 he built twenty-nine additional bridges. In 1813 he removed to Phœnixville, Pa., where he took an interest in and charge of the Phœnix nail-works, and there invented the first machine for cutting and heading spikes from four to seven inches in length. The other machinery was also remodelled and greatly improved by him. He purchased coal-lands near Pottsville, which led to his experimenting toward the use of anthracite coal. At first he found it almost impossible to ignite it, but he discovered that, by closing the furnace-doors and introducing air from beneath, combustion was possible. He was sanguine of its ultimate use for fuel, and while the Philadelphians drove from the city the person that offered to sell it, believing he offered stone for coal, he invented and used in his own residence a stove for burning it. The canal of the Schuylkill navigation company, one of the first in the United States, was partially constructed by him, and the Fairmount water-works and dam at Philadelphia were erected in accordance with his plans. In 1819 he removed to Conowingo, Md., where he built a bridge and double saw-mill, and prepared the timber for many bridges. Five years later he removed to Harper's Ferry and purchased the Isle of Virginius, where he continued his business of preparing timber for bridges. His last bridge was across the Potomac at Harper's Ferry for the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and was built in 1833.
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PREPARING FOR HPAI WITH THE ERIE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
April 5, 2022 — April 2 was a busy day at the SPCA Serving Erie County! Representatives of the Erie County Health Department’s Division of Emergency Preparedness came to the SPCA to help our Wildlife Department prepare to provide the safest care possible for our feathered friends due to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI).
Representatives from Messinger Woods Wildlife Care and Education Center and Wild Kritters of Niagara County Inc. were invited to the session to learn, along with us, the best way to provide care upon receipt of animals affected by HPAI.
Members of the SPCA’s Wildlife Department and Educational Farm have spent many hours planning ahead in the event our organization is faced with admission of animals suffering from this highly-contagious disease carried by free-flying wild birds (ducks, geese, gulls, etc.). with new strains causing illness and high mortality in wild birds and domestic poultry.
The SPCA Serving Erie County extends a heartfelt thanks to the Erie County Health Department for the training, the donation of tremendous amounts of PPE, and fitting attendees for N95 respirators.
Read the March 24, 2022 report on HPAI from the Cornell University Wildlife Health Lab (the most recent University report on HPAI available at the time of this writing) HERE. For more on 2022 detections of HPAI in New York State commercial and backyard flocks, visit the USDA’s information page HERE.
— Gina Lattuca, SPCA Serving Erie County Chief Communications Officer
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By Dr. Mercola
The issue of what kind of feminine hygiene products you use is rarely if ever discussed. Yet it's clearly an important topic for every woman out there.
Your skin is the largest organ in your body, and also the thinnest. Less than 1/10th of an inch separates your body from potential toxins. Worse yet, your skin is highly permeable — especially the skin around your vaginal area, not to mention inside the vagina itself.
This is why attention needs to be paid to the ingredients used in tampons and sanitary pads.
Most items that come in constant contact with your skin will end up in your bloodstream and distributed throughout your body. This is why I'm so fond of saying "don't put anything on your body that you wouldn't eat if you had to."
Putting chemicals on your skin may actually be worse than eating them. When you eat something, the enzymes in your saliva and stomach help to break it down and flush it out of your body.
However, when chemicals come in contact with your skin, they are absorbed straight into your bloodstream without filtering of any kind, going directly to your delicate organs. And once these chemicals find their way into your body, they tend to accumulate over time because you typically lack the necessary enzymes to break them down.
In my opinion, the realm of feminine hygiene can be likened to a "ticking time bomb." Because when you consider your exposure over the course of a lifetime, it really adds up; the average American woman uses up to 16,800 tampons in her lifetime — or as many as 24,360 if she's on estrogen replacement therapy.
And that's just tampons… Many women use countless sanitary pads in place of, or in addition to tampons. When this same 'average' woman has a baby, she may also use maternity and nursing pads.
What's Really in Those Sanitary Pads and Tampons?
In the featured article1, Andrea Donsky, founder of Naturally Savvy and co-author of Label Lessons: Your Guide to a Healthy Shopping Cart, reveals just how little we are allowed to know about the ingredients used in feminine hygiene products.
In fact, manufacturers of tampons and sanitary pads are not required to disclose the ingredients used because feminine hygiene products are considered "medical devices."
When Andrea called Procter & Gamble directly to find out what's in their Always Infinity pads, the only ingredients the service reps could give her were: foam and a patented ingredient called Infinicel2 — a highly absorbent material that can hold up to 10 times its weight.
In the above video, she demonstrates what happens when you burn an organic versus a conventional sanitary pad. The 100% organic cotton pad, made by Natracare, burns slow and clean, leaving virtually no sooty residue at all.
The Always Infinity pad on the other hand, with its mostly undisclosed ingredients, create lots of black smoke and thick residue — indications that the pad may contain dioxins, synthetic fibers and petrochemical additives.
In fact, according to her research, each conventional sanitary pad contains the equivalent of about four plastic bags! With everything we now know about the hazardous nature of plastic chemicals, this alone is cause for concern.
For example, plasticizing chemicals like BPA and BPS disrupt embryonic development and are linked to heart disease and cancer. Phthalates — which give paper tampon applicators that smooth feel and finish — are known to dysregulate gene expression, and DEHP may lead to multiple organ damage. Besides crude oil plastics, conventional sanitary pads can also contain a myriad of other potentially hazardous ingredients, such as odor neutralizers and fragrances. Synthetics and plastic also restrict the free flow of air and can trap heat and dampness, potentially promoting the growth of yeast and bacteria in your vaginal area.
The Price You Pay for 'Clean' White Tampons and Pads
Furthermore, to give tampons and pads that pristine, "clean" white look, the fibers used must be bleached. Chlorine is commonly used for this, which can create toxic dioxin and other disinfection-by-products (DBPs) such as trihalomethane. Studies show that dioxin collects in your fatty tissues, and according to a draft report by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), dioxin a serious public health threat that has no "safe" level of exposure! Published reports show that even low or trace levels of dioxins may be linked to:
- Abnormal tissue growth in the abdomen and reproductive organs
- Abnormal cell growth throughout the body
- Immune system suppression
- Hormonal and endocrine system disruption
Meanwhile, the FDA's official stance regarding trace amounts of dioxins is that there are no expected health risks associated with trace amounts of dioxins in tampons... Naturally Savvy notes that 10 years ago, House Representative Carolyn Maloney introduced legislation that would have required research into the potential health risks of any ingredient used in feminine hygiene products, including endometriosis, cervical, ovary and breast cancers. Unfortunately, the legislation did not pass, and it does not appear that any such research has been done.
Could You Be Absorbing GMO's Via Your Tampons?
Andrea discovered a number of shocking details about the potential hazards posed by tampons and sanitary pads during her research for the book, Label Lessons, such as3:
- Conventional tampons contain pesticides... Cotton crops make up just 2.4 percent of the world's land, but each year a whopping $2 billion is spent on pesticides to spray this one crop.
- Tampons and pads with odor neutralizers and other artificial fragrances are nothing short of a chemical soup laced with artificial colors, polyester, adhesives, polyethylene (PET), polypropylene, and propylene glycol (PEG), contaminants linked to hormone disruption, cancer, birth defects, dryness, and infertility.
- Conventional tampons most probably contain genetically modified organisms (GMOs). According the USDA, 94 percent of all the cotton planted in the US is genetically engineered.
As Andrea questions, is inserting a GMO tampon into your vagina several times every month any different than ingesting GMO food? For all we know it may be worse, considering the fact that your vaginal wall is highly permeable, allowing toxins direct access into your bloodstream — be it pesticide residue or a GMO protein.
Beware of Toxic Shock Syndrome
It's important to remember that tampons can create a favorable environment for bacteria growth. Micro tears in the vaginal wall from tampons allow bacteria to enter and accumulate. One recognized risk from tampon use is Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), which may be caused by poisonous toxins from either Staphylococcus aureus (staph) or group A streptococcus (strep) bacteria. TSS can be a life-threatening condition, so it's important to recognize the signs and symptoms. Should any of the following symptoms arise while using tampons during your period, make sure you seek medical help:
|Sudden high fever
|Low blood pressure
||Rash on palms or soles of feet
||Redness of your eyes, mouth and/or throat
To minimize your risk of this potentially life-threatening condition:
|Avoid super absorbent tampons - choose the lowest absorbency rate to handle your flow
||Never leave a tampon inserted overnight; use overnight pads instead
||When inserting a tampon, be extremely careful not to scratch your vaginal lining (avoid plastic applicators)
|Alternate the use of tampons with sanitary napkins or mini-pads during your period
||Change tampons at least every 4-6 hours
||Do not use a tampon between periods
Many of today's feminine hygiene products are made primarily from rayon, vicose, and cellulose wood fluff pulp… not cotton — let alone organic cotton. Rayon and viscose present a potential danger in part because of their highly absorbent fibers. When used in tampons, these fibers can stick to your vaginal wall, and when you remove the tampon, the loosened fibers stay behind inside your body, thereby raising your risk of TSS.
Fortunately, there are safer alternatives, and since the FDA regulates tampon absorbency, all tampons on the market must meet the same absorption guidelines. According to Dr. Philip Tierno, a Clinical Professor of Microbiology and Pathology at NYU Medical Centre, 100 percent cotton tampons "consistently test under detectable levels for TSS toxins." Based on her own research, Andrea recommends the following brands of tampons and sanitary pads listed below. I've also created an exclusive line of organic cotton feminine hygiene products, which you can find in my online store.
- Diva Cup
- Seventh Generation Chlorine Free Organic Cotton Tampons
- Glad Rags Organic Pads
- Organyc 100% Organic Cotton Tampons
Take Action: Ask for Full Disclosure
To push for full disclosure labelling, Naturally Savvy has created a petition asking Procter & Gamble to disclose the ingredients in their feminine hygiene products. You can sign their petition here.
"Disclosing what's in the products they make that go in and on women's bodies should not be optional, it should be mandatory!" she writes. "We need companies to be accountable for the products they manufacture. We need to know ahead of time how to avoid the rayon, pesticide residue, GMO cotton, dioxins, chemical toxins, petrochemicals, and plastic often found in conventional feminine hygiene products. We need to have full disclosure labelling on tampons and pads so, as women, we can make informed decisions when it comes to the products we buy."
For more information about the potential health risks posed by ingredients commonly used in feminine hygiene products, you may download the book Label Lessons: Your Guide to a Healthy Shopping Cart for free until June 26, 2013.
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Hogan Administration Considers More Delay For Poultry Pollution Regulations
More than two decades ago, an outbreak of toxic algae and fish kills in the Pocomoke River on Maryland’s Eastern Shore set off alarms about the dire state of the Chesapeake Bay’s health.
On December 1, 1997, a blue ribbon panel of experts, led by former Governor Harry Hughes, recommended that Maryland take “immediate” action to halt the over-application of poultry manure to farm fields, which was feeding the algal blooms.
The growth of industrial scale poultry operations – and the massive amount of excess manure they produce – had long been suspected as a major source of phosphorus overload in the soil and pollution in the Eastern Shore’s rivers.
But the call for immediate limits on manure spreading ran immediately into the political power of the farm lobby in Maryland state government. And so nothing significant happened on this problem for 13 years.
Then, finally, in 2010, former Governor Martin O’Malley’s administration promised the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that it would impose poultry manure application limits for farmers as part of Maryland’s new Chesapeake Bay cleanup plan.
The O’Malley Administration published draft manure regulations in January 2013. But then it withdrew the rules that August, after farmers complained they hadn’t been given enough time to prepare for the change.
For many Eastern Shore farmers, whose soils are saturated with phosphorus, the regulations – called the “Phosphorus Management Tool” – would mean that they – or the poultry companies like Perdue, or the state government -- would have to truck, or dispose of the excess manure, off site. And the farmers would instead have to buy nitrogen chemical fertilizer, which is more expensive but doesn't cause the phosphorus overload of manure.
The Maryland Department of Agriculture proposed the rules again in October 2013, and then withdrew them again a month later, after more protests from farmers. Finally, in December 2014, just before O’Malley left office, the state published the manure regulations a third time, this time with a gradual phase-in for farmers so that the restrictions would be in place for most farms six years later, by 2020.
However, in January 2015, newly elected Governor Larry Hogan took office and immediately withdrew the compromise regulations. His administration compromised the compromise, allowing yet another two years of delay for most farmers, until July 1, 2022.
Now, as this deadline approaches, the Hogan Administration is considering yet another compromise. An advisory panel of the Maryland Department of Agriculture is scheduled to vote a week from Friday, on Dec. 13, whether to recommend at least another year delay to the deadlines for 210,000 acres of farms across the state.
The essential problem is that – after all these years of discussing the problem and writing up regulations – the Maryland Department of Agriculture still has not solved the original puzzle: it simply does not know what to do with a half billion pounds of excess poultry manure every year.
The Hogan Administration, in essence, is asking for an extension – again—because it hasn’t done its homework. The state has not set aside enough money, or hired enough truckers, to transport the excess manure to farms outside of our region that need it.
The answer should be obvious: The big poultry companies like Perdue that are making the most profit from the industry – not the taxpayers, and not the family farmers – should pay for the cost of either shipping the excess waste out of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, or burying it in lined landfills.
Instead of more delay that will hurt the Chesapeake Bay, the Hogan Administration should grow a spine and impose the costs on the business that is causing the problem in the first place.
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Mindful awareness exercises help children develop concentration and self-awareness.
All of the exercises below are from my InnerKids classes and are designed for children ages 6-10.
In this exercise, children are guided through an experience of paying attention to sounds. After some practice, children may find this exercise to be helpful in their daily lives – before doing homework, when they are having difficulty settling down at bedtime, or at other any other time when it would be useful to settle the mind.
Note to parents / educators: In our classes, we often add sounds – bells, drums, shakers, etc. I didn’t include other sounds here, because the element of surprise would be lost after only one use. But the fun of guessing the source of a wider range of sounds can also help children concentrate.
In this exercise, children are guided through a process of paying attention to the breath. There are two versions of the guided exercise below – the first is the full exercise and is intended for children who have had some practice, and the second is a slightly modified version for beginners. They are both designed for children ages 6-10.
In this exercise, children pay close attention to the experience of seeing. Before sitting down to listen to the meditation, find a small rock or stone for children to use as a “focus rock”.
In the first version below, during the meditation, I briefly talk about the unique qualities of the present moment. For repeated use, the second version has this portion of the recording omitted so that children can choose not to listen to it every time.
Note to parents / educators: Before the meditation, you can make a fun outing of going on a walk to find a special rock!
The three exercises below are guided visualizations called “Friendly Wishes,” and they focus specifically on developing compassion, in addition to concentration and awareness. All of the following exercises are designed for children ages 6-10. (See the Scientific American article posted below about our ability to become more compassionate.)
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Kvinnorörelsen och efterkrigsplaneringen : statsfeminism i svensk arbetsmarknadspolitik under och kort efter andra världskriget
This thesis has analysed the relations among the women’s movement, the state and the labour market policy during and shortly after the Second World War and to what extent this period can be characterised as a formative phase as regards gender relations. The aim has been to study women’s strategic actions in order to influence the Swedish Government’s labour market policy in the period from 1939 to 1947. The thesis shows the conflicts of interest that manifested themselves between Statens arbetsmarknadskommission (SAK, ‘the National Swedish Labour Market Commission’) and its advisory women’s group, experts on women’s issues, concerning the planning and utilisation of female labour. SAK thought that the work of the experts on female issues should only focus on the short-term labour problems caused by the national crisis situation, while the experts on women’s issues were of the opinion that they should also work with long-term labour-market issues for women. These different ways of thinking and understanding the problem originated in different views on women’s work.The experts on women’s issues wanted to strengthen women’s position on the labour market by abolishing the wage differences between the genders, breaking the gender segregation in education, and broadening the occupational choices of girls. They had three strategies for achieving this: a strategy of professionalisation, a strategy of change, and a strategy of state feminism. The strategy of professionalisation was aimed at raising the value of traditional female work, in terms of both status and wages. The strategy of change was aimed at creating new opportunities for women to leave typical low-wage jobs and gain access to better paid jobs in male-dominated areas. The strategy of state feminism was aimed at paving the way for women in new and expanding occupational areas beside the traditional male occupations.Can the period during and shortly after the war be characterised as a formative phase of the issue of gender relations? It is evident that this period did not involve a revolution of the societal gender order. The idea of women as reserve labour did not disappear. The post-war planners considered that, in the transition to peace, the women who had replaced men who were called up should be redeployed or retrained for employment in household work, in hotels, restaurants and cafés, in shops and in health care. In spite of the great shortage of labour in the post-war period, leading politicians and economists stuck to old ways of thinking. A clear indication on the part of the Government was that the women’s movement’s demand for long-term planning in order to utilise female labour was turned down.One important difference from the First World War was that the Government produced peace plans for women’s work during the Second World War. The period also led to ideological and institutional consequences that could be the beginning of a change of the societal gender order. From her central position in Kommissionen för ekonomisk efterkrigsplanering (‘the Commission for economic post-war planning’), Karin Kock could see to it that women’s demands for greater occupational mobility and a loosening up of the gender division of labour had an impact on the post-war planning of the war years. The experiences of women in male industries in the Second World War, both in Sweden and abroad, showed to some extent that it was possible to change the gender division of labour.The modern welfare state also came to correspond to a great extent to the state feminist strategy of the experts on women’s issues. With the historical formation of the welfare state a new type of occupational groups developed, the so-called welfare state professionals.
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:women s work post war planning state feminism movement the second world labour market policy welfare gender strategies citizenship formative phase
Date of Publication:04/21/2006
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Out there in Crochet Land there are many 'special' stitches that I call 'YO Stitches' (the abbreviation for yarn over is yo). These stitches include the popcorn stitch, the bobble stitch, the puff stitch etc…etc…
My favorite of these type of stitches is the star stitch. A lot of 'star stitch' patterns have you break off at the end of each row…which leaves a lot of ends to weave in upon completion. The instructions I use and am including below use a turn and a
row of hdc instead.
Start by chaining an odd number of stitches.
Row 1: pull up a loop in 2nd ch from hook and in each of the next 4 ch, yo and pull through all 6 stitches on hook, ch 1 to close star.
This is your first star and it should look like this (continue on with pattern)
* Pull up a loop in ch-1,
pull up a loop in last ch of star just made,
pull up a loop in each of the next 3 ch,
yarn over and pull through all 6 loops on hook,
ch 1 to close star,
repeat from * across, hdc in last ch.
