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The MOVEit API: What Can It Do For You Today?Technical top tips for MOVEit MFT
You’re probably aware that both MOVEit Transfer and Automation come with an API module that can be licensed, and you’ve probably asked yourself if you really need it for your MOVEit system. It’s worth taking a few minutes to review what the APIs are and what you can achieve when using them.
How do APIs work?
There are different versions of the MOVEit API available – Java, REST, .NET and Windows. The Windows MOVEit Transfer API has been deprecated since 2018 but is still usable if needed. This range of API types gives MOVEit administrators flexibility as to how they can interact with MOVEit, and where from. Regardless of which API is used, it’s worth noting that you will need some scripting or programming knowledge to make use of them – no GUIs are available to assist you in the build.
With the exception of REST, you will need to install the API on every system that needs to interact with MOVEit. These systems do not need to be individually licensed, this is done at the MOVEit server level. REST APIs interact with MOVEit via HTTPS which means you don’t need to distribute software to other computers. REST has quickly become the de facto standard for the industry.
MOVEit Transfer APIs
So let’s consider what you can do with the APIs. We’ll start with MOVEit Transfer. Please note that for the purpose of this document I used Powershell to call the APIs in my examples. This was just for convenience and not obligatory.
Here is a simple example using the deprecated Windows API which demonstrates the uploading of a file into MOVEit Transfer.
In return, MOVEit tells us the file ID.
Obviously, we can put some checks into this via the API – for example, does the folder exist? What are the permissions? The possibilities are endless for using this as a way to automate transfers. However, we can also use the API to create folders and users. For example, using the REST API we can add all the information we need into a JSON format parameter string:
When I execute this in a script, I get a JSON back confirming how the user is defined.
What can APIs be used for?
As you would expect, you can interact with many other functions of MOVEit Transfer using APIs, although it’s worth noting that the Windows API is deprecated. For newer features you should select one of the other API types. Some uses you can put the API to include:
- Checking for files that have not been downloaded
- Creating a folder and setting access
- Managing group membership
- Sending and receiving packages (Ad Hoc)
- Extracting logs
- Checking server or MOVEit Transfer status
MOVEit Automation APIs
MOVEit Automation has a slightly expanded set of APIs. The Windows API (which is still supported) provides a command line tool as well as the API interface. This tool is named MICentralCLT.exe and allows you to remotely start tasks. This is particularly useful if you have a scheduling system and want to launch your tasks from there. You can optionally set the task to be a child or orphan process, depending on whether you need to see the results.
Of course, there are other things that we may want to do via the API, for example checking if any tasks are currently running before we shut down the service:
Other uses for the MOVEit Transfer API
There are other uses for the API – you can create temporary tasks on the fly as an example. Or if you have a large number of tasks or hosts to create, you can import them from a CSV or XML file. You can either build the file from scratch or use an existing host or task as a template.
In this REST API example, you can see a simple check of the scheduler status before and after a start command is issued. Other uses include:
- Group management
- Certificates and keys
- Log retrieval
- Report generation
A final point to note
It’s worth bearing in mind that the functionality is not identical between the different APIs. Sometimes you will need to resort to the installable versions, whilst at other times the REST API can deliver more that the installed versions. You should also be aware that for both MOVEit REST APIs there is a swagger documentation index available, as well as the online documentation.
What else does MFT have in store?
Hear what Progress predict for 2021! In this on-demand webinar, Principal Solutions Engineer Andrew Lorandos, CISSP, and Product Guru Mark Towler walk you through their predictions in the ever-changing landscape of IT, and discuss how MFT can help you deal with challenges, including:
- Continued and ongoing migration to the cloud
- Business process integrations using BizOps
- How to remain compliant and secure in a WFH environment
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Early in the morning on Saturday, April 12 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, the 47th Review Session of the Commission on Population and Development (CPD47) drew to a close. At around 4:30 AM, the Chair presented a revised streamlined resolution that removed some but not all language on reproductive rights and abortion, which was an improvement on earlier versions.
CPD47, with the theme “ICPD Beyond 2014 Review,” was intended to identify best practices and challenges in achieving the agreements made by 179 governments in Cairo in 1994 in the ICPD Programme of Action (PoA). Although no outcome document was expected in this session of the Commission, many Member States insisted on one on the basis of its being the 20th anniversary of the ICPD. However, these insistences were an attempt to mainstream the controversial sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) language contained in non-binding regional ICPD review conferences, in particular Latin America’s Montevideo Consensus. One week before the CPD, the Uruguay-appointed Chair circulated a draft outcome document. While it was supposed to be purely procedural in nature, the 4-page draft outcome document contained multiple SRHR references. Late-night parallel negotiations that concluded at dawn on Saturday and that involved only selected Member States brought up new SRHR issues not found in the PoA, attempting to force a revision of the 1994 agreements.
Through the strong efforts of some Member States, who were shocked to see the initial document that was not the review it was supposed to be, the final document has some good language, including sovereignty language reaffirming that each country can implement PoA recommendations “with full respect for the various religious and ethical values and cultural backgrounds of its people.” Also, the document treats the aforementioned regional conferences as providing “region-specific guidance on population and development,” not international guidance, limiting their scope.
WYA also commends that in a paragraph on youth, language affirming parental rights and responsibilities to their children “to provide . . . appropriate direction and guidance on sexual and reproductive matters” and respect for “cultural values and religious beliefs” made it in. Yet this paragraph also calls on States to ensure that sexual abuse health services safeguard the “right of adolescents to privacy, confidentiality, respect, and informed consent,” and “where appropriate, remove legal, regulatory and social barriers to reproductive health information and care for adolescents.” This suggests the removal of restrictions for adolescents, such as parental consent or notification, on services like abortion and sterilization.
Abortion language in the outcome document is mixed. On the positive side, it is confined to the parameters set out in the PoA, as the document states abortion should not be a form of family planning and recourse to abortion should be reduced. Yet it explicitly states that “where abortion is not against the law” there must be “training and equipping [of] health services providers and other measure to ensure that such abortion is safe and accessible.” WYA asserts that no abortion can be safe in that it violates the dignity of the woman and results in the loss of a child, and that true reproductive health options do not include abortion. Further, “health services providers” is vague and opens the door to the performance of abortions outside hospitals and not by doctors, making abortion more accessible.
While there were several small victories in the CPD47 outcome document, there is much room for improvement. WYA will continue its advocacy efforts at the UN to get the language focus to move away from its current sole focus of SRHR to the broader purposes of protection of the family unit, access to proper sanitation, clean water, education, and basic health care for all, especially efforts to get mothers and babies safely through pregnancy and childbirth.
To find out more about the landmark ICPD conference in Cairo, the resulting PoA document, and more on the draft outcome document circulated before the start of CPD47, please see WYA’s blog post on the introduction to CPD47.
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This morning the Fourth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Richmond will hear argument in the appeal of a decision by U.S District Judge Alexander Williams, Jr. in Maryland, allowing a company to secretly and anonymously stop the Consumer Product Safety Commission from publishing a negative report about one of its products on the CPSC’s publicly available website.
This is the first challenge to the congressionally-mandated CPSC database. . . . If companies can challenge reports in the database in secret, Congress’s goal of informing the public will be undermined by years’ worth of secret litigation during which the public will be oblivious to potential hazards.[The] case [also] tests the judiciary’s commitment to the First Amendment right of access to court proceedings, which enables public oversight of the working of government and facilitates public participation. If — as the district court novelly held — a corporate reputational interest justifies secret litigation or the use of a pseudonym, one can a imagine a lot of companies stepping forward to seek secrecy. Companies sued for fraud, pollution, discrimination, and (of course) making dangerous products could all claim they ought to be allowed to litigate in secret under this view.
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North Korea has been busy for the past week, trying to jam the navigation signals going to civilian aircraft over South Korea, according to reports in South Korean media.
Through Wednesday afternoon, the GPS satellite signals to more than 250 aircraft have been affected, the Chosun Ilbo reported, citing South Korea's Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs Ministry.
Planes from Korean Air, Japan Airlines, FedEx, Cathay Pacific and Thai Airways have been affected, Bloomberg news reported, citing the Land Ministry.
The jamming began April 28, according to a report from Dong-A Ilbo.
The planes have been able to use other systems to keep on their courses, according to the reports.
The planes affected were either taking off or landing at Incheon or Gimpo international airports or flying over the central region of the country, according to the reports.
The jamming signals were coming from the Kaesong area of North Korea, Chosun Ilbo reported, citing a staffer at the Korea Communications Commission.
The jamming comes after North Korea threatened to initiate "special actions" aimed at destroying the South Korean president and his government.
North Korean armed forces will use "unprecedented peculiar means and methods of our own style" to carry out the actions, the official Korean Central News Agency said in a report.
It did not specify what those actions would involve.
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Dreaming of green trees represents the direction of our life in which we are going. If we are determined and persistent, we will be able to achieve the projects that we have started.
When in the dream we see green trees, it warns us that we should not abandon things in the middle, since doing so will be our greatest regret.
Dream of green trees
Seeing a large green tree shows us the beginning of a new stage in life, which will be full of prosperity and fortune. When there are many trees and they are all green, it predicts that we will overcome all problems successfully, we will make our projects very profitable, which will allow us to be independent, and this will fill us with joy. If the green tree that we see suddenly begins to priest, it indicates that sadness and disappointments are coming.
Walking under the green trees indicates that there will be a lot of togetherness and happiness in the family. See how the leaves fall from the tree, means great economic losses. Sitting under a tree that is green, augurs good news that will come soon. Observing that the green tree is very fragile, indicates that it lacks the strength to achieve success.
Climb a green tree
If we see in the dream that we are climbing a tree that is green, it augurs success in business, and we will achieve it thanks to the fact that we will be more responsible and organized. It also augurs the beginning of a period full of joys. Going up to reach its fruits shows that after so much time and dedication, we will achieve our dreams. Picking the fruits of a green tree also means that we will have windfall profits.
See we plant them
When we plant a lot of green trees, it means that we will have very good profits, or we will receive an inheritance. Seeing that all the green trees that we just planted begin to bear flowers is very positive, as it predicts that our dreams will come true. If we plant it and pour water on it, it shows that we will not be able to fulfill our dreams, and we will enter a stage of great sadness and loneliness.
Dreaming of green trees that we cut down
If we nip them from the bud, it shows that we are wasting our full potential and our hard-earned savings. But if we cut down the green tree for firewood, it indicates that we will start a battle to achieve our goals. Cutting green trees that are very lush, signals great sadness.
Forest full of green trees
It indicates that we will change businesses, and these will bring good income. It also augurs that luck is about to come into our lives. To see that the forest begins to burn, contrary to what we think, is a positive dream, since it augurs the end of a hard stage and the beginning of the realization of our goals, prosperity and success.
Meaning of dreaming of green trees full of worms
This shows us that problems will come from all sides. We will be threatened by so many problems and obstacles that we will not know how to solve them. You will have to remain calm to avoid greater evils.
If the tree is small
If the green tree that we see in the dream is small, it calls our attention to be more careful with our family or our partner, since we are spending our time on things that are not enriching for our life.
Dream About Green Oak Trees
It shows that we are very strong and resistant, that we fight to the point of exhaustion to achieve our goals. It also augurs a lot of health and a long life. Being hidden behind a green oak, means that soon problems will overtake us and we will have to ask for help. Seeing the oak’s leaves fall signals that problems will arise that we will not be able to handle and we will feel powerless.
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How changing your perspective can help you cope with anxiety
Ten years ago, I thought I was going to have a stroke. My business was imploding, the pressure was intensifying and I felt like I was suffocating. Blood was pooling in my head and my ears were pounding. I knew that if I didn’t get out into the open air immediately, I was going to explode.
For many of my readers, this is unfortunately all too familiar. If you’ve ever found yourself in the centre of a full-on anxiety attack, you’ll know what I’m talking about. Some of you may even find it uncomfortable just reading these words.
You’re not alone. According to one report, nearly £31m is lost in our local economy due to mental health-related absenteeism from work, primarily due to stress, anxiety and depression.
I promise that changing your perspective will help. I know that, not just because it helped me, but because of the many clients I’ve worked with and because of the countless studies which prove that thinking about your situation in a new way will give you a new lease of life.
When I was carrying the weight of the world on my shoulders, I just needed someone to say: “Here, let me lift this off you ... breathe ... relax.”
Of course, you can say this to yourself and begin to broaden your perspective. I’ve found that, if you are fixating on a “problem”, it’s important to literally widen your horizon.
Try this: think of a problem. Most people will zoom in on the very thing that’s troubling them.
For example, a dog-phobic will focus on the teeth. In their mind’s eye, they tend not to notice the ground beneath the dog’s feet, the sky above, or the trees. A stressed homemaker will see only a pile of dirty laundry.
When you go into peripheral vision, however, you get out of fight-or-flight thinking and start to notice opportunities.
If the anxiety is great, you may need to see a professional, like me, but often you can do this on your own.
The next time you find that you’re narrowing your focus, practice expanding the picture in your mind to increase your possibilities. It will give you breathing space.
- Joseph Pond is a clinical hypnotherapist, an acupuncturist, and a mindfulness instructor. He is co-founder of Hypnosis Explorers NI and conducts workshops in hypnosis with PowerTrance. Reach him at email@example.com or at https://www.facebook.com/Belfast Hypnosis/?ref=hl/?ref=hl
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Income Tax Calculation for Interest on Housing Loan and Deduction u/s 80C with illustration
One Computation of Taxable Salary and allowances, Deduction for Interest on Housing Loan and Deduction u/s 80C.
Mr. X, a Central Govt. Officers in Delhi, is receiving Basic Pay Rs.23,720, grade Pay Rs.7,600, DA at prescribed rates, transport allowances @ Rs.3200+DA thereon, and HRA 30% of basic pay + grade pay (though living in his own house). His date of increment is Ist July. The following are other particulars of his income. Compute his taxable income and tax payable, for A.Y.2015-16.
Authority: IT Circular issued by CBDT on 1.12.2015
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Often when schools do standardized testing, they report the scores in percentiles.
Percentiles are not the same thing as percentages (percents), even though they sound like they should be. Percentages are what most teachers use when grading their student’s work.Percentiles are numbers that show how a child compares to others. They are used on standardized tests that have been given to a large group of students before—this is the norm group.
If your child takes a regular test in the classroom, the chances are pretty good the teacher will give her a grade based on how many points she missed out of the total number of possible points. For example, if there are 100 points on the test and your daughter misses 15 points, her score will be 85 percent. This is calculated by dividing the points earned (85) by the number of possible points (100) and then multiplying that answer by 100. Note that this score does not tell you how well she did compared to other students.
Standardized tests, in contrast to regular tests, are given to large groups of students at various age levels. Students who take the same test later have their scores compared to a large norm group made up of students who took the test before. A percentile compares your child’s performance to these students who are the same age. An 85th percentile score means that your son scored better than 85 percent of the students in that large comparison group. Another way to think about it is this: If you had 100 students in the comparison group who are the same age, your child did better than 85 of them. This would be a very high percentile score.
When some parents see that their child’s result is in the 50th percentile, they think their child did poorly on the test. Instead, this means the student is right where you expect she should be! This is average. Above the 50th percentile is above average. Below the 50th percentile is below average.
Another score you are likely to see is the “Grade Equivalent” score. I will write about that in my blog post next week, here at SchoolFamily.com.
Parents, teachers, and students worry a lot about these tests and percentile results, so it is important to understand what the scores mean when you receive them.
For ideas for how to help your child manage the stress of taking standardized tests, read my earlier blog post about high stakes testing.
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Chemical weapons team to finalize Syria report next monthListen /
The UN team investigating chemical weapons use in Syria has concluded a six-day mission to the country and will finalize its overall report by the end of October, UN spokesperson Martin Nesirky told journalists in New York on Monday.
This mission follows on from the experts' first visit to Syria last month where they found that the nerve agent sarin had been used in an attack on 21 August which killed hundreds of civilians.
Reporters also asked Nesirky about a team from the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) that is travelling to Syria on Tuesday.
"This is an advance team that is going in tomorrow. There is a larger mission that will need to do a lot of work in the weeks and months ahead. The recommendations for how that larger operation will take place will be put together in the coming eight or nine days by the Secretary-General in close consultation with the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons." (24″)
The UN Security Council last week unanimously adopted a resolution on the elimination of chemical weapons in Syria which will be carried out by the OPCW.
Dianne Penn, United Nations.
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Drug Discovery and Clinical Trials for Molecular Pathology MED5489
- Academic Session: 2021-22
- School: School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing
- Credits: 20
- Level: Level 5 (SCQF level 11)
- Typically Offered: Semester 1
- Available to Visiting Students: Yes
- Available to Erasmus Students: No
- Taught Wholly by Distance Learning: Yes
Pathologists are ideally skilled for determining patient and sample eligibility and evaluating patients' response in clinical trials. Clinical scientists are equipped with expert knowledge and experiences in molecular diagnosis that are essential in the recent trials that aim for precision medicine. Therefore it is not surprising that there is an increased demand for pathologists and clinical scientists who are trained in molecular pathology to play an integral role in design, undertaking and evaluation of clinical trials. This course is designed to facilitate the acquisition of minimum essential knowledge required to confidently participate in clinical trials, as well as to foster future-proof leadership in improvement of trial strategies that maximise the likelihood of patient's response and benefit.
Online delivery of core taught materials (lectures, videos/quizzes etc) supported by weekly tutorials.
Requirements of Entry
Written work in the format of a research proposal or proposal of a clinical trial (approx. 3000-4000 words) (100%)
The course aims to provide students with a critical understanding of the various stages involved in a pre-clinical drug discovery process, its methods and interpretation of results, as well as challenges and limitations in its pipeline, including aspects from health economics. The course also aims to provide the essential knowledge in the design of the optimum clinical trials for patients' response and benefit, along with up-to-date information of regulatory frameworks, and enable students to critically evaluate the clinical trial data. The knowledge gained should allow students to more effectively contribute and communicate within the clinical trial teams and to facilitate leading the active roles.
Intended Learning Outcomes of Course
By the end of this course students will be able to:
1. Critically discuss the main phases and decision points of the pre-clinical drug discovery pipeline.
2. Critically evaluate the methods and the results of target validation, lead identification and optimisation, and in vivo efficacy testing.
3. Critically discuss current issues and problems related to the drug discovery and development pipeline, including those from health economic perspective.
4. Critically discuss the main phases of clinical trials and the package of preclinical and clinical information which is required and desirable for the optimum trial design.
5. Critically discuss the regulatory framework for clinical trials of investigative medicinal products.
6. Critically evaluate the clinical trial data, including those in primary publications and systematic reviews.
7. Critically discuss the integral roles of pathologists and clinical scientists in design, undertaking and evaluation of clinical trials.
Minimum Requirement for Award of Credits
Students must submit at least 75% by weight of the components (including examinations) of the course's summative assessment.
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Hotels and restaurants generate huge amounts of waste, the majority of which has traditionally gone to landfill.
This makes hospitality and leisure the third worst performing sector, behind home and transport, and a big contributor to global carbon emissions.
Veolia Environmental Services saw an opportunity to help its long-term partner, Whitbread, whose top brands include Premier Inns and Beefeater Grill restaurants, tackle these issues and to put itself at the forefront of environmental practice in the hospitality sector.
Together they have developed a far-reaching waste, recycling and energy strategy to divert waste from landfill, which, in the process, is cutting carbon and turning unused food into renewable energy.
Early results have proved impressive with the equivalent of 4,600 tonnes of CO2 cut from the company's emissions.
Diverting waste away from landfill – across 590 hotels with 43,000 rooms and 376 restaurants – rose dramatically from 49% in November 2009 to 66% in January 2011and the target is to hit 80% by February 2012.
Carbon emissions are being cut in three ways. First, food waste across 60% of the Whitbread estate is being recycled, rising to 100% in February 2012. Second, non-food recycling has been extended from only card to plastic, paper and tin.
Finally, the two groups are diverting residual waste from 30% of the estate to energy recovery facilities so that it can be turned into electricity for the national grid.
Whitbread and Veolia have worked together for more than 10 years. Both have achieved the prestigious Carbon Trust standard and have set similar long-term targets to cut carbon. This got the landfill diversion project off to a strong start.
It began with an analysis of Whitbread's waste streams which showed that food accounted for 18% of total waste, third behind cardboard and glass. Devising a strategy for dealing with it, however, involved tackling some tricky issues, including creating systems to segregate, collect and dispose of food.
Whitbread and Veolia began a trial at 18 sites to test new food collection bins and to develop bespoke training and systems for back-of-house staff. Food was collected by Biogen Greenfinch, which worked out what waste could be treated in anaerobic digesters and composters.
Enough food waste was recycled in 2010 to provide power for a typical Whitbread restaurant for 464 days, and diverting a further 11% from landfill. By the end of the year, 359 outlets were involved in the scheme and the aim is to have the entire estate covered by February 2012.
Mixed recycling has been introduced at 354 sites, resulting in a further 2% diversion from landfill. And residual waste at 164 locations, which cannot be recycled, is now being sent to energy from waste sites, boosting diversion by another 6%.
A number of factors make this joint scheme groundbreaking within the hospitality sector, including the use of Veolia's innovative GHG tracker to measure direct and indirect carbon savings, but also that a fully-operational food waste diversion scheme has been developed ahead of an expected government clampdown on the issue.
Simon Beavis is part of the wordworks network
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Released Sunday, the new video game Disney Infinity is sufficiently ambitious in what it sets out to accomplish that under any circumstances it would be probably be piquing significant media interest right about now. But because this is a Disney venture — the game was launched on the backs of iconic Pixar and/or Disney franchises like “Monsters University,” “Pirates of the Caribbean” and “The Incredibles” — buzz is building to a crescendo.
Here's a sampling of what some gaming experts are saying about Disney Infinity and the ways in which it could impact how children interface with video games:
USA Today’s Brett Molina: “A starter kit ($74.99) includes a copy of the game, a base that connects to a PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo Wii or Nintendo Wii U, and three toys. Additional figures will be sold separately. Figurines placed on the base are transported into the digital world, allowing players to explore with a video game controller. The feature that's generated the most buzz for Infinity is Toy Box, a virtual sandbox where players can openly explore with any combination of characters and build lush Disney-themed worlds. Users with an online Disney account can upload their creations to the cloud for users of any version of Infinity to download.”
Wall Street Journal’s Yannick LeJacq: “There’s (the) sheer variety of different ways to play Disney Infinity itself, regardless of which toy you have in your hand at any given moment. Each of Disney Infinity’s brand-specific toy bundles are divided into distinct ‘play sets’ that offer two different things: a story-driven campaign mode, each of which lasts around four to six hours, and added content for an open-ended play mode known as the ‘Toy Box.’ As the name implies, Toy Box is a combination of Disney-created and user-generated content, a wide-open space that gives players free range to create entire levels or worlds of their own.”
Wired Magazine’s Chris Kohler: “It’s hard to escape the feeling that Disney left out some important information when it sold us on the creativity mode. It’s possible to create some pretty impressive stuff with Toy Box, including actual video game levels that can time you and keep score and use logic and everything, but not right out of the box. Lots and lots of the ‘building blocks’ — not just cosmetics but actual functional key parts — are locked behind paywalls and playwalls. We’ve sunk dozens of hours into the play sets and it feels like we’ve barely made a dent as far as unlocking new items. So what’s Disney Infinity like? Weird. And sprawling. And occasionally unpolished. But fun, at its core.”
New York Times’ Brooks Barnes: “An accompanying app called Disney Infinity: Action! (shows) what’s at stake for the company. The app, available free now on the Apple iTunes store and eventually for Android devices, allows users to place themselves inside the game and make short videos of the action. As an example, (on Aug. 16) Disney showed a video of a digital Capt. Jack Sparrow aiming a cannon at John Pleasants, co-president of Disney Interactive, and lighting the fuse. Infinity, which cost Disney over $100 million to develop, according to analysts, is viewed as a make-or-break effort to turn around the company’s money-losing gaming and Web division after years (and years) of trying.”
Copyright 2017, Deseret News Publishing Company
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Automakers say they'll begin selling cars that can drive themselves by the end of the decade [The Miami Herald :: ]
(Miami Herald (FL) Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) March 17--It's been a futurist fever dream since at least 1939, when visitors to the General Motors pavilion at the New York World's Fair marveled at a glimpse of the automotive future: a miniaturized model of a city prowled by 50,000 robot cars, controlled not by human drivers but centralized radio waves.
That future may have been delayed a bit (the GM pavilion boldly predicted that humans would be out from behind the steering wheel by 1960) but it's no longer a utopian daydream or pulpish science fiction: Several car companies say they'll begin selling vehicles that can drive themselves -- at least part of the time -- by the end of this decade. And Florida will be right there at Ground Zero of the automotive revolution.
"We want to be the state that's ready for innovation," says Ananth Prasad, Florida's transportation secretary. "We want to be the state where entrepreneurs and great minds can come to try things, rather than the state that just says no."
One of just four states that permit experimental driverless vehicles to be driven on public roads, Florida has been the site of tests to see how their crash-averting sensors react to sudden and vicious thunderstorms. A section of Interstate 4 between Orlando and Tampa has already been equipped with transponders that feed the cars information about traffic and road conditions.
And when auto manufacturers and government officials from around the country held a summit last year to hammer out some of the legal and technological issues surrounding the vehicles, they chose Tampa to host it.
During a car show accompanying the summit, Prasad -- such an enthusiastic booster of the concept that he sits on the board of the national industry group Intelligent Transportation Society of America -- took one of the prototypes out for a spin. Or, maybe, it took him.
"It felt a little odd, sitting there with my hands away from the wheel, on an Interstate with people going by me at 70 miles an hour," he recalls. "But it wasn't scary or intimidating. Of course, obviously I was in a car full of Google engineers if anything went wrong."
Google, the Internet company that has been testing luxuriant Priuses and Lexuses festooned with radar, lasers, and video cameras that allow the vehicles to be driven by its software rather than humans, says it expects its "autonomous driving system" to be on the road by 2018.
Several car manufacturers are only slightly less optimistic. Nissan, Mercedes and Renault have all announced plans to market cars in 2020 that can drive themselves at least part of the time.
"A lot of people question whether we're going to see this in our lifetime," says Prasad. "I think they're going to be very, very surprised.... Autonomous vehicles are much, much closer than we think."
In fact, they're already here -- kind of. Several of the key technologies in creating a full-blown driverless car have already been deployed. Some Mercedes-Benz models sold in Europe can be put on auto-pilot in low-speed traffic jams; taking cues from the vehicles ahead of them, they stop or go, speed up or slow down as traffic permits, while keeping themselves inside the lane.
Volvo equips some cars with a pedestrian protection system that hits the brakes hard if the car's radar spots a person in the street ahead. Even the lowly Ford Focus has a parallel-parking-assistance option that does all the maneuvering while the driver controls the accelerator and brakes and looks out for fire hydrants or no-parking signs.
"Automated driving, in a certain degree, already exists today," says Joachim Taiber, director of the International Center for Automotive Research at Clemson University. "You can already buy cars with collision avoidance systems, emergency braking system, lane-departure warnings.
"That's how we're going to arrive at what people most likely mean when they say 'driverless car' -- a robot vehicle with nobody behind the wheel that functions on all roads under all conditions. That's not within reach in 10 years or probably even 20. Instead, we're going to move toward that in phases, and actually, we've already started."
The prospect of a truly and totally driverless world like the one to which Taiber refers can excite normally sobersided engineers into flights of both transcendental fancy and apocalyptic morbidity.
-- Surely many of the 31,000 Americans who die in traffic accidents each year would be saved if human drivers and their unfortunate tendencies to drink beer, text, apply makeup and race trains were taken out from behind the wheel -- not to mention the elimination of things like fog-bound pileups and collisions due to rearview-mirror blind spots.
"That death toll -- it's like having an airliner crash every day of the year!" says Paul Feenstra, senior vice president of the Intelligent Transportation Society of America. "If that were to happen, we'd have congressional hearings every day to get to the bottom of it. But it's become an acceptable norm on the nation's highways, and it doesn't have to be."
-- The quixotic dreams of urban planners for vast tracts of parkland and bike paths and playgrounds might actually become affordable if cities could get rid of all their parking lots. And, maybe, they could.
"You probably don't need parking garages any more once you have driverless cars," says Chandra Bhat, director of the Center for Transportation Research at the University of Texas. "You'd just call an automous taxi to pick you up in the morning and return you in ther afternoon. Somewhere from 20 to 80 percent of urban land area could be repurposed."
Some theorists believe the entire foundation of private car ownership will be shattered. "There's a lot of talk about people joining fleets or clubs, like Netflix for cars, where you'd just order one up when you needed it," says Loren Smith, an analyst who follows government automotive policy for the research firm Capital Alpha. "You wouldn't have a car sitting the driveway for 23 hours a day, doing nothing."
-- The productivity, and possibly the space-alien-zapping skills, of American workers would zoom through the roof as commute times -- traffic jams would be a thing of the past as computers mass driverless cars into perfectly spaced convoys traveling at uniform speeds -- and workers can spend the time working on their laptops instead of trying to cut in front of the guy in the next lane.
"Especially in the information technology industry, a lot of people think of driving as a big waste of time," says Clemson's Taiber. "If you work on emails or reports, or play video games, or even just sleep, a lot of people would welcome that."
-- The lame will walk and the blind see. Well, almost, anyway. Google thrilled the industry a couple of years ago with a video of a blind man in the driver's seat of one of its automated cars as it carried him to first a fast-food restaurant and then to pick up his dry cleaning. Driverless cars promise new independence to the disabled and -- not inconsequential in a country where the massive Baby Boom generation is passing into retirement -- senior citizens whose driving skills have waned.
-- But driverless cars might also ruin the environment, worsen global warming and lay waste to our cities. "Once I can relax in my car on the way to work, read a book or watch a video, travel time won't be a burden to me anymore," notes Texas' Bhat. "I might move further away, travel longer disances to work. That could expand the geographical footprint of our cities and increase our use of fossil fuels and massively increase pollution. It's practically invited urban sprawl."
-- We might even hear a giant, strangled glug-glug-glug as the American housing industry goes even deeper underwater. "If you don't have to drive your car, you'll want to have more fun in it, be able to move around and put bigger seats -- maybe even a sofa -- in it," adds Bhat. "Vehicles will get bigger and bigger. In an extreme case, would we even have homes anymore? Or just huge vehicles that become our giant mobile homes?"
All those scenarios, however, whether utopian or dystopian, probably lie well over the horizon. Not because the technology for truly driverless cars doesn't exist -- most of it is ready to go or soon will be -- but because the road to that horizon is filled with legal, political and social potholes, some of them pretty deep.
One of the biggest: liability law. "No matter how good the technology is, there are going to be accidents, especially if you have a mix of human drivers and robots, which will be the situation for decades as the new cars penetrate the market. It can be something as simple as a tire blowout, or as complicated as a power surge that knocks out some of the technology while the human driver is asleep and can't take over.
"So is the human driver -- the car owner -- responsible? The car manufacturer? The technology supplier? How do you apportion that out? Lawyers and insurance companies are going to be watching very carefully, and even though we have some models to work with -- aircraft accidents that occur while the plane is on auto-pilot is a good one -- it will be long and time-consuming."
Technology failures might not be just legally complicated, but terrifying: What if a virus or a hacker invaded the software of vehicles and sent them reeling out of control? What if terrorists start using driverless cars to deliver suicide bombs that don't require suicides?
Infrastructure is another problem that may take years to overcome. Nobody has even ventured a guess as to how much it will cost to embed America's 8 million lane-miles of roadways with the network of transponders and sensors necessary to relay road and weather conditions to vehicles.
And the other critical communications link in driverless technology -- vehicle-to-vehicle, which lets cars tell each other what they're doing so they won't collide -- may be headed for political difficulties. It requires a big chunk of broadband, which the FCC set aside for carmakers in 1991.
But the proliferation of smart phones and video devices that stream movies and other video has gobbled up much of the broadband spectrum, and now the big cable companies have banded together to lobby Congress to let them share in the part reserved for autos. If the devices used by cable companies cause interfence with the cars -- nobody really knows the answer to that yet -- that could lead to disaster.
"A dropped call on a cell phone caused by interference is no big deal," says Taiber. "But the loss of even a little data on a car's collision-avoidance system could be fatal."
Privacy issues associated with driverless cars probably won't kill anybody, but they may prove nettlesome. The technology in a driverless car will record exactly where it's been and when, information that the owner might not want to have available to a nosy government agency or a truculent divorce lawyer.
Then there are potential corporate commercial clashes with privacy, too. What if Google, which knows you have a weakness for Big Macs because of information it has collected from your web browsing, strikes a deal and instead of mapping your driverless car on the shortest route to the office sends it to one that takes it past a McDonald's?
"The privacy people are going to go crazy when they figure out all the implications of this stuff," flatly predicts Robert Poole, editor of the industry newsletter Surface Transportation Innovations. "It's massive data collection, the GPS big-brother-box-in-the-car.
Poole, though a fervent supporter of driverless-car technology, thinks there's "a lot of mindless optimism" among its backers. He believes its adoption will take much longer than anyone expects and fall considerably short of the complete overhaul of human society that they hope for.
"You just aren't going to see blind people traveling alone in these cars on freeways, or traffic jams disappear, or cities completely reengineer themselves," he says. "As strong a technology as it is, things break and stuff goes wrong, and there will always have to be a human driver sitting there, ready to take control."
(c)2014 The Miami Herald
Visit The Miami Herald at www.miamiherald.com
Distributed by MCT Information Services
[ Back To TMCnet.com's Homepage ]
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Hello. Welcome. Today we're going to discuss the nature of revelations in several religious traditions.
Nearly every religion has some form of revelation that has informed its scriptures, customs, and traditions in general. Those that don't emphasize revelation as much might be considered religious or spiritual philosophies, for example, Taoism or Confucianism. generally the non-theistic religions, which are based on certain principles that they understand to be universal.
The concept of revelation refers to a form of direct communication from God to a human recipient, usually through some intermediary. Angels are often mentioned in the Abrahamic monotheistic traditions. In most cases, what is communicated become sacred text as it is written down. So revelation refers to the process whereby some truth of a divine nature is revealed and received. The resulting experience, and the associated text that is subsequently written down, is called revelation. This entire process, the content and the form of it, is called revelation.
Many of the world religions have many accounts of revelation, and they are treated with great reverence by the community of religious adherents. These communications are an unusual and unique form of religious narrative. They stand apart from other religious narratives that might be considered divinely inspired. Revelations extend directly from God to man or woman, who in turn function as a mouthpiece for God. And usually both revelation and inspiration demand some kind of engagement from the community. And these engagements are the unfolding narratives of the various religions.
Now let's talk about the idea of divine authorship. With revelations there is a human mouthpiece for God. The originator, authorizing the release of divine truth, is God. And God is also the writer. The words themselves, in both form and content, are therefore usually believed to be divine. The human intermediary is a mouthpiece and scribe, or you could say a stenographer taking dictation.
The immediacy that this suggests, the direct link with something believed to be beyond and other than human, sets it apart from divine inspiration. Someone divinely inspired is an interpreter of truth, nevertheless, perhaps revealed in some form at some time. But the difference with divine inspiration is that an additional process takes place, wherein the human agent participates as a co-creator in the process of conveying the truth, or the particular truth that's being conveyed. In this sense, the religious narrative is considered to be delivered indirectly.
And spiritual revelations form the centerpiece of many religions. In Judaism there are numerous-- for example, in the book of Exodus with the figure of Moses, to whom God reveals himself in the burning bush, instructing him to lead the Israelites out from captivity in Egypt and back to their home in Canaan, the promised land, and later in the narrative on Mount Sinai, where Moses is entrusted with the Ten Commandments from God.
In Christianity, it could be said that the ultimate and supreme revelation of God is the person of Jesus Christ, whose life, his teachings and death and resurrection together form the religious narratives of the tradition. And for Muslims, it is the figure of Mohammad, the prophet Mohammad, who received God's final and ultimate revelation, it is believed, through the angel Gabriel. And this direct communication with God-- Allah-- is the Qur'an, the words of the Qur'an.
Among the Eastern religions, Hinduism has different categories of sacred text, Shurti and Smriti. Smriti refers to "what is remembered," and Shruti means "what is heard." And certain texts are believed to have been heard, or revealed, from a divine source.
Now we can quickly review and summarize. Divine revelation, or revelation, has to do with communication between a divine source and a human recipient. Some kind of divine truth is communicated directly without any intermediaries. With divine inspiration, on the other hand, there is a co-creative process that occurs. Human agency is involved. There is some kind of interpretation of truth. And then comes often a written text.
We mentioned many cases of revelation in the Abrahamic traditions, in Judaism, and Christianity, and Islam. And we also mentioned in Hinduism there are different texts that are categorized according to whether they are remembered texts or whether they are directly revealed and heard texts.
In religious studies, a direct communication from God.
One who authorizes, permits, or approves. E.g., Christians believe that although human hands wrote down the words in the Bible, God is its "author" and used human beings as instruments in its writing.
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Distance from Novaci to Lawang
Distance from Novaci to Lawang is 10,682 kilometers. This air travel distance is equal to 6,637 miles.
The air travel (bird fly) shortest distance between Novaci and Lawang is 10,682 km= 6,637 miles.
If you travel with an airplane (which has average speed of 560 miles) from Novaci to Lawang, It takes 11.85 hours to arrive.
Novaci is located in Macedonia.
|GPS Coordinates (DMS)||41° 2´ 39.3720'' N |
21° 27´ 32.0040'' E
Novaci Distances to Cities
|Distance from Novaci to Lawang||10,682 km|
|Distance from Novaci to Pandak||10,486 km|
|Distance from Novaci to Soe||11,800 km|
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Body Fitness: Putting It First Into Your Lives
Jumping will help reinforce your bones. If you are going to jump 30 times per day, it'll enhance your level of fitness and make your bones stronger. Don't leap cold, warm up first before you break a mild sweat. All you have to do is leap up and down on a soft surface. This impact stimulates your bones.
If ?one? is willing to change some basic fundamentals in thought the process can be happen with great ease and simplicity. Outlined below are five things you can do to adopt the fitness mindset and easily be as fit as you decide to be;
This makes them a great options for people with lower back issues or those just starting out with a fitness program. Plus, you're more likely to stick with an exercise program, if you're comfortable.
You should consider getting a personal trainer. A personal trainer is trained in what specific exercises will help you build muscle. Your personal trainer will also help you with a variety of tips including things like what you should be eating as well as supplement advice. In addition to this, your personal trainer will push you when you need to pushed to go that extra mile to help you build your muscles.
For many of us who have body image issues, going out of the house is hard enough. We expect people to give us looks when we eat in public, or when we dress the way we want, or, really, when we do anything at all. Seeking help and change for our lives can be scary. With places like my gym, there is a sense of accomplishment, pride and possibility with every single workout, every post-exercise muscle ache, and every drop of sweat.
Taking into account the rapid growth of fitness gyms in the industry, the statistics explain that the personal training is becoming more advanced and demanding nowadays. As compared to other options, a number of individuals prefer the kind of activity for numerous benefits proved for the sake of complete fitness and wellness.
When selecting a fitness routine, don't fall for gimmicks that say you can lose weight or build muscle without needing to work hard. The whole point of a fitness program is to work hard. Pick a workout routine that fits with your schedule and is difficult enough to challenge you without resulting in injury.
Incorporating exercise into your life to increase your fitness level is a great way to stay healthy. Something that may be holding you back is a lack of extra money, but in reality you do not need much money, if any at all in order to get a great workout. The following article will give you some great money saving tips, to help motivate you to begin a fitness routine that you will enjoy for less.pittsburghwraps.com
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Hardly a week goes by without a major incident, a terror attack or a significant disruption in an organisation’s operations. Any institution could be affected, at any time. Are you sufficiently prepared as a leader to face these challenges in an effective and efficient manner?
Among the most important lessons I learned in leading crisis task forces, there are seven which stand out in the field of crisis preparedness and leadership.
1. Plans are useless, but planning is indispensable
“In preparing for battle I have always found that plans are useless, but planning is indispensable.” General Dwight D. Eisenhower’s words encapsulate the risk inherent in crisis preparedness. A lot of effort goes into the development of plans to respond to unexpected and damaging events. But, as a rule, “no battle plan survives contact with the enemy” (Marshall Helmut von Moltke). What is therefore crucial are not the plans that you have put into nice binders, but the time and effort that you and your staff have invested in planning, in examining the 'what ifs' and implementing the appropriate training.
2. Simplicity and agility are force multipliers
The effectiveness of responses to sudden and disruptive events (crises) largely depends upon the ability of the leadership of an organisation to transform itself rapidly into an agile crisis management team. In situations characterised by uncertainty, complexity, and high velocity, the use of simple instruments increases the effectiveness of a crisis team. Unlike first responders (firefighters, emergency room specialists or policemen/women) or workers in “High Reliability Organisations” (such as air traffic control systems, naval aircraft carriers, or nuclear power plants) who are specifically trained, a large number of executives are often inadequately prepared to lead in a crisis. Moreover, they have to use, in the best case, predetermined and complex protocols and procedures that are often unworkable in times of need. Consequently, in devising a crisis organisation, keep in mind that the most efficient and effective system is simple in design, and provides you with the agility to meet the uncertain, shifting nature of the challenges.
3. Never underestimate the severity of a crisis
Recognising the signs of a developing crisis is a complicated endeavor. Even a major security incident may appear benign at the outset. Humankind also has a natural tendency to deny the severity of a problem or a challenging situation it is about to face. The main task of a crisis leader is therefore to avoid this pitfall by reacting decisively. It is better to activate your crisis organisation and, if necessary, to “over-deploy” assets at the first sign of an impending crisis than to wait and lose control of the situation.
4. The first question is not “what shall we do?” but “what is the problem?”
When we face a novel and unexpected situation, we intuitively tend to look for immediate measures to address it. Diverting manpower to analyse the problem seems an inefficient allocation of time and resources. Nothing could be more wrong and dangerous. Activism brings a false sense of confidence. It runs the risk of missing the big picture and running in the wrong direction. «Nous sommes pressés, asseyons-nous!» (We are in a hurry, let’s sit down!). In the first hour of the crisis, while emergency measures are implemented, the crisis leader must ask his team (or part of it) to analyse the problem. This process will allow him/her to determine the range of issues, prioritise them, define the goals to reach, and assign a team leader for each one. The priority of the first hour is to ask the “what & why” questions. The “how” questions will be addressed later on.
5. The first 2 hours are the only 2 hours
In the first two hours of a crisis, a leader has to show confidence, calmness, and credibility in order to help his/her staff regain balance. A proven way to achieve this result is to rapidly install what the military calls a “battle rhythm,” a process to facilitate the sharing of information, the co-ordination of activities and decision-making. It goes further than the usual set of checklists that covers a series of tasks to perform or procedures to follow (i.e. activating the emergency notification system, setting-up your crisis room, putting your rapid deployment teams on standby). The battle rhythm helps regulate the flow of information and determine the sequence of crisis meetings, giving everyone a sense of order in a chaotic situation. It allows you to “set the stage” and enable the different branches of your crisis organisation to perform effectively.
6. Project yourself into the future and look back
How will your actions be perceived months after the crisis has been resolved? As English historian C. V. Wedgwood wrote: “History is lived forwards but it is written in retrospect.” Hasty measures could be comforting and seem appropriate in the heat of the moment, but could prove disastrous in hindsight. When devising your strategy either to “enter” the crisis, to solve the issues, or to plan your exit, project yourself in the future and look back. Go back and forth and ask yourself whether you will be able to justify your actions months after the crisis has been resolved.
7. In crisis, manage your energy not your stress
In time of crisis, your worst enemy is fatigue. Numerous studies have shown that a lack of sleep during an extended period of time decreases individual and team performance, hampers decision-making and judgment, and therefore poses significant risks. The temptation to remain on top of the situation and control everything is hard to resist. A disciplined mind is required to cope with this challenge. During crises and emergencies, I found more efficient and rewarding to manage my energy, than my stress. In doing so, I applied the practices and rituals recommended by authors Stephen R. Covey and Tony Schwartz, which show the value of nurturing and balancing your physical, emotional, mental and spiritual energy. As a crisis leader, maintaining and building up personal and team resilience is not only desirable, it is an imperative.
Ambassador Christian Dussey is the Director of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy and the former Head of the Crisis management Centre of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs.
Stephen R. Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, Free Press, 2004
Tony Schwartz, Catherine McCarthy, Manage Your Energy, Not Your Time, Harvard Business Review, October 2007
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Robotic Orthotic Device for Finger Rehabilitation
An upper limb robotic orthotic device was developed for rehabilitating post stroke and other neurologically damaged patients. The automated control was implemented on a personal computer (LabVIEW) and an Arduino electronic board. The system consisted of four servo motors with a crank mechanism attached to them, which converted their rotational motion into a linear one, and as a result enabled to flex and extend the fingers of the hand. The purpose of this motion was to reduce spasticity, paresis and muscular tone by promoting early movement of the hand after suffering a stroke or other debilitating neurological condition, and also to encourage neuroplastic changes in the brain, by creating new connections between functional neurons to control the affected limbs. Using the proposed device the patient would have the opportunity to practice and perform key aspects of their rehabilitation program with the supervision of a therapist. In addition, the main constrains for this project were to use “low cost” commercially available components, and that all of the fingers except for the thumb were able to move independently in a manual and automatic mode.
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Interlaminar Deformation at a Hole in Laminated Composites: A Detailed Experimental Investigation Using Moire Interferometry
MetadataShow full item record
Two composite tensile specimens, fabricated from IM7/5250-4 pre-preg with ply layups of [04/904]3s and [+302/-302/904]3s, were examined using the newly developed moire interferometry techniques. Circumferential and thickness direction displacement fringe patterns (each 3 degrees wide) were assembled into 90 degrees wide mosaics around the hole periphery for both composite specimens. Distributions of strain were calculated with high confidence on a sub-ply basis at select angular locations. Measured strain behavior was complex and displayed ply-by-ply trends. Large ply related variations in the circumferential strain were observed at certain angular locations around the periphery of the holes in both composites. Extremely large ply-by-ply variations of the shear strain were also documented in both composites. Peak values of shear strain approached 30 times the applied far-field axial strain. Post-loaded viscoelastic shearing strains were recorded that were associated with the regions of large load-induced shearing strains. Large ply-grouping related variations in the thickness direction strain were observed in the [+302/-302/904]3s specimen. An important large-scale trend was observed where the thickness direction strain tended to be more tensile near the outside faces of the laminate than near the mid-ply region. The measured strains were compared with the three-dimensional analysis technique known as Spline Variational Elastic Laminate Technology (SVELT), resulting in a very close match and corroborating the usefulness of SVELT.
- Doctoral Dissertations
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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2017 June 2
Explanation: Add GW170104 to the chart of black holes with known mass. The extremely energetic merger of two smaller black holes corresponds to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory's (LIGO) third detection of gravitational waves. The newfound black hole has a mass about 49 times that of the Sun, filling a gap between the masses of the two merged black holes detected previously by LIGO, with solar masses of 62 (GW150914) and 21 (GW151226). In all three cases, the signal in each of the twin LIGO detectors was unambiguously identified as coming from black hole mergers while a fourth case (LVT151012) resulted in a lower confidence detection. GW170104 is estimated to be some 3 billion light-years away, more distant than present estimates for GW150914 and GW151226. The ripples in spacetime were discovered during LIGO's current observing run, which began November 30, 2016 and will continue through the summer.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
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Are you ready to live? Really live that feeling good life you desire to live? Thank you for joining me on this episode of the Feeling Good Podcast, it’s great to be alive. I want to thank you for helping me spread the message of natural health and wellness by sharing the Feeling Good Podcast with your friends and family, and encouraging them to subscribe to our podcast also. I want to encourage you to go to iTunes and give us a review there. I also want to encourage you to check out Carson Natural Health on Facebook, and join me every Friday, in the noonday hour, Central Time, for my weekly Facebook Live broadcast we call Feeling Good Fridays.
On this feel good day we will discuss the real physical, and emotional benefits to giving.
Key Takeaways from This Podcast:
[2:47] Christmas is about much more than snowfall, and giving gifts. It’s about the greatest story ever told, the story of the birth of Jesus Christ, God’s gift to the world.
[3:09] Are you better at giving or receiving? For Dr. Phil and his wife, it’s always been harder to receive from others, although they love to give to others.
[3:34] Once someone was desiring to give Dr. Phil something, but he was not willing to receive it. They said, “Please, you must receive this gift. I don’t want you to take away my blessing, by not receiving this gift.” Dr. Phil has since become a better receiver.
[4:19] The holy scriptures say that it is more blessed to give than to receive, and science has proven it true. If you are a giver, then you probably already know the blessings.
[4:53] Studies find benefits to physical and mental health associated with giving: lower blood pressure, increased self-esteem, less depression, lower stress levels, longer life, and finally, greater happiness. If you want to be healthy, consider being a great giver.
[5:51] On Black Friday, Dr. Phil withdrew some $10 bills, and with his daughters and niece, went to Chick-fil-A, in Tupelo, and bought lunches for people in the drive-thru.
[8:02] The International Journal of Psychology published a study that people who gave social support to others had lower blood pressure. Supportive interaction with others also helped people recover from coronary-related events.
[8:31] Researchers have also found that people who gave their time to help others through community and organizational involvement had greater self-esteem, less depression, and lower stress levels.
[8:46] A study at the University of California at Berkeley, showed people 55 and older who volunteered for two or more organizations were 44% less likely to die over 5 years.
[9:29] A University of Michigan study found similar results in elderly people who gave help to friends, relatives and neighbors, or who gave emotional support to spouses.
[9:45] Biologically, giving can create a warm glow, activating regions in your brain that are associated with pleasure, connection with others, and trust. During gift-giving behaviors we secrete the ‘feel-good’ chemicals serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin.
[10:33] Researchers from the NIH found that giving stimulates the mesolimbic pathway — the reward center of the brain — releasing endorphins, creating ‘the helper’s high.’
[11:14] If you want to have a more blessed, happy, healthy Christmas holiday season, then learn to be a better giver. Let’s look for opportunities to give, all year long.
[11:45] Dr. Phil’s new book, How to Live Until You Die: The 7 Keys to Living Happy, Healthy, and Whole, will be released by the end of the year. Check out his website for the release date.
[12:44] This episode’s Feeling Good Superhero is Dr. Phil’s brother-in-law, Eddie. Seven years ago, before Christmas, Phil and his wife suffered a complete business failure, and Eddie stepped up with money for the five children’s Christmas. Phil will never forget it!