Here's what your first row should look like
Row 2: ch 2, turn, 3 hdc in each ch-1 from the previous row, ch3 turn.
Row 3: pull up loops in the 2nd and 3rd ch of turning ch-3 and in the next 3 hdc, *pull up a loop in ch-1, pull up a loop in last ch of star just made, pull up a loop in each of the next 3 hdc, yarn over and pull through all 6 loops on hook, ch 1 to close star, repeat from * across. hdc in last ch.
Repeat Rows 2 and 3 until appropriate length is reached.
Tips for working the star stitch:
- Holding the previous star between your thumb and forefinger while working will help while working through these instructions. I do it like this:
- You don't have to literally put the yarn over your hook. You can instead put the yarn under and have the same results. The main idea is to make a loop and keep those loops on the hook until it's time to close the stitch.
Good luck and if you have any questions or comments don't hesitate to comment here!
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Armazém da Arte "Clube de Mães"
Telefone: + 55 (47) 3363 – 3685
Calçadão da Avenida Central - Galeria Joaquim Correia (Entrada Loja do Gorila)
Balneário Camboriú – Santa Catarina – Brasil
CEP: 88330 - 048
Para postar neste grupo, envie um e-mail para email@example.com
Para cancelar a sua inscrição neste grupo, envie um e-mail para firstname.lastname@example.org
Para ver mais opções, visite este grupo em http://groups.google.com.br/group/armazemdaarte?hl=pt-BR
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Resonance Column :-
The velocity with which sound travels in any medium may be determined if the frequency and the wavelength are known. The relationship between these quantities is:
v = fλ where v = velocity of sound propagation
f = frequency
λ = wavelength
The wavelength of the sound will be determined by making use of the resonance of an air column. The apparatus for the experiment consists of a long cylindrical tube attached to a water reservoir. The length of the water column may be changed by raising or lowering the water level while the tuning fork is held over the open end of the tube. Resonance is indicated by the sudden increase in the intensity of the sound when the column is adjusted to the proper length.
This video explains how to find the velocity of sound in air at room temperature and at 0°C using the resonance column by determining two resonance positions.
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'It's the politics, stupid!' : the politicization of anti-corruption in Italy
Title: 'It's the politics, stupid!' : the politicization of anti-corruption in Italy
Citation: Crime law and social change, 2013, Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 565-593
This article aims to analyze the relationship between judicial activism against political corruption and electoral accountability. The judiciary plays a pivotal role in enforcing anti-corruption legislation, and, in many countries, courts have moved closer and closer towards that kind of working. In the article, we analyze the conditions under which a judicial prosecution of corrupt practices can also lead to electoral punishment of political misconducts by voters, or to a failure of accountability mechanisms. The latter outcome is more likely to occur if judicial activism is politicized. The 'politicization' of anti-corruption initiatives is here defined as an increase in the polarization of opinions, interests, or values about judicial investigations and the extent to which this polarization is strategically advanced towards the political debate by parties, political leaders, and media. By crystallizing a new dimension of political conflict, political actors can negatively affect electoral accountability, diminishing the risk of electoral punishment. We study this phenomenon by analyzing the case of Italy, a country which has experienced high levels of politicization of anti-corruption. However, whether and to what extent anti-corruption policies can be politicized is a question open for many other countries that can take a similar path.
Files in this item
There are no files associated with this item.
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|By PR Newswire||
|April 8, 2014 07:00 AM EDT||
NEW YORK, April 8, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- FuelCell Energy, Inc. (NASDAQ: FCEL) a rising star in the fuel cell industry is the subject of an analyst report. The fuel cell industry is still in its infancy and represents huge potential in the coming years as the acceptance of various forms of alternative energy grows. Since fuel cell-powered engines do not burn fuel, they are an efficient, quiet, and pollution-free alternative to combustion engines. Advancements in technology through research and development, coupled with the declining prices of fuel cells, are expected to further promote the market for fuel cells going forward. There are six main fuel cell technology types: proton exchange membrane fuel cells direct methanol fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells and alkaline fuel cells. Among the various types, PEMFC is currently the most popular with regards to unit shipments due to its suitability for use in both small and large scales and wider acceptance across various applications. In terms of megawatts (MW), however, the three most popular types are split amongst PEMFC, MCFC and SOFC, where the contribution from the latter two is mostly due to their use in the stationary sector in large-scale prime power plants. In fact, it was estimated by FuelCell in their "Industry Review 2013" report that MCFC was expected to overtake PEMFC in 2013 for the first time in terms of annual MW shipped with about 43% of the annual total.
The main public company commercializing molten carbonate fuel cells is FuelCell Energy (FCEL), which designs, manufactures, sells, installs, operates, and services its fuel cells mostly in stationary power markets for distributed generation and combined heat and power (CHP). The company has sold hundreds of megawatts of its Direct FuelCell (DFC) power plants, which produce electricity and heat electrochemically using various fuels such as natural gas, methanol, diesel, biogas, coal gas, coal mine methane, and propane. The company markets its products to electric utilities, commercial and industrial companies, universities, municipalities, government entities, and other customers around the world. It currently operates plants in approximately 50 locations worldwide, and has strategic partnerships with POSCO Energy (Korea), Enbridge Inc (Canada), Abengoa (Spain), and NRG Energy (US).
A full in-depth analyst report on FCEL that includes risk factors, industry review, financial position, potential revenues, review of current business model, competition breakdown, analyst summary, and recommendation can be viewed by using the following link at no cost:
Copy and paste to browser may be required
This report may contain certain forward-looking statements and information, as defined within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and is subject to the Safe Harbor created by those sections. This material contains statements about expected future events and/or financial results that are forward-looking in nature and subject to risks and uncertainties. Such forward- looking statements by definition involve risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of mentioned company to be materially different from the statements made herein.
Content is researched, written and reviewed on a best-effort basis. This document, article or report is written and authored by Michael Maggi, CFA. An outsourced research services provider represented by Michael Maggi, CFA, provided Small Cap Street, LLC this article or report. However, we are only human and are prone to make mistakes. If you notice any errors or omissions, please notify us below. Small Cap Street, LLC and BrokerBank Securities, Inc. are not entitled to veto, interfere or alter the articles, documents or report once created and reviewed by the outsourced research provider represented by Michael Maggi, CFA.
If you wish to have your company covered in more detail by our team, or wish to learn more about our services, please contact us at [email protected]. For any urgent concerns or inquiries, please contact us at [email protected]
NO WARRANTY OR LIABILITY ASSUMED
FCEL has not compensated Small Cap Street, LLC, BrokerBank Securities, Inc., or Michael Maggi, CFA for the creation or dissemination of this report. Small Cap Street, LLC and BrokerBank Securities, Inc., is not responsible for any error which may be occasioned at the time of printing of this document or any error, mistake or shortcoming. Small Cap Street, LLC and BrokerBank Securities, Inc. do not hold any positions in FCEL. No liability is accepted by Small Cap Street, LLC and BrokerBank Securities, Inc. whatsoever for any direct, indirect or consequential loss arising from the use of this document. Small Cap Street, LLC and BrokerBank Securities, Inc. expressly disclaims any fiduciary responsibility or liability for any consequences, financial or otherwise arising from any reliance placed on the information in this document. Small Cap Street, LLC and BrokerBank Securities, Inc. do not (1) guarantee the accuracy, timeliness, completeness or correct sequencing of the information, or (2) warrant any results from use of the information. The included information is subject to change without notice.
Small Cap Street, LLC is the party responsible for hosting the full analyst report. BrokerBank Securities in the party responsible for issuing the press release and Michael Maggi, CFA, is the author of research report. Small Cap Street, LLC has compensated Michael Maggi, CFA two hundred dollars and fifty dollars for the right to disseminate this report. BrokerBank Securities has been compensated one hundred dollars to issue press release by Small Cap Street, LLC. Information in this release is fact checked and produced on a best efforts basis by Michael Maggi, CFA.
CFA® and Chartered Financial Analyst® are registered trademarks owned by CFA Institute.
BrokerBank Securities, Inc. is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, CRD number #130116.
SOURCE BrokerBank Securities, Inc.
Providing the needed data for application development and testing is a huge headache for most organizations. The problems are often the same across companies - speed, quality, cost, and control. Provisioning data can take days or weeks, every time a refresh is required. Using dummy data leads to quality problems. Creating physical copies of large data sets and sending them to distributed teams of developers eats up expensive storage and bandwidth resources. And, all of these copies proliferating...
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SYS-CON Events announced today that MobiDev, a client-oriented software development company, will exhibit at SYS-CON's 20th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place June 6-8, 2017, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY, and the 21st International Cloud Expo®, which will take place October 31-November 2, 2017, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. MobiDev is a software company that develops and delivers turn-key mobile apps, websites, web services, and complex softw...
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The speed of software changes in growing and large scale rapid-paced DevOps environments presents a challenge for continuous testing. Many organizations struggle to get this right. Practices that work for small scale continuous testing may not be sufficient as the requirements grow. In his session at DevOps Summit, Marc Hornbeek, Sr. Solutions Architect of DevOps continuous test solutions at Spirent Communications, explained the best practices of continuous testing at high scale, which is rele...
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DevOps tends to focus on the relationship between Dev and Ops, putting an emphasis on the ops and application infrastructure. But that’s changing with microservices architectures. In her session at DevOps Summit, Lori MacVittie, Evangelist for F5 Networks, will focus on how microservices are changing the underlying architectures needed to scale, secure and deliver applications based on highly distributed (micro) services and why that means an expansion into “the network” for DevOps.
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In his session at 19th Cloud Expo, Claude Remillard, Principal Program Manager in Developer Division at Microsoft, contrasted how his team used config as code and immutable patterns for continuous delivery of microservices and apps to the cloud. He showed how the immutable patterns helps developers do away with most of the complexity of config as code-enabling scenarios such as rollback, zero downtime upgrades with far greater simplicity. He also demoed building immutable pipelines in the cloud ...
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Using new techniques of information modeling, indexing, and processing, new cloud-based systems can support cloud-based workloads previously not possible for high-throughput insurance, banking, and case-based applications. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, John Newton, CTO, Founder and Chairman of Alfresco, described how to scale cloud-based content management repositories to store, manage, and retrieve billions of documents and related information with fast and linear scalability. He addres...
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Hardware virtualization and cloud computing allowed us to increase resource utilization and increase our flexibility to respond to business demand. Docker Containers are the next quantum leap - Are they?! Databases always represented an additional set of challenges unique to running workloads requiring a maximum of I/O, network, CPU resources combined with data locality.
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Due of the rise of Hadoop, many enterprises are now deploying their first small clusters of 10 to 20 servers. At this small scale, the complexity of operating the cluster looks and feels like general data center servers. It is not until the clusters scale, as they inevitably do, when the pain caused by the exponential complexity becomes apparent. We've seen this problem occur time and time again. In his session at Big Data Expo, Greg Bruno, Vice President of Engineering and co-founder of StackIQ...
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The cloud market growth today is largely in public clouds. While there is a lot of spend in IT departments in virtualization, these aren’t yet translating into a true “cloud” experience within the enterprise. What is stopping the growth of the “private cloud” market? In his general session at 18th Cloud Expo, Nara Rajagopalan, CEO of Accelerite, explored the challenges in deploying, managing, and getting adoption for a private cloud within an enterprise. What are the key differences between wh...
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Security, data privacy, reliability, and regulatory compliance are critical factors when evaluating whether to move business applications from in-house, client-hosted environments to a cloud platform. Quality assurance plays a vital role in ensuring that the appropriate level of risk assessment, verification, and validation takes place to ensure business continuity during the migration to a new cloud platform.
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Containers have changed the mind of IT in DevOps. They enable developers to work with dev, test, stage and production environments identically. Containers provide the right abstraction for microservices and many cloud platforms have integrated them into deployment pipelines. DevOps and containers together help companies achieve their business goals faster and more effectively. In his session at DevOps Summit, Ruslan Synytsky, CEO and Co-founder of Jelastic, reviewed the current landscape of Dev...
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One of the hottest areas in cloud right now is DRaaS and related offerings. In his session at 16th Cloud Expo, Dale Levesque, Disaster Recovery Product Manager with Windstream's Cloud and Data Center Marketing team, will discuss the benefits of the cloud model, which far outweigh the traditional approach, and how enterprises need to ensure that their needs are properly being met.
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Big Data, cloud, analytics, contextual information, wearable tech, sensors, mobility, and WebRTC: together, these advances have created a perfect storm of technologies that are disrupting and transforming classic communications models and ecosystems. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Erik Perotti, Senior Manager of New Ventures on Plantronics’ Innovation team, provided an overview of this technological shift, including associated business and consumer communications impacts, and opportunities it m...
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The perspective of a Tico, written by a foreigner.
Prior to this trip, all of my knowledge regarding Costa Rica came from a wildly colorful guidebook that condensed hundreds of years of history and culture into a book the size of my palm. This condensing of history naturally led to some false notions about the Tico population, and the country in general. After attending a lecture of local Professor Joaquin Lizano, I have a greater understanding of Costa Rica’s realities, and where the country’s reputation merges with its actual way of life. Costa Rica is known as the happiest country in the world. Costa rica is known for paving the way in sustainability. The people of Costa Rica are known for their friendliness and sense of Tico identity. Is this too good to be true? This answer, or as much of an answer as I can come up with, lies within the “why” of Costa Rican history.
The first paradox that I will explore is the notion of Costa Rican identity, specifically regarding race. In America (I say “America” referring to the United States, not the actual continents, which will come into play later), race is a controversial issue still today, due to our complex history with slavery and discrimination. However, in Costa Rica, as I have read in my guidebook, race is not an issue; social hierarchies are determined by socioeconomic class, not race. As I have learned today, this is not entirely true. Those with darker skin, especially nicaraguans, may be looked down upon and persecuted, as Ticos identify as ‘white’. This confused me, as I do not completely understand the connotation of the word “gringo” around here, despite the fact that it literally translates to “white”. During the lecture, I also noticed that when talking about Costa Rica, Professor Lizano said “in America”. I found this extremely interesting, because yes, Latin America is technically America, as is anywhere in South America. But the terms ‘America’ or ‘American’ have taken on the meaning of usually referring to the United States. As the Ticos see all twenty of us walking around with our backpacks and cameras out, they’d likely refer to us as gringos or Americans, yet they also consider themselves white, and in America. This is contradictory, and when I ask myself “why?”, I realize that I do not have a clear answer.
On a lighter note, I finally understand why there are no addresses in Costa Rica. Many seemingly illogical systems present in the country can be explained through looking into the Tico mindset. Lizano calls it “rural ideology”; I equate it to the saying “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it”. Costa Rica is small, so most people in the towns and provinces know where the basic landmarks are, or even used to be. So if you tell someone that you live in the green house, 200 meters past the closed down Burger King, they will know where you are talking about. And again in the rural areas, giving directions would be based around commonly known landmarks. The system works for Ticos; they know their way around, so why would they go through the hassle of assigning street names and addresses? If these addresses were assigned, it’s likely that Ticos would keep on using landmarks as reference points anyways.
Lastly, since I am touring two coffee plantations tomorrow, it is only fitting that I explore the significance of coffee in Costa Rica. Why is it that coffee, despite now only making up 2.5% of the country’s GDP, is such a momentous artifact of Costa Rican culture? The answer is rooted back the country’s early years of independence. Juan Mora Fernandez’s desire to expand the coffee industry created monumental social alterations, and brought the country an abundant source of wealth. The expansion of smaller coffee plantations led to a booming middle class, which served as the basis for the sense of egalitarianism that many feel is present in Costa Rica. The new middle class allowed for a revolution of education. With the new revenue from coffee, more families were able to send their children to school. With their new found wealth, the middle class also had power. Decisions regarding the fate of the country were no longer decided solely by the elite. Coffee gave the people a voice. So although coffee is not the economic savior that it once was, coffee signifies more than wealth. It is something that Ticos can all gather around. Coffee has heavily influenced Tico culture throughout the nation’s history.
Today’s lecture has been enlightening, as it provided the opportunity to understand some of the notions thrown around about Costa Rica, from the perspective of a Tico. It was eye opening to hear criticism of famous Tico figures, and the other side to some of Costa Rica’s most marketable features (think sustainability, equality, happiness, etc.). Ultimately, some questions about Costa Rican history do not have a clear answer, while others can be discovered by delving a little deeper into the history and context of this complex nation.
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Everyone loves rubber ducks! They are cute, yellow, and fun in the bath! They are, however, actually a bit different than drawing a regular duck, and this article will show you how!
1Draw a circle. This will be your rubber ducky's head. It doesn't have to be perfect, but try to be neat!
2Draw a pointed oval shape directly under the circle, this will be the duck's tail. Also draw a small circle for the eye.
3Connect the head to the body with two small lines, broaden the duck's chest, and add the beak.
4Add an oval inside the duck's body. This will be the wing. The left side should be larger than the right.
5Add the feathers to your duck's wings and erase any unnecessary guidelines. When done, yours should look like this:
6Why not add some bathwater and soap bubbles to your rubber ducky drawing?
7No rubber ducky is complete without color!
- Give your duck colorful eyes.
- Do not get upset if you don't get it the first time, practice makes perfect!
- Always make initial lines soft and light. For visual purposes, the lines in the diagram are dark and thick.
- A rubber duck is just a toy, and therefore does not have feathers.
Things You'll Need
- Crayons, paints, or colored pencils
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The CS faculty revised the curriculum, because computer science has become too large to learn in four years. The faculty decided that the best response is to reduce the set of classes that students are required to take, so as to enable students to pursue their interests by choosing upper-division elective courses. The old curriculum had eleven CS courses that students were required to take, leaving little time for electives. The new curriculum has only six. This gives students the opportunity to dive into concentration areas, or to study computer science more broadly by sampling from various subareas.
Our Entry-Level courses and prerequisites require students to take our CS courses in a specific order for their first few semesters. You can see the flowchart below:
Core CS Classes
All CS students are required to take six core classes, two of each in Programming, Systems and Theory:
*Starting in Fall 2013, CS 311 and CS 311H replace the old CS 313K Logic, Sets and Functions and CS 313H Logic, Sets and Functions. Also, CS 331 and CS 331H replace the old CS 378 Algorithms and Complexity and CS 378H Algorithms and Complexity: Honors.
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Q4 Interviewer: The Syrian government claims a strong link between Israel and the terrorists. How can you explain this? It is commonly perceived that the extremist Islamists loathe Israel and become hysterical upon hearing its name.
President al-Assad: If this was the case, why is it then that when we strike the terrorists at the frontier, Israel strikes at our forces to alleviate the pressure off of them? Why, when we blockade them into an area does Israel let them through their barricades so they can come round and re-attack from another direction? Why has Israel carried out direct strikes against the Syrian Army on more than one occasion in recent months? So clearly this perception is inaccurate. It is Israel who has publically declared its cooperation with these terrorists and treated them in Israeli hospitals.
If these terrorist groups were indeed hostile to Israel and hysterical even on the mention of the word as you mention, why have they fought the Soviet Union, Syria and Egypt, whilst never carrying out a single strike against Israel? Who originally created these terrorist groups? These groups were initially created in the early 80’s by the United States and the West, with Saudi funding, to fight the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. So logically speaking, how could such groups manufactured by the US and the West ever strike Israel!
Q5 Interviewer: Mr. President, this interview will be translated into several international languages, and shall be read by world leaders, some who may currently be working against you. What would you like to say to them?
President al-Assad: Today there are many Western politicians, but very few statesmen. Some of these politicians do not read history or even learn from it, whilst others do not even remember recent events. Have these politicians learned any lessons from the past 50 years at least? Have they not realised that since the Vietnam War, all the wars their predecessors have waged have failed? Have they not learned that they have gained nothing from these wars but the destruction of the countries they fought, which has had a destabilising effect on the Middle East and other parts of the world? Have they not comprehended that all of these wars have not made people in the region appreciate them or believe in their policies?
From another perspective, these politicians should know that terrorism is not a winning card you play when it suits you and keep it in your pocket when it doesn’t. Terrorism is like a scorpion; it can unexpectedly sting you at any time. Therefore, you cannot support terrorism in Syria whilst fighting it in Mali; you cannot support terrorism in Chechnya and fight it in Afghanistan.
To be very precise, I am referring to the West and not all world leaders, if these western leaders are looking to achieve their interests, they need to listen to their own constituents and to the people in this region rather than seeking to install ‘puppet’ leaders, in the hope that they would be able to deliver their objectives. In doing so, western policy may become more realistic in the region.
Our message to the world is straightforward: Syria will never become a Western ‘puppet’ state. We are an independent country; we will fight terrorism and we will freely build relationships with countries in a way that best serves the interests of the Syrian people.
....I thought this a place where I might be at least marginally sure that the human behavior around me was not being manipulated by the unseen hands of those who, through mastery of the wondrous yet sinister technologies of our "information age" have obliterated the line between truth and fiction, between reality and a terrifying world in which one's eyes, ears, and heart can no longer be trusted. ...
...information, he insists, is not knowledge. The lessons passed on from one's elders, taught by the wisest of them but recorded only in the mind, these, Dugumbe has always said, represent true knowledge. The media I've mentioned can only divert a man from such wisdom and enslave him to what Dugumbe calls the worst of all devils: confusion. ...
...For it is the greatest truth of our age: information is not knowledge.
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An iPad version of Edna Staebler’s famous Food That Really Schmecks cookbook, featuring hearty, country cooking. New material includes photos and videos ...
An iPad version of Edna Staebler’s famous Food That Really Schmecks cookbook, featuring hearty, country cooking. New material includes photos and videos of Edna Staebler and the Waterloo Region countryside. Recipes are easily searchable, and users can upload photos and recipe comments and suggestions that will be shared to all users, just like your grandma’s scribbles in the margins of the family cookbook. In the 1960s, Edna Staebler moved in with an Old Order Mennonite family in Waterloo Region, Ontario, to learn about Mennonite culture and cooking. Schmecks, the book she wrote about her experiences, was originally published in 1968 and instantly became a classic, selling tens of thousands of copies. Included are Staebler’s stories and anecdotes about cooking, Mennonites, her family, and Waterloo Region—including the story of The Great Cookie War between Nabisco and Procter and Gamble about the now-famous Rigglevake cookies. Enjoy the convenience of traditional recipes through mobile technology. App Features: - Easily search for recipes, ingredients - Add notes and comments to the recipes, photos, and stories - Upload your own pictures to the recipes - Take a virtual tour of Waterloo Region through photos, videos and stories - Watch video tributes to Edna Staebler
Size: 43.3 MB
Price: 2,99 €
Developed by Monolith Interactive, Inc.
Day of release: 2012-05-22
Recommended age: 4+
Lifestyle | iPhone, iPad
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Shortage of Cholera Vaccine an Obstacle in Haiti Response
Ever since cholera began sweeping through Haiti in October, health officials have been drilling home the importance of sanitation practices and clean drinking water for slowing spread of the deadly disease.
But there has been little talk of immunizing Haiti’s population against cholera, even though there are two vaccines for the disease. The reason, according to health experts, is a global shortage of vaccine supply.
“We don’t even really have it as an option to consider,” said Peter Hotez, president of the Sabin Vaccine Institute and the American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene. “The supply is just so inadequate in terms of what’s available now.”
The Pan American Health Organization says 100,000 doses of the Swedish-made Dukoral cholera vaccine are currently available for shipment, which would cover 50,000 people (two doses are needed to provide protection). Another 1 million doses of Shanchol, a new, cheaper cholera vaccine produced in India, are stockpiled and could be shipped over the course of 2011, but the vaccine manufacturer would need to obtain an expedited approval from the WHO in order for international organizations to purchase it.
With more than 9 million people living in Haiti, and 10 million more in bordering Dominican Republic, the best-case scenario still falls woefully short of covering the population.
“Under no circumstances could there be enough vaccine-over 40 million doses-to vaccinate all the inhabitants of the island of Hispaniola over the next year,” said Jon Andrus, PAHO’s deputy director, at the conclusion of a high-level meeting on the issue in December.
He points to the fact that cholera usually affects very poor parts of the world, including Eastern and Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia, creating little incentive for drug companies.
“Flu vaccine is a global strategy and there is a market for it, where with many diseases of poverty there is not that same market force driving the supply,” Andrus said.
PAHO is now calling for the creation of an international stockpile of cholera vaccine, as well as a small pilot cholera vaccine project in Haiti to begin in spring of 2011 and expand as more vaccine is available.
Such a pilot project could provide valuable in-the-field expertise on how to deploy a cholera vaccine on a large scale, said Stephen Calderwood, chief of infectious disease at Massachusetts General Hospital, and a cholera expert who is collaborating on a field trial of Shanchol in Bangladesh.
“Haiti does represent an opportunity, if vaccine is available, to answer some of the public health questions about how to use the vaccine in the best way,” he said.
Some of the concerns over the existing vaccines are that they provide only 60 to 80 percent protection, and last only two to three years, creating cost and logistical concerns over having to repeatedly immunize a population, said Calderwood. Dukol costs $40 per dose, while Shanchol, developed with a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation*, is $6 a dose.
Full protection of the vaccine is also not conveyed until about three weeks after the first dose, and the need for a second dose creates complications in low-resource settings.
“We are still at the early stages of understanding how to use a vaccine like this in a reactive situation, after an epidemic has already broken out,” said Hotez, of Sabin Vaccine Institute, which has no ties to the cholera vaccine manufacturers.
The need for this type of field expertise has been emphasized by recent cholera outbreaks in Angola, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and Zimbabwe, which Hotez describes as “prolonged and protracted,” raising the stakes for finding effective ways to respond with vaccines.
“We normally think of [cholera] as a short term problem that will burn itself out in a couple weeks, so a vaccine wouldn’t be appropriate,” he said. “The length and scope of these epidemics has increased, so now it’s different.”
*For the record, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation underwrites the NewsHour’s global health coverage.
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From civil rights to government service, from the author of Beloved to the composer of The Times They Are A-Changin', President Obama honored 13 individuals on Tuesday who have made singular contributions to national life.
"What sets these men and women apart is the incredible impact they have had on so many people," Obama said in awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom during a White House ceremony. "Not in short, blinding bursts, but steadily over the course of a lifetime."
Some of the recipients are well-known cultural icons. Nobel Prize-winning writer Toni Morrison, author of Beloved, Jazz and Song of Solomon, has a new book on the best-seller lists: Home, the story of a Korean War veteran who returns to his racially segregated town in Georgia.
Singer-songwriter Bob Dylan -- who wore sunglasses while receiving his medal -- is still recording albums, five decades after Blowin' in the Wind and The Times They Are A-Changin' became anthems of the civil rights movement. Obama said Dylan's songs and his voice -- "with its weight, its unique gravelly power" -- redefined music and inspired generations of artists.
Other pioneers honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom included Madeleine Albright, the first female secretary of State. Albright won Obama's praise for her "courage and toughness" in pursuing peace in the Balkans and Middle East.
Other recipients: John Paul Stevens, the third-longest-serving justice on the Supreme Court, who wore his trademark bow tie at the ceremony; William Foege, a physician who led the charge to eradicate smallpox during the 1970s; and John Glenn, the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth and who later served as a U.S. senator; Obama pointed out that Glenn went back into space at age 77.
Attorney John Doar represented the government in some of the toughest civil rights cases of the 1960s, from murders in Mississippi to the Selma-to-Montgomery voting rights march in Alabama. Obama described Doar as "the face of the Justice Department in the South" during that turbulent era.
The nation's first African-American president also said of Doar: "I think it's fair to say that I might not be here had it not been for his work."
Dolores Huerta helped organize migrant farm workers along with Cesar Chavez. Obama noted that Huerta pointed out before the event that his 2008 campaign had "stolen" a slogan from the farm movement: 'Yes, we can."
"I'm pleased that she let me off easy," Obama joked.
Three of this year's Medal of Freedom honorees are deceased.
Two of them defined heroism during World War II: Gordon Hirabayashi, who defied the U.S. internment of Japanese-American citizens, and took the government to court; and Jan Karski of Poland, who delivered one of the first eyewitness accounts of the Nazi Holocaust against Jews.
Obama also honored Juliette Gordon Low, who founded the Girl Scouts a century ago this year.
Israeli President Shimon Peres, lauded for his efforts to find Middle East peace, is another recipient of the Medal of Freedom. Peres did not attend the ceremony because of obligations back home.
The sports world was also honored: Pat Summitt, the Tennessee women's basketball coach who retired this year after a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
The coach who has won the most college basketball games in history, Summitt earned the longest applause of the afternoon for her personal and public battle against Alzheimer's.
Obama also spoke of how the Medal of Freedom recipients influenced him personally.
"I remember reading Song of Solomon when I was a kid, and not just trying to figure out how to write, but also how to be and how to think," Obama said. "And I remember, you know, in college listening to Bob Dylan, and my world opening up, because he captured something about this country that was so vital. And I think about Dolores Huerta, reading about her when I was starting off as an organizer."
The Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients, with White House notations:
Former secretary of State Madeleine Albright -- "During her tenure, she worked to enlarge NATO and helped lead the Alliance's campaign against terror and ethnic cleansing in the Balkans, pursued peace in the Middle East and Africa, sought to reduce the dangerous spread of nuclear weapons, and was a champion of democracy, human rights, and good governance across the globe."
Singer-songwriter Bob Dylan -- "One of the most influential American musicians of the 20th century, Dylan released his first album in 1962. Known for his rich and poetic lyrics, his work had considerable influence on the civil rights movement of the 1960s and has had significant impact on American culture over the past five decades."
Author Toni Morrison -- "One of our nation's most celebrated novelists, Morrison is renowned for works such as Song of Solomon, Jazz and Beloved, for which she won a Pulitzer Prize in 1988. When she became the first African-American woman to win a Nobel Prize in 1993, Morrison's citation captured her as an author 'who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality.' "
Jurist John Paul Stevens -- "Stevens served as an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1975 to 2010, when he retired as the third-longest-serving Justice in the Court's history. Known for his independent, pragmatic and rigorous approach to judging, Justice Stevens and his work have left a lasting imprint on the law in areas such as civil rights, the First Amendment, the death penalty, administrative law, and the separation of powers."
Israel President Shimon Peres -- "An ardent advocate for Israel's security and for peace, Shimon Peres was elected the ninth President of Israel in 2007. First elected to the Knesset in 1959, he has served in a variety of positions throughout the Israeli government ... Peres served as Prime Minister from 1984-1986 and 1995-1996. Along with Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and then-PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, Peres won the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize for his work as Foreign Minister during the Middle East peace talks that led to the Oslo Accords."
Astronaut-senator John Glenn -- "In 1962, he was the third American in space and the first American to orbit the Earth. After retiring from the Marine Corps, Glenn was elected to the U.S. Senate in Ohio in 1974. He was an architect and sponsor of the 1978 Nonproliferation Act and served as Chairman of the Senate Government Affairs committee from 1987 until 1995. In 1998, Glenn became the oldest person to visit space at the age of 77."
Civil rights attorney John Doar -- "Served as Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice (in the 1960s). In that capacity, he was instrumental during many major civil rights crises, including singlehandedly preventing a riot in Jackson, Mississippi, following the funeral of slain civil rights leader Medgar Evars in 1963. Doar brought notable civil rights cases, including obtaining convictions for the 1964 killings of three civil rights workers in Neshoba County, Mississippi, and leading the effort to enforce the right to vote and implement the Voting Rights Act of 1965."
Doctor William Foege -- "A physician and epidemiologist, Foege helped lead the successful campaign to eradicate smallpox in the 1970s. He was appointed Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1977 and, with colleagues, founded the Task Force for Child Survival in 1984."
Activist Gordon Hirabayashi -- "Openly defied the forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. As an undergraduate at the University of Washington, he refused the order to report for evacuation to an internment camp, instead turning himself in to the FBI to assert his belief that these practices were racially discriminatory. Consequently, he was convicted by a U.S. Federal District Court in Seattle of defying the exclusion order and violating curfew. ... In 1987, his conviction was overturned by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Hirabayashi died on January 2, 2012."
Civil rights advocate Dolores Huerta -- "With Cesar Chavez, she co-founded the National Farmworkers Association in 1962, which later became the United Farm Workers of America. Huerta has served as a community activist and a political organizer, and was influential in securing the passage of California's Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975, and disability insurance for farmworkers in California."
Coach Pat Summitt -- "In addition to accomplishing an outstanding career as the all-time winningest leader among all NCAA basketball coaches, Summitt has taken the University of Tennessee to more Final Four appearances than any other coach and has the second best record of NCAA Championships in basketball. ... Off the court, she has been a spokesperson against Alzheimer's."
Holocaust survivor Jan Karski -- "Served as an officer in the Polish Underground during World War II and carried among the first eye-witness accounts of the Holocaust to the world. He worked as a courier, entering the Warsaw ghetto and the Nazi Izbica transit camp, where he saw first-hand the atrocities occurring under Nazi occupation. Karski later traveled to London to meet with the Polish government-in-exile and with British government officials. ... Born in 1914, Karski became a U.S. citizen in 1954 and died in 2000."
Girl Scouts founder Juliette Gordon Low -- "Born in 1860, Low founded the Girl Scouts in 1912. The organization strives to teach girls self-reliance and resourcefulness. It also encourages girls to seek fulfillment in the professional world and to become active citizens in their communities. ... Low died in 1927. This year, the Girl Scouts celebrate their 100th Anniversary, calling 2012 'The Year of the Girl.'"
David's journalism career spans three decades, including coverage of five presidential elections, the Oklahoma City bombing, the 2000 Florida presidential recount and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. He has covered the White House for USA TODAY since 2005. His interests include history, politics, books, movies and college football -- not necessarily in that order. More about David
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This is our only chance for the next four years to decide who will be the president of this nation, and the Republican Party and its representatives are attempting to curtail our constitutional right to cast our vote. This year, because of a pandemic that is once again raging out of control, many of us cannot or will not spend an hour or more in line inside a building waiting to vote, nor should we need to. A large number of us, myself included, requested mail-in ballots and will be voting by mail, or by dropping our ballots off in person at a designated drop box.
However, the United States Postal Service, now run by a man, Louis DeJoy, who has no experience, whose only qualification for the job was the large sums of money he has donated to Donald Trump, is so inefficient that it took ten days for me to receive a letter that was mailed from 15 miles away! That could be a problem if someone mailed a ballot on, say, October 30th, or even today! The girls and I took our ballots to the drop box at the Board of Elections, but some people, especially senior citizens, may not have that luxury.
There are numerous lawsuits in many states to expand voting rights, to allow ballots received after November 3rd as long as they were postmarked on or before that date. Republicans are, naturally, opposed to anything that expands voting rights. The good news is that people have been voting, despite the obstacles thrown in their way by the not-so-grand old party, and this morning I read that 51% of the number of people who voted in 2016 have already cast their votes this year! That is truly inspiring … I think it quite possible that in spite of the GOP’s best efforts, we will have record turnout this year.
Here are some of the latest legal developments related to voting rights cases per the New York Times – some positive, others not so much:
Pennsylvania: The state’s highest court has ruled that election officials should count mailed ballots that arrive up to three days after Election Day. Pennsylvania Republicans are trying to get the Supreme Court to reverse the order, so that only ballots received by Election Day will count.
North Carolina: Republicans and the Trump campaign have asked the Supreme Court to block the state’s board of elections from extending the deadline to receive mail ballots. The board has said ballots can arrive until Nov. 12, as long as they were mailed by Election Day.
Wisconsin: The five Republican-appointed justices on the Supreme Court sided on Monday with Republican officials in Wisconsin, ruling that ballots must arrive by 8 p.m. on Election Day to count. (A lower-court ruling would have allowed state officials to count any mailed ballots postmarked by Election Day and received up to six days later.) In response, the state’s Democratic Party is urging voters to return mail ballots in person — to a drop box or clerk’s office — rather than mailing them.
Nevada: The Trump campaign has sued to stop the counting of absentee ballots in the Las Vegas area, evidently hoping to challenge the signatures on many ballots. Last night, the campaign and Nevada Republican Party filed a separate lawsuit, seeking detailed information on the vote-counting process.
Texas: The state’s top court yesterday upheld a policy announced by Greg Abbott, the Republican governor, which limits each county to a single drop-off box for mailed ballots. The state’s largest county — Harris, which includes Houston — is home to 4.7 million people.
Michigan: A conservative judge yesterday overturned an order by Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson, a Democrat, and ruled that people could carry unconcealed guns at polling places on Election Day.
In many of these cases, Republicans have argued that changing voting rules because of the pandemic could lead to fraud (a claim that’s largely baseless) and that allowing ballots to be counted after Election Day leads to confusion and chaos.
Democrats have argued that protecting people’s right to vote, during a national crisis, should be top priority. Democrats have also pointed out that some Republicans have changed their position on the counting of mailed ballots: When late-arriving ballots seemed likely to help George W. Bush in Florida in 2000, Republicans argued that the state should count them.