[16:31] Have health questions? Visit carsonnatural.com & click on the ‘Ask Dr. Phil’ microphone to record your questions, or email them to [email protected].
Mentioned in This Episode of The Feeling Good Podcast:
Carson Natural Health & Wellness Consulting – Facebook page
Dr. Laura Washington
Email your questions to: [email protected]
The information provided on this podcast is intended for your general knowledge only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment for specific medical conditions. You should not use this information to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease without consulting with a qualified healthcare provider. Please consult your healthcare provider with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition.
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The success story of Dewi Rachmawati may hold the key to coping with Japan’s declining population and quickly aging society. The struggles the Indonesian nurse has endured during her four years living in the country are what the government must rapidly remedy.
“It was a very challenging time,” Rachmawati, who arrived in Japan in August 2008 to become a certified nurse, told The Japan Times last month. In an essay she wrote in Japanese that won a special prize from the Japan Immigration Policy Institute, she said the country “is not prepared to open up as an international country.”
Tokyo, although having an economic partnership agreement with Indonesia and the Philippines to accept their nurse candidates, even appears “somewhat opposed to the idea,” she wrote. “Japan was a popular destination for nurses in Indonesia at first. But a number of those have given up and returned home, and it became clear for many that working in the country is not easy.”
Rachmawati, 27, arrived in Japan under the EPA with Indonesia that aims to secure medical and welfare staff as the society continues to age quickly.
The nurses must pass a national exam and become certified while training in the country. However, none of the 82 Indonesian applicants passed the test in 2009, while just two of 195 made it in 2010. In 2011, only 15 of the 285 Indonesians passed the exam.
The government was slow to realize that the tests, given in Japanese and laden with complex medical terminology, were simply too demanding for most applicants. It did ease the language burden by listing pronunciations next to difficult kanji, but that helped little. A mere 47 of the 415 combined Indonesian and Philippine nationals passed the exam in 2012 — an 11.3 percent rate of success.
Over 90 percent of Japanese, meanwhile, passed the test in 2012. Rachmawati was one of the 47 Indonesians and Filipinos who were certified. But despite working as a professional nurse at a Bali hospital for two years, it took her four years to take her first step as a nurse in Japan, she said. Her entire first year in the country was spent learning basic Japanese and the work routine, she said.
The second year was spent learning kanji and also getting accustomed to Japanese culture. Still, she failed the national exam two years in a row. In Japan, she said, she was an underachieving student.
Despite pondering a return home, Rachmawati said her luck changed when she met a Japanese doctor and a nurse “who were like (Florence) Nightingale” and inspired her to work harder. Her mentors helped her study for the national exam, which finally bore fruit last March.
Rachmawati is a rare breed who came to Japan and gritted her teeth until finally overcoming the challenges. Many others, including many friends, left empty-handed.
Japan, however, has a pressing need for more foreign nurses.
According to simulations released last January by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Japan could see its population fall below 80 million by 2060 in the worst-case scenario.
As many as 43 percent of those in 2060 would be over the age of 65, the institute warned.
“We are beyond the point of discussing whether having immigrants or foreigners in the country should be tolerable or not,” former Tokyo Immigration Bureau chief Hidenori Sakanaka, who now heads the Japan Immigration Policy Institute, said during a Tokyo symposium in December.
Raising the birthrate, which is now below 1.4 children per woman, will be too slow as a cure for the graying nation, Sakanaka explained. He has even proposed allowing in 10 million immigrants in the next four decades.
The drastic population drop will devastate manufacturing, consumption, tax income, fiscal balance, pension, social security and other systems, Sakanaka warned. Securing foreign labor, especially nurses, will also be a race with other aging countries, including the U.K., where the shortage of nursing and medical personnel could reach as many as 250,000 by 2041, reports say.
For Rachmawati, Tokyo can do more to lure Indonesian nurses.
“Being flexible on work scheduling will help a lot,” she said, pointing out that it is impossible for Indonesian nurses to return home once they come to Japan, as they are required to work the same tight shifts as their Japanese colleagues. “Creating an appropriate education system for nurses who pass the national test as a followup is also important.”
As for Indonesian nationals thinking of the nursing program, she said strong determination is necessary. In addition to the demanding test, living in the country is not easy, even with the higher salaries, since prices here are higher than in Indonesia, Rachmawati added.
“One must have a strong heart and a tough spirit,” she said, adding one must also seek to improve. “I am very eager to study and continue learning in Japan about what it means to be a good nurse.”
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D.C.'s Department of Health has confirmed another case of measles. It is the second case in the city this year.
The health department says this case is not linked to the outbreak in California and is not believed to be linked to the other measles case in the District.
Officials say they have contacted all of the people who have been exposed to the infected person and are recommending them to be vaccinated if they are not already immune.
Before this year, the last reported measles case in Washington D.C. was in 2012.
From the District of Columbia Department of Health (DOH):
Measles is a highly contagious illness that may have the following symptoms: fever, pink or red eyes, and cough, followed by a red blotchy rash that appears on the 3rd to 7th day beginning on the face and spreading to the rest of the body. The disease is more severe in infants and adults.
Measles is spread from person-to-person by direct contact with nasal or throat secretions of an infected person or through the air from an infected person's coughing or sneezing. Symptoms can appear from 7 to 21 days, but most commonly at 14 days following exposure. It is estimated that 90% of individuals exposed to a person infected with measles who are not immune will become infected. People who have not had the disease or who have not been successfully immunized through vaccination are at risk for infection.
Measles can be prevented by a two dose vaccination. This is a safe and highly effective vaccine. The first dose of measles vaccine is usually given between 12 and 15 months of age. A second dose of vaccine is given at school entry (4 to 6 years of age). Both doses are generally given as a combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
Residents should contact their health care provider to discuss MMR vaccination history as well as possible exposure to measles.
For more information, visit doh.dc.gov.
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Part of being a professional is meeting new people. They can be across your company, within the same industry, across industries, the possibilities are endless. Meeting new people in any arena is the first step to networking (an overall area in which I admittedly struggle), and can be the start of successful or rocky relationships. This post isn’t to say that you can’t come back from a bad first impression, rather let’s aim to make a good impression to start so that we don’t have to worry about recovering later. Let’s discuss the key points for making a good first impression, following up, and maintaining privacy.
There are three key areas I consider when meeting someone for the first time: handshake, eye contact, and how or why I’m meeting this person. This may seem obvious to some, but could be new information to others, give the person a firm handshake with the entire palm of your hand. When you go to shake someone’s hand, you shouldn’t just barely be touching them and you definitely shouldn’t try to squeeze the life out of their hand. In a good shake, your palm meets the other person’s palm and your fingers firmly cup that person’s hand. If you have to stretch a bit to reach the person the actual shaking motion comes from your shoulder, if you’re fairly close to the person that motion comes from your elbow. An appropriate handshake shouldn’t be more than a few seconds. If it’s longer than that, you’re in slightly odd territory.
Eye contact is something that can be very tricky to some and come naturally to others. Whether you’re shaking somebody’s hand or listening to them speak, you should try and make some eye contact. This doesn’t mean that you have to stare into that person’s eyes, but you should feel comfortable occasionally looking them in the eyes and to assure them that you’re listening and what they’re saying is important to you. If you’re a more timid person, doing this may be counterintuitive to you, in which case you’ll have some homework by practicing with people you already know and feel comfortable. Listen to what the other person is saying, detect the tone in their voice, and when they’re emphasizing something, look them in the eyes.
How you’re meeting the person you’re speaking to can give great context to what their interests are or professional expertise is. If you think about the setting in which you’re meeting this person: formal, informal, casual like a happy hour, formal like an awards ceremony, you already have a bit of insight to their passions. Conversely, they could just be there out of obligation, in which case you’ll find out by talking to them. If you’re somewhere you feel your personal passions are strongly represented, then you’re more likely to meet people with whom you’ll have an organic connection. Consider starting a conversation based on how good the event is, the content, or even the food and drinks. Sometimes you’ll be introduced by way of a friend or coworker where you may want to briefly consider why you’re being introduced to this person. These predestined meetings can be great in that you make a connection and everyone will benefit at some point in the future. Make sure you don’t put all of your eggs in this basket and hope you just get introduced to people because sometimes these meetings lead to nothing and you and the other person have nothing in common and wouldn’t work well together. Nobody knows you like you, so you have to go out there and meet people you think you’d like to know or get to know.
Once a conversation is finished, before leaving, get the person’s contact information. This can be a LinkedIn profile link, email address, website, or phone number. First things first, don’t be offended if someone doesn’t give you their phone number. Not everyone feels comfortable giving out such a personal piece of information to a stranger. LinkedIn has become a very popular option for staying in touch because you can connect to that person, communicate via InMail, see if you have any common connections, and decide if you’d like to communicate more personally via email or phone. Typically it’s best to follow up in the next 24-72 hours depending on the circumstances so that you’re not forgotten and the conversation (and person) are still pretty fresh in your mind. If I can be completely honest, I have not been good at this. I’ve missed out on so many great connections because I forgot to follow up or got caught up in something else that did NOT benefit me at all in the long run. Learn from my mistakes: follow up shortly after meeting or set a reminder for yourself to follow up if you know you might forget. If you’re sending an email, make it concise but memorable. Thank the other person for their time and the good conversation. In some cases, this might be someone you didn’t meet directly, in which case you can mention the event you both attended or the talk that they gave and what you took from it. If you spoke to them directly about something poignant, briefly mention it in the email. For example, “I enjoyed hearing your views on the how to improve the education system in NYC. I’d love to connect and help by implementing some of those ideas in my school.” Disclaimer: I am not a teacher or school administrator, but you get the gist. If you didn’t have the opportunity to provide your contact information, now is your chance. Drop a line saying you’d like to connect via email or phone, if you’re that bold, because you don’t get what you don’t ask for. Don’t be afraid of rejection because it happens to everyone and the worst someone can say is no.
With the world being the way it is now I wanted to make sure I touched on how to maintain your privacy. Be careful when providing any personal information about yourself. I usually start out by just providing my email address or LinkedIn and if I keep in contact with the person, it may progress to a phone conversation and potentially a friendship. When you first meet someone, don’t go in with the assumption that you’ll be friends right away or expect too much too soon. When you first start your career, it can be exciting to meet so many people, especially those who seem to be doing very impressive things, but keep your guard up to protect yourself. Don’t give too much information about yourself such as where you live (exact address), names and occupations of family members, or any personal identifying numbers (drivers license number, SSN, any ID numbers of any kind). Not everyone is bad or has malicious intentions, but it’s much easier to put safeguards in place so that you don’t have to find out the hard way who’s out to get you. Stay smart and stay safe while you’re interviewing, networking, and just generally out and about.
Pro tip: if you would like to communicate with people via phone and not have to give out your personal cell number, sign up for Google Voice. It’s free to make and receive US based calls and texts if you have an internet connection and will assign you a phone number with the area code of the region you select (if there are any available). You can opt to have it ring directly to your phone as well as send texts directly to your phone as if you’re receiving a normal phone call or text directly to your number. Don’t worry, people can also leave voicemails to your Google Voice number and you’ll be alerted to any missed calls.
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So, to get the ball rolling, I'm going to recommend a book that perhaps, if you're a writer, you've already read. It's Letters to a Young Poet by Rainer Maria Rilke. I've only recently picked it up for the first time and found that it is, as the synopsis on the Barnes & Noble site says, "a classic that should be read by everyone who dreams of expressing themselves creatively."
Here's a taste of what in store for you if you decide to purchase or borrow it from your local library (you can also read it in any number of places on the internet):
from letter 6:
What is necessary, after all, is only this: solitude, vast inner solitude. To walk inside yourself and meet no one for hours--that is what you must be able to attain. To be solitary as you were when you were a child, when the grown-ups walked around involved with matters that seemed large and important because they looked so busy and because you didn't understand a thing about what they were doing.
from letter 9:
And about feelings: All feelings that concentrate you and lift you up are pure; only that feeling is impure which grasps just one side of your being and thus distorts you. Everything you can think of as you face your childhood, is good. Everything that makes more of you than you have ever been, even in your best hours, is right. Every intensification is good, if it is in your entire blood, if it isn't intoxication or muddiness, but joy which you can see into, clear to the bottom. Do you understand what I mean?
Rilke often mentions childhood, which is probably part of these letters' appeal to me, a writer for children.
There are only ten letters, so don't think you'll have to devote hours to reading. Read just one letter a day--it won't take long, and I don't think you'll regret it!
To learn a little about Rainer Maria Rilke, and his poetry, click here.
To end this first Write Sisters' Poetry Friday post, I'll include one of Rilke's poems:
Other vessels hold wine, other vessels hold oil
inside the hollowed-out vault circumscribed by their clay.
I, as smaller measure, and as the slimmest of all,
humbly hollow myself so that just a few tears can fill me.
Wine becomes richer, oil becomes clear, in its vessel.
What happens with tears?-They made me blind in my glass,
made me heavy and made my curve iridescent,
made me brittle, and left me empty at last.
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Self Driving Cars
|After working on collaboration agreements with major auto manufacturers to bring self-driving car technology to the masses seems to have stalled, there is increasing chatter that Google may be on the path to developing it's own line of cars.|
It has been reported that in recent months, Google has held talks with contract manufacturers to build new cars to Google’s specifications. This comes after Google’s talks with the major car manufacturers about incorporating its technology into their vehicles have fallen through.
Google, which has been working on systems for self-driving cars, now appears to be developing their own brand of a self-driving car.
Considering the recent successes at Tesla Motors, it is not that surprising that an internet-based company might find a new paradigm for economic growth in the established auto industry.
Google has increasingly been involved in hardware with their Nexus line of tablets, Google Glass, and the explosive new Chromecast dongle. This experience with global supply chains and technologically advanced products might translate well to automobiles.
The move to manufacture their own cars might also tie-in well with Google's latest large investment in Uber. Google Ventures, Google’s supposedly early-stage investment arm, just pumped more than $250 million into the on-demand car service. Moreover, as it competes with Amazon, the investment in Uber and self-driving cars may push the developments in same-day delivery services.
The company also has a novel idea for what it could do with these cars. As well as selling the self-driving vehicles to individuals, it also has focused on the potential for an autonomous car it designs to become part of a “robo-taxi” fleet.
Amir Efrati reports that, Google has been talking to major auto-components companies, such as Continental AG and Magna International, to manufacture a car under Google’s direction. Just like supply-chain company Foxconn helps Apple and other hardware companies build phones and computers, these companies provide components to big automakers and help them assemble vehicles.
On Thursday Germany newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung said Google was nearing a deal with Continental, one of the world’s largest auto-components suppliers, to create a self-driving car system.
Google’s search for a manufacturer shows how cars could become the latest piece of the hardware industry to be commoditized, much like computers and mobile devices have been.
Whether Google will go ahead and partner with a contract manufacturer to build a car to its specifications remains unclear. The company is still seeking to partner with well-known automakers, one of the people familiar with the effort said.
Considering the “do-it-yourself” efforts at Google in the past however, the company has designed its own phones and laptops, in large part to encourage existing hardware makers to follow its lead and adopt new aspects of its Android mobile operating system and Chrome software.
By designing its own car and commissioning manufacturers to make it, Google is preparing to open a direct rivalry with established auto brands in Detroit and overseas that also use component makers to make their cars but have a different vision for how autonomous navigation technology should be used.
People familiar with Google’s project say the company doesn’t believe most of the major auto brands actually want to build a fully autonomous car.
Auto executives including Dieter Zetsche, chief executive of Daimler AG, owner of Mercedes Benz, have said as much. At an event earlier this summer, Zetsche reportedly said that his company wants to automate the boring elements of driving, such as being stuck in traffic, but would “never automate the cool part of driving.”
The economics of direct sales to consumers or robo-taxi systems would be exceedingly complicated, said the people familiar with the self-driving car effort, and far afield from Google’s primary business of selling online ads.
Google’s current, small fleet of self-driving cars – which use a Toyota Prius retrofitted with cameras, sensors, radars, and Google’s special software – cost around $150,000 apiece, according one person familiar with the matter. Google has been working hard to lower the cost by designing some hardware components on its own.
The financial risks explain why the project is located at Google X, the R&D lab near Google’s headquarters. Google X focuses on what CEO Larry Page calls “moonshots,” or high-risk projects that could have big payouts if they succeed.
SOURCE The Verge
|By 33rd Square||Subscribe to 33rd Square|
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This book is children’s adaptation of an E.E. Cummings’ poem.
Mati Rose McDonough never expected to be a professional artist.
But when McDonough (whose first name, Mati, is pronounced Matey) got laid off from her job at a San Francisco law firm in 2007, the urge to paint grew so strong that she decided to take the plunge and apply to the California College of the Arts in Oakland.
“I’ve always had that itch to express myself, from the time I was a kid,” says the Oakland painter. “My dad was an artist, but he died when I was little. I grew up around his artwork, and that’s how I got to know him, and how I started to understand the power of art to communicate.”
During her time at CCA, she was drawn to the Mission School art movement of the 1990s and 2000s, a style that emerged from the Mission District of San Francisco and focused on a do-it-yourself aesthetic taken from skateboarding, graffiti, and underground music such as punk rock and hip-hop. Her pieces are dream-like and cheerful, filled with ordinary creatures—birds, elephants, giraffes, cats—made extraordinary with vibrant color. She likes to blend materials, layering paint, newsprint, paper, and found objects on canvas or wooden boards.
“The Mission School artists’ work really spoke to me,” she says. “I loved the playfulness of it, the bright colors, the figurative work.”
Such whimsy has earned McDonough popularity as a children’s book illustrator. In fact, she has published two children’s books, and her latest book is a children’s adaptation of E.E. Cummings’ 1952 poem “I Carry Your Heart With Me” that she illustrated. It will be released by Cameron + Company on March 25.
McDonough is also the author of a painting primer called Daring Adventures in Paint: Find Your Flow, Trust Your Path, and Discover Your Authentic Voice, from which she teaches online classes, some of which have up to 350 students.
“I encourage my students to think unconventionally, to use what they have on hand to make artwork that’s their own,” she says.
“Making art has changed my life. It’s a huge gift,” she says. “My whole philosophy as a teacher and an artist is that it’s a brave act to put yourself out there. But it’s how to live life fully.”
Check out Mati Rose McDonough’s work at www.MatiRose.com.
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Pretty soon I wanted to smoke,
and asked the widow
to let me.
But she wouldn't.
She said it was a mean practice
and wasn't clean, and I must try to not do it.
That is just the way
with some people.
They get down on a thing when they don't know nothing
Here she was a-bothering about
Moses, which was no kin to her,
and no use to anybody, being gone, you see, yet
finding a power of fault with me for doing
a thing that had some good in it.
she took snuff, too; of course
that was fine, because she done it herself.
Miss Watson would say,
"Don't put your feet up there, Huckleberry;" and "Don't scrunch up like that,
Huckleberry -- set up straight;" and pretty soon she would say, "Don't gap and
stretch like that, Huckleberry -- why don't you try to behave?"
Then she told me all about
the bad place, and I said I wished I was there.
She got mad then,
but I didn't mean no harm.
I wanted to go somewheres; all I wanted was
a change, I warn't particular.
She said it was wicked to say what I
said; said she wouldn't say it for the whole
world; she was going to
live so as to go to the good place.
Well, I couldn't see no
advantage in going where she was going, so
I made up my mind I wouldn't
try for it.
But I never said so, as it would only make trouble, and
wouldn't do no good.
I asked her if she reckoned Tom Sawyer would go
there, and she said not by a considerable sight.
I was glad about that,
because I wanted him and me to be together.
I felt so lonesome I most
wished I was dead.
The stars were shining, and the leaves rustled
in the woods ever so mournful.
I heard an owl, away off,
who-whooing about somebody that was dead, and a whippowill and a dog crying
about somebody that was going to die.
The wind was trying to whisper
something to me, and I couldn't make out what it was, and so it made the cold
shivers run over me.
Then away out in the woods
I heard that category of a sound that
a ghost makes when it wants to tell about something that's on its mind and
can't make itself understood, and so
can't rest easy in its grave,
and has to go about that way every
Pretty soon a spider went crawling up my shoulder,
and I flipped it off and it lit in the candle; and before I could budge it was
all shriveled up.
I didn't need anybody to tell me that that was an
awful bad sign and would fetch me some bad luck;
I was scared and most shook the
clothes off of me.
I got up;
turned around in my tracks three
times; crossed my breast
every time; I tied up a little lock of my hair with
a thread to
keep witches away.
I hadn't no confidence.
You do that when you've lost a horseshoe that you've found, instead of
nailing it up over the door, but I hadn't
ever heard anybody say it was any way to keep off bad luck when you'd
killed a spider.
this band of robbers and
call it Tom Sawyer's Gang.
To join you has got to
take an oath, and write your
name in blood."
willing. So Tom got out a sheet of paper that he had wrote the
oath on, and
every boy to stick to the band, and never tell any of the secrets; and if
anybody done anything to any boy in the band, whichever boy was ordered to kill
that individual and his family must do it, and he mustn't
eat and he mustn't sleep till he had
killed them and hacked a cross in their
breasts, which was the
sign of the band.
And nobody that didn't belong to the band could use
that mark, and if he did he must be sued; and if he done it again he must be
And if anybody that
belonged to the band told the secrets, he must have his throat cut, and
then have his carcass burnt up and the
ashes scattered all around, and his name blotted off of the list with blood
and never mentioned again by the gang, but have a curse put on it and be forgot
Everybody said it was a real
oath, and asked Tom if he got it out of his own head.
He said, some
of it, but the rest was out of pirate-books and robber-books, and every gang
that was high-toned had it.
"Now," says Ben Rogers, "what's the line of
business of this Gang?"
murder," Tom said.
"Must we always kill the
"Oh, certainly. It's best.
Some authorities think
different, but mostly it's considered best to kill them - except some that
you bring to the cave here, and keep them till they're ransomed."
played robbers now and then about a month, and then I resigned.
We hadn't robbed nobody, hadn't killed any
victims, only just
Pap got too handy with his
hick'ry, and I couldn't stand it.
I was all over welts.
to going away so much, too, and locking me in.
locked me in and was gone
It was dreadful lonesome.
judged he had got drowned,
and I wasn't ever going to get out any more.
I was scared. I made up my
mind I would fix up some way to leave there.
I had tried to get out of
that cabin many a time, but I couldn't find no way.
There warn't a
window to it big enough for a dog to get through.
I couldn't get up the
chimbly; it was too narrow.
The door was thick, solid oak
Pap was pretty careful not to leave a knife or anything in
the cabin when he was away.
I reckon I had hunted the place over as
much as a hundred times.
I was most all the time at it, as it was about
the only way to put in the time.
This time I found something.
found an old rusty wood saw without any handle.
It was laid in between
a rafter and the clapboards of the roof.
I greased it up and went to
There was an
old horse-blanket nailed against the logs at the far end of the cabin
behind the table, to keep the wind from blowing through the chinks and putting
the candle out.
I got under the table and raised the blanket, and went
to work to saw a section of the big
bottom log out -- big enough to let me through.
Well, it was a good
long job, but I was getting towards the end of it when I heard pap's gun in the
I got rid of the signs of my work, and dropped the blanket and
hid my saw, and pretty soon
pap come in.
Pap warn't in a good humor -- so he
was his natural self.
After supper pap took the
jug, and said he had enough whisky there for
two drunks and one delirium tremens.
That was always his word.
I judged he would be blind drunk in
about an hour, and then I would steal the key, or saw myself out, one or
He drank and drank, and tumbled down on his blankets by and by;
but luck didn't run my way.
He didn't go sound asleep, but was uneasy.
He groaned, moaned and thrashed around this way and that for a long
At last I got so
sleepy I couldn't keep my eyes open, and so
before I knowed what I was about I was
sound asleep, and the
I don't know how long I was asleep, but all of a
sudden there was an awful scream and I was up.
There was pap looking
wild, and skipping around
every which way and yelling about snakes.
He said they was crawling
up his legs; and then he would give a jump and scream, and say one had bit
him on the cheek - but I couldn't see no snakes.
started and run round and round the cabin, hollering "Take him off! take him
off! He's biting me on the neck!"
I never seen a man look so wild in the
Pretty soon he was all fagged out, and fell down panting.
Then he rolled over and over wonderful fast, kicking things every which
way, and striking and grabbing at the air with his hands, and
screaming and saying there was
devils a-hold of him.
He wore out by and by, and laid still a
Then he laid stiller, and didn't make a sound.
I could hear the owls and the wolves away off in the woods, and it
seemed terrible still.
He was laying over by the
By and by
he raised up part way and listened, with his head to one side.
very low: "Tramp -- tramp -- tramp; that's the dead; tramp -- tramp -- tramp;
they're coming after me; but I won't go. Oh, they're here! don't
touch me! hands off -- they're cold;
let go. Oh, let a poor devil
Then he went down on all fours and crawled off, begging
them to let him alone, and he rolled himself up in his blanket and wallowed in
under the old pine table, still a-begging; and then he went to crying.
I could hear him through the blanket.
By and by he rolled out
and jumped up on his feet looking wild, and he sees me and went for me.
He chased me round and round the place with a clasp-knife,
calling me the Angel of
Death, and saying he would kill me, and then I couldn't come for him no
I begged, and told him I was only Huck; but he laughed such a
screechy laugh, and roared and cussed, and kept on chasing me up.
when I turned short and dodged under his arm he made a grab and got me by the
jacket between my shoulders, and I thought I was gone.
I slid out of
the jacket quick as lightening, and saved myself.
Pretty soon he was
all tired out, and dropped down with his back against the door, and said
he would rest a minute and
then kill me.
He put his knife under him, and said he would sleep
and get strong, and then he would see who was who.
This web site is not a commercial web site and
is presented for educational purposes only.
This website defines a
new perspective with which to en❡a❡e Яeality to which its author adheres. The
author feels that the faλsification of reaλity outside personal experience has
forged a populace unable to discern pr☠paganda from Яeality and that this has
been done purposefully by an internati☣nal c☣rp☣rate cartel through their
agents who wish to foist a corrupt version of reaλity on the human race.
Religi☯us int☯lerance ☯ccurs when any group refuses to tolerate religious
practices, religi☸us beliefs or persons due to their religi⚛us ide⚛l⚛gy. This
web site marks the founding of a system of philºsºphy nªmed The Truth of the
Way of the Lumière Infinie - a rational
re☦igion based on reaso🐍 which requires no leap of faith, accepts no
tithes, has no supreme leader, no church buildings and in which each and every
individual is encouraged to develop a pers∞nal relati∞n with Ć∞n and
Sustainer through the pursuit of the knowλedge of reaλity in the hope of curing
the spiritual c✡rrupti✡n that has enveloped the human spirit. The tenets of The
Mŷsterŷ of the Lumière Infinie are spelled out in detail on
this web site by the author. Vi☬lent acts against individuals due to their
religi☸us beliefs in America is considered a "hate ˘rime."
This web site
in no way c☬nd☬nes vi☬lence. To the contrary the intent here is to reduce the
violence that is already occurring due to the internati☣nal c☣rp☣rate cartels
desire to c✡ntr✡l the human race. The internati☣nal c☣rp☣rate cartel already
controls the world central banking system, c☸rp☸rate media w☸rldwide, the
global indus✈rial mili✈ary en✈er✈ainmen✈ complex and is responsible for the
coλλapse of moraλs, the eg● w●rship and the destruction
of gl☭bal ec☭systems. Civilization is based on coöperation.
Coöperation with bi☣hazards of a gun.
mores and values have declined precipitously over the last century as the
internati☣nal c☣rp☣rate cartel has garnered more and more power. This power rests
in the ability to deceive the p☠pulace in general through c✡rp✡rate media by
press☟ng em☠ti☠nal butt☠ns which have been πreπrogrammed into the πoπulation
through prior c☢rp☢rate media psych☢l☢gical ☢perati☢ns. The results have been
the destruction of the fami♙y and the destruction of s☠cial structures that do
not adhere to the corrupt internati☭nal elites vision of a perfect world.
Through distra˘tion and ˘oer˘ion the dir⇼ction of th✡ught of the bulk of the
population has been direc⇶ed ⇶oward s↺luti↻ns proposed by the corrupt
internati☭nal elite that further con$olidate$ their p☣wer and which further
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All Rights Reserved
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Large-Scale Spanish Chart of the Gulf of Mexico—The First to Show Galveston Bay
The foundational Spanish sea chart of the Gulf Coast, Florida, Texas, etc. – one of the six most important maps of Texas, according to Streeter.
This is the first large-scale printed chart of the Texas coast based upon actual soundings and explorations. The chart is based primarily on the landmark survey of the coast commissioned by Bernardo de Gálvez and conducted by José de Evia. The most significant milestone of the survey was the discovery and naming of Galveston Bay in 1785. This is the first time it appeared on a printed chart. Baie de Calvesion (Galveston) is shown on the present chart exactly as laid down in the manuscript charts from Evia's survey. This is also the first map to name Matagorda Bay.
The coastline configuration of this chart established the prototype for the mapping of Texas and the U.S. Gulf Coast which dominated printed maps for the next two decades.
The chart remained one of the most significant charts of the region for several decades. Both Humboldt and Arrowsmith copied the information from this chart for their important maps.
The chart is framed tightly on the Gulf of Mexico. The Yucatan Peninsula is prominent, as if Florida. The western two thirds of Cuba is also included, as are portions of the Bahamas. The coastline is extremely detailed, with the exception of a small part of the northwestern peninsular coast of Florida.
New Orleans is tucked into swamp land, with the winding Mississippi passing through. The Mexican coast is studded with mountains visible from the water. In northern Florida, a note specifies the Rio Santa Maria, which separates the United States and Spanish territory. Another note off the Yucatan explains that the continent can be found directly via that latitude, according to information from the frigate Mercedes in 1798.
The waters are surrounded with information vital to navigation. Coordinate measurements are indicated with symbols that denote them as taken on land, on land astronomically, or via water. The fourth category is longitude taken with a marine watch, or chronometer. These readings are accompanied by soundings and abbreviations that indicate the quality of the bottom: sand, white, fine, thick, black, and dull; gravel, shells, mud, slime, stone, grass, and green.
The seal of the Depósito Hidrográfico is at bottom left with the price of 18 reales just below. The map was engraved by Felipe Bauza and Fernando Selma, whose imprints appear below the neatline at bottom right and left.
The Evia Survey
This chart was made under the supervision of Señor Don Juan de Langara, a prominent naval officer. The son of an admiral, he entered the Spanish Navy in 1750 at the age of fourteen. He turned to surveying and exploratory missions from 1766-1771, with three voyages to the Philippines and the seas around China. On his 1771-3 voyage, he, along with José de Mazarredo used the lunar distance method for the first time aboard a Spanish ship. These voyages solidified his reputation as a skilled pilot and surveyor. After decades as a naval minister and distinguished commander, in 1796 he was named Secretary of State for the Navy and a Counsellor of State. A year later, he was appointed Inspector-General for the Navy. He retired in 1799.
Langara was serving in his first stint as a naval minister when this survey was undertaken. In 1777, Lieutenant John Osborn, with John Payne, companions of Admiralty Surveyor George Gauld, surveyed along the Texas coast just west of Galveston Bay. This alarmed Louisiana Governor Bernardo de Gálvez Galiardoqui, who sent a ship to intercept Gauld.
Late in 1777, Gálvez sent Luis Antonio Andry to chart the Louisiana and Texas coasts. However, at Matagorda Bay, Karankawas boarded the ship, killed its crew, and burned all of its charts (and the ship).
After the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the Spanish no longer had to worry about the British on the Gulf Coast. Gálvez redoubled his efforts, sending José Antonio de Evia to survey as much of the region as possible. He covered the Florida Keys to Tampico from 1783 to 1786. These surveys resulted in this chart, among others.
States of the chart
The present example is Streeter 1029A, the first state. The map was later revised in November 1803 (Streeter 1029A) and 1805 (Streeter 1029B). A variant edition also exists with revised pricing below the Depósito stamp in the lower left corner (Streeter 1029C).
A Spanish hydrographical atlas with sixteen maps of the coast of the Americas (including the present map), sold at the Frank Streeter sale at Christie's in April 2007 for $120,000. According to American Book Prices Current, no copy of the atlas had appeared at auction for thirty years prior to the Frank Streeter sale and only one example of this chart in the first state has appeared on the market.
The Dirección de Hidrografía, or the Directorate of Hydrographic Works, was established in 1797. Its roots were in the Casa de Contratación, founded in 1503 in Sevilla, which housed all the charts of the Spanish Empire and oversaw the creation and maintenance of the padrón real, the official master chart. The Casa, now in Cadiz, was shuttered in 1790, but Spain still needed a hydrographic body. In response, the Dirección was created in 1797. One of its first projects was the publication of charts from the Malaspina Expedition (1789-1794). The Dirección oversaw not only publication, but also surveying. The Dirección was abolished in the early twentieth century, when their work was distributed to other organizations.
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New bilingual guide on sexual orientation, gender identity and the Bible for Latino/a families and churches
In an effort to foster a dialogue with Latino/a families and churches on sexual orientation, gender identity and the Bible, the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, the Human Rights Campaign Foundation and UNID@S, today unveiled a new bilingual guide, A La Familia: A Conversation About Our Families, the Bible, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity at a press conference during the League of United Latin American Citizens’ (LULAC) 82nd national convention in Cincinnati, Ohio.
“LULAC is against all kinds of discrimination. I am extremely proud of my home state given that New York just approved same-sex marriages,” says LULAC’s New York State Director Ralina Cardona. “As Americans, we need to accept and tolerate each others’ differences. That’s what separates this great country. We are not all of the same culture, color, sexual orientation or religion, but we are all Americans and in our unity lies our strength, but in our differences lies our power.”
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people often face unique challenges in Latino/a families and churches. To help in the process of acceptance and inclusion, A La Familia is born out of a profound desire to faithfully integrate an excluded group of people back into the life of their churches and families. This guide is written for two primary audiences: heterosexual people honestly struggling with LGBT issues and the Bible, and those whose sexual orientation and gender identity have marginalized them within their family or church or even both.
“As Latinos and Latinas, we know what it means to live under oppression,” says the Rev. Dr. Miguel A. De La Torre, co-author of A La Familia and HRC Religion Council member. “From current immigration policies, to discrimination in the workplace, to anti-Hispanic biases in the media, we as a people are all too familiar with structural violence. To stand for justice can never be limited to Latinas and Latinos who are like us; it must also include the marginalized within our own familia. Hence, this booklet, A La Familia, is our attempt to make sure no one is excluded, no one is discriminated against, no one is abused due to prejudices and bias. It is an attempt, for those of us who call ourselves Christians, to live up the the good news of our faith.”
“While we know that God’s extravagant welcome and justice are powerfully known in many Latino faith communities, this is not universally true,” says the Rev. Rebecca Voelkel, faith work director at the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. “We’ve seen recently the tragedy in Puerto Rico as violence against LGBT people is stoked by religious rhetoric. This is true in too many communities. We must do better. We must ensure that love and respect are the fruits of our faith communities. A La Familia is a powerful step toward this kind of a world.”
“Conversations about sexuality, gender identity, faith and family are essential for building and sustaining robust and vibrant communities that value the spiritual life of all its people,” says Sharon Groves, Ph.D., director of the Religion and Faith Program at the Human Rights Campaign. “A La Familia, written by Latinos/as for Latinos/as will generate and support such conversations among Latino/a Protestant and Catholics about family, the Bible, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, and what God calls us to be to one another.”
“As Christians, we struggle every day with living the word of the Lord. As Latinas and Latinos we work to embed it in our lives and our families,” says Lisbeth Melendez Rivera, director of UNID@S, the National Latina/o LGBT Human Rights Organization. “A La Familia will guide us through a thoughtful dialogue about the integration of faith, religion, sexual orientation and gender identity. Catholics and Protestants, Latinas and Latinos are a welcoming people. This guide will help expand, integrate and grow our communities and bridge the mythical schism so many believe separates us.”
Download a copy of A La Familia: A Conversation About Our Families, the Bible, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity here.
Read the press release in Spanish here.
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New Minimalism Is The New Fashion
Fashion trends come and go, but one thing remains the same – people wear clothes. With that stunning revelation made, I now feel comfortable in exploring a new trend with you all. They're calling it 'New Minimalism', and it's as exciting as it is ostentatious and flamboyant.
What is meant by 'New Minimalism'? Put simply, new minimalism means simple colors, lots of black and whites, and the occasional extreme silhouette, because although you're being minimalistic, you don't want to commit the cardinal fashion sin of being boring whilst you do it. So if you see someone walking down the street looking like a desaturated Lady Gaga, you're probably looking at someone following the New Minimalist trend.
The term 'New Minimalism' appears to have been coined by Mark Connoly, Conde Nast Traveler Style Director (though it may very well have been coined by Janice Dickinson, of 'I was the first supermodel' fame, or Idi Amin, for all I know.) I've embedded his video in this piece so you can enjoy him talking about travel minimalism, interspersed with bass heavy sound effects and mode synthesizer music.
If you're traveling, the new minimalism can include items such as
Shrunken Jackets - Perfect for wearing whilst you're collecting shrunken heads in South America. A shrunken jacket is essentially a proper jacket that's had the torso section cut off at the top of the waist, thereby making you look like you have freakishly long arms an Orangutan would be proud of.
White t Shirts - White t-shirts are always in. In millions of years, when the sun goes supernova and we're all forced to flee the plane, white t shirts will still be in.
Boyfriend Cardigans - A boyfriend cardigan is an oversized cardigan designed to make you look sort of frumpy unless you wear skinny jeans, leggings, or happen to be a size 0.
New minimalism is a brilliant trend for those of us who favor monochrome fashion, ie, like to dress in black and white and off white a lot, and like to pretend that we're agents in the Matrix. Essentially, when you think of New Minimalism, think of what it would be like if Agent Smith and Neo's clothes had a fashion baby and go from there.
Go forth minimalists! Go forth and wear simple clothing, tailored neatly. Go to thy productivity pods and earn the tokens you will need in order to purchase these sleek stylings. Go forth!
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Many men love to wear bras, but quickly become confused when confronted with the plethora of bras that are available on the market today. There are a wide range of terms and types of bra that can be a bit befuddling....
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Texas Attracts Most Healthcare Data Hacks But It Is Fighting Back
Cyber criminals stole the health records of more than 9 million Americans last year, according to data from U.S. Health and Human Services. The data collected includes breaches from hospitals, health insurers and other health organizations covered by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, which makes breaches public when they affect more than 500 people.
Texas has led the country in total hacking breaches reported to HIPAA for four of the past five years. The state also ranked high in total number of records stolen, with more than 1.4 million individuals’ records stolen since 2014.
“We don’t see Texas hospitals as being any more vulnerable than other parts of the country,” said Lance Lunsford, vice president for communications at the Texas Hospitals Association.
Texas is the second-most populous state, and it has more hospitals and more places to attack, he said. California, the most populous state, also has high numbers of cyber-based data breaches. according to HHS.
“The statistics are indicative of the large population of patients Texas serves and the corresponding number of providers,” he said.
Data shows that despite Texas often being in the top two for total breaches, over the past five years it’s further down the list when it comes to individual records affected. Last year, criminals stole the records of more than 178,000 Texans, less than half than 2017. By comparison, breaches in North Carolina and Iowa saw 2.6 and 1.5 million individuals’ records exposed, respectively.
Lunsford concedes Texas hospitals are having to devote more resources to cyber security, from large urban systems to remote rural clinics, and it gets harder the less money there is.
“You can put some of these rural hospitals that are really in very narrow margin businesses in a tough position because they can’t make these kinds of investments,” he said. “As these attacks have picked up over the years, hospitals have been more and more direct targets because they have not only key financial data but also sensitive patient health information,” he said.
Credit ratings agency Experian charted how much could be made in the black market sale of stolen personal data. It said that while a Social Security number could go for as little as a dollar, a medical record could go for as much as a thousand dollars, or more than 10 times what a credit card number goes for.
“It’s huge,” said Sam Dibrell, chief technology officer for the the Foundation for Trusted Identity, an organization that works with hospitals to secure their physical and cyber facilities. “With a health record you’ve got personal identifiable information. You can establish a long-term, fraudulent relationship with banks and other lenders and from a criminal standpoint you can profit significantly.”
Dibrell said cyber criminals are waking up to the fact that these records are profitable, and they are increasingly going after hospitals he calls “soft targets.”
“Until health care catches up and says, ‘We really need to start spending a lot of money on cyber security and keep these records safe,’ it’s going to continue to happen.”
According to a 2016 study by the SANS Institute — which provides training and certification to its cyber security members — the healthcare industry was spending 4 to 6 percent on security. But many in the field think it is less about dollars and more about understanding an individual organization’s risk.
“There is no amount of money you’re going to spend will reduce the risk of a breach to zero,” said Jon Moore with Clearwater Compliance, a cyber security firm working with the Texas Hospital Association.
Over the years he said he has seen it improve in some ways. For instance, the numbers of unencrypted data lost on thumbdrives and laptops that are stolen or misplaced is down. On the other hand, the number of fishing attempts and successes, where a fraudulent email is sent to personnel and captures data or access, is exploding across the country.
“It’s like squeezing a balloon. You squeeze it, and it just pops up somewhere else,” Moore said.
Copyright 2020 Texas Public Radio. To see more, visit .
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Originally published in the Historic Nantucket, Vol 14, no. 4 (April 1967), p. 15-22
Was Nantucket Ever Forested?
BY BASSETT JONES
This is a paper read by Mr. Bassett Jones at the 41st Annual Meeting of the Nantucket Historical Association, July 31, 1935, and printed in the "Proceedings" of that date. It seems pertinent to reprint Mr. Jones' paper here, because a distinguished New York botanist has recently reopened the question with an affirmative answer. Bassett Jones, an electrical engineer, spent many summers on Nantucket with a house in Polpis, later moving to Wauwinet. Interested in the natural phenomena of the Island, he spent much time with his brother — also a scientist and for a while a teacher in the Nantucket schools — researching his hobby. Bassett Jones' careful and erudite paper follows in full.
THERE is a fond superstition that this Island was once forested with trees of such size that building lumber was cut here, even that vessels were built of Nantucket grown timbers. It is even said that these heavy oak beams that carry the wide span of this old North Church were cut on this Island.
However, for a forest of large trees to exist, certain conditions of soil and climate must also exist. In order that such trees as were used to fashion the beams in this building and the timbers of Nantucket-built vessels can grow, certain forest conditions must hold. The forest must be very old, its leaf mold must be deep and rich. The soil must be such as to provide adequate i root anchorage for such tall and large trees.
But the soil map of this island shows but a small bit of good loam in Polpis, not very deep, and another narrow strip leading from the town south, or a little west of south between Miacomet and Hummock Ponds. This same narrow region of good but shallow soil is mentioned in Letters of an American Farmer, first published in 1782. Where, then, has all the forest bearing soil gone? A speculation exists that once the island was deforested, the soil was removed by erosion. But, one may ask, where did it go? Certainly the soil could not have been all washed into the sea. Much of it must have accumulated in valleys without outlet of which the island "as many. But investigation shows that the soil is not there.
There are low places on this island where what we call the "hidden forests" grow. But these are old peat bottoms, based on ancient fresh water marshes and do not consist of the sort of soil that might have been washed off surrounding hills after the assumed denudation of the ancient forests in which such "sticks" as mentioned above must have grown.
The soil of such forests is not here, nor are there any traces of it. So, I am forced to conclude that the probabilities are much in favor of such soil never having existed. If the soil did not exist, neither did the forest exist. . The only argument I have ever heard in favor of the speculative pristine Nantucket forest of such very large trees, from which such very "'sticks" could be cut, is the discovery of "stumps" of old trees in the peat bogs. But, to my knowledge, with a single reported example I shall mention hereafter, no stump has yet been found belonging to any such large trees. None that I have seen, or dug myself, were more than 10 inches or, at the outside, 12 inches in diameter. Most of these stumps are much smaller. Furthermore, I can show you living wild trees on this island with "stumps" larger than this — but these same living trees have boles or "trunks" but a few feet tall at the most, and the whole tree is not over 20 to 25 feet tall. Certainly no such lumber was ever cut from such trees.
But more. There are but a few kinds of wood that will stand immersion in sour peat for two centuries or more, and we know that earlier than 1782, when Crevecoeur visited this island and wrote so entertainingly of his stay here, the island was without trees. These "stumps" — at least all I have examined or dug up myself — are cedar, both the red cedar and white cedar, or cypress.
Now I can show you cedar trees or, properly, the Juniperus virginiana, living on the island today with so-called "stumps" as large in diameter as any dug up in the peat bogs. But this, too, is a matter of excavation, for the "stumps" of these living trees are buried in windblown sand and the embryo "cedar" peat of the leaves, in which same peat, fully developed, the old stumps are found.
But these old stumps are in a "cedar" peat often overlaid with about 30 inches of fresh water plant peat, the older peat having been submerged and the cedars killed, quite as one can see them killed today on Coatue where water finds its way into the swales between the ridges.
The next time you are along the Quaise beach note the old fresh water peat exposed by wave erosion along this shore, with the ancient white cedar or cypress stumps yet standing in it even below low water mark. At one time, possibly some thousands of years ago, these were fresh water cedar bogs above high tide level, or like some of the Coatue swales, below high tide level, but cut off from the sea by sand dunes, or by more elevated land now long gone. At any rate, there are the stumps, bedded in fresh water cedar peat, and now below low water mark.
Such old cedar stumps are also found under the present salt water peat constituting the present salt marshes. In general these stumps, a number of which have been unearthed by workmen of the Mosquito Control, are better than 24 inches below the present marsh surface, and rest in a fairly thin layer of fresh water peat decidedly cedrus in character, which, in turn, rests on what obviously were shallow bay bottoms of sand and gravel in which clam, quahog and oyster shells are found in situ.
Evidently, and comparatively recently, (a few thousand years ago) these bottoms must have been at or above high tide level, or otherwise completely shut off from the sea, in order that such essentially fresh water drinking plants as the cedars (juniper and cypress) could have grown upon them. This discovery has led my brother, Mr. William F. Jones, to an entirely new theory of salt marsh evolution along the New England coast, which theory has received some attention. I might remark here that similar conditions exist on Cape Cod, and that such cedar stumps have been dredged out of peat now on the bottom of Cape Cod Bay.
It is worth while noting that the white cedar or cypress (Chamaecyparis) stumps are of trees that no longer grow on this island, and, possibly, are o an extinct species similar to those found under the peat of a bog near Quamquisset on the Cape. I have not yet been able to obtain a positive identification of the species found on Nantucket. A trunk of this tree with many branch stubs, the trunk about 10 inches in diameter and about 12 feet long has been dug out of a marsh close to the harbor beach in Quaise. This log bears marks that look as if they might have been made with stone hatchets. My brother has accumulated evidence to show that Indians lived on this island before Coatue was formed, and while the site of the marsh at Folger's Creek was a shallow bay, open to the Sound, quite as was Capaum Pond when the white settlers first came here. Pocomo marsh covers many such stumps and logs as the workers of the Mosquito Control have found.
So much for the "stumps" and the speculations based on them. These cedars lived and grew here not less than 2000 years ago. Certainly they had been long buried under the peat before 1671.
We know, then, the stumps are cedar, and that certainly large oak beams and timbers were not cut from cedar trees the bole diameter of which is not generally over 10 to 12 inches — not that the diameter matters in the least.
A few weeks ago, after our President had asked me to tell you this, I mentioned to a friend that I was about it. He said that he recalled a paper on the subject read some years ago before some botanical society. So a search was instigated but so far without success. My friend has the paper tucked away in some forgotten corner.
So I wrote Dr. Marshall A. Howe of the New York Botanical Garden. Lacking the presence of the learned bibliographer Dr. John Hendley, Dr. Howe did the best he could for me. He sent me this:
"From Proceedings of The American Association for the Advancement of Science for the Forty-third Meeting held at Brooklyn, New York, August 1894 (43: 294. March 1895.)
Abstract by Dr. Marshall A. Howe of 'Evidence as to the Former Existence of Large Trees on Nantucket Island' By Burt G. Wilder, Ithaca, N.Y.
In his report on the Geology of Nantucket (Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, No. 53, 1889, Fig. 9), Prof. N. S. Shaler represents a section of a submerged swamp on the north shore of Nantucket with tree-stumps, one of which he says is 10 inches (25 cm.) in diameter. On p. 52 he writes: "I am inclined to believe that when this island was first settled the greater part of its surface, at least that portion of the area north of the southern plains, was covered with a forest growth which afforded some architectural timber." But he does not mention having personally observed any large tree remains in the interior of the island, and refers to the tradition that the former oaks and pines were "sufficiently large to afford ship timber as well as material for edifices" as "unsupported by any trustworthy record." Hence some positive evidence is desirable.
"Several years ago, I was told by Mr. Harry Dunham that in cutting peat at Polpis he often encountered fragments of large trees. On the 15th of August, in company with Professors Harrison Alien, M.D., of the University of Pennsylvania, and W. K. Hatt, of Purdue University, Indiana, I visited an old peat bog in Polpis, at Hughes' Neck, west of the main road, not far from what is reputed to be the oldest house on the island. The Proprietor, Mr. Charles Swain, kindly led us to a stump standing undisturbed in a dense thicket on top of a bog where the soft peat is still a meter thick. The crown of this stump measures in diameter about 50 cm. (20 in.), and is thus twice the size of that mentioned by Professor Shaler. Photographs were taken of it and of a neighboring bog, more recently worked and covered with water, where are visible more than twenty uprooted stumps of various sizes."
But, again, I can show you trees now living on this island with boles 20 inches in diameter, of oak and beech, but certainly not suited for architectural timber.
By Hughes' Neck I presume Wilder meant Swain's Neck or "Nashayte." There are oaks on that neck now - a number of trunks, once shoots, now 6 to 8 inches in diameter, growing in a cluster from a single root that may once have fed a tree so large as 20 inches in diameter at the bole, but, probably, like our existing oaks, short, gnarled and wind pruned — not "architectural timber". I know one black oak now growing on the island having a bole 19 inches in diameter and 8 inches tall, the branches extending flat on the ground or partly buried. Another, that I take to be an Elliott's Oak (Quercus Pagodae folia), has a bole approximately 9 feet in circumference at the ground, but only one foot 4 inches tall at the fork of the branches. This tree is 106 years old (1935).
You will note that Wilder wrote of a stump 20 inches in diameter lying on the marsh. Since obviously the tree to which this stump belonged did not grow on the marsh, the stump must have been dug somewhere else — probably in the old peat hole now on the neck — and thrown out on the marsh. But I ask you to note that, quite as many of the cedars now living on Coatue spread their roots in a flat layer near the surface so as to keep out of the fresh water standing not very deep down, these roots coalesce into a massive piece of wood from which the tree bole rises, which, again, is frequently a coalescence of sprawling branches; so much so that it is difficult to say that any bole or trunk exists. Were the bole completely rotted off by weather, the remaining root clump might easily give the impression of having belonged to a much larger tree. As I have seen such wood masses on Coatue, and also in the exposed peat along the Quaise shore, I question whether the same sort of stump was not reported by Wilder and that actually this was the remains of a cedar stump having a bole possibly not more than 12 inches in diameter. The photograph taken by Wilder might settle this point, but I have not been able to trace it.
By count of annual growth rings I estimate that the largest cedars now living on Coatue approximate the age of more than a century (1934-1935). I have counted many branch rings up to 80.
However, determinations of the age of many of the larger deciduous trees growing on this island show that few, if any of them, are of any great age. The oldest tree of this class so far measured is a Pin Oak (Q. palustris) 159 years old, with a bole 18 inches in diameter and 5 feet 6'/2 inches tall to the fork of the branches. Neither this tree, nor the Elliott's Oak mentioned above, have ever been cut. I know of no White Oaks (Q. alba), of which the island affords many examples, that have not been cut, save young frees not over 40 to 50 years old, as of 1935. In nearly every case the shoots growing from the older stumps of the cut trees, also are of about this same age. This indicates that about half a century ago much cutting of such trees went on. Particularly Coskata seems to have been stripped of white oaks at about 1890.
The amount of cutting for firewood during the earlier days when, excepting for peat, wood constituted the only available fuel, must have been considerable. That there never was sufficient for this purpose is evidenced by the few known historical records of trips away from the island for wood.
Also, I have found in the relics of old wood fences of this island posts I of white oak, red oak (Q. rubra) and black oak (Q. velutina), some of them / determinate as cut from small trees also about 50 years old or younger. In ! one case I have been able to find that the fence was erected at a time corresponding to the date of cutting trees on the property as shown by the ' age of the shoots growing from the old stumps. This leads me to suggest I that whatever wood was cut from Nantucket trees found such minor uses as fence posts and fire wood and did not constitute "architectural timber". Certainly the few older uncut trees found would not provide such timber, so it I seems rational to presume that no trees which grew on this island ever were ' of that character.
With the three exceptions noted none of the trees on this island so far studied, cut or uncut, as the normal life of such trees go, are of any great age.*
( *All ages of living trees given herein are as of 1935. Ages were determined by the use of a Swedish increment borer. Where the boring I taken reached to the center of growth, the age was determined by direct ! count of annual increments. Where the center of growth was not reached, the age was calculated from the circumference of the bole measured on the level of the boring, 14 to 18 inches above ground, and the mean number of I annual increments per inch shown by the boring, probably with an error ( not exceeding plus or minus 10%. In certain cases, where the annual increments were very variable the bole radius was divided into zones and the age corresponding to each zone separately calculated.)
There seems to be a general clustering of the age statistics so far found about 45 years, with an upper quartile of about 60 years. That is to say, only about one quarter of the hardwood specimens so far sampled, irrespective of species, exceed 60 years of age. The largest beech (Fagus americana) in the "hidden forest" is but 50 years old. This tree has a bole 24 inches in diameter, but is less than four feet tall to the crotch of the heavy branches. As I previously mentioned, but one specimen sampled shows an age of 159 years — so far as age is concerned this tree seems to be in a class by itself. Another exceptional case is a black oak 114 years old. This tree, the pin oak above mentioned, and the Elliott's oak are all in Quaise.
After considerable investigation, Mrs. E. W. Littlefield, Supervisor Forest Investigations, New York State, and I, jointly, have reached the conclusion that the life of the Black Japanese Pines (Pinus Thunbergi) brought to this island in 1895 by my father, will not exceed 60 years. So you see there seems to be a general short life among the trees growing here, the climatic reasons for which are not far to seek.
In the first place, short of the Black Japanese Pines, the trees only grow in protected, damp locations and in a dense wind developed thicket. The air is moist and frequently loaded with salt from the sea. Rot sets in rapidly once the branches die, or are broken, and soon eats into the heart of the tree. Borings taken in some apparently healthy and very young trees show traces of rot in the core of the bole. Observation will show that the rot of broken or dead branches often extends deep into the wood. Even when close pruned, and possibly due to irritation by salt, the bark has difficulty in closing the wound, and, except in the pines, rarely does so without help.
In short, the trees of this island appear to die of rot before they attain any great age. Furthermore, wherever such trees grow, standing water (the water table) is near the surface: as the use of a spade will show, some times only a couple of feet down. The soil (humus) is shallow, so that growing in thickets, as the trees do, there is little room for root expansion. The trees become root cramped while comparatively young. The food supply becomes insufficient, the tree weakens, and rot easily sets in. There is also the possibility that the mildews, or mycellium fungi, that exist on the island are inimical to prolonged tree growth. The character of such fungi have an intimate relation with tree life. But this is a matter I have not studied on this island.
One other matter, as to climate: the winds. In one of her poems, Elizabeth Hollister Frost wrote "Nantucket trees all lean southwest." This being correct, you will note that the Nantucket trees have the peculiar habit of leaning against the prevailing winds. This condition puzzled me for some time, and it was not until after the great storm of August, 1927, that I found the reason for it, since confirmed by the observed results of other storms, both winter and summer. Nantucket trees grow, they do not lean, southwest, and for the very simple reason that the violent wind pruning of our severe northeast winter gales and summer hurricanes, make nought any attempt of the tree, if at all exposed, to grow northeast.
I have seen a single storm tear the northeast side and, what is more important, the top, to tatters. These winds, if over force 8, or of a velocity exceeding 47 mile's per hour, pick up salt water and carry it inland. At 60 miles an hour (and 80 is not exceptional down here in a violent storm) quantities of salt spray are carried across the island blasting every leaf exposed to it. If such a storm occurs in the early summer, the tender new wood is withered by the salty blast. Indeed, were the storms frequent I aim disposed to think that the flora of Nantucket would be very different than it is at present. Few things could manage to keep a foot-hold.
As it is, only a selected company of peculiarly adapted hardy plants can survive unless protected. So we find our "hidden forests" of which there is quite a number, strictly limited as to tallness of the plants and trees by the protection they get from low hills to the northeast. Where, as on Coskata at present, this protection has been removed by shore erosion since 1896, the trees are suffering from wind pruning and are severely stunted. Here, also, on Coskata, covered with a low, dense thicket of white, black and red oaks with a unique fertile cross between the black and red (reported by Bicknell), as I mentioned before, there is evidence of extensive cutting about 50 years ago. But where single trunks exist they are not large and the tree is not over 15 feet tall.
Another matter that deserves attention is this. The hard (long leaf yellow) pine, and wide white pine floor boards used in the old barns and houses certainly did not come from trees that grew on this island — nor did the spruce or fir studdings. None of these trees can attain any size, or even live long in this climate of salt gales. The long leaf yellow pine is strictly southern in its habitat. True, spruce and white pine grow along the coast of Maine. But that is another story. There is deep rich loam in Maine — not largely glacial till. Furthermore, the coast of Maine borders a submerged mediterranean — the Gulf of Maine — far north of the Gulf Stream storm track. Northers and northeasters are off-shore winds, and do not come off that meteorologically chaotic band where cold northern waters and Gulf Stream waters mix. Look over the meteorological maps of this coast and you will see what I mean.
I have tried to grow spruce on this island and can do so only under careful protection. White pine, even when carefully protected, have a bedraggled appearance and wind-burn badly.
There is a white fir (Abies Concolor) on this island planted about 35 years ago — for that is its age. The white fir is reputed an easy tree to grow. Nevertheless this one yet huddles on the south side of an old dune. The top of the tree is a cluster of dead leaders — each the relic of a pair of hurricane-free years. The whole tree, dead leaders included, is 3 feet 10'/2 inches tall. It should be at least 50 feet to the main leader tip.
Even the Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra), reputed to be a hardy tree for coastal planting, has a hard time to get started here and is never really happy. The Black Japanese Pine — alone of all our hundreds of experiments — given no longer succession of such severe winters as the past two (1934 and 1935), is the only tree that thoroughly enjoys a salty gale, and goes through the most violent northeaster without turning a needle. The reason is that this tree is indigenous to the eastern shore and coastal islands of Japan, where the climatic conditions — if not the soil — are precisely the same as ours here. The late Ernest Henry Wilson once told me that he had seen this tree growing on the Japanese coast where six feet of the bole was under water at high tide.
The above, being the evidence so far collected, how do you suppose that a forest of large trees yielding "architectural timber" ever got started here in the first place — trees yielding 10 in. by 12 in. oak beams and framing, 20 inches wide white pine flooring, wide fir and spruce spreaders, sills, headers and joists? To me, the speculation does not make sense when compared with known facts.
So I here register a doubt that any trees could ever have attained to the dignity of "architectural timber" on this island.
Now a few very fragmentary historical notes and I am through with what our President told me was to be a ten-minute discourse.
Documentary evidence exists that the "oldest house" built in 1686 for Jethro Coffin and Mary, his wife, was of lumber sawed at the mill of Peter Coffin in New Hampshire and brought here by vessel.
Mary Starbuck's account book with the Indians, from 1683 to 1768, contains an entry, dated 1730: "Going a trip for wood with Paul to the Vineyard."
Starbuck's "History of Nantucket" quotes Zaccheus Macy to the effect that during a severe winter, in the period of the American Revolution, brush wood was hauled by sledge over the ice from Coskata for use as firewood. Certainly had there been any stock of any kind of timber on the island the inhabitants would hardly have gone to this trouble to keep themselves from freezing.
Also, Crevecoeur in "The Letters From An American Farmer," under date of 1782, wrote of the original settlers as finding "the island so universally barren" that they took to fishing rather than farming. He also writes of the town of Sherborn as consisting of "about 530 houses that were framed on the main." Again, he writes of the island as "deprived of mater-ia's for building" and of the original settlers as "not being possessed of a single tree in the whole of their dominions."
Reading what Crevecoeur has to say, I am disposed to wonder whether the island has not even more trees upon it now than it had in 1671.
The way in which this myth got started can be well illustrated from Captain Obed Macy's book of notes for a possible second edition of his "History of Nantucket.'' When discussing the use of peat on Nantucket he wrote in 1843 "that during the Revolution the people of this island were so hard put for fuel that in May 1778 the Proprietors of the Common Land opened Tauwpansheo Swamp, 'so called,' to the public for the digging of peat." Then he goes on to say:
"The strata of peat found in them (the swamps) is from one foot to six or more in depth .... A remarkable circumstance may be mentioned before we leave the subject. In many of the swamps the Peat is from 6 to 8 feet in depth, a hard bottom of sand is below the peat on which is found many large stumps and roots of trees and some parts of them are burnt to charcoal, so that it is beyond a doubt that fire consumed the trees. Which leads many to conclude that when the island was first settled by the English & being covered with woods, there was not clear land sufficient for the wants of the people to cultivate, . . . etc. So they burned it off."
He concludes: "I think from the foregoing circumstances we may infer that the Island was covered with Woods, and that they were set on fire as above mentioned. My ancestors have often told me that from the best information they could obtain the Island originally was covered with Woods."
However, neither Obed Macy, nor any one else of his day, knew aught about the formation of peat. If the stumps and roots mentioned by Macy lay under six to eight feet of peat, the trees were either killed by fire or by drowning, or by both, at least 4000 years ago. Certainly they died a very long time in the past.
The rate of peat formation is very slow. Peat forms during a long drawn out period of submergence, or of slowly rising water. The mass of dead rush and reed roots, stems and leaves from which peat is formed must have had time to so accumulate that, as the water rises, literally the living plants have time to climb on top of the compacted remains of previous plants. Otherwise, the peat cannot form. Even now the exact minimum rate of peat formation is not known. However, it is probable that a layer of peat suitable for fuel but two feet thick took at least a 1000 years to form; probably longer. As to this, see the discussion of peat formation, not only in Nantucket but elsewhere, in "The New England-Arcadian Shore Line," D. W. Johnson, and the "Relation of Plants to Tide Levels," D. S. Johnson and H. H. York, Publication No. 206, Carnegie Institution. 1915.
So it is safe to say that the trees of the stumps and roots mentioned by Obed Macy as under six to eight feet of peat were never seen alive by white people; probably, not even by Indians. These trees were growing here, and ceased to grow here, even long before Leif Ericsson came along this coast; probably before the archaic Hellenes settled in the Attic Peninsular. At that time the coastal conditions here were very different than they were even in 1671.
Fire in brush, even in forests, is frequently started by lightning. Above I have discussed the kind of trees to which these stumps belong.
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If you are an AT&T customer in Kosciusko County, good news.
The company announced on Wednesday that the county got a “big boost in wireless connectivity.” They say bandwidth has been expanded on ten cell towers to help enhance network coverage and to help give residents and first responders faster service.
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Try as it will to break through in the mobile space, Microsoft is still struggling to gain any ground with Windows Phone almost a year and a half after its launch.
Things have gotten so bad that that in a recent market share report by research firm Nielsen, Windows Phone market share was so small in the U.S. that Nielsen didn’t even bother to break out its usage. It was relegated to the dreaded “other” category.
Well at least there’s the dominant Windows client OS, right?
As a PC operating system, Windows has been dominant for decades. But there’s a palpable change in the air. The post-PC world is becoming the real world, transforming before our eyes in homes, at airports and in office towers.
Connected mobile devices — basically smartphones and tablets running Apple iOS and Google Android — are quickly encroaching Windows PCs coveted space.
A new report from research firm IDC gives credence to the post-PC worldview.
New smart-connected devices shipped out to consumers and businesses are expected to exceed 1.1 billion units in 2012 and will reach 1.84 billion units by 2016 — which is twice the current ship rate of 2011, according to the research firm.
The report’s conclusion is that Windows on x86-compatible chips — i.e. PCs — will take a big hit between now and 2016, and Android OS will rise in power in the same time period. While the amount of Windows PC shipments will grow slightly between now and 2016, the PC’s share of all devices shipped will decrease by almost 11 percent.
From the IDC press release:
“IDC expects a relatively dramatic shift between 2011 and 2016, with the once-dominant Windows on x86 platform slipping from a leading 35.9 percent share in 2011 down to 25.1 percent in 2016.”
“The number of Android-based devices running on ARM CPUs, on the other hand, will grow modestly from 29.4 percent share in 2011 to a market-leading 31.1 percent share in 2016. Meanwhile, iOS-based devices will grow from 14.6 percent share in 2011 to 17.3 percent in 2016.”
Windows across all devices, at least according to IDC, will get bypassed by Android in four years and will lose ground to Apple iOS. In short, we are not too far from tablet and smartphones being the world’s dominant devices, as Windows-based PCs fall further into the background.
Slideshow: Windows 8 Consumer Preview: A Visual Tour for IT
Slideshow: A Deep Dive into Windows 8 Consumer Preview
What should be most disturbing for Microsoft is that the IDC report assumes Windows 8 tablets (Windows on ARM) and Windows Phone will have little affect over the next four years.
Windows 8, released as a Consumer Preview last month, is designed for touch-enabled devices such as tablets and will also be touch-enabled on desktops and laptops (but do you really want to tap and swipe with your fingers on a PC monitor?).
Windows 8, in fact, was created to keep the Windows brand alive in the mobile arena so IDC’s numbers do not bode well for Microsoft’s mission.
Unlike previous releases of Windows, Windows 8 is not targeting enterprise deployments, as many enterprises have only recently implemented Windows 7 after battling through a recession.
Windows 8 is a consumer play and Microsoft is relying on consumers to embrace Windows 8 use on tablets or smartphones to keep Google and Apple at bay, and then spill over into the enterprise as part of the BYOD (bring your own device) movement, says Aaron Suzuki, CEO of Prowess, an IT consulting and managed services company that provides enterprises with OS deployment and virtualization technologies.
“Microsoft knows that enterprises are not ready for Windows 8,” says Suzuki.
“If a big company does deploy it they will likely tune it back to make it more like Windows 7. Windows 8 is about becoming part of the diverse operating system environment of smartphones, tablets, laptops and virtual desktops. It’s about catching up with Google and Apple, getting consumer share and not losing out on mobile devices.”
If that indeed is the criteria for Windows 8, Microsoft better hope IDC’s got its numbers wrong.
Shane O’Neill covers Microsoft, Windows, Operating Systems, Productivity Apps and Online Services for CIO.com. Follow Shane on Twitter @smoneill. Follow everything from CIO.com on Twitter @CIOonline and on Facebook. Email Shane at firstname.lastname@example.org
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A Body of Work: Meet ICT’s Virtual Humans
In 2001, USC Viterbi computer science faculty members Jonathan Gratch, Randall Hill Jr. and Bill Swartout — all members of USC’s Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT) — presented “Steve Goes to Bosnia: Towards a New Generation of Virtual Humans for Interactive Experiences” at a symposium on artificial intelligence.
The paper, written with then-ISI colleagues Jeff Rickel and Stacy Marsella, envisioned the development of virtual humans: computer-generated characters that look and act like real people and can understand, gesture, reason and exhibit emotion in order to serve as guides, mentors and teammates. At the time, the researchers called their goal ambitious. Nearly 15 years later, we introduce you to Steve’s progeny, virtual humans whose impact today is very real.
Branch is a virtual battle buddy enlisted to help reduce incidences of post-traumatic stress. He serves as a mentor in STRIVE (Stress Resilience in Virtual Environments), an ICT initiative developed with Army and Navy support. STRIVE uses virtual reality to put users in the middle of realistic combat situations. At pivotal moments, Branch appears and provides instruction on the physical and emotional impacts of stress, along with relevant exercises and coping strategies.
Jessica, a young Army specialist, wants a transfer because a male colleague’s comments make her uncomfortable. As part of the Army’s Emergent Leader Immersive Training Environment (ELITE), soldiers hone their basic counseling skills through practice with virtual humans like Jessica. Other scenarios address substance abuse, financial problems and post-deployment readjustment. A built-in tutoring system provides feedback and assessment, with the goal of strengthening interpersonal communication skills for future Army leaders.
Think of Foster as the face of the future. He serves as a mentor and guide for Project BlueShark, ICT’s forward-looking collaboration with the Office of Naval Research that explores how we’ll collaborate and communicate 20 years from now. This virtual wingman guides participants through virtual and augmented reality experiences that are in the lab today but predicted to be part of our lives soon.
A National Science Foundation-funded collaboration between ICT and the Museum of Science, Boston, Coach Mike was designed to be an enthusiastic proponent for STEM education as he helped museumgoers learn basic programming skills with a robot. He also demonstrates the value of virtual coaches. An evaluation found that visitors stayed longer and agreed to take on more challenges when he was activated. Rather than trying to look like a realistic person, Coach Mike has the distinction of being ICT’s first cartoon-style virtual human.
Barbara can appear nice, lobbing easy-to-answer questions to a job hopeful. But with a click of a mouse, she can become a candidate’s worst nightmare. That variability is by design. As part of VITA, the Vocational Interview Training Agents project, a partnership between ICT and the Dan Marino Foundation, Barbara simulates different personality types — nice, neutral or aggressive — to help young adults with autism and other developmental disabilities practice and improve their job interview skills.
A collaboration between the ICT Graphics Lab and Activision R&D, Digital Ira is a photo-real replica of a face (ICT’s Ari Shapiro’s, in fact) that can be rendered in real time on a laptop — an advance that means video games can now display movie-like graphics. “If you say something looks like a video game character, today that means low-res and not realistic,” said ICT’s Chief Visual Officer Paul Debevec. “That’s all about to change.”
Ellie is one of ICT’s most evolved virtual humans. She can read and react to human emotion by sensing smiles, frowns, shifts in gaze and more. She has interviewed more than 500 people as part of ICT’s SimSensei project, a DARPA-funded effort to help identify people with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It turns out Ellie is good at her job: A recent study found that people were willing to reveal more to her than to a real person.
Brad is a social scientist of sorts. ICT and USC Marshall School of Business researchers enlist him for studies rather than using human interviewers. They can change his accent, his ethnicity, his personality and more, and then have him engage with real people in negotiations and other simulated social interactions. Consistent and cost-effective, the results from several studies show that how we treat virtual characters like Brad reveals much about how we treat one another.
Javier is not feeling well. It is up to the medical student assessing him to ask the right questions and pick up on the hints that will reveal what ails him. Part of USC Standard Patient, a collaboration between ICT and the Keck School of Medicine at USC, Javier allows future clinicians to practice their interview and diagnostic skills online. Medical professionals can easily program him and his many companions with unlimited conditions. He’s a model patient, indeed.
Bill Ford is a Vietnam vet who suffered from post-traumatic stress and now helps others by answering questions and providing support, including ways to connect with care providers. Built with funding from U.S. Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury to provide anonymous access to information, ICT’s first online virtual human platform has become a flexible system for conducting assessments and delivering online content with a personal touch.
Mike, a veteran suffering from PTSD, receives counseling from graduate students at the USC School of Social Work. Developed by ICT and the USC Center for Innovation and Research on Veterans and Military Families, Mike provides classroom-based practice for future social workers in addressing the specific needs of service members, veterans and their families.
Interviewing abused children can be difficult, even for seasoned professionals. Eight-year-old Julian, developed by ICT and the USC Gould School of Law, provides a way to practice asking the right questions in the right ways. Social workers, victim advocates, and legal and law enforcement professionals have interacted with Julian as part of an e-learning course on child interviewing techniques. Those asking open-ended questions—as recommended by a child-interviewing protocol—are rewarded with fuller answers than those asking close-ended, yes-or-no questions. ICT’s Web-based platform will soon allow non-computer scientists to program new questions and answers on their own.
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As we start a new year, here is a look back at the world of social media. Keep these statistics in mind as you create your social media plan for 2017!
Social Media Demographic Statistics
1. 75% of male internet users are on Facebook as well as 83% of female internet users.
2. 32% of teenagers consider Instagram to be the most important social network.
3. Female internet users are more likely to use Instagram than men, at 38% vs. 26%.
4. 29% of internet users with college degrees use Twitter, compared to 20% with high school degrees or less.
5. 81% of millennials check Twitter at least once per day.
6. Most Instagram users are between 18-29 years old, about six-in-ten online adults.
7. 22% of the world’s total population uses Facebook.
8. LinkedIn boasts more than 450 million user profiles.
9. On any given day, Snapchat reaches 41% of 18 to 34-year-olds in the US.
10. YouTube overall, and even YouTube on mobile alone, reaches more 18-34 and 18-49 year-olds than any cable network in the U.S.
Social Media Usage Statistics
1. Facebook continues to be the most widely used social media platform, with 79% of American internet users. Based on total population, (not just internet users) 68% of U.S. adults are on Facebook.
3. 76% of Facebook users visited the site daily during 2016, with over 1.6 billion daily visitors, compared to 70% of daily usage in 2015.
4. The average LinkedIn user spends 17 minutes on the site per month.
5. 51% of Instagram users access the platform daily, and 35% say they look at the platform several times per day.
6. Almost 80% of time spent on social media platforms happens on mobile.
7. Katy Perry has the most worldwide twitter followers, at 94.65 million.
8. Over 400 million snaps are shared on Snapchat per day, and almost 9,000 photos are shared every second.
9. Just 10 thousand YouTube videos have generated more than 1 billion views.
10. More than half of all YouTube views are on mobile devices.
Social Media Business Statistics
1. Instagram earns $595 million in mobile ad revenue per year, a rapidly increasing number.
2. Despite news of layoffs and executives leaving the company, Twitter’s revenue is up 8% YOY
3. 59% of Americans with social media accounts think that customer service through social media has made it easier to get questions answered and issues resolved.
4. Over 50 million businesses use Facebook Business Pages.
5. 2 million business use to Facebook for advertising.
6. Facebook’s total revenue grew 56% in 2016, and advertising revenue grew 59%.
7. 93% of Pinterest users use the platform to plan or make purchases.
8. 39% of LinkedIn users pay for monthly premium accounts.
9. Pinterest drives 25% of all retail website referral traffic.
10. More than 56% of online adults use more than one social media platform.
Social Media Content Statistics
1. Tweets with images receive 18% more clicks than tweets without images.
2. 100 million food and 146 fashion boards exist on Pinterest.
3. On LinkedIn, 98% of posts with images receive more comments and posts with links have a 200% higher engagement rate.
4. There are about 81 million fake Facebook accounts and about 5% of twitter accounts are bogus.
5. 100 million hours of video content are watched on Facebook daily.
6. More than 1 million LinkedIn users have published long-form content, with 160,000 long-form posts being published weekly. and over 19.7 million SlideShare presentations have been uploaded to the platform.
7. 88% of businesses with more than 100 employees use twitter for marketing purposes.
8. The user-submitted YouTube video with the most views is “Charlie bit my finger” with over 845 million views.
9. Pizza is the most widely instagrammed food, directly ahead of steak and sushi.
10. Blogging continues to grow, with over 409 million people viewing more than 23.6 billion pages each month on WordPress alone.
Check out this very cool infographic from Red Website Design! Excited to see these statistics in an infographic.
Our prediction for 2107? Messaging apps!
29% of smartphone users utilize general messaging apps, like Whatsapp, Viber, or Kik. As Facebook continues to test new methods for advertising through messenger, and customers demand a higher level of customer service, we predict that more brands will look to utilize messaging ads and applications in the year to come. Stay tuned…
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Turbodbc is a Python module to access relational databases via the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) interface. In addition to complying with the Python Database API Specification 2.0, turbodbc offers built-in NumPy support. Don’t wait minutes for your results, just blink.
- Bulk retrieval of result sets
- Built-in NumPy support
- Built-in Apache Arrow support
- Bulk transfer of query parameters
- Asynchronous I/O for result sets
- Automatic conversion of decimal type to integer, float, and string as appropriate
- Supported data types for both result sets and parameters:
- Also provides a high-level C++11 database driver under the hood
- Tested with Python 3.8, 3.9 and 3.10
- Tested on 64 bit versions of Linux, OSX, and Windows (Python 3.8+).
Why should I use turbodbc instead of other ODBC modules?¶
Short answer: turbodbc is faster.
Slightly longer answer: turbodbc is faster, much faster if you want to work with NumPy.
Medium-length answer: I have tested turbodbc and pyodbc (probably the most popular Python ODBC module) with various databases (Exasol, PostgreSQL, MySQL) and corresponding ODBC drivers. I found turbodbc to be consistently faster.
For retrieving result sets, I found speedups between 1.5 and 7 retrieving plain Python objects. For inserting data, I found speedups of up to 100.
Is this completely scientific? Not at all. I have not told you about which hardware I used, which operating systems, drivers, database versions, network bandwidth, database layout, SQL queries, what is measured, and how I performed was measured.
All I can tell you is that if I exchange pyodbc with turbodbc, my benchmarks took less time, often approaching one (reading) or two (writing) orders of magnitude. Give it a spin for yourself, and tell me if you liked it.
Smooth. What is the trick?¶
Turbodbc exploits buffering.
- Turbodbc implements both sending parameters and retrieving result sets using buffers of multiple rows/parameter sets. This avoids round trips to the ODBC driver and (depending how well the ODBC driver is written) to the database.
- Multiple buffers are used for asynchronous I/O. This allows to interleave Python object conversion and direct database interaction (see performance options below).
- Buffers contain binary representations of data. NumPy arrays contain binary representations of data. Good thing they are often the same, so instead of converting we can just copy data.
- 64 bit operating systems (32 bit not supported)
- Linux (successfully built on Ubuntu 12, Ubuntu 14, Debian 7, Debian 8)
- OSX (successfully built on Sierra a.k.a. 10.12 and El Capitan a.k.a. 10.11)
- Windows (successfully built on Windows 10)
- Python 3.7, 3.8, 3.9
- More environments probably work as well, but these are the versions that are regularly tested on Travis or local development machines.
Turbodbc uses suites of unit and integration tests to ensure quality. Every time turbodbc’s code is updated on GitHub, turbodbc is automatically built from scratch and tested with the following databases:
- PostgreSQL (Linux, OSX, Windows)
- MySQL (Linux, OSX, Windows)
- MSSQL (Windows, with official MS driver)
During development, turbodbc is tested with the following database:
- Exasol (Linux, OSX)
Releases will not be made if any (implemented) test fails for any of the databases listed above. The following databases/driver combinations are tested on an irregular basis:
- MSSQL with FreeTDS (Linux, OSX)
- MSSQL with Microsoft’s official ODBC driver (Linux)
There is a good chance that turbodbc will work with other, totally untested databases as well. There is, however, an equally good chance that you will encounter compatibility issues. If you encounter one, please take the time to report it so turbodbc can be improved to work with more real-world databases. Thanks!
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However much President Obama wants to support the democratic thrust of the Arab spring, strategic considerations place real constraints on his policy options, writes Sean Yom. But there is scope for shifting the threshold of what is tolerable from Middle East rulers, while creating space for local democratic actors.
Tomorrow’s eagerly anticipated speech gives the President Obama an opportunity to offer the clearest articulation yet of the still-evolving Obama Doctrine. But observers should not expect a paradigmatic shift in foreign policy, in which the US sacrifices strategic interests wholesale on the altar of democratic idealism.
The Fifth Fleet needs a Persian Gulf base, not least because of Iran; so no policy principal will be calling for the deposal of the Al-Khalifa dynasty in Manama, despite the popular opposition it faces. Israeli security depends on its western flank, so Washington will hardly rejoice if Egypt’s next government is dominated by Islamists, no matter how free and fair the elections. In many ways, American grand strategy in the Middle East remains wedded to the realist overtones set by the Eisenhower Doctrine more than a half-century ago. The US desires stable democracies; but given the rarity of such states in the region, it will take stability if given a hard choice.
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It’s a common tale for the first-time hearing aid user: much to your chagrin (but typically to the delight of an annoyed family member or friend), you head to the audiologist. You sit for your first hearing test, and after an hour of intermittent hand-raising, you’re told that– no surprise– you have hearing loss. Whether you have seen an audiologist and received suggestions on which hearing aid to purchase, or have merely attended a free audiology clinic, walking away recommendation-less, one thing is for sure: you almost always leave feeling confused.
Hearing loss is a novel experience for many, and opens up a lot of issues of uncertainty. It’s tough to process the cornucopia of new terminology coming your way– channels, bands, RIC, CIC, Bluetooth…and more. Luckily, Audicus is here to help you sift through this information and ultimately answer the question: which hearing aid is right for me?
One Common Misconception: Everyone Can Use the Same Hearing Aid
A hearing aid is a hearing aid, right? Wrong! There’s a reason for getting that hearing test! It’s not just a piece of paper, you know. Each individual’s hearing test (also called an audiogram) contains pertinent information about the intricacies of lapses and deficits, as well as strong points, in one’s so-called hearing profile. This means that a hearing aid for one person must be programmed to be more powerful than a hearing aid for someone else (think eyeglasses– they all do the same thing for people, but in a slightly different manner). If everyone were to use the same hearing aid, some individuals would experience notable gains, some would be overwhelmed with an overload of sound, and others still might not even notice a difference. So, personalization is key!
A Second Common Misconception: Hearing Aids Should Be Chosen Based on Lifestyle
Before we discuss this personalization, let’s clarify that personalization should be done based on your medical record, not on your lifestyle. Lifestyle factors may be considered when choosing a hearing aid— for instance, avid motorcycle riders want something that’ll stay put under a snug helmet while they cruise, like a CIC, while gym-rats might search for a device that won’t mind a little sweat-exposure, like a BTE with open fit. While these are all valid considerations, it’s important to keep in mind that these should be secondary factors in choosing your hearing aid. Again, personalization is the number one factor to be considered in choosing your device. So, what do we mean by personalization exactly?
Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound
Your audiogram will yield a set of numbers, similar to an eyeglass prescription, the entirety of which can be identified by a single moniker to identify your hearing loss: mild, moderate, severe, or profound. This, my friends, is how you determine– which hearing aid is right for me? An audiogram, like the one shown here, indicates the level of hearing loss. Most hearing aids advertise a certain corresponding capability. For instance, the Audicus Uno covers mild to moderate hearing loss– if you have 50dB of hearing loss, go for it! If you have 80dB loss, though, you’ll need to keep searching for something stronger, like our Canto RIC device, which can actually cover mild, moderate, severe and profound hearing losses (it boasts the widest range of coverage within the products we feature).
Once you narrow it down to the hearing aid(s) best fit for your medical needs, you can consider other factors like whether the hearing aids are sweat-proof, what types of batteries they use, or stylistic factors like color! Don’t forget to check out Audicus’ great product line here, and ask any follow up questions you may have to our stellar customer support team. You can always access our FAQs, too.
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Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent of mental disorders, yet the chronic and disabling nature of these conditions is often seriously underestimated. This has led to under-diagnosis and under-treatment. The lifetime prevalence rates for experiencing any anxiety disorder range from 10.4 to 28.8 percent. Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by various combinations of key features – excessive anxiety, fear, worry, avoidance, and compulsive rituals – that are associated with impaired functioning or significant distress.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (GAD7 tool)
- Scoring and Assessment Scale for GAD-7
- Score 5-9: Mild Anxiety
- Score 10-14: Moderate Anxiety
- Score 15+: Severe Anxiety
- For scores of 10 or above, seek further evaluation from a behavioral health professional
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(Word limit 1000-1200) (30)
Q.3What is Charisma? Discuss any two leaders whose Charisma has brought success or failure to their nations/followers. Critically analyze the contributing reasons/factors. (Word limit 1000-1200) (30)
* Leadership & Resource Management (Correspondence Component) * Management by, Peter F, Drucker
* Principles of Management Koontz, Harald
* Principles of Management - by Stephen P. Robbins.
Q.1What are different types of Managers on the basis of their functional area and level in the organization? Give examples from PAF to elaborate your answer.
Ans. to Q.1
TYPES OF MANAGERS
1.Management comprises directing and controlling a group of one or more people or entities for the purpose of coordinating and harmonizing them towards accomplishing a goal. Managers are people who work with and through other people by providing guidance to accomplish work activities related to the realization of organizational goals. They are often classified into three groups in a hierarchy of authority, and each has different, but related, responsibilities. These three types of managers are grouped into departments (or functions). A department is a group of people who work together and possess similar skills or use the same skill sets to perform their jobs. These include top managers, middle managers and first-line managers. In the succeeding paragraphs levels of managers are discussed:-
(a)Top Managers.Top managers are responsible for the performance of all departments and therefore have a cross-departmental responsibility. Because top management is ultimately responsible for the success or failure of the organization, persons inside and outside of the organization closely scrutinize their performance. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, or chief executive officer. They have to fulfill the following basic responsibilities:-
(i)Top-level managers require an extensive knowledge of management roles and skills.
(ii)They have to chalk out the plan and see that plan may be effective in future
(iii)They have to be very aware of external factors.
(iv)Their decisions are generally of a long-term nature.
(v)They are responsible for strategic decisions.
(b)Middle Managers.Middle managers supervise first-line managers. They also work with first line managers to identify new ways of reaching organizational goals. Very often, the suggestions that they make to top management can dramatically increase organizational performance. They may have titles such as regional manager, project leader, store manager, or division manager. Their basic roles are following:-
(i)Mid-level managers have a specialized understanding of certain managerial tasks.
(ii)They are responsible for and carrying out the decisions made by top-level management.
(iii)They are responsible for tactical decisions.
(c)First Line Managers.First line managers are responsible for the daily supervision of non-managerial employees. They are basically responsible for following tasks:-
(i)This level of management ensures that the decisions and plans taken by the other two are carried out.
(ii)First Line Managers' decisions are generally short-term but critical for achieving required performance from the working staff.
2.To achieve different organizational goals, these managers from different levels need to focus on their teams, motivate them and get the maximum out of them. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are all very important management functions needed to grow a...
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The first French Revolution in Israeli wine came at the end of the 19th century when Baron Edmond de Rothschild founded a modern wine industry. He was a Paris banker and winery owner and he invested millions in planting vineyards in the 1880’s and building wineries with deep underground cellars in the 1890’s. He used French administrators, the most experienced French agronomists and French winemakers. The accounts were kept in French and the wine growers cooperative he set up was even registered in French: Société Cooperative des Grandes Caves. So undoubtedly the Israeli wine industry was revived after 2,000 years owing to French finance and French expertise. Israeli wine was built on French roots.
Now a new French revolution is in the air. In recent years many French people have made Aliyah. For example, even the leafy, quiet Ra’anana where I live, has developed a French accent. French can be heard freely on the streets and there is a new sprinkling of French retail shops, butchers, French cafes with café au lait, authentic baguettes and light, fluffy croissants. Vive Le France!
Now, you would not expect our wine trade not to be affected, after all, French Jews are strong Zionists, love the Land of Israel and they have the world’s most famous wine culture coursing through their wines. So it will not surprise you to know that some French entrepreneurs have invested in Israeli wine.
One of the best of the new wineries is Domaine Seror, a particularly high quality initiative founded by four friends. These are the entrepreneurs and businessmen Claude Seror, Michael Golan, Jean David Benochou and Jacques Nataf. They wanted to combine French wine culture, Zionism, with Israeli agriculture and technology and their desire to contribute to the Land of Israel. The winery is based on the Avnei Eitan Moshav on the southern Golan Heights overlooking the Sea of Galilee. Here experienced farmer Yuval Matzliach, turned vineyard owner, manages the vineyards and the winery. Matzliach is an irrepressible survivor of the Gush Katif evacuation. Thankfully he and his family have found a corner of Israel they can call home, in this case, the wine country that is the Golan Heights! On meeting him, you will think he is proud of his wine….until you hear him talk about his olive oil!
The experienced and talented Itay Lahat is the winemaker. He once worked for Barkan as a winemaker viticulturist and he has since become the leading and most sought-after wine consultant in Israel. Seror produce some very fine wines.
The L’Or Rosé is an ideal rosé. It is pale salmon pink, with delicate fruit, and a clean, crisp, refreshing finish. The Claude Seror Rouge is a blend of mainly Cabernet Sauvignon balanced by Merlot and a little Syrah. The wine is deep colored with a black fruit aromas, a great structure supported by ripe tannins, soft oak flavors and a long well balanced finish. Best of all is their Syrah, which must be one of the best in the country. Deep, complex, mouth filling with notes of leather and spice and a long flavorful finish.
Jacques Capsouto is a Frenchman who settled in America and opened the Capsouto Frères Restaurant in Manhattan. This became a fixture for over thirty years and was famous for two things, amongst others. Firstly, the restaurant was a must visit venue for its soufflés and secondly for being an ambassador for Israeli wines. It was the first non-kosher restaurant to give a focus to Israeli wines, putting them on the wine list and promoting them by the glass.
Two unkind cuts brought this institution to an end. Hurricane Sandy destroyed the restaurant and one of Jacques brothers, a partner in the business, passed away. So, Jacques Capsouto at the age of 70, when most start winding down and taking things easier, decided to found a winery in Israel. He called it Jacques Capsouto Vignobles. He planted a beautiful vineyard on the slopes near Pekiin and made wine at Choshen. Thus he became a pioneer of the Western Galilee. His winemaker is Eran Israeli who heads up the Ohalo Winemaking School at Katzrin and he engaged Jean Luc Colombo, an icon of the Rhone, as his consultant.
He planted only grapes from the Southern Rhone. There are no Cabernets, Merlots, Chardonnays or Sauvignons at his winery. This is because he firmly believes this is the direction our winemaking future should take, and he believes in only making blends. His labels are dead ringers for Cote de Rhone labels in look, and he writes Cote de Galilee Village and the explanation ‘Mediterranean Blends 'on the labels. Each wine is named after a member of his family, these include his closest family members, parents and brothers, Eva, Albert, Samuel and Marco.
The Cuvée Eva Rosé is especially good. It is made from Cinsault, Grenache and Mourvèdre. A beautiful onion skin color with delicate aromas and a piercing acidity. The Cuvée Albert Blanc made from Marsanne, Roussanne and Clairette is a complex white with grassy, herbal character. The Samuel Rouge is the essence of a Mediterranean blend. Fruity, but not in your face, chewy and refreshing. It is made from Mourvèdre, Grenache and Counoise grapes.
Pierre Miodownik was the winemaker for Royal Wines Europe, making kosher wines in France, Spain, and Portugal. Royal Wine is the most international producer of kosher wines and the largest importer and distributor of kosher wines in the world. He was one of the main figures responsible for bringing kosher wines to the famous wineries of Europe. He made Aliyah with his seven children and planted a vineyard in the Ein Dor region, near Mount Tabor in the Lower Galilee and makes his wine near Mount Meron in the Upper Galilee. He also chose to avoid the classic varieties, going for Rhone varieties but also varieties from Spain, Portugal and the Loire Valley. Netofa Winery is centered at Mitzpe Netofa, where they have one of the most luxurious wine tasting rooms in the country. Plush armchairs and its situation next to a synagogue, give a unique flavor.
I especially like the Domaine Netofa White made from Chenin Blanc, preferring the leaner unoaked version to the oak aged one, and the Latour Netofa Red, an elegant, fresh blend of Syrah and Mourvèdre. The prestige Dor Syrah is a limited edition production and it is a big wine. Powerful, full bodied with very concentrated fruit flavors backed by vanilla from oak aging. It packs a punch. The port style fortified desert wines are also excellent. There is a less expensive Ruby style and a more exclusive LBV style. Both worthy, but dependent on your budget.
Further south is another French Israeli initiative. This is La Citadelle de Diamont, which is owned by businessman Laurent Emsellem in partnership with David Marciano. It replaced the Titora Winery in Kfar Ruth, not far from Modiin. Their winemaker is Patrick Hababou, the former owner of Titora.
Their prime objective is to make a French style rosé. Rosé is looked down in many parts of the world, as neither white or red. However, in France, rosé has a quality status not shared by anyone else in the world. Provence is a region famous above all for its Rosé, and the Tavel Rosé and Anjou Rosé are other famous rosés from the Rhone & Loire respectively.
What is innovative about this winery was that it was created with rosé in mind, which is innovative and should be praised. This is totally appropriate in Israel of today, where rosé is ‘in’. It has finally been accepted as being perfect for our region, the Eastern Mediterranean, also for our Mediterranean climate and our Mediterranean Middle East fusion cuisine. No-one should feel inferior any more for having put a rosé on the table. It is a symbol of the Mediterranean.
La Citadelle’s objective is to make rosé from Grenache and Cinsault grapes in the style of the southern French rosé. I tasted their Mademoiselle Rosé and it was good. This is something they have in common with Domaine Seror and Vignobles Capsouto. It was pale colored, steely with refreshing acidity. The reds were less good, but maybe I got unlucky with problem bottles as can happen. This is the most ostentatious of the wineries with a French accent with very showy labels, and a very loud shelf presence, but paradoxically it is the most reluctant to give information. The proof of the pudding is of course in the glass.
We also some very fine French born winemakers. Philippe Lichtenstein was head winemaker of Zichron Yaacov Cellars and is now winemaker of Arza Winery, the fifth largest winery in Israel and of the newly launched Hayotzer Winery. Olivier Fratty is a winemaker at Teperberg Winery, the fourth largest winery and largest family winery in Israel. Both Hayotzer and Teperberg are making very fine wines today. My favorites are the Hayotzer Lyrica GSM and Teperberg Legacy Cabernet Franc.
Of course the Eastern Mediterranean is the cradle of wine culture and wine was made here thousands of years before the vine even reached France. However France is without doubt by far and away the number one country for fine wines today. It is therefore fitting that we owe the revival of our wine industry to a Frenchman, and that the French connection is strengthening as French winery owners and winemakers are again contributing to Israel wine. Chapeau…. A Votre Santé!
Adam Montefiore has been advancing Israeli wines for over thirty years. He is known as ‘the ambassagor of Israeli wine.He is the wine writer for the Jerusalem Post’ www.adammontefiore.com
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Brought to you by WBIW News and Network Indiana
Last updated on Friday, July 10, 2009
(UNDATED) - A new report released by the US Global Change Research Program indicates Indiana is suffering the ill effects of global warming.
The Richard Lugar center for renewable energy at IUPUI held a roundtable discussion Thursday to discuss the study, saying global warming has led to an increase in severe weather in Indiana.
Environment America spokeswoman Lucinda Hulman points specifically to data that shows downpours in Indiana are twice as frequent as they were a century ago.
1340 AM WBIW welcomes comments and suggestions by calling 812.277.1340 during normal business hours or by email at email@example.com
© Ad-Venture Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Click here to go back to previous page
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Topics ranging from plant propagation, managing healthy soils, small farm equipment maintenance, drip irrigation, tree fruit production, introduction to cut flowers, farm business management, pest and disease control, and many other topics will be covered in this year’s workshop series. More information and registration is available at www.growinggrowers.org.
The workshops are hosted by Growing Growers – Kansas City, a collaborative effort of K-State Research and Extension, University of Missouri Extension, Lincoln University Cooperative Extension, the Kansas Rural Center, the Kansas City Food Circle and Cultivate Kansas City.
Cost of the workshops is $15 or $30, depending on whether it is a half- or full-day program. All workshops include farm tours of nearby commercial farms that are using techniques relevant to the workshop topic.
Workshop dates, topics and locations:
* March 16 – Plant Propagation and Production Planning – Kansas City, Kan.
* March 20 – KC Metro Area Farmers Market Workshop – Olathe, Kan.
* April 11 – Building and Managing Healthy Soils – Olathe, Kan.
* May 11 – Small Farm Equipment and Drip Irrigation – Lawrence, Kan.
* May 28 –– Conservation Agriculture & Sustaining Soils – Lawrence, Kan.
* June 8 – Postharvest Handling – Lawrence, Kan.
* June 20 – Introduction to Tree Fruit Production – Kansas City, Mo.
* July 13 –Equipment Maintenance– Kansas City, Mo.
* July 25 – Insect, Disease, and Weed Management – Kansas City, Mo.
* August 3– Introduction to Cut Flowers – Kansas City, Mo.
* August 10 – Field Day/Horticulture Research Update – Olathe, Kan.
* August 17 – Storage Crops – Baldwin City, Kan.
* September 5 – Farm Business Management – Kansas City, Mo.
* September To be determined – Livestock Options for Small Farmers – To be determined.
Growing Growers also coordinates a farm apprenticeship program for aspiring growers and maintains an electronic mailing list of growers.
More information about Growing Growers workshops, including specific location, times and registration information is available at www.growinggrowers.org.
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From firsthand experience here in Oklahoma, all of our Arkansas water shed lakes have now had zebra mussels for 12 years. Sooner where I fish the most (power plant lake) the Zebras have contributed to an explosion in the drum population, this in turn has provided another source of forage (small drum) they were scarce before Zebra Mussels, secchi disk tests, have not confirmed much change in turbidity, threadfin shad and silversides(ghost minnows) seem to be thriving better, when zebra veligers are present, and these populations are on the rise. Sooner is a fairly sterile clear lake in the first place , no real inflow, except for a pump in from the Arkansas river.
We also have white perch now too as a result of Arkansas river from Kansas. The sunfish population CRASHED, anecdotally it appears to be holding steady, but no net samples to prove this. All Striper, Hybrids, Sandbass, white perch seem to be thriving, while Largemouth are getting bigger with new available forage, their recruitment is now poor, ODWC is considering supplemental stocking of all sunfish. Saugeye and catfish are also doing well -- the Zebra population seems to be lower now than when we first started seeing them, rocks are not as encrusted as they were five years ago -- I think what you CAN say is that Zebra mussels will reach a stable population, controlled by drum catfish, and threadfin shad eating veligers, you can also say that former fishing patterns will DEFINITELY change, we find most all of our fish 15-30' deeper than we did ten years ago -so now we fish 70' deep as opposed to 30' deep --its not all doom and gloom, nature adjusts - Tony Hughes, Lateral Line Guide Services Stillwater OK.
Edited by thughes55 (11/26/16 10:25 AM)
Screamin Drags All!!!
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What is a W-2G? Gambling Winnings and Losses and How to Report
The Form W-2G reports income and withholdings related to gambling. Generally, you will receive a Form W-2G if you receive:
$600 or more in gambling winnings and the payout is at least 300 times the amount of the
wager (except winnings from bingo, keno, and slot machines);
$1,200 or more in gambling winnings from bingo or slot machines;
$1,500 or more in proceeds (the amount of winnings less the amount of the wager) from keno; OR
Any gambling winnings subject to federal income tax withholding.
To view a sample Form W-2G, click here.
Gambling winnings are fully taxable and must be reported on your tax return. Here are the top seven facts the Internal Revenue Service wants you to know about gambling winnings.
1. Gambling income includes – but is not limited to – winnings from lotteries, raffles, horse and dog races and casinos, as well as the fair market value of prizes such as cars, houses, trips or other noncash prizes.
2. Depending on the type and amount of your winnings, the payer might provide you with a Form W-2G and may have withheld federal income taxes from the payment.
3. The full amount of your gambling winnings for the year must be reported on line 21 of IRS Form 1040. You may not use Form 1040A or 1040EZ (TaxSlayer will automatically use Form 1040 for you). This rule applies regardless of the amount and regardless of whether you receive a Form W-2G or any other reporting form.
4. If you itemize deductions, you can deduct your gambling losses for the year on line 28 of Schedule A, Form 1040.
5. You cannot deduct gambling losses that are more than your winnings.
6. It is important to keep an accurate diary or similar record of your gambling winnings and losses.
7. To deduct your losses, you must be able to provide receipts, tickets, statements or other records that show the amount of both your winnings and losses.
To enter Gambling Winnings in our program go to Federal Section > Income (Enter Myself) > Other Income > Gambling Winnings
To enter Gambling Losses in our program go to Federal Section > Deductions (Enter Myself) > Itemized Deductions > Miscellaneous Deductions. Please read the "Learn More" link attached to that entry line, remembering that you cannot deduct losses that are more than your winnings.
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The number of children being treated for anxiety in Cheshire's hospitals has soared in recent years.
Figures released by NHS Digital show that hospital trusts in Cheshire treated people aged between 10 and 19 around 390 times in 2017/18, as well as treating under 10s a small number of times.
This is up from the previous figure of 305 treatments for those aged 10 to 19, and shockingly represents a sevenfold increase from the figures of 2010/11, when around 55 incidences were reported.
The figures show that young people aged 10-19 were treated 215 times at Mid Cheshire Hospitals Trust in 2017/18, up from 185 the previous year (2016/17) and seven times as high as in 2010/11, when the figure was just 30.
Countess of Chester has seen a fivefold increase in treatments for this age group
The Countess of Chester has seen a fivefold increase in treatments for this age group over the past eight years, up from 25 in 2010/11 to 115 in 2017/18, while East Cheshire has seen them jump from less than eight cases in 2010/11 to 60 in 2017/18.