The Michigan decision is appalling. Why the hell does anybody need to take a gun with them to vote??? This is possibly the most ridiculous judicial decision I have ever heard and can only lead to trouble. In my book, anybody being allowed to take a gun into the polling place constitutes potential voter intimidation. Now, given that the majority of gun-nuts in this country are republicans … does anybody else see a problem here?
If at all possible, my friends, take your ballots to an official drop box, or don your masks and hand sanitizer and vote in person, for I simply do not trust the USPS to get the ballots delivered on time.
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I have a new baby boy at home, and after a pretty sleepless night, this morning’s HBR “daily stat” about caffeine consumption caught my eye. A group in the UK studied the effects of caffeine on collaboration, and found some key differences between men and women. When it comes to collaboration on stressful tasks, they found that caffeine tends to impair men's performance but actually boosts women's ability to work under pressure.
This is a light-hearted topic, but it does speak to the power of segmentation. In our daily lives as Voice of the Customer advocates, we can find some interesting and useful applications of the data we work with when we break it apart and look for different behaviors, needs and tendencies across our customer segments. Last year, my team worked with a client to develop a set of common customer ‘personas’ using segmentation analysis. In VOC work for large B2B companies, we often only focus on 'A Priori' segments – those that we already know and use in daily business operation, such as region, channel, etc. In this case, the objective was to take a more empirical approach and let the data tell us how customers tended to group together based on their profiles and their needs. Many different demographic, firmographic, preference-based, and performance-based metrics were fed into the analysis.
The outcome was the identification of 4 unique 'customer personas' that were common in this customer base. We were able to understand the variables that characterized each ‘persona’, the relative size of each within the population, differences in their loyalty, differences in their needs and interests related to training, and how best to communicate with each customer group.
Great outcomes for the client and their customer strategies... and a little good news about my daily caffeine habit, too.
Vice President, Consulting Services
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Baptist Health Corbin: Pain Management Treatment Options
Pain management is focused on reducing the amount of pain the body feels or perceives, so that it doesn’t affect a patient’s quality of life. Learn about the pain management services at Baptist Health.
Pain Management Treatment Options in Corbin, Kentucky HealthTalks Transcript
Thomas Whealton, DO, Interventional Pain:
Pain management is a field of medicine where we work to reduce the amount of pain that your body is feeling or that you’re perceiving. Usually, this is done after we’ve ruled out there’s no other pathology we need to address. When that happens, it’s really important that we just work solely on trying to reduce the effect of the pain on your quality of life.
Whenever we see a patient, we start from the ground up. We make sure they’ve tried some of the easier and more conservative treatment modalities, including physical therapy, aquatic therapy, things like that. We want to address the whole patient and make sure there aren’t other issues that may be contributing to their pain, such as sleep deprivation, other things like that.
However, sometimes we will have to consider intervention or medicines. We can sometimes use X-ray to steer a small needle in to turn off the affected nerve or joint that’s causing your pain. We can also do small surgeries in the outpatient facility that we can use to interrupt the pain signals before they actually travel up to your brain.
After we do a procedure, an intervention or a surgery, usually you can leave the hospital within an hour or two. If you’re having a surgery, most of the time you’ll be home by lunch.
Here at Baptist Health Corbin, we have really established a team-based atmosphere to make sure our patients get the best treatment possible and really increase their quality of life.
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Leading scientists have paid tribute to Colin Pillinger, the "eccentric professor" who failed to land a British spacecraft on Mars but inspired a generation.
Prof Pillinger, the driving force behind the Beagle 2 mission, died aged 70 after suffering a brain haemorrhage while sitting in his garden.
A short statement from his family said he passed away "peacefully" at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, and referred to "this devastating and unbelievable time".
Despite a long and distinguished career in planetary science, Prof Pillinger will always be remembered for Beagle 2 - a very British space mission largely funded by private money.
The tiny craft was supposed to land on Mars on Christmas Day 2003 and search for signs of life. But contact with the probe was lost soon after it separated from its European Space Agency (ESA) mothership Mars Express on December 19.
A later investigation concluded that it probably burned up in the planet's atmosphere.
Lord Rees, the Astronomer Royal and former president of the Royal Society, led a host of tributes to the man who was almost as famous for his whiskery sideburns and West Country accent as for Beagle 2.
"Colin was one of our leading planetary scientists," said Lord Rees. "He helped the Open University to become a leading research centre in planetary and space science.
"He studied lunar samples earlier in his career, but is of course best known for the Beagle project. This was a failure, but a heroic failure. Several far more expensive and elaborate Mars missions failed, and he deserves huge admiration for the way he cobbled together the funds for this project against all the odds, inspiring interest and enthusiasm along the way.
"He was of course a character - an archetype eccentric professor. His sustained efforts as a communicator, both live and on radio and TV, continued despite failing health in his later years. He was committed to space exploration, and to its broader role in science education.
"Most people welcomed a man who described these matters in simple language and a West Country burr - a welcome contrast to the typical Nasa functionary speaking in acronyms.
"All space enthusiasts have reason to be grateful to him, and will miss him."
Former colleague Professor Andrew Coates, head of the Planetary Science Group at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, said: "I was shocked and saddened to hear the news about Colin Pillinger this morning.
"It was a great experience to work with Colin on Beagle 2. Colin was a visionary and an inspirational leader, and had a wonderfully involving interaction with the media as well.
"His work with the Moon and meteorites is also legendary. He really raised our hopes of actually going to Mars in 2003 to look for past or present life - and we hope to follow up this zeal with the ExoMars rover arrival in 2019."
Another Beagle 2 scientist, David Rothery, professor of planetary geosciences at the Open University, said: "If not for Colin I doubt if I would have migrated from geology to planetary science.
"He invited me on to the Beagle 2 team because he realised he needed a geologist to advise on the landscape and the rocks that would be seen by Beagle 2's camera, and to contribute to discussions on how to prioritise the analysis opportunities within range of the sampling arm.
"He had tremendous enthusiasm and motivation, and drove the project forward in way that no one else could have done."
Professor David Southwood, president of the Royal Astronomical Society, said: "Colin was driven by science but especially the will to establish whether Mars had, has or could have sustained life. That will was expressed in enthusiasm, wit and tireless work and was infectious. He touched many lives and careers. He will be much missed."
Professor John Womersley, chief executive officer of the Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC), said: "It was with profound sadness that we learned of the death of our friend and colleague, Professor Colin Pillinger.
"Colin's name is forever linked with the Beagle 2 mission to Mars - an ambitious project that, while it failed to deliver the science we were aiming for, really did raise the profile of space science in the UK, putting the exploration of Mars firmly in the public eye and raising the aspirations of the UK space science community.
"Colin was the public face of a team that accomplished a great deal in delivering a British Mars probe, against all odds. One colleague of mine has said that working with Colin at that time is much how she imagined working with Bob Geldof during Band Aid - 'no' was simply not an acceptable answer and when faced with it, Colin always found a way.
"Colin gave unstintingly of his time to talk about his work to the media and the public, sharing his passion for planetary science, no matter how early or late the hour. He embodied enthusiasm for science and leaves a legacy of greater contact between the UK media and space science community, and overall, a higher profile for one of the UK's most exciting areas of research."
Robert Massey, deputy executive secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society, which included Prof Pillinger among its fellows, said: " Colin was an inspirational planetary scientist. He wasn't afraid to challenge the establishment and get things done, and I think he's going to be remembered for that and the huge contributions he made in the field.
"Personally, I will miss his presence and sense of humour."
Imran Khan, chief executive of the British Science Association, said: "Colin Pillinger was a true ambassador for science. Not only did his work capture the public's imagination, he was incredibly warm and generous with his time, especially in inspiring younger generations of scientists to follow in his footsteps.
"I'm sure the thoughts of everyone who had the privilege of meeting him will be with his friends and family at this time."
Many took to Twitter to pay their respects. Science fiction author Keith Mansfield wrote: "Very sorry to hear about Prof Colin Pillinger. Great advocate for space and of course Mars."
Space scientist Charles Laing tweeted: "Colin Pillinger was a true visionary, accomplished scientist and inspiration to those around him - sorely missed."
The European Space Agency wrote: "Shocked and saddened to learn of the death of Professor Colin Pillinger."
The Beagle 2 mission was estimated to have cost £50 million, with £5 million contributed by the UK government and £9 million by the ESA.
After the mission's failure Prof Pillinger spoke of his frustration and determination to see his dream of landing British technology on Mars come true, even after being diagnosed with primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
"We have unfinished business on Mars,'' he said after finding out he had the illness in 2005. ''The science is more important now than it ever was."
He welcomed the successful landing of Nasa's Phoenix probe in 2008 but expressed frustration that while it had been rebuilt after an aborted attempt to land on the Red Planet several years earlier, his own mission was not given the same chance.
Prof Pillinger gained a PhD in chemistry from Swansea University in 1968 before becoming a research fellow at Cambridge.
He began his career at the American space agency Nasa, analysing samples of moon rock on the Apollo programme.
In 1991, he was appointed professor in interplanetary science at the Open University. He was awarded the CBE in 2003.
Prof Pillinger is survived by his wife Judith and children Shusanah and Nicolas.
The full statement from his family reads: "It is with profound sadness that we are telling friends and colleagues that Colin, whilst sitting in the garden yesterday afternoon, suffered a severe brain haemorrhage resulting in a deep coma. He died peacefully this afternoon at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, without regaining consciousness.
"Please feel free to pass this message on to others who knew Colin, but we ask that all respect our privacy at this devastating and unbelievable time."
Sir Paul Nurse, president of the Royal Society, said: "Colin Pillinger was an outstanding scientist, striving to expand our scientific horizons with his love of planetary science.
"Colin shared his passion for planetary science with zeal and in 2011 he was awarded the Michael Faraday Prize Lecture which he gave to an enraptured audience. His vibrant eccentricity and infectious enthusiasm will be missed."
Dr David Parker, chief executive of the UK Space Agency, said: ''The UK has lost a true visionary with the death of Professor Pillinger. He was a prominent and influential figure in the UK space sector and will be greatly missed. My thoughts go out to his family and friends at this difficult time.''
Alex James from Blur, who worked with Prof Pillinger on the Beagle 2 project, added his praise.
The musician-turned-farmer helped to finance the space project and the band created the probe's call sign.
He said: ''Colin had the rare gift of being able to make things that were complicated and ambitious seem simple and achievable. We need more scientists like that. He was unique, and I will miss him.''
University of Leicester Pro-Vice-Chancellor Professor Martin Barstow, who is president-elect of the Royal Astronomical Society, said: "I was shocked and very sad to learn of Colin's death this morning. He was a truly larger-than-life character who was a tremendous advocate for planetary science in the UK.
"In having the vision to develop the Beagle 2 lander programme, the first UK-led probe to land on another planet, he can be credited with transforming planetary science in the UK.
"Although, sadly, the landing was eventually unsuccessful, its impetus left a lasting legacy from which the current excellence and high profile of planetary science at Leicester and in the UK beyond has emerged.
"Colin's commitment to engagement with the public and the strong public interest generated in Beagle 2 also benefited the wider space and astronomy programme by raising its profile in Government, helping secure long-term funding and a recognition of the importance of this science to the UK.
"I always enjoyed Colin's stimulating company and will personally miss him. However, this is a wider, and untimely, loss to the whole of UK space science."
Former Beagle 2 mission manager Dr Mark Sims, from the University of Leicester, said: "Very sad news. Colin was a top-rate scientist. You might not have agreed with him but he always went for what he believed in. It was a privilege to have known him and worked with him both as a friend and colleague. My thoughts are with his family and friends."
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This page contains tuition and fees information for different student types, academic programs, and terms/semesters. Saint Martin's University uses the budget information below to determine aid awards for eligible students.
Begin your budgeting process by understanding the direct and indirect costs associated with attending Saint Martin's. Direct costs are charges assessed to your student bill, while indirect costs are charges you may need to consider in your annual budget, but are not billed by the school. In addition, you'll want to understand our billing processes, your obligations and the financial aid and scholarship options available.
If you have any questions, please feel free to reach out to our staff at the Student Financial Services Center.
Affording a Private Education
FAFSA and financial aid:
The U.S. Department of Education provides over $150 billion in grants, loans and work-study funds for domestic undergraduate and graduate students. The first step is completing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).
Saint Martin's University FAFSA Code: 003794
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I recently visited the bank for some assignments. While finishing my queries, I saw a young educated man who entered the bank and went straight to the desk without waiting in the queue for his turn. He, however, had no such temperament of realization that there were other people who were already waiting for their turn.
The expressions of the people in the queue reflected resentment and dyspepsia of such misconduct. This is one such example that shows that our nation has lost morality, ethics, and respect for other fellow beings.
The question that emerges here that why do we need moral values? And what is the function of morality? Morality is something through which we determine right and wrong conduct, that is, the guide to good or right. Morality requires that people sacrifice their own interests for the sake of society.
Many scholars now tell us that the function of morality and ethics is to reduce social tensions and thereby enable society to smoothly and efficiently ensure the prosperity of its members. These standards, however, lack in our culture, habits, and norms.
One can easily observe such cases in our daily life all around us frequently. The impacts of such exploits can awful, and it may give rise to extremism, polarization, and plurality.
Read more: Socially embedded corruption in our society
Social integration by Ibn Khaldun
Social integration among the people plays a significant role in unifying the community or group of people. It establishes a sense of shared purpose and social cohesion. Nonetheless, such norms or bonds have been weakened instead of strengthening.
We usually do like and are impressed mostly by Western thinkers, but I would like to give reference to Islamic Philosopher, ”Ibne Khaldun” who is known as the father of sociology.
Ibn Khaldun is one of the greatest scholars, historians, and philosophers who gave the concept of ‘Assabiy’a’ in his book Kitab-al-Ibr and the famous work is known as Muqaddamah. Assabiy’a means social solidarity, social integration. The bond that keeps a nation or group of people united together. According to Ibn Khaldun,” when the bond is strongest the nations growth leaps and bounds, on the contrary when the bond weakens the nations or empires fall.”
The most basic causes described by Khaldun that causes empires to fail were leisure and luxury, loyalty to paid obedience, and full concentration of authority. The work of Khaldun if closely examine provides us with a model that how society emerges and grows by attaining moralities, ethics, and solidarity and collapses while snubbing it.
Our leaders’ lust for power
Ironically, if we closely examine this in the present scenario in accordance with Ibne Khaldun’s thesis, the conditions are not much different. We lost East-Pakistan because of the centralization of power by West-Pakistan and by not giving their lawful rights. The lust for power and wealth that always attracted our rulers has made us helpless and fragile.
The former PM Nawaz Sharif was disqualified because he had been dishonest to the parliament and the courts in not disclosing his employment in the Dubai-based company in his 2013 nomination papers, and thus, could not be deemed fit for his office. Similarly, the former PM ‘Yousaf Raza Gillani’ who was disqualified by the Supreme court, is now been elected as a Senator. Indeed, they still feel proud of it.
The PDM also nominated ‘Yousaf Raza Gillani’ as their candidate for the Chairmanship of Senate but as it is said, every day is not a Sunday. Being a majority in the senate, PDM could not elect its candidate.
More likely this time, a similar strategy was used by treasury benches and Sadiq Sanjrani successfully defended his seat by getting 48 votes against 42 of the adversary. Total 8 votes of the oppositional benches were considered as nullified due to the alleged improper placement of stamp but the drama doesn’t end here as Moula Abdul Ghafoor who was contesting for Deputy Chairmanship lost against Mirza Afridi who secured 54 votes and won with a clear majority.
There are two opinions that are circulating in Islamabad:1) PTI took revenge for what happened on 3 march in NA, 2) The PDM could integrate their member correctly. Whatever might be the reason, the pivotal point is that there is no such thing called moral high grounds whatsoever in Pakistani politics.
Ironically, the same game that was played by PDM in the NA on 3 March, has been executed by PTI. But is it just? It’s tit for tat, as said by Shibli Faraz, Minister of Information that ”we would do anything now to win the Senate chairmanship.”
The irony of Pakistan’s democracy
Morality is also closely related or a prerequisite of democracy, and the essence of democracy lies in the actual moral values. However, democracy without certain morals standards is dysfunctional.
Our politicians call themselves champions of democracy, but the reality is what we saw recently in Senate polls which indeed, I do not need to throw light upon or revise the chaos here again.
Moralities here are mostly applicable to the adversary. The PM Imran Khan or the opposition alliance ‘PDM’ may give a lecture or two on Moral high grounds, but when the ball is in their court to act and prove their selves, it’s likely to be shunned. The dilemma that has been witnessed by the nation in the last 2 weak is nothing but the fiasco of democracy by our leaders.
The status quo against whom PM Imran khan has been fighting is now sitting next to him. How ironic that the newly appointed Senator Abdul Qadir was warmly welcomed by PM Imran khan who previously was awarded the ticket but later withdrew after huge criticism. The local PTI members of Balochistan had revolted against the central party leadership for awarding the Senate ticket to Abdul Qadir. It was another turn in many ‘U-turns’ by PM Imran khan. It seems that we are not left with any moral principles in this country.
A galling truth
I would like to prompt something out of the box, but yet crucial, that is the recent incident of Kashmala Tarik’s vehicle in which 4 lives had demised, is now blown up in the air. Does anybody even remember or know what happened about the case? Or what their families have been through?
We have lost morality, and moral high grounds, the remaining which is left is only subjected to fame and wealth now. The richer you are, the more respect you get- a galling truth, but this is how it works here.
Such intricate behaviours can be seen everywhere in our society, politics, and on an individual level. We have been subjected to such offences for decades. Now it seems to infiltrate our habits, culture, and society. We are already at the eleventh hour to avoid calamity, and it’s time to transform ourselves, for ourselves, and for our future generations.
I am cautious about where we are heading with such mayhem? We are at the brink of collapse, we shall act now before it’s too late.
The author is an engineer and lives in Peshawar. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org views expressed in the article are the author’s own and do not necessarily represent the editorial policy of Global Village Space.
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Our computers already have few USB slots vacant but come January 2007, we will be able to simultaneously work with two or more pointing devices (read mouse) attached to the same computer.
While this new software called Microsoft MultiPoint is being developed primarily for school children in developing countries who have to share a computer, MultiPoint may even be very helpful in improving the productivity of the "privileged crowd" as well. Some possible scenarios:
Case A: You colleague walks in to explain something on your computer screen. With Multimouse installed, you can just pass him the second mouse without affecting your existing setup.