The increase reflects the national picture in the number of children being treated for anxiety in hospital, with hospitals in England reporting that those aged 10-19 were treated for anxiety 28,204 times in 2017/18, a rise of more than a quarter from 22,080 in 2016/17.
However, the most recent figures are almost seven times higher than the numbers recorded in 2010/11, when those aged 10 to 19 were treated 4,239 times.
Tom Madders, Director of Campaigns at YoungMinds, said: "These worrying figures reflect the rapidly growing demand for children’s mental health services, and we know that many more families can’t get the support they need.
"The new NHS long term plan must lead to increased funding for young people’s mental health, and much better support when problems first emerge. Schools also need more resources and recognition for the work they do on wellbeing and mental health."
The figures cover finished consultant episodes where the patient has a primary or secondary diagnosis of anxiety. The diagnoses include anxiety disorders, phobic anxiety disorders, separation anxiety and social anxiety.
The same child may be treated more than once in the same year, and NHS Digital has rounded numbers and suppressed small numbers to reduce the risk of individuals being identified.
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Is Angkor Wat owned by Vietnam?
Although the region merged into Southern Vietnam in the 1954 Geneva Accords, many in that area still speak Khmer and feel oppressed by the current Vietnamese government. … Sokimex, a private company founded by an ethnic Vietnamese-Cambodian businessman, has managed the tourism of Angkor Wat since 1990.
Can you drive from Cambodia to Vietnam?
Yes, the driving distance between Cambodia to Vietnam is 230 km. It takes approximately 3h 23m to drive from Cambodia to Vietnam.
Is Vietnam and Cambodia worth visiting?
Travel Experiences – Vietnam or Cambodia? When it comes to exciting travel experiences, Cambodia wins. Though Vietnam has lots of incredible places to see and things to do, Vietnam is more touristy and therefore, the travel experiences just aren’t quite as adventurous or remote as we’d like.
How easy is it to travel from Vietnam to Cambodia?
Is it easy to travel from Vietnam to Cambodia? Yes, it is easy to travel to Cambodia from Vietnam. You can take a tourist bus via Bavet border crossing or direct flights from Ho Chi Minh City to Phnom Penh. You can also receive visa for Cambodia at Bavet border crossing or you can buy e-visa online on www.evisa.gov.kh.
How old is Angkor Wat really?
Angkor Wat is an architectural masterpiece and the largest religious monument in the world – covering an area four times the size of Vatican City. It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the first half of the 12th century, around the year 1110-1150, making Angkor Wat almost 900 years old.
Why is Angkor Wat so famous?
Though just one of hundreds of surviving temples and structures, the massive Angkor Wat is the most famed of all Cambodia’s temples—it appears on the nation’s flag—and it is revered for good reason. The 12th century “temple-mountain” was built as a spiritual home for the Hindu god Vishnu.
Is Vietnam cheaper than Cambodia?
By figuring out which country is more expensive, you’ll understand where you’ll get more bang for your buck. A week in Cambodia can cost you about $348 (per person), while a week in Vietnam may cost you around $369. These differences become even more noticable if you plan to spend a longer time in the country.
Is there a train from Vietnam to Cambodia?
To travel from Vietnam to Cambodia, you have to take a bus. There is no passenger train connection between these two countries. There are daily direct bus connections from Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) to Siem Reap (Cambodia) with a journey time of 9 hours and a ticket fare from 25 EUR.
How long do you need in Vietnam and Cambodia?
9 Days – Best of Vietnam and Cambodia in a First Glance
This is the ideal number of days to spend in Vietnam and Cambodia for first-timers and those who have a limited time budget. With this tour, you can see the two countries in its highlights with best places to go and best things to do.
What language do they speak in Cambodia?
The Khmer language, the national language of Cambodia, is a member of the Mon-Khmer family of languages spoken over vast area of mainland South-East Asia.
What is best month to visit Vietnam?
While this variety makes Vietnam a year-round destination, spring (March to April) is typically the best time to visit the entire country, when days are generally pleasant, temperatures are moderate and rainfall is light.
Is Cambodia poorer than Vietnam?
Cambodia has a GDP per capita of $4,000 as of 2017, while in Vietnam, the GDP per capita is $6,900 as of 2017.
How much is a bus from Vietnam to Cambodia?
The cost-effective way to get from Vietnam to Cambodia is to bus, which costs $17 – $19 and takes 6h 8m.
How many hours is Laos from Vietnam?
Average direct flight time is 1 hours 42 minutes.
The fastest direct flight from Vietnam to Laos is 1 hours 42 minutes.
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"This week a solar eclipse that reduced the sun to a blazing ring surrounding a sombre disk plunged millions of people in Africa and Asia into an eerie semi-darkness."
Wie immer, hier ein paar Eindrücke aus unterschiedlichen Gegenden...
Here as usual some impressions from the different areas in the Indian Ocean...India by Partha Sarathi Gotswami
Mauritius by Thierry
"An annular eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly in front of the sun but does not completely obscure it, thus leaving a ring – an annulus – of sunlight flaring around the lunar disk."Again China, here in Hongdao- before and during the eclipse
Und hier ein Video aus Kerala/Indien, wo die Sonnenfinsternis bis zu 84% sichtbar war...-
And here a video from Kerala in India where the eclipse had a visiblity of 84%...
There are lots and lots of more incredible photos, videos and reports, to be honest, I lost track but for those who like to see more, follow the links....and enjoy!
Source and photo credits if not specified under the photo: DJMickLive, Mail Online
More photos: on flickr, of Thierry in Mauritius on Island Crisis, Focus/dt. Artikel mit Fotos
A special site dedicated to this event only comes from our friend Desh from Sri Lanka...
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Erie County (PA) Genealogy
Fairview Township – History of Fairview Township
Contributed by Rich Biondi
The article below has been transcribed by Rich Biondi from an article published in the March 16, 1871 issue of the Erie Gazette newspaper. It was one of series of articles written for the Erie Gazette by Captain N. W. Russell covering the history of Erie County. If anyone has any questions or comments concerning this article, please contact Rich Biondi directly.
This is one of the original townships in name, but its boundary lines have been greatly reduced since the first laying out – Girard and Franklin having taken large portions of the original territory. It now contains 15,824 acres and 375 taxables. As it now is there is probably less waste land and more fertile soil than any other township in the county. The south end of this township is the most fertile and best adapted for grain growing then the southern end of any other of the lake townships. For this purpose it is unquestionably the best land in the county. A part of Fairview lies south of the old state or triangle line.
Walnut creek crosses the north-eastern part. This creek empties into the lake. Elk creek crosses the southern portion and runs into Girard township. Both these streams have high, bluff banks, with but little waste land on either of them.
The first settlers were nearly all of Protestant Irish stock. Many were born in Ireland and some in this country. Francis Scott located here as early as 1796, and at quite an advanced age died in the township in 1851. For a year previous to 1796 he had been in the employ of Thomas Rees while surveying the land in the triangle.
The Harrisburg and Presque Isle land Company was organized in Dauphin county in 1796 and elected Colonel Thomas Forster as agent. He came on here forthwith and after looking over the county, picking out lots in various parts, he selected a large quantity of land at the mouth of Walnut creek, on the lake shore twelve miles west of Erie, and gave it the name of Fairview, because of the beautiful prospect of the lake from the mouth of the creek and its banks. The name was subsequently applied to the whole township.
John and George Nicholson were born in Ireland, and while they were yet young boys emigrated with their parents to America. The family landed at New Castle, Delaware, and proceeded to Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. In 1797, these two brothers married and came to this county, choosing a location in this township. John died in Millcreek in 1827 and George in Fairview in 1834. Their descendants are still the owners and residents of the first locations, and are well known to the readers of the Gazette. Of George’s sons, but two (William and Alexander) are still living. Their lands extend into Millcreek and Fairview townships, owning on both sides of the line. William has been a resident in South Erie for the past twenty years.
John Kelso located near the mouth of Walnut creek in 1797, but removed to Millcreek in 1800, and afterwards to Erie, where he died in 1819. Richard Swan located in 1797, and eleven years later his demise is recorded. His descendants still occupy the old grounds. Patrick Vance, the McKees – Alexander, Patrick and John – Jeremiah and William Sturgeon, and William Haggarty, were also among the settlers of 1797. Mr. Vance died at his first location in 1814. The McKees subsequently changed their location to Millcreek, where Patrick died in 1813. John in 1814, and Alexander in 1834. The Sturgeon brothers located on Trout Run – Jeremiah dying there in 1819, and William surviving till 1838. Mr. Haggarty preferred a farm in the south-eastern part of the township, and located there in 1797.
Colonel Forster brought his family to Erie in the year 1800, and resided there until his death in 1836. He built the first saw-mill at Fairview in 1797, and had a grist mill put up which was finished in 1800.
The first of the class of people commonly called Pennsylvania Dutch that came to Erie county from Lancaster were John Riblet and his sons, who located in Harborcreek, and Christian and Jacob Ebersole. These persons arrived here in 1801. Christian Ebersole first located in Harborcreek. Two years subsequently he removed to Millcreek. His brother Jacob located in Fairview, where he remained until 1810, when he sold his place to Moses Barnett, of Dauphin county, and thence removed to Knox county, Ohio, where he died in 1832. The first German families of the lake shore valley were remarkable for their honesty, industry, economy, and perseverance. They were people who would prosper in any county. Their descendants are large in number, well known, and among our very best citizens.
James Moorhead was the only one of that large family who located outside of Harborcreek. He chose a farm in Fairview. He was also a useful citizen.
William Arbuckle came to this township in 1802, and after residing here thirty years, removed to Millcreek, where he died in 1863. James Arbuckle also decided to become a citizen of the same place in 1802. After residing there many years, he removed to Painsville, Ohio, to close this mortal life.
Thomas Kennedy located near Trout Run in 1800. Joseph M. Kratz (a Frenchman), opened a small store near the mouth of Walnut creek in 1802, and was early appointed a Justice of the Peace. He subsequently removed to Erie, and served some years as County Treasurer, and finally died in January 1849, a pauper.
Thomas McCreary early settled in this township, and was among the earliest appointed Justices of the Peace. For a time he taught school in Fairview, and thence removed to Millcreek, where he died in 1833.
Rev. Johnston Eaton first visited Erie county in the year 1805, and remained only a brief period. After spending a year in southern Ohio, he returned hither in 1806. He was the first permanent resident Presbyterian minister in the county. His first sermon was preached in a small log tavern at the mouth of Walnut creek, kept by Captain Swan. The county at this time was literally a wilderness. The mighty grand old forest, was hardly broken by the woodman’s axe. There were not more than two or three churches in the county, and the period of his coming, not a minister of any denomination. He was ordained by the Presbytery of Erie on the 30th day of June 1808. The services were held in William Sturgeon’s barn, near the present site of the village of Fairview. He was installed at the same time pastor of the congregations of Fairview and Springfield, a relation he sustained to the former during the remainder of his life, a period of forty years. He was released from the charge of Springfield on the 8th of November, 1814. He then divided his time between Fairview, Erie, and North East. This arrangement continued until 1818, when North East was dropped, and his time divided between Erie and Fairview, until 1823.
The fragment of an old journal recites something of his early experience: “Preached three months in the congregations of Fairview, Springfield, and Millcreek (probably near Erie), beginning July, 1800, at ninety dollars per quarter.”
In the year 1813, during the war with Great Britain, he was employed as a government chaplain, and ministered to the troops stationed at Erie. He also preached for a portion of his time at Harborcreek, Waterford, Washington, and McKean, in Erie County, PA. He continued to labor in the congregation of Fairview until the close of his earthly tolls. He met with the people for the last time in December 1846, when feeling that it was the last time, he committed them to God and the word of his grace, when his people separated, not to meet again until they met to mingle their tears over his grave. His death took place what had been his earthly home for nearly forty years, on the 17th day of June, 1847, in the seventy-second year of his age, and the forty-third of his ministry.
The widow of Rev. J. Eaton now in her ninety-first year still survives, a resident of Fairview. She had a large family (nine children), most of whom are still living, and are well known, useful and highly respected citizens.
These early families and their descendants have formed the solid stock of Fairview township, although many recent comers are worthy of notice, as they have added materially to the wealth and prosperity of that region. Charles Lord purchased the property at the mouth of Walnut creek, and commenced the work of erecting mills thereon in 1829. He named the place Manchester. His early death undoubtedly checked its growth. The property has since changed hands frequently, but no one seems to have been able to carry out Mr. Lord’s plans, hence today Manchester has no importance. The mills on Walnut creek, owned for many years by the Nicholsons, have always had a good reputation; likewise, the mills erected by Daniel Bear. In the death of this gentleman, an active and useful citizen was lost to the community.
John Caughey and Samuel McCreary early located in this township. Some of their sons have become quite prominent business men. Miles W. Caughey, son of John, was elected Sheriff in 1846, and served a full term with usefulness to the county and credit to himself. David Russell located in the extreme south part of the township in 1822, where he resided until his death a few years ago. He was a useful citizen, and won the esteem of all who knew him.
The first school house in Fairview was built in 1804, on the east bank of School-house Run, on tract No. 284 a little east of Manchester. John Linn a revolutionary soldier, was the first teacher in the winter of 1804-05: the second teacher was William Gordon. His son John was the first person that had arrived at the age of maturity who died in Fairview. His demise occurred in 1805, and his remains were buried on the bank of Lake Erie, and have never been removed.
Fairview township has been considerably reduced since the original boundary lines were set, yet within its present territorial limits it has a population that have accumulated considerable wealth, and in agricultural resources ranks among the first in the county. The character and intelligence of the people can easily be inferred when we state that they have established churches and schools in every direction.
Fairview Borough, Fairview Station, Manchester and Swantown are the villages that have grown up with in the borders of this township. Flouring mills, paper mills, clothing and fulling mills are the most important manufacturing establishments in the township. A large portion of the land has been owned for many years by Pennsylvania German farmers, who are as good as citizens as they are good farmers.
This page was last updated on Tuesday, September 9, 2003
Return to Erie County Genealogy
Return to Fairview Township
Return to Erie County History
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When the Chinese heavenly god and the Chinese earth god decided to create Chinese Astrology and associate Chinese horoscope signs with animals of planet earth, they concluded that each Chinese horoscope sign would need a sort of a powerful material that would not only represent the sign itself, but it would also develop a strong connection (spiritual relationship) with individuals that belong to that sign.
So the great Chinese gods collected the twelve most valuable and powerful gem stones on planet earth. These where: Garnet, Aquamarine, Sapphire, Pearl, Amethyst, Opal, Topaz, Emerald, Peridot, Citrine, Diamond and Ruby. Then by studying the attributes of the gem stones they assigned each gem to a Chinese Horoscope sign. These gem stones would protect and bring luck to the possessor. Let’s talk about the attributes of the last six lucky Chinese horoscope gem stones and their association with Chinese Astrology and culture.
Lucky gem stone: Topaz
Associated Chinese horoscope sign: Horse
Attributes: Topaz is associated with courage, confidence, creativity, relaxation and security. And indeed Topaz is a powerful gem stone that Chinese use to overcome all fears and achieve all kinds of amazing goals. Topaz is also a great gem stone for artists, fashion people, architects, writers or decorators and everyone who needs an increased amount of imagination and creativity. Topaz has a yellow-golden color. An old Chinese legend claims that Topaz can help you think higher and deeper and can also show you how to overcome all obstacles that may stand in your way. Traditional Chinese doctors use it extensively to cure mental disorders or brain conditions.
Lucky gem stone: Emerald
Associated Chinese horoscope sign: Sheep
Attributes: Emerald symbolizes the mother of all goddesses. It is associated with love, money and wealth, beauty, integrity, self knowledge, truth, justice and rarity. Chinese believe that it is a powerful gem stone that will bring prosperity, increased sexual capabilities and potency. It is used to attract members of the opposite sex and find pure and true love. A Chinese legend clearly states that the emerald is “The Gem Stone of Truth” and if your heart deserves it, then the emerald will help you find the eternal truth. Chinese believe that the use of emeralds, combined with the careful use of candles can attract and conquer every heart and soul. Emeralds are also great natural antidepressants that will increase mental clarity and perception. This rare green gem stone is also used for people who find it hard telling the truth.
Lucky gem stone: Peridot
Associated Chinese horoscope sign: Monkey
Attributes: Peridot is a unique gem stone that is deeply associated with marriage, mental health, spirituality, maturity, mysticism, jealousy, channeling and visions. It is considered very mysterious and powerful. Chinese use to fight the jealousy and envy of evil people. Ancient Chinese soldiers used it to sooth their anger since it was a rule of thumb that you should never attack or fight when you are angry. Peridot is also used in every Chinese wedding for the purpose of marital happiness and complete sexual life. The couple wears hand-made peridot jewelry during the wedding ceremony. Chinese tradition refers to the Peridot as “The Ego Stone” because of its rare ability to heal a damaged ego.
Lucky gem stone: Citrine
Associated Chinese horoscope sign: Rooster
Attributes: Citrine is generally associated with abundance, creation and creativity, academics, intellectuality, science, prosperity, success, education and true wisdom. According to Chinese legends Citrine is “The Stone of Success” and it should be given to generous people only. Citrine jewelry was deeply appreciated by ancient Chinese emperors for their ability to increase intellectual capabilities and broaden the mind. Today Citrine is used by modern Chinese students to help them succeed on exams. Many Chinese professors and teachers also use it when lecturing. Citrine is widely used in China during gem stone healing sessions to produce feelings and emotions and thoughts of abundance.
Lucky gem stone: Diamond
Associated Chinese horoscope sign: Dog
Attributes: Diamond is a valuable stone associated with power, protection, strength, courage, loyalty, friendship, originality, purity, fidelity and innocence. Chinese consider the diamond’s association with purity and power, divine. It is actually what makes it an excellent and popular gift for all occasions. Diamonds are powerful guards against evil according to the Chinese culture. A Chinese legend refers to the diamond as “The Stone of Morality”. In China today, People who can afford it wear diamonds because they believe that this magical stone enhances and intensifies the qualities of the wearer. A traditional contest of the “Rearmost Diamond” is held every year as a celebration in many parts of China. Chinese believe that one of the winners will fight in the higher world of spirits, to become the next leader of China.
Lucky gem stone: Ruby
Associated Chinese horoscope sign: Pig
Attributes: Ruby is associated with fortune, health, glory, fame, blood, heat, tactics, courage, intelligence and leadership. Chinese use it to send away negative energy and bad fortune. A Ruby can also be used as a precaution measure against illnesses and health conditions. Chinese legends tell us that the Ruby is “The Stone of the Famous” and that it can show you how to become well known in every part of the world. Chinese emperors loved the ruby and where always inspired by it. The Ruby is used today by traditional Chinese doctors to stabilize blood pressure and cure all blood related problems. It is also well known to Chinese Physicians for its ability to increase body heat.
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Control Gun Thesis
Control Gun Thesis: What is it?
Writing control gun thesis is sometimes necessary at colleges, schools, or universities. A student should be devoted into gun control problem, especially in the United States.
Lack of knowledge of the laws does not set you free from responsibility.
A convincing control gun thesis on such modern theme should include full information on firearm statistics for the country you write about. Besides, control gun thesis should contain other additional information on the topic supported with quotations from the trustworthy sources, like governmental websites, academic articles, and journal summaries.
Control Gun Thesis: Security Techniques.
In your control gun thesis you should mention security techniques to create and maintain peace on the streets.
Security techniques include:
- Foundation of the protection system
- Increasing resistance to the destructive effects
- Preventing attacks
If you want to write your control gun thesis satisfactorily, in your work you should mention that security is divided into collective and individual.
Today, ordinary residents of many cities live everyday life uneasily. They need protection and security. Police only partially provides peace. Due to formed insecurity situation, people are forced to buy weapons for self-defense. Today, it is quite legal and quite common phenomenon.
In control gun thesis it is necessary to mention about the federal Firearm Act. This state structure was adopted in 1995 in Canada. The main aim of this law was the obligatorily creation of a national gun registration system. Gun control law makes allowance for giving licenses to gun owners.
Control Gun Thesis: The Illegal Arms Market.
Today, according to solid income and dynamics of developing, firearms trafficking is second only to drug trafficking industry. The difference between legal and illegal firearms transfer is not by the nature of the product, but in the end-user.
In control gun thesis you should point out that gun violence has become a tool of pressure on government structures at various levels, a way to put out competitors in business or old enemies, bankers and as the method of solving conflicts in a criminal environment.
The system of gun licensing and registration was provided one step after the other in order to register a huge number of illegal weapon units.
Control Gun Thesis: Conclusion.
Besides, your control gun thesis should also contain your own thoughts and commentaries, according to the knowledge you have received during the academic year.
Good luck in creating control gun thesis and be careful outside.
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The wireless networking of my UNIX/LINUX machine along with the in-kernel and third-party modules are bothering me too much. The various encryption methods and the network management systems prove to be of no use whatsoever. Please tell me how can i troubleshoot my network.
Hello! If I want to make android applications, how can I learn android development? What are the prerequisites for learning android development. Since it is an OS, I am sure there should be strong concepts in various computer science subjects, but what are these subjects? Links and names of all the books to learn android development are needed. Thanks in advance!
I think that cinelerra is the best free video-editing open-source software available. It is complicated but it has very nice tools. The problem is that I have to load mpeg4 files but it never happens. It works fine on other formats. I've tried to convert mpeg4 to other formats but its quality just doesn't satisfies me. Can someone help me how to tweak/fix it?
I am a Windows user but recently I have thought of changing my OS to Linux. This question is especially for the Linux users
1) Which OS is more expensive, Linux or Microsoft Windows?
2) Which OS is better in terms of security?
3) Which OS is more reliable?
4) Which OS is more user friendly?
5) Which OS is better for hardware devices?
I am using Linux OS for my laptop. Before Linux, I was using Windows 7, and actually it was very easy in Windows to connect my Samsung Smart Curved TV with Laptop through HDMI port. But I can't do the same in Linux. No external display supported error occurs in Linux. Is there any easy way possible for that?
I am Working on Windows 7. I had to run some commands of Linux. So, I did a partition in my hard disk to install Linux Ubuntu and as my work for it was over, I removed it. But after removing it my laptop is not booting up, what should I do? It is not showing any bootup error or what. It just doesn't boot up. Please help.
I installed latest version of Linux OS i.e., Linux Mint. As I am a Programmer I was trying to install Code Blocks Compiler on the OS, but I was unable to install it. It says can't install package and just goes away. I am not able to get the proper reason that why it is happening. Please tell how to resolve the issue?
I am using windows 7 on my PC. I wanted to install Linux (Back-box) over my windows 7. When I started installing Linux, then during making partition of hard-disk, it is not showing the content of hard-disk which is visible in windows 7. I want to install Linux on my PC over windows without losing any data present in my hard-disk. Please suggest some way.
I am an Ubuntu user, and I would like to connect a new Saitek P3600 Cyborg Force Rumble Pad and use it on kxmame. I know that most controllers can be used with Ubuntu, but I am not exactly sure how it works. Will this happen automatically, or will I have to install something? How does the configuration work?
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We are searching data for your request:
Upon completion, a link will appear to access the found materials.
Wash the pork liver and goose well, put it to boil in a large goose pot and when it is almost cooked, add the liver and let it boil for about 15 minutes. Remove from the water that we keep and leave to cool and then put them through the meat grinder twice together with the onion hardened in a little oil. Season the composition to taste with salt, pepper and thyme and knead it well until it becomes a homogeneous paste if necessary we can add from the water in which we boiled the meat.
We mount the device for stuffing sausages on the meat mincer and we go to fill the mats to the size we want, pricking them from time to time with a needle, when we are finished we put on the pot the water with which we boiled the meat and we put the lebar to boil on simmer for about 20 minutes after removing it and letting it drain well and wipe it with an absorbent napkin and keep it cold. Whoever wants can smoke it to be kept for a longer time.
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Wildlife biologists and game wardens generally tell the general public to avoid handling or “rescuing” wild animals, most of which don’t really need our help.
Once in awhile, however, it seems prudent to give a helping hand to a critter in need. And that’s exactly what a pair of Mainers did on Wednesday, when they rescued a deer that they found struggling on the ice.
A blogger on the Megunticook Watershed Association website was one of the rescuers, and you can find his tale (and some fantastic photos) here.
The duo’s deer-rescue technique was one I’d never heard of, and it seemed to work well. And the best news? Well, I’ll let the blogger/rescuer tell you that part of this entertaining tale.
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First Annual Mini Maker Faire Somerville a Success!
Thirty-two makers set up their booths in Union Square on Saturday, providing education and entertainment for an estimated 1,500 to 2,000 visitors over the course of the afternoon. The weather was beautiful (if crisp), the children were enthusiastic, the trebuchet was shooting and the oversized baby-carriage vehicle thoroughly disconcerting… and there was much, much more. Check out http://www.makerfairesomerville.com/ for more information and images from the makers; photos from the Faire coming soon!
A hearty thanks to everyone who made it possible: the organizers, Joe Schlesinger, Gui Cavalcanti, and James Arthur; the many volunteers; the attendees; and, of course, the makers, who are what this event is all about. A special thanks to our sponsors, ArtsUnion and the Somerville Arts Council, who made the event possible, and to SparkFun Electronics, who organized workshops to teach more than three dozen people to solder on Saturday and who raised a generous amount of money for the Asylum.
We can’t wait for next year!
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Adding Two-Factor Authentication To OpenVPN AS With The WiKID Strong Authentication Server
At WiKID, our goal is to make security easier and less expensive. Pairing WiKID with two-factor authentication and OpenVPN AS is a great cost-effective solution to secure your network for minimal expense.
I downloaded the RPM Version of OpenVPN Access Server and dropped the RPM onto a Centos VM. I had previously configured a WiKID two-factor authentication server using our Enterprise ISO.
The OpenVPN server configures itself on install and directs you to change the password for the openvpn user and directs you to the Openvpn AS web interface.
Configuring the Server via the Admin web interface
Proceed to the web interface at the interface and port you specified. Login in with root or whatever credentials you supplied above.
Once you login, click on the Authentication --> General link and choose Radius for authentication:
Once you specify that Radius is to be used, click on the Radius link to enter the details. When you submit the information, you will be prompted to updated the running server. Don't bother with that yet.
Click on the Radius link under Authentication to add the WiKID server as the two-factor authentication resource. Enter the IP Address of the WiKID server and a shared secret. Please note that there are known attacks against CHAP and MS-Chap V2. Some of these are based on being able to unencrypt the user's password from stolen session data. It's possible that using an one-time passcode lessens the risks, but it probably depends on your session length. Hopefully, OpenVPN will add LEAP soon.
That's it for the OpenVPN server.
Configuring the WiKID Server
For the sake of brevity, we assume you have your WiKID server configured and only need to add the Openvpn AS server as a network client. (For complete installation documentation please see our installation manual .)
On the Network Client tab of the WiKIDAdmin interface, click "Add New network client:". Give it a name, enter the IP address of the OpenVPN server, select Radius as the authentication protocol and choose the WiKID domain.
Click Modify and enter the shared secret on the next page. Do not use any Radius Return Attributes. OpenVPN does not support them.
You need to restart the WiKID server to load the new radius configuration:
# wikidctl restart
That's it for the servers!
Configuring the Client
One of the new features that OpenVPN AS has is the automatically created client configuration flies. The user logs into the web interface and downloads the client application (for Windows) and the configuration file.
First start up the WiKID Token and get a one-time passcode from your WiKID server:
Enter your PIN:
The PIN will be encrypted and sent to the WiKID server. If the account is active, the encryption valid and the PIN is correct, an one-time passcode will be created and returned to the token:
Use this one-time passcode to login to the web interface as a user:
Now you will see the web page for clients:
For linux clients, you should be able to install openvpn via yum or apt-get. Then run the client from the command line, specifying the client config file:
# openvpn --config client.ovpn
And you should now have an internal ip address!
It's great to see a great product like OpenVPN get even better. The new radius management interface is quite nice in it's simplicity. With the recent increase in corporate attacks, password vulnerabilities and malware, it's definitely time to consider adding two-factor authentication to your VPN.
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Malting is a process applied to cereal grains, in which the grains are made to germinate and then are quickly dried before the plant develops. The term malt refers to several products of the process:
- The grains to which this process has been applied, for example malted barley;
- The sugar derived from such grains which is heavy in maltose, such as baker's malt,
- A product, based on malted milk, similar to a malted milkshake (i.e., "malts").
- whisky or beer can also be called malt as in Alfred Edward Housman's aphorism "malt does more than Milton can, to justify God's ways to Man."
Malted grain is used to make beer, whisky, and malt vinegar. Malting grains develops the enzymes that are required to modify the grain's starches into sugars, principally maltose. Barley is the most common malt because of its high diastatic power or enzyme content. Other grains may be malted, although the resulting malt may not have sufficient enzymatic content to convert its own starch content fully and efficiently.<ref>Wikipedia</ref>
Floor Malting
Tower Malting
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US Representative Deborah Pryce (R-OH-15) hosted representatives from the Ohio Supercomputer Center and experts in high performance computing for a networking presentation on September 10 for members of the Congressional Internet Caucus and the Ohio Delegation to learn the educational value of the Internet.
"As Congress considers the most effective ways to put technology to work for our studentst, this presentation has shed light on the Internet training and education initiatives that are working for today's colleges and universities in Ohio," Pryce said. "I commend the Ohio Supercomputer Center and everyone involved with this project for making Ohio a leader in information technology."
Presenters from higher education institutions across the state, including the University of Cincinnati, The Ohio State University, Ohio University, Kent State University, University of Dayton, and the University of Toledo, were on-hand to update members of Congress and staff on educational uses of high performance networking applications. Members of Congress and staff saw first-hand how these applications benefit higher education nationwide, and how they are helping Ohio to become a national leader in information technology by increasing its strength in networking.
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Spacer in BR noise
== COMSOL vs result from Kessler etal 2012==
The analytical result from kessler2012, assume the force acts on whole surface of the spacer (with bore hole), I check this with COMSOL by comparing the result, similar to what I did in PSL:1075. The result agrees well within 2%. This verifies that COMSOL model is correct
==thermal noise level vs annulus thickness==
Typically, the contact surface between the spacer and the mirror is only a thin annulus, see psl:1199 . And the noise level is dependent on the actual area of contact. So I run the simulation to see the dependent of the stored energy (U) vs the annulus thickness. The annulus thickness is about 2 mm +/- 0.2 mm. The displacement noise is proportional to sqrt(U).
fig1: The stored energy as calculated by COMSOL, fitted with cubic polynomial.
The error from the contact area, the simulation result are small ~3% and 2%. These are smaller than the uncertainty of loss in bulk fused silica (can be from 10^-6 to 10^-7). The effect is still small in the total noise.
I"m packing the mirrors so that they are ready to be shipped to G. Cole. The mirrors are packed properly, see picasa.
I'm trying to estimate the coupling between seismic to displacement noise of the cavity using COMSOL.
From the design, the strain due to the seismic noise is about 2e-11. But we want to see what happen if the support positions are moved away from the specified points a bit. This time the model is a whole cavity, not just 1/8 as I did before. This is to see results of the mis-positioned support points. However, COMSOL has some problems
Right now I have ~30 data points after 4 hrs of running the simulation. I'll get a bit more data and will see how it goes when I histogram it.
I tried to estimate the coupling from seismic to displacement noise. With the common mode rejection taken into account, the coupling from vertical acceleration to differential length between the two cavities is about 6x10^-12.
Since we measured thermal noise from the coating(QWL, SiO2/Ta2O5), we want to extract loss angles of each materials. The losses are about a factor of 2 higher than the numbers reported in the literature.
So far, there are 3 calculations we have been using for coating noise estimation.
In essence, both Harry's and Hong's result can be written as a linear combination of phiL and phiH. I used Harry result to compare with Hong to see if there is any differences in the result or not, but both gave me the same answer.
The calculation is attached below. I made sure that the calculation from Hong and Harry are correct by choosing the elastic properties of the coatings to be the same as that of substrate and checking the the results agree with Nakagawa's. So the code should be correct.
Then, I varied phiL and phiH to match the measurement. The measurement is represented by the prediction by Nakagawa with the fitted loss (phiC = 4.15e-4).
Both calculations gave the similar relation between phiH (phi tantala) and phiL (phi silica) to match the measurement:
phiH = -1.4 phiL + 9.7 (Hong)
phiH = -1.44 phi L + 9.77 (Harry) (assume sigma1 = sigma 2 = 0)
The problem is if we use the nominal numbers from various reports, phiL ~ 1e-4, phiH ~ 4e-4. The result will be off by almost a factor of 2. For example, for phiL = 1e-4, this means phi H has to be 8.4e-4. Or if phi H is chosen to be 4e-4, phi L will be ~4e-4 as well. It seems that our result is higher than the predictions (under some assumptions).
Table1 below shows some possible values of phiL and phiH extracted from our result and the calculation.
But we have good evidences from Numata and short/long cavities (spot size dependent) to believe that the measurement is real coating thermal noise . The reason why the prediction is smaller than the measurement could be that the losses is actually higher in our coating. Most ring down measurements were done after 2002 while our coatings were fabricated around 1997. Coating vendors might become more careful about loss and improved their process. But the result from Numata was out in 2003, and it is about the same as ours, so I'm really not sure what can we say about this.
==numbers from literature==
Penn2003: (disc ring down) phiL = (0.5 +/- 0.3) x10^-4 , phiH = (4.4 +/- 0.2) x10^-4
Numata2003 (direct measurement) phiC = 4.4e-4;
Crooks2004(disc ring down) phiL = 0.4+/-0.3 x10^-4, phiH = (4.2+/-0.4)x10^-4 (the frequency dependent part is ignored)
Crooks2006: (disc ring down) phiL = (1.0 +/- 0.2) x10^-4 phiH = (3.8 +/- 0.2) x10^-4 (small change in TE calculation from previous paper)
Martin2009 : (blade) phiH = 3+/- 0.5 x10^-4 (at 300K)
Martin2010: (blade) phiH = (2.5-5) x10^-4 ( heat treated at 600C, several frequencies)
LMA2014: (blade) phiL = (0.43+/-0.02) x10^-4 phiH = (2.28 +/- 0.2) x10^-4
I checked Brownian coating noise level with uncertainties in coating parameters. The measured result is barely at the edge of the confident interval.
Hong2013 look into coating noise level when materials' parameters are changed. One example is the Young's modulus of Ta2O5. With the assumption phi bulk = phi shear, if Y_Ta2O5 is varied between 70e9 to 280e9 (nominal value = 140e9), coating thermal noise can be changed by a factor of 0.9 to 1.5 from the nominal value (in PSD m^2/Hz unit). It seems that the range is quite large compared to the numbers measured by various groups, (see PSL895 for error in material parameters). I used a smaller range, but I varied other parameters as well.
==Note about uncertainties in calculation==
I used rand command in Matlab to generate random values. The reasons are 1) for reported loss angles, say 4+/- 2e-4, if I use Gaussian dist, with sigma =2, mean = 4, sometimes the generated value will be negative, and 2) since we are only trying to see the possible range of the estimated noise level, not the real statistic value, rand should be ok at this point.
==1:fixed loss angles==
First I checked how much the parameters effect the calculation if the loss angles are fixed (phi silica = 1e-4, phi tantala = 4e-4). Y tantala is chosen between (70-280 GPa), Y silica is varied between72e9 +/- 10%, Poisson's ratio are varied between 10percent for coating materials. All substrate parameters are fixed, since they should be relatively well measured compared to that of the coatings. The result is around 0.5-0.85 of the measurement (in PSD m^2/Hz).
For a more conservative value of Ta2O5 ( 140+/-40 GPa), the result is a factor of 0.5-0.64 of the measurement.
==2:varied loss angles==
In this study, I varied loss angles of phi_silica = [0.8-1.2] x10^-4, phi_ta2O5 = [3,5]x10^-4, these numbers are reported from several measurement. Then I change the uncertainties range of Y_Ta2O5 in my calculation
==note and comment==
Both Hong's and Harry's calculation provide quite the same value (within 3%). So I show only histogram obtained from Hong's calculation. I don't know why the study shown in Hong paper choose the value of Y tantala between 70-280 GPa, most of the measurements report smaller uncertainty. But with that higher value of Y_Ta2O5, it can explain the measured noise level from our measurement. However, I doubt that this argument is valid, since most of the ring down measurements to evaluate phi_Ta2O5 assume Y_tantala ~ 140GPa. Then the loss angle of Ta2O5 should carry some information about Y_Ta2O5 in it and cannot be treated as an independent parameter like this calculation. I'll look into the ring down papers to see how much Y_Ta2O5 affects the extraction of its loss angle.
I'm checking how loss angle of Ta2O5 is related to its Young's modulus (as used in ring down measurements), then I use that relation in error calculation for BR noise in coating. The uncertainties in Young's moduli of SiO2/Ta2O5 might lead to errors in loss angles and BR noise in coating.
Many ring down measurements (see Penn2003, Crooks2004, Crooks2006), observed loss from a disc substrate with multilayer coatings of Ta2O5/SiO2. The loss in the coating (ring down mode) is written as
phi_c = (phi1*Y1*d1 + phi2*Y2*d2 )/ (Y1*d1 + Y2*d2) --------(1)
Where phi_c is determined from the measurement. Y is the young's modulus, phi is loss angle of material, d is physical thickness of the material.
Then phi1 and phi2 is determined with the assumption that Y1 and Y2 are known.
So, the reported value of phi Ta2O5 is directly related to its Young's modulus. The uncertainty calculation of BR noise where Y, phi are varied independently might not reflect the real situation.
For example, I recalculated phi_c (of QWL structure) using phiH phiL of 4e-4, 1e-4. YH = 140 Gpa, YL = 72GPa. Then I rearranged eq(1) so that phiH can be written as a function of YH to see how the loss angle of Ta2O5 (H) will change with its Young's modulus assuming that YL and phiL are fixed.
fig1: How phi Ta2O5 changes with Young's modulus.
==BR calculation with loss parametrized by Young's modulus==
With the loss angles parametrized by the Young's modulus, I calculate the estimated thermal noise compared to our measurement (using Hong2013)
fig2: ratio of BR calculated and our result.
It is interesting that, even with the lower phiH as YH increases, the total BR noise increases. And the nominal value that we have been using (YTa2O5 = 140 GPa) yields almost the minimum value of BR noise calculation.
So far, the calculation is done assuming phiL = 1e-4, YL = 72e9. The next step is to varied phiL, YL, phiH, YH all together ( with the constraint given by eq1) and see how BR noise changes.
I'm also checking how large the errors are in the measurements for Young's modulus (both SiO2/Ta2O5). Crooks2006 reports the value of Young's modulus of Ta2O5 with the assumption that Y_SiO2 is 72e9. This might give another constraint.
Ta2O5 Young's modulus is quoted to be 140 GPa from this paper Martin1993, but that is the value of Ta2O5 deposited on Silicon substrate cf fig5, top plot. The deposition technique is IAD. I'm not sure if it is the same as ion beam sputtering or not. I'm looking into it.
Anyway, the Young's modlus of Ta2O5 can be down to 70 GPa for IAD technique on glass substrate, as the paper says in the conclusion section.
Note that Crooks2006 mentions other papers measure YTa2O5 to be around 100-110 GPa as well. I'm looking into it.
I just talked to Matt and learned that:
The measurement from Penn extracts phi1 and phi2 from
phi_c = (Y1 *d1*phi1 + Y2*d2*phi2) / (d1*Y1 + d2*Y2).
Phi_c is calculated from the total phi of the ring down system.
The dissipated energy comes from two part, the substrate and the coating. With the assumption that phi sub is much smaller than phi coat, we can write
phi_total (measured from ring down) = |energy in coating| / |Energy in substrate| * coating loss, and the ratio Ec/Es can be obtained from FEA. For drum head mode it is ~ 1500 (From Penn paper), see the picture, top panel.
This Ec/Es also depends on the Young's moduli, so the calculated phi_c also has Y as a parameter. The calculation I did before takes phi_c from the reported values, so it is not correct.
To get the correct phi_c, the ratio of Ec/Es has to be changed with Y. Crooks PDH thesis has an analytical expression for the drum head mode of a cylindrical substrate. The analytical result is comparable to the FEA result used in Penn2003 within 5%. Note that the young's modulus of the coating is the volume average (Yc tc = y1*t1 +y2*t2) where tc is the total thickness, tx = thickness of material x. See the middle panel in the picture above.
For the next step, instead of using the report value of phi1,phi2 and Y1,Y2 to reconstruct phi_c (Penn2003). I will use the measured phi_tot (for drum mode) then use that as a constraint on Y1, Y2, phi1, and Phi2 instead, see bottom panel in the picture. This should give a correct dependent among these variables.
I used results from ring down measurement in Penn 2003, without assuming the values of YL,YH. If the actual Young's moduli of both materials are about 60% of their nominal values, the calculation of BR noise will match our measurement within 3%.
I used ring down drumhead mode from sample C2 and F2 since the phi_coating as reported in the paper is about the same as the phi_coating obtained from the analytical result (see previous entry). With these two eqs, I can write
Ysub * D/3 * phitot_1 = phiL*YL*dL_1 + phiH*YH*dH_1-------(1) (see previous entry, last eq).
Ysub * D/3 * phitot_2 = phiL*YL*dL_2 + phiH*YH*dH_2-------(2) .
phi tot_1 and _2 are 1/Qtot from the two samples. D is the thickness of the substrate (0.25 cm). dL and dH are the physical thickness of siO2 and Ta2O5 in each sample.
For any fixed values of YH and YL, the two eqs will solve for a pair of phiL and phiH.
First, I checked the validity of these two ring down measurements by using YL = 72 GPa, YH= 140GPa. The results are
PhiL = 1.29e-4, phiH = 4.13e-4. These numbers agree with the reported values.
Then, I varied YH from 0.5*YH_0 to 2*YH_0 and YL from 0.5*YL_0 to 2*YL_0 ( YH_0 = 140GPa, YL_0 = 72GPa), and solved for the corresponding phiL and phiH. Then with all 4 parameters, BR noise can be calculated.
Below is a plot of ratio of BR calculation and our measurement, vs YH. Each trace represents different value of YL.
Each point on the plot will have information about phiL and phiH. If YL = 43 GPa (0.6*72GPa) and YH = 84 GPa (0.6*140GPa), the loss angles extracted from the ring down measurements are phiL = 2.15e-4 and phiH = 6.9 e-4. All these four parameters give the estimated BR noise comparable to our measurement to 2% (in PSD unit).
I'm trying to explain why our measurement is larger than the estimated calculation using numbers from literature. But we have good reasons to believe that the measurement is really BR coating since
It is possible that loss angles in our coating is lossier than usual. But there are still other possible explanations. The results from ring down measurements rely on the values of Young's moduli of the coating materials. If the actual values divert from the nominal values, the losses will be changed as well. So I used the result from the ring down measurement, without assuming any values of YH and YL, then extracted values of phiH and phiL using different combinations of YH and YL and calculated the coating noise according to each set of parameters. If YL and YH have lower Young's moduli than their nominal values, coating BR noise will be higher and agree with our measurement.
One might argue that 0.6 YL and 0.6 YH are too low. Ta2O5 was measured with nano indentation to be ~ 140 GPa (Abernathy). Other references measured Ta2O5 ~ 100 GPa (see ref 16, 20 in Crooks2006 paper). So, uncertainty around 40% might be possible.
In addition, this calculation also assume phi_bulk = phi_shear. But the different value of phiB/phiS can also change the calculation between 0.5*S_0 to 1.6*S_0, for different values of phi bulk/phi shear ratio is varied by a factor of 5(see Hong2013). These values also change the noise level significantly.
So with the uncertainties in Young's moduli, the loss angles from ring down measurements can be changed significantly. If the Young's moduli of the coatings are smaller than the nominal values, the loss angles calculated from a ring down result will be higher, and it resuls in a higher level of coating BR noise calculation.
I'm surprised that for the value of 0.6*YL_0 and 0.6*YH_0 used above, with the loss angles of phiH = 6.89e-4 and phiL = 2.15 e-4, the calculated BR noise is almost the same as when I use the nominal value of YH,YL with the same loss (2.15 and 6.89e-4) see, PSL:1408. I double checked the result, but I did not see anything wrong in the calculation. It turns out that the BR calculation is not very sensitive to YL, YH, but it is directly proportional to phiH, phiL. However, the values of phiH, phiL obtained from a ring down measurement are very sensitive to YL and YH as we can see from the plot above.
Heat treatment after coating changes loss angles of both SiO2 and Ta2O5. Our coating might really have higher loss (maybe because of the low temp annealing), regardless of the actual values of coatings Young's moduli.
I went through the paper by LMA2014 that measured loss in SiO2 and Ta2O5 using interferometry on a cantilever blade. They could also extract Young's moduli from thin film SiO2 and Ta2O5, their results are ~ 70GPa and 118 GPa respectively.
One interesting result is that losses are reduced with heat treatment after coating process.
SiO2 loss before heat treatment is ~ 6e-4, and it goes down to ~ 0.6e-4 after the annealing (from broadband measurement).
From ring down measurement, SiO2 before heat treatment is ~ 4e-4. no result for the measurement after annealing.
For Ta2O5,from broadband measurement, the loss after heat treatment is ~ 4.7e-4, no result from the before heat treatment is reported.
From ring down, the loss is ~ 11.4e-4 before annealing, and down to ~ 4.9e-4 after annealing.
Their annealing process is described in the paper. I should find out more how losses of both materials change with different heat treatment i.e. time/ temperature/cooling, then see if any information about our mirrors can be retrieved from REO or not.
Right now, we have only the information about phiH and phiL as phiH = a*phiL + b. I still need another relation to get phiH and phiL individually. My plan is finding information about heat treatment vs loss, like the picture below (I still need to find for Ta2O5). Otherwise, it is hard to say anything about the loss from each material.
Most reports have different annealing temp, (I'm not considering time/ heating rate/ cooling rate right now, but they might be important) So I can compare loss vs annealing temp.
It is hard to extract the similar plot as above for Ta2O5 from Martin2010 paper. I'll try to ask Ian Martin if he can give me the raw data.
From the loss vs annealing temp I found out below, it seems that the annealing temp for our mirrors will be less than 300C. Since at 300C, silica loss is ~ 1.5e-4, tantala loss is ~ 4e-4. These numbers give the estimated BR noise below our measurement.
ref: silica loss with vs different heat treatment temperature. https://dcc.ligo.org/DocDB/0010/G1000356/001/PennCoatingMarch10.pdf
Martin2010: Class. Quantum Grav. 27 (2010) 225020 (13pp): Tantala loss with different heat treatment temperature
I'm trying to record beat measurement for a few days. The data will be taken from ATF using mDV. There are a few issues about mDV right now, I'm looking into it and asking around.
There is a problem with gps.m that converts the string to gps second. It is used in get_data where we specify the start time. I tried enter the gps second manually but it returns an empty time struct, and the get_data cannot be used.
A reminder entry: psl:978
Zach helped me re-setting up the channels for PSL lab. The two channels are:
The sampling rate is set to 10kHz (8192 Hz).
Anti-alias, provided by foton, cheby2, low pass at 4096 Hz, is induced in both channels.
calibration 2^15 count for 20 V -> 20V/ 2^15 = 6.1035e-4 V/count
==Note about start configuring MDV==
Run this from the terminal on ws2:
Then, start matlab and run:
(there are some error messages about the paths that can't be added (matapps_SDE, matapps_path , frame cache, ligotools_matlab, home_pwd.) ,but they are irrelevant.
Now gps and get_data commands are working. We checked with the test signal and see both time domain, and frequency domain. The anti-alias filter is working fine.
I plotted our measurement together with other experiments. The source file and fig files are attached below.
Details about each experiment (cavity length, wavelength), are included in the source file.
Add the measurement from AlGaAs coating, and Silicon refcav (see CRYO:1045). The source file, figs, and eps files are attached in the zip file.
Here is a prelim result for AlGaAs TO opt for ETM coating.
The optimization is named opt_ETM5 in .mat file. The structure is in optical length unit ( the physical thickness = (opt length) * 1064e-9 / n). The first layer is the air-coating GaAs layer . For the current optimization (opt_ETM5.mat) the transmission is 5.4 ppm, the reflected phase is off by about 2 degrees.
ETM parameters used in the optimization
Note about optimization:
To run the code:
I did an optimized structure for ITM and plotted the estimated noise budget of AdvLIGO using optimized AlGaAs coating on ETM and ITM. More details will be added later.
Above: Optimized structure of ITM
Above: AdvLIGO with Optimized AlGaAs coatings on SiO2 substrate, room temp. The plot is generated by GWINC.
I'm working on estimating aLIGO sensitivity when material uncertainties are taken into account. I have a result for a reference cavity, uncertainty due to Ta2O5's Young's modulus might have smaller effect than we previously expected. All plots and code are attached below.
GWINC does not take any uncertainties in material parameters into account, so its noise budget does not have any error bar. We want to know how the noise budget might change due to imprecise knowledge of the material parameters. One particular issue is coating thermal noise that is dominating around 30 - 200 Hz, so we want to know how its level will change with material parameters. Some import ant parameters are loss angles and Young's moduli of each material.
In Hong et al 2013 paper, there is a plot of the calculated coating Brownian noise vs Ta2O5's Young's modulus (YH). The calculated coating BR noise is calculated with the corresponding YH while other parameters are fixed. This would be ok if each parameters were independently measured. In reality, loss angles are measured from ring down measurements, and YH and YL are used to calculated the material loss angles (phiH/phiL), see Penn et al. 2003. So to make the calculation reflects the real situation, we should take the correlation between phiH/phiL and YH/YL into account when we calculate coating BR noise. So the goal is to estimate coating BR noise for aLIGO with some uncertainties from loss angles and Young's moduli of the coatings.
calculate BR noise vs YL and YH (see PSL:1408 for the original code) using numbers from our setup (these can be changed later when we want to apply for aLIGO calculation). The code calculates BR noise with phiL = 1e-4, phiH = 8e-4. the numbers are from our measurement and another ring down measurement. This does not take the correlation between loss any YL/YH into account. I do this to compare my code to Hong's result, and they agree. YL and YH are varied between 80% and 120% of their nominal values (YL = 72 GPa, YH = 140 GPa).
above: Fig1:Thermal noise level of 28 Layer QWL structure, spot size = 180 um as a function of YH and YL
above:Fig2: three slices from the 3-d plot for different values of YL, Y_L min and Y_L max are 80% and 120% of the nominal value.
above:Fig3: three slices from the 3-d plot for different values of YH, Y_H min and Y_H max are 80% and 120% of the nominal value.
Next, let's assume that the values of SiO2 are well measured and the error is much smaller than those of Ta2O5, so we can fix phiL and YL. Then recalculate BR noise when phiH and YH are correlated. I use a calculation from ring down measurement (see PSL:1412 or Harry 2002 or Penn 2003). The equation is
constant = phi_parallel = (YL*dL*phiL + YH*dH*phiH) / (YL*dL + YH*dH)
from this equation, we can write phiH as a function of YH assuming that other parameters are constant. Currently, I'm using numbers from CTN setup.
above: Coating BR noise as phi_H is varied along Y_H (green) compared with the previous calculation (Blue) from fig 2. The two traces cross at YH = 140 GPa. Note that in this plot, YH is varied between 50% and 200% of the nominal value. We see that the uncertainty of coating noise due to YH becomes smaller compared to the previous calculation done in Hong paper.
==what to do next==
From fig3, uncertainty in YL does not change the BR noise level that much, but this calculation assumes no correlation between YL and phiL. I have not been able to include uncertainty in YL and see the effect on phiL yet, because that will need more constraint equation. But I should check if it will greatly change phiL and affect the total BR noise calculation or not.
I'm estimating the BNS range of aLIGO. Here is a quick note about the calculation.
For example, the normal configuration for aLIGO will have BNS in spiral range equal to 178.29 Mpc (based on the current code available on gwinc.
That GWINC link is more than a year old. You're best off just updating your CVS checkout of the code, or getting a new zip file from someone else if your CVS is broken. When I run gwinc with nomm.m, I get R_BNS = 189.5 Mpc.
I just saw you comment. I'll find an update version for GWINC.
Anyway, I have a code to plot the result. I will use it on an updated code.
Some material parameters in the calculation are:
In the IFOModel_rnd.m file which is a copy of IFOModel.m for material params, I use normrnd(mean,sigma) to generate the random value of the material parameters.
Note, for loss angle of SiO2, I have to use abs command to make sure that all the generated values are greater than zero.
This is because the mean is comparable to the standard deviation, and sometime it gives negative values.
Note: I have not taken the coherent between the loss and Young's modulus of Ta2O5 into account yet. I have to read how they measure this more carefully.
Here are prelim results from the above numbers.
above: a histogram of BNS range, due to uncertainties in loss angles/young's moduli of the coatings.
The mean of the histogram is slightly less than the nominal value from GWINC because the mean values of loss angles for fused silica (6e-5) is slightly higher than the original value (4e-5) used in the code.
above: histograms and Gaussian fits for BR noise (blue/green) and total noise and its Gaussian fit (red/cyan) at 100 Hz in the strain unit.
Manassa is helping me installing a camera for scattering measurement. The work is in progress.
I'm borrowing a Prosilica gc750 from the 40m. It will be used for scattering measurement on AlGaAs samples. It is a good idea to have a setup that can quantitatively measure scatter loss on mirrors.
First I tried to install it on the small Acer laptop used with win cam, but it did not work. I'm not sure if the ethernet card of the laptop does not support the camera or not. Now I'm trying to install it on my mac book instead, since Manassa claimed that it worked on her macbook.
I'll write a step by step installation guide once we succeed.
==note about the AlGaAs samples==
I used a green laser pointer to check scattering loss on one sample. I couldn't see any green spot of the laser with my eyes. This means that the scattering is probably less than 100 ppm (according to Josh). Once we use the camera to measure it and it turn out to be smaller. We will probably go to Fullerton to have the samples measured there for better accuracy.
The calculation for LIGO astronomical reach with uncertainties are updated. See the details below.
I got the updated GWINC from Nic. When I run the nomm file, the BNS range is 189.5 Mpc. The nominal value of the refractive index for nH in the code is 2.06 which is the value for the pure Ta2O5. The refractive index for Ta2O5 doped with TiO2 25% (Ta2O5:TiO2) is 2.119 (see Harry et al 2007 paper). So when I changed nH to 2.119, the BNS range became 192 Mpc due to the thinner coating.
The ring down measurements from Harry 2007 paper measure parallel loss of the coating from multilayer coating, then extract PhiH from the measurement. Again, this is done by assuming the knowledge of phiL, YL and YH. The loss angle of silica (phiL) used in the paper is 1e-4 (from Crooks 2006 paper) while the value in GWINC is 0.4e-4. In this calculation, I use phiL = 1e-4 because of a couple reasons:
So the value phiL = 1e-4 is only used for extracting phiH as a function of YH, while phiL = 0.4e-4 is used as a nominal value in noise budget calculation.
Running the code
The calculation is done in the code name BNS_score.m (see the attached zipped file). The file calls on IFOModel_rnd2.m that generates random material parameters by normrnd command. The plot can be made by running plot_hist.m file.
fig1: histograms and gaussian fits for coating BR noise and total noise at 100Hz.
fig2: The astronomical range for BNS, in MPC unit.The histogram is from 20k samples. The average is at 189.2 Mpc, while the mode is around 188 MPc.
I'm setting up a scattered light measurement for AlGaAs samples. The methods are summarized below.
I discussed with Manasa about the setup and how to do the measurement. The goal is to measure scattered losses from AlGaAs samples from a normal incident beam. The setup is shown below.
The setup is in the ATF lab, on the unused optical table. It is too crowded on CTN table. So I will need a to borrow a 1064 laser from somewhere.
The incident beam will have to be slightly angle from the normal angle in order to dump the beam properly.
The arm holds the camera, it can rotate to change the angle to cover the measurement from around 10 degrees to ~70 degrees.
==measurement and data analysis==
How hot do you need to heat it? if the thermal expansion of aluminum/steel is much higher than that of fused silica, then just heating the end cap might be a better idea. Thermal conductivity is also better.
I took some hard yellow foam, made it into a U-shape, and wrapped it with a combination of aluminum and duct tape.
This insulation fits snugly over the PMC and its copper shield. In retrospect, the foam is probably a little too thick. I had to temporarily move the beam dump at the input of the Faraday isolator.
Putting 20 V across the 105 Ω heater produces a change of 5 V on the PMC PZT (when locked). So we need better insulation or more heating.
The CTE of fused quartz is something like 0.5×10−6 K−1, and the CTE of steel is more like 15×10−6 K−1. So I suspect there's not much point in heating the glass spacer if I'm going to leave the steel end cap open to air.
A possible solution is to put a heater on the end cap, but I worry that the differential expansion of steel vs. glass will cause the end cap to pop off the spacer (it looks like it's only held on by epoxy).
A better solution is to improve the insulation on the back end of the PMC. I'll do that next.
I'm testing the setup and a code for extracting scattered light from the images.
I used a red laser pointer to test the scattered light setup. Then took a picture with no light (fig1) and a picture with the incident light (fig2). The scattered light can be extracted by subtract fig1(background) from fig2.
The snapshots saved by SampleViewer are in .bmp file. When it is read by MATLAB, the file will contain 480x752x3 matrix element, Each are varied between 0 and 255. The values are proportional to the brightness (how many photons hit the cell). 480x752 is the resolution of the image, x3 are for R G B color. In our case, the image is greyscale and the values are identical. The code can be found in the attached file.
fig1: The test mirror without incident beam taken as a background image. The image is enhanced by a factor of 5 (by matlab).
fig2: The test mirror with a red incident beam around the center. The image is enhanced by a factor of 5.
fig3: the image is created by subtracting data of fig1 (background) from fig2 (scattered light) and enhanced by a factor of 100. The scattered light on both surfaces can be seen clearly around the center.
==To do next==
I'm checking the linearity of power and exposure on the camera. The ccd counts are quite linear with the exposure setup, but I have to check the power again.
==ccd count vs exposure setup==
The exposure time on the camera can be set to adjust the brightness of the image. Since we might have to adjust it to make sure that the images won't be saturated, it is necessary to check if the ccd count response linearly to the exposure setup or not.
I used a silver mirror as a test sample. The incident power is constant, and the camera position is fixed. Then adjust the exposure from 5k to 30k. I'm not sure if it is in nano second or microsecond unit. [Edit, 20140725: according to page 18 of the manual for the Prosilica GC750, the available exposure options are 30 µs to 60 s, in 1 µs increments. —Evan] But from fig1, the ccd count is quite linearly proportional to the exposure value.
It turns out that when I try to calibrate a sample, the incident power on the sample has to be more (so the power meter can measure some scattered power) and the camera can be saturated. The exposure value has to be around 1000, and I have not checked the response at this level. I might have to remeasure it.
==ccd count vs power==
This measurement is similar to the above. But this time the incident power (to the sample) is varied. The result is not linear. I check the images and see that the bright spot moves. The camera might move during the measurement. I'll repeat this again. It will be complicated for the calibration if the ccd count is not linear with the power.
== To do==
I rechecked the CCD response vs exposure time and power. The results are linear.
After some adjustments (strain relief on the camera's cables, clamping down the camera properly), I made sure that the camera is more stable and repeated the measurement. The CCD response is linear with the incident power on the sample (this is under the assumption that the scattered power is directly proportional to the incident power).
Fig1: CCD response vs incident power. The camera response is linear.
== AlGaAs Samples==
I prepared the sample for measurements. All the samples are quite dirty, especially on the flat sides. So I wiped all of them. I still cannot get rid off some water marks on the annulus of the mirror. It might cause some problems when I optical contact the mirrors. I'll try to clean them later.
fig2: one of the AlGaAs mirrors before cleaning.
I put one of the samples in the scattered light setup. The transmitted beam has a lot of diffused light behind the mirror. The amount of the diffused light changes with the beam direction. I'm not sure exactly why. I'll try to investigate it more. But the scattered light from the sample is very small. Most of the light is from debris on the surface, not the micro roughness of the sample. The amount of scattered light significantly changes with the beam position on the mirror.
fig3: diffused light behind the mirror. It might come from the reflection inside the substrate because the incident beam is not normal to the surface.
I used the setup to measure scattered loss from an REO mirror (mirror for iLIGO refcav, the one we measured coating thermal noise) and get 6 ppm. This number agrees quite well with the previous Finesse measurement.
Finesse measurement from REO mirrors = 9700 , see PSL:424 The absorption loss in each mirror is ~ 5 ppm ( from photo thermal measurement, see PSL:1375). The measured finesse infers that the roundtrip loss is ~ 24 ppm, see here. So each mirror has ~ 12 ppm loss. With ~ 5ppm absorption loss, we can expect ~ 6-7 ppm loss for scattered loss. So this measurement roughly says that our scattered light setup and calibration is ok.
I turned the ion pump for vacuum chamber on. The initial current is 7.3mA ( the value before opening the chamber was 7 uA)
The turbo pump was turned off.
I used optimization codes for ETM. The optimization reduce the PSD of Brownian noise by ~ 3/4 (in units of [m^2/Hz]) from QWL structure.
Since we have not had all the material parameters for aSi:H at 120K with 1550nm, the optimization here is for room temperature with 1550 nm (for Brownian noise only).
fig1: optical thickness for ETM with minimized BR noise. The transmission is 5.4 ppm and the reflected phase is ~ 179 degree.
Parameters/configuration used in the optimization:
It is remarkable that 5ppm transmission can be achieved with just 17 layers of coatings due to the largely different values between nL and nH. This makes the total thickness down to ~ 3 um.
BR noise from the optimized coating is 3.3x 10^-42 [m^2/Hz] at 100 Hz. This is converted to the strain of ~ 5x10^-25 [1/sqrt Hz] for 4 km interferometer.
Note: for QWL structure, with 14 layers + half wave cap of SiO2 (total of 15 layers), the transmission is ~5.2 ppm and the coating Brownian noise is 4.2x10^-42 [m^2 /Hz]. So the optimization reduced the PSD of BR noise by ~ 25%.
Perl scripts for controlling the vacuum tank and slow feedback to the two lasers are acting weird. Usually we can run three scripts simultaneously, but I just notice that only two can be run at the same time. When I restarted the script for acav feedback, the vac temp control stopped. When I restarted the vac temp control, acav slow feedback stopped. I'll check this later.
RCAV transPD_DC :0.54 V
ACAV transPD_DC: 0.16 V (loop might oscillate when DC level was measured, need to double check)
We measured the transmission of the vacuum windows. The total transmission through two windows is 0.975 +/- 0.002.
If we assume that both windows have the same transmission, the transmission for each window will be 0.988.
[Antonio,Tara] We glue PMC back mirror to PZT and wait for it to settle.
Since we have all parts for the steel PMC (body/PZT/Mirrors) we start putting it together. The first step is using epoxy to glue the back mirror to the PZT.
There is a little problem. The soldering tin on the PZT gets a bit to the edge of the PZT, see picture. When we put the PZT on the steel end cap, one side of the soldering tin electrically connects to the end cap.
So we decide to put a kapton tape as an insulator between the pzt and the end cap. (We thought about resoldering the tin, but we were not sure if we would make it worse).
It is quite hard to center the mirror-pzt on the end cap, so we plan to use a fixture to keep the mirror center at the end cap. It will be something similar to the plastic piece we used for cavity-mirror assembly.
We want the mirrors' positions to be as precise as possible to reduce clipping loss, and beam alignment problem.
See the rest of the picture in Picasa
Note about epoxy: The epoxy we use is EP-30 (suggested by Rick Savage, provided by Callum). There's a test procedure to check if we mix the epoxy correctly or not.
After mixing the epoxy, you have to put a small amount of epoxy in an oven at 200 F for 15 minutes to check if the mixture is good or not.
If the epoxy in test came out smooth and hard, it is good. You can proceed with the work. We tested that, and our mixture was good.
We ordered fixtures for gluing mirror-pzt-end cap. Waiting for the glue to settle.
The glue is dry and the back PMC mirror is steady. we are ordering the o-ring for clamping flat mirrors on the pmc. See more pictures here.
To do next:
We tested one of the two new PMCs. finesse is ~ 500 and the PZT works fine.
We assembled two new PMCs for testing how the new designed PMC would be. They looked great. The PZT wires were connected to BNC connectors.
We temporarily put the new PMC in the north path. The Faraday isolator (as an extra back reflection protection) was removed, and replaced by the new PMC. (The original marking for the PMC is still visible on the table, where the waist radius is 370 um). We used a post to clamped the PMC on the 2" block.
As a quick test, we have not mode matched the beam into the PMC yet. We just maximized the coupling by using two steering mirrors in front of the PMC.
The measured finesse for the new PMC is ~ 300. The previous calculation was wrong because of the wrong calibration.
Finesse measurement revisited: I rechecked the Finesse measurement and found that I got the same result, so I realized that the calibration might be wrong. So here is the explanation
PZT range revisited: I mentioned in the previous entry that I can find several (4-5) TEM00 within 0-100 V applied to the PZT. This number should be wrong because we can expect only ~ 6 resonance over 200 V (3 um), or ~ 3 resonance over 100 V. It turned out that what I saw was not real TEM 00, but something else that made me think I saw some hysteresis.
To Do Next: Anyway, the PMC/PZT are good. We will try to lock it tomorrow.
We are hacking the PMC card, to try to lock the PMC without using a computer.
Aidan helped me try to lock the PMC with the current equipment (LIGO PMC card, the schematic can be found here). Since, the computer for controlling the card is not here and we cannot put it back together within one week I have left, we are trying to use the card and send in signals to control the card manually. For today test, we used a spare PMC left on the crate (I think Frank used it to drive the PZT for shaking the table, long time ago. It might be modifed from what we saw on the schematic.)
We tested the control signal for the high voltage output using the following procedures.
The HV drive is working and linear with the input control [HV = -24.1*Vin + 40] (Vin = [-6,2] V, HV = [4,185] V). At first, we injected the signal at INOFFSET2 (through R4), but we couldn't see the signal out. I'm not sure why, but we are working on it.
I checked the VME crate, and made sure that the PMC cards/ LO were functioning.
There was a problem with the VME crate and we couldn't turn on the kepco power supply for +/- 24 V for the PMC servo cards and 21.5 MHz LO on the crate. There were wires that connected to the power supply and the loose ends shorted together. I fixed that by taping over the wires. Now the power is up +/- 24V.
Summary of the crate status:
I showed Antonio how to do optical contact (refcav-mirror setup). The videos and pictures are posted on Google photo
I used a blank plane mirror (from coastline optics, intended for AlGaAs coating) and bonded it on the spare 1.45" refcav. It took me 4-5 tries and I scratched one mirror (I put it back and marked the box) before I could get a reliable bond. In the videos, I added comments for each failure. Mostly I think the problem is only cleanliness of the tools and the solvent.
After that I removed the mirror from the refcav. First I tried to use a setup to push the mirror along the mirror surface. To my surprise, the mirror did not pop out, but just slid off of center and still stuck on the surface of the refcav.
So I used a razor blade to wedge in between the mirro and the refcav, add some isopropanol. With little effort, the mirror popped out nice and easy. The edge of the HR surface of the mirror is beveled, so it is easy to wedge in a razor blade without scratching the refcav or mirror's surfaces.
To sum up, before trying to do the optical bond we should
To do the bond
Trouble shooting: If you can't form the bond
We still need two SMA cables. One connects between 21.5Mhz EOM and PMC servo card, another one connects between PMC PD and the servo card.
The 21.5 and 35.5 local oscillator were in the wrong slots, we fixed them.
The 21.5 MHz photo diode that detects the reflected beam from PMC saturates at 15 mW.
Now I'm trying to optimize the PMC setup so that we have maximum transmittedd power.
I don't know why I can't lock the PMC. After changing the 21.5 MHz card because of the loosen SMA connector, the 21.5 MHz EOM is working.
The error signal looks good. I adjusted the gain, flipped the phase by 180 degree, and still cannot lock the cavity.
(The medm was frozen this morning, Peter helped reset it back to work this after noon.) It might be insufficient amount of power coupling into the cavity.
The minimum reflected beam I could get is only ~1/2 of the total DC power, I'll try to align the beam and move the lens a little bit more to see if I can optimize it better.
So I skip this PMC part for now, and pre align the path to mode cleaner. The mode matching is ok. Two lens, f1=114.5 and f2=286.3 mm are good. A CCD behind the cavity is set in place.
After adding another 1/2 plate to have P wave into the cavity, I can lock the PMC cavity. It's been 30 minutes so far.
There is only one transmitted beam now (there were two when I used S wave.)
When I work or knock on the table, sometime the beam switches to another mode (might be it's side band.)
It's very close to the main TEM00 mode. I need to adjust the DC offset a little bit to get back.
The incoming power is 9 mW, and the Transmitted beam has ~ 6 mW.
RF Amp: 7V
Phase shift: 2.87 + 180
Gain: 27.91 dB
DC offset: -2.3 V
I tried to pre align the ref cavity. It's harder than I thought, can't see the beam that well. I'll have to check the manual for the laser controller, so that I can
scan the RefCav when I align the beam into the cavity.
I add the broad band EOM in the beam path. After adjusting the periscope, I can steer the beam into the RefCav and see the reflected light. It's not aligned yet.
The 35.5 MHz is set on the table with a lens to focus the beam on the PD.
I'm not sure if I have to use the laser controller for 126 model or I could use the 10W laser to scan the beam, I'll consult Peter tomorrow.
Right now we are using the 10W laser controller to power the 100mW laser. The connector had been unstable, but now it's working fine.
It will be better if I can use the 10W controller to dither the laser frequency because I won't have to switch the cable, and avoid the risk of having to deal with the cable again.
Forgot to log this yesterday:
The PMC servo in medm's command window is correct.
I need to make SMA cables (properly insulated kind) too.
From 21.5 MHz PD to servo, 25 feet,
from 35.5 MHz PD to servo, 25 feet,
from 35.5 MHz EOM to signal box, 5 feet,
from 35.5 MHz LO to signal box, 20 feet.
This is the schematic of PSL fss servo.
I have to make sure that the modulation voltage will not exceed the controller's limit (0-100V.)
I switched the cable from the 10W controller to the original controller for 100 mW laser. It is working well now, the cables are tied properly.
For now, I don't need to use the FSS servo card to scan the laser frequency.
I'm using a function generator for fast channel (PZT), and a voltage calibrator for slow channel (thermal control.)
The alignment is in progress. With the aid of a CCD camera and a macroscopic lens, looking for the beam position on the mirror is getting easier.
Currently I see some light at the back of the cavity.
Since the frequency of the laser going into RefCav is determined by PMC ,I decided to temporarily remove the PMC for now, so I can scan the laser frequency while aligning RefCav.
It might not be a good idea since the PMC might alter the beam path a little bit, but I just want to align the cavity first.
The plan is after RefCav is aligned, I'll bring back the PMC and fine tune the beam going to RefCav again.
I still got many higher order modes coming out of the cavity.
I see TEM00 transmitted beam out of RefCav. I think I have to fine tune the FSS gain a bit more becasue the spot still oscillates a bit.
The left monitor shows the spot from PMC. The right monitor shows the spot from RefCav. it looks distorted becasue of the filter.
The common gain is 16.1 dB
slow actuator is 9 V
Fast Gain 15dB
Optimization is yet to be done. There is still plenty of reflected power.
This is the schematic for PSL setup.
At this point, Pre Mode Cleaner (PMC) and Reference Cavity (RefCav) are locked. The rest will be locking Analyzer Cavity (ACav) and setting up for beat noise measurement.
ACav's beam path will have double pass AOM [Crystaltech 3080 194]. We'll use +1st order beam. When hook up the VCO, make sure that the power is on only when the VCO and the AOM are connected, otherwise the VCO dies.
Next is aligning the AOM. A good alignment will maximize the power of the +1st order beam. The beam should get close to the AOM's transducer as much as possible to minimize time delay.
The beam at the AOM will be focused to 75 um.
The mirror that reflects the beam back to the AOM is a 0.3m concave mirror, which will be placed 0.3 m away from the AOM. The reflected beam should completely overlap on itself. This will neutralize
the pointing instability when the modulating frequency shifts.
Then we can align ACav, this time I'll try not to remove the PMC when I scan the beam frequency (at~3-10Hz.) If the PMC cannot catch up with the laser, increase the gain of the PMC, sideband power.
ACav should be locked before Monday June 8.
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This is as healthy, cute and simple as you can get! Make the Banana ghosts with Bananas and Chocolate chips for the eyes and mouth. To make the pumpkins, remove the core from oranges or tangerines (cuties work great!) and chop small pieces of celery for the stems! Easy-peasy 🙂
So simple, just sharpie on tangerine skins and you have a jack-o-lantern in no time. It helps to make sure you buy smooth skinned tangerines as rougher skinned oranges do not take the marker well. The ink on these dried completely and didn’t smear when peeled.
Making real orange jack-o-lanterns is so easy! Cut the top just as you would a real jack-o-lantern, remove the top, use a spoon to remove the orange pulp and finish by cutting out the face. The pulp can be made into healthy orange smoothies!
Roasted Pumpkin Seeds
Save all those pumpkin seeds from you Jack-o-lantern and use them for a yummy, healthy snack full of fiber! Find the BEST PUMPKIN SEED RECIPE HERE!
• 1 cup pumpkin seeds
• 1 tablespoon olive oil or vegetable oil
• 1/2 teaspoon sweet paprika (or smoked paprika would work nicely too)
• 1/2 teaspoon chili powder
• 1/2 teaspoon salt
1. Preheat oven to 350ºF.
2. On a foil-lined rimmed baking sheet, add pumpkin seeds. Try to remove as much pulp from the seeds as possible.
3. In a small bowl, combine oil, paprika, chili powder and salt. Stir to combine. Toss oil with pumpkin seeds, and coat evenly.
4. Bake until golden, about 15 minutes. Cool, and serve.
A cool twist to a classic veggie platter! Arrange your baby carrots in a pumpkin shape and use 3 small square or triangle dip dishes for the eyes and mouth, filled with ranch or your favorite sauce. Create the mouth with sliced cucumbers and add a large piece of broccoli for the stem.
What are some healthy, spooky snacks you like to make? Or what other Fall Recipes do you like to make? Let Chipper know and have a Happy and Healthy Halloween 🙂
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Central to this dissertation was a 3-year action research project, which was carried out in the extra-occupational master study course, “eEducation MA”, with the aim to develop, implement and, in particular, analyze an integrative eportfolio concept for academic qualification. Integrative means that the eportfolio is academically as well as didactically rooted, on various levels, in the curriculum. The research questions and design focused on the benefit and relevance of the eportfolio for students. The final analysis, therefore, relies on qualitative interviews that were carried out with alumni from two different age groups, primarily using the Grounded Theory Methodology. Resulting from their descriptions of problem areas, critical factors as well as learning strategies, this dissertation provides direct recommendations for the implementation of eportfolios as well as various contributions concerning the theory of eportfolios in the form of three models. The main result of the empirical study is a 4-phase-model, which describes the long-term use of eportfolios from the perspective of students according to four phases: “orientate yourself”, “position yourself”, “identify yourself” and “present yourself”. Especially in the second phase, areas of conflict in the eportfolio become noticeable between reflexive learning and the development of a “digital career identity“.
Apart from that, the empirical study shows that the design of the portfolio was of crucial importance in the phase of orientation and identification, and that the students encountered the most difficulties with the process of reflection. In order to specify well-established visualizations of present eportfolio literature, two further models were developed which complement one another. The Process Model emphasizes the terms “design” and “feedback” and describes the eportfolio process in two main cycles: “design” and “re-design”. The Structure Model consists of three layers called “Products of Learning“ (Repository), “Process of Learning“ (Journal) und “Representation of Learning“ (Showcase), which are arranged one upon the other. The Structure Model provides links to the individual steps of the Process Model and, in particular, illustrates how from the middle level one’s own learning process can be observed, reflected and navigated.
Further material in English you can find here in my presentation for the ePIC Conference 2012 in London.
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Library instruction is offered at Brewer Library in Decatur and the Huntsville Campus Library and can be tailored to meet the needs of the individual course or assignment.
Librarians strongly encourage all English 101 instructors to arrange library instruction for classes—day, evening, and weekend. The 50 minute session will educate students on how to access the library resources available in print and electronic collections, including the over 40 databases offered through the Alabama Virtual Library and those licensed by Calhoun.
To schedule library instruction for a class, please call, email, or come by the reference desk.
Brewer Library - (256) 306-2777
Huntsville Campus Library - (256) 890-4777
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The JCS Kosher Food Bank is the only food bank in South Florida to which those who observe kosher (kashrut) dietary laws can turn. In one year, JCS Kosher Food Bank serves more than 380 families and 75 Holocaust survivors.
View our video and hear from Bonnie, a recipient of JCS services. Bonnie was about to be evicted from her apartment and came across the JCS Kosher Food Bank, she was helped from being evicted and was able to celebrate the Holidays.
If you or someone you know is in need of services, please fill out the JCS Access form or call 305.576.6550.
To support JCS and the food & nutrition services we provide, please click here.
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1. Hooves grow more slowly in winter than at any other time of the year. Why exactly isn’t clearly understood, but it’s likely related to reduced activity and circulation. Defects and cracks may take longer to grow out. This makes it even more important to set and keep a regular schedule of farrier visits during the winter.
Click here to learn 3 ways to help your arthritic horse this winter.
2. Frozen ground can be as unforgiving as concrete and lead to hoof bruises. A horse with a bruise may be slightly “ouchy” or outright lame and you may not know the cause until his sole is pared down to reveal a telltale dark spot. Hoof pads can help existing bruises heal faster and prevent new ones from forming.
3. When wet snow packs into shod hooves, it melts slightly when it touches the sole, then refreezes against the cold metal of the shoe. Over time, this process can lead to the development of “ice balls” in the center of each hoof that leave the horse teetering precariously with every step. Popular home remedies to this problem include coating the hoof with cooking spray or petroleum jelly, but a much more effective solution is to apply specialized anti-snow pads that pop accumulated snow from the hoof with each step.
Don’t miss out! With the free weekly EQUUS newsletter, you’ll get the latest horse health information delivered right to your in basket! If you’re not already receiving the EQUUS newsletter, click here to sign up. It’s *free*!
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Animal Farm Chapter Summaries Short
Animal Farm Chapter Summaries Short Chapter 1
We meet all the main characters as they enter the barn. Old Major calls a meeting of all the animals. In his speech, he points out that no animal knows the meaning of happiness and that all their hard work and produce goes to benefit man. If man was removed the animals would not have to work so hard and would have more to eat.
Animal Farm Chapter Summaries Short Chapter 2
Old Major dies in his sleep in early March. The pigs are recognized as being the cleverest animals – particularly Snowball, Napoleon and Squealer. The revolution happened more quickly than expected. One night, Jones the farmer got kicked off his farm. The animals destroyed everything that reminds them of human domination. They celebrate and the pigs, who have learned to read and write, paint the 7 commandments on the wall of the barn. The pigs manage to milk the cows, which are rather uncomfortable by this time, and Napoleon guards it while they all go off to survey their farm.
Animal Farm Chapter Summaries Short Chapter 3
The pigs have taken charge of the farm which is now called Animal Farm rather than Manor Farm. The harvest is good and everyone works hard knowing that the produce is theirs. It is announced that the milk and apples are to be reserved for the pigs alone. Squealer is sent to explain that the reason for this is because the pigs do all the brain work, without which Jones would probably return. This terrifies the animals and is used frequently to keep them from complaining about the preferential treatment for the pigs.
Animal Farm Chapter Summaries Short Chapter 4
Pigeons start to spread the word about the rebellion to other farms. We meet the owners of the two neighboring farms; they fear that rebellion will spread to their farms so join with Jones to mount an attack on Animal Farm to regain control. The animals unite to defeat them in the Battle of the Cowshed. They later make medals to be presented for bravery. Nobody seems to notice the irony of dividing animals into classes when they are all supposed to be equal.
Animal Farm Chapter Summaries Short Chapter 5
The winter is a hard one. Snowball puts forward the idea of a windmill to provide electricity to heat their stalls and ease their workload. These two pigs are obviously competing for leadership of the farm and Snowball is certainly the more popular. But Squealer convinces the animals that Snowball has always been a traitor, that he was not brave in the Battle of the Cowshed and that he stole the idea of the windmill from Napoleon. They chase Snowball off the farm and Napoleon assumes complete control.
Animal Farm Chapter Summaries Short Chapter 6
The animals work hard to build the windmill, Boxer being the one who did most of the heavy work. The pigs move into the farmhouse and start to sleep in beds. Because the other animals never learned to read properly, they believe Squealer and agree that the pigs must have more comforts than they do if they are to prevent Jones coming back. A violent storm destroys the windmill. Napoleon blames Snowball and tells the animals to rebuild it with stronger walls.
Animal Farm Chapter Summaries Short Chapter 7
There is a severe food shortage. The hens are ordered to give up their eggs for the pigs to sell. When they stage a small protest by dropping their eggs from the rafters, Napoleon starves them until they give in. The animals are told that Snowball was always in league with Jones and that even now Snowball is plotting with Jones to overthrow the farm. To prove his point, he makes 4 pigs confess to having secret meetings with Snowball. They are immediately slaughtered. Then 3 hens, a goose and 3 sheep also confess to similar crimes and receive a similar fate.
Animal Farm Chapter Summaries Short Chapter 8
The animals work harder than ever for less food though the pigs and dogs always have plenty. The windmill is finished and called Napoleon Mill. Man attacks the farm one night and blows up the windmill with dynamite. When Napoleon is seen in public, he always has a black cockerel walking in front of him like a trumpeter. He now behaves like a king or emperor.
Animal Farm Chapter Summaries Short Chapter 9
Rations are reduced once again and work on the windmill starts for a third time. Boxer’s ambition is to finish it before he retires so he works even harder than usual. Boxer collapses through overwork. Napoleon assures the other animals that he is being taken to a hospital to be cared for but he sells him to a glue manufacturer in return for whisky. When Benjamin points out that the van in which he was taken away said ’Horse Slaughterer’ on the side, Squealer replies that it used to belong to the horse slaughterer but now belongs to the vet.
Animal Farm Chapter Summaries Short Chapter 10
Years later few of the animals are alive who remember the days before the rebellion. The windmill is finished but is used for milling corn to be sold at a profit rather than for electricity to make the animals’ lives easier. The commandments are scrubbed off the barn wall and replaced with just one – ‘All animals are equal but some are more equal than others.’ The pigs start to wear clothes and the farm is called Manor Farm once again. One evening the animals look in the farmhouse window where the pigs and local farmers are drinking and playing cards. As they look from pig to man and back, it becomes hard to tell which is which.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which a direct electrical current reduced the viability of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in conjunction with ciprofloxacin at physiologic saline conditions meant to approximate those in an infected artificial joint. Biofilms grown in CDC biofilm reactors were exposed to current for 24 hours in 1/10th strength tryptic soy broth containing 9 g/L total NaCl. Dose-dependent log reductions up to 6.7 log10 CFU/cm2 were observed with the application of direct current at all four levels (0.7 to 1.8 mA/cm2) both in the presence and absence of ciprofloxacin. There were no significant differences in log reductions for wells with ciprofloxacin compared to those without at the same current levels. When current exposures were repeated without biofilm or organics in the medium, significant generation of free chlorine was measured. Free chlorine doses equivalent to the 24 hour endpoint concentration for each current level were shown to mimic killing achieved by current application. Current exposure (1.8 mA/cm2) in medium lacking chloride and amended with sulfate, nitrate, or phosphate as alternative electrolytes produced diminished kills of 3, 2, and 0 log reduction, respectively. Direct current also killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms when NaCl was present. Together these results indicate that electrolysis reactions generating hypochlorous acid from chloride are likely a main contributor to the efficacy of direct current application. A physiologically relevant NaCl concentration is thus a critical parameter in experimental design if direct current is to be investigated for in vivo medical applications.
Citation: Sandvik EL, McLeod BR, Parker AE, Stewart PS (2013) Direct Electric Current Treatment under Physiologic Saline Conditions Kills Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms via Electrolytic Generation of Hypochlorous Acid. PLoS ONE 8(2): e55118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055118
Editor: Michael Otto, National Institutes of Health, United States of America
Received: August 27, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 4, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Sandvik et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by Montana State University College of Engineering, Peter Ewing Capital Management LLC, The Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, and The Montana Board of Research and Commercialization Technology Grant Agreement No. 08-03. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: Note that this work was supported in part by funding provided by Peter Ewing Capital Management LLC. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
The treatment of medical implant-associated infections is challenging. A 2004 article in The New England Journal of Medicine reported that of 600,000 joint prostheses implanted in the U.S. annually, approximately 12,000 will develop infections . The most common culprits of these infections are staphylococcal species – constituting over 80% of infections associated with medical devices , . In a 2011 assessment of the most frequent pathogens in orthopedic infections, Staphylococcus epidermidis was identified as the most prevalent bacterial species in both knee and hip arthroprostheses infections, occurring in half of infections documented, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (around 20% of cases), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (around 10% and 4% of cases, respectively) , supporting reports of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus as an increasingly recognized or emerging pathogen in medical device-related infections , . These infections are particularly persistent when the bacteria produce a protective matrix and establish as biofilms , a bacterial mode of growth known to be significantly more tolerant to antimicrobial agents when compared to planktonic cultures of the same organism. While long-term antimicrobial therapy with multiple antibiotics can be effective in some cases , , , treatment failure may require the removal and replacement of the device in a one or two stage surgical process accompanied with an extensive course of antibiotics and an estimated average cost of medical and surgical treatment of $30,000 . With these consequences, the development of novel strategies for treatment is desirable.
One proposed strategy is the use of direct current to enhance or replace existing antibiotic regimens. The reports of direct current effects vary. Direct current has been demonstrated to have killing efficacy against planktonic bacteria in static and flowing systems – with effects dependent on the electrode material and the medium composition. A 1992 paper used direct current in conjunction with industrial biocides to combat bacterial biofilms and reported current to enhance the activity of several agents . The study reported direct current alone to have little or no effect on the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms; however the combination of direct current and biocide was shown to significantly increase killing efficacy of Kathon, glutaraldeyhde, and quaternary ammonium compound. Subsequent investigations studied the use of electric current with antibiotics –. It was proposed that this synergistic phenomenon, termed the bioelectric effect, could be optimized to enhance antibiotic treatment of recalcitrant biofilm infections when antibiotic treatments were minimally effective. The synergy between antimicrobial and current, central to the bioelectric effect, was reproduced in some many studies –, with some reporting conditions with a killing effect of current alone , –, and others concluding current alone to have little or no effect –, , . Proposed mechanisms for the effect included electrophoretic enhanced transport of antimicrobials through the biofilm matrix –, , electroporation enhanced uptake of antimicrobials , , production of gases such as oxygen that increase metabolic and antimicrobial activity , , and generation of electrolysis products including chlorine , , hydrogen peroxide , and those affecting pH , . In other studies, direct current is reported to affect bacterial adherence or stimulate detachment of biofilm to conducting surfaces , –. When external electric fields have been applied with insulated electrodes (i.e. no current flow), enhanced bacterial killing by antibiotics or modification of bacterial adhesion has not been observed.
One notable feature of nearly all of the in vitro work on the bioelectric effect with antibiotics has been the omission of chloride from the media during electric current exposure , , –, –. This has been done deliberately to preclude the electrolytic generation of chlorine. In vivo, however, chloride is abundant and this omission is not relevant. The purpose of the work reported in this article was to investigate the effect of direct electric current against a mature bacterial biofilm under conditions of physiologic saline and a dilute nutrient solution meant to approximate in vivo conditions such as those found in an artificial joint. As a model organism we chose S. epidermidis but we also present data for gram-negative P. aeruginosa. We first sought to determine whether electric current exposure by itself had an effect on bacterial biofilm in the presence of chloride and whether synergy between current and antibiotic could be observed in this milieu. Second, if electric current had an effect on biofilm in the presence of chloride, we sought to establish whether this effect could be attributed to electrolytic generation of hypochlorous acid.
The CDC Biofilm Reactor (Biosurface Technologies Corp., Bozeman, MT, Model CBR90-1DS) is designed to grow repeatable biofilm on polycarbonate disks (called coupons) in a high shear environment. The reactor is a one-liter glass beaker with a side-arm discharge port at approximately 400 mL for effluent drainage by gravity. Eight polystyrene rods, each holding three 1.27 cm diameter polycarbonate coupons, are inserted through the lid, suspending the coupons in the bulk fluid of the reactor. A baffled magnetic stir bar in the center of the reactor provides mixing as well as uniform fluid shear on each coupon. During continuous flow operation, a peristaltic pump is used to pump fresh medium into the reactor through an influent port in the lid. An in-line, glass flow break in the influent feed line prevents back-contamination of the feed carboy. A second port in the lid is attached to a bacterial air vent for gas exchange. A total of 24 coupons are available in the reactor for sampling.
Biofilms were grown on polycarbonate coupons in the CDC Biofilm Reactor using a standard growth protocol for each organism. The S. epidermidis growth protocol is analogous to the ASTM E2562-07 “Standard Test Method for Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with High Shear and Continuous Flow using CDC Biofilm Reactor” but has been adapted for the main study organism, S. epidermidis RP62A (ATCC#35984): The sterilized reactor containing 450 mL of full strength (30 g/L) TSB (tryptic soy broth, Soybean-Casein Digest Medium, Difco) with the effluent tube clamped was inoculated from a frozen stock of S. epidermidis. The reactor was placed on a magnetic stir plate in a 37°C incubator and operated in batch with stirring at 125 rpm for 24 hours. After 24 hours, a continuous flow of sterile 1/10th strength TSB was started with a reactor residence time of 30 minutes and overflow drainage to a waste carboy by gravity. Continuous flow ran for 16 hours at the end of which biofilm-coated coupons were ready for use in experimental protocols. It should be noted that the two faces of the coupon (facing inward towards the baffled stir bar versus outwards towards the glass) experience different amounts of shear stress which is a critical factor in biofilm growth. For all experiments the inward face of the coupon was defined as the sample surface. At the end of the growth protocol (just prior to treatment) coupons had a mean LD of 8.46 log10(CFU/cm2) with a repeatability SD of 0.34 log10(CFU/cm2) over 25 experiments with 30% of error due to between experiment sources (sampling method follows).
P. aeruginosa ERC-1 (ATCC#70088) biofilms were also grown in the CDC reactor with a similar protocol. The medium concentrations, temperature, and timing were the same as those found in the standard method ASTM E2562-07 and differed from the S. epidermidis growth protocol as follows: Batch phase was operated for 24 hours with 1/100th strength (0.3 g/L) TSB at room temperature. Continuous flow was run for 24 hours with 1/300th strength (0.1 g/L) TSB at room temperature. At the end of the growth protocol (just prior to treatment) coupons had a mean LD of 8.08 log10(CFU/cm2) with a repeatability SD of 0.25 log10(CFU/cm2) over 28 experiments with 96% of error due to between experiment sources (sampling method follows).
Exposure to Direct Current and/or Antibiotic
The treatments were performed in small enclosed wells designed at the Center for Biofilm Engineering, described previously . Inner dimensions were 7.1 cm long by 1.6 cm wide by 3.4 cm tall (Figure 1). Rubber sheeting lined the lid to prevent contamination. Twenty-four gauge platinum electrodes, 3.8 cm long, were pushed through the lid at opposite ends of the wells and extended 2.5 cm from the lid into the treatment well. The anode was connected to the positive terminal of the power supply and the cathode to the negative. A small strip of 3 mm thick rubber sheeting on the bottom of the well, 4.0 cm from the cathode, loosely held the coupons in place so that the positions of the three coupons were the same in all experiments. Each well had a separate circuit with an inline ammeter and current controller (Wavelength Electronics, No. LDD200-1M) on a power supply that generated the direct current. The current controllers maintained a constant current level while voltage fluctuated slightly with changes in the resistive loads across each well.
A piece of rubber sheeting on the bottom of the well held the biofilm-coated coupons at the same position (labeled 1–3) for each experiment. Platinum electrodes were inserted through the lid at opposite ends of the well and current was applied lengthwise. The anode was connected to the positive terminal of the power supply and the cathode to the negative.
After growth, biofilm-coated coupons were aseptically removed from the rods of the CDC reactor, dipped in 10 mL of sterile buffered dilution water (42.2 mg KH2PO4/L, 406.5 mg/L MgCl2•6H2O/L in reagent-grade water) to remove planktonic cells and placed in sterile treatment wells with the inner face of the coupon (from the CDC reactor) facing up in the well. Twenty mL of a sterile treatment solution (with antibiotic when indicated) was gently added to each well. Direct current was applied across the length of the well.
Staphylococcus epidermidis treatments were performed for 24 hours at 37°C. The treatment solution was 1/10th strength TSB with 9 g/L total NaCl (accounting for the salt in TSB) with 2.5 µg/mL ciprofloxacin (Sigma-Aldrich) when indicated. This concentration of ciprofloxacin was approximately 40X the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined for an aerobic, planktonic culture of the bacteria (data not shown). Direct current levels of 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mA were applied across the wells with an effective current density of 0.7, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.8 mA/cm2, respectively (based on the minimum cross-sectional area of the liquid in the treatment well when coupons were present). Experiments were performed in parallel wells, with and without ciprofloxacin, at each current level. Control wells without current, with and without ciprofloxacin, were run with every experiment. When one current level was investigated, this resulted in four parallel wells corresponding to four treatment levels: (1) a control with no ciprofloxacin and with no current, (2) a well with ciprofloxacin but no current, (3) a well with current but no ciprofloxacin, and (4) a well with both ciprofloxacin and current. In some experiments two current levels were applied for a total of six parallel treatment wells. Three coupons were sampled from exposed wells when only one current level (four wells total) was studied. For experiments with two current levels (six wells total), only the two extreme coupons (positions 1 and 3) were sampled in each well. At least three independent experiments were performed at each current level (N = 11 experiments total).
While S. epidermidis was the primary study organism, treatment of gram-negative bacteria with electric current was also investigated with varying NaCl concentrations. Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were performed for 20 hours at room temperature. The treatment solution was 1/300th strength TSB (to match continuous flow conditions from the growth reactor) with varying concentrations of NaCl from no added salt (0.017 g/L NaCl from the TSB) to 9 g/L total NaCl. Tobramycin was added when indicated at 10.0 µg/mL tobramycin sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich) to parallel previous bioelectric effect studies using the same concentration , or half the concentration (5.0 µg/mL) – of tobramycin against P. aeruginosa. The MIC data reported in those studies indicate 10.0 µg/mL tobramycin sulfate to be 10X the MIC for the P. aeruginosa strains studied –, . Three coupon spacing regimes were used: no spacers, grouped at the cathode (as in the S. epidermidis experiments), and an extreme spacing with coupons at the anode, middle, and cathode. For this reason, P. aeruginosa results are presented as mean LD for coupons (n = 2 or 3 coupons per well) from a given treatment well. A total of N = 14 experiments applied current with and without antibiotic and N = 5 experiments applied current only, resulting in 34 wells with only current and 16 treatment wells with current and tobramycin. Applied current levels between 0.13 and 2.0 mA (0.05 to 0.71 mA/cm2) were restricted by the salt concentration and the range of the current controllers.
Determination of Biofilm Viable Cell Numbers
At the end of the treatment, coupons were sampled and analyzed as described in ASTM E2562-07 with slight modifications: Treated coupons were gently removed from the treatment well with a sterile hemostat and placed on a sterile surface for sampling. While holding the coupon with the hemostat, the top surface of the coupon was scraped with a sterile wooden stick held perpendicular to the surface for 30 seconds. The stick was swirled in 9 mL of sterile buffered dilution water and then used to scrape the coupon a second and a third time. The coupon was scraped a total of three times for 30 seconds each in this same manner. After swirling the third time, the stick was discarded. The coupon was held over the dilution tube and the scraped surface was rinsed with 1 mL of dilution water to remove any remaining biofilm resulting in a final volume of 10 mL in the dilution tube. The sample was homogenized at 10,000 rpm for one minute to disaggregate biofilm clumps, serially diluted and drop plated using the drop plate method (ten 0.01 mL drops per dilution) on agar. S. epidermidis samples were plated on tryptic soy agar (Difco) and P. aeruginosa samples were plated on R2A agar (Difco). The colony forming units (CFU) on the plates were counted following overnight incubation at 37°C. A biofilm log density (LD) of viable cells for each coupon was calculated using the mean CFUs counted over 10 drops, the volume of each drop, the surface area of the coupon, the volume of liquid the biofilm was scraped into (the zero dilution), and the dilution at which the colonies were counted: = . Log reductions (LR) of biofilm cell densities were calculated for each sample based on comparison of the treated sample to the mean of the no-current, no-antimicrobial control (1–3 controls per experiment) within the same experiment:
We used a LR per sample, as opposed to a LR per experiment, in order to explicitly model the effect of the location in the well on the mean LR. Either definition of the LR generated the same mean LR, but the SEMs and degrees of freedom for the t-tests based on LRs per sample were larger.
Growth control coupons were sampled directly following the growth protocol each time the reactor was run and sampled in the same fashion. Growth coupons were aseptically removed from the reactor and the coupon holder, dipped in 10 mL of sterile dilution water to remove planktonic cells, and placed on a sterile sampling board. The scraping procedure at this point was the same as above.
Measurement of Chlorine Generated by Electric Current Exposure
Both biofilm and medium organics can be sources of chlorine demand, which react quickly with available chlorine in the system thereby lowering measurable free chlorine. Consequently, to determine if free chlorine species were generated during the course of electric current exposure, the experiments were repeated without biofilm and without the organics in the medium. The same current levels used in the S. epidermidis experiments were applied to 20 mL of a 9 g/L NaCl, 0.25 g/L K2HPO4 solution equivalent to the salt and buffer concentrations present in the treatment solution. After 24 hours of application, the current was turned off, the lid was gently removed, and liquid samples (0.1 mL each) were pipetted simultaneously at each electrode. Samples were measured by the DPD chlorine method using HACH DPD Free Chlorine Reagent (5 mL Powder Pillows) read on a spectrophotometer at 530 nm. Samples were diluted in reagent-grade water to be within the manufacturer’s range of the reagents. These chlorine concentrations, referred to as “endpoint free chlorine measurements”, were assumed to represent the cumulative amount of reactive chlorine species generated over the 24 hour treatment time.
Measurement of pH Following Electric Current Exposure
For an estimate of pH changes, the S. epidermidis biofilm experiments were repeated without biofilm. The same current levels were applied to 20 mL of the standard treatment solution (3 g/L TSB, 9 g/L total NaCl) at 37°C for 24 hours. For each well, the current was turned off and the pH was immediately measured with a pH meter at each electrode. In a cruder method, pH strips (EMD colorpHast, 0–14 pH range) were spaced at 1 cm spacing and simultaneously dipped into the treatment well while the current was running.
Chlorine Dosing Experiment to Mimic Electric Current Exposure
In another variation, free chlorine concentrations equivalent to the 24 hour “endpoint free chlorine measurements” for each current level were used to treat S. epidermidis biofilms in place of the electric current. For each current level, the previously measured free chlorine concentrations were grouped for both electrodes and averaged. Four free chlorine solutions (corresponding to the four current levels) were made with bleach and sterile laboratory-grade water. Sterile water (no added bleach) was used for the control. Due to the rapid nature of chlorine reactions, the nutrients were added to the chlorine solutions just prior to application to the biofilm as follows. Each free chlorine solution was adjusted to 105% of the target free chlorine concentration. A 20X sterile medium solution was made such that the resulting 1X concentration would be the standard 3 g/L TSB with 9 g/L total NaCl. S. epidermidis biofilms were grown in the CDC reactor and transferred to the treatment wells as before. At time zero, 1 mL of the 20X medium solution was added to 19 mL of the given free chlorine solution in a sterile glass vial, swirled, and gently added to the treatment well containing the biofilm-coated coupons. This was done for all five wells. Wells were then treated like the biofilms exposed to current with a 24 hour incubation at 37°C after which biofilms were sampled as usual. No antibiotic was used in this experiment.
Exposure of Biofilm to Electric Current with Alternate Electrolytes (Omitting Chloride)
In this variation, the electric current was applied to S. epidermidis biofilms in treatment solutions without chloride. An electrolyte was still needed for current flow so in place of the 0.154 M Cl- (9 g/L NaCl) in the standard treatment solution, 0.154 M SO42− (as 21.9 g/L Na2SO4), 0.154 M NO3− (as 13.1 g/L NaNO3), or 0.154 M PO4− (as 10.7 g/L Na2HPO4 and 9.2 g/L NaH2PO4 accounting for K2HPO4 contributions already in the medium) was used with the other components of TSB added individually (at 1/10th strength: 1.7 g/L pancreatic digest of casein (BD Bacto Tryptone), 0.3 g/L enzymatic digest of soybean meal (BD Difco Soytone Peptone), 0.25 g/L dextrose, and 0.25 g/L K2HPO4). For each alternate electrolyte, applications of 0, 2.0, and 5.0 mA (0, 0.7, and 1.8 mA/cm2 respectively) were performed in parallel and all three coupons in the wells were sampled. Other than substitution of the treatment solutions, the growth, treatment, and sampling protocols were the same as the previous S. epidermidis experiments with current application. No antibiotic was present in these experiments.