Case B: MultiPoint will be a blessing for the ambidextrous souls who can operate the computer mouse efficiently with both hands. Place a mouse at both side of the keyboard and switch among them seamlessly.
Case C: Pure Fun - Microsoft MultiPoint will let you customize the style of various cursors on the same screen.
Case D: Attach the second mouse as an instant backup like an Uninterrupted Power Supply. When you primary mouse fails or the battery level is low, the alternate mouse will come in handy without interrupting your work.
Source: Microsoft Research India, Press Release
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The word of the day is herky-jerky, which is a polite way of saying erratic.
And which, I regret to report, is a fitting description of President Barack Obama's handling of immigration. And, I regret even more, a metaphor for his stumbling stewardship.
To recap and add perspective: The country's immigration policy is broken, with 11 million undocumented immigrants forced to live in the shadows. That this situation endures is the fault of House Republicans who, captive to a gerrymandered, cable-inflamed populace that greets every reasonable solution with cries of "amnesty," have rejected any comprehensive solution.
This recalcitrance may be rational, because it is in the individual political self-interest of House Republicans, if fatal to their party's longer-term prospects. But it has pushed the president into the uncomfortable position of claiming broad powers to impose fixes on his own.
This column will leave for another day the complex issue of whether the president is exceeding constitutional boundaries. Not because it's unimportant but because that analysis depends on what the president actually does. And because it's too important to cram into my larger point — which stands up no matter whether you think he's overstepped.
So, back in March, the president instructed Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson to recommend executive actions to shield some illegal immigrants from deportation. In May, to avoid dooming the faint chance of a deal, he told Johnson to wait. By the end of June, with immigration reform legislation indisputably dead, the president declared himself poised to act.
"If Congress will not do their job, at least we can do ours," Obama declared. "I expect aides' recommendations before the end of summer and I intend to adopt those recommendations without further delay."
And now ... further delay. The matter hasn't been finally settled, and factions within the White House are pushing different ways, but every signal is that the president is prepared to act — after the midterm elections. Senate Democrats, understandably wigged out about the prospect of losing control of the chamber, have been beseeching the White House to hold off.
Once again, this is a hole that the president helped dig himself into — and one that was easily foreseen. Once again, he looks weak and uncertain, not in control of his game. If he holds off now, having outlined a crisp timetable for action, he looks political, bowing to Senate Democrats. If he acts, he also looks political, knuckling under to Hispanic groups.
Once again, he has managed to infuriate political friends and foes alike. Hispanic groups, and his allies in organized labor, are furious at the presidential bait-and-switch.
Democratic political operatives can't believe the president didn't think through the implications of his timetable before the public announcement. Yes, there's been a deluge of advertising attacking Democratic candidates for backing amnesty. That was entirely predictable.Read Full Article
Yes, the border crisis exploded right after the president's announcement (it has improved, but public opinion has not caught up to reality). But this calculus should have been worked out before the president locked himself into a timetable. That's what meetings are for.
Meanwhile, whether Obama acts now or acts later, Republicans will denounce him no matter what.
Sometimes if everyone is mad at you, it is proof that you are doing your job. Sometimes, it's a sign that you are simply messing up.
The immigration mess would be less concerning — and the tone of this column more measured — if it were not reflective of a larger disarray in policymaking. Take Syria and the Islamic State. Chemical weapons are a red line — except they're not. Obama's prepared to order airstrikes on Syria — except he's going to seek congressional approval, which, predictably, is not forthcoming. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad must go, except the United States is dealing with Assad on chemical weapons.
More recently, the Islamic State is an "imminent threat" (Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel) that will require military action in Syria (Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Martin Dempsey). How to square these comments with Obama's whoa there news conference? A team of rivals is great. Debate away, in private. Teams need a captain.
Thus, even if Obama hadn't committed the unforced error of announcing the obvious — "we don't have a strategy yet" — the news conference would have been a disaster. The zig-zagginess of the message becomes even more jarring when the world is so explosively dangerous.
Calling this herky-jerky is being awfully polite.
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Is a meaningful digital marketing audience approach a technological or a structural challenge ?
From an advertising point of view ‘audience’ seems to be the new buzzword. The notion of audiences has been around ever since the rise of TV and radio where media agencies used the term through market research in order to justify choices. The popularity of the concept has been reaching new heights ever since digital has been exploding. Even though audiences have never been more popular, it remains a challenge for companies to leverage their full potential. What is creating the barrier to success when it comes to audience implementations?
Thinking that the availability of data itself is an issue would be an illusion. If we look at the market availability of audiences it becomes quite clear that the availability of data, and thus audiences, is overwhelming. Nevertheless the associated technologies and platforms do their best to offer a series of understandable features in order to manage these data points we refer to as audiences.
Some examples of advertising platforms and their audience related features:
- AdWords - Remarketing Lists For Search Ads, Dynamic – X, Demographics For Search Ads, Similar Audiences, Customer Match, In-market Audiences, Affinity Audiences.
- Facebook - Users who liked your page, Friends of users who liked your page, Remarketing audiences, Demographics targeting, Interest targeting, Behavioral targeting, Custom audiences, Lookalike audiences
- DoubleClick - Remarketing Audiences, Similar Audiences, Affinity & Market Audiences, Additional 3rd party audiences
- Twitter - Keywords, handles, behaviors, demographics
Looking at this (non-exhaustive list) is already quite impressive. At this point we’re not even mentioning the in-house data contained within CRM systems, data warehouses, email databases and Data Management Platforms (DMP’s).
Now, it’s clear that the availability of data and the capabilities of platforms to put them at use isn’t the blocking factor (even though their intercompatibility isn’t always great). The data is available and ready to be used. What could be so challenging that only few organisation succeed in putting together a great audience approach?
- Extreme 1 - Marketers want to have perfect visibility on all their audiences, all the time. It has to be perfect before going into production. This results in elaborate flow designs that only exist in theory, are never completed and as a result are never put into practice. In this case fear to fail takes innovation as its hostage.
- Extreme 2 - Marketers go in head first. “Better done than perfect” and “Jump off a cliff and build your wings on the way down” are typical expressions used by tech companies to foster innovation and entrepreneurship. Though they often serve their purpose they’re also used by marketers as a reason to activate new things / features instantly, going in head first without looking at the big picture. The result is that nobody has a view on what’s active anymore, for which reason and what the impact is. This is marketing chaos at its best.
The obvious fact is that the truth lies somewhere in the middle. In order to build a successful audience strategy we need a cocktail that contains both ingredients at exactly the right dose. To build a successful audience strategy the following 3 ground rules should be respected:
- Know your business. Know what products bring the most value and who are the customers that buy them. Look at your own company data before looking at external data. When it comes to data we only want more. Never forget that your own data is your biggest treasure. Make sure you understand what’s in there, it might tell you more about your business than all the employees together.
- Look at the big picture. Don’t put in place elements (audiences / platforms) because they’re new and shiny. Activate them because they will help you reach exactly the customers that help your company grow and thrive. Ask yourself what the value will be of the next audience or feature you activate? What do you expect to see and how will you measure this? Don’t go in head first, have an overview before making decisions.
- It will never be perfect. You will never have perfect visibility on every user, within every channel in order to build perfect flows (for now). Realise this, but don’t make it a showstopper. Don’t let theory kill progress.
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Lessons for Faculty and Academic Leaders Learned From the Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to stretch faculty across a number of parameters, including teaching and mentoring across virtual platforms while providing additional support and guidance for students and staff. Faculty also continue to navigate their own challenging losses in research productivity while handling personal and family dynamics. However, these challenges are leading to the creation of many creative systems, effective management approaches and collaborative solutions that will have lasting impacts on the research and learning environment at Duke. Join colleagues and institutional leaders to discuss lessons and practices that emerged from the unique challenges collectively faced during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Boing Boing carries a story on how Glamorgan Uni found a load of secrets on people's apparently clean hard drives. In a research project, the uni bought a load of second hand PCs and here's what happened:
"..more than half still contained personal information. This included national insurance numbers, evidence of a married woman’s affair and detailed biographical information about children.
Ninety-seven of the hard drives were bought on eBay and four at car boot sales. As a control experiment, ten drives were also sourced from LCS Remploy, a company specialising in the destruction of data. All proved to be clean."
Nice PR for LCS Remploy too then!
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The language of the New Testament, with illustrations of its usefulness to a study of the New Testament
This course includes an introduction to the Greek language, its basic grammar and vocabulary, and issues of translation and exegesis related to working with original biblical texts of the New Testament. The course is organized in 5 modules: (1) The System, (2) Grammar, (3) Sources, (4) Working with New Testament Texts, and (5) Translation, Exegesis, and Application. 5 semester hours of undergraduate credit.
• Identify characteristics of Greek pronunciation, punctuation, morphology, and writing (Module 1)
• Identify and analyze vocabulary and parts of speech in Greek (Module 2)
• Analyze characteristics of Greek transcripts and texts (Module 3)
• Apply the rules of grammar to translate Greek texts (Module 4)
• Evaluate specific translations and exegesis of Greek texts (Module 5)
Credit. Credit for the course requires a score of 70% or greater on three multiple choice examinations (Modules 1-3) and two research papers (Modules 4-5). A sample multiple choice problem is given below.
A smooth breathing mark (A) has no special sound in English, (B) indicates a feminine word, (C) indicates the letter under it is silent, (D) makes the word plural.
Essential reading and study materials are indicated in the syllabus through online links. Alternative texts may be substituted as these are nicely supplemented with the online videos linked appropriately in the course syllabus. See also under Extended Resources.
Mounce, William D. Greek for the Rest of Us. 2nd ed. Zondervan, 2013. 320 pages. $23.43 ISBN: 978-0310277101
Course developed initially by Muhammad Wolfgang G. A. Schmidt, Ph.D., M.A., M.R.S., Th.D., D.C.E. (honorary)
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When you get married, you promise to take your husband "for richer or for poorer." However, this doesn't necessarily mean taking responsibility for his debts. If you marry a debtor, you aren't marrying his debts, unless you live in a community property state or he adds your name to his accounts. Similarly, you may not be responsible for your husband's debts after his death, although you will continue to be responsible for joint debts.
Other People Are Reading
If one spouse incurs debt before marriage, in most cases, his creditors cannot collect the debt from his spouse. However, if you add your new spouse's name to an account after the marriage, creditors can come after both of you for the debt, even if you default on the debt without your new spouse ever using the account. In addition, in community property states such as California, creditors may consider debts to belong to both parties in the marriage.
Community Property States
In community property states, debt incurred for the benefit of both parties is considered to belong to both spouses, even if only one spouse entered the debt. However, if your husband goes into debt to get an item only he uses, you are not liable for that debt. You must be able to prove that you get no benefit from the debt to receive this exemption.
Cosigning on Debts
If you cosign any loan papers for your husband, you will be responsible for that debt if he defaults. This includes signing joint credit card applications, as well as traditional loan documents, such as student loan or mortgage papers. In most states, if your husband makes you an authorised user on his credit card account but leaves the account only in his name, you are not liable for his debt if he defaults on the account.
Debts After Death
You are not responsible for your husband's unsecured debt after his death unless your name was on the account. You must contact the credit card company to inform them of your husband's death. If you are the executor of his estate, you may be able to pay the debt using his estate's assets; if not, the credit card company must write off the debt. If you and your husband had any joint accounts, you must ask your creditor to take his name off the account and continue making payments until the account is paid off.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
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- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for
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Funded by TEMBO (Canada) and officially opened in February 2016, the Longido District Learning Centre is a hub of activity for the entire Longido community where learners of all ages gather to further their informal education. It houses a room filled with books and puzzles for pre-school and primary students, a computer centre, a study hall for independent learners, classrooms and meeting rooms. It is a space for preschool programs, adult literacy classes, a tailoring program for women and community meetings. It also accommodates a host of school children who love to drop in after school to use the library. The Learning Centre has a staff of 8 including 3 qualified secondary school teachers funded by the Longido District Council.
Visit the Longido District Learning Centre
“The ABC’s of Sewing”
In 2019, Learning in Longido launched a new tailoring program for women. The program was open to 20 women in the community, all of whom had attended LIL’s adult literacy program. Five women from four remote villages registered for the one-year program. The women were eager to learn how to sew a school uniform. If they could learn this basic skill, they could sew for other families in their village. This would give them a small income that would help them to buy food and basic supplies for their families.
On Monday, Tuesday and Friday afternoons, the women crowded into a small room at the Learning Centre dedicated for the tailoring program. They huddled together around the treadle sewing machines and listened carefully to the instructions provided by the teacher. From outside the room, one could hear the rattling sound of the sewing machine, the voice of the teacher as she explained how to measure and cut fabric and the constant chatter of women.
At the end of the one-year program, the women had acquired the skills to sew a simple white blouse, a pleated skirt and dresses for children. Recognizing that the women wanted and needed more instruction to become independent tailors, the program was extended for an additional year. In December 2020, 19 women graduated from the project with hopes of starting a small sewing business in their villages.
In January 2021, Learning in Longido welcomed the second cohort of 20 women for the tailoring program. Today, the sewing machines continue to hum and the women continue to learn.
John Kilusu: “Education is the light and will serve me for life.”
John left Longido Secondary School in the middle of Form 3. He is from a traditional Maasai family. His father has four wives and a total of 30 children. Four of the children went to primary school; the rest have no schooling. By the time John was 18, he had been out of school for 3 years. At home, there was nothing for him to do and there was no work. He wanted to go to school but “my father is a colonial man. He is not supporting me. He gives me permission to go to school but no money.” When John heard about the Learning Centre, he was there the following week and attended the independent study program for 18 months. In 2018, John received special permission to return to secondary school and, after two years of study, he graduated from Form 4.
Today, John is in his final year of teacher’s college studying to become a physics teacher. He wants an education to help his family and to help them have better health. In his words: “Education is the light and will serve me for life”.
Margaret Obedi: “There is no centre like this in my community.”
“I am Magreth Obedi. I come from Arusha. I am a Form III student at Muklat Secondary School. I knew about the Learning Centre since 2019 when I joined the Pre-Form 1 program. Since that time I travel from Arusha to Longido in order to use the Learning Centre for tuition and self studies. There is no center like this in my community. There is only a small library at school where we are not allowed to borrow books to take home. This holiday I took four subjects for tuition: Math, chemistry, biology and physics. These are hard subjects but I like them. I always enjoy using the learning centre.”
The Longido District Learning Centre coordinates a 10-week Pre-Form 1 program for boys and girls who have completed Standard 7. This program helps prepare the students for studies at the secondary school level.
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Isn’t the advice to incorporate critical views a recipe for destroying your credibility and undermining your argument?.
“SKEPTICS MAY OBJECT”
Planting a Naysayer in Your Text
THE WRITER Jane Tompkins describes a pattern that repeats itself whenever she writes a book or an article. For the first couple of weeks when she sits down to write, things go relatively well. But then in the middle of the night, several weeks into the writing process, she’ll wake up in a cold sweat, suddenly realizing that she has overlooked some major criticism that readers will surely make against her ideas. Her first thought, invariably, is that she will have to give up on the project, or that she will have to throw out what she’s written thus far and start over. Then she realizes that “this moment of doubt and panic is where my text really begins.” She then revises what she’s written in a way that incorporates the criticisms she’s anticipated, and her text becomes stronger and more interesting as a result.
This little story contains an important lesson for all writers, experienced and inexperienced alike. It suggests that even though most of us are upset at the idea of someone criticizing our work, such criticisms can actually work to our advantage. Although it’s naturally tempting to ignore criticism of our ideas, doing so may in fact be a big mistake, since our writing improves when we not only listen to these objections but give them an explicit hearing in our writing. Indeed, no single device more quickly improves a piece of writing than planting a naysayer in the text—saying, for example, that “although some readers may object” to something in your argument, you “would reply that __________.”
But wait, you say. Isn’t the advice to incorporate critical views a recipe for destroying your credibility and undermining your argument? Here you are, trying to say something that will hold up, and we want you to tell readers all the negative things someone might say against you?
Exactly. We are urging you to tell readers what others might say against you, but our point is that doing so will actually enhance your credibility, not undermine it. As we argue throughout this book, writing well does not mean piling up uncontroversial truths in a vacuum; it means engaging others in a dialogue or debate—not only by opening your text with a summary of what others have said, as we suggest in Chapter 1, but also by imagining what others might say against your argument as it unfolds. Once you see writing as an act of entering a conversation, you should also see how opposing arguments can work for you rather than against you.
Paradoxically, the more you give voice to your critics’ objections, the more you tend to disarm those critics, especially if you go on to answer their objections in convincing ways. When you entertain a counterargument, you make a kind of preemptive strike, identifying problems with your argument before others can point them out for you. Furthermore, by entertaining counterarguments, you show respect for your readers, treating them not as gullible dupes who will believe anything you say but as independent, critical thinkers who are aware that your view is not the only one in town. In addition, by imagining what others might say against your claims, you come across as a generous, broad-minded person who is confident enough to open himself or herself to debate—like the writer in the figure on the following page.
Conversely, if you don’t entertain counterarguments, you may very likely come across as closed-minded, as if you think your beliefs are beyond dispute. You might also leave important questions hanging and concerns about your arguments unaddressed. Finally, if you fail to plant a naysayer in your text, you may find that you have very little to say. Our own students often say that entertaining counterarguments makes it easier to generate enough text to meet their assignment’s page-length requirements.
Planting a naysayer in your text is a relatively simple move, as you can see by looking at the following passage from a book by the writer Kim Chernin. Having spent some thirty pages complaining about the pressure on American women to be thin, Chernin inserts a whole chapter entitled “The Skeptic,” opening it as follows.
At this point I would like to raise certain objections that have been inspired by the skeptic in me. She feels that I have been ignoring some of the most common assumptions we all make about our bodies and these she wishes to see addressed. For example: “You know perfectly well,” she says to me, “that you feel better when you lose weight. You buy new clothes. You look at yourself more eagerly in the mirror. When someone invites you to a party you don’t stop and ask yourself whether you want to go. You feel sexier. Admit it. You like yourself better.”
KIM CHERNIN, The Obsession: Reflections on the Tyranny of Slenderness
The remainder of Chernin’s chapter consists of her answers to this inner skeptic. In the face of the skeptic’s challenge to her book’s central premise (that the pressure to diet seriously harms women’s lives), Chernin responds neither by repressing the skeptic’s critical voice nor by giving in to it and relinquishing her own position. Instead, she embraces that voice and writes it into her text. Note too that instead of dispatching this naysaying voice quickly, as many of us would be tempted to do, Chernin stays with it and devotes a full paragraph to it. By borrowing some of Chernin’s language, we can come up with templates for entertaining virtually any objection.
TEMPLATES FOR ENTERTAINING OBJECTIONS
* At this point I would like to raise some objections that have been inspired by the skeptic in me. She feels that I have been ignoring the complexities of the situation.
* Yet some readers may challenge my view by insisting that __________.
* Of course, many will probably disagree on the grounds that __________.
Note that the objections in the above templates are attributed not to any specific person or group, but to “skeptics,” “readers,” or “many.” This kind of nameless, faceless naysayer is perfectly appropriate in many cases. But the ideas that motivate arguments and objections often can—and, where possible, should—be ascribed to a specific ideology or school of thought (for example, liberals, Christian fundamentalists, neopragmatists) rather than to anonymous anybodies. In other words, naysayers can be labeled, and you can add precision and impact to your writing by identifying what those labels are.
TEMPLATES FOR NAMING YOUR NAYSAYERS
* Here many feminists would probably object that gender does influence language.
*But social Darwinists would certainly take issue with the argument that __________.
* Biologists, of course, may want to question whether __________. Nevertheless, both followers and critics of Malcolm X will probably suggest otherwise and argue that __________.
To be sure, some people dislike such labels and may even resent having labels applied to themselves. Some feel that labels put individuals in boxes, stereotyping them and glossing over what makes each of us unique. And it’s true that labels can be used inappropriately, in ways that ignore individuality and promote stereotypes. But since the life of ideas, including many of our most private thoughts, is conducted through groups and types rather than solitary individuals, intellectual exchange requires labels to give definition and serve as a convenient shorthand. If you categorically reject all labels, you give up an important resource and even mislead readers by presenting yourself and others as having no connection to anyone else. You also miss an opportunity to generalize the importance and relevance of your work to some larger conversation. When you attribute a position you are summarizing to liberalism, say, or historical materialism, your argument is no longer just about your own solitary views but about the intersection of broad ideas and habits of mind that many readers may already have a stake in.
The way to minimize the problem of stereotyping, then, is not to categorically reject labels but to refine and qualify their use, as the following templates demonstrate.
* Although not all Christians think alike, some of them will probably dispute my claim that __________.
* Non-native English speakers are so diverse in their views that it’s hard to generalize about them, but some are likely to object on the grounds that __________.
Another way to avoid needless stereotyping is to qualify labels carefully, substituting “pro bono lawyers” for “lawyers” in general, for example, or “quantitative sociologists” for all “social scientists,” and so on.
TEMPLATES FOR INTRODUCING OBJECTIONS INFORMALLY
Objections can also be introduced in more informal ways. For instance, you can frame objections in the form of questions.
*But is my proposal realistic? What are the chances of its actually being adopted?
* Yet is it necessarily true that __________? Is it always the case, as I have been suggesting, that __________?
*However, does the evidence I’ve cited prove conclusively that __________? You can also let your naysayer speak directly.
* “Impossible,” some will say. “You must be reading the research selectively.”
Moves like this allow you to cut directly to the skeptical voice itself, as the singer-songwriter Joe Jackson does in the following excerpt from a New York Times article complaining about the restrictions on public smoking in New York City bars and restaurants.
I like a couple of cigarettes or a cigar with a drink, and like many other people, I only smoke in bars or nightclubs. Now I can’t go to any of my old haunts. Bartenders who were friends have turned into cops, forcing me outside to shiver in the cold and curse under my breath. . . . It’s no fun. Smokers are being demonized and victimized all out of proportion.
“Get over it,” say the anti-smokers. “You’re the minority.” I thought a great city was a place where all kinds of minorities could thrive. . . . “Smoking kills,” they say. As an occasional smoker with otherwise healthy habits, I’ll take my chances. Health consciousness is important, but so are pleasure and freedom of choice.
JOE JACKSON, “Want to Smoke? Go to Hamburg”
Jackson could have begun his second paragraph, See Chapter 5 for more
in which he shifts from his own voice to that of
his imagined naysayer, more formally, as follows:
“Of course anti-smokers will object that since we smokers are in the minority, we should simply stop complaining and quietly make the sacrifices we are being called on to make for the larger social good.” Or “Anti-smokers might insist, however, that the smoking minority should submit to the nonsmoking majority.” We think, though, that Jackson gets the job done in a far more lively way with the more colloquial form he chooses. Borrowing a standard move of playwrights and novelists, Jackson cuts directly to the objectors’ view and then to his own retort, then back to the objectors’ view and then to his own retort again, thereby creating a kind of dialogue or miniature play within his own text. This move works well for Jackson, but only because he uses quotation marks and other voice markers to make clear at every point whose voice he is in.
REPRESENT OBJECTIONS FAIRLY
Once you’ve decided to introduce a differing or
opposing view into your writing, your work has
only just begun, since you still need to represent and explain that view with fairness and generosity. Although it is tempting to give opposing views short shrift, to hurry past them, or even to mock them, doing so is usually counterproductive. When writers make the best case they can for their critics (playing Peter Elbow’s “believing game”), they actually bolster their credibility with readers rather than undermine it. They make readers think, “This is a writer I can trust.”
We recommend, then, that whenever you entertain objections in your writing, you stay with them for several sentences or even paragraphs and take them as seriously as possible. We also recommend that you read your summary of opposing views with an outsider’s eye: put yourself in the shoes of someone who disagrees with you and ask if such a reader would recognize himself in your summary. Would that reader think you have taken his views seriously, as beliefs that reasonable people might hold? Or would he detect a mocking tone or an oversimplification of his views?
There will always be certain objections, to be sure, that you believe do not deserve to be represented, just as there will be objections that seem so unworthy of respect that they inspire ridicule. Remember, however, that if you do choose to mock a view that you oppose, you are likely to alienate those readers who don’t already agree with you—likely the very readers you want to reach. Also be aware that in mocking another’s view you may contribute to a hostile argument culture in which someone may ridicule you in return.
Do be aware that when you represent objections successfully, you still need to be able to answer those objections persuasively. After all, when you write objections into a text, you take the risk that readers will find those objections more convincing than the argument you yourself are advancing. In the editorial quoted above, for example, Joe Jackson takes the risk that readers will identify more with the anti-smoking view he summarizes than with the pro-smoking position he endorses.
This is precisely what Benjamin Franklin describes happening to himself in The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1793), when he recalls being converted to Deism (a religion that exalts reason over spirituality) by reading anti-Deist books. When he encountered the views of Deists being negatively summarized by authors who opposed them, Franklin explains, he ended up finding the Deist position more persuasive. To avoid having this kind of unintentional reverse effect on readers, you need to do your best to make sure that any counterarguments you address are not more convincing than your own claims. It is good to address objections in your writing, but only if you are able to overcome them.
One surefire way to fail to overcome an objection is to dismiss it out of hand—saying, for example, “That’s just wrong.” The difference between such a response (which offers no supporting reasons whatsoever) and the types of nuanced responses we’re promoting in this book is the difference between bullying your readers and genuinely persuading them.
Often the best way to overcome an objection is
not to try to refute it completely but to agree with
part of it while challenging only the part you dispute. In other words, in answering counterarguments, it is often best to say “yes, but” or “yes and no,” treating the counterview as an opportunity to revise and refine your own position. Rather than build your argument into an impenetrable fortress, it is often best to make concessions while still standing your ground, as Kim Chernin does in the following response to the counterargument quoted above. While in the voice of the “skeptic,” Chernin writes: “Admit it. You like yourself better when you’ve lost weight.” In response, Chernin replies as follows.
Can I deny these things? No woman who has managed to lose weight would wish to argue with this. Most people feel better about themselves when they become slender. And yet, upon reflection, it seems to me that there is something precarious about this well-being. After all, 98 percent of people who lose weight gain it back. Indeed, 90 percent of those who have dieted “successfully” gain back more than they ever lost. Then, of course, we can no longer bear to look at ourselves in the mirror.
In this way, Chernin shows how you can use a counterview to improve and refine your overall argument by making a concession. Even as she concedes that losing weight feels good in the short run, she argues that in the long run the weight always returns, making the dieter far more miserable.
TEMPLATES FOR MAKING CONCESSIONS WHILE STILL STANDING YOUR GROUND
*Although I grant that the book is poorly organized, I still maintain that it raises an important issue.
* Proponents of X are right to argue that __________. But they exaggerate when they claim that __________.
*While it is true that __________, it does not necessarily follow that __________.
* On the one hand, I agree with X that __________. But on the other hand, I still insist that __________.
Templates like these show that answering naysayers’ objections does not have to be an all-or-nothing affair in which you either definitively refute your critics or they definitively refute you. Often the most productive engagements among differing views end with a combined vision that incorporates elements of each one.
But what if you’ve tried out all the possible answers you can think of to an objection you’ve anticipated and you still have a nagging feeling that the objection is more convincing than your argument itself? In that case, the best remedy is to go back and make some fundamental revisions to your argument, even reversing your position completely if need be. Although finding out late in the game that you aren’t fully convinced by your own argument can be painful, it can actually make your final text more intellectually honest, challenging, and serious. After all, the goal of writing is not to keep proving that whatever you initially said is right, but to stretch the limits of your thinking. So if planting a strong naysayer in your text forces you to change your mind, that’s not a bad thing. Some would argue that that is what the academic world is all about.
1. According to the authors, why is it important to plant a naysayer (incorporate a counterargument) in your own essay? You should provide at least two reasons, giving either direct quotes or paraphrased statement from the reading, and with specific page numbers.
2. Provide a brief summary of a naysayer perspective that you have discovered in your research and that you plan to incorporate into your research paper. Be sure to explain how and why this will be a counterargument.
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In population mythbusters we examine some common beliefs about population in New Zealand to see whether they hold any truth. By subjecting these facts, fudges, and fallacies to a range of ingenious tests we hope to clarify confusion, bury misconceptions, and encourage debate.
Some of these beliefs make demographers and other people working with population information shake our heads in despair, scratch our heads in thought, or just yell 'No!'
Many of these beliefs persist over time while others apply to a more specific historical context. Whether these ‘myths’ prove to be true or false, the ideas behind them remain useful to anyone interested in our society and economy over time. You’ll find links to the most recent data related to each topic at the end of each page.
Migration and diaspora
Submit a myth
We are on the lookout for more population myths to verify. If you know of another population myth or misconception that you would like us to analyse, please contact us at email@example.com
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Venezuela Cum Parte Australi Novae Andalusiae
Place Published: Amsterdam
Description: Map. Copperplate engraving with original hand coloring. Image measures 14.25 x 18.75". Sheet measures 19.75 x 24".
Comments: This fine map focuses on the Spanish colonial provinces of Venezuela and New Andalusia, corresponding roughly to the present-day Venezuelian states of Sucre, Venezuela, AnzoŠtegui and Monagas. Published circa 1700, the map shows the northern coastline labeled with important cities and ports. Above the coast, a string of offshore islands creates a pleasant visual rhythm set off by a decorative cartouche and two ornamental compass roses. This string contains portions of the Lesser Antilles, the Leeward Antilles, and the Windward Islands, including among others Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, St. Lucia, Dominica, and Trinidad and Tobago. The lower half of the map is sparsely detailed, as little of the area had been explored beyond the coast by this time. However, pictorial mountains, trees and rivers animate the space with the topographic mystery of the unknown. The map is in excellent condition with deluxe margins.. Slight ghosting from original color. Petrus Schenk (c.1660--1711) was a German engraver and cartographer. He began his training in Amsterdam in the art of mezzotint and soon began working closely with Gerard Valck. The two took advantage of the bustling cartographic trade in the city and quickly expanded their business from portraits and prints into maps and globes. In 1700, Schenk grew the business further by moving to Leipzig, Germany and opening a shop. As his sons and grandson returned to the Netherlands to become active engravers as well, the Schenk firm developed into one of the best-known publishing houses in 18th-century Amsterdam. This map attests to Valck and Schenk's prolific production and skill in both cartographic artistry and business.Language: Latin
Book ID: 247131
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OCTOBER 21, 2007
The temperature of fuel
The problem is Brazil is that the fuel in the two BMW Saubers and the Two Williams-Toyotas was too cool during the race. Article 6.5.5 of the Formula 1 Technical Regulations states that "no fuel on board the car may be more than 10 degrees centigrade below ambient temperature". This is to avoid teams freezing fuel and thus reducing its volume so as to get more into the tank thus gaining a performance advantage.
The FIA Technical Delegate Jo Bauer reported at the end of the race that the fuel temperatures in the two BMW Saubers and the two Williams-Toyotas were in contravention of the regulations at various points during the race. His report states that Nick Heidfeld's fuel temperature was measured during his two stops as having been 24-deg C and 25-deg C, when the ambient temperature was 37-deg
|Print News Story|
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PRINT AND PRINT ON DEMAND EDITIONS (Prices include postage)
Dear Family and Friends,
Christmas in Zimbabwe is the time of soft sweet litchis, plums, mangoes and peaches. It’s the time to eat small, sweet purple grapes straight from the vines and to take turns with the birds for pawpaws and figs. It’s the time when its hazardous to sit, stand or put anything under avocado trees as the high up, unreachable fruits ripen and crash to the ground at the most unexpected times.
Christmas in Zimbabwe means towering purple rain clouds, sausage flies and flying ants. It means rhino beetles and chongololos, large spiders and even larger snakes. Christmas is that alluring time when flashes of red, crimson and scarlet tempt you into the ever thickening bush to discover wild and beautiful flame lilies. It’s the time of year for mahobohobo fruits: sweet, juicy and oh so more-ish and for mushrooms of all shapes and sizes – so tempting to pick but so lethal to eat.
Christmas in Zimbabwe is that first green maize cob scalding hot from the pot: soft, tender and sweet leaving butter running down your fingers and dripping onto your chin. For some it is chicken and rice, for others turkey and ham and everywhere meat sizzles on braai fires.
Christmas in Zimbabwe means reunion. It’s the time of year when everyone’s on the move. Transport is a nightmare, lifts are like gold and everyone is weighed down with bus bags and bulging luggage. The roads are chaotic, buses and kombis overloaded and impromptu police road blocks appear every ten to fifteen kilometres. The queues outside the passport offices and the borders grow longer while the bribes get bigger to match people’s desperation. Instead of more people staffing home affairs and immigration offices there are less and the looks on people’s faces change from anger and despair to disgust and resignation. Zimbabwe’s new tradition, thanks to a decade of political and economic mayhem, is the great, international, annual migration to reunite with families scattered all over the globe. To the disapora and from the diaspora hundreds of thousands of Zimbabweans try to get together and be normal families, just for a few weeks.
Christmas in Zimbabwe means school leavers. A couple of hundred thousand O and A level students pour out onto the roads, waiting for results, drinking too much, playing head banging music and all the while knowing that there is almost no chance they will find a job in a country where unemployment hovers around 90%. Those that can will have no choice but to join the estimated three and a half million other Zimbabweans living and working outside the country. Those that can’t will set up roadside stalls under trees, wheel and deal, sell airtime, become cross border traders and spend their days looking for ways to use the education their parents struggled so hard to get them.
Christmas for MP’s in Zimbabwe this year is the car loans of US$30,000 that were given to each legislator which have been written off by the Treasury at a cost of US$9 million. And on the other hand, for the vast majority of us, Christmas 2012 is a time when the shops are full but the pockets empty as we juggle the bills, chase every dollar and wonder if, by this time next year, our country will have finally become the new Zimbabwe we so desperately need and want.
To all Zimbabweans and our friends, wherever you are in the world, happy holidays, joyous reunions and thanks for reading and supporting my writing and books for another year. Until I write again in January, keep watching Zimbabwe, love cathy
Email to this letter to a friend
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Category: Art & Photography|
The author of the book: Mark Roskill
Format files: PDF, EPUB, TXT, DOCX
The size of the: 619 KB
Edition: University of Massachusetts Press
Date of issue: 1 December 1989
Description of the book "What is Art History?":The author has written a new introduction to his book. In it he defines the scope, high degree of skill and professional discipline coupled with increasing scientific methods utilized by today's art historian in order to establish criteria and to develop aesthetic perception. Instead of attempting to describe art history in terms of concepts and abstractions, the author gives the reader a set of case histories.
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Download EBOOK What is Art History? for free
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Answering Your Burning Grammar Questions
We're joined this week by a special guest blogger. Patricia T. O'Conner, a former editor at The New York Times Book Review, is the author of the national best-seller Woe Is I: The Grammarphobe's Guide to Better English in Plain English, as well as other books about language. She is a regular monthly guest on public radio station WNYC in New York. Learn more at her website, grammarphobia.com. Today she's answering questions from our readers.
Q: "All right "¦ so there's no good reason to not end a sentence in a preposition "¦ but that doesn't mean that I have to like hearing, "˜Where you at.'"—Posted by Fruppi on 5/5
A: The problem with "Where you at?" isn't that it ends in a preposition. The problem is that it shouldn't have a preposition at all. (What it ought to have is a verb!)
Constructions like "Where is my car at?" and "Where are my keys at?" are considered substandard usage because "where" makes the addition of "at" redundant. "Where" essentially means "at (or in) what place," so adding another "at" is overkill. It's roughly equivalent to saying, "In which pocket are they in?"
Q: "Can we look forward to a discussion of the singular they this week?"—Posted by s michael c on 5/5
A: I didn't discuss this on the blog but I'm glad you brought it up. The singular they or them or their has been considered wrong for a couple of centuries, and it's still a no-no. (Example: "If anybody uses a cell phone, tell them not to.") But it's become so common that only a few of us diehards notice anymore! That doesn't make it right, though. They, them or their are not legitimate singular pronouns, according to nearly all usage and style guides. And I don't like using "he or she" and "him or her," either.
Here's some historical perspective. Once upon a time, English speakers routinely used they to refer to indefinite pronouns that take singular verbs, like anyone, anybody, nobody, and someone. The Oxford English Dictionary has published references for this usage going back to the 16th century. But in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, grammarians began condemning the use of they as a singular pronoun on the grounds that it was illogical. Numerically speaking, they were right, but this left us with a great big hole in English where a gender-neutral, number-neutral pronoun ought to be.
That's the way things stand now, despite all the history, leaving the careful writer with the problem of finding an acceptable alternative to the singular they.
Here's one solution: In a long piece of writing, you might use "him" in some places and "her" in others when referring to a generic individual. Another solution is to write around the problem—don't use the pronoun at all. Example: "Someone forgot to pay the bills" (instead of "their bills"). Or: "If anyone calls, say I'm out" (instead of "tell them I'm out").