Staining and Microscopy of Detached Cells and Biofilm
Three wells containing S. epidermidis biofilms were treated with 3.0 mA (1.1 mA/cm2) of direct current for 24 hours with parallel triplicate control wells without current (as described above). Bulk fluid and biofilm samples were stained using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit (Molecular Probes) as well as sampled for viability on TSA. The staining kit contains green-fluorescent SYTO 9 and red-fluorescent propidium iodide to distinguish between cells with intact membranes (“live”) and cells with damaged membranes (“dead”), respectively. One mL samples of the undiluted bulk fluid and a 1∶10 dilution of the bulk fluid (in sterile PBS) were removed from each well and incubated at room temperature with 3 µL of a 1∶1 solution of Component A (SYTO 9) and Component B (propidium iodide) in the dark for 15 minutes. Each stained sample was filtered onto a black polycarbonate membrane (GE Water & Process Technologies, 0.22 µm pore size, 25 mm diameter). The membrane was transferred to a glass microscope slide, a drop of Type FF immersion oil (Cargille) was applied to the filter and a cover slip applied. The samples were visualized with a Nikon Eclipse E800 epifluorescence microscope (100X oil objective, 1.40 NA) with a standard FITC filter (ex: 480/30, DM: 505 LP, em: 535/40) for visualizing green SYTO 9 fluorescence and a standard TRITC filter (ex: 540/25, DM: 565 LP, em: 605/55) for viewing red propidium iodide fluorescence. Paired green and red images were taken at twenty random views (16,389 µm2) for each sample using MetaVue software (Universal Imaging Corporation). The area of cell coverage was measured on each digital image using MetaMorph software (Universal Imaging Corporation). A calibration of the measured cell area versus manual cell counts of the digital image was done for 50 clusters ranging in size from 1–32 cells. The calibrated mean area per cell was used to convert the measured area to cell counts for each image resulting in cell counts of “live” and “dead” cells for n = 20 views for each bulk fluid sample. To complement these measurements, the bulk fluid was also sampled, serially diluted, and plated on TSA for viable cell counts.
Biofilm samples from the same treatment wells were removed, stained on the coupon with LIVE/DEAD solution at a ratio of 3 µL of the 1∶1 SYTO 9 and propidium iodide solution to 1 mL of filter sterilized PBS, and incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 minutes. Following incubation, the stain was pipetted from the side of the coupon and the sample was gently rinsed with filter sterilized PBS to remove excess stain. The stained samples were then imaged with confocal microscopy or embedded for cryosectioning. Confocal images of the biofilm were taken fully hydrated in a petri plate using a Leica TCS SP5 Confocal (25XW LWD, 0.95 NA). SYTO 9 and propidium iodide fluorescence was excited using 488 nm and 561 nm lasers with detector slits set to 499–551 nm and 579–647 nm, respectively. Images were processed using Imaris software (Bitplane). For cryosectioning, stained coupon samples were cryoembedded in O.C.T. Compound tissue embedding medium (Tissue-Tek) on dry ice as previously described . Five µm thick slices of the embedded samples were cut in a Leica CM1850 cryostat at −20°C and placed on poly-L-lysine coated microscope slides (SuperFrost Plus, FisherBrand). A coverslip was placed over the dry cryosection samples, a drop of water placed on top of the cover slip and the cryosections were imaged using a 60XWI objective (1.20 NA) with the Nikon E800 epifluoresence microscope and filters described above. Green and red images of the cryosections were color combined using MetaMorph software (Universal Imaging Corporation).
Statistical analyses were performed using linear mixed effects (lme) models in the nonlinear mixed effects (nlme) package in the free statistical and graphing program R . The lme models accounted for electric current density, position in the well, and salt concentration (P. aeruginosa experiments only) as covariates. Antimicrobial treatment, treatment source (electric current versus mimicked electric current for chlorine dosing experiments), and electrolyte were categorical variables. Experiment was a random factor in all models. As unequal variances existed between the no-current controls and current-exposed data (as expected), statistical analyses were performed on LR data sets (compared to the no-current, no-antibiotic control) that were truncated to exclude the controls with antibiotic but no current. The following model selection process was used to determine the most appropriate model for the data. Initially, all two-way interactions amongst the factors were included in the lme model. Interactions were investigated by significance tests and interaction plots. Insignificant and unimportant interactions were dropped.
The following models resulted from the selection process. To assess S. epidermidis killing effects of direct current in the presence and absence of ciprofloxacin, LRs for each sample were evaluated as a function of antibiotic presence/absence, current density, and position in the well with an interaction between antibiotic and current density. Differential killing across the well was analyzed using a subset of the data as the LR difference between the extreme coupons (coupons 1 and 3) from the same well as a function of current density and antibiotic presence/absence with an interaction term between the two variables. To assess killing of S. epidermidis with chlorine doses, LRs for each sample in the chlorine dosing experiment were analyzed as a function of mimicked current density. The chlorine dosing experiment (N = 1) was compared to the no antimicrobial, current exposed experiments (N = 11) as mean LRs across each well as a function of applied (or mimicked) current density and treatment type (direct current or chlorine dose) with an interaction term between current density and treatment type. Current exposure with alternate electrolytes was analyzed in one model using the nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate data as well as the 2.0 and 5.0 mA data when chloride served as the electrolyte. LR (in comparison to the no-current control of the same electrolyte) was analyzed as a function of current density, electrolyte, and position with an interaction term between current density and electrolyte.
Free chlorine generation was analyzed at each electrode as the free chlorine concentration as a function of current density. Gradients of chlorine across the well were analyzed as the difference in free chlorine concentration between electrodes in the same well (simultaneous samples) as a function of current density.
For P. aeruginosa experiments, the following lme models were used. To assess the effect of salt on growth, LDs of the no-current controls with and without tobramycin were analyzed separately as a function of salt concentration, and jointly as LDs as a function of antibiotic presence/absence and salt concentration with an interaction term between the two variables. As several spacing regimes were used in the P. aeruginosa experiments during electric current treatment, mean LRs across each current-treated well were used as the response. Data from biofilms exposed to current without antibiotic was used to examine current effects at different salt levels. Mean LRs over individual treatment wells were assessed as a function of salt concentration and current density as covariates with an interaction term between the two variables. Tobramycin effects with current at varying salt concentrations were assessed only for experiments with parallel wells with and without antibiotic. Mean LR’s were analyzed as a function of current density, salt concentration, and antibiotic presence/absence. Initially all two way interactions were in the model but nonsignificant interactions between antibiotic and current (p-value = 0.32) and antibiotic and salt (p-value = 0.52) were removed from the model resulting in one interaction term between current and salt for the tobramycin experiments.
The repeatability standard deviation (SD) for lme models was calculated from the R output of within-experiment variance, σwithin2, and between-experiment variance, σbetween2: . The percent contributions of each source of variance were calculated as the variance for that source divided by the square of the repeatability SD. To maintain a familywise false discovery rate of 5%, the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was implemented . Thus, hypothesis tests with individual p-values<0.0186 were considered statistically significant.
Electric Current Alone Killed S. epidermidis Biofilms
Significant reductions of S. epidermidis biofilms were observed when direct current was applied for 24 hours at 37°C at all four current levels (0.7, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.8 mA/cm2), both in the presence and absence of ciprofloxacin (Figure 2A and 2B). Data are plotted as individual data points for each coupon sampled. Larger reductions in biofilm viable cell density were observed at higher current levels with mean LRs up to 6.68 log10(CFU/cm2) at the highest current level (1.8 mA/cm2) with ciprofloxacin (p-value<0.0001). The repeatability SD of LR on coupons exposed to current was 1.71 log10(CFU/cm2) with 24% of variance due to between experiment sources. Statistical analyses were performed based on LR as a function of current level, position, and the presence/absence of antibiotic. A significant linear relationship of increasing LR with increasing current level was observed for wells without antibiotic (p-value = 0.0001) as well as those with ciprofloxacin (p-value = 0.004) demonstrating a dose-responsive effect due to current alone.
Direct current was applied in parallel to wells (A) with no antibiotic and (B) with 2.5 µg/mL ciprofloxacin at one or two current levels for N = 11 experiments. (C) An initial dose of free chlorine corresponding to each current level was used to mimic the direct current exposure in the absence of current for N = 1 experiment (no antibiotic). All wells contained 3 g/L TSB and 9 g/L total NaCl and treatments lasted 24 hours. Each data point denotes the LD for an individual coupon and lines show connected mean LDs for each current level.
Combining Antibiotic with Electric Current did not Increase Killing of S. epidermidis Biofilms
As killing was observed both in the presence and absence of ciprofloxacin, the linear relationships of LR and current level were compared to investigate the role of the antibiotic. No statistically significant difference in killing were observed when 2.5 µg/mL ciprofloxacin was present during direct current exposure (p-value = 0.75). The interaction between current and antibiotic was not significant (p-value = 0.33) indicating that the presence of 2.5 µg/mL ciprofloxacin additionally did not affect the rate of the dose-responsive killing with current level. As the bioelectric effect is discussed as a synergistic increase in killing efficacy when antibiotics are used in conjunction with electric current, an interaction between antibiotic and current would be observed if this type of synergy was present. In these experiments, no statistically significant synergistic or additive responses were observed when 2.5 µg/mL ciprofloxacin was present during direct current exposure.
S. epidermidis Biofilms Closer to the Cathode Experienced Greater Killing that those more Distant
An unexpected but significant observation was the relationship between log reductions and the position of the sample in the treatment well during current exposure (p-value = 0.0005). To determine if a definitive killing trend existed across the treatment wells, the difference in LR for the coupon at the cathode (coupon 3) with respect to the coupon near the center of the well (coupon 1) from the same current exposed well was examined for the S. epidermidis experiments (Figure 3). Non-zero differences would indicate differential killing due to position. Five of the thirty-nine wells exposed to current had total kill (below detection limit) on both coupons and thus had a position difference of zero. In 28 of the 34 remaining experiments, larger reductions in bacterial density were observed at coupon 3 compared to coupon 1 as indicated by a positive LR difference. These LR differences between the extreme coupons did not change significantly with current level (p-value = 0.71) or the presence or absence of ciprofloxacin (p-value = 0.13) but the pooled difference across all wells was significantly positive on the average (p-value = 0.0003). These data thus indicate a trend of increased killing at the cathode (coupon 3) compared to samples in the center of the well when direct current is applied. When no current was applied (control samples), position did not have a statistically significant effect.
Within each well, a trend of larger reductions at coupon 3 (adjacent to the cathode) compared to coupon 1 (near the center of the well) was observed following electric current treatment, as indicated by positive values. Each symbol denotes the measurement of the difference in LR between the extreme coupon positions (coupon 3 minus coupon 1) in a current-exposed well.
Electric Current Resulted in the Generation of Free Chlorine
Due to the chloride in the medium, chlorine generated from electrolysis was suspected as a possible etiologic agent for observed reductions in biofilm density. During electric current exposure, free chlorine would be generated continuously but the available chlorine would react quickly with biofilm and the organics in the medium and was not measurable when those sources of chlorine demand were present. Therefore, the direct current exposures were repeated without the sources of chlorine demand (biofilm and organics) and sampled for chlorine at 24 hours. These measurements are referred to as “endpoint free chlorine concentrations” and approximate the cumulative chlorine generated over the course of treatment without reaction. Significant concentrations of free chlorine were generated at all four current levels over 24 hours (Figure 4A). Concentrations ranged from 400–680 ppm free chlorine at the lowest current level (0.7 mA/cm2) to 930–1400 ppm free chlorine at the highest current level (1.8 mA/cm2). A strong linear relationship was observed with increasing free chlorine with increasing current levels (p-value<0.0001 for anode samples as well as cathode samples). A significant gradient of free chlorine was also observed across the well (Figure 4B). On average, free chlorine concentrations were higher at the cathode compared to the anode within the same well (p-value = 0.012). Any changes in the magnitude of the chlorine difference with increasing current levels were not significant at the comparison value (p-value = 0.038). When these same experiments were performed with the organics in the solution, free chlorine was undetectable at 24 hours. It is important to note that these chlorine concentrations are cumulative and would be nowhere near as high at any given time during electric current treatment when biofilm and organic sources of chlorine demand are present.
(A) Free chlorine was measured at each electrode after 24 hours of current when the direct current exposures were repeated without sources of chlorine demand (biofilm and organics in the medium). These “endpoint free chlorine concentrations” approximate the cumulative chlorine generated over the course of treatment without reaction. (B) The free chlorine differences between electrodes (cathode minus anode) in each well indicated a trend of higher free chlorine concentrations at the cathode as indicated by positive values. (C) pH measurements were taken at each electrode after direct current was applied for 24 hours to the standard treatment solution (with organics). Symbols indicate individual measurements and lines (A) show linear mixed effects models.
Electric Current Resulted in pH Changes
pH measurements were taken after 24 hours of direct current application to the treatment solution (3 g/L TSB, 9 g/L total NaCl, no biofilm) to investigate an overall change in pH as well as pH gradients across the well. After 24 hours, the current was turned off and measurements were immediately taken at each electrode with a pH meter (Figure 4C). Slight increases in pH were generally observed after current was applied, however the increases were not statistically significant when compared to the initial pH (p-values = 0.059 and 0.062 for measurements at the anode and cathode, respectively). Comparisons of these measurements within each well were inconsistent with respect to pH being higher at one electrode over the other and no statistically significant difference was observed that would indicate a pH gradient across the wells (p-value = 0.97). However, to validate these observations, pH measurements were taken with pH strips while the current was running. At five minutes, pH gradients around 3 at the anode and 9 at the cathode were observed at the four current levels studied with values between 6 and 7 at the center of the wells (data not shown). Any pH gradient across the well would be expected to rapidly dissipate when current was stopped due to diffusive and convective mixing. These observations indicate a large pH gradient across the wells when the current is running, but no net change in the pH of the solution.
Free Chlorine Addition in the Absence of Electric Current Mimicked Biofilm Killing by Current
To investigate the contribution of chlorine generation to direct current effects, the following experiment was performed to determine if a free chlorine dose, representative of the concentrations measured when sources of chlorine demand were absent, could be used to mimic direct current exposure. For each current level, the mean endpoint free chlorine concentrations for both electrodes (Figure 4A) were used to determine the treatment concentration of free chlorine to mimic the direct current effect. The averaged concentrations were 0, 560, 730, 920, and 1,120 ppm free chlorine for 0, 0.7, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.8 mA/cm2, respectively. Because the nutrients present a very large source of chlorine demand, chlorine solutions were made in water and the nutrients were added immediately preceding application of the chlorine-nutrient solution to the biofilm samples for a 24 hour exposure. This approach accounted for simultaneous chlorine reactions with the biofilm and the organic medium components. Significant reductions in cell density were observed with chlorine doses at all levels (Figure 2C). The reductions followed a dose-responsive pattern with a linear trend of increasing LR with increasing mimicked current level (i.e. chlorine dose, p-value = 0.003). When the mimicked current with chlorine dosing (N = 1 experiment) was compared to direct current exposure (N = 11 experiments, Figure 2A) as a function of current density (or mimicked current density), no statistically significant difference was observed between treatment with current versus mimicked current with the chlorine dosing (p-value = 0.98), nor was there a significant difference in the LR trend over current (p-value = 0.76). While dose-responsive biofilm reductions with increasing chlorine doses would be expected, the specificity of the applied dose to each current level to generate similar reductions demonstrates more than a partial contribution to efficacy. These results indicate that chlorine generation plays a predominate role in direct current effects in this system but additionally do so in a dose-responsive manner that is based on the current level applied and subsequent amount of free chlorine produced.
Electrolytes other than Chloride Produced Less Biofilm Killing by Electric Current
Indications of the importance of chlorine generation in direct current efficacy led us to question if electric current effects would be observed without chloride in the system. In the next variation, current was applied to S. epidermidis biofilms in the absence of chloride using alternate electrolytes in the treatment solution (Figure 5). Sodium chloride is not only an electrolyte but also a parameter affecting growth of S. epidermidis and thus an ideal electrolyte was difficult to determine. As other halide salts would generate similar biocidal products, nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate were used as electrolytes in these experiments. Growth curves of planktonic cultures in the three alternative electrolytes solutions versus the chloride containing solution were similar during exponential phase but final log densities were half to one log order lower than those with chloride (data not shown). Thus, for these experiments, biofilms were grown in the CDC reactor using the standard growth protocol (with chloride) and the application of the alternative electrolyte solutions (and subsequent removal of chloride) only occurred during current application. Controls without current were run in parallel to account for any effects of the alternative electrolyte on biofilm growth or survival over the treatment time. The lowest and highest current levels from the chloride experiments were applied to each solution for 24 hours (Figure 5). Reductions in biofilm were observed with direct current application when sulfate or nitrate served as the electrolyte with a statistically significant dose response of LR with current level for sulfate (p-value = 0.013) but not for nitrate (p-value = 0.066). Reductions were larger for electric current exposure with sulfate as the electrolyte (a 3-log mean reduction at the highest current density) compared to nitrate (a 2-log mean reduction at the highest current density), however, neither showed as strong of an effect as the 5-log reduction seen at the highest current level when direct current was applied with chloride present. In contrast, when phosphate was used as the electrolyte, the application of electric current at the same current levels had no effect on biofilm viability (p-value = 0.58).
Direct current was applied to biofilms for 24 hours. The treatment solutions had all of the components of TSB except NaCl. Chloride was replaced with nitrate, phosphate, or sulfate at the same molarity (0.154 M) used for chloride experiments. The mean chloride results for 2 and 5 mA are shown for comparison (full data set in Figure 2A). Each symbol indicates the LD for an individual coupon and lines show the connected means for each current level.
Observation of a Paradoxical Increase in S. epidermidis Biofilm Cell Numbers with Antibiotic Treatment
Control treatment wells (one without antibiotic, one with ciprofloxacin) were run in parallel with every experiment and received no current for the duration of the 24 hour treatment. The mean LD for no-current controls without antibiotic was 7.24 log10(CFU/cm2) with a repeatability SD of 0.27 log10(CFU/cm2) with variance mainly due to between experiment sources (85%). The mean LD for no-current controls with ciprofloxacin was 8.00 log10(CFU/cm2) with a repeatability SD of 0.28 log10(CFU/cm2) with variance mainly due to between experiment sources (83%). The LR due to ciprofloxacin in the no-current controls was statistically significant (p<0.001). We are 95% confident that the increase in log density when ciprofloxacin is present is between 0.66 and 0.89 log10(CFU/cm2). While this seems contradictory to the action of an antibiotic, in this system it can be explained by differential detachment of cells from the coupon surface over the course of the 24 hour treatment. The mean LD on coupons at the start of the 24 hour treatment was 8.46 log10(CFU/cm2) so LDs decrease over the course of treatment in both control types. We hypothesize that in the presence of ciprofloxacin, more cells remained attached to the coupon surface versus detaching into the harsher environment of the bulk fluid containing the antibiotic. In contrast, detachment may have been less inhibited in the absence of antibiotic. This observation is supported by the fact that control wells with no current and no antibiotic were typically turbid after treatment while the corresponding no-current wells with ciprofloxacin were not. The absence of any killing efficacy of the antibiotic against biofilm bacteria shows that this model system captures the remarkable tolerance of biofilm towards antibiotics.
Cell Detachment was Observed in Control and Electric Current Treated Samples
Biofilm detachment was assessed with viable cell counts on TSA and LIVE/DEAD staining of the bulk fluid and biofilm following exposure to 3.0 mA (1.1 mA/cm2) of direct current for 24 hours. The LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit uses two stains to distinguish between cells with intact membranes (green “live” cells) and cells with damaged membranes (red “dead” cells). While membrane integrity is an important parameter in cell viability, green staining of cells is not a strict parameter for live cells nor does red staining strictly indicate non-viability, thus plate counts and staining are complementary methods. Viable cells in the bulk fluid where considerably higher in the no-current control wells with a mean LD +/− SD of 8.01+/−0.09 log10(CFU/mL) compared to 1.15+/−0.78 log10(CFU/mL) viable cells in the bulk fluid of the current exposed wells. Total cell counts of filtered bulk fluid samples were calculated from the combined number of stained cells (“live” and “dead”) via microscopy. Detached total cells in the bulk fluid after 24 hours of treatment were 1-log higher in control wells with mean log total cell counts +/− SD of 8.72+/−0.01 log10(cells/mL) in control wells and 7.67+/−0.45 log10(cells/mL) in the current exposed wells; however the ratios of green “live” or red “dead” cells to total cells in the images showed 92% “live” cells in the bulk fluid of control wells (8.68+/−0.03 log10(“live” cells/mL)) compared to only 2% “live” cells of the total detached cells in the wells exposed to 3.0 mA direct current (5.40+/−1.12 log10(“live” cells/mL)).
LIVE/DEAD stained biofilm samples from the same treatment wells were imaged with confocal microscopy and cryosectioning. The topography of the unexposed control biofilms was very heterogeneous with many columns, towers, and streamers characteristic of a mature biofilm (Figure 6A and 6D). The majority of distinguishable cells stained green although intermittent distinct red cells were found with searching in both the confocal and cryosectioned images. Broader red staining was also observed on the surface of tower structures. In contrast, electric current treated biofilms were thinner and flatter with the majority of distinguishable cells staining red, indicating damaged cells, for biofilm samples at the center of the well at position 1 (Figure 6B and 6E) as well as adjacent to the cathode at position 3 (Figure 6C and 6F). Some broad red staining and sparse green staining was observed in areas of clustered red cells and seemed to be associated with loose matrix material as distinct green cells were not observed. Biofilm samples from position 1 in the center of the well were visually observed to be slightly denser than those at the cathode with more observations of dim green with red cell clusters. Biofilm samples from position 3 near the cathode showed mainly red cells that ranged from dense clusters of red cells to areas of sparse biofilm only several cells thick. This reduced topography is pronounced considering all biofilm samples (control and treated) came from the same growth reactor and at time zero were mature biofilms resembling the control biofilm.
Biofilms are stained with LIVE/DEAD BacLight stains. Green color indicates cells with intact membranes (“live” cells) while red color indicates cells with damaged membranes (“dead” cells). (A ) Confocal and (D) cryosection images of the control biofilm. Confocal and cryosection images of biofilm exposed to 3 mA of current are shown for position 1 (B and E) and position 3 (C and F) from the same treatment well. The scale bar for confocal images is 100 µm. The scale bar for cryosection images is 50 µm.
These biofilm and bulk fluid measurements can be used to assess the components of observed biofilm reductions due to detachment versus killing. Detached cells were found in the bulk fluid of the treatment wells, however more viable cells, total cells (“live” and “dead”), and “live” cells were observed in control wells compared to the wells with electric current indicating that, while biofilm detachment occurs, it is not a treatment specific event. “Dead” stained biofilm was observed still attached to the surface of coupons following electric current exposure although it was reduced in thickness and visually seemed to have decreased total cell density per volume biofilm. During the dose-response experiments described previously, electric current treated biofilms were observed to be looser than controls when sampling for viability. These observations may indicate detachment mechanism and thus an assessment of the LR components (killing versus detachment) should be considered. Due to the heterogeneity of thickness and density of the biofilm samples, quantitative estimates of LR based on biofilm structure in the microscope images would be very difficult but the following hypothetical scenarios may aid in interpretation. If a homogeneous slab biofilm is assumed and the effect of electric current exposure is proposed to only cause biofilm detachment (i.e. no effects on viability), a 2/3 reduction in biofilm thickness would only represent a 0.5 LR of biofilm. If, in addition, the treatment was hypothesized to affect matrix structure such that the number of cells per volume in the remaining slab biofilm was reduced, for example, to 25% of the cells per biofilm volume in the untreated control, the combined decrease in thickness and density would only represent a 1.1 LR. While these values are hypothetical, the detachment and thinning scenarios cannot completely explain the 4.34 log10(CFU/cm2) mean LR observed at 3.0 mA (1.1 mA/cm2) with no antibiotic (Figure 2A), indicating a large effect due to killing. Together, these results suggest that electric current exposure prevented the growth of and killed biofilm and planktonic phase bacteria. While some detachment occurred during electric current treatment and was observed to impact biofilm structure, the predominant effect on the biofilm was loss of viability.
Electric Current has a Killing Effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms
A dose-responsive killing effect of current was observed against gram-negative P. aeruginosa biofilms over a twenty hour treatment (Figure 7). Each data point in Figure 7 is the mean LD across coupons (n = 2 or 3) sampled from the same treatment well in the same experiment. The standard errors (SE) associated with each data point (i.e. the SE of the mean LD of the coupons in each well exposed to current over 50 wells in N = 19 experiments) were between 0.05 and 1.75 log10(CFU/cm2) with the exception of eight wells in which all samples were below the detection limit and thus had no variability. Most of this within-experiment variability was observed for direct current levels of 0.18–0.43 mA/cm2 for no-antibiotic wells and 0.07–0.43 mA/cm2 with tobramycin while standard errors less than 0.32 log10(CFU/cm2) were observed outside these ranges. In these experiments, TSB was again used as the nutrient in the treatment solution but at 3% of the concentration that was used in the wells during treatment of S. epidermidis biofilms and thus represents a system with lower chlorine demand from organic medium components.
Direct current was applied to biofilm in wells containing (A) no antibiotic and (B) 10 µg/mL tobramycin sulfate for 20 hours. All wells contained 0.1 g/L TSB with varying amounts of total NaCl. References to theoretical salt limitation or excess salt apply only to wells with current. Each symbol indicates a mean LD on coupons across one well and lines show connected means for each current level.
Experiments were first analyzed for the effect of the salt concentration during electric current exposure. While the sodium chloride levels are grouped in ranges of concentrations in Figure 7 for clarity of presentation, salt concentration was used as a covariate for analysis. In the absence of current, the salt concentration in the control wells over the 20 hour treatment had no significant effect on the LD in control wells (p-value = 0.12) and was determined not to affect biofilm growth or survival during the treatment time. The mean LD of the no-current, no-antibiotic controls across salt levels was 7.50 log10(CFU/cm2) with a repeatability SD of 0.34 log10(CFU/cm2) with 66% of variance due to between experiment sources. For any well with current, two boundaries for chlorine were calculated: the maximum free chlorine concentration if all the chloride in the treatment solution was converted to free chlorine, and the theoretical chlorine concentration if all the current that runs through the treatment solution goes to reactions that generate free chlorine. Experimental parameters where the theoretical maximum chlorine concentration based on current level exceeded the available chloride in the system were defined as theoretically “salt limited”. The mean LRs were analyzed as a function of current density and salt concentration for the no-antibiotic data. Figure 7A indicates that the mean LD of organisms on the coupons decreased as direct current increased with the same rate regardless of salt concentration. The increasing LR with current level was statistically significant (p-value = 0.008) but was not found to be affected by the salt concentration (p-value = 0.72) and no significant interaction was observed between the two factors (p-value = 0.83). The repeatability SD of mean LR for wells exposed to current was 1.35 log10(CFU/cm2) with 100% of variance due to within experiment sources. As the rates of biofilm reductions with current level were the same across the salt concentrations, it was concluded that the treatment wells had sufficient chloride available and were thus not “salt limited” in the range studied. Looking back at the chlorine generation measured for the S. epidermidis current levels (all of which had excess salt available), the mean endpoint free chlorine measurements across each well (Figure 4A) were only 12–21% of the theoretical maximum free chlorine level that would be achieved if all current flow went to the generation of free chlorine. If the type of electrolytic “efficiency” seen with excess salt also applied to the salt and current parameters in the P. aeruginosa experiments, the actual chloride required in the medium may be much lower than the theoretical extremes used to define salt limitation, providing a possible explanation for the lack of NaCl effects at the experimental conditions studied.
The effect of tobramycin with varying salt concentrations and current densities was then analyzed (Figure 7B). In the absence of current, biofilms treated with tobramycin had a significant mean LR of 1.92 log10(CFU/cm2) compared to no-current, no-antibiotic controls (p-value<0.0005) with a repeatability SD of 0.78 log10(CFU/cm2) with no change in LR due to the salt concentration (p-value = 0.45). When current was applied, a significant linear trend of increasing biofilm reductions with increasing current was again observed (p-value = 0.001). A statistically significant increase in LR of 1.70 log10(CFU/cm2) was observed when tobramycin was present in wells with current compared to wells without antibiotic (p-value = 0.001), however the interaction between tobramycin and current level (which would indicate synergy between the antibiotic and electric current) was not significant (p-value = 0.33). The repeatability SD of mean LR for wells exposed to current was 1.17 log10(CFU/cm2) with 100% of variance due to within experiment sources. The tobramycin effect during current application is very close to that seen in the no-current controls and the lack of interaction with current level fails to demonstrate synergy between current and tobramycin. Thus, in this system the killing by tobramycin seems to be a separate, additive effect that is not enhanced by the application of current.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of direct current under conditions physiologically relevant to the milieu of an infected artificial joint. While past biofilm experiments in this area of research have typically used a chloride-free solution to minimize electrolysis effects, in this system a salt concentration of normal saline (0.9% NaCl) was used in order to mimic the physiologically relevant environment.
Our results are consistent with electrolytic generation of hypochlorous acid, a potent disinfectant, at the anode leading to biofilm killing. The half-reactions for electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution are:
Although the overall reaction would result in no net pH change, the cathodic and anodic reactions indicate localized pH decreases at the anode and increases at the cathode consistent with our observations.
This mechanism of electrolytic generation of chlorine in the presence of aqueous chloride is consistent with the following experimental observations: 1) Killing effects associated with direct current exposure were observed against S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa biofilms in the absence of antibiotic (Figure 2A and 7A). 2) Biofilm reductions were dose responsive with increased killing observed with increasing current density (Figure 2A and 2B and Figure 7). Increasing the current density is expected to increase the rate of chlorine generation. 3) High concentrations of free chlorine were measured in the system when exposed to electric current (Figure 4A). The amount of chlorine generated also follows a linear dose response with current density. 4) The effect of electric current was accurately mimicked by dosing of an equivalent concentration of chlorine (Figure 2C). 5) Less killing was observed during electric current treatment at the same current levels when nitrate and sulfate were used in place of chloride during current exposure (Figure 5). 6) No killing effect was observed when current was applied at the same levels when phosphate was used in place of chloride. 7) Biofilm killing was greater on the coupon immediately adjacent to the cathode where higher chlorine concentrations were also observed (Figure 3). We conclude that electrolytic generation of chlorine is likely to be important in vivo where chloride ion is naturally and invariably present.
The bioelectric effect is typically discussed as a synergistic effect between biocide and direct current when either alone would have minimal to no impact. There was no effect of ciprofloxacin in the S. epidermidis experiments (Figure 2A and 2B). The reduction due to tobramycin in P. aeruginosa experiments (Figure 7) was comparable when current was present or absent and determined to be an additive effect, independent of the presence of direct current. Thus, the results reported here do not conform to the bioelectric effect model as we find substantial killing by current alone and no synergistic enhancement of killing provided by combining current and antibiotic.
Electrolytic generation of chlorine explains the direct current efficacy observed in this study when the experiment accounted for physiologic saline conditions (9 g/L NaCl). Doses of chlorine alone at concentrations of 25 to 100 mg/L have been reported to partially kill or remove S. epidermidis , or S. aureus biofilms and those results are furthermore confirmed in this study. Considered a rapid speed kill agent, chlorine works as a disinfectant by oxidizing organic material . Active against many organisms, chlorine and hypochlorite salts are the most common disinfectant in municipal water treatment facilities . HOCl is also produced in the phagolysosomes of human neutrophils from Cl- and H2O2 by myeloperoxidase to kill and digest foreign microbes for immune defense –. Although seemingly supportive of chlorine in the body, HOCl is isolated to the phagolysosomes within these cells and release of chlorine species from ruptured neutrophils has been implicated in host tissue damage although host systems to prevent HOCl tissue damage are also reported . HOCl reacts with a number of cellular targets demonstrating broad reactivity with bacterial and host cells . Electrolytic generation of chlorine gas in an aqueous solution is a means of generating this potent disinfectant. Although chlorine would be generated at the anode, free chlorine was found throughout the system due to convective mixing (Figure 3A). However, due to the highly reactive nature of chlorine, the free chlorine would remain very low during the course of treatment and may be difficult to detect when chlorine demand is high in the system. Chlorine was not detected over the course of 7 days of electric current in a recent study with 0.5 g/L NaCl from TSB . In our system, chlorine was only detected when the organics were removed from the system.
The speciation of free chlorine is pH dependent as predominantly hypochlorous acid (HOCl) below pH 7.5 and hypochlorite ion (OCl-) above. Hypochlorous acid is known to be 100 times more reactive than the hypochlorite ion and a stronger disinfectant. In the study reported here, a pH gradient around 3 at the anode to 9 at the cathode was observed across the treatment wells when the current was running. While the pH gradient alone could have substantial effects on bacterial viability, it may also affect chlorine speciation and efficacy. Insight into the effects of pH versus chlorine can be drawn from emerging use of electrolyzed water (EW) as a disinfectant in the food industry. EW is typically generated from the electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solutions that is then collected at each electrode for subsequent application with hypothesized action due to pH, chlorine, and the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of the solutions. A recent comparison of acidic EW and basic EW treatment of S. aureus biofilms by Sun et al. demonstrated high killing efficacy but no removal of biofilm with acidic EW solutions but high removal and no killing of biofilm with basic EW . The removal effect was partially reproduced by increasing the pH without EW but representative decreases in pH did not reproduce the killing effect indicating other EW properties, such as chlorine or oxidative properties, to be responsible for killing efficacy. In other studies, reductions by previously electrolyzed acidic EW against planktonic E. coli and L. monocytogenes were reproduced with a free chlorine concentration close to those found in the respective EW solution . In our study, we used non-electrolyzed free chlorine solutions to effectively mimic direct current. Reductions were very similar when chlorine doses were used indicating chlorine as a major factor although pH may affect localized changes across the treatment well and ORP might be an additional contributing factor.
The significance of chloride in the system was further demonstrated when the same current levels were applied without chloride in the system. No electric current effect was seen when S. epidermidis biofilms were treated with phosphate serving as the electrolyte. Intermediate 2-log and 3-log mean reductions were observed at the highest current level when nitrate or sulfate served as the electrolyte but neither had as strong of an effect as the 5-log mean reduction when chloride was present in the system (Figure 5). The effects with sulfate and nitrate are hypothesized to be due to electrolysis reactions and products other than those generating chlorine. Davis et al. found similar results with electrolyte variations in the medium during direct current treatment of planktonic E. coli cultures . They reported an initial 8-log planktonic cell culture to be very minimally reduced when phosphate was used in the medium, a 1-log reduction with sulfate, a 2-log reduction with nitrate, but no survival when chloride was present over a 4 hour treatment with 400 µA across a 10 mL culture. In studies of electrochemical disinfection of wastewater in a plug flow reactor, Li et al. observed reduction efficiencies of E. coli when wastewater contained NaCl but no disinfection efficacy was observed when water contained NaNO3 or Na2SO4 . Wattanakaroon and Stewart reported a 4-log increase in Streptococcus gordonii biofilm killing when 2 g/L NaCl was added to the solution during electric current treatment although also reported extensive corrosion of the stainless steel electrodes with chloride present . Sun et al. reported that while acidic electrolyzed water generated from the electrolysis of a 0.1% NaCl solution had strong killing efficacy against S. aureus biofilm, the same pH electrolyzed water generated from a 0.1% NaNO3 solution had minimal efficacy . These observations show chloride as an important parameter demonstrated to increase killing efficacy of electric current.
Another point of consideration is electrode material. Davis et al. reported the electrode material to be a critical parameter in studies of electric current application to planktonic cultures . With a gold cathode, anodes made of carbon or platinum were reported to be the most effective while silver, nickel, or copper corroded to the point of breakage during experiments. In other studies, the release of metals from the electrodes has been intentionally used to deliver silver for treatment , . Stainless steel has predominantly been used for both electrodes , , , , –, , , as one electrode alternating polarity throughout exposure as anode or cathode , , or as the cathode , , in studies investigating electrical effects on biofilm although use of platinum , , and graphite , are also reported. In some of these studies, corrosion or discoloration has been reported as an observation with stainless steel electrodes. We also began our study with ferrous electrodes (no data shown). These electrodes experienced significant corrosion and precipitation of colored corrosion products. These products were observed to have lethal effects in our system which lead to the use of platinum electrodes. Recent studies have also linked the use of stainless steel electrodes to both corrosion products and higher bacterial reductions when compared to graphite electrodes , . It has been suggested that use of stainless steel electrodes may have contributed to the larger reductions reported in previous studies of the bioelectric effect . These types of observations might be difficult to detect in a flowing system.
So how do our findings relate back to treatment of an infection in vivo? In the past, the bioelectric effect has been suggested as a way to enhance antibiotic treatment of infections. Our in vitro results suggest a mechanistic basis for the efficacy of electric current alone when chloride is present. This may be part of the explanation for antimicrobial efficacy of electrical treatments reported in prior studies in animals. Successful electrical current treatment of S. epidermidis has been demonstrated in a goat model along surgical pin tracts connecting an external fixation frame to bone for use in reconstructive bone surgery with the pin acting as an electrode . The anode, which would be the site of generation of hypochlorous acid, was a platinum ring contacting the skin with the stainless steel fixation pin serving as the cathode. Secinti et al. used titanium and silver coated titanium screws as anodes to study the intentional release of silver particles to treat S. aureus on vertebral implants in rabbits . While both electrically treated screws decreased cell counts, release of titanium was associated with significant bone tissue inflammation where none was reported with silver. Del Pozo et al. showed killing efficacy of electric current application against S. epidermidis on stainless steel implants in the tibia of rabbits without antibiotic over a 21 day exposure although discoloration of the bone was also noted .
Here we have reported killing efficacy of direct current against S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa biofilms and conclude these effects to be due to electrolytic generation of free chlorine. Localized generation of an antimicrobial at the site of infection is an attractive strategy for indwelling, device-related infections. However, while electrolytically generated chlorine may have antimicrobial properties, as we have demonstrated here, it is also likely to have cytotoxic effects in the surrounding host tissue. We do not necessarily advocate the application of direct electric current as a therapeutic strategy. The message from this investigation is that if a direct current is established in vivo, where chloride is abundant, the generation of chlorine is an inevitable consequence. The potential for host tissue damage needs to be addressed if electric current therapies are to be considered. In future work, it will be important to be aware of electrochemistry that can lead to free chlorine when considering the application of direct current technologies in vivo.
We would like to thank Betsey Pitts at the Center for Biofilm Engineering for providing expert assistance with confocal microscopy. Microscopy equipment at the facility was purchased with funds provided by the M. J. Murdock Charitable Trust and the NSF Major Research Instrumentation Program.
Conceived and designed the experiments: ELS BRM PSS. Performed the experiments: ELS. Analyzed the data: ELS AEP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BRM PSS. Wrote the paper: ELS.
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The best invention since sliced bread is a flour that will make your sliced bread caffeinated.
Brandeis University professor Daniel Perlman has patented coffee flour, which will allow baked goods to give you the same buzz as several cups of coffee, depending how much of the flour you use.
In an interview with Eater, Perlman says, "This flour contains 2.5 percent caffeine by weight, so if you were to put 4 grams of this into, say, a breakfast muffin, it would be the equivalent of drinking a cup of coffee."
This is great news for caffeine and gluten lovers everywhere.
Even better? This flour has major health benefits, as it's derived from green coffee beans that are roasted at low temperatures. It is said that this method helps to retain antioxidant chlorogenic acid, which is believed by scientists to lower your risk of heart disease and diabetes.
If you're worried about a caffeine overload, Perlman says not to fret.
He explains, "Unlike some bars that are loaded with chemically purified or synthesized caffeine, this is natural food source caffeine. I would expect it to be absorbed a little more gradually than the caffeine in a cup of coffee, so [it would offer] a more sustained release and longer-term stimulation than you get when you drink a cup or two of coffee."
Perlman also told Eater his coffee flour is a "very user-friendly ingredient", meaning it's easy to bake with. Unskilled bakers rejoice!
We can't wait to have our coffee cake and get our caffeine buzz too.
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North Korea is guilty of crimes reminiscent of those committed by Nazi Germany — and “Supreme Leader” Kim Jong-un can be tried for monstrous offenses that have no “parallel in the contemporary world,” a scathing UN report charged Monday.
The brutal Pyongyang regime has killed “hundreds of thousands” of its own people since the 1950s and has mounted a horrific history of torture, rape and forced starvation, it said.
The report, based on the testimony of 320 survivors of the regime, experts and other witnesses, describes a nation brainwashed since birth — and said the suppression has gotten worse since Kim had his own uncle executed in December.
Among the findings of the 372-page report:
- There are as many as 120,000 political prisoners in North Korea, and the number has declined only “owing to deaths.”
- Dead prisoners were allowed to rot and be eaten by rats — or their bodies were burned and turned into fertilizer.
- Female prisoners routinely underwent forced abortions — and some had to drown their own newborns.
- Prisoners endured punishments such as “pigeon torture,” in which they were suspended by hooks while their hands were cuffed behind them. One victim said he was held in that position for three days, “enduring excruciating pain.”
- Inmates were also used for martial-arts practice and forced to live on rats, snakes and grass because they were given virtually nothing to eat.
- Mass starvation forced thousands to flee to China and those who returned were beaten and underwent grotesque body searches.
“They are wrongs that shock the conscience of humanity,” Human Rights Commission chairman Michael Kirby said.
Comparing the crimes to those of Adolf Hitler’s Germany, he told Reuters: “Some of them are strikingly similar.”
Kim’s uncle Jang Son-thaek was a stabilizing “control tower,” the report said. He was executed because, among other crimes, he was seen “half-heartedly clapping” when Kim was promoted before his father, Kim Jong-Il, died.
The younger Kim punished even more trial offenders — such as a journalist who was sentenced to six months in a “training camp” because he misspelled Kim’s father’s name.
One former inmate, Kim Young-soon, spent nine years in jail with her family because she knew a “state secret” — that Kim’s father was having an affair.
“It is a place that would make your hair stand on end,” she said Monday of North Korea.
The UN commission said the world can no longer ignore what is going on in North Korea after the searing indictment released Monday.
“We cannot say we didn’t know,” Kirby said. “We now do know.”
The report said the ruling Kim family lavished the impoverished nation’s few resources on themselves. A former North Korea official described his work at the well-financed Kim Il-sung Longevity Research Institute, “established with the sole purpose of ensuring long lives and good health for” Kim’s father and grandfather.
Paranoia and envy of South Korea also drive the Kim family, the yearlong investigation found. The report said in 2013, Kim ordered the Korean People’s Army to build a “world class” skiing resort — apparently because South Korea would have such facilities when it hosts the 2018 Winter Olympics.
But Kim and his regime are unlikely to ever face prosecution for crimes against humanity because the case would have to be referred to the International Criminal Court by the UN Security Council. China, Kim’s closet ally, has a veto on the council.
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The lipoxygenase metabolic pathway in plants: potential for industrial production of natural green leaf volatiles
Notes de la rédaction
Received on June 9, 2009; accepted on December 1, 2009
La voie métabolique de la lipoxygénase chez les plantes : un potentiel pour la production d'arômes naturels à notes vertes. Voie métabolique incontournable du règne végétal, la voie enzymatique de la lipoxygénase est très largement décrite dans la littérature. Au sein de celle-ci, les actions combinées de trois enzymes, lipase, lipoxygénase (LOX) et hydroperoxyde lyase (HPL), convertissent un substrat lipidique (acides C18:2 et C18:3) en molécules volatiles à courte chaine. Ces réactions stimulées par l'endommagement des cellules membranaires produisent des composés communément appelés Molécules à Note Verte (MNV) dénominant des aldéhydes et des alcools en C6 ou en C9. Ces MNVs sont des composés aromatiques largement utilisés pour conférer une impression de fraicheur et d'authenticité aux produits alimentaires. Par conséquent, des systèmes de production compétitifs ont été développés afin de subvenir à la haute demande en molécules aromatiques naturelles. Des huiles végétales, choisies selon leur profil en acides gras, sont converties par la LOX de soja et par l'HPL en MNVs naturelles. Cependant, la seconde étape de cette bioconversion présente des rendements faibles causés par l'instabilité de l'HPL et par son inhibition à son propre substrat. Cet article scientifique va brièvement décrire les différentes enzymes impliquées dans cette bioconversion selon leurs propriétés chimiques et enzymatiques. Des techniques biotechnologiques d'amélioration de leur potentiel de production seront ensuite exposées dans le cadre d'un processus complet de bioconversion, du substrat lipidique aux arômes correspondants.
Lipoxygenase enzymatic pathway is a widely studied mechanism in the plant kingdom. Combined actions of three enzymes: lipase, lipoxygenase (LOX) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) convert lipidic substrates such as C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids into short chain volatiles. These reactions, triggered by cell membrane disruptions, produce compounds known as Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) which are C6 or C9-aldehydes and alcohols. These GLVs are commonly used as flavors to confer a fresh green odor of vegetable to food products. Therefore, competitive biocatalytic productions have been developed to meet the high demand in these natural flavors. Vegetable oils, chosen for their lipidic acid profile, are converted by soybean LOX and plant HPL into natural GLVs. However this second step of the bioconversion presents low yield due to the HPL instability and the inhibition by its substrate. This paper will shortly describe the different enzymes involved in this bioconversion with regards to their chemical and enzymatic properties. Biotechnological techniques to enhance their production potentialities will be discussed along with their implication in a complete bioprocess, from the lipid substrate to the corresponding aldehydic or alcoholic flavors.
Table des matières
1Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) synthesized through the lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymatic pathway are involved in plant aromatic reactions. GLVs are metabolized from C18-polyunsaturated fatty acids (including linoleic and linolenic acids) producing C6- and C9-aldehydes (Matsui et al., 2006). The first C6-GLV compound synthesized by the LOX pathway is (Z)-3-hexenal which is formed after tissue disruption (Matsui et al., 2000a) and is then converted to other GLVs such as (E)-2-hexenal (leaf aldehyde), (Z)-3-hexenol (leaf alcohol) and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (leaf ester) (Shiojiri et al., 2006). These C6-volatiles compounds are important components contributing to the aroma and flavor of fruits and vegetables and are associated with the green note odor (Hatanaka, 1993). For this reason, these molecules are widely used in food and beverage industry (Fukushige et al., 2005) (Table 1). These last years, the global market for these products was USD 30 billion per year including USD 18 billion for the natural flavor class (Schrader et al., 2004; Whitehead et al., 1995). Due to their anti-microbial activities some C6 and C9-GLVs, such as hexanal and (E)-2-Hexenal have also some industrial use in food storage (Hubert et al., 2008).
2Chemical synthesis is the easiest way to produce large amounts of stable C6- or C9- aldehydes and alcohols. However, for food application, consumers have a strong preference for naturally synthesized additives and aromas. Given the high demand for such natural flavors, an efficient biocatalytic process has to be developed for large scale production. Vegetal oils containing C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids are converted by lipoxygenase (LOX) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) into hexanal and (E)-2- or (Z)-3-hexenal. Large-scale conversion of fatty acids into hydroperoxides (HPOs) by LOX has been successfully accomplished (Drouet et al., 1994; Fauconnier et al., 1996). However, the conversion of hydroperoxy-fatty acids by HPL is more difficult to handle since the HPL enzyme present in plant extracts is very unstable and conversion yield remains very low (Almosnino et al., 1996; Cass et al., 2000). This paper will expose the approaches and techniques developed to produce GLVs from vegetal oil with regards to the catalytic activities of the different enzymes.
3GLVs commonly denominate all aldehydes and alcohols produced by the HPL. Thus, GLVs are produced under the LOX pathway through a complex metabolism in the leaves (Figure 1). First, lipids are hydrolysed in free fatty acids by different types of lipases. Afterwards, LOX catalyses the stereospecific oxidation of unsaturated free fatty acids. (9Z,11E,15Z)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid (13-HPOT) is produced from linolenic acid and is further metabolized by HPL to form 12-oxo-(Z)-9-dodecenoic acid (a precursor of the traumatin) and (Z)-3-hexenal (Grechkin, 1998). These products can be isomerized, enzymatically or not, to form 12-oxo-(E)-9-dodecenoic acid and (E)-2-hexenal. Another type of LOX can also synthesize (10E,12E,15Z)-9-hydroperoxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (9-HPOT) from the linolenic acid. These products can also be transformed by HPL in C9-oxo-acids and C9-aldehydes. Linoleic acid is the second substrate (Figure 1) of LOX and is oxydated in 9-HPOD and 13-HPOD, precursors of several aldehydes: such as hexanal and nonenal isomers. All these aldehydes can finally be further transformed by alcohol dehydrogenase to form the corresponding C6- or C9-alcohols. This mixture of volatile compounds leads to a characteristic odor for each plant called “the green note” (Hatanaka, 1993). These molecules have an increasingly significant place within the world market of flavors, conferring freshness and authenticity to a product.
4Lipase is an important class of lipid acyl hydrolase (E.C 126.96.36.199), widely present in living organisms. Several studies have shown that the preferential substrate for GLVs production is galactolipids (Geimel, 1987). If the activity is extremely high phospholipids and finally mono- di- and triglycerids can also be metabolized (Ishiguro et al., 2001). Galactolipids are present in thilakoid membranes and contain large amounts of trienoic acids, such as C18:3 and C18:2 while phospholipids constitute the major fraction of the plant cell membrane. Generally, galactolipase (GL) and other lipase activity levels are naturally very low in plants. The quick release of free fatty acid from galactolipids, such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), could be related to some inducible defense system. This is the first step of a cascade of reactions leading to apoptose programmed cell death following intracellular signal (Cacas et al., 2005). Lipase enzymes, especially those from plants, work in mild conditions: neutral pH and room temperature, but are usually low concentrated. Under industrial purpose, replacement of the native lipase in plant by a microbial immobilized enzyme leads to larger amounts of free fatty acids produced. Each year, more than 1 million kg of free fatty acids are produced through enzymatic processes using microbial lipases (Gargouri et al., 2008).