If you do use they, them, or their, then make the subject (or referent noun) plural instead of singular. A sentence like "Every parent dotes on their child" could instead be "All parents dote on their children." Instead of "A person should mind their own business," make it "People should mind their own business." Be creative. Disregarding the plural nature of they isn't the answer.
Q: "Would you please address the misuse/overuse of the word myself? It seems the use of the word has become more popular lately. One example I hear a lot is "˜Myself and my friends"¦.' This sounds so wrong to me, or am I incorrect? Another one is irregardless. Is that a real word?"—Posted by JaneM on 5/6
A: People use myself when they can't decide between "I" and "me." This isn't just a cop-out; it's bad English. The word myself is reserved for two uses: (1) To emphasize: "Let me do it myself." (2) To refer to a subject already mentioned: "I can see myself in the mirror." If you could just as well use "I" or "me," then you shouldn't resort to myself.
As for irregardless, it's definitely out of bounds. It blends "regardless" with "irrespective," and the result is a redundancy that has both a negative prefix and a negative suffix! As one reader (lala) so cleverly commented, it's a one-word double negative! Is it real? Well, lots of people use irregardless and you'll find it in dictionaries, so it's real all right. But not everything in a dictionary is good English. Read the fine print: Both Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) and The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.) call it "nonstandard."
Q: "If President Bush (41) and President Bush (43) were walking down the street together, what would be the correct statement? "˜Here come the Presidents Bush "¦ the Bush Presidents "¦ the President Bushes'? Or, "˜Here comes President Bush and President Bush'? These questions must be answered before the next President is inaugurated."—Posted by Witty Nickname on 5/6
A: Your first suggestion is right: "the Presidents Bush." Similarly, Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams are often referred to jointly as "the Presidents Adams" or "both Presidents Adams." When in doubt, think of Dostoyevsky (The Brothers Karamazov).
Q: "What's the best contraction for "˜am not'? For example, how should one best end this sentence: "˜Since contractions are required, I'm forced to use one now, am I not?'"—Posted by John on 5/7
A. This is a very interesting question! The answer (aren't I) takes us back to the history of the most fascinating contraction of them all: ain't.
Today, ain't is considered the poster child of poor English, but it wasn't always so. It was probably first used around 1600, just when most of our English contractions—all perfectly legitimate, I might add—were being formed: don't, can't, isn't, and many more. For centuries, ain't was just one of the crowd. It was first seen in print in the late 1600s, spelled an't, a'n't, and eventually ain't. (Some scholars believe the new spelling may have reflected the way the word was pronounced by certain speakers.)
Ain't was originally a contraction of "am not" and "are not." But by the early 1700s, it was also being used as a contraction for "is not." And by the 1800s it was used for "have not" and "has not" too, replacing an earlier contraction, ha'n't. Naturally, as ain't took on more and more meanings it drifted further and further from its roots, and here's where the grammarians and schoolmarms took notice. Contractions like can't and don't had clearly traceable parentage, but ain't had so many possible parents that it seemed illegitimate. So 19th-century critics turned up their noses and declared ain't a crime against good English.
That created a problem, of course—what to use in place of ain't I as a contraction for "am I not." The obsolete "amn't I" was a tongue-twister (it survives today only in Scots and Irish English). As we all know by now, we ended up with aren't I, which clearly makes no sense. How can we justify it if we don't say "I aren't"? And how did it come about, anyway?
As it happens, aren't I didn't exist until the early 20th century, when British novelists and dramatists started using it to reproduce the way upper-class speakers pronounced ain't I. (In the mouth of an old Etonian, ain't rhymed with "taunt" rather than "taint.") Illogical it may be, but aren't I caught on in both Britain and the United States. It may have come out of left field, but today it's standard English while ain't I definitely isn't.
Too bad. I rather like ain't, though I'm too cowardly to use it. If it hadn't outgrown its old meanings of "am not" and "are not," it might be acceptable today. And we'd have a sensible contraction for "am I not."
Q: "The English/Irish refer to a team as a plural thing ("˜England are playing great football this season'). I realize the English invented English but this drives me nuts! To me it is a non-issue. A team was, is, and always will be ONE team, no matter if there are 2 people or 2,000 people. A couple is always two but it is still just one couple. And certainly not to argue with you but I don't like your example "˜A couple of tenants own geckos.' I think the only reason it sounds acceptable is because the word tenants is plural. But you always have to ignore prepositional phrases. Anyway, just my two cents."—Posted by Rob on 5/8
A: The British have a much broader attitude toward collective nouns than we do. To us, "team" is singular, but to them it's a collective that they treat as a plural. In fact, things like soccer teams ("Manchester are leading"), companies ("Mobil plan to invest"), and government bodies ("the Cabinet have met") are all treated as plural in Britain.
They use punctuation marks and articles (a, an, the) and all sorts of other things differently, too. But do NOT assume that British English is purer or more correct than American English. Many characteristics that we identify with modern-day British English—the different usages, spellings, vocabulary words, some points of grammar, even the British accent with its broad a's and dropped r's—developed after the Revolutionary War. Remember that the Colonists brought with them 17th- and 18th-century British English, much of which has been preserved on our side of the Atlantic (and much of which has been altered on theirs). So what's considered correct in London is not necessarily correct in Philadelphia. A chapter in my next book will be devoted to this issue, which I discussed recently on my blog. Here's a link.
As for the collective noun couple, I don't agree that an attached prepositional phrase should be ignored when you're deciding whether the word is singular or plural. Certainly it's singular here: "The couple next-door vacations in Hawaii." But just as certainly it's plural here: "A couple of my friends vacation in Hawaii." And couple is plural here even without a prepositional phrase, because it's assumed: "Where do your friends vacation?" "¦ "A couple [of them] vacation in Hawaii, and a couple more prefer ski resorts."
Q: "I feel like I remember having read in my old college Chicago Manual of Style that there are a select few proper names for which the possessive is ' and not 's. I think one was Jesus (as in "˜He followed Jesus' teachings,' not "˜He followed Jesus's teachings'). I think it was the same for Moses and Sophocles "¦ am I making this up?"—Posted by lala on 5/8
A: You remember correctly! The usual practice in making names possessive is to add an apostrophe plus s. But there's an exception. When a Biblical or classical name ends in s, the custom is to add just the apostrophe: Jesus' disciples, Hercules' strength, Xerxes' writings, Archimedes' principle.
We also drop the s and use only the apostrophe in certain idiomatic expressions with the word "sake" (this avoids a pileup of sibilants). Examples: "for goodness' sake," "for conscience' sake," "for righteousness' sake," "for convenience' sake."
Q: "OK, so this has always really bugged me: is it the 1970s or the 1970's? For example, "˜I was born in the 1970s.' Or, "˜I was born in the 1970's.' I was always under the impression the apostrophe was erroneous, but I guess I might be wrong!"—Posted by Beth on 5/8
A: It's true that you never add an apostrophe to make an ordinary noun plural. But the plurals of numbers are another matter, a style issue that publishers have differed on over the years. In the first two editions of my book Woe Is I, my recommendation was to add an apostrophe plus s to make a number plural: 3's, for example, and 1970's. This was the style then recommended by the New York Times. Since then, both I and the Times have changed our opinions.
I now advise using only the s, with no apostrophe: 3s and 1970s. The third edition of my book Woe Is I (due out next year) and the children's edition, Woe Is I Jr. (published in 2007), reflect this change. I still recommend using the apostrophe to pluralize a single letter for the sake of readability. Without it, a sentence like this is gibberish: "My name is full of as, is, and us." Translation: "My name is full of a's, i's, and u's."
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- What is a CPU?
- Tracing an instruction
- L1/L2/L3 Cache
- Clock cycle speed
- Front side bus (FSB)
- The numbers game: Intel vs AMD
- Sockets and slots
- Dual-core and quad-core CPUs
- 64-bit processors
- Mobile Processors
- Budget lines: Celeron, Sempron and Athlon
64-bit processors - the next generation
If you buy a new PC today, it will have a 64-bit-capable CPU installed. The reason for the move to 64-bit CPUs from 32-bit CPUs is largely due to the limits in the amount of memory that 32-bit CPUs can access. A 32-bit CPU can, at most, address 4 gigabytes of data. For many purposes, that's fine, but once you step into more demanding applications, be they gaming, video processing or even working with large databases, it becomes a limiting factor that slows system performance. As main memory in desktop PCs creeps higher and higher, we're getting closer and closer to that 4GB barrier.
A 64-bit CPU isn't hampered by those problems, as its increased addressing space of 64-bits versus the current 32-bits, allows it to address up to a potential 16 exabytes of memory -- that's 16 billion gigabytes, quite a jump from the previous generation. Having a 64-bit data path also doubles the amount of data that can be fetched at any one time, increasing data throughput within the processor itself.
The earliest 64-bit processors were server-based affairs designed explicitly for 64-bit operating systems, but the current crop of 64-bit processors, first seen in the consumer space with AMD's Athlon 64 line of CPUs. Consumer-level 64-bit CPU like the Athlon 64 can handle both current 32-bit operating systems and software, as well as true 64-bit software designed specifically for a 64-bit CPU. So with a 64-bit CPU, you're still going to get solid performance from existing applications, as well as a touch of future-proofing when 64-bit applications become more solidly mainstream. For the moment, the best work you can get out of a 64-bit CPU is in the gaming arena, as the CPU-intensive nature of gaming -- combined with several gaming engines which have been or are being optimised for 64-bit computing -- give gamers a solid edge.
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The US government has unbound the legal regulations against using propaganda against foreign audiences and American citizens. The intention is to sway public opinion by using television, radio, newspapers, and social media targeting the American and foreign people in controlled psy-ops.
These laws made propaganda used to influence foreigners and US citizens illegal. Without these laws, disinformation could run rampant throughout our information junkets.
This amendment added to the NDAA has passed into implementation as of this month.
SMA defines the prohibition of domestic access to influence information through a variety of means, from broadcast to publishing of books, media, and online sources by restricting the State Department.
The Broadcasting Board of Governors was created from SMA. This agency claims to “inform, engage, and connect people around the world in support of freedom and democracy”. They omit that their specialty is making sure propaganda is added to the informational flow we all depend on.
The amendment sanctions the US government, without restriction, the use of any mode of message to control how we perceive our world.
As of now, the level of propaganda in the mainstream media (MSM) is quite high, with all of our television, printed media and internet sites associated with MSM owned by only 5 corporations.
Without these laws, the lies purveyed as truth to foreigners would find their way to our doorsteps as a purposeful operation enacted by our government. And in the name of national security, the US government could, and probably would, disseminate misinformation to gain public support for otherwise decidedly deplorable actions.
Amendment 114 of the NDAA was approved by the House in May of 2012.
The Smith-Mundt Modernization Act (2012) reads:
Sec. 501. (a) The Secretary and the Broadcasting Board of Governors are authorized to use funds appropriated or otherwise made available for public diplomacy information programs to provide for the preparation, dissemination, and use of information intended for foreign audiences abroad about the United States, its people, and its policies, through press, publications, radio, motion pictures, the Internet, and other information media, including social media, and through information centers, instructors, and other direct or indirect means of communication.
(b)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Secretary and the Broadcasting Board of Governors may, upon request and reimbursement of the reasonable costs incurred in fulfilling such a request, make available, in the United States, motion pictures, films, video, audio, and other materials prepared for dissemination abroad or disseminated abroad.
According to Michael Hastings : “The new law would give sweeping powers to the State Department and Pentagon to push television, radio, newspaper, and social media onto the U.S. public. “It removes the protection for Americans,” says a Pentagon official who is concerned about the law. “It removes oversight from the people who want to put out this information. There are no checks and balances. No one knows if the information is accurate, partially accurate, or entirely false.”
Representatives Mac Thornberry (R-TX) and Adam Smith (D-WA) in the Smith-Mundt Modernization Act (2012) (H.R. 5736), advocate that it is time to liberate the authority of the US government to broadcast American produced foreign propaganda in the U.S.
The amendment, which was hidden within the NDAA, has remained relatively unnoticed. However, it empowers the State Department and Pentagon to utilize all forms of media against the American public for the sake of coercing US citizens to believe whatever version of the truth the US government wants them to believe.
All oversight is removed with Amendment 114 . Regardless of whether the information disseminated is truthful, partially truthful or completely false bears no weight.
Thornberry believes that with the use of the internet by terrorist groups like al-Qaeda, the federal government needs to have the freedom to circulate their own propaganda to combat terrorism effectively.
“I just don’t want to see something this significant – whatever the pros and cons – go through without anyone noticing,” says one source on the Hill, who is disturbed by the law. According to this source, the law would allow “U.S. propaganda intended to influence foreign audiences to be used on the domestic population.”
Four billion dollars per year is spent by the Pentagon on propaganda aimed at the American public; as well as $202 million spent by the Department of Defense on misinformation operations in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2011.
Currently, the Pentagon is using “ sock puppet ” (fake handles) on social media sites to purvey false information, harass users and enact psy-ops to influence Americans.
A California corporation is working with the US Central Command (CENTCOM) in spreading propaganda overseas. They provide “online persona management service” that allows active duty military to set up an estimated 10 different false identities that are used worldwide.
Each fake persona comes complete with a background history and safeties to prevent “sophisticated adversaries” from discovering the lie.
CENTCOM spokesman Commander Bill Speaks said: “The technology supports classified blogging activities on foreign-language websites to enable CENTCOM to counter violent extremist and enemy propaganda outside the US.”
Sophisticated software allows military to engage in online conversations with coordinated answers, blog comments and instant messaging remarks that are solely meant to spread pro-American propaganda.
US Army whistleblower, Lieutenant Col. Daniel Davis believes there is a definitive aspiration within the US government “to enable Public Affairs officers to influence American public opinion when they deem it necessary to “protect a key friendly center of gravity, to wit US national will.”
Edward Bernays would be proud.
About the Author:
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The Neuropathy Association states that approximately twenty million people in the United States are suffering from some type of neuropathy, making neuropathy a common medical condition that many people are dealing with on a daily basis. So what is neuropathy?
Neuropathy that affects the extremities of the body is called peripheral neuropathy, which generally is noticeable by a lack of feeling, a burning or prickling sensation in the toes and fingers. It may then progress to the feet and hands with the pain becoming more severe. The pain usually develops rather suddenly with the two major causes being diabetes and alcoholism. Other causes include trauma or injury to the nerves, the result of toxic chemotherapy, HIV, or nerve damage from Shingles. Neuropathy can be frightening because the average individual will not understand what is happening and what is causing the pain.
Some individuals are so involved that they are unable to wear shoes, and cannot tolerate the bed sheet covering their feet at night. For others the pain is mild. Lack of sleep, atypical sweating, sensitivity to pain and muscle weakness are all symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. If you suspect that you may have neuropathy, it is important to address the underlying cause.
Nerve damage can be serious. For that reason alone it is so important to address the issue and seek treatment immediately. While meeting with your physician, make sure he is aware of all medical conditions that you may have and a give him a list of the medications that you are taking. Make him aware of the date that you first noticed the symptoms and list the specific symptoms that you are experiencing.
There are medications available to reverse and improve the symptoms. Also, there are a number of natural holistic remedies available to discuss with your doctor.
For more information about neuropathy please visit http://www.whatisneuropathy.org
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Nabokov was professor of literature at Cornell from 1948-1959. The excerpt below is from a 1964 Playboy interview, reproduced at longform.org (a site I highly recommend).
Nabokov: I gave up teaching—that’s about all in the way of change. Mind you, I loved teaching, I loved Cornell, I loved composing and delivering my lectures on Russian writers and European great books. But around 60, and especially in winter, one begins to find hard the physical process of teaching, the getting up at a fixed hour every other morning, the struggle with the snow in the driveway, the march through long corridors to the classroom, the effort of drawing on the blackboard a map of James Joyce’s Dublin or the arrangement of the semi-sleeping car of the St. Petersburg-Moscow express in the early 1870s—without an understanding of which neither Ulysses nor Anna Karenina, respectively, makes sense. For some reason my most vivid memories concern examinations. Big amphitheater in Goldwin Smith. Exam from 8 a.m. to 10:30. About 150 students—unwashed, unshaven young males and reasonably well-groomed young females. A general sense of tedium and disaster. Half-past eight. Little coughs, the clearing of nervous throats, coming in clusters of sound, rustling of pages. Some of the martyrs plunged in meditation, their arms locked behind their heads. I meet a dull gaze directed at me, seeing in me with hope and hate the source of forbidden knowledge. Girl in glasses comes up to my desk to ask: “Professor Kafka, do you want us to say that…? Or do you want us to answer only the first part of the question?” The great fraternity of C-minus, backbone of the nation, steadily scribbling on. A rustic arising simultaneously, the majority turning a page in their bluebooks, good teamwork. The shaking of a cramped wrist, the failing ink, the deodorant that breaks down. When I catch eyes directed at me, they are forthwith raised to the ceiling in pious meditation. Windowpanes getting misty. Boys peeling off sweaters. Girls chewing gum in rapid cadence. Ten minutes, five, three, time’s up.The first paragraph of Lolita, one of my favorites in all of literature:
Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta: the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth. Lo. Lee. Ta.
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Audi's autonomous car technology will remove mundane tasks from every day driving, such as parking in packed garages and driving during rush-hour traffic.
More than a dozen companies, ranging from Toyota and GM to Google, are developing self-driving technology, but automaker Audi has taken a particularly interesting path.
Instead of taking the wheel out of the driver's hands during normal operations, Audi is focusing more on eliminating mundane tasks such as driving in heavy traffic or finding a parking space in a public garage.
At the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January, Audi plans to demonstrate updates to the autonomous automobile system it first showed at the 2013 CES show.
Like most autonomous technologies, Audi's self-driving car uses proximity sensing equipment and cameras to compare its own location to objects around it.
The Audi technology works through a mobile app. A driver exits the car at the entrance to a parking garage, then simply touches the app on a mobile device so the driverless car can scour the garage for an open space. It then parks itself.
When the driver returns, he or she simply pushed the app again and like a valet parking, the car returns to the entrance.
"We called it piloted driving and parking. It's envisioned that car will drive around looking for a spot," said Brad Stertz, a spokesman for Audi USA. "Our philosophy is that drivers still need to be in charge of the car."
Audi is also working on traffic-jam assist technology that would take over for drivers in heavy traffic - the most mundane type of driving.
"It's autonomous driving at low, traffic jam speeds - 30 to 40mph," Stertz added. "We haven't demonstrated that yet, but that's what we're working on."
Lucas Mearian covers storage, disaster recovery and business continuity, financial services infrastructure and health care IT for Computerworld. Follow Lucas on Twitter at @lucasmearian, or subscribe to Lucas's RSS feed . His email address is firstname.lastname@example.org.
Read more about emerging technologies in Computerworld's Emerging Technologies Topic Center.
This story, "Audi tech automatically finds a vacant parking spot, sans driver" was originally published by Computerworld.
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6 points, SCA Band 1, 0.125 EFTSL
Undergraduate - Unit
Refer to the specific census and withdrawal dates for the semester(s) in which this unit is offered.
- Second semester 2017 (Day)
This is a core unit in the Visual Arts and is second of the two 2nd year units. The unit provides students with a broad range of approaches to cultural production for those wishing to work in the visual arts industry across a diverse range of professional platforms. This unit introduces students to various professional processes and outcomes that contemporary visual artists engage and exhibit in. The workshop-driven classes incorporate theoretical and historical perspectives on these gallery-based modes. This unit introduces various steps required to make art public from: studio-based processes; the engagement of critical feedback; administrative processes associated with gallery-based exhibition; installing an artwork; and contextualising the artwork in a considered theoretical and curatorial framework. The workshop program facilitates a support structure for the development and consolidation of experimental approaches to conceptual and material outcomes of burgeoning research interests. Students are required to investigate and develop individual and collaborative solutions to a series of creative public outcomes. Teaching methodology involves lectures, fieldtrips, critical dialogue, class discussion and peer review. Safe and sustainable approaches to fabrication techniques and materials are promoted as core values in the unit.
On successful completion of this unit, students will be able to:
- Understand how the conceptual, material and logistical approaches to their visual artwork relates to gallery-based programs;
- Examine an area of independently framed research using various analytical strategies;
- Manage different stages of the development process in an experimental manner;
- Initiate and present interdisciplinary and collaborative approaches in contemporary visual art practices that are consistent with their consolidating research position;
- Contextualise through structured writing formats the theoretical and material rationale for their work and the work of others within the field of contemporary visual art;
- Understand and apply the rules of occupational health and safety appropriate to sustained independent studio practice and in order to collaborate safely with peers.
This is a semester-long project unit. 100% mixed mode assessment (includes progressive assessment and folio)
12 hours per week, including four hours of taught studio and eight hours of personal study and studio practice.
See also Unit timetable information
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Ensto Power Electronics product range expands: The Ensto Voltage Booster gets a little brother, the Ensto Voltage Controller.
Ensto Voltage Controller is a single phase unit that can increase and decrease the line voltage level at the problem points of a low voltage distribution network. If a customer is experiencing problems with lowered or high voltages (caused by solar panels for example), the Ensto Voltage Controller is an ideal solution to solve the problem.
The Ensto Voltage Controller is quick to take in use, compact in size and safe to use.
Installation doesn’t require any special skills: either settings or calibration.
The Ensto Voltage Controller is compact in size and lightweight.
The device is air-cooled and double-isolated, so there is no need for grounding.
Ensto Voltage Controller is protected by a miniature circuit breaker and a control module that monitors the operation of the device, e.g. the transformer temperature. The protection class of the device is IP44, so it’s suitable for a variety of different environmental conditions, from blazing hot to freezing cold.
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What is the Technical Writing Process?
The Technical Writing Process is a simple, five-step process that can be used to create almost any piece of technical documentation such as a user guide, manual or procedure. Download the Technical Writing Process and modify it to suit your own documentation project https://schweizer-apotheke.de.*
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The process is intended for aspiring and beginner technical writers, non-writers who find themselves assigned with the task of creating technical documentation, established writers who want to bring more structure to their work, and anyone managing a technical documentation project.
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The Technical Writing Process book is the complete guide on how to execute the steps and detailed activities in the Technical Writing Process. It contains the 11 supporting templates for the tools / outputs. It’s written in an easy-to-read, conversational style which anyone can follow, and it’s packed with useful diagrams, insights and definitions. You can view a sample chapter (including table of contents), or purchase it from Amazon in e-book and hardcopy format. The 11 templates are included in the book as pictures, or you can purchase and download them in Microsoft Office format from this website.
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You can’t sell the Technical Writing Process, or a derivative version of it. Click to view the full Terms & Conditions.
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What is the most effective way to wash self-sealing plastic bags? I would like to recycle as many as I can, but want to be sure they are sanitary.
-- Katherine Deacon, Post Falls, Idaho
Recycling these useful kitchen storage containers is a good idea. Wash them by filling bags three quarters full with hot water, add a squirt of dishwashing detergent, close tightly, and shake, shake, shake. Rinse thoroughly, then wipe or allow to air dry. If raw meat, fish, or poultry has been stored in a bag, it should be reused for nonfood items only, even after washing.
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Ilyushin, A. A.
The author has previously shown that a deformation theory of plasticity is entirely adequate when the loading is simple; that is, when all the applied forces grow in proportion to a single parameter. The author now shows how a general plasticitytheory for any complex loading may be constructed by successively adding quantities of the nature of correction terms to the deformation theory. All of the theories of plasticity so far suggested for the complex loading condition are shown to be special cases of this general theory.
An Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file of the entire report:
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The history of technology you probably know is one of men and machines, garages and riches, alpha nerds and bro-grammers--but from Ada Lovelace, who wrote the first computer program in the Victorian Age, to the cyberpunk Web designers of the 1990s, female visionaries have always been at the vanguard of technology and innovation.
In fact, women turn up at the very beginning of every important wave in technology. They may have been hidden in plain sight, their inventions and contributions touching our lives in ways we don't even realize, but they have always been part of the story. Seek inspiration from Grace Hopper, the tenacious mathematician who democratized computing by leading the charge for machine-independent programming languages after World War II. Meet Elizabeth "Jake" Feinler, the one-woman Google who kept the earliest version of the Internet online, and Stacy Horn, who ran one of the first-ever social networks on a shoestring out of her New York City apartment in the 1980s.
Join the ranks of the pioneers who defied social convention to become database poets, information-wranglers, hypertext dreamers, and glass ceiling-shattering dot com-era entrepreneurs. This inspiring call to action shines a light on the bright minds whom history forgot and shows us how they will continue to shape our world in ways we can no longer ignore.
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Ikai, A. 10). and Reed-Judkins, D. Therefore the function E3 (y,t). Evol. A DnaA box located between the two howw dnaA1p and dnaA2p (Fig.
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An efficient transformation would yield approx 104 transformantsμg of DNA (when two plasmids are being simultaneously transformed). Acad. Today it od often called the MillerRabin probabilistic primality test or sometimes the strong pseudoprime test.
The use of transposon TnphoA to detect genes for cell envelope proteins subject to a common regulatory stimulus. PCRcancauseastrongbiasintheexpressionprofileowingtothedifference in the PCR efficiency between cDNA. How Genes Travel 13. Genet. Mon ey amount of methyl methacrylate incorporated in the crystal is more than six times of that of methyl isobutyrate.
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3 g of Calypso 4 sovetnik forex, made to 1 L. You can have the latest blog posts delivered to you (free, of course) via RSS or E-mail. Then the generator polynomial Page How do forex brokers make money 126 Cyclic codes d o C is the polynomial 0 code of length n 15.
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Your goat does have teeth on the top and bottom of her jaw further back in her mouth. These back teeth help her to chew his cud. We do not use these to tell her age. All teeth are small and sharp.
How many teeth does a goat have?
Mature goats will have a total of 8 incisors (4 pair), 6 premolars (3 pair), and 6 molars (3 pair). It is customary when ageing goats by looking at their teeth to discuss teeth in terms of “pairs” rather than in total. Young goats have deciduous or “baby” teeth that are replaced by permanent teeth at a later age.
Where are goats teeth?
Your goat does have teeth on the top and bottom of his jaw further back in his mouth. These back teeth help him to chew his cud. We do not use these to tell his age.
Do goats have teeth on their upper jaw?
Goats, as with other ruminant animals, lack upper incisors. Instead, a hard dental pad on the frontal part of the upper jaw serves in place of teeth.
Are goat teeth sharp?
A goat is born with eight baby teeth in the lower front gum. All eight teeth are similarly small sized and sharp. When the goat approaches a year of age the two center front baby teeth are replaced by two permanent teeth.
Is a goat bite serious?
Abstract. Goat bite per se is an extremely rare entity. After reviewing literature, we have found only one incidence of bite by a goat. We described the case report of an infant who was bitten by an unprovoked healthy female adult goat over left hand causing non fatal wound with autoamputation of little finger.
What is the maximum age of goat?
Some goats can be made to kid twice in 18 months. The goats reach their maximum efficiency at the age of five to seven years. In exceptional cases they continue to be serviceable even up to 12 years and in rare cases up to 14 years.
Do goats bite?
Biting. Not every goat is a biter, but some goats do bite as a form of communication. They may simply be playing but often they are either communicating that they are irritated, or they are simply trying to get another goat’s attention. Luckily, like cows, goats do not have any upper front teeth.
What age do goats get their top teeth?
The first paired set of permanent or adult teeth start in the center, replacing the baby teeth at about 12 months of age. These animals are sometimes called “two-toothed goats.” The next pair of adult teeth to come in is on each side of the center pair.
What animal has no top teeth?
3 – Giraffes and humans have the same amount of teeth – 32. However, giraffes have no upper front teeth, and most of their teeth are actually molars in the back of their mouths.
At what age do goats lose their milk teeth?
The goat loses the two middle front teeth when it is around 12 months old, and they are replaced by larger, permanent teeth. The teeth next to the middle pair are replaced by permanent teeth when the goat is about 24 months old.
What is dental formula for goat?
Both sheep and goats have a total of 32 teeth. They do not have any upper incisors. The dental formula for sheep and goats is as follows: 0/4 incisors, 3/3 pre-molars, 3/3 molars.
Do goats need their teeth floated?
Over time, with repetitive chewing, goats’ teeth from sharp high ridges limiting the effectiveness of their chewing. Floating teeth is the process of removing the high, sharp points and restoring a more natural chewing surface. Floating goats’ teeth may be the gateway to increased longevity and vigor.
Do goats need their teeth filed?
Do they need dental care? The short answer is: usually no. One reason is that these animals are ruminants—their natural act of digestion involves chewing cud, meaning regurgitated roughage. This means cows, sheep and goats spend more time chewing than even horses that graze.
What do you call the gap between your front teeth?
Diastema, commonly called tooth gap, is a medical condition wherein a space in between teeth happens and usually occurs between the two upper front teeth.
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In the Glucofort reviews we can say this advance formula helps naturally awaken the feedback circle responsible for the blood sugar and mending.
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Justice Department Beefs Up Foreign Corruption Act Enforcement
By John Pappalardo and Kara Bombach
In recent years, U.S. government officials have acknowledged the increasing focus on Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) enforcement. The government has been transparent about its priority to target individuals and companies who make improper payments or offer anything of value to foreign government officials for purposes of obtaining or retaining business.
For U.S. and international businesses and their individual officers, directors and employees, however, such generalized statements about FCPA enforcement priorities take on new significance when put in terms of hard numbers of investigations, fines and convictions.
In 2009, the Department of Justice set a record for numbers indicted and tried for Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations, yet the enforcement momentum in 2010 has actually escalated. Consider these 2010 milestones:
• Justice imposed the most criminal penalties in FCPA-related cases than any previous 12-month period — well over $1 billion. In 2009 and 2010 combined, the department charged over 50 individuals and collected nearly $2 billion.
• Approximately 35 defendants now await trial on corruption charges in Houston, Miami, Los Angeles and Washington, D.C.
• Justice ranks have grown to over a dozen attorneys dedicated solely to prosecuting corruption cases.
• The department has deployed sting and undercover operations to reveal suspected FCPA violations, most notably with the high-profile indictment of 22 individuals in the military and law enforcement products industry in early 2010. The indictments resulted from Justice’s most extensive use ever of undercover law enforcement techniques in a Foreign Corrupt Practices Act investigation, and represent the single largest prosecution in the history of the department’s FCPA enforcement efforts.
In front of this backdrop of increased resources and attention, a distinct Foreign Corrupt Practices Act trend is emerging, namely, the internationalization of the enforcement efforts. The unit works not only with other Justice Department divisions, but also with foreign counterparts. This theme will doubtless color the nature of future enforcement.
Internally, Justice’s FCPA unit now receives assistance from prosecutors in the department’s asset forfeiture and money laundering section. The section recently initiated a new Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Initiative to target and secure proceeds of foreign corruption that have been laundered into or through the United States.
On the multinational front, many of the 144 member states who have ratified the U.N. Convention Against Corruption have implemented the required local laws providing for multinational enforcement cooperation, as well as extradition. Member states — including the United States — under the convention must render specific forms of mutual legal assistance in gathering and transferring evidence for use in court, and to extradite offenders. Member states must also implement measures to support the tracing, freezing, seizure and confiscation of proceeds of corruption.
Member states include the United States and European nations, as well as countries with a historical record of systemic corruption, such as China and Nigeria, signaling a tidal shift in tolerance for corrupt conduct globally.
Member states must implement the mutual assistance and cooperation provisions, and mutual assistance provisions require economically developed participants to assist developing countries to build and implement domestic anticorruption systems. Members are already following through on this obligation with the establishment of the International Anti-Corruption Academy in Vienna, Austria, a joint initiative of, among others, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Republic of Austria and the European Anti-Fraud Office. The academy’s goal is to provide degree and certificate programs in combating global corruption to geographically diverse private and public sector participants.
Apart from the the convention, a number of individual mutual legal assistance treaties between the United States and other nations provide for investigation and enforcement cooperation, as well as extradition of defendants for various crimes, including alleged FCPA violations.
The Justice Department has already greatly increased its cooperation with foreign counterparts, and Justice officials have made recent public statements confirming that the department intends increasingly to rely on foreign partners in future cases.
Regardless of the level of direct cooperation between U.S. and foreign enforcement officials, multinationals are vulnerable to enforcement not just by U.S. agencies, but also by local authorities in the numerous foreign jurisdictions where they operate directly or indirectly. Indeed, enforcement by other countries is also on the rise.
For example, in June 2010, Daimler-Benz agreed to pay $185 million to Justice to settle charges of alleged illicit payments in 22 countries worldwide including Nigeria, China, Iraq and Russia. The Nigerian government then launched its own investigation into payments made to Nigerian officials by Daimler and Anammco, a Nigerian company that assembles Mercedes trucks and buses. This case serves warning that settlement in one country hardly insulates the perpetrator from prosecution in other jurisdictions.
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act enforcement trends point toward 2011 investigations and prosecutions that likely will be industry-targeted and based, at least in part, on multilateral assistance and cooperation between enforcement agencies of different countries. Companies doing business overseas must continue to be vigilant in the selection and retention of foreign agents and business partners, and should continually examine and enhance existing compliance policies, procedures and practices to minimize exposure under the FCPA and other anticorruption laws.
John Pappalardo (email@example.com), former U.S. attorney for Massachusetts, is
co-chair of the firm’s white collar criminal defense practice group and a shareholder in the Boston office of the international law firm of Greenberg Traurig, LLP. Kara Bombach (firstname.lastname@example.org) is a shareholder in the firm’s export controls practice group based in Washington, D.C. The views expressed are solely those of the authors.
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10 Animal coloring in pages with 5 facts about each animal in Spanish and English
We have include the fox and the tiger coloring sheets to download and try!
Learn a little fact about each animal as your are coloring in. 5 animal facts in Spanish and English about the Brown Bear, Panda, Cat, Dog, Owl, Tiger. Fox, Rabbit, Koala and a Deer. 10 beautifully illustrated animal coloring in PDF templates. Easy to download for a class activity or home school art project or just a fun crafting afternoon with the family.
Learn about the fox and the tiger: Color-in worksheets to download and try for yourself!
Happythought’s printable animal masks include an instruction sheet with step by step photos & illustrations on how to assemble each mask.
Also included are 10 printable black and white mask templates to color in of each animal. Plus 10 Animal color in and facts worksheets in English and Spanish of each animal. Our digital templates are designed to be easy to make. We like it simple too!
Here are the 6 facts about the Red Fox:
1. The most common species of fox is the red fox found on nearly every continent.
2. To help find their way foxes have whiskers on their legs.
3. Foxes are either solitary or live in small family groups.
4. Foxes are great night-time predators because their eyes are specially adapted to night vision.
5. Foxes have excellent vision, smell and touch.
6. Foxes belong to the dog family which include wolves, jackals and dogs.
Here are the 5 facts about the Tiger:
1. The Tiger is the biggest species of the cat family.
2. A group of Tigers is known as an ‘ambush’ or ‘streak’.
3. When Tiger cubs are around 2 years of age they leave their mother.
4. Tigers are good swimmers.
5. Tigers are usually nocturnal hunters.
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In local communities across Florida, humanities-rich programming is making a lasting impact in the hearts and minds of Sunshine State residents and visitors alike. Florida Humanities is proud to partner with local community champions to bring you high-quality public programming through Community Project Grants, Florida Talks, Museum on Main Street, and more.
Alert: Due to COVID-19 (Coronavirus), some events have been cancelled or postponed. We are working to ensure that our events calendar remains accurate. We strongly urge you to call the event contact for any program you are interested in to confirm that the event is still planned.
- This event has passed.
Maritime Mingle: Stories from the Gulf Coast Commercial fishing industry in Cortez: Environmental Changes
The Friends of the Florida Maritime Museum is hosting an engaging conversation to explore what can be learned from the water ways that surround the Florida coast and those who live and work there. Fishing communities depend upon healthy waterways. The men and women whose livelihoods directly reflect any environmental changes are incredibly connected to the ebbs and flows. What can be learned from their stories?
Get ready to “maritime mingle” with a conversation focused on the environmental changes that the commercial fishing industry has witnessed over the years in the Gulf of Mexico. At this fun, interactive discussion, each table will “speed date” with commercial fisherman, fish house workers, and others who play an important role in the industry.
This event is free to the public. RSVP required. Please email Kristin Sweeting at [email protected] to secure your spot. Funding for this program was provided in part through a Florida Humanities Community Project Grant in partnership with the Friends of the Florida Maritime Museum.
Date/time: April 23 @ 2:30 pm - 5:00 pm
Presented By:Commercial Fishing Industry Workers
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https://floridahumanities.org/event/maritime-mingle-stories-from-the-gulf-coast-commercial-fishing-industry-in-cortez-environmental-changes/
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