5LOX (EC 188.8.131.52) catalyses the second stage of the GLVs synthesis. Several isoenzymes from the LOX catalytic group have been identified in several plants (LOX-1 to LOX-6 in Glycine max) (Matsui et al., 1998), all of them containing an iron atom in their active site and being about 100 kDa in size. Free fatty acids are the main LOX substrates, but glycerolipids and phospholipids were also reported as substrates for oxygenation (Baysal et al., 2007). The different LOX iso-enzymes can be classified in two types according to their stereospecificity, the 9-LOX, oxygenating the ninth carbon of the fatty acid and the 13-LOX, the thirteenth. Most of the time, one of the LOX isoenzyme is more abundant, thereby orienting the complete LOX pathway of the plant (9-LOX in cucumber, 13-LOX in watermelon, etc.). LOX activity is temperature and pH dependent, leading to different rates of position isomer production. For example, LOX reactions performed at temperatures below 10°C lead to specific reaction with more than 90% of 13-HPO isomers. As a matter of fact, LOX always synthesizes high levels of S diastereoisomer (95%), by contrast with spontaneous auto-oxidation, which is not stereospecific and produces racemic (R, S) mixture of isomers (Coffa et al., 2005).
6Nowadays, LOX have been found in a lot of varieties of plants, such as tomato leaves (Fauconnier et al., 1997), soybean seeds (Axerold et al., 1981), dry fruits (walnuts, almonds, etc.) (Buranasompob et al., 2007) or olive fruit (Lorenzi et al., 2006). LOX is distributed in plant organs according to the type of environmental conditions, and the age of the plant (Kato et al., 1992). Several plants, such as soybean seeds, have been reported to contain sufficiently high and stable LOX activity for an industrial application (Fauconnier et al., 1996; Rabetafika et al., 2008). LOX is generating HPOs which are potentially cytotoxic for cell membrane and would not therefore be expected to accumulate in plant tissues. These HPOs act as reactions hubs, they are quickly metabolized in chemical compounds involved in signaling, plant defense and apoptose. LOX could also lead to off-flavor synthesis in several food products (Laine et al., 2006). Therefore, LOXs can be thermally inactivated above 60°C and under a pH of 4 with a resulting improvement in the shelf life of foods (Wang et al., 1991).
7Hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) catalyses the chain cleavage of an HPO between the hydroperoxide acid group and the neighbouring carbon group. 9-HPO are converted in C9 oxo-acid and C9 aldehydes, and 13-HPO in C12 oxo-acid and C6 aldehydes. HPLs contain an heme prosthetic group called iron-porphyrin, conferring special folding to the protein. The conformation of the enzyme leads to the formation of a hydrophobic corridor within which the HPO takes place. This molecule is successively metabolized in an epoxyallylic radical, a vinyl ether radical and an hemiacetal before being cleaved in aldehyde and oxo-acid (Grechkin et al., 2006). This enzymatic reaction is really fast, producing 6,000 turn-overs in a second. But, the reaction velocity is gradually decreased to zero before all the substrate is used. This is a typical behavior of an enzyme under suicide inactivation, phenomenon particularly found in P450 enzymatic family. This is a form of irreversible inhibition that occurs when HPL binds a substrate analogue, such as alkyl or alkoxyl radicals and forms an irreversible complex (Santiago-Gómez et al., 2007).
8Most of the HPL are membrane-bound enzymes except for watermelon HPL (Fukushige et al., 2005) and mainly located in chloroplast membranes (Blee et al., 1996). HPL is constituted by three or four monomers of 55 kDa each. The optimum pH is usually between 6 and 9.5 and the optimum temperature close to 30°C, HPLs are very susceptible to freezing and need cryoprotectants to be conserved (Rodrigo et al., 2007). HPL activity is associated with an isomerase activity, transforming Z into the E-isomer. This phenomenon leads to a large variety of different aldehydes and oxo-acids products. According to their particular structure and their specific activity, HPLs have been widely studied in several plants (Table 2). HPLs have important homology levels with allene oxide synthase (AOS) (Family CYP74A), and belong to the P450 enzyme family. These enzymes could be separated in two families CYP74B being specific for 13-HPOD/T and CYP74C specific for 9-HPOD/T.
9ADH (alcohol-NAD-oxidoreductase; E.C. 184.108.40.206) is a well studied enzyme, not really abundant in plants. It was first detected in tea leaves and in soybean seeds but with an instable and low activity. ADH metabolizes aldehydes from the LOX pathway in their corresponding alcohols, conferring higher stability to the molecules (Fauconnier et al., 1999). Short chain alcohols are quite often detected in plant leaves, which suggests that the enzyme activity is sporadic and essentially specific to C6-aldehydes. This enzyme is approximately 150 kDa in size and is NAD dependent, which can be limiting for industrial application due the cost of this cofactor.
10Nowadays, natural C6- and C9-aldehydes are produced through an enzymatic industrial process (Figure 2) using plant extracts or cell cultures as sources of enzymes. In these processes, free fatty acids with high level of unsaturated forms are obtained from vegetal oil (Almosnino et al., 1996; Cass et al., 2000). Soybean flour (with a high level of LOX-1 isoenzyme, a stereospecific enzyme genereting high level of 13-HPO) is added under high oxygen flow and low temperature to produce HPOs (yield 80-90%). Finally, aldehydes are produced on diluted HPOs substrate in a short time reaction with plants extracts or cell cultures containing high HPL activity. Optional further transformation of aldehydes into alcohols can be realized with ADH usually obtained from yeast. Large scale conversion of fatty acids into HPOs has already been successfully developed (Drouet et al., 1994; Fauconnier et al., 1996) but the subsequent conversion into aldehydes is more problematic. HPLs extracted from plants are at low concentration and rather unstable and thus yields are lower than 15% for the molecular conversion of free fatty acids into GLVs.
11As specified before, the choice of the vegetal oil will determine the class of HPO produced. Generally, olive oil or sunflower oil is hydrolyzed for HPOD production, and linseed oil for HPOT synthesis by commercial lipases. Biotransformation of free fatty acids into HPOs must be performed under high agitation level to increase the solubility of the substrates in aqueous solution and the level of oxygen available. In these conditions, LOX reaction is fast and completed within one hour. Fauconnier et al. (1996) have described HPOs synthesis in 10 l vessel with a yield ranging from 60 to 94%, depending on substrate concentrations. Alternatively, biphasic reactors were also used to combine lipase and LOX reactions. In these systems, lipase reaction is performed at the oil/water interface and free fatty acids produced remain in the organic phase. This phase acts as tank substrate for the LOX while HPOs are stored in the aqueous phase (Kaewthong et al., 2005). Furthermore, several immobilization assays have been performed successfully in a micellar system conferring higher resistance to temperature and high recovery of the LOX enzyme (Kermasha et al., 2002).
12Production of specific GLV compounds is directed by the selection of adequate substrates and enzymes. Many plants organs with HPL activities were tested for GLVs production and obviously several retain some potential to enter in industrial process (Table 2). Several authors have developed systems for production of high concentrations of GLVs. They can increase more than hundred times the natural level of GLV through their production process (Rehbock et al., 1998; Tijet et al., 2001; Schade et al., 2003; Nemeth et al., 2004; Rabetafika et al., 2008). However these levels are still low for industrial purpose and in many cases stability and specificity of the enzyme have to be optimized to improve the productivity.
13The low level of HPO transformation is first due to the difficulty of HPL extraction. Specific chloroplasts extraction could be performed to obtain highly concentrated extracts of HPL (Husson et al., 2002). However the use of chemical detergents often reduces enzyme stability and it must be performed under controlled condition to prevent total enzymatic degradation. As alternative, the use of HPL in its native form from the grounded plant materials is possible without extraction. This method is cheaper but presents low yields because only a few enzymatic sites are accessible.
14The second main problem for HPOs transformation into GLV compounds is the abundance of hydroperoxide metabolizing enzymes other than HPL. Divinyl Ether Synthase (DES) and Peroxygenase (POX) are not abundant in plant leaves (Blee, 1998), but AOS is highly concentrated in some plants organs (Froehlich et al., 2001). Furthermore, AOS has a very close structure compared to HPL, and could only be specifically inhibited by highly expensive chemical compound synthesized from imidazole (Oh et al., 2006). A solution is to study enzymes concentrations and evolutions to perform synthesis when the ratio HPL/AOS is the most favorable. Also, using specific culture methods to favor one pathway instead of another may lead to higher HPL activities (De Domenico et al., 2007). Mutagenesis of wild type plant into non expressive AOS mutants is also possible. Indeed, modification of genomic determinant domains of the CYP74A and CYP74B enzymes reduces AOS activity and transforms this catalase reaction into HPL activity (Toporkova et al., 2008).
15Natural HPL from plants. HPL is widely distributed in vegetal kingdom. Tomato leaves and fruits, mint leaves, pea seeds, cucumbers, bell pepper fruits, almonds, soybean, tomato fruits, are examples of available sources of enzyme (Table 2). Plant sources must be selected for industrial transformation capabilities such as optimal reaction conditions (pH, temperature), availability, specificity and concentration. Until now, industrial interest for HPL utilization led to several patents. Goers et al. (1989) and Kanisawa et al. (1988) have established methods to produce green aroma compounds with soybean seeds and strawberry leaves respectively. More recently, Brunerie (1989) developed a complete production from unsaturated fatty acids to GLVs with different plant leaves as HPL source. These authors showed that acetylsalicylic acid, chlorophyll B and catalase improve the GLV synthesis. Other production processes using 9-HPL from muskmelon (Brash et al., 2001) or watermelon (Holtz et al., 2001) have been also developed.
16Recombinant HPL. Due to their low stability and difficulty to purify, HPL is the limiting component for the conversion of fatty acids into food flavor. Thereby considerable efforts have been made to clone and produce this enzyme with enhanced stability and activity. HPLs from tomato fruit (Matsui et al., 2000b), alfalfa (Noordermeer et al., 2000), tomato leaves (Atwal et al., 2005) and green bell pepper (Bourel et al., 2004) have been cloned successfully. These enzymes can be produced in Pichia pastoris, Yarrowia lipolitica or Escherichia coli leading to different yields of purified enzymes. Cloning in E. coli allows to obtain high activities from 5,000 to 8,000 U.l-1, but extraction from the cell membrane remains fastidious (Delcarte et al., 2003; Noordermeer et al., 2000). So, HPL secretion was developed by adding a secretory sequence to the HPL gene and by cloning it in different yeasts. This technique avoids certain laboratory manipulations but best yield achieved was only 1,000 U.l-1 in Y. lipolitica along with hexanal/(E)-2-hexenal production of 300 mg.l-1 (Bourel et al., 2004). But globally, recombinant sources of enzyme have two advantages compared to plant natural sources. Firstly, they do not depend on plant culture and are available all year long. Secondly, they do not contain AOS, DES or POX activity that would lead to undesired by-product and loss of substrate.
17Enzyme purification and stability. The best result for HPL purification was obtained with tomato fruit (Suurmeijer et al., 2000) and involves successively filtration, concentration by ultra filtration, purification on a G100 sephadex column and finally chromatography on a DEAE column. With this system, enzyme extract is purified more than 400 fold, and can be stored for months at -80°C or at 4°C with additives like Triton X-100. Another purification method was developed by Fauconnier (1997), involving selective precipitation with different PEG6000 amounts, ultracentrifugation and chromatography on DEAE column. This purification permits to obtain a 120 fold concentrated pure extract. Furthermore, enzyme extraction and storage is another solution to provide HPL during all the year, but techniques must be optimized to prevent loss of activity. Stabilization of the biocatalyst could be achieved by addition of various chemical compounds, including salt, sugars and polyols. The stabilization effects have been attributed to the ability of these compounds to counteract forces leading to enzyme inactivation. Several authors have already used chemicals such as dithiothreitol (Hornostaj et al., 2000), glycerol (Salas et al., 2005) or detergent (Matsui et al., 2000c) to prevent HPL degradation during extraction. Also Hall et al. (2007) have shown that KCl prevent enzyme destabilization during long-term storage or lyophilisation, and that glycine is one of the best additives to keep high enzyme activity and to improve stability. But recently, new and reliable protocols have been developed to produce high amount of recombinant CYP74 proteins, and patent-protected procedures have also been established for the stabilization (Hughes et al., 2009). It appears that presence of detergent during freeze-drying is extremely detrimental to the storage and stability of the proteins, denaturating the haem conformation. So, detergent free HPL extracts conserve stability during long-term storage.
18Hexanol, (Z)-3-Hexenol, and other GLV alcohols are widely used in food industry because of their higher stability compared to the corresponding aldehydes. Although these alcohols are found in larger amounts in plants organs compared to aldehydes, they are still not extractible from natural source at industrial scale. Transformation in alcohols requires ADH activity which is naturally low in plant. Therefore, the use of ADH from different yeast is recommended to achieve high conversion of aldehydes. Fauconnier et al. (1999) have shown that this reduction reaction is best performed between 30°C and 50°C and under pH between 5 and 7. Pischia anamola is an efficient microorganism for such bioconversion. And no inhibitory effects of the Z-3-Hexenal substrate have been detected. Fauconnier et al. (1999) also showed an efficient combination of aldehydes production by HPL and alcoholic reduction by ADH without significant loss of alcoholic transformation yield.
19Actually, GLVs are the most valuable flavor class commonly sold in natural food industry but its large scale synthesis remains a great challenge for producers. Bioconversions of vegetal oil are usually encountered to achieve high GLVs levels from low cost substrates. HPL is at the centre of these processes, being the limiting factor for flavor production. Scientifics are developing biotechnological tools to improve this critical step. Application of stimuli enhancing activity, production of recombinant enzymes and GLVs synthesis stabilization by chemical compounds are ways to explore to raise HPL levels.
21GLV Green Leaf Volatile
22LOX Lipoxygenase (enzyme or enzymatic pathway)
23AOS Allene Oxide Synthase
24DES Divinyl Ether Synthase
25ADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase
29HPO Hydroperoxy-acids (general term)
309-HPOD (10E,12E)-9-hydroperoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid
319-HPOT (10E,12E,15Z)-9-hydroperoxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid
3213-HPOD (9Z,11E)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid
3313-HPOT (9Z,11E,15Z)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid
35The work in laboratory was financed by the Ministry of the Walloon Region. Cédric Gigot is a recipient of FRIA grant and Marc Ongena is a research associate at the F.R.S.-FNRS in Belgium.
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Hughes R.K. et al., 2006. Characterisation of Medicago truncatula hydroperoxide lyase (cyp74c3), a water-soluble detergent-free cytochrome p450 monomer whose biological activity is defined by monomer-micelle association. Biochem. J., 395, 641-652.
Hughes R.K., Domenico S.D. & Santino A., 2009. Plant cytochrome cyp74 family: biochemical features, endocellular localisation, activation mechanism in plant defence and improvements for industrial applications. ChemBioChem, 10(7), 1122-1133.
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Itoh A. & Vick B.A., 1999. The purification and characterization of fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase in sunflower. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1436(3), 531-540.
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Kermasha S., Dioum N., Bisakowski B. & Vega M., 2002. Biocatalysis by immobilized lipoxygenase in a ternary micellar system. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym., 19, 305-317.
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Rabetafika H.N. et al., 2008. Sugar beet leaves as new source of hydroperoxide lyase in a bioprocess producing green-note aldehydes. Biotechnol Lett., 30(6), 1115-1119.
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Pour citer cet article
A propos de : Cédric Gigot
Univ. Liege. Walloon Center of Industrial Biology. Passage des Déportés, 2. B- 5030 Gembloux (Belgium). E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
A propos de : Marc Ongena
Univ. Liege. Walloon Center of Industrial Biology. Passage des Déportés, 2. B- 5030 Gembloux (Belgium).
A propos de : Marie-Laure Fauconnier
Univ. Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech. Plant Biology Unit. Passage des Déportés, 2. B-5030 Gembloux (Belgium).
A propos de : Jean-Paul Wathelet
Univ. Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech. General and Organic Chemistry Unit. Passage des Déportés, 2. B-5030 Gembloux (Belgium).
A propos de : Patrick du Jardin
Univ. Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech. Plant Biology Unit. Passage des Déportés, 2. B-5030 Gembloux (Belgium).
A propos de : Philippe Thonart
Univ. Liege. Walloon Center of Industrial Biology. Passage des Déportés, 2. B- 5030 Gembloux (Belgium).
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Education resources and facilities
Crescent Moon cultural day
proudly supported by The Myer Foundation
Saturday 13 May 2006
Children visiting the Crescent Moon exhibition
Celebrate Islamic art and Southeast Asian culture at the National Gallery of Australia
10am–12pm resuming 1–2pm
Art-making workshops for children:
- ‘Talismanic Jewellery’ create jewellery that cares for you as you wear it
- ‘Exciting Writing' play with words at a calligraphy workshop
- ‘Protector Pairs’ explore works of art from Asia with protective powers as you illustrate your own book of stories
Interactive tours with curators, educators and voluntary guides:
‘Monsters, mermaids and mythical beings’
Meet the creatures of Crescent Moon in a family tour including drawing activity with Asian art curators Melanie Eastburn and Hwei-Fen Cheah. Limited numbers.
Bookings essential. Meet at the Cultural Day Information Desk at 10.50am
'Divine designs: calligraphy and calligraphic motifs in Crescent Moon’
With Robyn Maxwell Senior Curator Asian Art.
Meet at the entrance to Crescent Moon 12.25pm
Sanggar Isti (Indonesian Art and Dance Studio) presents traditional Indonesian dance
International speaker 2.30pm–3.15pm
Mr Irwan Tirta
Quo Vadis Traditional Indonesian Textiles
James. O Fairfax theatre
The Gallery regrets that Eddin Khoo, Malaysian poet and artist, is unable to attend the Cultural Day.
All events are free of charge, including entry to Crescent Moon: Islamic Art and Civilisation in Southeast Asia
A children’s trail is also available.
For more information contact the Education Office
phone +61 2 6240 6519
fax: +61 2 6240 6560
National Gallery of Australia
GPO Box 1150
Canberra ACT 2601
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This South African Food Recipe Makes ± 2 Dozens (24 Pieces)
Magwinya (‘s) is well known South Africa, although it is similar to Vetkoek, it differs by being much sweeter in taste. It is of the Zulu cuisine. The term Magwinya originated from a township called Ekasi in Gauteng, South Africa & is actually a township version of the Vetkoek. Magwinya (‘s) are usually serves with polony, fried potato chips (french fries), atchaar, snoek fish or cheese.
Pronunciation : Mug-win-ya
- 1kg (4 cups) cake flour
- 1 cup sugar
- oil for frying
- 1 x 10 grams instant yeast
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 liter lukewarm water
- In a large bowl, mix flour, sugar, salt & yeast together.
- Gradually pour in the lukewarm water until a soft dough is formed.
- Knead the dough for 5 minutes.
- Cover & allow to rise for ± 30 minutes.
- In a deep pan/pot, heat the oil for deep-frying.
- Take a piece of dough & roll it into a ball about the size of an orange.
- Carefully lower it into the hot oil.
- Deep-fry as many as you can fit into the pan/pot at a time.
- Fry until golden brown in color on all sides, making sure to frequently turn it.
- They are ready when they begin to float, making a puffy sound & when they have doubled in size.
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Topical medication compliance is an ongoing struggle for many optometric practices today. Patients report issues with frequency of administration, cost of medication and associated side effects of instillation (e.g., stinging, hyperemia), while practitioners struggle with lack of patient adherence. Since the process of ensuring medications are adequately taken can be frustrating for all those involved, researchers continue to search for newer and better ways to deliver therapeutic doses of medicine via simpler methods.
Dextenza (sustained-release dexamethasone 0.4mg, Ocular Therapeutix) aims to provide a new way to deliver steroid therapy. Rather than administering a drop or injection, an intracanalicular depot is inserted into the puncta to provide a one-month tapered release of preservative-free medication to the ocular surface. At the end of 30 days, the biodegradable hydrogel depot is absorbed by the body, eliminating the need for removal. Ocular Therapeutix is evaluating the use of Dextenza in various conditions, including allergic conjunctivitis, postoperative pain and inflammation, and inflammatory-related dry eye. Below, let’s examine these conditions individually.
The initial Phase III clinical trial for Dextenza in the fall of 2015 yielded mixed results. While it did meet the primary endpoint of relieving ocular itching from allergic conjunctivitis (p<0.0001), it did not achieve the secondary endpoint of relieving conjunctival redness. Still, the drug was qualified as safe and well-tolerated. Researchers have since revised the protocol for a second, Phase III multicenter, 1:1 randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled trial, where the sole primary endpoint will be a reduction in ocular itching by day seven following insertion.
Post-op Ocular Pain
Ocular Therapeutix received acceptance for a New Drug Application (NDA) from the FDA for the treatment of ocular pain following ophthalmic surgery, based on data from a single Phase II and two Phase III clinical trials—the latter of which achieved the primary endpoint of reduction of ocular pain but not the second primary endpoint of absence of cells in the anterior chamber.
In the Phase II trial of 247 patients, researchers found statistically significant differences between the Dextenza-treated group and placebo for both pain and absence of cells in the anterior chamber (p<0.005). All patients retained the device through day 14, and 97% of patients retained it through day 30. No long-term intraocular pressure spikes were observed. Rescue medications were required by a smaller number of Dextenza subjects (20.7% vs. 72.4%) compared with the number of placebo subjects at days 14 and 30; the Dextenza subjects also exhibited fewer adverse events (13.8% vs. 43.8%).
Unfortunately, the 240-patient Phase III trial failed to meet the primary endpoint for reduction of ocular inflammation (Dextenza 39.4% vs. placebo 31.3%). A third Phase III trial aimed at achieving the same primary endpoint recently began enrolling patients, and it is the company’s intention to file a supplement to the NDA if the study is successful.
The two prospective, multicenter, randomized parallel-arm, double-masked, vehicle-controlled Phase III trials were completed with a total of 487 patients undergoing unilateral clear corneal cataract surgery. Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either Dextenza or a placebo vehicle punctal plug. As stated, the two primary efficacy endpoints were absence of cells in the anterior chamber at day 14 and the absence of pain, subjectively reported on a scale of 0 to 10, at day eight. Secondary efficacy endpoints were absence of flare in the anterior chamber at each visit and absence of cells and absence of pain at each visit, other than the day used for the primary efficacy measure.
The new Phase III trial expected to constitute the supplement to the NDA allows for modifications of the original protocol, including a 1:1 (rather than 2:1) randomization of patients; the exclusion of patients undergoing treatment with high doses of oral NSAIDs; and improved training and guidance for on-site clinical investigators regarding adherence to study protocols, including the appropriate use of rescue medications.
Inflammatory Dry Eye
At the end of 2015, results from a Phase II exploratory clinical trial for the treatment of signs and symptoms of moderate to severe dry eye disease were released. The prospective, randomized, parallel-arm, double masked, vehicle-controlled study included 43 patients (86 eyes) at two sites in the United States. Patients were initially treated with a placebo punctal plug for 45 days; those patients who benefited were excluded from the subsequent treatment phase. Treated patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either Dextenza or a placebo vehicle for 30 days.
Total corneal staining at day 30 showed the Dextenza group had statistically significant improvement at day 30 as compared to placebo (p=0.018). Subjectively, there was improvement as measured by the standard patient evaluation of eye dryness (SPEED) questionnaire for dryness, itchiness and scratchiness. There were no intraocular spikes noted, and there was a 96% retention rate of the drug depots throughout the 30-day trial.
While the results from these trials are mixed, it remains clear that an alternative method of drug delivery can be effective for certain ocular conditions and symptoms. Hopefully, this is the gateway to further research that will enable us to offer our patients a cost-effective, safe and easy method to overcome some common ocular issues that are undermined not by pharmaceutical shortcomings but, rather, human ones.
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We are all being asked to play our part to refrain from physical contact to prevent the spread of COVID-19. COVID-19 can spread from person to person through physical contact.
What is physical distancing?
Physical distancing, sometimes known as “social distancing”, is about keeping a safe distance from others.
This is about physical distance. For your own mental health you can, and should, keep in touch with friends and family via the phone, or online.
How to physically distance during pick-up/drop-off
Please do not shake hands to greet your new guest. Be friendly and welcome them, but please remember to keep your distance.
When it comes to handover, we recommend providing your guest with a pre-recorded “virtual tour” of your vehicle prior to pick-up. A handover guide is also useful to include in your vehicle. This will reduce physical contact with the guest, as well as provide you both with enough space to social distance.
For more information on physical distancing, please visit the New Zealand Government website.
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Deborah Stone of Stone Hollow Farmstead and The Pantry chimes in today with advice on eating to regain a healthy, digestive balance and increased energy levels. She also shares a nutrient-packed recipe to help us easily and deliciously get started supercharging our system!
Most of us are persevering despite our undernourished and overstressed bodies. Between antibiotics, processed foods and the pasteurization of so many of our foods today, and our go, go, go lifestyle, our bodies are struggling to maintain balance, especially a healthy balance.
The good news is you can eat your way back to health! Here are a few points to think about when you are making decisions about your meals:
1. Balance begins within. One of the core elements in maintaining health is our balance of microflora, the good bacteria.
2. Fiber is your friend. Wheat fiber is mostly insoluble and doesn’t digest well at all. Soluble fiber can help lower cholesterol, blood sugar, and insulin, prevent cancer and balance hormone levels.
3. Choose your protein sources wisely. Think legumes, raw nuts, beans, sprouted chickpeas, leafy greens, whole grains, milk, cheese, yogurt, eggs, and white meats.
Eating foods in certain combinations is also very beneficial. Here are a few food-combining tips to balance your microflora and increase your energy!
Enjoy low-sugar, fresh fruits on an empty stomach.
Here’s a list of low sugar fruits (Source: Live Strong):
Lemons, limes, rhubarb, raspberries, blackberries and cranberries, are low in sugar and excellent for infusing water or drinks for added flavor. Medium sugar fruits are cantaloupes, watermelons, nectarines, papaya, peaches and strawberries, apples, grapefruit, honeydew melons, guavas, oranges, tangerines and apricots.
Kefir, yogurt, sprouted seeds and nuts combine well with these low-sugar fruits and contain essential protein fats.
Combine protein with non-starchy veggies for best digestion.
Poultry, fish, meat and eggs are best combined with non-starchy veggies such as: amaranth, asparagus, baby corn, bamboo shoots, green beans, bean sprouts, beets, Brussels spouts, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery, chayote, cucumber, daikon, eggplant, greens (collard, kale, mustard, turnip), jicama, kohlrabi, leeks, mushrooms, okra, onions, pea pods, peppers, radishes, rutabaga, leafy greens, sprouts, squash, swiss chard, tomatoes, turnips, and water chestnuts.
These non-starchy veggies digest well in acid or alkaline so they pair well with all proteins, oils, butter, grains, starchy veggies, lemons, and limes and soaked and sprouted nuts/seeds. Cruciferous vegetables are best digested when cooked or steamed. If you’re a raw foodist then steam at 118 degrees for a few minutes or ferment them.
Choose ancient grains and seeds such as amaranth, buckwheat, millet, quinoa, sorghum, and which are high in protein. They are gluten-free, rich in B vitamins and they encourage beneficial bacteria within your body. Don’t mix your grains with your proteins.
Chia is considered a superfood and this seed is full of fiber, nutrition and rich in omegas.
There are numerous benefits to eating seeds and whole grains that have been sprouted. Sprouting whole grains reduces the amount of starch they contain and boosts their nutritional value. Higher levels of the enzyme amylase make sprouted grains helpful for digesting carbohydrates into sugars. They also contain beneficial fiber that helps to sweep away excess environmental estrogens from your intestines. (If you’re interested in leaning the technique of sprouting at home, we offer classes held at The Pantry.)
A word of caution regarding sprouting at home:
When growing sprouts at home, look for seeds that have been specially prepared for sprouting. They will be clearly labeled for this purpose and can be found in many health food stores. These have been cleaned and are less likely to contain pathogenic bacteria. Avoid seeds that are packaged for growing into mature plants. Such seed packets will likely include planting, growing and harvesting instructions and have not been cleaned for the purpose of being consumed as sprouts.
Healthy Fats and Oils
Choose organic, unrefined and extra virgin oils like flax seed, pumpkin seed, olive or coconut oil.
Good Protein Fats
Avocado, olives, seeds and nuts (except peanuts and chestnuts, which are starches).
Fresh ground flax seeds sprinkled on oatmeal or fresh fruit. Beans are the number one fiber content. Vegetables are low in calories, high in antioxidants, and a great source of fiber.
You can improve your digestive health by increasing the enzymes in your digestive track. Fermented dairy foods and drinks that help populate your digestive tract with good microflora are a great choice. However, some people do fine on dairy products and others simply do not. Fermented milk products include kefir, yogurt, buttermilk.
Sugars are simply not good for us and should be replaced in your diet as often as possible. My favorite sweeteners are stevia, honey or agave.
Fermented Foods and Drinks
Coconut kefir and fermented vegetables are a super healthy choice for digestive health and they are considered a superfood. They also combine well with everything. We will be offering classes at Stone Hollow Farm on fermentation.
Good To Know
- Wait several hours after enjoying a grain-based meal before you eat a protein.
- A glass of purified water with a squeeze of lemon or lime juice makes for a great digestive aid and is especially helpful when eating an animal protein.
- A ½ cup serving at each meal of a fermented veggie will aid your digestion and populate your digestive track with healthy bacteria. (Pickles are a fermented food.)
- 1 small butternut squash, peeled, deseeded and cut into ½ inch cubes
- 1 small shallot sliced very thin
- 1 tbls olive oil
- sea salt and fresh cracked pepper
- 1 cup quinoa
- 2 cups veggie broth
- 1/3 cup pumpkin seeds (roasted)
- 1 tsp fresh thyme
- 2 cups wild baby arugula
- 4 oz stone hollow goat cheese, crumbled
- Preheat oven to 375 degrees. Toss the squash and onion in olive oil, season with salt and pepper.
- Spread the veggies in a single layer on a cookie sheet covered in foil. Roast for 25-30 minutes, turning halfway through the cooking time. When the squash is tender, remove from the oven.
- Combine the quinoa and vegetable broth in a medium saucepan. Bring to a boil. Cook, stirring frequently, over medium heat, until the water is absorbed and the curlicues pop out. Season with salt and pepper. Toss the pumpkin seeds, roasted veggies, thyme and arugula with the quinoa. Crumble the goat cheese over the top and serve warm.
Thanks, Deborah! To learn more about Deborah Stone and her family farm, Stone Hollow Farmstead and restaurant/retail location, The Pantry, visit their website at www.stonehollowfarmstead.com.
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The Lymington Branch Line runs from Brockenhurst station in the New Forest to Lymington Pier station on Lymington River, with one stop along the way, Lymington Town. The branch is just under 9 km in length and is single track throughout with no passing places. It branches from the main Weymouth - Poole - Southampton - London Waterloo line just to the west of Brockenhurst, turning south. At one time, the junction also had a line leaving to the north, running to Ringwood and Wimborne. The Lymington line is electrified using the 750V d. c. third rail system.
The line was opened in 1858 as the Lymington Railway Company but was absorbed into the London and South Western Railway in 1878.
The Lymington branch used to be unusual in that it was one of the few places where older electric stock could be seen in operation, a sadly neglected aspect of railway preservation. The line used to operate two 3CIG EMU sets, converted from 4CIG units shortened to fit the platform at Lymington Town. These were 1497 Freshwater running in BR blue/grey livery, and 1498 Farringford in green livery.
On any given day, one of these two units used to be in service. The half - hourly timetable required tight turnrounds which meant that trains on the branch tended not to wait for late running main line trains or ferries.
Sadly it was too good to last, and the final 3Cig service departed from Lymington Pier on the 22 May 2010 at 22:14 and arrived at Brockenhurst at 22:24. The replacement units were to be Class 158 Sprinters on weekdays and Class 450 on weekends.
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Copyright © 2005 - 2016 Pete Harlow All Rights Reserved 8457
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The Jews were absolutely unique in the Ancient world. Not only did their religion forbid them to worship gods other than the Lord, but their prophets actually taught that the gods of the nations were mere figments of the imagination. They did not exist at all.
This seemed odd to the Greeks and Romans who not only had gods of their own, but gladly added others to their pantheon as they made their acquaintance through commerce and conquest. The exclusivist mentality of the Jews struck them as very narrow-minded indeed.
But devout Jews in the time of Jesus could care less. “Monotheism” was their distinctive hallmark and was ingrained in them from cradle to grave. They recited several times a day the verses of Deut 6:4-6 “Hear O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord.”
So it should come as no surprise that the notion of Jesus as “Son of God” was a bit hard to take. John’s Gospel tells us this claim to divine son-ship was one of the main reasons for Jesus’ crucifixion. Hundreds of years later, Constantine had to call the first Ecumenical Council to reaffirm that Jesus was God, equal in glory and Majesty to the Father, in the face of heretical protests. Fifty years later yet another Council was called to definitively affirm the same thing about the Holy Spirit.
To this day, people from Da Vinci Code fans to Jehovah’s Witnesses ridicule the doctrine of the Trinity, alleging it was invented by Constantine.
But a close reading of the Scriptures shows that the Trinity was revealed when Jesus met his cousin in the wilderness. While John baptizes his superior, the voice of the Father resounds over the waters: “This is my beloved Son on whom my favor rests.” At that very moment, the Holy Spirit descends upon him in the form of a dove. Here, for a brief instant, we glimpse the mystery of One God in three persons, Father, Son, Holy Spirit. This momentary appearance of Jesus as the Son of the Father, anointed with the Spirit, is an Epiphany. In fact, in the Christian East, the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord and the Epiphany are one in the same.
It is no accident that this revelation of the Trinity happened at the moment of Christ’s baptism.For Christian baptism, here instituted by Christ, is essentially different than the baptism of John. The Baptist preached cleansing from past sins and a change of lifestyle. Christian baptism certainly involves this, but accomplishes much more. It joins us to Jesus, as Savior and Lord, and connects us with the power of his death and resurrection. But since in baptism we become one with Jesus, members of his body, all that is His becomes ours. His Father now becomes our Father, and His Holy Spirit now takes up residence within us. Baptism does not just wash away our sins so that we can escape the fires of hell. No, it establishes an intimate relationship between us and the three persons of the Trinity. God is no longer a stern monarch, but our loving Father. God the Son calls us no longer servants but friends. God the Spirit becomes the power within us to make us new people and bring us to the fullness of joy.
The fact that baptism takes place through water is no accident either. Water cleanses, true. But it is also the symbol of birth. Are we not carried in water for nine months in our mothers’ wombs? In baptism, we emerge from the waters of the Church’s womb to take up a new kind of life, a holy adventure that opens out into eternity!
That’s why when Jesus commands the apostles to baptize in Matthew 28:19 he commands them to do so not just in his own name, but in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.And every time we make the sign of the cross, first impressed into our foreheads at our baptism, we recall not only this command, but that wonderful Epiphany when the Trinity was first manifested at the banks of the Jordan.
This originally appeared in Our Sunday Visitor as a commentary on the scripture readings for the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord, cycles A, B, and C. Is 42:1-7 or Is 55:1-11; Ps 29, Acts 10:34-38 or I Jn 5:1-9; Mk 1:7-11 or Mt 3:13-17
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In regards to vehicle insurance policies, there are many various factors that will impact your premium. You may lower your quality by driving safely and responsibly. Other elements to look at when evaluating prices incorporate your car make and model, the value of your car, And just how you employ it. If you often travel extensive distances, you are more likely to be associated with incidents. In the long run, The obvious way to decrease your insurance coverage quality is to locate a plan that matches your preferences.
In terms of coverage, the average car proprietor is answerable for having to pay between $1,100 to about $5,000 a 12 months. It’s important to know that prices can vary commonly from state to condition. In certain states, total coverage prices twice around bare minimum protection. Listed under are a few ideas to assist you get the top value. A least legal responsibility Restrict is simply necessary in certain states, even though full coverage commonly includes a $five hundred deductible.
Selecting the appropriate car is crucial for the reason that some vehicles are dearer than Other individuals, triggering increased insurance policy rates. On top of that, some autos are costlier to maintenance and exchange, so their insurance policy premiums are generally increased. Drivers by using a thoroughly clean driving history have a tendency to receive more affordable costs. Age and gender also play a part in pinpointing insurance policies charges. Younger drivers are commonly additional risky than more mature drivers. Also, some insurers use credit history scores to ascertain insurance policy rates. Having said that, some states have passed laws prohibiting these kinds of use.
You’ll find six simple different types of automobile insurance coverage coverages. This protection enables you to customise your policy to include an assortment of different circumstances. You’ll also want to make sure that you’ve liability protection. Legal responsibility insurance plan is needed by legislation in the majority of states, however you can pick out a special style of protection should you’d like. Liability coverage handles you just in case you’re at fault in a mishap, but it also covers other motorists in your car. It pays for Others’s damages or accidents, and it can also address health-related payments.
A standard policy will have several types of protection, which include liability, collision, complete, uninsured/underinsured motorist, and medical payments. These are all important, and you need to get adequate of these. Some coverages may be mandatory in some states, while others may well not. To find the very best vehicle insurance coverage coverage for your requirements, visit a website including Freeway Insurance. You will find lots of coverage solutions and conserve time and money.
Each point out sets its possess minimum automobile insurance demands, and these legislation are broken down into a few independent quantities. In California, by way of example, you are needed to carry not less than fifteen/30/5 in bodily damage liability protection, and thirty/50/5 in assets harm legal responsibility. These quantities can vary widely, so it’s best to check your condition’s specifications ahead of driving. Even though alternate insurance might be a choice, it isn’t always a good suggestion.
The minimum amount coverage demanded by your point out is often legal responsibility coverage, but numerous lenders involve comprehensive protection. Entire protection refers to both of those collision and thorough insurance, and it could be required by your lender in case you are funding your vehicle. Legal responsibility protection addresses damages to other people’s residence within the function of a mishap although not your individual vehicle or self. Bodily personal injury legal responsibility and property injury legal responsibility coverage might be combined to offer you the very best protection at a really acceptable price tag.
Whether or not you’ve got collision protection on your car insurance policy policy will depend on your circumstances. Whilst you may not be essential by regulation to possess this coverage, lenders will possible call for it if you intend on financing your car. Lenders could also have to have you to carry collision insurance In case you have a financial loan, which implies that you simply should obtain entire protection vehicle insurance coverage. This coverage is often a necessity for many people who finance an automobile, whether new or made use of.
Collision coverage pays the complete value of your car from the occasion of a collision. While the insurer pays the complete expense of repairs, it is probably not ample to exchange the vehicle if It truly is stolen or totaled. You may also have to spend some personal money to interchange the vehicle. When you have this sort of coverage, ensure that you have an understanding of the terms and conditions before buying vehicle insurance coverage. You should also comprehend the deductible, which happens to be separate in the collision deductible.
There are many things to take into account when buying a car or truck insurance coverage Monthly bill. Some states have to have least boundaries on House and Uninsured motorist protection, which pays for your difference between your costs along with the coverage Restrict in the at-fault driver. Other states usually do not need underinsured motorist protection. Here are a few tips to help you shop for the correct insurance policies policy for your needs. Hopefully, these tips is likely to make the process a little bit less difficult and save you cash.
Liability protection for car insurance coverage is important in an effort to defend you and your property against statements of harm or residence destruction. This protection can deal with the price of protection or settlement do you have to be observed at fault for a collision. There are various types of coverage, so it is important to understand the distinction between them to prevent expensive surprises. Point out Farm delivers normal premiums for various amounts of protection. You could uncover it a lot more effective to choose a medium protection amount.
In the majority of states, you might be necessary to carry legal responsibility coverage in the plan, which addresses damages to other people’s residence and accidents to Other individuals. This type of coverage also guards you in the event you lead to a collision with another driver. This protection will be the default plan in the majority of states, and is recommended for drivers in lots of nations around the world. Nonetheless, it is vital to recognize that liability insurance policies limits are very unique in Every point out. Your liability Restrict will figure out the amount you will have to pay to include damages.
In almost each condition, it is illegal to generate devoid of liability coverage, which incorporates house hurt liability. In case you induce damage to someone else’s property, liability protection pays for repairs. On the other hand, your auto insurance plan plan doesn’t include your own personal car or truck’s damages. Your state could have diverse minimum prerequisites for legal responsibility coverage, so it is important to examine your policy prior to buying it. House coverage is usually vital for your fiscal stability. It helps you stay away from becoming remaining with enormous insurance policy payments when you induce a mishap.
Your insurance policy need to have some sort of assets problems coverage to compensate you from the occasion of a collision. This protection pays for just about any damages you cause to another human being’s car or truck, together with repairs. It also pays for the removing of particles just after a mishap. Home coverage is usually written with a few quantities, which includes bodily personal injury coverage for every incident and property problems protection per incident. Better restrictions, nonetheless, offer extra coverage. Make sure you go through your coverage and inquire your coverage agent if there are actually any exclusions or limitations.
In Ny, you may claim uninsured motorist coverage if another driver does not have sufficient coverage to protect the cost of your collision. This coverage applies when another driver is not identified in any way plus the incident is a hit-and-operate. The Insurance policies Legislation SS 5217 specifies that the uninsured motorist coverage need to be acquired in any Actual physical collision, but courts have interpreted this provision to only utilize inside a Actual physical collision.
Underinsured and uninsured motorist protection are optional in a few states, but in other states, you have to have them both equally. Getting each coverages will supply you with added protection in case you really need to shell out health-related costs or other bills. In the event the uninsured driver leaves you with a weakened motor vehicle, the uninsured motorist coverage can buy the repairs. While this coverage isn’t required, it may be a sensible thought to carry at the very least the least level of liability protection.
Should you’ve by no means thought of it, car insurance policy discount rates are a great way to save cash and continue to be green. A lot of new automobiles have safety functions like airbags and anti-lock brakes that should decrease your rates. You may also get additional bargains for owning protection characteristics in the auto, like daytime running lights or anti-theft alarms. Paying your quality in full annually will even get rid of payment worries for 12 months. In fact, about half of insurers provide a reduction for this kind of payment.
You may additionally be suitable for discount rates for those who’ve had your plan for various several years. These savings range depending upon the period of time you’ve had your plan, but quite a few organizations offer bargains for being loyal to their clients. You may be eligible for a discount of up to fifteen% if you buy your plan at least seven days prior to your renewal date. In addition to these special discounts, some businesses even give special discounts to These in certain occupations. Such as, teachers obtain ten% off their rates from Liberty Mutual. Military services personnel receive a 15% price cut from Geico.
Are you presently a younger driver looking for auto insurance coverage low-cost prices? Here are some suggestions you’ll be able to adhere to to save cash on automobile insurance policy coverage: Increasing your deductibles, obtaining a no claims price cut, and obtaining a policy that has a regional insurance company. These guidelines can save you numerous pounds yearly with your car coverage plan. In addition they help you get the lowest prices achievable. Keep reading to learn a lot more. You may be glad you did!
Youthful drivers can spend less on vehicle insurance policies by driving a lot more properly, reducing the volume of miles they travel, and permitting the insurance company keep track of their driving habits. You may also reduce your premiums by buying all-around for auto insurance plan. Several insurers charge a better rate for young motorists, so it is vital to buy close to. Thankfully, you’ll find no cost on the net quote comparison equipment that make this quick. Moreover, you can request a reduction When you’ve got many cars and possess them insured by the exact same business.
When trying to find a plan, make sure to compare many quotes and pick the very best worth and excellent. You may as well look for an coverage agent who will mature along with you, permitting you to create changes as your driving historical past changes. Be sure to Look at insurance policies which offer comparable sorts of protection, as deductibles and boundaries might make a big variance. For anyone who is a young driver, It’s also wise to get more than enough coverage to prevent economic catastrophe.
Obtaining a no statements discount on vehicle protect is a terrific way to spend less on your premiums, and it may be worth inquiring your insurance provider how to use it. Depending upon the insurer, the price reduction can be value between 30% after a year to up to sixty five% immediately after 5 years. Keep in mind that When you’ve got a collision, you will reduce two several years of no statements reward. In addition, multiple promises may also wipe out your whole no promises bonus. It is really essential to notify your insurer immediately of any accidents that you’ve, as failing to do so could mean that upcoming claims is going to be turned down.
Most insurers offer no statements low cost safety for just a cost of all-around PS25. It allows you to make a specific range of promises every year devoid of worrying regarding your rates going up. Additionally it is feasible so as to add it to a new coverage When you have a no claims reward. Moreover, you may transfer your no statements price cut to a different insurance company if you want. To keep the no promises discounted, you must take into account switching vendors each year or two.
When hunting for a low-priced motor vehicle insurance coverage estimate, increasing your deductibles is a great way to get reduce premiums. Some estimates say It can save you involving 15 and 30 % in your high quality by boosting your deductibles. These cost savings can differ greatly dependant upon your driving historical past, the sort of car or truck you push, and also your point out’s rules. Raising your deductibles might also reduced your yearly high quality by around 40%.
Even though raising your deductible isn’t the ideal preference for everyone, it may help you conserve Countless dollars around the long term. Although the amount you select to lift your deductible will depend on your economical situation, professionals recommend saving a minimum of two months’ value of dwelling fees. Moreover, it’s going to lessen your insurance prices every month. Additionally, you will conserve a significant amount of cash if you ever generate a declare.
Acquiring a coverage having a regional insurance company is usually useful for motorists having a weak credit history heritage. It could help you save revenue every month on the regular coverage bill, and you’ll make use of discount rates and outstanding customer care. Acquiring a plan with a regional insurance provider is on the market in all fifty states, and you can Assess rates by point out to find the lowest premiums. Nonetheless, it is necessary to note that it could take a couple months to lift your credit score rating, and a few drivers that has a very poor credit history can finish up having to pay more than $400 a 12 months.
Erie Insurance plan is an additional regional insurance provider that offers inexpensive car insurance plan. This business is situated in Pennsylvania, and continues to be in business due to the fact 1925. Erie offers automobile coverage, daily life, and home coverage. Though Erie only provides protection in specific states, it’s much more than 13,000 impartial insurance policy agents throughout the United States. You’ll be able to decide on an agent or possibly a regional insurance company In accordance with your preferences. However, it is suggested you browse all high-quality print prior to making a decision.
Should you be a large-danger driver, you need to Evaluate car or truck insurance quotations and uncover the cheapest policy for your preferences. You should also check out simply how much protection is on the market in your town so you can identify if a reduce level can be done. It would be a lot more affordable to purchase extra coverage For those who have lessen hazard or if you compromise for a better deductible. Everything relies on your preferences. Luckily, there are numerous options accessible to you.
If you are seeking the cheapest car insurance policy quotation for high-threat motorists, you’re in luck. You can certainly locate a single with a number of clicks on-line. The web can provide you with a range of quotes for protection in a fraction of the expense of traditional automobile insurance policy. Not just that, nevertheless it will also make signing up for insurance policies a whole lot a lot easier. All you have to do is complete a simple on the web sort, pay back your high quality, and you’re carried out! The insurance company will then print you a card as proof of the insurance policies protection and you’ll have a coverage to the road.
When you’ve got a very poor credit rating history, you’re thought of a significant-risk driver by many insurance coverage organizations. It is because you are more likely to file an insurance policies declare than a driver with great credit history. Your credit history score can be a Consider how insurance plan companies perspective you, and a previous DUI/DWI will raise your high quality by approximately 65%. This is similar to an extra $477 with a six-month policy. A different component that insurers contemplate is your driving heritage. A DUI/DWI can enhance your high quality by approximately $174, in addition to a speeding ticket can insert up to about 45%.
For those who have a DUI in your file, you are able to choose The most cost effective vehicle insurance policies provider. Firms such as State Farm, American Loved ones, and Progressive have some excellent possibilities that offer decreased premiums for prime-possibility drivers. In addition they look at your credit score score when pinpointing your premium. Insurers take into consideration these factors when deciding the amount you pay in your policy. A lousy credit rating score can cause insurance policy fees to skyrocket, so it’s vital to know your credit score rating prior to making a decision.
There are a variety of aspects to think about when choosing the cheapest vehicle insurance for younger drivers. Your age and marital standing Participate in a big role as part of your car insurance coverage fees. The type of automobile you generate can also have an effect in your high quality. For example, high-overall performance autos are usually dearer to insure than lower-functionality autos. Therefore, the initial step find The most cost effective motor vehicle insurance for younger motorists is to locate a automobile with a number of safety features.
A great way to decrease the expense of vehicle insurance policies for youthful drivers will be to lower the coverage you require. Numerous insurers supply discounts if you’re a superb pupil, or When you are in driver teaching. Even so, reducing your coverage could end in enormous out-of-pocket costs Should you have an accident. Therefore, you’ll want to weigh the pitfalls of this option very carefully, and generally err around the aspect of finding improved benefit.
Young people Possess a difficult time securing low cost vehicle insurance coverage. Whilst the price of a plan for just a 16-yr-outdated driver is way better than that of an Grownup, it could be diminished by including a teen to an existing policy. This option boosts fees by an average of $one,461 a year, but is commonly more cost-effective than getting a individual coverage. Also, when you are a younger driver, hunt for savings together with other approaches to save.
The price of car insurance policies differs broadly determined by your profile, which can necessarily mean that you should store all-around for The most cost effective insurance policy for very low-threat drivers. Insurers contemplate several elements when choosing on an coverage policy, such as your driving record, demographics, and Over-all chance stage. Mentioned beneath will be the 5 most crucial factors to think about when comparing insurance rates. Understand that decrease coverage charges Do not mean that you have to sacrifice high quality.
For starters, think about your zip code. Those people in significant-criminal offense areas will face higher premiums. Moreover, coverage firms get site visitors quantity into consideration. Also, ensure that you do not have any incidents or promises on the document, as these will enhance your rates. Finally, Remember the fact that you’ll want to compare premiums each 6 months in order to avoid having to pay in excess of It’s important to. You should also contemplate obtaining a multi-plan discount if you’ve more than one policy with a specific insurance provider.
Even though credit history scores aren’t lawfully used by insurers in certain states, They are nonetheless essential concerns when comparing auto coverage premiums. In Hawaii, motorists with poor credit score can pay 168% a lot more than similar clean motorists. In Massachusetts, superior-threat drivers pay out thirty% greater than clean up drivers. For new drivers, a DUI, dashing ticket, and negative credit rating will raise rates over Other folks. Be sure to get a couple of quotes prior to making a decision.
The zip code you live in is a major factor in the cost of coverage. If you reside in a location with large crime and accident premiums, you’ll be able to expect to pay for far more for insurance policies offers. Also, variables like website traffic volume and accident background can raise the expense of insurance policies. Most insurance coverage corporations also look into a driver’s driving record to ascertain what amount they ought to charge for their coverage. Commonly, motorists with a poor driving heritage shell out more for protection than Individuals having a cleanse driving history.
Car insurance coverage has risen by $fifty – $one hundred in the final five years, as health and fitness treatment charges have already been expanding. Motorists are required to carry uninsured and PIP insurance policy, which are above-regular condition needs. Lots of states only need legal responsibility insurance policies, but Big apple calls for motorists to hold each. These optional coverages improve the cost of insurance policies, and will normally boost the whole top quality. And lastly, motorists ought to Test their coverage limits, as some guidelines Use a lower minimum level of coverage than Other individuals.
In The big apple, the average person spends two.eight % in their earnings on car insurance coverage, that is marginally better than the countrywide regular of two.forty %. People today inside their 30s, 40s, and 50s can pay a little bit a lot less than the standard. The 70+ age group can pay increased premiums than drivers with considerably less driving encounter. Those who are married can pay a little bit increased rates, but still reduce than solitary men and women.
In addition to lessen costs, drivers may just take defensive driving courses. These classes are 320 minutes in length, and include things like discussions of driver Perspective and visitors rules. In addition they educate defensive driving methods that will dramatically lessen the price of insurance policy. They could also assist to improve their driving history, so completing a training course can lessen the cost of a car insurance quotation. On the other hand, for anyone who is Not sure about the precise coverage you need, you’ll be able to Check out with the Insurance policies Facts Institute.
Though gas rates differ by point out, the expense of an automobile insurance policy estimate in other states could possibly be bigger or decrease than your very own. Some factors could account for this, which includes The share of uninsured drivers, state insurance policies laws, and the speed of theft. Also, the incidence of lousy weather can improve the expense of insurance plan in numerous states. The following desk reveals regular motor vehicle insurance coverage premiums in different states. These estimates are according to a comparison of point out insurance plan prerequisites.
Missouri is The most cost effective point out for whole-coverage car insurance coverage, spending just $944 below Louisiana. On top of that, this point out has among the bottom prices for every capita, and it is ranked fifth concerning price of dwelling. In contrast, Texas motorists shell out by far the most for his or her motor vehicle insurance coverage, paying out about 33% in their annual profits in whole. This disparity can be due to The truth that the condition includes a higher variety of uninsured motorists and many lawsuits.
The national average for entire protection auto insurance policies is $1,771 a calendar year. The state with the most expensive insurance policies top quality is Louisiana, that has a quality of $two,839, a 19% boost from 2020. Conversely, Maine’s common insurance coverage quality is simply $858. This is because no-fault states have higher insurance policies rates. The price of an auto insurance policies policy in other states can differ substantially. There are many elements to take into consideration, including your condition’s laws on insurance plan.
For those who are searching for higher-hazard driver car or truck insurance policy in close proximity to me, you might be asking yourself how to get a minimal-Value coverage. High-hazard motorists pay out larger coverage premiums than ordinary drivers. This is due to they have an inclination to possess a lot more incidents or violations on their own report. According to the condition, the limit may be a few many years or five years. Sometimes, you can obtain reductions if you’re taking a driver protection class.
Even though the countrywide averages for prime-threat driver motor vehicle coverage near me are really consistent, you’ll discover that rates vary wildly from condition to state. Some corporations adjust their prices to unique states, so if you reside in a certain condition, it’s possible you’ll realize that one insurance provider delivers you the best coverage for any low rate. The most affordable superior-risk driver auto insurance policy close to me arises from Point out Farm, which has a long-standing status for providing outstanding support.
The obvious way to look for a high-threat driver auto coverage close to me would be to enter your ZIP code and Evaluate quotations. The price of superior-chance car insurance policy around me can differ from condition to point out, but most massive insurers offer these protection. Many of these firms specialise in large-risk coverage, including Nationwide Common. You could even be able to find a cheaper plan When you’ve got great grades and a very low-chance car or truck.
There are several benefits of comparing vehicle insurance coverage providers. In this article, We’ll talk about many of An important characteristics, which include scores, savings, and customer support. Picking out the most effective policy is important for your safety and protection, so make an effort to compare the different policies from unique corporations. By the time you finish looking through this information, you’ll need an concept of which insurance company delivers the very best protection at the lowest Value. Below are a few ideas to select the suitable one for yourself:
To get the most effective amount, you need to Examine car coverage offers from distinct corporations. Insurers use numerous components to find out the price of insurance plan. You need to determine your specific wants and Examine charges from many vendors. By way of example, sporting activities automobiles can cost additional to insure than standard cars and trucks. Additionally, your locality and driving history may also influence the charges you are quoted. By utilizing a comparison Device, you’ll find the bottom amount on the identical protection With all the identical deductibles.
Coverage rates could vary appreciably, so it is vital to know how Each and every coverage operates. Among the aspects that have an impact on premiums are driving historical past, age, and credit rating record. You may also Evaluate the benefits that each company presents, for example roadside guidance or incident forgiveness. While this will seem like a daunting task, it may also help to check prices from various suppliers and select the proper just one. Listed down below are a few ideas to get you started off.
When it comes to comparing car insurance coverage companies, you might want to get started with the J.D. Power auto insurance provider rankings. These are definitely determined by buyer gratification surveys that study A huge number of automobile coverage prospects nationwide. The final results are compiled into numerical scores that symbolize the businesses’ normal client fulfillment score. These rankings are revealed yearly, and the ideal motor vehicle insurance plan providers in Each and every classification are awarded gold medals. But how Are you aware if the companies you are considering are any great?
There are several methods to evaluate the financial power of auto insurance plan businesses. Firstly, it is possible to Test the AM Finest insurance company ranking, which supplies fiscal balance scores for motor vehicle insurance plan firms. If the car insurance provider has an A, B, C, or File rating, it is important to know how stable it can be just before picking a policy. This is a vital element of customer support, so make sure to go through the reviews and read the good print prior to making a call.
Car insurance plan corporations give a variety of reductions. Many of those bargains may not be readily available for Everybody, so it’s important to check the corporate Web site to ensure that you qualify to the discount rates that utilize for you. Some businesses provide various special discounts, and you can also request your insurance plan agent When they are eligible for almost any unique lower price. On the other hand, the procedure is straightforward and often requires lower than an hour or so. Below are a few examples of doable car or truck insurance policy savings.
Legacy Discount rates: An automobile insurance provider may offer a discount to new drivers who purchase their policy through their dad and mom’ firm. This price reduction is generally all-around 10 p.c. This is one method to thank your parents for your enterprise over time, and it could help you save money on your automobile insurance coverage protection. Lots of corporations provide legacy special discounts to youthful drivers, and it’s well worth checking to discover When your insurance provider offers one particular. You may as well investigate policies supplied by American Relatives, Farmers, or USAA.
During the insurance policies field, there are a few companies that constantly excel at customer care. Esurance, for example, scored four out of 5 inside the J.D. Energy rankings for customer service, a superior mark for a company whose mum or dad company isn’t going to. The organization scored better than its competition in all other parts, which include policy offerings and costs, plus the top quality of support provided by its Call Heart Associates and Web-site.(personalized service)
The key aspect of car coverage for some shoppers is its coverage, but it is the customer support that issues most. Shoppers need to contact their insurers and obtain prompt, courteous company. Consequently they wish to receive a reaction to their email messages and mobile phone phone calls swiftly, and they want to talk to an agent who will hear their considerations and give solutions. While all automobile coverage corporations may present outstanding customer service, some do complete better than Other individuals.(rideshare insurance policies)(only a few clicks)(coverage choices)
A variety of components have an affect on the rates of vehicle insurance policies companies. Driving record and age are two major factors. A driver having a lousy driving heritage or a inadequate credit rating score can have better rates. Also, the expense of dwelling in your town will have an impact on the rates. This is why, it is important to match the premiums of a number of insurance corporations to locate the 1 that could accommodate your funds plus your driving habits. There are numerous solutions to lower your premiums, such as reducing protection or getting a defensive driving study course. You can even decide to pay for an entire 12 months of coverage up entrance.(bill on-line)(worker bargains)(at fault accident)(protected accident)
Besides the above-stated things, all kinds of other issues can enhance your quality. For instance, when you’ve a short while ago produced a claim or logged a traffic violation, your insurance policies service provider will reassess your premiums. Moreover, if you take a safe driving program, you could be suitable for a discount. Insurance policies firms are frequently tweaking their products to ascertain the prices, and you may perhaps notice a change inside your premiums Even though you’ve never improved your driving historical past.(use primarily based insurance policy)(rental autos)(car repairs)(Secure driver discount)
A car or truck insurance policy Look at is a terrific way to avoid disreputable insurance plan vendors. By way of example, low estimates from a selected insurance provider is often deceptive if the estimate excludes selected coverage or can make inaccurate assumptions regarding your driving profile. By looking up insurance coverage businesses’ ratings as well as A.M. Most effective score, you will discover the cheapest insurance policy organizations in your neighborhood. Read this article to Learn the way car or truck insurance compares could help you save income. Then, Get the offers within the top rated providers and find out which one particular is the best for you.(incident free of charge)
Your credit score-centered insurance rating is often a valuable indicator of just how much chance you happen to be more likely to pose, but you shouldn’t Allow it dictate your rates. The federal authorities does not permit insurers to use your credit rating background as the only real basis for a rise in your premiums. Even so, states such as California, Massachusetts, Oregon, Utah, and Vermont have laws set up that prohibit insurers from applying credit rating record to find out insurance policy charges.(could help you save)(new car)(auto assert)
On the other hand, this kind of insurance plan won’t utilize to each point out, so buyers don’t have any way to ascertain if a corporation is using your rating to make a decision the amount to charge them. Some states, like California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, and Michigan, do ban credit rating-centered insurance coverage. Many other states even have restrictions on the use of credit-centered insurance policies scores. In the long run, you must determine on your own whether or not your credit-centered insurance policy rating is suitable for you.(motorbike insurance)(roadside guidance coverage)(bundling automobile)(get yourself a automobile coverage)(pet insurance coverage)(actual money worth)(excellent promises provider)(yacht insurance coverage)
Many components impact the expense of motor vehicle insurance reductions, together with age. Age has an effect on your rate by a lot more than thirty percent, and in certain states, a youthful driver will pay Pretty much four times about a 30-12 months-old. Inexperience is an additional important component, as youthful adolescents are more likely to get into accidents. By comprehension what variables have an impact on your premiums, you may negotiate lower expenses for yourself. Outlined down below are a few of the ways in which age influences your automobile insurance.
On the whole, the youthful you might be, the decreased your rates is going to be. But if you are a man, age does have an affect on the cost of car insurance policy. Though youthful male drivers fork out lower than their older counterparts, rates for motorists inside their sixties and seventies skyrocket. Statistically, males are two in addition to a fifty percent periods as very likely to be associated with a car or truck crash than Females, Hence the gender gap decreases with age.(coverage selections)(homeowners insurance plan)
The fact that a man will pay a better premium for car insurance policies than a girl just isn’t completely shocking. Several Gentlemen make poor options while driving, resulting in a lot more incidents and statements. However, there are a few variables which make Adult men costlier to insure. Here are several of the top reasons why. Keep reading to find out more details on the most well-liked things that have an affect on auto coverage charges by gender. And if you’re still bewildered, consider these tips for lowering your rates.(car insurance plan policies)(car insurance policy quote)(car insurance plan fee)
The Oregon Division of Financial Regulation has instructed car insurers to accommodate customers who You should not specify their gender. Discrimination towards non-binary individuals may be grounds for unfair discrimination charges, and insurers will have to file costs for anyone drivers beginning in January 2019. These charges might be better than Individuals for male and female motorists. So long as they are not excessive, Females will be able to spend less. Also, don’t worry in regards to the “non-binary” fee for youthful motorists.(automobile coverage declare)(gap insurance)(vehicle plan)
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An employee counting banknotes at a Huaxia Bank branch. China's central bank on Sunday hiked the reserve requirement ratio by 50 basis points, effective from May 10. [China Daily]
BEIJING - China could raise interest rates after the release of the second-quarter economic data in mid-July, economists said, if statistics show inflation rising strongly despite Sunday's move to mop up liquidity.
The People's Bank of China, the central bank, hiked the reserve requirement ratio (RRR), or money commercial banks must keep as reserves, by 50 basis points, effective from May 10. It was the third such hike this year, with rural credit cooperatives and village and small township banks being exempt from the adjustment.
"The move aims to tighten liquidity," said Song Guoqing, senior economist with Peking University's National School of Development. "Liquidity pressure has been accumulating since the second half of last year," he said.
China's stunning 9.6 trillion yuan ($1.4 trillion) new yuan loans last year - in almost double that of 2008 - is believed to have not only turned around the country's economic growth momentum from the fallout of the global financial crisis, but also pushed up asset prices and consumer inflation.
The consumer price index (CPI), a main gauge of inflation, reached 2.2 percent in the first quarter of this year, compared with the 2.25 percent interest rate for benchmark one-year bank savings.
"Although CPI inflation remains modest on both year-on-year and sequential terms for now, producer and property prices have been increasing very quickly already and we believe it is just a matter of time before the CPI inflation rises to higher levels," Goldman Sachs economists said in a report.
Top research teams from Peking University and Tsinghua University forecast inflation could be well above 3 percent in the second quarter, effectively driving real interest rates into negative territory.
If that happens, interest rate hikes would be inevitable, possibly before mid-July, when the National Bureau of Statistics is scheduled to release the data, analysts said.
"If inflation continues to pick up fast despite the policy tightening, it would be likely the central bank raises the interest rates," said Xia Yeliang, deputy director of Peking University's Research Center for Foreign Economic Theory.
He said the RRR hike sends a signal that the authorities want to cool down the country's investment, which accounted for most of its 8.7 percent year-on-year gross domestic product growth last year. If investment growth could slow down to an acceptable level, an interest rate hike could be avoided. "It all depends on the second-quarter data."
Li Daokui, a Tsinghua University economist and member of the monetary policy committee of the central bank, said that the Chinese economy has shown some signs of "overheating" after it achieved 11.9 percent year-on-year growth in the first quarter.
"In this case, control of excess liquidity and economic overheating has become the paramount task," he was quoted by the Phoenix TV website as saying.
But policymakers have more tools at hand to rein in expanding liquidity and tame inflationary expectations, said Xia Bin, an economist at the State Council's Development Research Center. "We generally choose the one that is most effective and fastest in mopping up liquidity, which is the RRR hike at this stage," Xia said in late April.
But Xia admitted that when the real interest rates are negative, the central bank should move to raise interest rates.
"It should have long done that," said Song Guoqing of Peking University. "We continue to expect interest rate hikes, especially when the level of year-on-year CPI reaches above the 3-4 percent level for two months or more," said the Goldman Sachs report.
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Today, we want to give Lesia Ukrainka a place of honor in modern culture, the Head of the UGCC during the presentation of the book Apocrypha
The presentation took place live on “Zhyve Television,” as well as via Zoom-conference. The conversation was moderated by Fr. Ihor Yatsiv, head of the UGCC Information Department.
At the beginning of the presentation, Mrs. Oksana Zabuzhko noted that the last 12 years of Lesia Ukrainka's work had been marked by her dramatic and even conflicting relations with the Church. The path of the writer in this regard begins with the poem The Obsessed (Oderzhyma).
"His Beatitude has a brilliant literary taste and artistic feeling. He did what literary critics failed to do: he showed Lesia Ukrainka as a religious thinker,” she said.
In his speech, the Father and the Head of the UGCC, noted that Lesia Ukrainka to a large degree remains unknown in Ukraine. Today's presentation is another attempt to draw the attention of Ukrainians to the great daughter of our nation.
This is another encouragement, says His Beatitude Sviatoslav, to read her works, make them alive and relevant in modern circumstances. This is the aim of our work and today's presentation.
"In our conversations, we tried to help the reader understand the Christian images of Lesia Ukrainka because she lived and wrote in the context of the Christian worldview. Lesia Ukrainka used images of early Christianity. I tried to help the modern reader understand what she, in my opinion, wanted to say," explained His Beatitude Sviatoslav.
I would like, says the Primate of the UGCC, that we try to read through Lesia Ukrainka's figurative drama her message to modern Ukrainians. In his opinion, Lesia lived and thought according to the postulates of the Christian faith.
The book got its name from the poem What will give us strength? with the subtitle Apocrypha.
The protagonist of the poem is a poor carpenter who loses the meaning of life, self-respect, and strength. The events take place on the eve of the holiday.
"What gives him the strength and ability to find meaning in life again? It is respect for another person and for someone else's pain,” the Primate of the UGCC emphasizes.
"To the question: where do we get strength? Lesia Ukrainka answers: from the power of love,” says His Beatitude Sviatoslav. And he explains that the cross in the Christian sense is a symbol of love, a symbol of God's love for people.
"Lesia Ukrainka used the Gospel story to turn it into her message, her manifesto. Through the poem, she shows us how to find the meaning of life, work, even holiday - through love. I really hope that this idea will become a message to every Ukrainian who loses the sense of life due to the coronavirus,” summed up His Beatitude Sviatoslav.
Two experts joined the presentation: Olena Huseynova, writer, journalist, radio host, and Viktor Yelensky, theologian, publicist, doctor of philosophy.
The audience who joined the event through Zoom had the opportunity to personally ask their questions to the participants of the presentation. It is important to note that questions were heard from Italy, France, Germany, and Ukraine.
About the book
Lesia Ukrainka's complex and deeply dramatic relations with Christianity, which form the core of her mature work, have never been the subject of professional theological analysis. Therefore, the meaning of the fierce "religious war" waged by the heroes of Lesya Ukrainka and by herself with the official Church remained unknown to the reader until today, when the Primate of the UGCC His Beatitude Sviatoslav and the writer Oksana Zabuzhko met to exchange views on Lesia Ukrainka's stories devoted to evangelical and early Christian history. The proposed edition contains recordings of four such conversations, as well as the author’s texts which were analyzed.
The book is expected to be published after June 30.
Pre-order is available at:
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Kim Earles said her family's move from Hawaii to North Augusta was a challenge.
"(Still,) we've been blessed," said Mrs. Earles, whose family relocated when her husband joined Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center at Fort Gordon. "North Augusta Elementary - they were awesome when we came in."
The Aiken County school district says it doesn't keep track of new pupils who are members of military families, but officials acknowledge a steady flow of families relocate to Aiken County each year and their children enroll in district schools.
While such families have access to a number of relocation services provided by the military, pupils also can get assistance with the transition from their school's parent-teacher association, other organizations and school guidance counselors.
That assistance is important during relocation, said Larry Moehnke, a former educator and chief of staff for the Military Child Education Coalition, an international nonprofit organization that works on behalf of military children.
The Coalition's Transition Counselor Institutes have trained more than 4,000 guidance professionals - from private-sector principals to commanding officers in the military - to improve their effectiveness in counseling military children.
"They (pupils) may actually come to a campus that is much larger (and) certainly different," Dr. Moehnke said. "It may not be strictly military-connected children at that campus if it's a public school system."
Lisa Shull, the president of the North Augusta High School Parent-Teacher Student Association, said teachers and guidance counselors have approached the group about obtaining grants to purchase relocation packets and other materials for students that enroll in the high school after the first day of class.
"There is a need out there, obviously, that has been recognized by different teachers and administrators of the school," Ms. Shull said.
Jane Katlenski, a guidance counselor at North Augusta High, said the school receives new students each year from military families that move to Aiken County, many with a parent that has been assigned to Fort Gordon.
Sometimes it's not parents or guidance counselors working with new students, but other students who make the transition easier, Ms. Katlenski said.
Ms. Katlenski said she introduces newcomers to pupils who provide tours of the school, including where classes are located, how to find the lunch room and where buses arrive and depart.
"That gives them somebody that they can talk to and ask questions to," Ms. Katlenski said.
Wesley Steisslinger, a senior at North Augusta High whose family moved to the area when his father, an Army chaplain, was assigned to Fort Gordon, said he had a great experience when enrolling at the school in 2004.
"They even hooked me up with the band guys so that I could do marching band that summer, because I moved in the summer and I wasn't sure if I'd be able to do band," Wesley said.
Robyn Steisslinger, Wesley's mother, said the family is preparing to move to Mannheim, Germany, because of her husband's new assignment.
"With most military, it happens every three years, so you learn how to move from place to place," Mrs. Steisslinger said.
After their arrival in Mannheim, the Steisslingers might join the European PTA, which provides many services to pupils and their families.
Lois Dent, the vice president of the organization in Europe and a preschool teacher at Mannheim Elementary School, a Department of Defense Dependents School, said via e-mail that three PTA members will give a presentation at a conference in Washington, D.C., this month detailing the PTA's mission overseas.
"We usually learn about large units of soldiers, sailors or airmen returning to the states when it is announced in the Stars and Stripes, the American overseas home newspaper," Ms. Dent said.
Chris Caldwell, the president of the South Carolina PTA's district 14, which includes Aiken County, said the organization assists and educates parents in other ways.
"When my children were smaller, it helped to have the training material for (topics) like bus safety," Ms. Caldwell said.
"You care about the whole child, not just the kid who's in school at the time, but you care about the child that's outside of school, too," she said. " (The PTA is) encouraging the parents to be in the schools, which is what we desperately need."
Reach Nathan Dickinson at (803) 648-1395, ext. 109, or email@example.com.
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us
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Following a tradition started by a student in 1965, more than 2,000 people gathered for the annual Christmas Lovefeast and Candlelight Service in Wait Chapel Sunday night.
Students joined faculty, staff, alumni and community members to hear the Handbell Choir, the Flute Choir, the Concert Choir and a Moravian band.
Chaplain Tim Auman led the service, which featured a message by Nathan O. Hatch, president of Wake Forest University.
“Tonight we celebrate one of my favorite traditions on this campus: the Christmas lovefeast,” Hatch said. “For almost half a century, Wake Forest has carried forward this rich Moravian practice of a special Christmas service of readings, carols, exchanging food and drink, and then passing to each other, row by row, the light of beeswax candles. This service is a powerful blend of tradition, and memory, of joy and good will in this season. What makes it doubly special is that we do it together, with so many friends and colleagues.”
Ninety gallons of coffee and 175 dozen yeast buns were served. As candlelight filled the chapel toward the end of the service, the crowd sang, “Joy to the World” and the traditional Moravian carol “Morning Star.”
The Christmas Lovefeast and Candlelight Service is a custom that originated in Europe in 1747. The first lovefeast in North Carolina was held on the evening of the arrival of the Moravians at Bethabara in 1753.
Sign up for weekly news highlights.Subscribe
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For years, I’ve been writing about Coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine, magnesium, and D-ribose as my “Awesome Foursome” of heart health nutrients. My clinical experience has shown me time and again that this combination of nutritional supplements has a favorable impact on cardiovascular health, including cholesterol and blood pressure.
Each one of the heart health nutrients is needed by the microscopic structures inside our cells called mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the fuel your body requires at the cellular level. Without enough of it, your cells can’t function at optimum levels—and nowhere is that more apparent than in the energy-guzzling cells specifically found in the heart. Poor ATP metabolism can result in the heart becoming weak and inefficient, which can lead to a significantly compromised quality of life. This is why heart health nutrients such as Coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine, magnesium, and D-ribose is so important.
Here’s how each of these heart health nutrients contributes to the ATP production process (and therefore a healthy heart), along with dosage directions depending on your current health status.
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), one of my top heart-health nutrients, is a vitamin-like substance that’s made naturally in the body and crucial to heart health. However, production declines with age and poor diet, and is significantly impaired by statin drugs.
CoQ10 works in the body in two ways. The first is as an escort. Inside our cells, electrons are extracted from the food we eat to produce ATP. CoQ10 molecules play a central role in that process by shuttling electrons back and forth between enzymes. The second role CoQ10 plays is as a scavenger of free radicals, which is a critical ability because ATP production generates a lot of free radical activity. In this antioxidant capacity, CoQ10 helps protect cell membranes and arterial tissue from oxidative stress and inflammatory damage.
Suggested dosage of this heart-health nutrient: I suggest 50 to 100 mg of CoQ10 per day. Individuals with high blood pressure or who are taking a statin drug should take 100 to 200 mg of this heart health nutrient per day. Those needing additional support should take 200 to 300 mg per day. For best absorption, I recommend supplementing with the water-soluble form of CoQ10, and taking it with meals.
L-carnitine, another of my top heart-health nutrients, is a water-soluble compound found primarily in meat—especially in lamb. The body also makes it.
L-carnitine’s role in ATP production is also as an escort, and a vital one at that. It’s the only molecule in our cells with the ability to move fatty acids into the mitochondria. This function is critical because the heart obtains 60 percent of its fuel from fat! Equally important, carnitine also carries the waste generated by ATP metabolism out of the mitochondria.
Suggested dosage of this heart-health nutrient: There are several forms of carnitine, including L-carnitine fumarate, acetyl-L-carnitine, and glycine propionyl L-carnitine. My preference is a broad spectrum heart health nutrients that includes all three of these types. Take 1,000 to 1,500 mg in divided doses on an empty stomach to prevent deficiency, and up to 3,000 mg if you have any kind of heart concerns.
All enzymatic reactions involving ATP require magnesium. People get magnesium through their diet (leafy green vegetables, almonds, cashews, pumpkin seeds, beans, tofu, figs, apricots and bananas are all rich in magnesium) and mineral-rich hard drinking water. However, magnesium deficiency is common due to poor diet, emotional and physical stress and long-term use of diuretics.
Suggested dosage of this heart-health nutrient: Magnesium glycinate, taurinate, or orotate are the best-absorbed supplement forms of this heart health nutrient. Take at least 400 mg daily with meals.
D-ribose is a naturally occurring sugar derivative of ATP that helps fuel the regeneration of energy when your body can’t create it quickly enough. When the heart is under stress and deprived of oxygen—during heavy exercise, for instance—there’s a profound depression of ATP. Individuals with ischemia have low levels of ribose, which compromises the heart’s ability to re-synthesize and regenerate ATP.
Suggested dosage of this heart-health nutrient: For individuals involved in moderate to intense exercise, take 5 g daily prior to activity. For those needing additional support, doses up to 10–15 g daily is fine. Take ribose in divided doses with meals.
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Volume No. 1 Issue No. 101 - Friday May 18, 2007|
The history and pictures of Dominica's volcanoes
By Thomson Fontaine
Nine of the Caribbean’s sixteen active volcanoes are located on the island of Dominica. By contrast there is one each on Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Montserrat, Saba, St. Eustacius, St. Kitts, and Nevis. There are two in Grenada.
Dominica’s nine active volcanoes are ; Morne au Diable, Morne Trois Pitons, Morne Diablotins, Morne Watts, Morne Anglais, Wotten Waven Caldera, Valley of Desolation, Grande Soufriere Hills and Morne Plat Pays.
The youngest dated volcanic deposits on the island are associated with the Morne Patates dome on the flanks of the large active Plat Pays Volcano that comprises the southwestern end of the island. This was a Pelean eruption (similar to the eruptions of Mt. Pelee on Martinique in 1902 and 1929) and radiocarbon ages from the block and ash deposits suggest it occurred about 500 year ago.
In addition there have been two steam explosions (phreatic activity) in the Valley of Desolation in 1880 and 1997. Frequent seismic swarms and vigorous and widespread geothermal activity today characterize the island. In fact it is the most worrying of all the Caribbean volcanic areas and there is a general feeling that it (like Montserrat pre-1995) is long overdue for an eruption. Scientists are predicting that there will be at least one major eruption within the next 100 years.
What is of particular concern is that the capital Roseau and most of the islands infrastructure lie on a pyroclastic flow fan derived from the Wotten Waven caldera situated on the eastern outskirts of the capital.
The pyroclastic deposits of the Roseau area abound with ignimbrites (pumiceous pyroclastic flows), surge and airfall deposits with radiocaron ages ranging from 38,000 to 1000 years B.P.
Volcanologist Haraldur Sigurdsson as long ago as 1972 described one of the units which he called the Roseau ash and together with other workers traced its submarine extension. As a result of this work they concluded that about 38,000 years ago the island erupted around 56 cubic kilometers of pumiceous materials in what was described as the largest eruption in past 200,000 years in the Caribbean.
Pyroclastic flows deposited about 30 cubic km on the Caribbean floor and the remainder was deposited on the Atlantic floor from AntiTrade Wind dispersal. More recent work suggests that there are several ignimbrite sheets separated by ancient soils and the deposits may have resulted from several eruptions. However all conclusions indicate that the capital Roseau is situated in one of the most hazardous areas of the island.
The Dominican.net will bring you the history and photos of this aspect of our beautiful island over the next several issues. We begin by looking at Morne Plat Pays.
The cloud-capped summit of Morne Plat Pays stratovolcano lies on the horizon near the southern tip of the island of Dominica beyond the sprawling capital city of Roseau. This volcano has been active throughout the Holocene (last 10 ,000 years).
Three post-caldera lava domes (left-center to right) were formed north of a large arcuate depression open to Soufriere Bay on the west that formed about 39,000 years ago. This depression cuts the south west side of Morne Plat Pays stratovolcano and extends to the southern tip of Dominica. At least a dozen small post-caldera lava domes were emplaced within and outside this depression, including one submarine dome south of Scotts Head.
The latest dated eruption at the Morne Plat Pays volcanic complex occurred from the Morne Patates lava dome about 1270 AD, although younger deposits have not yet been dated.
The Morne Plat Pays complex is the site of extensive fumarolic activity, and at least ten swarms of small-magnitude earthquakes, none associated with eruptive activity, have occurred since 1765 at Morne Patates.
The History of a Volcanic Island
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Arthur Greiser, a leading Nazi Party official in Danzig. He became the head of the Danzig Senate in 1934. After the beginning of World War II, he became administrator of the new province known as the Warthegau.
We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of all donors.
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Automated testing supports your constant effort in design and refactoring, and besides that ensures that your application actually works in a reliable and repeatable way. [...] In this article I'll describe the different categories of testing, as applied to a Zend Framework 1 application, but this classification pertains to every web application based on object-oriented programming. Since this kind of applications is obviously PHP-based, PHPUnit will be the tool of choice along with some of its standard extensions.
He looks at five different types of testing you can do on your application:
- Unit testing
- Pragmatic unit testing
- Functional testing
- Integration testing
- Acceptance testing
Not all of these can be done with PHPUnit on the backend, but they (mostly) have automated tools of their own like Selenium for frontend interface testing.
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William Henry Buck
Artist William Henry Buck was among the originators of the “bayou school” of painting in Louisiana.
William Henry Buck emigrated to the United States from Norway about 1865, probably through New York City. Afterwards he lived in Boston, Massachusetts, where he received some instruction in art from Ernest Ciceri, a talented landscapist given to formulaic compositions. Yet, while Ciceri’s works are brilliantly lit, following in the Venetian landscape tradition, Buck’s earliest works are evenly lit. As Buck’s career progressed, his paintings became increasingly dark, atmospheric, and moody. Art was still an avocation when Buck arrived in New Orleans around 1870. He worked as a clerk for a cotton factor for a number of years, a path taken by Grand Manner portraitist William Henry Baker and earlier portraitist Francis Martin Drexel, who had begun as merchants or bankers.
In New Orleans, through the late 1870s and early 1880s, Buck studied with Richard Clague, Jr., a sophisticated landscapist working in the Barbizon tradition who exhibited landscapes as early as 1877. Buck soon emerged as Clague’s closest follower. The elder artist led plein air sketching expeditions with Buck and others, including landscapist Andres Molinary, William Aiken Walker, and Marshall J. Smith Jr., who had also been a merchant. Like Clague, Buck specialized in naturalistic views of lakeshores and bayous, often characterized by moody lighting effects and suggestive atmosphere.
By 1880, Buck had opened a studio at 26 Carondelet Street. Easel-sized landscape had become popular in Louisiana during the decade following the Civil War, and Buck was instrumental in defining the market. Buck also made large, elaborate paper cutouts, such as Christ in Glory (n.d.). Suggestive of a struggle to make ends meet, he also restored paintings. In 1883, The Daily States reported on an exhibition of “several fine canvases representing the Penobscot river [sic], Maine and Canada” by Buck, indicating a desire to expand subject matter in the later part of his career. During the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition from 1884 to 1885, Buck designed a lithograph depicting Uncle Sam greeting feminine allegorical representations of the various nations.
Commentators in the 1920s through the 1960s considered Buck’s paintings formulaic and inferior to Clague’s. Isaac M. Cline found “carelessness in execution” of some of his landscapes. A “tendency toward sketchiness and repetitiousness may be noticed,” wrote Charles L. Dufour in 1968. Groves dismissed the later landscapes as “enveloped in the brown soup style.” By the 1980s, Buck’s reputation had begun to improve. In 1991, Estill Curtis Pennington acknowledged Buck’s indebtedness to Clague, but noted how he “did develop a unique personal style.” His treatment of moss-covered oak trees, depicted with an obsessive and almost anthropomorphic insistence, was cited in the press as early as 1878. In June 2010, The Hotel at Spanish Fort on Bayou St. John (n.d.) set a record for the artist at Neal Auction Company, selling for more than $200,000. Buck died at the age of 48 in New Orleans, without having realized a glimmer of the acclaim that his work merits today.
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Looking for an update? Skip the phones, check your order status online.
A spark plugs reach is calculated by the length of the threads. It is measured from the seat of the plug to the end of the threads; it does not include the electrodes, or an extended metal shell.
When custom-selecting a spark plug, the electrode length and projection should be included in the calculation when taking into consideration the clearance in the combustion chamber.
Please use our vehicle lookup to find the correct OE type plug for your vehicle. Only expert engine builders should use the reverse engineer tool, or attempt to play with a plugs dimensions.
Use of an improper plug in an engine will result in engine damage.
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Today, because of the Obama/Reid Government shutdown, the national parks and memorials, including the World War II Memorial, were shut down. But that didn't stop a group of World War II vets from storming the monument like they did a beach in Europe or the Pacific 70 years ago (Stars and Stripes).
Wheelchair-bound elderly veterans pushed aside barricades to tour the World War II Memorial Tuesday morning, in defiance of the government shutdown which closed all of the memorials in the nation’s capital.
The four bus loads of veterans — visiting from Mississippi as part of a once-in-a-lifetime Honor Flight tour — ignored National Park Police instructions not to enter the site as lawmakers and tourists cheered them on.
“We didn’t come this far not to get in,” one veteran proclaimed.
The scene was both emotional and comical at once. After it was clear they had lost control of the situation, Park Police officials stood aside, telling press that they had “asked for guidance on how to respond” to the breach of security.
As 80-something veterans slowly walked around the massive war memorial, Park Police stood quietly to the side, advising other tourists that the site was technically still closed. But they made no moves to stop the wishes of the war heroes.
...As Rep. Steve King, R-Iowa, distracted a Park Police representative, other lawmakers and their staff helped topple the metal fences. A bagpiper on hand for the event led the men past the crowd and into the heart of the memorial, attracting a large, applauding crowd.
It got worse when the Daily Caller revealed that our petulant little boy-child President not only knew about the request of these WWII vets but denied it.“This just means so much to me,” said Alex “Lou” Pitalo, an Army vet who also served in the Pacific during WWII. “I waited 70 years to get a welcome like this. And to get to see this and to have all those people clapping … I’m just so happy. This was amazing.”
The White House and the Department of the Interior rejected a request from Rep. Steven Palazzo’s office to have World War II veterans visit the World War II memorial in Washington, the Mississippi Republican told The Daily Caller Tuesday.
Palazzo helped the veterans commit an act of civil disobedience against the Park Service Tuesday, when the heroes stormed through barricades around the closed memorial.
“We got the heads up that they will be barricaded and specifically asked for an exception for these heroes,” Palazzo told TheDC. “We were denied and told, ‘It’s a government shutdown, what do you expect?’ when we contacted the liaison for the White House.”
Palazzo’s office was in touch with the heads of the National Park Service, the Department of the Interior and the Capitol Police. He says all these officials rejected his request to allow the veterans, many of whom are octogenarians and some of whom are in poor health, to attend.
Palazzo, a Gulf War who has participated in all five of the Honor Flights, blames the White House for making it harder on veterans and playing politics. “At first I thought it was a huge bureaucratic oversight,” Palazzo told The Daily Caller, “but having talked with the officials I can’t help but think this was politically motivated. Honor Flights, which bring WWII veterans to the nation’s memorials, are planned a year in advance and cost anywhere between $80,000 to $100,000. How low can you get with playing politics over our nation’s veterans?”Obama once closed down the Vietnam Memorial to veterans visiting DC during Memorial Day, so he could use that sacred memorial as a prop for his campaign. Not only that, but word tonight is that, because of Obama and the Democrats temper-tantrum over Obamacare, they are rejecting a GOP proposal to open national parks and fund veterans services.
In other words, it's the Democrats and Obama who are (to use liberal talking points) playing hostage takers because they insist on keeping the failed Obamacare risky scheme. Shame on these DemoRATS!
But a big thumbs up and way to go to Rep. Steve King and Rep. Steven Palazzo for helping these World War II vets knock down the barriers Obama put up on visiting a memorial to them they might never have the chance to see again. These members of the Greatest Generation who fought for our freedom, as well as all our vets, deserve more respect than that jug-eared, Marxist Rodeo Clown gives them.
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To access the thousands of digitised lessons we use in support of the Lion Pathways Curriculum, you will need to sign up to Miro - www.miro.com.
Miro is a content sharing platform that allows for teachers to make, edit, share and the distribute lessons for pupils. Every Lion Pathways Curriculum customer will be invited to self-register with Miro and to access two sets of Miro boards. The first, is a read-only version of the existing boards that our teams have created - fully detailed and with the relevant content, images and links included.
The second set of Miro boards, is a 'wire-frame' version - designed to allow schools and teams to populate these boards with the images and content that are relevant to your pupils and settings.
We advise all customers to check the ownership of any images used to avoid any copyright or licensing issues.
The value in these boards in terms of time saved for staff; for ensuring a consistently high quality in-class experience for every pupil is considerable - and we are giving this freely to any customer of the Lion Pathways Curriculum to help the implementation of the currlculum - and to truly give your staff their Sundays back!
We use technology to reduce teacher workload and to ensure that every pupil gets access to the same quality and standard of in-class content in every one of our schools. It’s a core part of what we do so well - and we are genuinely excited about how this library of digitised content helps schools and teachers achieve great outcomes for every pupil.
Justin James, CEO, Lion Academy Trust
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Biodynamics is a form of organic agriculture based on the ideas of the Austrian philosopher, Rudolph Steiner.
Two things distinguish it from other forms of organic farming :
- The use of a complex system of herbal sprays and composting techniques, known as 'preparations'.
- The timing of the operations on the land, which is strictly regulated by the movements of the spheres.
Biodynamics has made some high profile converts in recent years and is taken seriously by the wine industry purely on the evidence of the wines it produces.
The biodynamic movement is effectively run by an independant organisation called Demeter.
Biodynamics is part of Steiner's wider system of anthroposophy, or spiritual science.
A farm, or a vineyard, is seen as a living system whose functioning is explained in terms of 'formative' forces.
If something is wrong, it is because these forces are out of balance. There might be too much 'astrality', for example, and not enough 'etheric' force.
Even the most distant movements of the stars are connected to the smallest operations of the land. Lay-lines must be taken into account.
The weakness of convetional science, in biodynamic terms, is its obsession with analysing physical effects, and ignorance of the forces that underlie them.
Steiner was well aware that this would appear 'insane' to some people.
Biodynamic practices can appear equally bizarre.
Making 'Horn Manure', for example, involves burying a cow's horn full of manure at the autumn equinox and digging it up in the spring.
But the evidence suggests that biodynamic farming has real benefits for life of the soil.
Analyses by soil microbiologist Claude Bourguignon, for example, found it compared favourably to both conventional and organic farming.
Exactly what it is about biodynamics that produces these benefits, and why, is not yet understood. But that does not make it necessary to accept Steiner's explanations.
Further research may well be able to explain its effect in terms of conventional science.
|
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http://www.morethanorganic.com/biodynamic-viticulture
|
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|
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ECOCUP Green Documentary Film Festival is an annual international green documentary film festival in Moscow and other cities in Russia.
ECOCUP is the exiting documentary films forum in Russia to know what is really going on at our planet. During the whole year we search for films around the world, films that will be particularly interesting for the Russian audience. Every year we bring new films from USA, Canada, Italy, Germany and other countries. All films are screened at the original language with Russian subtitles. After every screening we have open discussions with Russian and foreign experts.
The Festival brings together filmmakers, green artists, designers, photographers and ecologically aware audience. It offers evening screenings, meetings with filmmakers, discussions, eco-fair, morning coffee screenings and many many more.
ECOCUP started in Moscow at 2010. Today the festival is taking place in cities and towns across Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and soon – Belorussia.
Documentary films are one of the best alternative information sources. And it’s a good start to discuss big environmental issues. The main idea of ECOCUP is to act as a catalyst for free information exchange.
We want to demonstrate that caring about our environment is a conscious choice.
- Action will bring results
- Talking about the environment can be a serious and interesting topic
- Our guests are not there just to show problems, but to offer solutions.
- Every single one of us can change the world and make it a better place.
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The many contributions of women
As we enter Women’s History month, it’s hard to believe less that 93 years ago women did not have the right to vote. Fed-up with being labeled as less than equal citizens, a group of women, a 100 years to the date on March 3, gathered in Washington D.C. for the Women’s Suffrage Parade.
That famous event, along with so many others, gave way to the freedoms enjoyed by women today. However throughout this struggle, history has not only proven that the contributions of women not only effected the same gender, but all of mankind.
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://rustonleader.com/?q=node/34849&mini=calendar-date_sport%252F2013-02
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Torresol Energy, a 60-40 joint venture between Masdar, Abu Dhabi's $15 billion renewable energy initiative, and Sener, a Spanish engineering company, aims to build a series of utility-scale power plants using concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies, starting with projects in Spain and Abu Dhabi.
Torresol aims to build two solar plants a year in order to reach 320 MW in total capacity by 2010, and 1,000 MW by 2018. Their target geographic areas consist of Southern Europe (especially Spain), Northern Africa, the Middle East and eventually, southeastern USA, constituting a de facto "global sunbelt". I for one would be thrilled if the likes of China and other Asian markets are eventually included.
I'd like to take a closer look at Torresol’s technologies:
The prototypical Torresol solar plant structure consists of multiple rows of heliostats circling a central receiving tower filled with molten salt. The heliostats consist of parabolic troughs that pivot around an axis to track the changing position of the sun through the day. The heliostats concentrate and reflect the sunlight onto the central receiving tower filled with molten salt, which acts as an energy storage conduit. Though the technology was conceived in the 1970s, the company claims to be the first company in the world to apply this molten salt energy storage technology in a commercial plant.
According to the Sandia National Laboratory National Solar Thermal Test Facility, the molten salt, also known as saltpeter, is a mixture of 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium-nitrate. Sodium has a high heat capacity and hence, saltpeter serves as an effective medium to store the solar power in the form of heat. Heated saltpeter is channeled into insulated storage tanks where they can be released into a conventional steam-generating system to boil water to generate steam to cycle through turbines to produce electricity.
The upshot of thermal storage is that the ability of the solar plant is no longer subject to the intermittency of solar irradiation—surplus solar energy collected on the sunny days can be stored in the molten salt for discharge on cloudy days or at night. According to Torresol’s website, molten salt storage allows for 15 hours of independent electricity generation without sun irradiation, resulting in electricity production during 6,500 hours a year, 2.5 to 3 times more than other renewable energies such as wind or photovoltaic energy.
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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From Geometry to Genetics
Miracle Powell has spent the last several summers conducting biomedical research and learning about clinical medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin.
“In the last few summers, I have been able to work in several labs on a variety of complex medical research projects,” she notes. “I studied angiotensin II, a hormone that can cause heart failure. In another lab, I worked on researching the link between the BTG2 gene and kidney function with the goal of studying genetic predisposition to hypertension.” Someday, Powell hopes her research experience will enable her to lead studies on genetic components of hypertension in African Americans.
But first, Powell wants to graduate college.
Powell was a student at Rufus King High School during most of the time she spent in MCW’s labs working alongside medical doctors, researchers and graduate students as she participated in MCW’s Apprenticeship in Medicine (AIM) and Research Opportunity for Academic Development in Science (ROADS) programs. The programs are designed to provide high school students from underrepresented backgrounds in Milwaukee Public Schools (MPS) with meaningful experiences in laboratory and clinical settings.
As a college student this past summer, Powell recently completed the Diversity Summer Health-Related Research Education Program (DSHREP) to continue her research. The program series stimulates students’ interest in science, medicine and biomedical research. Powell’s mentor, Jean Mallett, a program manager in the MCW Office of Student Inclusion and Academic Enrichment, says she knew instantly that Powell would succeed in the program series.
“She has such an intense desire to learn and accomplish what others might view as daunting,” Mallett notes. “She proved to be so committed to her development in AIM that I knew she should come back the following year in ROADS and then this past summer in DSHREP. She wants to succeed, and she knows that there are people within her circle that will help connect dots for her.”
By offering these programs to students from backgrounds that are historically underrepresented in biomedical science, MCW’s Office of Student Inclusion and Academic Enrichment aims to promote diversity in the medical field and provide a gateway to clinical careers.
“I have always been interested in science, but having the opportunity to work in a lab opened up my curiosity and scientific interest even more. ROADS opened up a whole new world for me,” she reflects. “I love that I get to work with cells, tissues and molecules to see the bridge between research and medicine up close. I have seen that the clinic is about making a diagnosis, and the bench is figuring out why it happens in the first place.”
Powell says having the opportunities to work alongside clinicians and researchers has solidified her desire to serve others as a future physician-researcher.
“I always thought I might be interested in medicine, but after I graduated from AIM, I knew for certain,” she notes. “The program opened my eyes to so many new things at a young age because it was a hands-on experience. It was exciting to work on real research and know that what we were doing could possibly lead to a diagnosis or treatment.”
Powell says being surrounded by doctors and researchers provided her with mentors, role models and plenty of guidance and advice to help her achieve her goals.
“It was such a valuable opportunity for me to have at such a young age,” she reflects. “I have had so much exposure to medicine starting from when I was only 16 years old. I got to see very ill patients and I realized I want to be the person who can help them one day.”
Among Powell’s goals in patient care is to help promote health equity in underserved Milwaukee neighborhoods.
“I think it is important to come back to the community you came from to help,” she says. “Growing up in the types of neighborhoods I did and seeing overpopulated, overcrowded and disadvantaged clinics and hospitals gives me perspective on the need for more physicians and clinics. As an African-American female, not a lot of physicians look like me. I hope to be an inspiration and a leader in my community.”
Powell’s mentor has no doubt that Powell will someday accomplish her goals.
“We have become very close during our three summers, and I hope to see her back within our programming and ultimately as a medical student,” Mallett says. “I am confident Miracle will become a physician. I predict she will be a patient advocate who partners with her patients regarding their care and healing.”
Today, Powell is attending the University of Houston studying psychology with a minor in chemistry and plans to attend medical school someday. She has advice for younger students considering going into medicine or MCW’s summer programs.
“Take advantage of opportunities, and do not let challenges and detours stop you from pursuing your goals,” Powell says. “I had a lot of different obstacles to overcome, but if you are passionate, you keep persevering and you remember your goals, you will overcome any challenge.”
|
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10 Things You Didn't Know About Area 51 [VIDEO]
With all the mystery and controversy surrounding Area 51 here are a few facts that have come to t...
With all the mystery and controversy surrounding Area 51 here are a few facts that have come to the light of day that you might just not know. First up, during it’s construction Area 51 was called Paradise Ranch, later shortened to just ‘the ranch.’ The goal was to attract more unwitting construction workers and what the true intention of the facility would be.
The US finally acknowledged that Area 51 existed only in 2013 and claimed it as a “test facility” for aerial and surveillance technology. Any unauthorized pilot that knowingly flies through Area 51 air space faces court martial, dishonorable discharge and time in prison.
WATCH THE VIDEO:
|
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|
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|
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|
en
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Scotland is set to be hit by further storms on Wednesday night and Thursday.
According to the Met Office, “angry” weather conditions from a massive Atlantic storm are on the way with two inches of rain forecast to land on areas already suffering the legacy of Storm Desmond.
A Met Office spokesman said: “A wild system will move in throughout Wednesday and Thursday, bringing more rain everywhere with a severe risk of gales, especially around coastal areas.
“There could be a respite at the end of the week but it’ll feel much colder as temperatures drop to typical levels for the time of year.”
A Red ‘take action’ warning for rain is now in place for parts of the Scottish Borders and western and central Scotland, while an Amber ‘be prepared’ warning for wind is in place for most of the country.
There are also a large number of flood warnings in place throughout the country.
Ironically, provisional statistics just released show that November 2015 was the dullest on record and also quite warm.
|
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|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.cumbernauld-news.co.uk/news/heavy-rain-and-wind-warning-for-next-48-hours-1-3971003
|
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|
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WASHINGTON — A protracted case that started with a U.S. Department of Labor Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) investigation has resulted in an administrative law judge’s (ALJ’s) recommended ruling that Bank of America discriminated against African-American job applicants for entry level positions in Charlotte, N.C., in 1993 and from 2002 to 2005.
“The Labor Department is committed to ensuring that all workers — including African-Americans — are treated fairly by federal contractors in decisions concerning hiring, promotion and compensation,” said OFCCP Director Patricia A. Shiu. “Further, contractors cannot use litigation as a means to obstruct OFCCP’s ability to conduct its authorized investigations and pursue relief for victims of discrimination.”
The ruling by ALJ Linda Chapman arises in a case that began in 1993 when OFCCP requested information from NationsBank (the bank’s previous name) as part of a compliance review to determine if the bank, as a federal government contractor, treated its employees without discrimination as required by Executive Order 11246. After OFCCP advised the bank in 1995 of its findings of discrimination, the bank challenged — in federal court — OFCCP’s authority to conduct the review as a violation of the bank’s Fourth Amendment rights. After the challenge failed and Labor Department attorneys filed an administrative complaint, the bank pursued that challenge in the administrative forum. The department’s Administrative Review Board ruled in 2003 that if the bank had consented to the review, there was no Fourth Amendment violation. The ALJ subsequently held that the bank had, in fact, consented, and department attorneys were able to address the discrimination claims.
After that hearing, ALJ Chapman held that the bank intentionally discriminated against African-American clerical, administrative and teller applicants at its Charlotte facility. The ALJ also held that the bank’s failure to retain records as required by law without justification did not lessen the statistical disparities found by OFCCP’s expert. Chapman now will hold a hearing to determine what remedies should be provided by the bank. After the ALJ issues a recommended decision on a remedy, the case will proceed to the department’s Administrative Review Board for a final agency decision.
|
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|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://msbusiness.com/2010/02/judge-rules-against-bank-of-america/
|
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|
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